edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g - Dhamma Downloaddhammadownload.com/File-Library/PaAuk/PaAukSayadawGyi... ·...

edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g

edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;usifhpOf - yxrwGJ

aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;

tmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;ç ½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g - yxrw

GJ

Volume 1Volume 1Volume 1Volume 1Volume 1

edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g


aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;

tmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;ç ½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd?

oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd/

oAÁ&wd H "r®&wd Zdemwd?

wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/

'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif\/

t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/

arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m;ü arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/

'ku©tm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/

pd&H wd|wk o'¨ar®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf

t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/

o'¨r®oHk;jzmü ½kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/

"r®'ge

zm;atmufawm&ü "r®'getjzpf tokH;jyK&ef twGufom jzpfonf/

þusrf;pmudk rnfolrqkd ul;,lcGifh ykHESdyfcGifh &Sdonf/

First EditionCopyright © © © © ©1998 Pa Auk Sayadaw

This book belongs to the Public Domain and may bereproduced without any further permission from the author.

i

ypöu©ÓPfESifh tEG,ÓPftaMumif; 2

Oyedookwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 2

tEkó0 ESifh tmum&y&d0dwuú 6

ypöu©ÓPf 7

Oyg'geu©E¨m [lonf 8

£wd ½lyH - £wd a0'em . . . 9

£wd ½lyó ork'a,m / y / £wd

0dnmPó ork'a,m . . . 12

½lyu©E¨m\ ork',udk ½IykH 13

y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmf aumufEkwfcsuf

twdwftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg; 14

ypöKyÜeftusKd;w&m; ig;yg; 15

ypöKyÜeftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg; 16

tem*wftusKd;w&m; ig;yg; 16

t"GefYumv owfrSwfykH 17

{ua'oawm ZmedwAÁH 17

,if;odkY odEkdif jrifEkdifyghrvm;¿ 18

edAÁwåd yódwAÁm 19

½IuGuftwdkcsKyf ñTefMum;csuf 20

rnfuJhodYkaom uHygenf; 22

acwå&yfem;í pOf;pm;Munfhyg 24

tEG,ÓPfjzifh twdwf tem*wfü ½IyHk 25

wdkufwGef;csuf 27

y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmf aumufEkwfcsuf 28

vdk&if;rSwfom;&ef 29

earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/

edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g


rmwdum

½lyu©E¨mü O',ÓPf (5) yg; 31

½lyu©E¨mü 0,ÓPf (5) yg; 31

jynfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ rSwfcsuf 32

owdjyKí rSwfom;&ef 33

b*FgEkyóemÓPfydkif;ü

tEG,ÓPfjzifh ½IyHk 34

eda&ma" t"drkwåwm = cPeda&m"ü

ñGwfudkif;½Idif;rI 37

b*FgEkyóemÓPf\ t½IcHtm½kHw&m;rsm; 37

Ów w&m; ESifh ÓP w&m; 38

£wd ½lyó tw¬*Farm / y / £wd

0dnmPó tw¬*Farm 39

tEkyÜg'eda&m" 40

tmo0u©,okwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 42

t|uxmtzGifhrsm; - yxrtzGifh 43

t|uxm - 'kwd,tzGifh 44

t|uxm - wwd,tzGifh 46

t|uxm pwkw¬tzGifh - aupd0g' 46

t|uxm - yÍörtzGifh 46

c'd&ywåokwåef ESifh ul#m*g&okwåef

w&m;awmf aumufEkwfcsuf 47

0¥opöm - 0d0¥opöm 49

'ku©t&d,opömw&m; 50

Oyg'geu©E¨m[lonf 50

tbdnmPfESifh 0dyóem 52

pmrsufESm

ed'geuxm A

pmrsufESm

r[meruúm& - Ak'¨yPmr 1

aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;

edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ

ii

tEko,okwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 54

r[m&m[kavm0g'okwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 56

tewåvu©Pokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 56

ork',t&d,opömw&m; 58

wdw¬m,weokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 59

y#dpöorkyÜg'ft*Fg&yfwdkYü opömzGJUykH 59

ememu©Pduur®\ pGrf;tif 62

'ku©opömESifh ork',opöm 63

r[med'geokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 74

avmuDy&dnm oHk;yg; 76

y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmf\ ñTefMum;csuf 77

avmukwå&m y&dnm oHk;yg; 86

upömea*gwåokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 88

avmuork', - avmueda&m" 89

tEG,ÓPf[lonf 92

0dyóemÓPf\ aemufodkY

tpOfvdkufaom tEG,ÓPf 93

avmuDpwkopöor®m'd|d 93

a&S;rax&fjrwfBuD;wdkY\ aqG;aEG;yGJ 94

r[mwPSmocF,okwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 97

tar; ESifh tajzrsm; 98

orÜwd 'd| ocFg&ç orÜwd t'd| ocFg& 100

y#dpöorkyÜg'f w&m;awmf [lonf 102

y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmfü vm&Sdaom

w'EG,w&m;rsm; 103

t&d,r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPf\ aemufodkY

tpOfvdkufaom tEG,ÓPf 104

0dbif;ygVdawmfrS aumufEkwfcsuf 107

ty&dZmeeokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 109

avmuD Ówy&dnm 110

avmuD wD&Py&dnm 111

avmuD y[mey&dnm 112

avmukwå&m y&dnm oHk;yg; 112

tavmif;awmfonf

uka#oHk;oef;ajcmufodef;aom

r[m0Zd&0dyóemw&m; yGm;awmfrljcif; 114

aAm"duxm aumufEkwfcsuf 116

a*gwruapwd,okwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 119

'kwd,t&d,om0uokwåef 121

aumorÁdokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 125

pOf;pm;EIdif;csdefawmfrlyg 128

tjrwfqHk;pum;awmf 131

ba'ú&wåokwåef - &Sif;vif;csuf 132

ba'ú&wåokwåef 133

twdwfukdvdkufyHk 135

twdwfudkrvdkufyHk 136

tem*wfudk arQmfyHk 137

tem*wfudk rarQmfyHk 138

a[mawmfrlvdk&if; 139

ypöKyÜefü wPSm-'d|d wdkYu qGJiifyHk 140

ypöKyÜefü wPSm-'d|dwdkYu rqGJiifyHk 141

þa'oemawmf\ qdkvdk&if; 142

&&Sdvmonfh Oya'o 143

y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmf aumufEkwfcsuf 144

avmud,bm0em\ pGrf;tm; 146

umvwå,tedpö ('ku© - tewå) okwåef 148

ba'ú&wåokwåefü qdkvdkaom ypöKyÜef 149

twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef owfrSwfyHk 151

ygVdawmfbmomjyef 151

okkkwåEÅy&d,m,enf; 152

tbd"r®eda'óenf; 152

odoifhaomtcsuf wpf&yf 153

aemufwpfenf;zGifhqdkyHk 154

t'¨g (= b0) [laom t"GefY 154

obm*Owk-tm[m& {uOwk-tm[m& 156

pdwåork|mef½kyf\ oEÅwd 158

ur®ork|mef½kyf\ oEÅwd 158

or,\ tpGrf;jzifh twdwf-tem*wf-

ypöKyÜef½kyf ,lqyHk 159

cPtm;jzifh twdwf-tem*wf-ypöKyÜef cGJyHk 160

wpfenf;zGifhqdkyHk 160

rkcsESifh y&d,m,f 161

iii

emrfydkif;ü twdwf-tem*wf-ypöKyÜef cGJyHk 161

blwH blwawm yówd 162

r[mwPSmocF,okwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 164

omoemhr@dKifBuD;rsm; 168

1/ okwå 168

bk&m;udk y,faeol 169

bk&m;&SifwdkY\ pum;awmf[lonf 170

2/ okwåmEkavmr 172

0denf;r[mya'ow&m; av;yg; 172

okwåefr[mya'ow&m; av;yg; 174

yxr - r[mya'ow&m; 174

orm"dudk xlaxmifyg 186

orm"dokwåefrsm; 187

r[ma*gygvuokwåef - tqdkwpf&yf 189

pdwå0dok'¨drS 'd|d0dok'¨dodkY 191

cPduorm"d 192

r[m#Dumq&mawmf\ tqdk 192

orx,meduvrf; 194

ok'¨0dyóem,meduvrf; 195

a,bk,s[k rSwfyg 196

taMumif;jycsuf 196

txl;owdjyKí rSwfom;&ef 198

orxydkif; - cPduorm"d 199

0dyóemydkif; - cPduorm"d 201

cPdupdawåu*¾wm-orm"d 203

vdk&if;tcsKyf rSwfom;&ef 206

vu©Pma&; okH;wef 207

tewåa&mifjcnfawmf 209

taMumif;jycsuf 212

½kyfCe = ½kyfwkH;½kyfcJ okH;rsKd; 213

1/ oEÅwdCe = ½kyftpOftwef;twkH;tcJ 214

'kwd, r[mya'ow&m; 175

wwd, r[mya'ow&m; 175

pwkw¬ r[mya'ow&m; 176

tEkavmruyÜd, = okwåmEkavmr 177

3/ tmp&d,0g' 177

4/ twåaemrwd 179

omoemudk zsufqD;aeol 179

or®morÁK'¨ bmodw w&m;awmf 180

"r® - t"r® 180

qef;ppfyg 181

bdu©Kokwåef 185

orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;

2/ orl[Ce = ½kyftaygif;tpktwkH;tcJ 216

3/ udpöCe = ½kyfvkyfief;udpötwkH;tcJ 217

vdkufem&rnfhwm0ef 217

emrfCe (4) rsKd; 217

1/ oEÅwdCe = emrftpOftwef;twkH;tcJ 218

2/ orl[Ce = emrftaygif;tpktwkH;tcJ 218

3/ udpöCe = emrfvkyfief;udpötwkH;tcJ 219

4/ tm&r®PCe = tm½kH,lrItwkH;tcJ 220

or®oepm&acwf okH;rsKd; 223

{ua'o = wpfpdwfwpfa'o 224

y&dnme,f uGm[csuf&SdykH 226

#Dum tzGifhrsm; 227

wpfpdwfwpfa'o = wpfcsKdUwpf0uf ,lqykH 230

wpfpdwfom;cefY 232

emrfavmu 232

xyfrHpOf;pm;&ef tcsufwpf&yf 233

r*¾if&Spfyg; jynfhyg&JUvm; 234

orm"donf tESpfom&avm¿ 236

wdy&d0¥ "r®a'oem 237

orm"donf omoemwGif;w&m; r[kwf 239

orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif; -- rmwdum


iv

um,mEkyóem tmemygeyAÁ ygVdawmf 240

um,mEkyóem tmemygeyAÁ

ygVdawmfteuf 241

tmemygeur®|mef; 244

tmemygecsD;rGrf;cef; 245

taopeu - okc0d[m& 246

tmemyge-jynfwnfcef; 247

wpfenf;qdk&aomf 249

tjrwfqkH; ylaZmfrI 250

qdkvdk&if;ESifh taMumif;jycsuf 252

awmrif;opfESifh wlol 253

t&n - ½ku©rlv - oknm*g& 254

£&d,mykxf a&G;cs,frI 255

aom oawm0 tóowd?

oawm0 yóowd 256

yxr pwkuú 256

'kwd, pwkuú 257

wwd, pwkuú 258

pwkw¬ pwkuú 259

txl;owdjyK&rnfh tcsufrsm; 260

(u) owdy|mef av;yg; cGJykH 260

( c ) psmefvrf;om jzpfonf 260

( * ) tómo-yómo (2) rsKd; 261

(C) ta&mifESifh vu©Pmudk ESvkH;roGif;& 262

taMumif;um; þodkY jzpf\ 263

y&rw¬opöme,fü t&Snf twdk r&Sd 263

omrnvu©Pmudk ESvkH;roGif;oifhykH 265

odxm;oifhaom taMumif;jycsuf 265

cE¨mig;yg;[lonf bmvJ¿ 267

tómo-yómo 268

tómo-yómo ur®duyk*¾dKvf 268

psmeur®duyk*¾dKvf 269

r[m#Dum\ tqdktrdefY 271

ynwf-y&rwf 273

(i) edrdwf (3) rsKd; 274

y&dur®edrdwf 274

(p) tmemygeówdorm"d\

npfEGrf;aMumif; Oyuúdavo (18) yg; 275

yxr quú - tjypf (6) yg; 275

tómo-yómo t,ltq 276

'kwd, quú - tjypf (6) yg; 277

wwd, quú - tjypf (6) yg; 278

(q) odatmif tm;xkwf&rnfh tcsuf 279

tmemygevkyfief;cGifodkY csOf;uyfykH ESpfrsKd; 280

ar;jref;zG,f&m tcsufrsm; 282

xdkodkY tm;xkwfaumif;ygovm; 283

xyfrH ar;jref;zG,f tcsufwpf&yf 284

ormywfESifh 0dyóem 285

prf;oyfMunfhyg 287

yÍöoE¨du = tqpftydkif; ig;&yf 288

ESvkH;oGif;ykH tpDtpOf 289

*Pem = a&wGufenf; 290

pyg;jciform; a&wGufenf; 291

EGm;ausmif;om; a&wGufenf; 293

bm0emjynfhpkHatmif usifhenf; 294

tb,frQMumatmif a&wGuf&rSmvJ¿ 295

1/ t&Snf - 2/ twdk 295

y#dordÇ'gr*fygVdawmf 295

yuwdaom 0ifoufav-xGufoufavrS

bm0empdwf qkwfepfoGm;ykH 298

Oayu©m jzpfykH-wnfykH 299

'DCH (&óH) tómoyómom uma,m 299

Oy|meH owd = owdxifrI 300

tEkyóem ÓPH = tzefzef½Ijcif;onf

ÓPf rnf\ 300

um,onf Oy|me rnf\? owd rrnf 301

wH um,H tEkyówd 302

ta&;BuD;vSaom t,ltqwpf&yf 302

y#dordÇ'gr*fygVdawmf\ rdefYqdkawmfrlcsuf 304

vkyfief;cGif aU&SodkYquf&ef 305

tmemygeówdorm"dydkif;

v

oAÁum, y#doHa0'D 306

y#dordÇ'gr*fygVdawmf\ rdefYqdkawmfrlcsuf 307

oAÁum,y#doHa0'D-yk'fudk "mwfcGJykH 308

odu©wd - xnfhí a[m&jcif;taMumif; 310

tóodómrd yóodómrd-[k

tem*wf0dbwfjzifh a[mawmfrl&jcif;\

taMumif;&if; 311

tEkAEëmenf; 312

y*Fkavmyrm = olqGHU Oyrm 315

a'g0g&dulyrm = wHcg;apmifh Oyrm 316

uuplyrm = vT Oyrm 316

yórÇ,H = Nidrf;atmifusifhykH 319

MoVm&du - okckr - yó'¨d 320

taMumif;jycsuf 322

MoVm&du - okckr 323

'DCbmPu-oH,kwåbmPuwdkY\ tqdk 323

rZÑdrbmPuwdkY\ tqdk 324

cyfodrf;aom rax&fjrwfwdkY\

wlnDaom0g' 324

0dyóemydkif;ü tqifhqifh Nidrf;ykH 324

y#dordÇ'gr*f ygVdawmf\ &Sif;vif;csuf 326

xyfrH &Sif;vif;csufrsm; 330

bm0emjzpfykH = aumif;pGm aqmifxm;EdkifykH 330

½dkaoav;pm;pGm vdkufem&rnf 331

bm0emvkyfief;cGif tqifhqifh 332

owdjyK&rnfh tcsufwpf&yf 333

aMu;cGufwD;ESufonfh Oyrm 333

tjcm;ur®|mef;rsm;ESifh rwlaom

xl;jcm;csuf 335

£&d,mykxf jyifoifh-rjyifoifh 335

topftopf jzpf&ykH 336

taMumif; Oyg,f 336

tómoyómo r&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfrsm; 337

O*¾[edrdwf - y#dbm*edrdwf 339

bm0emonm uGJjym;rI 340

e0wåAÁ"r®m½kH 341

jynfhpkH&rnfh w&m;okH;yg; 343

'DCbmPu rZÑdrbmPuwdkY\

qdkqkH;rcsuf 343

XyemacwfodkY qdkufNyD 344

wpfckwnf;aom bm0empdwf\

tm½kH jzpfEdkifykH 346

tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&ykH 347

edrdwfa0;uGmaeaomf 348

ta&mifESifh vu©Pmudk ESvkH;roGif;& 349

oyÜg, toyÜg, (7) yg; 351

1/ tm0go = ae&m 351

2/ a*gp&*gr = qGrf;cH&Gm 352

3/ bó = pum;ajymrI 352

wd&pämeuxmokwåef 352

4/ oyÜg,yk*¾v - toyÜg,yk*¾v 355

5/ abmZe = tpmtm[m& 355

6/ Owk = &moDOwk 355

7/ £&d,mykxf 356

tyÜemaumov’ w&m; (10) yg; 357

1/ 0w¬Kudk oefY&Sif;atmif jyKjcif; 357

2/ £aÈ´ nDrQatmifjyKjcif; 358

o'¨gvGefaeaomf 360

o'¨daÈ´ jzpfatmif ESvkH;roGif;& 361

0D&d, vGefaeaomf 362

t&Sif0uúvdrax&f 363

t&SifaomPrax&f 364

olawmfaumif;wdkY\ csD;rGrf;oH 364

o'¨gvGefí ynmtm;enf;aomf

- ynmvGefí o'¨gtm;enf;aomf 365

orm"d ESifh 0D&d, 366

orm"dur®du ESifh 0dyóemur®du 366

owd ¿ 368

3/ edrdwåaumov’ 371

pdawåu*¾wm edrdwf ESpfrsKd; 371

aumov’w&m; okH;yg; 372

4/ pdwf"mwfudk jr§ifhwifay;yg 373

tmemygeówdorm"dydkif; -- rmwdum


vi

t*¾dokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 373

tm[m&okwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 374

owdoarÁmZÑif 376

"r®0dp, oarÁmZÑif 377

0D&d,oarÁmZÑif 378

yDwdoarÁmZÑif 379

owdoarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; (4)yg; 380

orÜZOf av;rsKd; 381

"r®0dp,oarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;

w&m; (7) yg; 383

orm"dESifh ynm 384

uvsmPrdwåokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 385

0D&d,oarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; (11)yg; 389

t,srdwårax&fjrwfBuD; 391

tEk#Dumü vm&Sdaom tzGifhwpfrsKd; 392

awmifNrdKUq&mawmf\ t,ltq 392

oH,kwf#Dum\ rSmxm;csuf 398

r[m#Dum\ rSmxm;csufwpf&yf 398

yDwdoarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; (11) yg; 399

5/ pdwf"mwfudk EdSyfuGyfay;yg 402

t*¾dokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 402

yó'¨doarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; 403

orm"doarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; 403

Oayu©moarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; 404

t|uxmtzGifhrsm; 404

a,medaom reodum& 405

orxedrdwf[lonf 405

Oayu©moarÁmZÑif\ wnf&mw&m; 406

rZÑwåmum& = tv,ftvwf tjcif;t&m 406

txl;rSmxm;csuf 406

vdk&if;rSwfom;&ef 407

yó'¨doarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; (7)yg; 407

orm"doarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; (11)yg; 410

ed'óeenf;[k rSwfyg 411

txl;rSmxm;csuf 411

o'¨g\ pGrf;tif 414

oHa0*0w¬K (8) yg; 414

ygVdawmfESifh t|uxm 415

txl;owdjyK&rnhf tcsufwpf&yf 419

Oayu©moarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; ig;yg; 419

&&SdEdkifaom tusKd;w&m; 422

edrdwåmbdrkcy#dyg'e 423

tmemygeedrdwfudk upm;oifhygovm;¿

wdk;yGm;apoifhygovm;¿ 426

yXrZÑmeuxm 427

Oypm&orm"daZm 428

psmefaZmwdkY\ trnfrsm; 428

pdwåu©Pwpfcsufom 430

yxrpsmeform"d 430

eD0&Pw&m; ig;yg; 431

txl;rSwfom;&ef 432

psmeft*Fg ig;yg; 432

orm"dESpfrsKd;wdkY\ xl;jcm;csuf 434

owdjyKoifhykH 435

b0ifpdwf[lonf 435

£&d,mykxf bmaMumifh cdkifae&ovJ ¿ 437

tvGef&EdkifcJaomt&m 438

0dwuf - 0dpm& 439

0dwufESifh 0dpm& txl; 441

'kuedygwf t|uxm\ tqdk 441

wpfenf;qdk&aomf 442

yDwd - okc 442

yDwd - ig;rsKd; 443

okc 444

t*Fg ig;yg;udk y,f\ 445

t*Fgig;yg;ESifh jynhfpkH\ 446

aumif;jcif;okH;jzm vu©Pmq,fyg; 448

psmef[lonf 451

MumjrifhpGm wnfwHh cdkifcHha&; 452

tm'dur®duyk*¾dKvf vdkufem&rnhfpnf;urf; 454

0ifpm;rI rsm;ygap? qifjcifrI enf;ygap? 454

*g0DOyrmokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 455

vii

0oDabmf ig;wef 456

1/ tm0ZÆe0oD 456

2/ ormyZÆe0oD 458

vsifjrefrI pGrf;tif 458

3/ t"d|me0oD 459

4/ 0k|me0oD 459

5/ ypöa0u©P0oD 460

'kwd,ZÑmeuxm 461

0dwuf 0dpm& csKyfNidrf;rI 462

o'¨gESifh orm"d 463

0dwuf 0dpm& jyKwfcsdef 465

wwd,ZÑmeuxm 466

wwd,psmef&ol 467

Oayu©aum p 0d[&wd 467

oawm p orÜZmaem 468

okcÍö uma,e y#doHa0a'wd 469

Oayu©aum owdrm okc0d[m&D 470

pwkw¬ZÑmeuxm 472

pwkw¬psmef 473

ar;jref;zG,f&m tcsufwpf&yf 475

t'ku©rokcH 477

Oayu©m owd yg&dok'¨ ð 478

csD;rGrf;&jcif;\ taMumif;&if; 479

yÍöuenf; 480

0dyóemul;ykH tusOf;csKyf 481

txl;rSmMum;csuf 483

'kwd, pwkuú 483

wwd, pwkuú 487

owdjyK&eftcsuf 490

pwkw¬ pwkuú 490

tEkyóemav;yg; 497

orm"d\ tusKd;*kPftiftmedoif ig;yg; 498

1/ 'd|"r® okc0d[m&medoHom 498

2/ 0dyóemedoHom 498

3/ tbdnmedoHom 499

4/ b00daoomedoHom 499

5/ eda&m"medoHom 501

pwkw¬psmef\ *kPft*Fg &Spfyg; 502

1/ y&dok'¨ = pifMu,fjcif; 502

2/ y&da,m'gw = NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf

ta&mifwvufvuf &Sdjcif; 502

3/ te*FP = avmb-a'go

tnpftaMu; uif;jcif; 503

4/ 0d*wlyudúavo = Oyuúdavo

tnpftaMu; uif;jcif; 503

5/ rk'kblw = El;nHhjcif; 503

6/ ur®ed, = bm0emrIü cHhnm;rI &Sdjcif; 503

7/ Xdw = wnfwHhrI &Sdjcif; 504

8/ tmaeÍÆyÜwå = rwkefvIyfjcif;odkY

a&muf&Sdjcif; 504

7/ Xdw = wnfwhHrI &Sdjcif; 504

8/ tmaeÍÆyÜwå = wkefvIyfrI r&Sdjcif; 505

wpfenf; *kPft*Fg &Spfyg; 506

ÓPfa&mif taMumif; 510

Mobmo okwåef 510

ynma&mif = ÓPfa&mif 510

ypvm,rmeokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 512

tmavmuonm 512

r[m#Dum\ tzGifh 517

Oyuúdavomavmu 518

ÓPfa&mifqdkwm bmvJ¿ 518

teD;pyfqkH; taMumif;wpf&yf 521

Oypm& pum;[k rSwfyg 521

½lyg½kHtrsKd;rsKd;udk awGUjrifEdkifonf 522

uodPmavmu - y&dur®mavmu 524

vif;a&mifjcnfudk vufrcHvdkaom

q&mjrwfwdkY\ taMumif;jycsuf 525

t"dpdwåokwåef ac: edrdwåokwåef 526

t"dpdwå [lonf 527

ybó& - y&da,m'gw 528

ta&miftvif;csif; a&maxG;wwfykH 531

ar;jref;oifhaom tcsufwpf&yf 532

tmemygeówdorm"dydkif; -- rmwdum


viii

½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;

ynmblrd-rlv-o&D&00w¬me 535

oDv0dok'd̈ 536

pdwå0dok'd̈ 537

'd|d0dok'̈d 539

a,bk,s pnf;urf; owfrSwfcsuf 539

orx,medu 541

ae0onmemonm,wepsmef 541

tmemygeusifhpOfrS 'd|d0dok'¨dodkY 541

a0ae,sZÑmo, 542

£Èd́,ab' = £aÈ´ uGJjym;rI 543

tZÑmo,"mwf - tBudKufcsif;

rwlnDolrsm; 543

owdjyK&rnfh tcsuf 544

£aÈ´ (22) yg; 544

opömESifh y#dpöorkyÜg'f 544

½kyf (28) yg; 545

r[mbkwf (= "mwfBuD;) av;yg; 545

yom'½kyf = tMunf½kyf

= tMunf"mwf ig;yg; 546

a*gp&½kyf = tm½kH½kyf (7) rsKd; 546

bm0½kyf (2) yg; 546

[',0w¬K½kyf wpfyg; 547

ZD0dw½kyf wpfyg; 547

tm[m&Z½kyf wpfyg; 547

½kyftppf (18) yg; 549

tedyæEé½kyf = ½kyftwk (10) rsKd; 549

vu©P½kyf (4) yg; 550

blw½kyfESifh Oyg'g½kyf 551

½kyfwdkY\ jzpfykHoabm 551

"mwfBuD;av;yg;udk pwif odrf;qnf;ykH 552

"mwkreodum&yAÁ 553

qdkvdkaom oabmw&m; 554

Ce0dedaAÇm* 555

t|uxm\ vkyfief;cGifñTefMum;csuf (1) 555

t|uxm\ vkyfief;cGifñTefMum;csuf (2) 556

½lyaEÉ0 ocø *päwd 557

ñTefMum;csuf ESpf&yfwdkY\ xl;jcm;rI 557

pwk"mwk00w¬mebm0em 558

"mwfur®|mef; ½IyGm;ol yk*¾dKvf ESpfrsKd; 559

tusOf;enf; - tus,fenf; 560

ur®|mef; xif&Sm;ykH - rxif&Sm;ykH 560

wdu©yn0g - emwdwdu©yn0g 561

"mwfqdkwmbmvJ¿ 561

vu©P ESifh &o 562

Oy|memum&-[lonf 563

xif&Sm;&mudk a&G;cs,fyg 564

"mwfoabm (12) rsKd; 564

taMumif;jycsuf 565

ar;jref;zG,f tcsufwpf&yf 566

tvkyfpcef;udk pwiftm;xkwfykH 569

0-vkH;wef;u pyg 569

orm"d xlaxmifyg 570

ork'D&P&o = wGef;uefrIoabm 570

uu©Vwåvu©Pm = rmrIoabm 572

tHBudwfw&m; r[kwfyg 572

x'¨bm0 = Murf;rIoabm 574

*½ku = av;rIoabm 574

0dw¬rÇevu©P = axmufuefrIoabm 574

ork'D&P ESifh 0dw¬rÇe 575

rk'ku = aysmhrI = aysmhaysmif;rIoabm 576

oPS = acsmrI - oabmw&m; 576

v[ku = ayghrIoabmw&m; 577

OPSbm0 = OPSawaZm = ylrIoabm 577

oDwbm0 = oDwawaZm = at;rIoabm 577

j'0bm0 = y*¢&Pvu©Pm =

,dkpD;rIoabmESifh zGJUpnf;rIoabm 577

tmayg"mwfudk ½IvdkY r&Edkif[laom

t,ltq 578

ix

½kyfur®|mef;ydkif; -- rmwdum

y"med,*Fw&m; ig;yg; 580

1/ o'¨gw&m; &Sdjcif; (yxr y"med,*Fw&m;)581

o'¨g (4) rsKd;ESifh þü vdktyfaom o'¨g 582

bk&m;&Sif\ aAm"dÓPfawmfjrwf 583

a'oem oDorQom jzpfonf 584

2/ usef;rma&;aumif;jcif;

('kwd, y"med,*Fw&m;) 584

3/ rm,m-omaX,s uif;jcif;

(wwd, y"med,*Fw&m;) 584

4/ or®yÜ"mef vkHYv0D&d, &Sdjcif;

(pwkw¬ y"med,*Fw&m;) 585

5/ 0dyóemÓPfynmESifh jynfhpkHjcif;

(yÍör y"med,*Fw&m;) 585

Edkifeif;atmifavhusifhyg 586

u-BuD; c-acG; wef; 586

"mwfBuD; (4)yg;udk jcHKí orm"dxlaxmifyg 586

þtcsdefwGif ESvkH;udk rpdkufygESifh 587

av;csuf - ajymif;½Iyg? 587

reodum& aumov’w&m; (10) yg; 588

1/ tEkykAÁawm = tpOftwdkif; ½Iyg 588

2/ emwdoDCawm = rjrefvGef;ap& 588

3/ emwdoPduawm = raES;vGef;ap& 588

4/ 0dau©yy#dAm[eawm

= tjyiftm½kHudk r½I& 589

t,ltq rrSm;apvdkyg 590

owdBuD;pGmjzifh oGm;&rnf 590

5/ yPÖwådorwduúreawm = ynwfudk

ausmfatmif usifhyg 590

okn-edówå-edZDÆ0 592

A[d'¨ü xifvmykH 592

6/ tEky|merkÍöeawm = rxif&Sm;aom

"mwftcsKdUudk vTwfxm;Edkifonf 592

okcoræó-'ku©oræó 593

7/ vu©Pawm

= obm0vu©Pmudkom OD;pm;ay; ½Iyg 594

8/ t"dpdwåokwåef 595

9/ tEkwå&oDwdbm0 okwåef 598

qdkvdk&if; oabmw&m; 598

yPDwm"drkwådu 599

10/ aAmZÑ*Fokwåef (t*¾dokwåef) 599

£&d,myxESifh orÜZn ½IuGuf 600

obm0vu©Pmudkom OD;pm;ay;í

orm"dudk xlaxmifyg 601

Oypm&psmef 602

xyfrH &Sif;vif;wifjycsuf 605

b0if usaewwfygonf 606

aU&Sajy; trSwftom;rsm; 607

tcsKdUa,m*Drsm;ü jzpfwwfykHtcsKdU 607


tjzL ESifh tMunfjyif 609

yg&rD&Sif olawmfaumif;rsm; 611

tmumo"mwfudk ½I&ef 611

tmumo"mwfudk jrifatmif ½IykH 613

tMunf"mwf (6) yg; 613

e'Daomawm 0d, - 'DyZmvm 0d, 614

jrpfa&t,OfuJhodkY - qDrD;tvQHuJhodkY 614

twkH;tcJ tBuD;-tao; 615

½kyfuvmyfrsm;udk awGUptcsdef 615

½kyfuvmyfwpfck\ yrmP 616

tcuftcJ wpf&yf 617

blw½kyf = "mwfav;yg;ESifh tMunf"mwf 617

vrf;vGJoGm;wwfykHudk owdjyKyg 618

y&rw¬ opöme,fodkY 619

£a`E´-aAmZÑifrsm; nDrQatmif usifhyg 620

xdkufovdk [lonf 621

owåonm-twåonm uGmNyD 622

(42) aum|moodkY 624


vrf;okH;oG,f 625

"mwfur®|mef; tusOf; - tus,f 628

Oyg'g½kyfrsm; xif&Sm;vmykH 628

Oyg'g½kyfrsm;udk ½IyGm;odrf;qnf;ykH 630


x

(6) 'Gg&ü wnf&Sdaom ½kyfuvmyfrsm; 637

½kyfur®|mef;ydkif; Z,m;rsm; 640

½lyedAÁwådyóemum&

½kyfwdkY\ jzpfrIudk ½IykH tjcif;t&m 646

qdkzG,f txl;um; 647

csKyfykHoabm 648

1/ ur® = uH [lonf 649

2/ ur®ork|me =

uHvQifjzpfaMumif;&Sdaomw&m; 651

3/ ur®ypö, = uH[laom

taxmuftyHh&Sdaomw&m; 651

4/ ur®ypö, pdwåork|me½kyf 652

5/ ur®ypö, tm[m&ork|me½kyf 653

vdk&if;rSwfom;yg 654

6/ ur®ypö, Owkork|me½kyf 655

pdwåZ½kyf\ jzpfay:vmykH 655

1/ pdwå = pdwf 655

pdwåZ½kyf - £&d,mykxf-0dnwf½kyf 656

£&d,myx = £&d,mykxf 656

pdwåZ½kyf ESifh £&d,mykxf 657

]]pdwåZ½kyf omrefudkom jzpfapEdkif\}} 658

pdwfpGrf;tifrsm; 658

raem'Gg&duaZmom 659

pdwåZ½kyfudk rjzpfapEdkifaom pdwfrsm; 659

y#doaE¨pdwfu pdwåZ½kyfudk rjzpfapEdkifykH 660

&[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkY\ pkwdpdwf 663

pl;prf;qifjcifyg 663

pkwdpdwf t,ltq 663

r"k#Dum\ acsycsuf 665

yÍö0dnmPfwdkY ½kyfudk rjzpfapykH 665

t½ly0dygufu ½kyfudk rjzpfapEdkifykH 666

Oyg'fcPüom ½kyfudk jzpfapEdkifonf 667

pdwf + apwoduf 668

pdwfwpfvkH;\ pGrf;tif 668

2/ pdwåork|mefw&m; 669

3/ pdwåypö,w&m; 669

4/ pdwåypö, tm[m&ork|me½kyf 671

5/ pdwåypö, Owkork|me½kyf 671

Owk tm[m&wdkY\ pGrf;tifESifh pdwfpGrf;tif 671

tm[m&Z½kyf jzpfykHtydkif; 672

1/ tm[m& 672

taZÑm[&dwAÁ0w¬Ku 674

A[kokwa&;&m odrSwfp&m 676

2/ tm[m&ork|me½kyf 678

3/ tm[m&ypö,½kyf 679

4/ tm[m&ypö, tm[m&ork|me½kyf 680

pl;prf;&rnfh tcsufwpf&yf 681

5/ tm[m&ypö, Owkork|me½kyf 683

edó, - rSD&m taMumif;w&m; 685

OwkZ½kyfwdkY\ jzpfay:ykH 685

1/ Owk = awaZm"mwf 686

2/ Owkork|me = OwkaMumifh jzpfaom½kyf 688

3/ Owkypö,½kyf 689

4/ Owkypö, Owkork|me½kyf 690

xyfrH &Sif;vif;csuf 690

0dyóaembmo = 0dyóemÓPfa&mif 693

5/ Owkypö, tm[m&ork|me 693

Zeu ESifh Oyw¬rÇu 694

rsufpdü Munfonfh ½kyfuvmyfrsm;udk

cGJjcm;ykH 695

½IyGm;odrf;qnf;ykHpepf 696

odatmif ½IyGm;&rnfh tcsuf 697

em;üwnf&Sdaom ur®Zuvmyfrsm;udk ½IykH 698

ESmacgif;ü wnf&Sdaom

ur®Zuvmyfrsm;udk ½IykH 699

vQmüwnf&Sdaom ur®Zuvmyfrsm;udk ½IykH 700

udk,füwnf&Sdaom ur®Zuvmyfrsm;udk ½IykH 700

ESvkH;üwnf&Sdaom ur®Zuvmyfrsm;udk ½IykH 701

tcuftcJudk ausmfvTm;Edkifa&; 702

pdwåZ½kyfrsm;udk ½IyGm;odrf;qnf;ykH 703

OwkZ½kyfrsm;udk ½IyGm;odrf;qnf;ykH 704

tm[m&Z½kyfrsm;udk ½IyGm;odrf;qnf;ykH 708

xi

½kyfur®|mef;ydkif; -- rmwdum

txl;owdjyK&ef 712

ESpfcG - ESpfcG - a&m,Suf jzpfykH 712

r[m#Dum\ zGifhqdkcsuf 713

txl;owdjyK&ef 716

'Gg& (6) yg; - (6) Xme 717

tMuHay;csuf 717

½kyfw&m;[k odrf;qnf;yg 718

(42) aum|mo -

"mwfur®|mef; tus,fenf; 719

yx0D"mwfvGefuJaom

yx0Daum|mo (20) - wp yÍöu 719

(44) rsKd;aom ½kyf 719

0uú yÍöu - yyægo yÍöu 719

rw¬vk*F yÍöu 720

tmayg"mwfvGefuJaom

tmaygaum|mo (12) rsKd; - ar' quú 720

rkwå quú 721

awaZm"mwfvGefuJaom

awaZmaum|mo (4) rsKd; 721

0ga,m"mwfvGefuJaom

0ga,maum|mo (6) rsKd; 722

(42) aum|mowdkYü ½IykH pepfrsm; 723

½kyfuvmyf trsKd;tpm;rsm; 724

ur®Z½kyfuvmyf (9) pnf; 724

pdwåZ½kyfuvmyf (8) pnf; 724

OwkZ ½kyfuvmyf (4) pnf; 728

tm[m&Z ½kyfuvmyf (2) pnf; 728

toH (3) rsKd; 729

vu©Pm½kyfrsm;udk ½IyGm;odrf;qnf;yg 729

wdkufwGef;csuf 730

½kyfw&m;tm;vkH;udk jcHKí odrf;qnf;yg 731

½kyfur®|mef;ydkif; ½IuGuf twdkcsKyf rSwf&ef 731

azmufjyefwwfaomoabm 732

Ak'¨tbd"r®m\ ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m t,ltq 733

£&d,myx tcef; ESifh orÜZn tcef; 735

£&d,myx ESifh orÜZn ½IuGuf 735

£&d,myx ygVdawmf 735

t|uxm\ &Sif;vif;csuf 736

owå0g[laom t,ltq 736

½IyGm;ykH pepf 741

y&rwfwdkY\ oabmrSef 741

pdwåZ½kyf - ESpfbuf& 742

&yfcdkufü ½IyGm; odrf;qnf;ykH 743

xdkifcdkufü ½kyfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;ykH 744

avsmif;cdkufü ½kyfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;ykH 745

yk*¾dKvfroGm; - igroGm; - ½kyfoGm;

ÓPfjzifhMunhf 747

taMumif;jzpfaom pdwfw&m; 749

,xm ,xm 0g yeó 750

EdIif;cdkif;zG,f&m avmuOyrm wpf&yf 752

orÜZn - ½IuGuf (= toar®m[orÜZOf) 752

t|omvdeDt|uxm\ zGifhqdkcsuf 753

0dnwf [lonf 756

raem0dan,s w&m; 759

0dnwfudk odaom 0Dxd 760

uma&wd ran (tbd-|-1-125/) 761

Oyrmaqmifí xif&Sm;atmifjyykH 761

wpfenf; zGifhqdkykH 764

odxdkufaom w&m; 765

vIyf&Sm;rI jzpfay:vmykH 766

vIyf&Sm;rI[lonf 767

rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOf tñTef; 769

rmwdum NyD;\/

\\\\\\

ed'geuxm

A


edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g - yxrwGJ

ed'geuxm

taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm

,H yówd e wH 'd|H? ,H 'd|H wH e yówd/

tyóH AZÑaw rlaV§m? AZÑrmaem e rkpöwd/

(tbd-|-2-347/ 'D-|-2-207/ r-|-1-247/)

avmaum = y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpd umPf;íaeaom vlom;taygif;onf/ ,H = tMuif

a,mufsm; rdef;rudk/ yówd = rdpäm'óetm;jzifh rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; (a,mufsm; rdef;r[k) odjrifí ae\/

wH = xdk y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpd umPf;íaeonfh vlom;taygif;wdkY rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; odjrif-

tyfaom a,mufsm; rdef;ronf/ 'd|H = y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpdjzifh wu,f jrifoifh jrifxdkufaom

w&m;onfum;/ e = r[kwfygay/

,H = (u) tMuif ½lyg½kHudkç (c) tMuif qHyifpaom aum|motaygif;udkç (*) tMuif blw½kyf

Oyg'g½kyftaygif;udkum;/ 'd|H = ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;taygif;wdkYonf y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpdjzifh wu,f

jrifoifh jrifxdkuf\/

wH = ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;taygif;wdkYonf y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpdjzifh wu,f jrifoifh jrifxdkuf-

aom (u) xdk ½lyg½kHudkç (c) xdk qHyifpaom aum|motaygif;udkç (*) xdk blw½kyf Oyg'g½kyftaygif;udk/

avmaum = y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpd umPf;íaeaom vlom;taygif;onf/ ynmpu©Kem = y&rwf

ÓPfynmpu©Kjzifh/ blwawm = [kwfrSefaomtm;jzifh/ e yówd = rod rjrif/

tyóH = y&rwfÓPfynmpu©Kjzifh [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rod rjrifaom/ rlaV§m = todrSm;vsuf

awGa0aomoludk/ AZÑaw = &m*jzifh aESmifzGJUtyf\/ AZÑrmaem = &m*jzifh taESmiftzGJU cH&aomolonf/

e rkpöwd = udavo0#f'ku© oHo&m0#f'ku©rS rvGwfajrmufEkdifay/

(tbd-|-2-347/ 'D-|-2-207/ r-|-1-247/ rlv#D-2-148/)

y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpd umPf;íaeaom vlom;wpfOD;onf ½lyg½kHudk ½lyg½kH[k vnf;aumif;ç

qHyiftp&Sdaom aum|motaygif;udk qHyif tp&Sdaom aum|mo taygif;tpk[k vnf;aumif;ç

blw½kyf Oyg'g½kyfwdkY\ taygif;tpk jzpfaom ½lyum, = ½kyfw&m;taygif;udk blw½kyf Oyg'g½kyfwdkY\

taygif;tpk[kvnf;aumif;ç emrum, = emrfw&m;wdkY\ tpktykHudkvnf; emrfw&m;wdkY\ tpktykH

[kvnf;aumif;ç taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ tpktykHudkvnf; taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkY\

tpktykH[kvnf;aumif;ç tedpöw&m; 'ku©w&m; tewåw&m; tokbw&m; tpktykHudkvnf; tedpöw&m;

tpktykH 'ku©w&m;tpktykH tewåw&m;tpktykH tokbw&m;tpktykH[kvnf;aumif; y&rwfÓPf-

ynmpu©Kjzifh [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rodbJ a,mufsm; rdef;rponfjzifh rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; awGawGa0a0 odjrif-

ae\/ xdkuJhodkY rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; awGawGa0a0 todrSm;aeaom vlom;udk a,mufsm; rdef;r ponfh


B

xdkxdktm½kHay:ü wG,fwmwyfrufrI &m*w&m;u &pfywfaESmifzJGUí xm;\/ &m*\ &pfywfaESmifzJGUrIudk

cH,lae&aom xdkvlom;onf udavo0#f ur®0#f 0dygu0#f wnf;[laom 0#fokH;yg;wdkY tqufrjywf

vnfywfae&m þoHo&mrS rvGwfajrmufEkdif/

y&rwfÓPfynmpu©Kwnf;[laom or®m'd|dÓPfynmESifh jynfhpkHaom olawmfaumif;onfum;-

1/ ½lyg½kHudk ½lyg½kH[kvnf;aumif;ç

2/ qHyiftp&Sdaom aum|motaygif;tpkudk qHyiftp&Sdaom aum|motaygif;tpk[kvnf;aumif;ç

3/ blw½kyf Oyg'g½kyfwdkY\ taygif;tpk jzpfaom ½lyum, = ½kyfw&m;taygif;udk blw½kyf

Oyg'g½kyfwdkY\ taygif;tpk[kvnf;aumif;ç

4/ emrum, = emrfw&m;wdkY\ tygif;tpkudkvnf; emrum, = emrfw&m;wdkY\ tygif;tpk

[kvnf;aumif;ç

5/ taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ tpktykHudkvnf; taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ tpktykH

[kvnf;aumif;ç

6/ tedpöw&m;tpktykH 'ku©w&m;tpktykH tewåw&m;tpktykH tokbw&m;tpktykHudkvnf;

tedpöw&m;tpktykH 'ku©w&m;tpktykH tewåw&m;tpktykH tokbw&m;tpktykH[kvnf;aumif;

y&rwfÓPfynmpu©Kwnf;[laom or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf

odjrif\/ xdkodkY rawGra0 xGif;azmufodjrifaeaom olawmfaumif;udk &m*onf raESmifzJGUtyf raESmif-

zJGUEkdif/ &m*\ &pfywfaESmifzJGUrIudk rcH&aom xdkolawmfaumif;onf udavomwdkYrS vGwfajrmufEdkif\

oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS vGwfajrmufEdkif\/

þum; txufyg *gxm\ qdkvdk&if;wnf;/

y&rwfodkY ÓPftjrifrqdkufaom ynmrsufpd umPf;aeaom vlom;wpfOD;\ tjrifESifh y&rwfodkY

ÓPftjrifqdkufaeaom ynmpu©Kwnf;[laom or®m'd|dÓPftjrifESifh jynfhpkHaom olawmfaumif;

wpfOD;\ tjrifum; tjrifcsif; rwlay/ ynmpu©K umPf;aeaom vlom;um; y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif

rjrif? ynmpu©KESifh jynfhpkHaom olawmfaumif;onfum; y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif jrif\/

þ *gxmudk taMumif;jyKí a&S;olawmfaumif;wdkYuvnf; ---

1/ jrifom jrifw,f rjrifbl;ç

2/ Mum;om Mum;w,f rMum;bl;ç

3/ eHom eHw,f reHbl;ç

4/ t&omudk om,mom om,mw,f t&omrodbl;ç

5/ xdom xdw,f rodbl;ç

6/ odom odw,f rodbl; ---

þodkY tm½kH (6)yg;vkH;ü trSm;awGUaeykHudk rdefYawmfrlMuonf/

(oar®m[0daem'eDbmom#Dum-'kwd,wGJ-286/)

ed'geuxm

C

y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif rodrjrifaom ynmpu©K umPf;aeaom vlom;wpfOD;udk &nfñTef;í

a&S;ola[mif;wdkY\ rdefYMum;awmfrlcsufrsm;yif jzpfMu\/

tu,fí toifolawmfaumif;onfvnf; oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS vSvSBuD; uRwfvGwfxGuf-

ajrmufvdkcJhygrl y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif xGif;azmufodjrifwwfaom ynmpu©Kwnf;[laom or®m'd|d

OD;aqmifonfh r*¾if (8)yg; tusifhjrwfw&m;wdkYudk bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfBuD;ESifh t|uxm #DumwdkYü

ñTefMum;jyo qdkqkH;rawmfrlonfhtwdkif; pepfwus usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&rnf jzpf\/

bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfESifh tnD r*¾if (8)yg; usifhpOfw&m;wdkYudk tpDtpOfwus jynfhjynfhpkHpkH zGifhqdk

a&;om;xm;aom usrf;rSm 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmusrf;yif jzpf\/

0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxm\ y#dnmOf cH0efcsuf

ok'kv’bH vbdwGme? yAÁZÆH Zdeomoae/

oDvm'do*F[H acrH? OZkH r*¾H 0dok'¨d,m/

,xmblwH tZmeEÅm? ok'¨dumrmyd a, £"/

0dok'¨ ð em"d*päEÅd ? 0g,rEÅmyd a,m*daem/

awoH ygarmZÆu&PH? ok0dok'¨0dedpä,H/

r[m0d[m&0goDeH? a'oeme,edódwH/

0dok'¨dr*¾H bmodóH? wH ar ouúpö bmoawm/

0dok'd¨umrm oaAÁyd? edomr,x om"a0g/ (0dok'¨d-1-2 /)

jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ omoemawmfjrwftwGif;ü tvGefvQif &cJpGmaom &Sif&[ef;tjzpfudk &&SdMu

ygukefvsuf oDv orm"d ynmwnf;[laom odu©mokH;&yf tusifhjrwfwdkYjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaomç

udavomcdk;om;"m;jywdkY\ ydwfqdkYaESmifh,SufrI[laom ab;&efuif;aomç twåudvrxmEka,m* umr-

okcv’dumEka,m* oów'd|d Oapä''d|d rm,m omaX,spaom tauGUtaumuftrsKd;rsKd;udk MuOfa&Smif

y,fvTJojzifh vrf;uGJr&Sd wpf½dk;wnf; (= wpfaMumif;wnf;) ajzmifhrwfpGmaomç t&[wåzdkvf edAÁmef\

&&m&aMumif; a&muf&ma&mufaMumif;jzpfaom jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh r*¾if (8)yg; tusifhjrwfw&m;udk --

[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rodukefaomaMumifh þ a*gwrbk&m;&Sif\ omoemawmfjrwftwGif;üyifvQif

t&[wåzdkvf edAÁmefudk vdkvm;awmifhwonf jzpfukefvsufvnf;ç orx 0dyóem ESpfjzmaom bm0emü

rjywf,SOfaom vkHYv0D&d,&SdaomaMumifh a,m*DolrGef[k ac:wGifaom trsKd;aumif;om; trsKd;aumif;-

orD;wdkYonf t&[wåzdkvf edAÁmefodkY a&mufpdrfh&nfrSef;í &[ef;w&m;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuygukefvsuf-

vnf; &nf&G,f&if;&Sd pdwfrSef;xm;onfh t&[wåzdkvf edAÁmefeef;odkY 0ifa&mufí rpHjref;Edkif ra&mufEdkif

&SdMuukef\/

xdk a,m*Dolawmfpiftaygif;wdkY\ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;udk jyKwwfaomç *dkPf;wpfyg;wdkY\ t,l0g'ESifh

ra&m,Sufonfjzpfí aumif;pGm txl;ojzifh pifMu,faom tqkH;tjzwf&Sdaomç r[m0d[m&ausmif;-


D

wdkufBuD;ü oDwif;okH;awmfrlavh&SdMuukefaom r[m0d[m&0goD t&SifjrwfwdkY\ w&m;awmfudk zGifhqdkykH

"r®oH0PÖem tp&Sdaom a'oemenf;udk rSDaom ---

0dok'd̈r*¾usrf;udk a&;om;wifjyaytHh/ t½dktao tav;tjrwfjyKí zGifhqdka&;om;xm;tyfaom

wynfhawmf\ xdk0dok'̈dr*¾usrf;udk t&[wåzdkvf edAÁmefudk vdkvm;awmifhwvsuf &SdMuukefaom olawmf-

aumif;jzpfawmfrlMuukefaom t&Sifaumif; t&Sifjrwf tm;vkH;wdkYonf ½dk½dkaoao av;av;jrwfjrwf

jyKí em,lMuygukefavm/ (0dok'd̈-1-2 /)

þtxufyg y#dnmOfcH0efcsufESifh avsmfnDpGm wpfavmuvkH;\udk;uG,ftm;xm;&mtppf tjzpfBuD;

jzpfawmfrlaom oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨bk&m;ocif y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf omoemawmfESpf (973)

ckESpfcefYwGif t&Sifr[mAk'̈aCmorax&fjrwfonf oD[dkVfuRef; oD&dvuFmEdkifiH tEk&m"NrdKU r[m0d[m&

ausmif;wdkufBuD;ü oDwif;okH;aexdkifvsuf r[m0d[m&0goD t&SifjrwfwdkY\ ygVdawmfudk zGifhqdkykH "r®-

oH0PÖem trnf&aom r[mt|uxmudk trSDjyKí 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmusrf;udk a&;om;pD&ifawmf

rlcJhavonf/

ajrmufydkif; omoem*dkPf;0if jzpfMuukefaom t&SiftóaCmoç t&Sifem*ZÆKeç t&Sif0okAE¨K

tp&Sdaom &[ef;awmfwdkY\usrf;wdkYüuJhodkY t&Sifr[mAk'̈aCmo\usrf;wdkYü ygVdawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh a&S;a&S;

t|uxmusrf;*efwdkYudk rrSDrlí rdrd\ÓPfjzifhomvQif MuHqí jyqdka&;om;xm;aom w&m;pum; txl;

tqef;udk rawGU&SdEdkifay/ ygVdawmfrsm;ESifh r[mt|uxm tp&Sdaom a&S;a&S;aom t|uxmwdkYü

vm&Sdaom vrf;½dk;vrf;a[mif; pepfa[mif; usifhpOfrsm;udkom rdrdusrf;wdkYü a&;om;wifjyxm;í enf;opf

pepfopf vrf;opfrsm;udk wDxGifvsuf xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif; rjyKcJhay/ þ tqdkudk xif&Sm;ap&ef 0dok'̈dr*¾

t|uxmü wifjyxm;aom usifhpOftcsKdUudk aumufEkwfí wifjytyfygonf/

1/ edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom þusrf;ü orm"dxlaxmifykHtydkif;wGif tmemygeówdorm"d

ydkif;udk a&;om;wifjyxm;\/ 0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxmwGif ,if; tmemygeówdorm"deda'´oydkif; udk orEÅ

ygom'dumt|uxm[k trnfwyfvsuf rdrdudk,fwdkif bmomjyefqdkxm;awmfrlaom 0denf;t|uxmrS

,lí zGifhqdka&;om;xm;ayonf/

2/ y#dulvreodum& trnf&aom um,*wmowdur®|mef;ç pwk"mwk00w¬mebm0em trnf

&aom "mwfur®|mef; tusOf;½IyGm;enf; tus,f½IyGm;enf;wdkYudk oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxm[k emrnf

wyfvsuf rdrdudk,fwdkif bmomjyefqdkxm;aom tbd"r®mt|uxmrS xkwfaqmifí a&;om;xm;ayonf/

3/ Oypm&orm"d tyÜemorm"d[laom orm"dESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom orm"dudk 0dyóem\

tajcyg'ujyKí 'd|d0dok'̈dpcef;tp&Sdonfh txufydkif; 0dok'̈dpcef;rsm;odkY wufvSrf;vdkaom a,m*g0p&

yk*d¾KvfoljrwfwdkYonf a&S;OD;pGm ½kyf-emrfwdkYudk y&rwfodkY ÓPftjrifqdkufatmif odrf;qnf;½IyGm;&rnf

jzpfMuonf/ ,if; ½kyf-emrfy&rwf oabmw&m;wdkYudk "r®o*FPDygVdawmf 0dbif;ygVdawmfpaom ygVdawmf

BuD;rsm;ü bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; a&;om;wifjyxm;\/ xdkodkY a&;om;wifjyzGifhqdk&mü

cËeda'́oydkif; udk t|omvdeDt|uxm[k emrnfwyfvsuf rdrdudk,fwdkif bmomjyefqdkxm;awmfrlaom

tbd"r®mt|uxmrSvnf;aumif;ç oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxm[k trnfwyfxm;aom rdrdudk,fwdkif

bmomjyefqdkxm;awmfrlaom 0dbif;t|uxmrSvnf;aumif; xkwfaqmifí a&;om;xm;ayonf/

ed'geuxm

E

4/ ,if; ½kyfemrfy&rwfwdkY\ vu©P-&o-ypöKy|mef-y'|mef ½IuGufwdkYudk t|omvdeDt|uxmESifh

0dbif;t|uxmwdkYrS xkwfaqmifí a&;om;wifjyxm;ayonf/

5/ tvm;wlyif tm,weeda'óydkif; udk tm,we0dbif;t|uxm rSç

6/ "mwkeda'óydkif; udk "mwk0dbif;t|uxm rSç

7/ £È´d,eda'óydkif; udk £Èd́,0dbif;t|uxm rSç

8/ opöeda'óydkif; udk opö0dbif;t|uxm rS toD;toD; xkwfEkwfí a&;om;wifjyxm;ayonf/

9/ txl;ojzifh a,m*g0p&yk*d¾KvfwdkYudk,fwdkif ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfudk&&Sdatmif usifh&rnfh usifhpOfydkif;udk

jyqdk&mjzpfaom y#dpöorkyÜg'uxmydkif;udk y#dpöorkyÜg'f0dbif;t|uxmrS xkwfaqmifí a&;om;

wifjyxm;ayonf/ y|meypö,uxmydkif;udkvnf; tbd"r®y|met|uxmrS xkwfaqmifí a&;om;

wifjyxm;avonf/

10/ 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm 'kwd,wGJ pmrsufESm (300-301) wdkYwGif 0k|me*grded0dyóem trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk

a&;om;wifjyxm;\/

(u) tZÑwå cE¨mig;yg; oufoufudk 0dyóem½I½kHrQjzifhç

( c ) A[d'¨ cE¨mig;yg; oufoufudk 0dyóem½I½kHrQjzifhç

( * ) blw½kyf Oyg'g½kyf[laom ½kyfw&m; oufoufudk 0dyóem½I½kHrQjzifhç

(C) emrfcE¨mav;yg; oufoufudk 0dyóem½I½kHrQjzifh ---

0k|me*grded0dyóem rjzpfEkdifaMumif; = t&d,r*fodkY rqdkufEdkifaMumif;udk qkH;jzwfxm;\/ xdkwGif

0k|me*grded0dyóem (9) rsKd;ESifh ywfoufaom tqkH;tjzwfrsm;udk t|omvdeDt|uxm[k trnfwyfí

rdrdudk,fwdkif bmomjyefqdkxm;aom tbd"r®mt|uxm (tbd-|-1-270-271/) rS xkwfEkwfí azmfjy-

xm;ayonf/ edAÁmefudk vdkvm;awmifhwvsuf&SdMuukefaom w&m;ppf w&m;rSefudk cspfjrwfEkd;awmfrlMu-

ukefaomç odawmfrl jrifawmfrlonfh oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨bk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfwdkif


F

q&mawmft&Sifoljrwfonf t&Sifr[mr[dÉ &[EÅmrax&fjrwfBuD;udk,fwdkif oD[dkVfodkY aqmif,l-

awmfrlcJhaom oD[dkVfbmomjzifh pD&ifxm;aom r[mt|uxmudk xkd t|uxmopf\ udk,fxnfjyKí

r[mypö&Dç uk½kE´Dç oacFyç tEü t|uxmwdkYrSvnf; ,loifh,lxdkufonfudk ,lí oD[dkVfuRef;ü

0obrif;vufxufwdkifatmif xif&Sm;ukefaom a&S;a&S;0denf;"dk&frax&fjrwfwdkY\ tqkH;tjzwfjzpfaom

ax&0g'udkvnf; xnfhoGif;í a&;om;pD&ifawmfrlavonf/ xdkaMumifh 0denf;t|uxmü atmufyg

pum;wdkYudk rdefYqdkxm;ayonf/ ---

xkd t|uxmopfudk pD&if&eftm;xkwfaom ig (= Ak'äCmorax&f)onf r[mt|uxmBuD;udk

xkdt|uxmopf\ txnfudk,f t&if;cHjyKí r[mypö&Dt|uxmüvnf;aumif;ç ausmfapmxif&Sm;-

ukefaom uk½kÉDt|uxm tp&Sdukefaom t|uxma[mif;wdkYüvnf;aumif; tMuif tqkH;tjzwfudk

qdkxm;\/ xdk tqkH;tjzwfrSvnf; oifhavsmfaomteufudk rpGefYrlí xdkjyif t&Sif wdyd#u plVem*

tp&Sdaom rax&fjrwfBuD;wdkY\ tqkH;tjzwf[laom ax&0g'rsm;yg yg0ifaom t|uxmopfudk

aumif;pGm tm;xkwf pD&ifaythH/ (0d-|-1-2/)

1/ okr*Fv0dvmodeD rnfaom 'DCedum,ft|uxmç

2/ yyÍöol'eD rnfaom rZÑdredum,ft|uxmç

3/ om&w¬yÜumoeD rnfaom oH,kwåedum,ft|uxmç

4/ raem&xyl&PD rnfaom t*Fkwå&edum,ft|uxmç

5/ t|omvdeDç oar®m[0daem'eDç yÍöyu&P rnfaom tbd"r®mt|uxm ---

þ t|uxm t&yf&yfwdkYudkvnf; jyKpD&ifawmfrlonf/ jyKpD&ifykH tjcif;t&mrSmrl t&Sifr[mr[dÉ

rax&fjrwfonf oD[dkVfuRef;odkY EIwfwuftm*kHtaejzifh aqmif,lcJhí oD[dkVfbmomjzifh ayxuftu©&m

wifxm;aom oD[dkVfbmomodkY bmomjyefqdkxm;aom rlvt|uxm ac: r[mt|uxmudkomvQif

ygVdbmomodkY jyefqdkaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;ç txyfxyfqdkxm;aom pum;wdkYudk csKH;aomtm;jzifh

vnf;aumif; a&;om;pD&ifawmfrlayonf/ xdkaMumifh xdkt|uxmwdkY\ usrf;OD;pum;&yfü atmufyg

twdkif; rdefYqdkxm;awmfrl\/ ---

]]xdkodkY wwd,oH*g,em wifcJhNyD;onfrS aemufumvü xdk rlvt|uxmudk t&Sifr[mr[dE´

rnfaom &[EÅmrax&fjrwfonf oD[dkVfuRef;odkY EIwfwuftm*kHtaetm;jzifh aqmif,lcJhí oD[dkVf-

uRef;om;wdkY tusKd;iSm oD[dkVfbmomjzifh wifxm;avonf/

xdk t|uxma[mif;rS oD[dkVfbmomudk y,f&Sm;í ygVdawmfenf;tm;avsmfaom tjypfuif;aom

ESvkH;arGUavsmfzG,f&Sdaom ygVdbmomodkYwifvsuf/ y / txyfxyfqdkxm;aom teufudk y,fí

ygVdawmf\ teuf (= t|uxm)udk zGifhjyaythH/}} ('D-|-1-1-2/ tbd-|-1-2/)

wpfzef t&Sifr[mAk'äCmoq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf atmufygtwdkif;vnf; t|uxmwdkY\

usrf;OD;tpü rdefYrSmxm;awmfrl\/ ---

1/ oDvtaMumif;udk zGifhjyaom pum;udkvnf;aumif;ç

2/ "kwiftusifhw&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç

ed'geuxm

G

3/ tvkH;pkHaom ur®|mef;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç

4/ p½dkuf tpDt&ifudkvnf;aumif;ç

5/ psmeformywftus,fudkvnf;aumif;ç

6/ tbdnmPftm;vkH;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç

7/ ynmudk aygif;í qkH;jzwfjcif;udkvnf;aumif;ç

8/ cE¨m tm,we "mwf £aÈ´ t&d,opömwdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç

9/ aumif;pGm xuf0ef;usif pifMu,fí odrfarGUaom enf;&Sdaom y#dpöorkyÜg'f a'oemawmfudk

vnf;aumif;ç

10/ rvGwfruif;aom ygVdtpOf&Sdaom 0dyóembm0emudkvnf;aumif; ---

þqdkcJhaom tvkH;pkHudk igonf 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ü tjynfhtpkH pifMu,fpGm qdktyfcJhNyD? xdkaMumifh xdk

tvkH;pkHudk þ t|uxmü tydktvGef xyfí rpdppfukefawmhthH/ ('D-|-1-2/ tbd-|-1-2/)

þ y#dnmOf cH0efcsufrsm;ESifh tnD 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmü vm&Sdaom oDv orm"d ynm odu©m

okH;&yfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuf wifjyxm;aom orx 0dyóem usifhpOft&yf&yfwdkYonf ygVdawmf tpOf

twdkif; zGifhqdka&;om;xm;tyfaom a&S;a&S;t|uxmwdkYü vm&Sdaom zGifhqdkcsufrsm;om jzpfMuonf/

0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmü zGifhqdkxm;NyD;ojzifh xdkxdk t|uxmrsm;ü tcsKdUtcsKdUaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk

xyfrHí rzGifhqdkawmhbJ 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmü zGifhqdkxm;onfhtwdkif; rSwfom;&ef jyefvnfí ñTefMum;-

xm;awmfrljcif;jzifh tzGifh oH0PÖem (= t|uxm) udk tusOf;csKH;xm;awmfrlayonf/

wzef t&Sifr[mAk'äCmorax&fjrwfonf 0denf;t|uxm\ usrf;OD;tpü atmufygpum;

wdkYudkvnf; rdefYqdkxm;awmfrl\/ ---

]] jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tMuifw&m;awmfudkvnf;aumif;ç tMuif0denf;awmfudkvnf;aumif; a[m-

awmfrltyf\/ xdkw&m;awmfESifh xdk0denf;awmfudk jrwfpGmbk&m;\ om;awmfppfjzpfaom t&Sifom&d

ykMwm tp&Sdaom rax&fwdkYonf xdkbk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifhomvQif

odem;vnfawmfrlukef\/ xdkodkY odem;vnfawmfrlMuaom t&Sifom&dykMwm tp&Sdaom rax&fjrwf

wdkY\ tvdkt,ludk rpGefYukefrlí oD[dkVfq&mawmfwdkYonf a&S;umvü t|uxmwdkYudk jyKpD&ifawmf

rlMuavukefNyD/

xdkaMumifh t|uxmwdkYü qdkxm;aom pum;[lorQonf arYavsmYí a&;ul;rdaom yrm'avcrS

wpfyg; tvkH;pkHyif þomoemawmfwGif odu©mokH;yg;wdkYü ½kdaojcif;&Sdukefaom ynm&SdwdkY\ pHcsdef-

ozG,fjzpfaom yrmPaywnf;/

xdkt|uxma[mif;rS oD[dkVfbmompum;udkomvQif y,fí us,f0ef;aom pum;tpOfudkvnf;

csKH;í/ y / þt|uxmopfonfvnf; jzpfayvwåHU? xdkaMumifh þt|uxmopfudkfvnf; ½kdaopGm

oif,ltyfayownf;/}} (0d-|-1-3/)

xdkaMumifhyifvQif t&Sifr[mAk'äCmo q&mawmfonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ okwåefw&m;awmfudk-

jzpfap tbd"r®mw&m;awmfudkjzpfap 0denf;w&m;awmfudkjzpfap a&S;a[mif;t|uxmudkjzpfap rrSDrlí


H

rdrdÓPfjzifh MuHqwDxGifíaomfvnf;aumif;ç avmuDusrf;wdkYrS ,líaomfvnf;aumif; wpfpkHwpfckaom

usrf;udkrQ a&;om;jyKpkawmf rrlcJYay/

xdkaMumifh 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmü a&;om;wifjyxm;aom usifhpOfwdkYrSm bk&m;a[mygVdawmfwdkYü

vm&Sdaom usifhpOfwdkYomjzpfMuonf[kvnf;aumif;ç xdkusifhpOfwkdYudk usifhvkdolwdkY em;vnfEkdif&ef usifh

wwfEkdif&eftwGuf a&S;a&S;t|uxmwdkYü vm&Sdonfhtwdkif; bk&m;a[mygVdawmf\ teuft"dyÜg,fudk

zGifhqdk a&;om;xm;onfh usifh0wfy#dywfwdkYom jzpfMuonf[kvnf;aumif; ½kdaopGm rSwfom;em,lav

&monf/

þrQqdkvQif ,aeYrsufarSmufacwf y#dywfavmu0,f rsufESmi,fae&Smaom 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxm

usrf;onf rnfuJhodkYaom usrf;rsKd;jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif;ç xdkusrf;üvm&Sdaom usifhpOfwdkYonf rnfuJh-

odkYaom usifhpOfwdkY jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif; toifolawmfaumif;onf oabmaygufEdkifavmufayNyD/

0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmwGif a&;om;wifjyxm;aom orxydkif;qdkif&mç 0dyóemydkif;qdkif&m tvGef

ta&;ygaom usifhpOfrsm;udk tjcm;tjcm;aom t|uxmrsm;ü tvG,fwul &SmazGawGU&SdEdkifaomfvnf;

tcsKdUaom usifhpOfydkif;qdkif&m tzGifhwdkYrSm 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmüom awGU&Sd&í tjcm;tjcm;aom t|u-

xmwdkYü rawGU&Sdedkifjcif;rSm --- 0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxmü zGifhqdkNyD; tzGifhrsm;udk xdkxdkt|uxmü xyfrHí

rzGifhqdkjcif;aMumifh[k rSwfyg/ 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ü zGifhqdkNyD;aMumif; rSmMum;xm;onfh pum;&yfrSeforQwdkY

onf xdkxdk t|uxmwdkYü zGifhqdkxm;NyD; tzGifhpum;&yfrsm;om jzpfMuayonf/ xdktzGifhrsm;udk txyfxyf

vm&Sdaom tzGifhrsm;[kqdkonf/ xdkxdk txyfxyfvmaom tzGifhrsm;udk 0dok'd̈r*¾usrf;ü Munfh&ef ñTef;

vsuf usrf;pmukd tusOf;csKH;xm;awmfrlayonf/ xdkaMumifh 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm\ ed*kH;ü atmufyg

pum;&yfwdkYudk t|uxmq&mawmfonf rdefYrSmoGm;awmfrlcJhayonf/ ---

awoH oDvm'dab'geH? tw¬meH a,m 0dedpäa,m/

yÍöEérÜd edum,meH? 0kawåm t|uxmea,/

orm[&dwGm wH oAÁH? a,bka,se oedpäa,m/

oAÁouF&a'gao[d? rkawåm ,o®m yumodawm/ (0dok'd̈-2-354/)

oDvtrsKd;tpm;ç orm"dtrsKd;tpm;ç ynmtrsKd;tpm;wdkY\ teuf t"dyÜg,f tqkH;tjzwfudk

edum,fig;&yfwdkY\ teufudk zGifhjy&m t|uxmenf;ü rdefYqdkxm;avonf/ xdk rdefYqdkxm;aom zGifhqdk-

xm;aom t|uxmtqkH;tjzwf tvkH;pkHudk a,bk,stm;jzifh pk½kH;aqmif,lí 0g'csif; a&m,SufrI[laom

tjypfa'gowdkYrS uif;vGwfaom teufudk tqkH;tjzwfESifhwuG jyxm;tyfay\/ (0dok'¨d-2-354/)

txufyg pum;jzifh --- ]]0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmusrf;udk jyKpkawmfrlaom t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo-

q&mawmf bk&m;BuD;onf r[m0d[m&0goD rax&fjrwfwdkY\ a[majymoifMum;enf;[k qdktyfaom

edum,fig;&yfwdkY\ a&S;t|uxma[mif;wkdYudk trSDjyKí xdkt|uxma[mif;wdkYü rdefYqdkxm;aom oDv-

orm"d ynm odu©mokH;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom r*¾if&Spfyg; tusifhjrwfw&m;ESifh

oufqdkifonfh ,loifh,lxdkufaom tqkH;tjzwf tvkH;pkHudk pkaygif;aqmif,lí jyKpD&ifawmfrlavonf}}

þ oabmw&m;onf xif&Sm;ay:vGifvsufyif &Sdayonf/

ed'geuxm

I

xdkaMumifh edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom þusrf;üvnf; edAÁmefodkYa&mufaMumif; usifhpOf-

t&yf&yfwdkYudk a&;om;wifjy&mü 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmü vm&Sdonfh 0dok'̈d (7) yg; usifhpOftwdkif; a&;om;

wifjyxm;ygonf/

r*¾if (8) yg; usifhpOfw&m;wdkYudk tpDtpOfwus zGifhqdka&;om;xm;aom 0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxmonf

xdkacwfü aygufzGm;chJMuaom pmoifom; olawmfaumif;rsm;twGuf jynfhpkHcJh[ef&Sdaomfvnf; acwfawG

ajymif;í aESmif;vmaomtcg rodEkdifp&m cufcJeufeJonfh tcsuftvufrsm; ay:xGufvm½kHrQomru

usifhpOfudk em;rvnfEdkifonfh tvGefusOf;ajrmif;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;vnf; ay:xGufvmojzifh

tmp&d,"r®ygv trnf&awmfrlaom t&Sif"r®ygvq&mawmf u r[m#Dum (= 0dok'd̈r*¾r[m#Dum)

usrf;pm wpfapmifudk xyfrHí jyKpkawmfrl&jyefonf/

xdkusrf;pmrsm;rSm ygVdpmayudk uRrf;usifol olawmfaumif;rsm;twGuf tm;xm;zG,f&m usrf;pm

jzpfaomfvnf; ygVdpmayudk ruRrf;usifol olawmfaumif;rsm; twGuf tcuftcJrsm; rsm;pGmyif &Sdvm-

&jyefayonf/ edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom þusrf;pmonf xdkonfhtcuftcJudk ajz&Sif;ay;aom

usrf;pmwpfapmifrQom jzpfygonf/ wpfzef ---

1/ y&d,wf w&m;awmfü aomfvnf;aumif;ç

2/ y#dywf w&m;awmfü aomfvnf;aumif;ç

3/ y&d,wf y#dywf ESpfrsKd;vkH;ü aomfvnf;aumif; ---

uRrf;usifvdr®mawmfrlMuaom olawmfaumif;rsm;tzdkY 0dok'¨dr*¾ t|uxmusrf;ü vm&Sdaom

usifhpOfrsm;rSm vG,fulaernfjzpfaomfvnf; y&d,wfw&m;awmfüaomfvnf;aumif;ç y#dywfw&m;awmf

ü aomfvnf;aumif;ç y&d,wf y#dywf ESpfrsKd;vkH;üaomfvnf;aumif; uRrf;usifvdr®mrI r&Sd Muaom olawmf

aumif;rsm; tzdkYum; 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmü vm&Sdaom usifhpOfrsm;udk pepfwus usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;

tm;xkwfEkdifzdkY&efrSmrl rsm;pGmyif tcuftcJ &Sdaumif; &SdEkdifayonf/

xdkuJhodkY tcuftcJ&Sdaeaom olawmfaumif;rsm;onf 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmusrf;pmü vm&Sdaom

usifhpOfrsm;udk ryifryef; csrf;csrf;omom vG,fvG,fulul usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEkdif&ef &nf

oef awmifhwí edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom þusrf;pmukd a,m*Dolawmfpifrsm;wdkY\ avQmuf

xm;awmif;yefcsuft& a&;om;wifjyjcif; jzpfygonf/

edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom þusrf;pmonf y&d,wfw&m;awmfü aomfvnf;aumif;ç

y#dywfw&m;awmfü aomfvnf;aumif;ç y&d,wf y#dywf ESpfrsKd;vkH;ü aomfvnf;aumif; ruRrf;usif

rvdr®mMuukefaom olawmfaumif;wdkYESifh 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmusrf;ü vm&Sdaom usifhpOfwdkY\ tMum;wGif

wnfaqmufxm;aom ]]aygif;ul;wHwm;}} wpfckrQom jzpfonf/ enf;opf pepfopf wDxGifxm;aom

usrf;pmtopftqef; wpfapmifum; r[kwfay/

odkYaomf 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmü vm&Sdaom usifhpOfwdkYum; us,fjyefY\? euf½Idif;\? cufcJ\? y&d,wf

w&m;awmfüaomfvnf;aumif;ç y#dywfw&m;awmfüaomfvnf;aumif;ç y&d,wf y#dywf ESpfrsKd;vkH;ü

aomfvnf;aumif; ruRrf;usif rvdr®mol olawmfaumif;taygif;wdkY usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm; tm;xkwf


J

wwfzdkY&efrSm rvG,fulvSay/ xdkuJhodkYaom tcuftcJrsm;pGmESifh &ifqdkif&aom olawmfaumif;taygif;-

wdkYonf tcuftcJr&Sd tpDtpOfwus wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh jrifhoxufjrifhatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;

tm;xkwfEdkifMuygapjcif; tusKd;iSm &nfoefawmifhwí þusrf;pmwGif atmufygtwdkif; tydkif;BuD;

(9)ydkif; cGJí a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf/

1/ aumif;aom n wpfn (ba'´u&wåokwåef) ydkif;ç

2/ orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;ç

3/ tmemygeówdorm"dydkif;ç

4/ ½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;ç

5/ emrfur®|mef;ydkif;ç

6/ y#dpöorkyÜg'fydkif;ç

7/ vu©Pm'dpwkuúydkif;ç

8/ 0dyóemydkif;ç

9/ orxur®|mef;ydkif; ---

þodkY edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&Sdaom þusrf;ü þ tydkif;BuD; (9)ydkif; cGJí a&;om;wifjy-

xm;ygonf/ þusrf;ü wpfpdk;wpfpd rSm;,Gif;onfh tcsufudk awGU&Sdygu rdrdusrf;toGif jyifqifí

zwf½IawmfrlMuyg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf/

þusrf;pm yxrwGJü ---

1/ oDv0dok'¨dydkif;ü oDvudk jzLpifatmif jznfhusifh&ef tpDt&if tusOf;csKyfrQudkvnf;aumif;ç

2/ pdwå0dok'¨dydkif;ü tmemygeówdorm"dydkif;udkvnf;aumif;ç

3/ 'd|d0dok'¨dydkif;ü ½kyfur®|mef;ydkif; emrfur®|mef;ydkif;[k ESpfrsKd;&Sd&m ½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;udkvnf;aumif;--

a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf/ 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmonf bk&m;a[mygVdawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh a&S;a&S;

t|uxmBuD;wdkYü vm&Sdonfhtwdkif; oDvusifhpOf orm"dusifhpOf ynmusifhpOfwdkYudk tqifhqifh a&;om;

wifjyxm;ouJhodkY tvm;wlyif edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom þusrf;üvnf; ---

1/ bk&m;a[mygVdawmfç

2/ 0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxmç

3/ 0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxmq&mawmf bmomjyefqdkxm;aom a&S;a&S;t|uxmrsm;ç

4/ t|uxmüvm&Sdaom ax&0g'jzwfxkH;rsm;ç

5/ t|uxmtzGifh #Dumrsm;ç

6/ edó,usrf;rsm;ç

7/ jrefrmjyefusrf;rsm;ç

8/ a&S;a&S;q&mjrwfwdkY\ jzwfxkH;rsm; ----

þodkYponfh usrf;*eft&yf&yfwdkYü vm&Sdonfhtwdkif; odu©mokH;&yf tusifhjrwfwdkYudk a&;om;wifjy

xm;ygonf/ 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmonf t&Sifr[mAk'̈aCmorax&fjrwfu wnfaxmif zefqif;vdkufaom

ed'geuxm

K

enf;opf pepfopf usifhpOfopf r[kwfouJhodkY bk&m;&SifvufxufawmfrS qif;oufvmonfh enf;a[mif;

pepfa[mif; usifhpOfa[mif;om jzpfouJhodkY bk&m;a[mygVdawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmudk txl;

tav;*½kjyKí a&;om;jyKpkxm;tyfaom þ edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom þusrf;ü a&;om;

wifjyxm;tyfaom usifhpOft&yf&yfwdkYonfvnf; enf;opf pepfopf usifhpOfopf r[kwfbJ enf;a[mif;

pepfa[mif; usifhpOfa[mif;wdkYom jzpfMuonf/

bk&m;&Sif\ vufxufawmfrSonf ,aeYodkYwdkifatmif qif;oufvmonfh edAÁmefodkYa&mufaMumif;

a&S;xkH;a[mif; usifhpOf Oya'oBuD;udk ESpfoufjrwfEkd;awmfrlMuaom olawmfaumif;taygif;wdkYonf

usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfawmfrlEkdifMuygapukefownf;/

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

pdwåvawmifausmif;

zm;atmufawm&

omoemawmfouú&mZf - 2537 - ck?

aumZmouú&mZf - 1355 - ck?

oDwif;uRwfvqef; (1) &uf/

22222

1

aumif;aom n wpfnydkif; -- ypöu©ÓPf ESifh tEG,ÓPf taMumif;

edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g



r[meruúm& - Ak'ÿPmr

rkedEáuúm a,aum ',k',½kaPm ÓP0dw¬dPÖAdarÁm?

0dae,syÜgaPmCH urvuxdwH "r®&Hod0a&[d/

okaAma"od oka'¨ wdb0uk[a& AsmydwuúdwådeÍö?

wdavmauupöu©KH 'kcro[eH wH ra[oð ermrd/

',k',½kaPm = r[mu½kPmawmformywfwnf;[laom wufopfp aet½kPfvnf; &Sdawmf-

rlxaom/ ÓP0dw¬dPÖAdarÁm = oAÁnKwÓPfawmfjrwfwnf;[laom us,fjyefYaom puf0ef;awmfvnf;

&Sdawmfrlxaom/ {aum = aomif;avmu"mwf wpfcGif0,f wkbufrjyL wpfqlwnf;om yGifhxGef;

ay:aygufí vmawmfrlayaom/ a,m rkedEáuúm = tMuif bk&m;wnf;[laom aerif;onf/ oka'¨ =

oefY&Sif;jzLpif at;jrMunfvifvSayaom/ wdb0uk[a& = umr-½ly-t½lywnf;[laom b0okH;xyf

bkHokH;&yfMumtdkifü/ edAÁwåH = yg&rDuH pDrHvIHUaqmfojzifh toifhjzpfxGef; ay:aygufí aeayaom/

urvuxdwH = Mum[lí ac:qdkorkwftyfaom/ 0dae,syÜgaPmCH = uRwfxdkufool vlewfjA[®m

a0ae,sMum owå0gtaygif;udk/ "r®&Hod0a&[d = r*faygufzdkvf0if edAÁmefudk jrifodapwwfonfh

olawmfaumif;w&m;wnf;[laom jrwfaom a'oem a&mifjcnfawmfwdkYjzifh/ okaAma"od = opöm

av;&yf w&m;jrwfudk xGif;azmuf odjrifapvsuf aumif;pGm yGifhapawmfrlcJhavNyD/

AsmydwuúdwådeÍö = aomif;avmu"mwf wpfcGif0,f olrwlaom oDv-orm"d-ynm*kPfouwf-

aMumifh jA[®mhbkHwdkif jyefYvIdifausmfMum; xif&Sm;awmfrlayxaom/ wdavmauupöu©KH = jA[®mewfvl

okH;bkHolwdkY\ wpfvkH;wnf;aom rsufpdozG,f jzpfawmfrlayxaom/ 'kcro[eH = r[myx0DajrBuD;ESifh

wlpGm onf;cHEdkifcJaomt&mudk onf;cHawmfrlwwfxaom/ ra[oð = oDvu©E¨ orm"du©E¨ ynmu©E¨

0drkwådu©E¨ 0drkwådÓP'óeu©E¨wnf;[laom *kPfaus;Zl; txl;wdkYudk qnf;yl;&SmrSD; avhusufawmf

rlNyD;aom/ wH rkedEúúH = xdk bk&m;wnf;[laom aerif;udk/ t[H = wynfhawmfonf/ ermrd = um,

0pD raemcsDvsuf okH;vDapwem okH;jzm'Gg& yPmrjzifh o'¨g½dkusKd; rmefpG,fcsKd;vsuf &Sdcdk;OD;ñGwfyg\

jrwfpGmbk&m;/

22222


2

aumif;aom n wpfn (ba'ú&wåokwåef) ydkif;

ba'ú&wåokwåefydkif;udk rwifjyrD twdwf tem*wf½IuGufESifh qufpyfí a,m*g0p&yk*d¾KvfwdkY

BudKwifum odxm;oifhaom ypöu©ÓPfESifh tEG,ÓPftaMumif;udk aU&SOD;pGm wifjyaythH/

ypöu©ÓPfESifh tEG,ÓPftaMumif;

tedpöawm reodua&mawm t"darmu©A[kvó o'd̈̀Ed́,H tm"dyaw,sH a[mwd? bm0em,

pwåm&dÈ´d,med w'EG,m a[mEÅd ?... (y#doH -245/)

w'EG,m a[mEÅDwd wH tEk*grdeD wH tEk0wådeD a[mEÅd/ (y#doH-|-2-161/)

yn0awm bdu©a0 t&d,om0uó w'EG,m o'¨g oP²mwd?... (oH-3-195/)

w'EG,mwd wH tEk*pärmem? tEk0wårmemwd taw¬m/ (oH-|-3-279/)

tEGa, ÓPEÅd pwåm&d opömed ypöu©awm 'doGm ,xm £'ged? {0H twDawyd tem*awyd

£ar0 yÍöu©E¨m 'ku©opöH? t,ar0 wPSm ork',opöH? t,ar0 eda&ma"m eda&m"opöH? t,ar0

ra*¾g r*¾opöEÅd {0H wó ÓPó tEk*wd,H ÓPH/ ('D-|-3-202/)

tEGa, ÓPEÅd tEk*reÓPH/ ypöu©awm 'doGmwd pwåm&d opömed r*¾ÓaPe ypöu©awm

'doGm/ ('D-#D-3-234/)

þtxufyg ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwdkYESifh tnD tEG,onf w'EG,w&m;ESifh tEG,ÓPf[k

ESpfrsKd; &Sd\/ xdkwGif tEG,ÓPfonfvnf; ---

1/ 0dyóemÓPf\ aemufodkY tpOfvdkufaom tEG,ÓPfç

2/ t&d,r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf\ aemufodkY tpOfvdkufaom tEG,ÓPf [k ---

þodkYvQif tEG,ÓPf ESpfrsKd; &Sdayonf/ xdkwGif 0dyóemÓPf\ aemufodkY tpOfvdkufaom

tEG,ÓPfudk aU&SOD;pGm wifjyaythH/ ---

Oyedookwåef aumufEkwfcsuf

Zmeawm t[H bdu©a0 yóawm tmo0geH c,H 0'grd? aem tZmeawm aem tyóawm/

udÍö bdu©a0 Zmeawm uð yóawm tmo0geH ca,m a[mwd/

1/ £wd ½lyH? £wd ½lyó ork'a,m? £wd ½lyó tw¬*Farm/

2/ £wd a0'em/ y /

3/ £wd onm/

4/ £wd ocFg&m/

5/ £wd 0dnmPH? £wd 0dnmPó ork'a,m? £wd 0dnmPó tw¬*Farmwd/ (oH-1-267/)

3


&[ef;wdkY ...or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odooltm;omvQifç

or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf jrifooltm;omvQif tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\

ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fzdkvfudk igbk&m; a[mawmfrl\/ or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf

xGif;azmuf rodooltm;ç or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rjrifooltm;

tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fzdkvfudk igbk&m; a[mawmfrrl/

&[ef;wdkY ...tb,fudk or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odooltm;ç

tb,fudk or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf jrifooltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\

ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fzdkvfonf jzpfavoenf;/ ---

1/ (u) þum; ½kyfwnf;?

( c ) þum; ½kyf\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?

( * ) þum; ½kyf\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf;/

2/ (u) þum; a0'emwnf;?

( c ) þum; a0'em\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?

( * ) þum; a0'em\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf;/

3/ (u) þum; onmwnf;?

( c ) þum; onm\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?

( * ) þum; onm\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf;/

4/ (u) þonfwdkYum; apwoduf ocFg&wdkYwnf;?

( c ) þum; apwoduf ocFg&wdkY\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?

( * ) þum; apwoduf ocFg&wdkY\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf;/

5/ (u) þum; 0dnmPfwnf;?

( c ) þum; 0dnmPf\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?

( * ) þum; 0dnmPf\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf; [k ---

þodkY or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odooltm;ç or®m'd|d ÓPf-

ynmjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf jrifooltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif;

t&d,r*fzdkvfonf jzpfay:vm\/ (oH-1-267/)

þa'oemawmfjrwf\ qdkvdk&if;rSm þodkY jzpf\/ ---

1/ cE¨mig;yg;udkvnf;aumif;ç

2/ ,if;cE¨mig;yg;wdkY\ jzpfaMumif; = ork',ESifh jzpfjcif; = ork', = O',oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç

3/ ,if;cE¨mig;yg;wdkY\ csKyfaMumif; = tw¬*FrESifh csKyfjcif; = tw¬*Fr = 0,oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç

or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odygrS jrifygrSomvQif tmoa0gw&m;-

wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfwdkYonf jzpfay:vmEkdifukef\/ or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh


4

udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufrodygrlum; rjrifygrlum; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,-

r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfwdkYonf rjzpfay:vmEkdifukef[k qdkvdk\/

t|uxm #DumwdkYuvnf; ,if;ygVdawmf\ teuft"dyÜg,fudk atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;vif; zGifhqdk

xm;awmfrlMu\/

Zmeawmwd ZmeEÅó/ yóawmwd yóEÅó/ a'Gyd y'ged {uw¬med? AsÍÆear0 emeH/ {0H

oaEÅyd ]]Zmeawm}}wd ÓPvu©PH Oyg'g, yk*¾vH ed'd́owd/ Zmeevu©PH [d ÓPH/ ]]yóawm}}wd

ÓPyÜbm0H Oyg'g,/ yóeyÜbm0H [d ÓPH? ÓPor*Ðyk*¾avm pu©Krm 0d, pu©Kem ½lygedç ÓaPe

0d0a# "ar® yówd / y /

aem tZmeawm aem tyóawmwd a,m ye e Zmemwd e yówd? wó aem 0'grDwd

taw¬m/ {awe a, tZmeawm tyóawmyd oHom&m'D[da,0 ok'¨ ð 0'EÅd? aw y#du©dwåm a[mEÅd/

yk&dare y''Ga,e Oyga,m 0kawåm? £rdem tEkyg,H y#daoa"wd/ (oH-|-2-49/)

1/ Zmeawm yóawmwd {w¬ 'óeH ynmpu©Kem0 'óeH t"dayÜwHç e rHopu©Kemwd tm[

]]a'Gyd y'ged {uw¬meD}}wd/ {0H oaEÅyDwd y''G,ó {uw¬awåyd ÓPvu©P ÓPyÜbm00do,ó

wxm'óebm0g0da&m"emwd taw¬m/ awem[ ]]Zmeevu©PH [d ÓP}}EÅdtm'd/ ÓPyÜbm0EÅd

ÓPmEkbma0e ÓPudpö0doa,mbmoEÅd taw¬m/ awem[ ]]ÓaPe 0d0a# "ar® yówD}}wd/

Zmeawm yóawmwd p Zmee'óerkace yk*¾vm"d|mem a'oem y0wåmwd tm[ ]]ÓPvu©PH

Oyg'g,m}}wdtm'd/ (oH-#D-2-63/)

ÓPvu©PEÅd ÓPó obm0H? 0do,ó ,xmobm0g0aAm"eEÅd taw¬m/(r-#D-1-146/)

ÓPyÜbm0EÅd ÓPmEkbm0H? ÓPudpöH 0doa,mbmoeEÅd taw¬m/ (r-#D-1-146-147/)

2/ Zmeawmwd 0g ykAÁbm*ÓaPe Zmeawm? ty&bma*e ÓaPe yóawm/ (oH-#D-2-63/)

3/ Zmeawmwd 0g 0wGm e ZmeeH tEkó0gum&y&d0dwuúrwå0aoe £"m"dayÜwH? tx acg ½lyged

0d, pu©K0dnmaPe ½lyg'Ded awoH p ork',m'dau ypöau© uwGm 'óeEÅd 0dbma0wHk ]]yó-

awm}}wd 0kwåEÅd {0H 0g {w¬ taw¬m/ (oH-#D-2-63/)

Zmeawm {0 yóawm {0gwd {0arw¬ ed,arm £pädawm? e tnxm 0daoombm0awm

ted|myaEém0gwd wó ed,ró zvH 'aówkH ]]aem tZmeawm aem tyóawm}}wd 0kwåEÅd

tm[ ]]a,m ye e Zmemwdç e yówd? wó aem 0'grDwd taw¬m}}wd/ £rdem cE¨meH y&dnm

tmo0u©,ó {uEÅduum&PEÅd 'aówd/ (oH-#D-2-64/)

ypöu©u&Paw¬e Ówy&dnm wD&Py&dnm p *[dwm a[mwd/ (oH-#D-2-65/)

þtxufyg t|uxm #Dum tzGifhwdkY\ qdkvdk&if;rSm þodkY jzpf\/

Zmeawm = odooltm;ç yóawm = jrifooltm; - þESpfyk'fwdkYum; wlaomteuf &SdMuukef\/

yk'f Asnf;onfomvQif = pum;vHk;onfomvQif xl;axGuGJjym;\/ þodkYvQif pum;vkH;om uGJjym;í

5


wlaomteuf&dSaomfvnf; - Zmeawm - [laom pum;vkH;u tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm

xdk;xGif;odjcif; oabmvu©Pmudk tpGJjyKí odwwfaom yk*¾dKvfudk ñTefjy\/ rSefayonf --- ÓPfonf

(= or®m'd|dÓPfonf) tm½kH\oabmrSefudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm xdk;xGif;odjcif;oabm vu©Pm &Sd\/

yóawm - - - - - [laom pum;vHk;u tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk jrifwwfaom ÓPf\ pGrf;tm;&Sdefapmf

tmEkabmfudk tpGJjyKí jrifwwfaom yk*¾dKvfudk ñTefjy\/ rSefayonf --- ÓPfonf (= or®m'd|dÓPfonf)

tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk jrifjcif; pGrf;tm;&Sdefapmf tmEkabmf &Sd\/ yom'pu©Kwnf;[laom rsufpdtjrif

&Sdaomolonf ½lyg½kHwdkYudk yom'pu©Kjzifh (pu©K0dnmPfjzifh) jrifouJhodkY or®m'd|dÓPfESifh jynfhpkHaom

yk*¾dKvfonf tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk jrifatmif ta&miftvif;udk xGef;jyjcif;udpö&Sdaom ÓPfu zGifhjy

tyfaom w&m;wdkYudk jrifwwf\/ (oH-|-2-49/)

aem tZmeawm aem tyóawm - [lonf --- tMuifolonfum; (Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;

wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç ,if;wdkY\ ork',oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç tx¬*Froabmudkvnf;aumif;) rod

rjrif? xdkyk*¾dKvftm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fzdkvfudk igbk&m; a[mawmfrrl ---

þum; qdkvdk&if; teufoabmwnf;/ aem tZmeawm aem tyóawm - [laom þ pum;&yfjzifh

tMuif yk*¾dKvfwdkYonf (Oyg'geu©Ëm ig;yg;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç ,if;wdkY\ ork',oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç

tx¬*Froabmudkvnf;aumif;) rodygbJvsufvnf; rjrifygbJvsufvnf; oHo&mponfwdkYrSyifvQif

pifMu,fjcif;udk ajyma[mMuukef\? xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkYudk y,fjrpftyfukef\/ (oH-|-2-49/)

Zmeawm yóawm = odooltm; jrifooltm; - [laom a&S;ESpfyk'fjzifh tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\

ukefcef;aMumif; enf;vrf;aumif;udk a[mMum;awmfrltyf\/ aem tZmeawm aem tyóawm =

rodooltm; rjrifooltm; - [laom þESpfyk'fjzifh tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif; enf;vrf;-

aumif; r[kwfonfudk y,fjrpfawmfrltyf\/ (oH-|-2-49/)

wpfzef #Dumq&mawmf t&Sifjrwfu ,if; t|uxm\ qdkvdk&if; teufoabmw&m;udk

atmufygtwdkif; okH;rsKd;cGJí &Sif;vif; zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/ ---

1/ Zmeawm yóawm = odooltm; jrifooltm; - [laom þESpfyk'fü 'óe = jrifjcif;

[lonf ynmpu©Kjzifh jrifjcif;udkomvQif tvdk&Sdtyf\? rHopu©K = yom'pu©Kjzifh = (yuwdrsufpdjzifh)

jrifjcif;udk tvdkr&Sdtyfay/ xdkaMumifh ]] Zmeawm = odooltm;ç yóawm = jrifooltm; [laom

þ ESpfyk'fwdkYum; wlaomteuf &Sdukef\}}[k t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/

{0H oaEÅyd = þodkYvQif pum;vHk;om uGJjym;í wlaom teuf &Sdaomfvnf; --- [lonf

Zmeawm = odooltm;ç yóawm = jrifooltm; - [laom yk'fESpfck\ wlnDaom teuf&Sdonf

jzpfaomfvnf; ---

1/ tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm xdk;xGif;odjcif; oabm&Sdaom ÓPvu©P\ tm½kHç

2/ tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm xdk;xGif;jrifatmif ta&miftvif;udk xGef;jyjcif;oabm

&Sdaom ÓPyÜbm0\ tm½kH ---


6

þtm½kHudk xdkazmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; odjrifwwfaom oabmtm;jzifh yk'fwpfckESifh yk'fwpfck

rqefYusifjcif; oabm&Sd\[k qdkvdk\/ xdkaMumifh - Zmeevu©PH [d ÓPH = ÓPfonf tm½kH\

oabmrSefudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm xdk;xGif;odjcif; oabmvu©Pm&Sd\[k t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdk

awmfrljcif; jzpf\/

ÓPyÜbm0 - - - - - um; ÓPf\ pGrf;tm;&SdefapmftmEkabmfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ÓPfta&mif

tvif;jzifh tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm jrifatmif ta&miftvif;udk xGef;jyjcif; ÓPudpö&Sd\/

(0doa,mbmo&om y'Dayg 0d, - [laom t|omvdeD t|uxmESifh tnDyifwnf;/ tbd-|-1-

166/) xdkaMumifh t|uxmq&mawmfu - ÓaPe 0d0a# "ar® yówd = or®m'd|d ÓPftjrif&Sdaom

yk*¾dKvfonf tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk jrifatmif ta&miftvif;udk xGef;jyjcif; udpö&Sdaom ÓPfu

zGifhjytyfaom w&m;wdkYudk jrifwwf\ - [k zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrl\/ (oH-#D-2-63/)

««««« rSwfcsuf --- ÓPfa&miftaMumif;udk þusrf; - pmrsufESm - 510-534-wdkYwGif Munfhyg/ »»»»»

2/ wpfenf; --- Zmeawm - [lonf aU&StzdkYü jzpfaom ÓPfjzifh odooltm; [k qdkvdk\/

yóawm - [lonf aemuftzdkYü jzpfaom ÓPfjzifh jrifooltm; [k qdkvdk\/

3/ wpfenf; --- Zmeawm = odooltm; - - - - - [k a[mawmfrlNyD;vsufvnf;

yóawm = jrifooltm; - [k xyfrHí a[mawmfrljcif;rSm ---

u/ tEkó0 = q&m rdb polwdkYxHrS wpfqifhMum;em&í oifod\ tpGrf;jzifh odjcif;ç

c/ tmum&y&d0dwuú = taMumif; toifh,kwådudk MuHpnf pdppf qifjcifjcif;\tpGrf;jzifh odjcif;

[laom --- þESpfrsKd;aom odjcif;rQ\ tpGrf;jzifh odjcif;rsKd;udk þt&mü tvdkr&Sdtyf/ wu,f

pifppfrSmrlum; pu©K0dnmPfjzifh ½lyg½kHwdkYudk jrifouJhodkYç

u/ ½kyf-a0'em-onm-ocFg&-0dnmPf [laom Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç

c/ ,if; Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;wdkY\ jzpfaMumif; ork',ESifh jzpfjcif; ork', = O', oabmudk

vnf;aumif;ç

*/ ,if; Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;wdkY\ csKyfaMumif; tw¬*FrESifh csKyfjcif; tw¬*Fr = 0, oabmudk

vnf;aumif;ç

ypöu©ÓPfjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmufjyKí odjrifjcif;wnf;[k þodkYaom teuft"dyÜg,fudk

xif&Sm;jyjcif;iSm yóawm = jrifooltm; [k bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;awmfrltyf\ - [k þodkYvnf;

þt&mü teuft"dyÜg,fudk rSwfom;yg/ (oH-#D-2-63/)

tEkó0 ESifh tmum&y&d0dwuú

þwGif tEkó0 ESifh tmum&y&d0dwuú taMumif;udk xyfrHí &Sif;vif;wifjytyfygonf/

tEk tEk o0eH tEkóa0g/ (tH-#D-2-166/)

y&rÜ&m*wó tw¬ó {0H ud&ómwd tEkó0eH/ (oH-#D-2-317/)

7


rdb bdk;bGm; q&morm; polwdkYxHrS wpfqifhMum;í tqifhqifh Mum;em&í &&Sdvmaom tod

onf = oifod onf tEkó0 rnf\/ Oyg'geu©Ëmig;yg;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç ,if;wdkY\ ork',oabm

tw¬*FroabmwdkYudkvnf;aumif; rdb bdk;bGm; q&morm; polwdkYxHrS wpfqifhMum;í tqifhqifh

Mum;em&í &&Sdvmaom oifodrQjzifh odrIrsKd;udk þ Oyedookwåefü - Zmeawm = odoolç yóawm

= jrifool [k rqdkvdk/ þuJhodkYaom oifodrsKd;udk tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif; todrsKd; [k

þü rqdkvdkay/

tmum&y&d0dwauúmwd ,kwådy&duyÜem/ (oH-#D-2-317/)

taMumif; toifh,kwådudk MuHpnf-qifjcif-pdppfjcif;udk tmum&y&d0dwuú[k qdkonf/ ,if; tm-

um&y&d0dwuúrQ\ tpGrf;jzifh odrIrsKd;udkvnf; þ Oyedookwåefü Zmeawm = odoolç yóawm =

jrifool [k rqdkvdkay/ (bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfwdkYum; twuúm0p& = vufawGUrusifhbJ MuHpnf

pdwful;rI oufoufrQudkom jyKvkyfavh&Sdol tawG;tac:orm; = wuúDorm;wdkY\ usufpm;&m e,fajr

r[kwfay/ r-2-291/)

ypöu©ÓPf

uwrm p bdu©a0 or®m'd|d? ,H acg bdu©a0 'kau© ÓPH? 'ku©ork'a, ÓPH? 'ku©eda&ma"

ÓPH? 'ku©eda&m"*grded,m y#dy'g, ÓPH/ t,H 0kpöwd bdu©a0 or®m'd|d/ (r-1-88/)

&[ef;wdkY ...or®m'd|d[lonf tb,fenf;?

&[ef;wdkY ...

1/ 'ku©opömü odwwfaom ÓPfç

2/ 'ku©jzpfaMumif; ork',opömü odwwfaom ÓPfç

3/ 'ku©csKyfaMumif; eda&m"opömü odwwfaom ÓPfç

4/ 'ku©csKyf&m edAÁmefodkY a&mufaMumif;usifhpOf jzpfonfh r*¾opömü odwwfaom ÓPf - [laom

tMuif ÓPfonf &Sd\/ &[ef;wdkY ...,if;ÓPfudk or®m'd|d[lí qdktyf\/ (r-1-88/ r[m

owdy|meokwåef/)

þ txufyg a'oemawmfrsm;ESifh tnD pwkopöor®m'd|d trnf&aom av;rsKd;aom or®m'd|d-

ÓPfudk ypöu©ÓPf [k ac:qdk\/ ,if; ypöu©ÓPfjzifh rsufarSmufjyKí odjrifaom oludkomvQif

Zmeawm = odoolç yóawm = jrifool [k þ okwåefü qdkvdkayonf/

1/ Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç

2/ ,if;wdkY\ ork',oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç

3/ ,if;wdkY\ tw¬*Froabmudkvnf;aumif;ç

,if; ypöu©ÓPfjzifh odaomoltm;omvQif jrifaomoltm;omvQif tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\

ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fzdkvfwdkYudk &&SdEkdifaMumif; a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ ,if; ypöu©ÓPfjzifh txufyg


8

oHk;rsKd;ukefaom w&m;wdkYudk rodaomoltm; rjrifaomoltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif;

t&d,r*fzkdvfwdkYudk &&SdEkdif\ [k jrwfpGmbk&m;&SSSSifu a[mMum;awmfrrlay/

xdkaMumifh tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif;jzpfonfh t&d,r*fzdkvfwdkYudk tvdk&SdMuukefaom

olawmfaumif; taygif;wdkYonf ---

1/ Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç

2/ ,if; Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkY\ ork',oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç

3/ ,if; Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkY\ tw¬*Froabmudkvnf;aumif;ç

txufyg or®m'd|dÓPfwnf;[laom ypöu©ÓPfjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrif-

atmif aU&SOD;pGm BudK;yrf;&awmhrnf[k rSwfom;ygav/ (tEG,ÓPfESifh ½IyHktydkif;ukd aemufwGif wifjy

ygrnf/)

,ckwpfzef - Oyg'geu©ËmwdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç ,if;wdkY\ ork',oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç ,if;wdkY\

tw¬*Froabmudkvnf;aumif; wpfckpD qufvufí &Sif;vif;wifjyaytHh/

Oyg'geu©E¨m [lonf

,H udÍöd bdu©a0 ½lyH twDwmem*wypöKyÜEéH tZÑwåH 0g A[d'¨g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g

yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEÅdau 0g omo0H Oyg'ged,H? t,H 0kpöwd ½lykyg'geu©aE¨m/

(oH-2-39/cE¨okwåef/)

= tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tm½kH,l&mjzpfaom (31-bkH twGif;ü wnf&Sdaom) wPSm 'd|dwdkYjzifh ]]ig -

igh[m}}[k pGJ,l&mjzpfaom ---

1/ twdwf½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç

2/ tem*wf½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç

3/ ypöKyÜef½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç

4/ tZÑwå½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç

5/ A[d'¨½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç

6/ ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom MoVm&du½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç

7/ odrfarGUEl;nHhaom okckr½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç

8/ ,kwfnhHaom [De½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç

9/ rGefjrwfaom yPDw½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç

10/ ( ½Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*d¾Kvf\ todÓPfESifh a0;aom) 'l&½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç

11/ ( ½Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*d¾Kvf\ todÓPfESifh eD;uyfaom) oEÅdu½kyfw&m; tm;vkH; ---

þ (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom ½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;udk ½lykyg'geu©E¨m [k

ac:qdk\/ (oH-2-39/)

9


tvm;wlyif ---

(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom a0'emw&m; tm;vkH;udk a0'Ekyg'geu©E¨m [k

vnf;aumif;ç

(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom onmw&m; tm;vkH;udk onKyg'geu©E¨m [k

vnf;aumif;ç

(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom apwoduf ocFg&w&m; tm;vkH;udk ocFg½k-

yg'geu©E¨m [k vnf;aumif;ç

(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom todpdwf 0dnmPfw&m; tm;vkH;udk 0dnmPk-

yg'geu©E¨m [k vnf;aumif;ç

þodkYvnf; toD;toD; qufvufí a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ (oH-2-39/)

odkYtwGuf tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tm½kH,l&mjzpfaomç wPSm 'd|dwdkYjzifh ]]ig - igh[m}}[k pGJ,l&m

jzpfaom (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;wdkYudk - txufyg Oyedo

okwåef a'oemawmfjrwfü bk&m;&Sifu ---

1/ £wd ½lyH = þum; ½kyfwnf;?

2/ £wd a0'em = þum; a0'emwnf;?

3/ £wd onm = þum; onmwnf;?

4/ £wd ocFg&m = þonfwdkYum; apwoduf ocFg&wdkYwnf;?

5/ £wd 0dnmPH = þum; 0dnmPfwnf; --- [k

toD;toD; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ ,if;odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrl&m0,f rnfuJhodkYaom

odyHkodenf;rsKd;udk &nf&G,fawmfrlí bk&m;&Sifu --- þum; ½kyfç þum; a0'emç þum; onmç

þonfwdkYum; apwoduf ocFg&ç þum; 0dnmPf --- [k þodkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygoenf;[k

ar;&ef&Sd\/ tajzrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/

£wd ½lyH - £wd a0'em . . .

ww¬ £wd ½lyEÅd £'H ½lyHç {wåuH ½lyHç £awm O'¨H ½lyH ew¬Dwd ½kyÜeobm0aOö0 blwkyg'g,-

ab'Oö tm'ð uwGm vu©P &o ypöKy|me y'|me0aoe te0aoo½lyy&d*¾a[m 0kawåm/ y /

£wd a0'emwdtm'Dokyd t,H a0'emç {wåum a0'emç £awm O'¨H a0'em ew¬d? t,H onm/

£ar ocFg&m/ £'H 0dnmPHç {wåuH 0dnmPHç £awm O'¨H 0dnmPH ew¬Dwd a0',dw-oÍÆmee-

tbdocFg&P-0dZmeeobm0aOö0 okcg'd-½lyonm'd-zóm'd-pu©K0dnmPm'dab'Oö tm'ð uwGm

vu©P-&o- ypöKy|me-y'|me0aoe te0aoo a0'em-onm-ocFg&-0dnmP y&d*¾a[m 0kawåm/

('D-|-2-53/ 'D-|-2-373/)

£wd ½lyEÅd {w¬ £wd-----oa'´g £'H-oa'´e ormeaw¬mwd t"dyÜga,em[ - ]]£'H ½ly]}EÅd/ w,d'H

o½ly*¾[Pbm0awm te0aooy&d,m'geH a[mwDwd tm[ ]]{wåuH ½lyH? e £awm y&H ½lyH


10

tw¬D}}wd/ £wDwd 0g yum&aw¬ edygawm? wo®m ]]£wd ½ly}}EÅd £rdem blwkyg'g'd0aoe ,wåaum

½lyó yaba'g? awe o'¨ ð ½lyH te0aooawm y&d,m'd,dwGm 'aówd/ obm0awmwd

½kyÜeobm0awmç pu©m'd 0PÖm'd obm0awm p/ a0'em'DokyDwd {w¬ --- ]]t,H a0'em? {wåum

a0'em? e £awm y&H a0'em tw¬Dwd obm0awm a0'eH yZmemwD}}wd tm'demç obm0awmwd p

]]tEkb0eobm0awmç omwm'dobm0awm pm}}wd {0rm'dem a,maZwAÁH/ ('D-#D-2-320/)

tar; --- bk&m;&Sifonf - þum; ½kyfwnf;? þum; a0'emwnf;? þum; onmwnf;?

þonfwdkYum; apwoduf ocFg&wdkYwnf;? þum; 0dnmPfwnf; - [k þ Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;

"r®oabmw&m;wdkYü or®m'd|dÓPfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf ½IyGm; oHk;oyfí aexdkif&ef a,m*g0p&

&[ef;awmftm; ñTefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ þodkY ñTefMum;awmfrl&m0,f a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf

,if;Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;wdkYudk rnfodkY rnfyHk od&Sd&rnfenf;? or®m'd|dÓPfjzifh rnfodkY rnfykH ½I&rnfenf;

[k ar;&ef &Sd\/

tajz --- tajzrSm þodkY jzpf\?

1/ þum; ½kyfwnf;? ½kyfw&m;um; þrQomwnf;? þxuf tydktvGefr&Sd[k tat; tyl paom

taMumif;w&m;wdkYaMumifh a&S;a&S; jzpfay:oGm;aom ½kyfoEÅwd = jzpfpOfESifh rwlaom aemufaemufaom

½kyfoEÅwd = jzpfpOf\ yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd; ajymif;vJí jzpfrI[laom ½kyÜeobm0 = azmufjyefjcif;

oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç (½kyftm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifaom trsm;qdkif omrnvu©Pmwnf;/) blw½kyf

Oyg'g½kyfwnf;[laom xl;axGuGJjym;aom (28) rsKd;aom ½kyfudkvnf;aumif; tpjyKí vu©P-&o-

ypöKy|mef-y'|mef wdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh t

11


4/ ocFg&u©E¨m\ zó apwem ponfjzifh uGJjym;rIç

5/ 0dnmPu©E¨m\ pu©K0dnmPf ponfjzifh uGJjym;rIudkvnf;aumif; ---

tpjyKí vu©P &o ypöKy|mef y'|mefwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh t


12

[laom ypöu©ÓPfjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifatmif odrf;qnf; ½IyGm;&rnf jzpfonf/

,if;odkY odygrS jrifygrSomvQif ,if;odkY odaomoltm; jrifaomoltm;omvQif tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\

ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fzdkvfudk &&SdEkdifonf[k bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;awmfrlvsuf &Sdayonf/ ,if;odkY

rodooltm; rjrifooltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fzdkvfudk &&SdEkdifonf[k

bk&m;&Sifu a[mawmfrrlay/

þuJhodkYaom a'oemawmfrsm;udk OD;xdyf&Guf yefqifvsuf edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom

þusrf;pmü ---

1/ Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkYwGif tusKH;0ifaom ½lykyg'geu©E¨mtrnf&aom ½kyf(28)yg;wdkYudk y&rwfodkY

ÓPftjrifqdkufatmif or®m'd|dÓPfwnf;[laom ypöu©ÓPfjzifh odrf;qnf;½IyGm;ykH tydkif;udk

½kyfur®|mef;ydkif; [laom trnfjzifh a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf/ (yxrwGJwGif Munfhyg/)

2/ wpfzef ,if; Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkYwGif tusKH;0ifaom a0'Ekyg'geu©E¨m onKyg'geu©E¨m

ocFg½kyg'geu©E¨m 0dnmPkyg'geu©E¨m trnf&aom pdwfapwoduf emrfw&m;wdkYudk y&rwfodkY

ÓPftjrif qdkufatmif or®m'd|dÓPfwnf;[laom ypöu©ÓPfjzifh odrf;qnf;½IyGm;yHk tydkif;ukd

emrfur®|mef;ydkif; [laom trnfjzifh a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf/ ('kwd,wGJwGif Munfhyg/)

3/ ,if;Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;wdkYwGif tusKH;0ifaom ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m; y&rw¬"gwfom; toD;toD;

udk wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pD cGJjcm; pdwfjzmí vu©P &o ypöKy|mef y'|mefwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh or®m'd|d

ÓPfwnf;[laom ypöu©ÓPfjzifh odrf;qnf;½IyGm;yHk tydkif;udk vu©Pm'dpwkuúydkif; [laom

trnfjzifh a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf/ (pwkw¬wGJwGif Munfhyg/)

,ckwpfzef qufvufí ,if;txufyg Oyedookwåefüvm&Sdaom 'kwd,jzpfaom --- £wd ½lyó

ork'a,m / y / £wd 0dnmPó ork'a,m --- [laom a'oemawmf\ qdkvdk&if;oabmw&m;udk

qufvufí a&;om;wifjyaythH/

£wd ½lyó ork'a,m / y / £wd 0dnmPó ork'a,m . . .

£wd ½lyó ork'a,mwd {0H t0dZÆmork',m'd0aoe yÍö[muma&[d ½lyó ork'a,m/

('D-|-2-373/)

wó 0dw¬ma&m ]] t0dZÆmork',m ½lyork'a,mç wPSmork',m ½lyork'a,mç ur®ork',m

½lyork'a,mç tm[m&ork',m ½lyork'a,mwdç edAÁwådvu©PH yóaEÅmyd ½lyu©E¨ó O',H yó-

wD}}wd (y#doH-53/) {0H a0'dwaAÁm/ ('D-|-2-53/)

t0dZÆmork',mwd t0dZÆm, OyÜg'g ? tw¬dbm0gwd taw¬m/ eda&m"eda&m"D [d OyÜga'g

tw¬dbm00gpaumyd a[mwd? wo®m yk&drb0od'¨g, t0dZÆm, owd £ro®ð ba0 ½lyork'a,m?

½lyó OyÜga'g a[mwDwd taw¬m/ ]]wPSmork',m}}wd tm'Dokyd {ao0 ea,m/ tm[m&ork',m-

wd {w¬ ye y0wådypöa,ok uAVDum&m[m&ó Av0wm, aom {0 *[dawm/ wo®ð ye *[daw

y0wådypö,wmomrane Owkpdwåmed *[dwmae0 a[mEDÅwd pwkork|medu½lyó ypö,awm O',-

13


'óeH 0dbm0dwar0gwd '|AÁH/ ]]edAÁwådvu©P}}EdÅtm'dem umv0aoe O','óerm[/ ww¬

edAÁwådvu©PEÅd ½lyó OyÜg'ocFgwH ocFwvu©PH/ yóaEÅmyDwd e au0vH ypö,ork',ar0?

tx acg cPawm O',H yóaEÅmyd/ t'̈ge0aoe [d yXrH O',H yódwGm Xdawm yke oEÅwd0aoe

'doGm tEkuúare cP0aoe yówd/ ('D-#D-2-53-54/)

edAÁwådvu©PEÅd t'̈g-oEÅwd-cP0aoe ½lyó OyÜg'H? OyÜga'ga,0 ocFwvu©Pwåm vu©P-

EÅd p 0kawåm/ (y#doH-|-1-235/)

þtxufyg y#dorÇd'gr*f ygVdawmfBuD;udk udk;um;í zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlMuaom t|uxm #Dum

tzGifhwdkYESifh tnD - £wd ½lyó ork'a,m paom a'oemawmf\ ½IuGufrSm atmufygtwdkif;yif

jzpf\/ ---

½lyu©E¨m\ ork',udk ½IykH

1/ t0dZÆm jzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z) ½kyf jzpf\/

2/ wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z) ½kyf jzpf\/

3/ Oyg'gef jzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z) ½kyf jzpf\/

4/ ocFg& jzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z) ½kyf jzpf\/

5/ uH jzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z) ½kyf jzpf\/

Ä ur®Z½kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm?

6/ pdwf jzpfjcif;aMumifh (pdwåZ) ½kyf jzpf\/

Ä pdwåZ½kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm?

7/ Owk jzpfjcif;aMumifh (OwkZ) ½kyf jzpf\/

Ä OwkZ½kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm?

8/ tm[m& jzpfjcif;aMumifh (tm[m&Z) ½kyf jzpf\/

Ä tm[m&Z½kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm?

þodkYponfjzifh ½I&rnfh½IuGuf jzpfonf/ ½IuGuf tus,fudk 0dyóemydkif; (yÍörwGJ) O',AÁ,

tus,f½IyGm;enf; ork',"r®mEkyóDydkif;wGif Munfhyg/

xdk½IuGufwGif --- t0dZÆm jzpfjcif;aMumifh ur®Z½kyf jzpf\ --- þodkYponfh taMumif;w&m;

xif&Sm;jzpfjcif; = xif&Sm;&Sdjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;\ xif&Sm;jzpfyHkudk odatmif jrifatmif ½I&aom

þ½IuGufydkif;um; ypö,awm O','óe = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh ork',oabmudk½Ijcif; =

taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfrIudk ½Ijcif;jzpf\/ ur®Z½kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabmç pdwåZ½kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm

ponfh xdkxdktaMumif;ESifh avsmfnDaom tusKd;w&m;pk\ jzpfyHkudk odatmif jrifatmif ½I&aom

½IuGufum; cPawm O','óe = cPtm;jzifh ork',oabmudk ½Ijcif; = cPtm;jzifh jzpfrIudk

½Ijcif; jzpf\/ þ½IuGufudk ½I&müvnf; ---


14

pu©Krm 0d, pu©Kem ½lyged ...(oH-|-2-49/)

½lyged 0d, pu©K0dnmaPe ½lyg'Ded awoH p ork',m'dau ypöau© uwGm 'óeH ...

(oH-#D-2-63/)

þodkY zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlMuaom t|uxm #DumwdkYESifh tnD --- rsufpdtjrif&Sdaom a,mufsm;u

½lyg½kHwdkYudk pu©K0dnmPfjzifh jrifouJhodkY tvm;wlyif a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf ,if;w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;

½IyGm;aeaom ÓPfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDjzifh ,if;w&m;wdkYudk or®m'd|d

ÓPfwnf;[laom ypöu©ÓPfjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifatmif odrf;qnf; ½IyGm;&rnf

jzpfonf/

,if;odkY ½IEkdifa&;twGuf a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf ---

1/ t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH paom qdkif&mqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;wdkYudkvnf; odrf;qnf;-

xm;NyD; jzpf&\/

2/ ½kyf-a0'em-onm-ocFg&-0dnmPfwnf;[laom qdkif&mqdkif&m tusKd;w&m;wdkYudkvnf; odrf;-

qnf;xm;NyD; jzpf&\/

3/ ,if; qdkif&mqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;wdkYaMumifh qdkif&mqdkif&m tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ xif&Sm;jzpfyHk-

wnf;[laom aMumif;-usKd; qufEG,frI oabmw&m;udkvnf; odrf;qnf;xm;NyD; jzpf&\/

(emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfESifh ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfwdkY\ t&mwnf;/)

,if;odkY emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfESifh ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfwdkY\ urf;wpfbufodkY a&muf&SdNyD;aom a,m-

*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonfomvQif ork',"r®mEkyóD -- [laom þ ½IuGufudk ½IEkdifrnf jzpfayonf/ xdkaMumifh

0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxm q&mawmfuvnf; þ ½IuGufudk O',AÁ ,ÓPfydkif;wGif xnfhoGif;í zGifhqdkxm;-

awmfrlavonf/ (0dok'¨d-2-266-wGif Munfhyg/)

þ½IuGufwGif 0dygu0#fwGif tusKH;0ifaom ypöKyÜef Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg; ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkY\

taMumif;&if;ppfjzpfaom t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkYum; rnfonfh tcsdefumvu jzpfay:cJh-

Muaom w&m;wdkY jzpfMuygoenf;[lrl --- tajzudk odvdkygu atmufyg y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmf aumuf-

Ekwfcsufudk zwf½IMunfhyg/

y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmf aumufEkwfcsuf

twdwftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg;

yk&drur®b0o® ð arma[m t0dZÆm? tm,l[em ocFg&m? eduEÅd wPSm? Oy*reH Oyg'geH? apwem

ba0gwd £ar yÍö "r®m yk&drur®b0o®ð £" y#doEd̈,m ypö,m/ (y#doH-50/)

ww¬ yk&drur®b0o®dEÅd yk&dar ur®ba0? twDwZmwd,H ur®ba0 u&d,rmaewd taw¬m/

(tbd-|-2-182/ 0dok'¨d-2-214/)

15


twdwfb0ü ur®b0trnf&aom uHudk jyKpk ysKd;axmifcJhpOfu ---

1/ opömav;yg; trSefw&m;udk rodrIoabmç a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvf owå0g vl ewf jA[®m ponfjzifh

todrSm;rIoabmum; t0dZÆmwnf;/

2/ vlUb0 = vlUcE¨mç ewfb0 = ewfcE¨m ponfh cE¨mig;yg;wdkYudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKvkyfaMumif;

ukodkvfw&m; tukodkvfw&m;wdkYum; ocFg&wdkYwnf;/

3/ vlUb0 ewfb0 ponfh xdkxdkb0 xdkxdkumr0w¬Kudk wG,fwmwyfrufwwfaom oabmum;

wPSmwnf;/

4/ xdkxdkb0 xdkxdkumr0w¬Ktay:ü pdwfuyfa&muf pGJaejcif;oabmum; Oyg'gefwnf;/

5/ xdkxdk ukodkvfapwem odkYr[kwf tukodkvfapwemonf b0rnf\/

(ur®b0wnf; = uHwnf;/ 0dyóem½I&mü apwemudk y"mexm;yg/ aMumif; - usKd; qufpyfykHudk

½I&mü ur®owåd = uHudk y"mexm;yg/)

þodkYvQif a&S;b0ü jzpfaom ur®b0 = uHonf xif&Sm;&Sdvwfaomf NyD;ukefaom = xif&Sm;

jzpfay:vmMuukefaom þw&m;ig;yg;wdkYonf þypöKyÜefb0ü y#doaE¨ cE¨mig;yg;\ taMumif;w&m;-

wdkYonf jzpfMuu

edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g - Dhamma Downloaddhammadownload.com/File-Library/PaAuk/PaAukSayadawGyi... ·...

Documents

Transcript of edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g - Dhamma Downloaddhammadownload.com/File-Library/PaAuk/PaAukSayadawGyi... ·...