UAS LIBRARY GKVK

635.8 EARG-14976

1

CONTENTS

Foreword v

Preface vii

Introduction 1

Basidiomycetes

Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae

1. Agaricacea sp 152. Agaricus trisulphuratus Berk 153. Calvatia craniiformis (Schwein.) Fr. ex De Toni 164. Chlorophyllum molybdites Mey 175. Coprinus comatus (Mull.) Pers 186. Leucoagaricus cf majusculus L. 197. Leucoagaricus purpurealilacinus (Singer) Locq 208. Leucocoprinus birnbaumii (Corda) Singer 209. Leucocoprinus cepistipes (Sow.) Pat 2110. Leucocoprinus cretaceous (Bull.) Locq 2211. Leucocoprinus fragilissimus (Berk, and Curtis) Pat 2312. Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. 2413. Macrolepiota detersa (Zhu) Singer 2514. Macrolepiota sp. Singer 26

Family: Amanitaceae

15. Amanita hemibapha (Berk. & Broome) Sacc16. Amanita pseudovaginata Hongo17. Amanita vaginata (Bull) Lam18. Amanita sp. Pers.

Family: Strophariaceae

19. Gymnopilus corciphyllus Pers.20. Gymnopilus lepidotus Hesler

Family: Entolomataceae

21. Clitopilus prunulus (Scop, ex Fr.) Kumm

Family: Hydnangiaceae

22. Laccaria fraterna (Sacc.) Pegler23. Laccaria vinaceoavellanea Hongo

Family. Hygrophoraceae

24. Hygrocybe miniate (Fr.) Kumm25. Hygrocybe persistens (Britzelm.) Singer

Family: Marasmiaceae

26. Gymnopus brunneigracilis (Corner) Wilson27. Marasmius fulvoferrugineus Gilliam28. Marasmius haematocephalus (Mont.) Fr29. Marasmius leveilleanus (Berk.) Pat30. Marasmius siccus (Fr.) Schwein31. Micromphale foetidum (Sowerby) Singer

Family: Pluteaceae

32. Pluteus cervinus (Schaffer, ex. Fr.) Kumm33. Pluteus chrysaegis (Berk. & Broome) Petch

X

2728

2930

3132

33

3434

3536

373839404142

4344

34. Pluteus petasatus (Fr.) Gillet35. Pluteus spinulosus Murrill

Family: Psathyrellaceae

36. Coprinellus disseminates (Pers.) Lange37. Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Maire

Family: Strophariaceae

38. Agrocybe pediades (Fr.) Fayod

Family. Tricholomataceae

39. Lepista sordida (Schumach.) Singer40. Tricholoma giganteum Massee41. Tricholosporum porphyrophyllum (Imai) Guz

Family: Lyophyllaceae42. Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim.43. Termitomyces eurrhizus (Berk.) R. Heim.44. Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. & Broome) Heim45. Termitomyces sp. Heim46. Termitomyces sp. Heim47. Termitomyces sp. Heim48. Termitomyces sp. Heim49. Termitomyces sp. Heim

Family: Mycenaceae

50. Filoboletus manipularis (Berk.) Singer

Family: Pleurotaceae

51. Pleurotus djamor (Rumph. ex Fr.) Boedijn52. Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel53. Pleurotus salmoneostramenius Fr

Family: Cyphellaceae54. Cheimonophyllum candidissimum (Berk, and Curtis) Singer 64

Family. Schizophyllaceae55. Schizophyllum commune Fr 65

Family. Auriculariaceae56. Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quel 6757. Auricularia delicate (Mont.) Henn 6858. Auricularia polytricha(Mont.) Sacc 69

Family'. Clavariaceae59. Clavaria rosea (Dalman.) Fr 7060. Clavulinopsis aurantiocinnabarina (Schwein.) Corner 7161. Clavulinopsis corniculate (Schaeff.) Corner 72

Family. Nidulariaceae

62. Cyathus striatus (Huds.) Willd 73

RussulalesFamily: Russulaceae63. Russula emetic (Schaeff.) Pers 7464. Russula rosea Pers 75

PolyporalesFamily: Lentinaceae

65. Lentinus dicholamellatus Manim 7666. Lentinus polychrous Fr. 7767. Lentinus sojar-caju.Fr 7868. Lentinus strigosus Fr 80

x i i

X l l l

69. Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr 81

70. Lentinus tuber-regium Fr 82

71. Lentinus velutinus Fr 83

Family: Panaceae72. Panus similis (Berk. & Broome) May & Wood 84

Family: Polyporaceae

73. Coriolopsis polyzona Pers 85

74. Fomes robustus Karst 86

75. Polyporus arcularius (Batsch) Fr 86

76. Polyporus flabelliformis Klotzsch 87

77. Polyporus tenuiculus (Beauv.) Fr 88

78. Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill 89

79. Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd 90

Family: Meruliaceae

80. Merulius aureus Fr 91

81. Podoscypha petalodes (Berk.) Pat 92

Family: Formitopsidaceae

82. Antrodia serialis (Fr.) Donk 93

83. Daedalea flavida Lev 93

84. Daedalia hobsonii Berk 94

85. Fomitopsis lilacinogilva Berk 95

Family: Ganodermataceae

86. Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat 9687. Ganoderma lucidium (Curtis) P. Karst 97

HymenochaetalesFamily'. Hymenochaetaceae

88. Phellinus gilvus (Schw.) Pat

Boletales Family: Boletaceae.89. Aureoboletus gentilis (Quel.) Pouzar

Family'. Coniophoraceae90. Gyrodontium sacchari (Spreng.) Hjortstam

PhallalesFamily’. Phallaceae91. Phallus indusiatus Vent.

Geastrales Family'. Geastraceae

92. Geastrum sp. Pers

DacrymycetesFamily: Dacrymycetaceae93. Dacryopinax spathularia (Schwein.) Martin

Tremellales Family'. Tremellaeeae

94. Tremella fuciformis Berk

X V

AscomycetesPezizalesFamily: Sarcoscyphaceae95. Cookeina tricholoma (Mont.) Kunt

XylarialesFamily: Xylariaceae96. Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & Not

97. Xylaria cirrata Pat

ReferencesAppendix

109129

PRIMER OFJsEDUCATIONALPSYCHOLOGY

A.V. PRABHU

Y G K VK

lY A PRA1Bengaluru

VI

CONTENTS :

Chapter Pages

01. Introduction 01

02. Psychology and Education 17

03. Fundamental Hypotheses 33

04. The Powers of the Mind 51

05. Instinct and Emotion 59

06. Heredity and Evolution 78

07. Broad Features of Human Behaviour 87

08. Products of Development 97

09. Stages of Development 107

10. Mental Conflict 117

11. Attention and Interest 125

12. Memory 133

13. Thinking and Reasoning 145

14. The Measurement of the Mind 158

15. The Type in Education 169

16. The Psychology of the Group 172

>> SHARANAPPA

FUNDAMENTALS OF AGRONOMY

Y GKVK

PA

2

Contents

Preface.................................................................................................................. v

1 Agriculture and Agronomy: History and Developm ent......................... 1

2 Factors Affecting Crop Production.......................................................... 14

3 Classification of Field Crops.......................................................................27

4 Soil: Composition and Properties..............................................................36

5 Soil Fertility and Productivity.................................................................... 42

6 Tillage and T ilth ........................................................................................... 48

7 Seeds and Sowing......................................................................................... 60

8 Crop N utrition...............................................................................................70

9 Manures and Fertilizers............................................................................... 79

10 Fertilizer Management in Crop Production............................................. 89

11 Growth and Development of Crops........................................................... 97

12 Ideotypes of Crop P lants............................................................................103

13 Crop Adaptation and Distribution............................................................ 107

14 Principles of Cropping Systems .............................................................. 114

15 Crop Management Technologies in Problematic A reas........................120

16 Harvesting and Threshing of C rops.........................................................126

17 Weeds, Weed Management, Herbicides and Allelopathy.................... 129

References......................................................................................................759

Annexure I: Common and Scientific Names o f Field Crops...................... 140Annexure II: International and National Agricultural Research

Centres/Institutes ................................................................................... 145Annexure III: List o f Agricultural Universities.............................................151

MeGrawHill

SDC-2613

Poonam Dalai Dahiya

CONTENTS

Preface viiAcknowledgements ix

1. Ancient India 1.1

2. The Harappan Culture (2500-1900 BCE) 2.1

3. The Vedic Age (c. 1500-500 BCE) 3.1

4. The Mahajanapadas (c.600-300 BCE) 4.1

5. The Maurya Empire (c. 324-187 BCE) 5.1

6. Political and Cultural Developments during c.200 BCE - 300 CE 6.1

7. Guptas and Vakatakas 7.1

8. Age of Regional Configurations (c. 600-1200 CE) 8.1

9. The Delhi Sultanate 9.1

10. The Mughals, Later Mughals, Marathas and Other Provincial Kingdoms 10.1

11. Bhakti Movement 11.1

Xij Contents

12. The Coming of Europeans and the British Conquest of India 12.1

13. 19th Century Reform Movements14.114. Prominent Rebellions and Revolt of 1857

15. Indian National Movement-I 15116. Indian National Movement-II

UAS L IB R A R Y G K V K

954.076 REDS D C - 2 6 7 5

Preface to the Second Edition preface to the First Edition

vii . ix

S e c t i c m - A A n c i e n t I n d i a A. I - A . 5 7 0> Chronology of Events - Ancient India A.3

1. PREHISTORIC CULTURES IN INDIA A,15 - A.44Periodisation of Indian Prehistory /A.15 Early Iron Age: Beginning of

Historical Phase /A.23 Pastoral and Farming / A. 29Geographical Distribution and Characteristics o f Pastoral

and Farming Communities (2000-500 be) / A. 30 Contacts With Indus Civilisation /A.37 Glossary o f Archaeological Terms /A.38 Questions-I /A .40

Answers-l /A .42 Questions-ll I A.42

Answers-ll /A .44

2 . INDUS CIVILISATION A .45-A.97Place o f Indus Civilisation in History / A.45 Origins / A. 48 Mature Phase /A.52 Economy /A .63 Culture and Society /A. 68 Problems of Decline I A.15 Questions I A.79

Answers /A .96

3. VEDIC SOCIETY A.99-A.155General Survey /A. 99 Original Home o f Aryans / A.I01

Features o f Aryan Culture / A.I03 Vedic Texts /A. 106Sources for Reconstructing Vedic Society

and Culture /A. 109 Trassformations from Rig Vedic Phase to Later

Vedic Phase /A. 110 Economic Conditions /A.116Political Organisation and Evolution o f Monarchy /A. 120 Social Organisation and Varna System /A.126 Religion and Upanishadic Thought / A.131 Questions / A. 136

Answers /A . 155

4. PRE-MAURYA PERIOD A.157-A.236Early Historical Phase /A. 151 State Formation and Urbanisation /A. 159 Political History /A. 166 Religious movements /A. 112 Jainism /A. 181 Bhagavatism /A. 198 Brahmanical Literature /A.213 Questions / A.218

Answers /A .236

5. THE MAURYAN EMPIRE A.237 - A.290Political History / A. 231Megasthenes /A.240Asoka and His Successors /A .242

xii | Indian History

Asoka's Inscriptions and Sites /A. 245 Asoka’s Dhamma /A.250Mauryan administration, economy, society and art /A. 252 Economy / A.256 Society /A.259 The Arthasastra / A. 262 Questions I A.271

Answer /A .290

6. POST-MAURYAN INDIA (BC 200-AD 300) A.291-A.396General Survey /A .291 Sangam Texts and Society I A. 294 Satavahanas and Other Indigenous Dynasties I A. 305 Foreign Dynasties /A.315Commercial Contacts With The Outside World /A .327 Schools o f Art /A.337 Questions-I /A .343

Answers-I /A .359 Questions-ll / A.360

Answers-I I /A . 376 Questions-lll / A.376

Answers - III /A . 396

7. THE GUPTAS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS(AD 300-750)General Survey /A.397 Gupta Empire /A. 400 Economic Conditions /A.412

A.397-A.489

Culture /A .420Political and Cultural History o f Their Successors /A. 42 5 Socio-Economic History o f Their Successors I A. 440 Q ue stions -I / A.458

Answers-I /A .472 Questions-ll I A.472

Answers - II /A .488

SOCIETY AND CULTURE A.491 - A.570Society: Evolution ofJatis /A.491 Varna System /A .492 Asramas / A. 496 Samskaras / A.498Marriage Forms and Practices / A. 505 Marriage Practices /A. 505 Position o f Women /A.508 Ancient Indian Languages And Literature /A.512 Ancient Indian Secular Literature /A. 520 Art and Architecture /A. 522 Structural Temple Architecture / A.526 Sculpture and Iconography /A. 530 Performing Arts / A.533 Personalities /A. 542 Indian Classical Dances /A.546 Indian Painting /A. 552

Questions / A.558 Answers/A.570

S e c t i o n - B : M e d i e v a l I n d i a• Chronology of Events - Medieval India B.3

9. EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIA AND CULTURAL B.29-B.123 TRENDS (750-1200)General Survey / B.29 Major Dynasties o f North India /B.34 The Rajaputras /B.42 Feudalism /B.51Cholas and others o f South India /B.58Cultural Trends 750-1200 /B.80Growth O f Regional Cultures / B.84Religious Conditions and Importance o f Temples /B.85Shankaracharya and Hinduism /B.93Languages and Literature /B.96Islamic History /B.100

B.l - B . 3 5 2Questions / B.107

Answers /B.114 Questions-ll / B.114

Answers-I I /B.123

10. THE DELHI SULTANATE (1206-1526) B.125- B.182General Survey /B .l25Ghorian Invasions /B .l28Delhi Sultanate Under The Slave Sultans /B .l28Ala-Ud-Din Khalji: Measures and Conquests /B .l32MuhammadTughlaq’sInnovations /B .l35Firoz Tughluq and Decline o f Delhi Sultanate /B.137The Lodhis (1451-1526) /B.140Administration /B.140Agrarian Structure and Relations /B .l 43

Content | x i i i

Growth o f Commerce and Urbanization IB. 145 Growth o f Trade and Commerce IB. 147 Technological Changes IB. 148 Evolution of Indo-Persian Culture IB. 150 New Socio-Cultural Trends IB. 157 Questions / B.164

Answers IB . 182

11. PROVINCIAL DYNASTIES AND B.183- B.226RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTSVijaynagar Empire IB. 183 Other Provincial Dynasties IB. 191 Monotheistic Movements / B.202 Growth o f Regional Literatures / B.209 Questions I B.212

Answers I B.226

12. THE MUGHAL EMPIRE (1526-1707) B.227-B.316Introduction IB.227First Phase o f Mughal Empire IB.229The Sur Empire (1540-55) IB.230

• Chronology of E vents-M odern India C.3

14. BRITISH EXPANSION AND C.23-C.79ADMINISTRATIONIntroduction / C.23 Carnatic Wars / C.32 Conquest o f Bengal I C.3 3Mysore and its Resistance to British Expansion / C.36 Anglo-Maratha Wars and Treaties / C.38 Anglo-Sikh Wars / C.43 Annexation o f Sind (1843) I C.44 Structure o f British Raj / C.46 Governors-General and Viceroys / C.53 Constitutional Developments / C.58 Questions I C.67

Answers 1C. 79

15. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE BRITISH RAJ C.81 - C.111General Survey I C.81 Three Stages o f Colonialism I C.82 Drain o f Wealth (Tribute) I C.85 Land Revenue Settlements I C.86

Akbar (1556-1605) IB.232 Other Great Mughals /B.240 Sivaji and His Successors IB. 246 Economy IB.251 Commerce with Europe /B.256 Mughal Culture IB.264 Religious Thought: Abul FazI IB.278 Social Stratification and Status o f Women IB.279 Questions /B .290

Answers IB.31513. DECLINE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE B.317-B.352

(1707-1761)Later Mughals: Causes Behind Decline IB.317 Maratha Power Under the Peshwas /B.318 Regional States: Bengal (1717-72) IB.319 The Afghans IB.326 Sawai Jai Singh, the Astronomer IB. 327 Rise o f Urdu Language / B.328 Questions / B.333

Answers I B.352

Railways / C.91Commercialisation o f Agriculture / C.94 Opium Manufacture in India /C.94 Rural Indebtedness and Growth o f Landless Labour / C.95 Deindustrialisation / C.96 Growth of Modern Industries / C.97 Questions / C.105

Answers I C.11116. CULTURAL ENCOUNTER AND C.113-C.176

SOCIAL CHANGESGeneral Survey / C.U3 Introduction o f Western Education

and Modern Ideas 1C. 114 Indian Renaissance: Social and Religious Reform

Movements / C.118 Manav Dharma Sabha / C.120 Nature and Limitations o f 19th Century / C.129 Growth o f Indian Middle Class 1C. 133 The Press and its Impact / C.135 Rise o f Modem Literature In Indian Languages 1C. 137 Official Social Reform Measures Before 1857 1C. 142

S e c t i a n - C : M o d e r n I n d i a C. l - C . 3 G 3

xiv | Indian History

Questions / C.164 Answers /C .176

17. RESISTANCE TO BRITISH RULE C.177-C.241General Survey /C.177 The 1857 Revolt / C.186 Peasant Movements / C.I94 Trade Union Movement IC.200 Caste Movements / C.204Questions I C .214. 20.

Answers /C.241

18. INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE - C.243 - C.273THE FIRST PHASE IGrowth o f National Consciousness / C.243

Establishment o f The Indian National Congress / C.246 Moderate Phase (1885-1905) / C.247 Growth o f Extremism (1906-1918) / C.248 Economic Nationalism and Swadeshi Movement / C.252 The Act o f1909 and British Policy o f Divide

and Rule / C.258 21.Congress-League Pact of 1916 / C.260 Home Rule Movement (1916-17) /C.261 Questions I C.266

Answers /C .273

19. GANDHI AND HIS THOUGHT C.275-C.318Gandhi (1869-1948) /C.275 His Techniques o f Mass Mobilisation / C.276 Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements / C.277 Civil Disobedience Movement / C.280

C.319- C.337

Quit India Movement /C.295 Other Strands In the National

Movement—Revolutionaries / C.297 Swarajists / C.299 The Left /C.300Subhas Chandra Bose and The INA / C.301 Questions / C.309

Answers /C.318

SEPARATIST TRENDS IN INDIAN NATIONALIST POLITICSSeparatist Trends / C.319 Rise and Growth o f Muslim League / C.320 Pakistan Movement /C.321 The Post-1945 Developments: Partition and

Independence /C.326 Indian Independence Act (1947) / C.330 Questions /C .332

Answers /C .337

INDIAN INDEPENDENCE T0 1964 C.339 - C.363Introduction / C.339The New Republic and The 1950 Constitution / C. 341 JawaharlalNehru’s Vision / C.342 Planning and State-Controlled Industrialisation / C.344 Agrarian Reforms / C.347 India s Foreign Policy o f Non-Alignment / C.349 Border Conflict with China and Chinese Aggression / C.352 Questions I C.358

Answers /C.363

S e c t i D n - D : R e v i s i o n D . I - D . 2 7• A GLOSSARY OF ECONOMIC TERMS OF

MEDIEVAL AND MODERN INDIASocio-Economic Systems /D.3 Revenue Systems and Practices /D.4 Revenue Officials and Collectors / D. 5 Different Taxes ID .6

D .3-D .10 Agrarian Classes /D .6Commercial Systems and Practices /D.7 Commercial Classes /D.8 Miscellaneous Terms /D.8

• PERSONALITIES D.11 - D.27

M V PYLEE

UAS LIBRARY GKVK

CONTENTSPart I

INTRODUCTION1. The Dawn of a New Era ... 32. Basic Principles ... 123. Historical Background ... 21

Part II

PREAMBLE, TERRITORY AND CITIZENSHIP4. The Preamble ... 335. The Union and Its Territory ... 376 . Citizenship ... 46

Part i n

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND THE DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES,7. Fundamental Rights : General Nature ... 538 . Right to Equality (Articles 14,15,16,17 and 18) ... 589. The Right to Freedom (Article 19) ... 66

10. The Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23 and 24) ... 7811 . The Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25 to 28) ... 8012. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29 and 30) ... 8513. The Right to Property (Articles 31, 31-A, 31-B, 31-C

and 31-D) ... 9014. The Right to Constitutional Remedies

(Articles 32 and 32-A) ... 9315. An Assessment ... 9716. The Directive Principles ... 10117. Fundamental Duties ... 110

PART IVTHE MACHINERY OF THE UNION GOVERNMENT

18. The Union Executive ... 11519. The Council of Ministers and the Prime Minister ... 12520. The Vice-President and the Attorney-General ... 12921. The Union Legislature — The Parliament of India ... 13122. Legislative Procedure ... 14223. Privileges and Committees ... 14724. The Union Judiciary— The Supreme Court ... 155

PART VGOVERNMENT MACHINERY IN THE STATES

25. The State Executive: The Governor ... 169

26. The Governor and the Council of Ministers .., 173

27. T h e State Legislature 176

28. Judiciary in the States 184

29. Union Territories

PART VI THE FEDERAL SYSTEM

190

30. The Schem e o f Division o f Powers 19531, Administrative Relations between the Union and the States 20032. Financial Relations 20633. Inter-State Trade and Com m erce 21234. Em ergency Provisions 21535. The Zonal Councils

PART VII MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

223

36. The Com ptroller and A uditor-G eneral o f India 229

37. Public Services 23238. The Public Service Com m issions 24039. Adm inistrative Tribunals 24540. Official Language 24741. Elections • ... 25142. Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes 27043. Am endm ent o f the Constitution 27744. Constitutional Review 29145. Concluding O bservations. ... 326

Appendices I-V 333Selected Bibliography 339Index 346

LIST OF TABLESTable 1 The States as they existed before the Reorganisation o f States in 1956,p .4 0Table 2 Recom m endations o f the States Reorganisation Com mission, p. 41Table. 3 The reorganised States as they em erged from the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 p. 43Table 4 The States and Union Territories as they existed in 2005. p. 44Table 5 The value o f each Assem bly and.Parliam entary vote in the Presidential Election, p 117Table 6 State-wise m em bership o f the House o f the People, p. 132Table 7' State-wise m em bership o f the Council o f States, p. 137Table 8 Relative Strength o f All India parties in the House o f the people.

pp. 152 & 153Table 9 S tre n g th o f m e m b e rs in the L e g is la t iv e A sse m b ly o f ea ch

p. 177S ta te . I

Table 10 M em bership o f Legislative Council in the State, p. 179.Table 11 High Court and the num ber oTjudges in each. p. 188Table 12 M ajor Indian languages and the num ber o f people speaking each o f them. p. 247Table 13 Representation o f Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House o f the People./). 2 70\Table 14 Representation o f Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the State Assemblies, p. 2 7l\

De Bono never ceases to amaze’ Sir Richard Branson

Lateral ThinkingTHE MULTI-MILLION-COPY BESTSELLER

79

15253744485256588 29395

100io8116124131147154169181196231240258

Contents

PrefaceIntroductionUse of this bookThe way the mind worksDifference between lateral and vertical thinkingAttitudes towards lateral thinkingBasic nature of lateral thinkingThe use of lateral thinkingTechniquesThe generation of alternatives Challenging assumptions Innovation Suspended judgement DesignDominant ideas and crucial factorsFractionationThe reversal methodBrainstormingAnalogiesChoice of entry point and attention area Random stimulation Concepts/divisions/polarization The new word po Blocked by openness Description/problem solving/design Summary

ObjectiveAGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY

at a Glance

Deepak Kumar Verma Balaram Mohapatra

Shikha Srivastava Sashi Kanta Dash

Ajay Veer Singh Bavita Asthir

D.N. Bharadwat

nr g k v k

M E D T fic ”

Contents

Foreword

Preface...

Authors .

Syllabus— IC AR-AR S Pre and IC A R-N E T

Syllabus— ICAR.-SRF ..........................................................................................

(vii)

(ix)

(xi)

(xiii)

(xv)

C h a p te r 1 History of Microbiology 1—10History, development and scope of microbiology, evolution of microbial life.

Theory of spontaneous generation. Prokaryotes, archaebacviria and eukaryotes. Techniques used in identification and classification of bacteria. Important groups of prokaryotes—photosynthetic bacteria, blue green algae, chemoautotrophic bacteria, spore forming bacteria, mycoplasma, viruses, bacteriophages and actinomycetes. Heterotrophic bacteria nitrobacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cyanobacteria, lactic acid bacteria, halophiles, thermophiles acidophiles and methanogens. Structure and classification of viruses, growth of viruses, lytic and lysogenic cycles, plant viruses, viroids.

C h a p te r 2 Microbial Taxonomy................................................................... 11—25Eukaryotes, prokaryotes and archaebacteria, Kingdom prokaryote and detailed classification of prokaryotes. Techniques used in identification and classification of bacteria-numerical taxonomy, DNA base composition, nucleic acid hybridization,RNA sequencing and cataloguing, and serological analysis. Important groups of prokaryotes—photosynthetic bacteria, chemoautotrophic bacteria, spore forming bacteria and actinomycetes. Heterotrophic bacteria—enterobacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cyanobacteria, lactic acid bacteria, halophiles, thermophiles, acidophiles and methanogens. Structure and classification of viruses. Growth curve of viruses. Lytic and lysogenic cycles. Plant viruses.

C h a p t e r 3 Morphology and Cytology......................................................... 26—39Cell structure—prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Chemical composition, structure and function of cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, capsule, flagella, pill, cytoplasmic inclusions, nuclear material and other specialized cell structures-endospore, cysts, heterocysts, akinetes, etc.

xviii Contents

C h a p t e r 4 Microbial Ecology...................................................................Principles of microbial ecology and their application to different ecosystems. Microbiology of ecosystems—soil, rhizosphere, phyllosphere, water—fresh and marine, and air, Microbial interactions-symbiosis, synergism, commensalism, parasitism, amensalism, antagonism and predation, Adoption of microorganism to various ecosystems.

C h a p t e r 5 Microbial Physiology..............................................................Bacterial growth and growth curve. Kinetics of growth—continuous and batch culture, Diauxic and synchronous growth. Microbial nutrition. Bacterial metabolism—aerobic and anaerobic respiration, electron transport chain. Oxidative, substrate level and photo-phosphorylation. Biosynthesis of macromolecules-bacterial cell wall, ribosomes, proteins and nucleic acid.

C h a p t er 6 Microbial Genetics.................................................................Replication of DNA-primosomes, replisomes, gyrase and heliase. Mutations- spontaneous, induced and site directed; DNA damage and repair, Biochemical genetics-elucidation of biochemical pathways using auxotrophic mutants. Gene transfer conjugation, transduction and transformation. Plasmid and transposons. Recombinant DNA technology (RDT). Importance of RDT over conventional genetic techniques. Restriction enzymes, vectors, DNA cloning and c-DNA cloning. Regulation of gene expression-operator, promoter, operon, positive and negative regulatory control (lac operon) and tryptophan operon.

C h a p t e r 7 Microbial Biotechnology.......................................................Industrial production of metabolites—organic acids, alcohols, amino acids, organic solvents, antibiotics, vitamins and enzymes. Types of bioreactors. Control of fermentation processes—batch, feedback and continuous. Down—stream processing in fermentation industry Production of single cell proteins, hormones, bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides, bio-pigments, bio-flavours, mushrooms and silage.

C h a p t e r 8 Food Microbiology..................................................................Microbiology of various foods, milk and water. Role of microbes in fermented and processed foods—sauerkraut bread, picldes, cheese, vinegar, bottled and canned foods. Spoilage of fruits, vegetables and processed foods. Methods of food preservation. Food-born diseases and intoxication.

C h a p t er 9 Soil Microbiology....................................................................Distribution of microorganisms in soil. Root exudates and rhizosphere effects. Manipulation of rhizosphere microflora in plant productivity, Microbial biomass. Decomposition of plant and animal residues—cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and protein. Humus-role in soil fertility. Transformation of nitrogen in soil

4 0 — 4 9

5 0 — 6 6

6 7 — 8 3

8 4 — 9 2

9 3 — 1 0 9

110—121

Contents xix

ammonification, nitrification and denitrification. Biological nitrogen fixation— symbiotic, associative symbiotic and asymbiotic. Biochemistry and genetics of nitrogen fixation. Phosphorus transformations—solubilization and mobilization by bacteria and fungi. Transformations of sulphur. Mycorrhizal symbiosis (ecto and endo)—role in agriculture and forestry. Biodegradation of pesticides.Biofertilizers and their role in sustainable agriculture. Biological control of insect pests and plant pathogens.

C h a p t e r 10 Environmental Microbiology................................................ 1 2 2 — 1 3 2

Microorganism pollution of soil, air and water. Sources of pollution and their impact on environment. Microbiology of sewage and industrial effluents and their safe disposal. Management of solid and liquid organic wastes-composting, biogas, production and treatment of sewage, and industrial effluents.

C h a p t e r 1 1 Microbiological Techniques................................................... 1 3 3 — 1 5 5

Isolation and preservation of different types of microorganisms. Methods of sterilization and disinfection. Optical phase contrast, fluorescent, dark field and electron microscopy. Colorimetry, spectrophotometry, centrifugation, chromatography and gel electrophoresis. Chromosomal and plasmid DNA isolation and characterization. Physical, chemical and site directed mutagens. Microbiological assay of vitamins, amino acids and antibiotics. Microbiological tests for potability of water. Methods for estimation of microbial biomass and nitrogen fixation.

Glossary of Technical Terms Further Readings...................

157—173

174—176

POST INDEPENDENCE

INDIAFo r C iv il Se r v ic e s Ex a m in a t io n

About the Authors aFrom the Authors o f the. Book viiAcknowledgements ixForeword xiForeword \ xiii

POST-INDEPENDENCE INDIA/

Introduction 2

Chapter 1 India on th e Eve o f Independence 5

O Legacy of the British Rule 5> Polity 6

> Law and Administration 7> Education 7

> Society 8> Economy 8

O Legacy of the National Movement 11

> Faith in the Capacity of the Masses 11> Principles of Non-Violence and Non-Aggression 11> Civil Libertarian and Democratic Ideals 12> Right to Dissent and Right to Minority Opinion 12> Self-Reliant Development with Equality and Justice 12> Commitment to Egalitarian Society 13> Faith in Secularism 14> Vision of a United India 14> Internationalism and Independent Foreign Policy 15> High norms of Politics and Political Behavior 15> Capacity to Change with Changing Times 15

x v i Contents

Chapter 2 Constitution o f India 17O Making of the New Constitution 18

> Precursor to Indian Constitution(Government of India Act of 1935) 18

> Constituent Assembly 18• Role of Cabinet Mission Plan 19• Composition of the Constituent Assembly 19• Status of the Constituent Assembly 20• Work of the Constituent Assembly 21

O Constitution of India 24> Salient Features of the Constitution 25

• Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic,Republic 25

• Universal Adult Franchise 25• Onion of States 25• Relative Flexibility 26• Written Constitution 26

> Main Provisions 26• Preamble 27• Fundamental Rights 28• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) 29• Fundamental Duties 31• Gnion Government 32• Government in the States and Gnion Territories 34• Local government 34• Services under the Gnion and the States 35

> ‘Basic Structure’ of the Constitution 35

Chapter 3 Nehru E ra (1 9 4 7 -1 9 6 4 ) 37

O Independence Day (15th August) 39> First Cabinet of Independent India (First

Nehru Ministry, 15th August 1947-15th April 1952) 40O Challenges of Nation Building 41

> Challenge #1- Consolidating India as a Nation 41• Rehabilitation of Refugees 41• Integration of Princely States 47• Dealing with Linguistic Diversity 52• Integration of Tribals 57

Contents x v ii

> Challenge #2- Establishing a Democratic Polity 57• Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles 58• Parliamentary System 59• Electoral System 59• Federalism 67• Secularism in India 67• Establishment of Democratic Institutions 68

• Establishment of Civil Administration 69> Challenge #3- Socio-Economic Development 69

• Planned Development 70• Development of Industry 74• Development of Agriculture (Land Reforms and

Rural Development) 75• Development of Science and Technology 93• Social Development 95• Development of India’s Foreign Policy 97

■ Non Aligned Movement (NAM) 97■ Relations with Pakistan 98

• Kashmir Issue 99• Indus River Water Dispute 101• OS Aid to Pakistan 101

■ Relations with China 101• China’s Aggression in Tibet (1950) 101

• China’s Aggression in India (India-ChinaWar 1962) 102

O Death of Jawaharlal Nehru (27th May 1964) 102O Evaluation of Jawaharlal Nehru 103

Chapter 4 Shastri Years (June 1 9 6 4 -1 9 6 6 ) 104

O Important Events during Shastri Years 106> Setting up of PMO 106> Indo-Pak War (August -September 1965) 106> Tashkent Declaration (4th January 1966) 106

Chapter 5 Indira Years (1966 -1 9 7 7 , 1980-84) 108(Decline and Restoration o f the Congress system )

O Early Years (1966-1969) 109> Food Imports and Currency Devaluation 109

x v ii i Contents

> Formation of Separate Sikh State (November 1966) 110> 4 th General Elections (1967) 110> Rise and Growth of the Naxalite Political Movement 112> Bumper Crop (1968) 116

O Indira Years (1969-77) 116> Indira vs. the ‘Syndicate’ 116> Congress Split (1969) 118> 5th General Elections (1971) 119> Bangladesh Crisis (December 1971) 120> Simla Declaration (June 1972) 122> Maruti Limited Controversy (June 1971) 122> Indira Gandhi implements left-of center Agenda 123> Pokhran Nuclear Test (18th May 1974) 123> Background to the Emergency (1971-75) and

J.R Movement (1974) 123> Emergency (26th June 1975) 125> Lifting of Emergency and 6 th General

Elections (1977) 129O Janata Interregnum (1977-1979) 130

> 7th General Elections (Mid-term, January 1980) 132O Return of Indira Gandhi (1980-84) 132

> Punjab Crisis 133O Special Note: Technological Reforms (mid-1960s)

and the Green Revolution 138

Chapter 6 Rajiv Gandhi to Narasimha Rao (1 984 -1996 ) 147

O Rajiv Gandhi (1984-1989) 148> 8 th General Elections (1984) 148> 9th General Elections (1989) 148

O Era of Multi-Party Alliance System (1989-2014) 149> National Front government (led by V.P Singh,

1989-90) 149> Section of National Front government (led by

Chandra Shekhar, 1990-1991) 150> 10th General Elections (1991) 150

O Narasimha Rao (1991-1996) 150> Special Note- Economic Liberalisation in India (also

known as Economic Reforms/ New Economic Policy/ Industrial Policy of 1991) 150

Contents xix

Chapter 7 Atal Bihari Vajpayee to Manmohan Singh(1 9 9 6 -2 0 1 4 ) 179O 11th General Elections (1996) 180O United Front Government (1996-1998) 180O 12th General Elections (February 1998) 181O NDA government (March 1998- October 1999) 181

> Pokhran II (11th-13th May 1998) 181> Delhi-Lahore Bus service (19th February 1999) 182> Kargil War (May-July 1999) 182

O The 1989-98 decade: An Analysis 184O 13th General Elections (September-October 1999) 184O NDA government (1999-2004) 185

> Golden Quadrilateral (March 2000) 186> Bill Clinton’s visit to India (March 2000)> Chittisinghpura Massacre (Anantnag,

186

20th March 2000) 186> Agra Summit (14th-16th July 2001) 187> Parliament Attack (13th December 2001) 187> Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA, 2000-2001)> Ram Mandir Agitation (December

187

2001-March 2002) 188> Gujarat Riots (Godhra, February-March 2002) 188> Further Push to Economic Reforms (2002-2004) 189

Economic Crisis of 1991 151

Economic Liberalisation in India 151Why LPG? 152

LPG Reforms 155

■ Liberalisation 155

■ Privatisation 156

■ Globalisation 157

Impact of LPG 161■ Impact on Economy 161■ Impact on Polity 164■ Impact on Society 1 64■ Impact on Culture 168■ Other Implications of Economic

Liberalisation in India 169

O 14th General Elections (April-May 2004) 191O OPA government (2004-2014) 191

> Formation of National Advisory Council(4th June 2004) 192

> Legislations in the field of Women Empowerment 192> Sachar Committee (March 2005) 193> Indian Economy touches new heights (2007) 194> Liberalisation, Mining, and Impact on Environment:

An Analysis 195

SOIL FERTILITY AND NUTRIENTMANAGEMENT

Contents

Preface.................................... ..... ............................................................................v

1. Soil Fertility and Productivity-Concepts and Factors..................................1

2. Nutrient availability in Soil and Crop Response..........................................9

3. Soil Organic Matter- Role, Dynamics and M anagem ent..........................15

4. Nitrogen: Role, Dynamics and Management............................................. 23

5. Phosphorus: Role, Dynamics and M anagement........................................ 38

6. Potassium: Role, Dynamics and M anagem ent...........................................54

7. Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur-Role, Dynamics andManagement............................................................................................... 66

8. Micronutrients and Beneficial Elements— Role, Dynamicsand M anagement........................................................................................76

9. Organic Manures-Production and Enrichment.......................................... 96

10. Green Manures and Crop Residues- Production and M anagem ent... 105

11. Biofertilizers- Role and Management........................................................ 116

12. Integrated Nutrient Management in Cropping Systems.........................126

13. Soil and Fertilizer Management and Economics of Fertilizer Use.... 134

14. Nutrient Management in Problem S o ils ................................................... 146

References......................................................................................................^55

Appendices.................................................................................................... ^ 6