13

swihq Aqy smwj: AMqr sbMD

swihq Aqy smwj ivckwr Ain`KV sbMD hY[ swihq Aqy smwj dovyN iek dUjy qoN

pRBwivq huMdy hn Aqy iek dUjy dy ivkws ivc shwiek huMdy hn[ swihq SurU qoN

hI mnuK Aqy smwj ivc qwlmyl sQwipq krn leI XqnSIl irhw hY[ iesdw

pRmu`K kwrj pirvrqnSIl smwijk sbMDW dI pRikrqI dw inrUpx krnw hY[ ies

leI sp`St hY ik swihq Aqy smwj dvMdwqmk sbMD r`Kdy hn[ swihq mnuKI jIvn vrqwirAW dI klwqmk Aqy rUpWqirq pySkwrI

hY[ swihq smwj dw ibMb auGwVidAW hoieAW smwj dI isrjxwqmk rUp rwhIN

ivAwiKAw krdw hY Aqy mnuKI jIvn dy kwrjW dI qih q`k phuMcx dw Xqn

krdw hY[ swihqkwr dw Awm smwijk ivAkqI dy twkry smwj ivclIAW

GtnwvW Aqy sm`isAwvW pRqI idRStIkox izAwdw sMvydnsIl huMdw hY ikauNik auh

smwijk XQwrQ nMU AwpxI klpnw duAwrw swihq ivc AiBivAkq krdw hY[

ies leI koeI vI swihiqk rcnw swihqkwr dI inrol klpnw mwqr nhIN ho

skdI sgoN isDy jW Ais`Dy qOr qy smwijk Aqy siBAwcwrk XQwrQ nwl juVI

huMdI hY[

swihq dy smwj Swsqr v`l A`gy vDx qoN pihlW swihq bwry jwnxw

zrUrI hY[ mu`K qOr qy swihq dIAW iqMn iksmW svIkwr kIqIAW geIAW hn

ijnHW ivc lokipRX swihq, gMBIr swihq Aqy lok swihq Swiml hY[ ienHW iqMnW

dy AwpsI AMqr Aqy sbMD bwry jwnx qoN mgroN hI AsIN iksy shI idSw ivc jw

skdy hW[ Awm qOr qy ieh mMn ilAw jWdw hY ik jo swihq Aqy klw jn

swDwrn ivc sihj rUp nwl svIkwr krky gRihx kIqI geI hovy auh lokipRX

hY[ srlqw, sihjqw, suBwivkqw Aijhy swihq dy zrUrI gux mMny gey hn pRMqU

koeI swihq isr& ienHW guxW krky hI jn swDwrn ivc lokipRX nhIN huMdw[ ies

bwry mYnyjr pWfy dw ivcwr hY:

auhI swihq ivAwpk jnqw ivc lokipRX huMdw hY ijs ivc jn jIvn

dIAW vwsqivkqwvW Aqy AkWiKAwvW sihj suboD rUp ivc ivAkq

14

huMdIAW hn[ies leI lokipRXqw dw sbMD swihq dy rUp dy nwl-nwl

ausdI AMqrvsqU, aus AMqrvsqU ivc mOjUd XQwrQ cyqnw Aqy aus

XQwrQ cyqnw ivc inihq ivSvidRStI nwl vI huMdw hY[1

EprI nzry gMBIr swihq Aqy lokipRX swihq prspr ivroDI jwpdy

hn pr fUMGweI ivc jw ky pqw c`ldw hY ik ieh dovyN ivroDI hI nhIN blik keI

QWvW qy AijhIAW siQqIAW vI imldIAW hn ij`Qy dohW ivc eykqw vI idKweI

idMdI hY[ gMBIr swihq nwl lokipRX swihq dw ies qrHW dw sbMD vI idKweI

idMdw hY ijs ivc gMBIr swihq nMU qrHW-qrHW dy qrIikAW nwl lokipRX bxw ky

vyicAw jWdw hY ijvyN rmwiex, mhWBwrq Awid vrgIAW bhuq swrIAW hor gMBIr

Aqy klwiskl rcnwvW nUM muV nvyN FMg nwl nvIAW ivDwvW ivc punr-surjIq

krky pyS kIqw jWdw hY[ iesy qrHW gurbwxI jo gMBIr swihq dI kotI ivc

AwauNdI hY lokipRX swihq ivc iksy nw iksy rUp ivc iesdI vrqoN hoeI imldI

hY[ ies qoN ielwvw gurbwxI nMU Sbd rUp ivc gw ky irkwrfW ivc Br ky vycxw

iek hor mh`qvpUrn audwhrn khI jw skdI hY[ srl bxwaux dI pRikirAw

ivc klw dw srlIkrx huMdw hY Aqy pRcwr Aqy mMnorMjn ausdw mMqv bx jWdw

hY[ AwDuink kwl ivc pUMjIvwd dy pswry rwhIN lokipRX swihq vl swihqkwrW

dw ruJwn viDAw hY[ qknwlojI dy ivkws dy kwrn klw nUM bzwr dI vsqU bxw ky

vycxw AiDk Awswn ho igAw hY[ mSInI punr-auqpwdn dy Xu`g ivc klw dw

v`fy pYmwny qy punr auqpwdn krky ausnMU sqhI bxwauxw Awswn ho igAw hY[

qIjI kotI lok swihq dI hY[ lok swihq lokipRX vI huMdw hY pRMqU AsIN

ijs lokipRX swihq dy smwj Swsqr dI gl kr rhy hW lok swihq qoN iblkul

iBMn hY[ lok swihq Aqy lokipRX swihq ivc kw&I AMqr hY[ lok-swihq ijvyN

ik iesdy nW qoN hI sp`St ho jWdw hY[ ies ivc Awm lokW dy hwv-Bwv, supny-

s`DrW, ^uSIAW-ZmIAW, rucIAW-krucIAW nUM AiBivAq kIqw igAw huMdw hY[ ies

ivc swdgI, srlqw, sp`Stqw Aqy imTws dy gux sdw mOjUd rihMdy hn[ lok

swihq-lok jIvn dw SISw hY Aqy mnuK dI mwnisk iqRpqI dw vfmu`lw swDn

15

irhw hY[ iesdI rcnw mn qy iksy vI qrHW dy dbwA pwaux nwl nhIN huMdI, sgoN

sihj suBwivk huMdI hY[ lok-swihq sdIAW dy ieiqhws, imiQhws Aqy sMsikRqI

dw vfmu~lw Kzwnw huMdw hY[ ieh mUMhoN-mUMh A`gy qurdw rihMdw hY[ fw. vxjwrw

bydI Anuswr:

lok swihq iek Aijhy pRvwh vWg hY ijs ivc ielwky dy sBo ndI-nwly,

ksIAW vwhVy AwpxI in`jI hoNd gMvw ky rcimc jWdy hn qy ijs ivc aus

ielwky dI BoieM dI im`tI qy hor sm`grI iksy nw iksy rUp ivc KurI, GulI

Aqy rsI huMdI hY[ lok swihq ivc smu`cI jwqI dy audgwr, BwvnwvW,

jIvn-AwdrS, mnOqW, ivSvwS, ivcwr Aqy klw rucIAW Kur ky

smweIAW huMdIAW hn[ lok swihq qW aus SIsy vWg hY, ijs ivcoN iksy

jwqI dI smu`cI jIvn nuhwr nkS Aqy nuhwr dy nwl ausdy AMqr Gt qk

dI hr Bwvnw vyKI jw skdI hY[2

ies qrHW lok swihq Aqy lokipRX swihq dw AMqr sp`St hMudw jWdw

hY ikauNik lok-swihq jn swDwrn dy A`j q`k iksy nw iksy rUp ivc inrimq

Aqy ivkisq huMdw Aw irhw hY jdik lokipRX swihq pUMjIvwdI Xu`g dI aupj hY[

dUjw AMqr ieh hY ik lok-swihq dI rcnw jn swDwrn krdw hY Aqy auhI

iesdw sroqw vI huMdw hY[ ieh iksy ivAkqI ivSyS dy nW nwl juiVAw hoieAw

nhIN huMdw[

smwj Swsqr: ArQ, pirBwSw Aqy srUp

ihMdI BwSw dy Sbd smwj Swsqr dw pMjwbI Anuvwd smwj ivigAwn

hY[ smwj qoN Bwv ij`Qy lok smUihk rUp ivc iek`Ty rihMdy hox Aqy AwpsI sbMDW

ivc b`Jy hox[ ivigAwn jo do SbdW dy myl iv+igAwn qoN bixAw hY[ iv dw

ArQ iviSSt jW ivSyS Aqy igAwn qoN Bwv jwxkwrI hoxw[ dUjy SbdW ivc iksy

vI smwj dw fUMGweI nwl kIqw igAw AiDAYn hI iesdy AMqrgq AwauNdw hY[

ieh iek ivSwl vrqwrw hY jo smwj ivc vwprdIAW smu`cIAW pRsiQqIAW nUM

Awpxy klwvy ivc lYx dI smr`Qw r`Kdw hY[ ieh pirvwirk sMgTn, smwijk

16

sMgTn, auqpqI sbMDI pRQwvW, irvwzW Aqy kImqW nwl sbMiDq hY[ smwj

Swsqr dy AiDAYn dw kyNdr ibMdU smwijk sbMD hI hn[ smwijk sbMDW dw

igAwn koeI hor ivigAwn nhIN idMdw blik smwj Swsqr rwhIN hI sMBv huMdw

hY[ Asl ivc smwj Swsqr dw sbMD mnuK nwl siBAwcwrk kwrkW,

pRwikriqk vwqwvrn, smUh nwl ausdy sbMDW dw ivigAwnk AiDAYn hY[ v`K-

v`K BwSwvW ivc smwj Swsqr leI v`K-v`K SbdW dw pRXog kIqw jWdw hY[

AMgryzI BwSw ivc ies Sbd leI Sociology Sbd dI vrqoN kIqI jWdI hY:

smwj Swsqr (Sociology) lwqInI Sbd ‘sosweIts’ (societus) ijsdw

ArQ hY ‘smwj’ Aqy XUnwnI sbd ‘logos’ (logos) ijsdw ArQ hY-

AiDAYn jW ivigAwn[ ies qrHW smwj Swsqr dw Swbidk ArQ hY-

smwj dw ivigAwnk AiDAYn[3

jy AsIN ieh smJ leIey ik smwj Swsqr iek AwDuink ivigAwn hY

qW iesdw mqlb ieh nhIN ik pihlW smwijk sbMDW jW mnuKI ivhwr dI

ivAwiKAw krn dw Xqn hI nhIN kIqw igAw blik Awid kwl qoN hI iesdI

ivAwiKAw Acyq rUp ivc iksy nw iksy FMg rwhIN huMdI rhI hY[ iesdw mu`K mMqv

smwj Aqy mnuKI sbMDW bwry iek ivsiqRq Aqy kRmb`D igAwn auplbD

krvwauxw hY[

smwj Swsqr mwnv smUh dy ivvhwr dw AiDAYn hY[ ivSyS kr

inXmW, rIqIAW, rUVHIAW Awid dy mUl ivc jw ky sQwipq krdw hY ik ieh iks

pRkwr v`K-v`K pVwvW ivcoN lMG ky swfy swhmxy AweIAW[ bySk smwj Swsqr

mu`K rUp ivc smwijk sbMDW Aqy pRikirAwvW ijnHW duAwrw mnuKI smUh kwrj

krdy hn dy AiDAYn nwl sbMiDq hY pr qW vI mnuK dy smwijk jIvn dw

ivSlysx krn leI iesnMU ivAkqI dw, ausdy srIrk Aqy mnoivigAwnk p`Dr

dw vI AiDAYn krnw pYNdw hY[

hryk ivAkqI smwj ivc rih ky hI AwpxIAW loVW nUM pUrw krdw hY[

smwj qoN ibnW ausdI hoNd sMBv nhIN jykr hovygI vI qW pSUAW dI qrHW[ smwj

17

ivc rihx krky hI auh smwijk pRwxI bxdw hY Aijhy guxW nUM ivkisq krdw hY

ijs nwl AsIN Awpxy Awp nMU pSUAW nwloN Al`g krdy hW[ smwj Swsqr mnuKI

jIvn dy aunHW swry p`KW dw AiDAYn krdw hY ijhVy ausdy smwijk sbMDW Aqy

smwijk jIvn nUM pRBwivq krdy hn[ smwj Swsqr dIAW v`K-vK ivdvwnW ny

v`K-v`K pirBwSwvW pyS kIqIAW hn[

AwksPorf AYfvWsf lrnrz ifkSnrI (Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary) ivc smwj Swsqr bwry iliKAw hY: smwj Swsqr smwj Aqy smwijk ivauhwr dy srUp qy ivkws dw

ivigAwnk AiDAYn hY[4

ividAw BUSn Aqy fw. fI. Awr. scdyvw (Vidya Bhushan And Dr. D.

R. Sachdeva) Anuswr:

smwj Swsqr smUhW ivc mnuKI ivvhwr jW mnuKW dy ivckwr AMqr-

ikirAwvW, smwijk sbMDW Aqy pRikirAwvW dw AiDAYn hY ijnHW duAwrw

mnuKI smUh dIAW gqIivDIAW sMcwilq huMdIAW hn[5

smwj Swsqr rwhIN mnuKI jIvn dy hr p`K dw AiDAYn kIqw jWdw

hY[ smwj Swsqr ijsnMU sYmUAl koieinMg (Samuel Koenig) smwj ivigAwn

AwK ky pirBwiSq krdw hY dy Anuswr:

smwj-ivigAwn smUhW ivc mnuKI ivhwr dw, jW mnuKW ivckwr AMqr-

kwrj dw AiDAYn krdw hY[ ieh mnuKI sBwvW dy suBw Aqy mnorQ; auh

FMg ijs rwhIN v`K-v`K sBwvW pYdw huMdIAW, ivkws krdIAW Aqy

bdldIAW hn Aqy Aijhy ivSvwSW Aqy pRQwvW ijhVIAW iehnW sBwvW

nUM rUp pRdwn krdIAW hn, bwry jwxkwrI pRwpq krn ivc shweI huMdw

hY[6

smwj Swsqr ivc mnuKI jIvn dy bhup`KI AiDAYn nUM Swiml kIqw

igAw hY[ ieh mnuKW dy AwpsI sbMDW, jIvn ivc ivkws Aqy qbdIlI Awid

p`KW qy rOSnI pw ky nvyN is`itAW qy phuMcx ivc shwieqw krdw hY[ ies ivc

18

smwijk jIvn dy bhu-pihlUey pRpMc dw vsqUgq AiDAYn Swiml hY[ ies sbMD

ivc inrmlw jYn dw ivcwr hY:

smwj Swsqr smwj ivc mnuK dI siQqI Aqy gqI dw vsqUgq AiDAYn

krdw hY smwijk sMsQwvW Aqy smwijk pRikirAwvW dy mwiDAm rwhIN

smwijk siQrqw Aqy gqISIlqw dy AiDAYn nwl smwj SwsqrI icMqn

dw gihrw sbMD hY[7

ies qrHW smwj Swsqr ivigAwnk FMg nwl smwj dw, smwijk

sMsQwvW Aqy smwijk pRikirAwvW dw AiDAYn krdw hY[ smwj Swsqr kyvl

isDWqk p`Dr au`pr hI nhIN ivcrdw sgoN ivhwrk phuMc nUM vI Awpxy klyvr

lYNdw hY[ smwj Swsqr gru`pW ivc rihMdy mnuK dy ivhwr jW AMqr sbMDW dw

AiDAYn hY[ auhnW AkIidAW Aqy pRQwvW nUM vI smJx dy Awhr ivc rihMdw hY

ijhVIAW ienHW nUM rUp pRdwn krdIAW hn[ Asl ivc smwj Swsqr dw ivSw

bhuq ivAwpk hY Aqy iesnMU pirBwSw dIAW idSwvW ivc inSicq nhIN kIqw jw

skdw[ smwj SwsqrIAW duAwrw id`qIAW pirBwSwvW Awps ivc kw&I imldIAW

juldIAW hn[ jykr AsIN ienHW swrIAW pirBwSwvW dw AiDAYn krIey qW ies

nqIjy qy puijAw jw skdw hY ik smwj Swsqr smwj dw ivigAwnk AiDAYn hY,

ies dy Gyry ivc smwj ivcly mnu`K dw ivigAwnk Aqy vsqUgq AiDAYn

AwauNdw hY[ smwj Swsqr mnuKI sMgTn dI hoNd, ivkws, audyS Aqy srUp nMU

inrDwirq krdw hoieAw smwj dy aunHW swry rIqI-irvwzW ijhVy iesnUM iek lVI

ivc proNdy hn, dw AiDAYn krdw hY[

swihq AiDAYn ivDIAW Aqy smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw ivDI

vIhvIN sdI dy dUjy AD mgroN ivigAwn Aqy qknwlojI dy Kyqr ivc

nw isr& kRWqIkwrI qbdIlIAW vwprIAW blik pMjwbI swihq icMqn dy Kyqr

ivc vI v`fy pirvrqn vwpry[ ivigAwn Aqy qknwlojI dy Kyqr ivc vwprIAW

qbdIlIAW ny pRikrqI, smwj Aqy mnuK dIAW mwnisk pRikirAwvW nMU vyKx,

prKx dw iek nvW sMdrB pRvwn kIqw hY[ ies sB kuJ sdkw jIvn, swihq

19

Aqy icMqn dy Kyqr ivc pRq`Kx, sMklpn Aqy smUrqn dIAW nvIAW AtklW

Aqy jwvIey hoNd ivc Awey[ ies smu`cy rUp ivc vwprI qbdIlI sdkw ivSv

p`Dr aupr swihq AiDAYn dIAW vI in`q nvIAW AiDAYn ivDIAW ny hoNd gRihx

kIqI hY[ pRwcIn pRxwlIAW ArsqUvwdI, ieiqhwisk Aqy pRBwvvwdI, nvIn

pRxwlIAW mnoivigAnk, sONdrXvwdI, SYlI ivigAwnk, imQo-kwivk Aqy

lokXwink Awid ny isDWqk mu`idAW dy mh`qv Aqy swrQkqw nMU kyNdr ivc lY

AWdw[

jykr ienHW swihq AiDAYn ivDIAW v`l iDAwn mwirAw jwvy qW pqw

cldw hY ik ienHW swrIAW pRxwlIAW dI hoNd swihq AiDAYn dI rIJ ivcoN

aupjdI hY[ swihq dI hoNd v`l iDAwn mwirAw jwvy qW iesnMU smwj/sMdrB,

lyKk, pwTk Aqy rcnw nwl joV ky smJx dw Xqn kIqw jWdw hY[ swihq nMU

lyKk, pwTk, smwj/sMdrB Aqy rcnw dy Awpxy vjUd dy kox qoN vyKx qoN hI

v`K-v`K AiDAYn pRxwlIAW Awpxw vjUd hwsl krnw AwrMB krdIAW hn[

ies pRkwr ienHW v`K-v`K AiDAYn pRxwlIAW ivcoN swihq dI smwj

SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI dI vI AwpxI v`KrI hoNd hY[ ieh Awlocnw pRxwlI lMmI

ieiqhwisk ivkws pRikirAw dOrwn sQwipq hoeI[ pMjwbI swihq jgq dy Kyqr

ivc iesdw vrqwrw qW AsloN hI nvIN g`l hY[ smyN dy bIqx nwl pMjwbI swihq

Awlocnw dy Kyqr ivc vI ies ivc idlcspI vDdI geI Aqy ies pRxwlI ny

AwpxI ivSyS QW bxw leI hY[ swihq isrjxw swihiqk rcnwvW dy pRswr nwl

sbMiDq AnykW pihlUAW dI soJI Aqy ivSlySx ivc ieh pRxwlI bhuq shwiek

hY[ ieh AiDAYn ivDI igAwn dIAW Anyk SwKwvW nwl sMvwd Aqy ivroDI

idRStIAW nwl sMGrS auprMq A`gy vDI hY[ ies ny isrjxwqmkqw, rcnw, ausdy

ivvycn sbMDI pRcil`q AnykW nvIAW purwxIAW rh`svwdI, AiDAwqimk,

ivAkqIvwdI Aqy rUpvwdI mwnqwvW nMU cuxOqI id`qI hY[ ies krky iesdw s^q

ivroD hoieAw[ ieh swihq nMU XQwrQvwdI Aqy Awlocnwqmk FMg nwl vyKx

20

prKx leI XqnSIl hY[ ies leI prMprwgq, klwvwdI Aqy ivAkqIvwdI

idRStIkoxW duAwrw iesdw ivroD huMdw AwieAw hY Aqy A`j vI ho irhw hY[

rUsI rUpvwdI, nv-AmrIkI Awlock Aqy sMrcnwvwdI ivcwrk swihq

dI ^udmu^iqAwr hoNd nUM mMndy hn[ smwj SwsqrI swihiqk idRStIAW nMU auh

swihq bwhry idRStIkox hI mMndy hn[ rUpvwdI suhjvwdI Awlocnw pRxwlI jo

iksy rcnw dIAW sMrcnwqmk jugqW ijvyN GtnwvW, pwqrwvlI, plwt, bxqr,

buxqI Aqy SYlI vgYrw dI pihcwx krvwaux v`l vDyry kyNdirq hY[ ieh vDyry

iDAwn rcnw dy rUp qy kyNdirq krdy hn Aqy ieh mMndy hn ik swihq

ivigAwn dw Kyqr swihiqk ikrq nhIN aus ivc pyS hoeI swihiqkqw hY[ ies

pRkwr ieh ‘AMqrMg’ Awlocnw pRxwlIAW hn[fw. surjIq isMG B`tI Anuswr:

rUpvwdI isDWq, rcnw nMU rcnhwr qoN Al`g krky dyKx dI vkwlq krdw

hY hr ikrq dy Awpxy sMrcnwqmk gux l`Cx huMdy hn jo kyvl rcnw dw

ivSlySx krky hI l`By jw skdy hn[ auh rcnw dy lyKk nwloN Aqy rcnw

nMU iksy ivSyS mnorQ, audyS jW pRcwr nwloN vI qoV ky vyKx dy smrQk

sn[ iksy rcnw dI swrQkqw ausdy vsqU ivc nhIN sgoN aunHW rUpwqmk

jugqW rwhIN swkwr huMdI hY, ijnHW dy ivSyS pRXog krn nwl pwT dI

swihiqkqw dI isrjxw krdw hY[8

iesdy ault smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw pRxwlI ‘bihrMg’ Awlocnw

pRxwlI hY jo swihq dI smwijkqw Bwv rcnw vsqU nMU AiDAYn dw AwDwr

bxwauNdI hY[ ieh swihq ikrq ivclI idRSt/AidRSt smwijkqw dw AiDAYn

ivSlySx krn v`l ruicq huMdI hY ikauNik iksy vI swihiqk ikrq dy isrijq

sMswr ivc smwijk XQwrQ dI hoNd pRq`K jW proK rUp ivc smweI huMdI hY jo

iksy sMdrB ivc inihq huMdI hY [

swihq dy smwj SwsqrI icMqn ny swihq nMU smwj nwl do p`DrW qy

joiVAw hY[ iek p`Dr qy smwj nMU swihq dI auqp`qI Aqy ausdw rUp inrDwirq

krn vwlI qwkq dy rUp ivc Aqy dUjI p`Dr qy swihq nUM smwj dw drpx

21

mMinAw igAw hY[ ies drpx ivc swihq dy smwijk srokwrW dy rUp pRqIibMbq

huMdy hn[

rUpvwd dI qrHW hI sMrcnwvwdI AiDAYn pRxwlI ny vI iek

pRBwvSwlI lihr dw rol Adw kIqw[ sMrcnwvwd iek AijhI icMqn idRStI hY jo

BwSw ivigAwn dy sMklpW Aqy AMqr idRStIAW nMU mwfl vWg vrqdI hY[

AwrMBk Awlocnw pRxwlIAW ieiqhws mwfl nMU AwDwr bxwauNdIAW sn,

sMrcnwvwd ivigAwn mwfl nMU ApxwauNdw hY[ iekwlk/dukwlk dw inKyVw

ivigAwn Aqy ieiqhws dw inKyVw hY[ sMrcnwvwd dukwlk ieiqhwsk mwfl dy

mukwbly iekwlkI mwfl qy bl idMdw hY[ sMrcnwvwd mnu`K dw AiDAYn ausdI

svY-pUrn Aqy suqMqr hsqI dy rUp ivc krn dI QW vfyrI sMrcnw dy AMS rUp

v`joN krdw hY[ swihq vsqU duAwrw nhIN BwSw duAwrw bxdw hY[ sMrcnwvwd pwT

nUM BwSk sqh mMnidAW swihiqkqw aupr idRStI kyNdirq krdw hY[ ies qrHW

rUpvwd dI qrHW hI sMrcnwvwd vI swihiqkqw qy idRStI kyNdirq krdw hY[fw.

surjIq isMG B`tI dw ivcwr hY:

rUpvwd Aqy sMrcnwvwd dovyN rcnw nMU iek bMd isstm v`joN lYNdy hn Aqy

vsqU nMU Axif`T kridAW isr& rUp au~qy iDAwn kyNdirq krdy hn[ dovyN

swisaUr dy BwSw ivigAwnk mwfl Anuswr lYNg/pYrol Aqy

iekwlk/dukwlk dy mwfl rwhIN swihq ikrq nMU smJx dI koiSs krdy

hn[ rUpvwdI rcnw nMU pYrol mMnidAW isstm nwloN iesdI

ivl`Kxqw/ivAkiqkqw aupr bl idMdy hn[ sMrcnwvwdI rcnw nMU pYrol

mMnidAW ies dI ivAkqIgq hoNd nUM isstm dy inXmW ivc Fwlx dw

Xqn kridAW, smu`cy isstm dI punr auswrI ichn isstm v`joN krn

ivc idlcspI r`Kdy hn[9

swisaUur dy BwSw ivigAwnk mwflW nMU AwDwr bxw ky AiDAYn

krn vwlIAW ieh Awlocnw ivDIAW nMU smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw pRxwlI v`loN r`d

kr id`qw igAw hY[ aunHW Anuswr BwSw nMU sMvwdI, smwijk, ivcwrDwrk pRvwn

22

krky smwj ivc rih rhy v`K-v`K smUhW dy ih`qW nwl joiVAw hY[ ies pRkwr jy

BwSw jW ichn hI ivcwrDwrk jW smwijk hY iPr iksy rcnw dw isstmI

AiDAYn jo isr& BwSweI jugqW jW BwSweI iekweIAW q`k sImq hovy rcnw nwl

iensw& nhIN kr skdw[ mu`l mukq hox sdkw ieh icMqn ivDI mhwn rcnwvW

Aqy swDwrn rcnwvW ivckwr inKyVw krn leI koeI pRmwixk mwpdMf sQwipq

nhIN kr skI[

fw. hirBjn isMG pwT-kyNdirq Awlocnw ivDI dw pRmu`K pRvkqw hY

Aqy sdw swihq rcnw dIAW AWqirk ivSySqwvW dw AiDAYn krn v`l ruicq

irhw hY[ auh smwj Swsqr nMU swihq Swsqr leI ^qrw smJdw hoieAw inrol

swihq Swsqr auswrn dy h`k ivc XqnSIl irhw hY pRMqU ivhwrk p`Dr qy ijs

smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn nMU auh ‘bihrMg’ kih ky r`d krdw sI AwpxI rcnw

‘iek ^q qyry nW’ Aqy AwpxIAW dUjIAW Awlocnwqmk ikrqW ivc auh Awpxy

ies isDWq dw KMfn krdw hY[ aus Anuswr:

klw ikrq nMU kdy vI ieiqhwsk jW smwj SwsqrI dsqwvyz dy qOr qy

vriqAw nhIN jw skdw jd q`k iesdy smwijk pRsMgW nwl sbMDW dy

suBwA nMU pUrI qrHW inrDwirq nhIN kr ilAw jWdw[10

ies pRkwr fw. hirBjn isMG dIAW ilKqW ivc smwj Aqy swihq dy

AwpsI sbMDW dw foldw sMquln sihjy hI smwj Aqy swihq dy Atu`t irSqy v`l

sMkyq kr jWdw hY[ dohW ivcly AwpsI AMqr sbMDW qoN eynI aucyc nwl kMnIN bcw

ky lMGx vwly AwlockW nUM vI ivhwrk p`Dr qy ienHW sbMDW nMU mjbUrI vs sp`St

krnw pYNdw hY[

iesy qrHW pUrbI icMqn pRxwlI ivc vI swihq AiDAYn dI iek lMmI

prMprw hY[ BwrqI kwiv Swsqr ivc BwrqI AwlockW dI iek v`fI igxqI smyN-

smyN Awlocnw Kyqr ivc vwDw krdI rhI hY[ BwrqI AwlockW dIAW Awlocnw

idRStIAW dy PlsrUp rs, DunI, AlMkwr, vkRokqI, rIqI Aqy AOicqX isDWq

hoNd ivc Awey[ pr auprokq isDWq swihq dy icMqn pRqI AwqmwvwdI phuMc dy

23

DwrnI hn[ BrqmunI qoN lY ky jgnnwQ Awid q`k swry AcwrIAw kwiv dI

Awqmw nMU idRStIgocr krdy hoey swihq dy rUp p`K dI sRyStqw dy Gyry q`k hI

sImq rihMdy hn[ isr& AcwrIAw mMmt Aqy ivSvnwQ ny Awpxy gRMQW kRmvwr

‘kwivX pRkwS’ Aqy ‘swihqX drpx’ ivc swihq dy smwijk pRsMgW nMU AwpxI

icMqn idRStI dw kyNdr ibMdU bxwieAw hY[ swihq dy smwijk pirpyK dI prMprw

BwrqI kwiv Swsqr dy auprokq AcwrIAW dIAW Awlocnw idRStIAW nwl jw

juVdI pRqIq huMdI hY[

swihq dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn krdy smyN smwj qoN iknwrwkSI

nhIN kIqI jw skdI blik smwj dIAW kdrW-kImqW nMU idRStIgocr krnw

zrUrI huMdw hY ikauNik ienHW dI smJ qoN ibnW swihq nMU priKAw nhIN jw skdw[

ijs pRkwr v`K-v`K smwj iek dUjy qoN iBMnqw r`Kdy hn ausy qrHW hr smwj dIAW

kdrW-kImqW ivc vI iBMnqw pweI jWdI hY[ ies pRkwr smwijk sMdrB nMU jwxy

ibnW swihiqk sMdrB nMU jwnxw AsMBv hY[ fw. hirBjn isMG BwtIAw dw ivcwr

hY:

smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn dI mUl Srq ieh hY ik swihq Aqy swihq

AiDAYn nwl sMbMiDq vrqwirAW nMU inrpyK rUp ivc nw vyiKAw jwvy

ArQwq swihq nMU iek swihiqk hoNd smJ ky isr& iesdI sMrcnw ivc

kwrjSIl q`qW dy AwpsI sbMD dI pCwx krky swihq dy ivl`Kx suhj dI

pCwx q`k AiDAYn kwrj nMU sImq nw kIqw jwvy blik swihq sMrcnw

ip`Cy kwrjSIl smwijk vrqwirAW dI prK kIqI jwvy[11

swihq ikauNik smwj dI hU-b-hU qsvIr pyS nhIN krdw blik auh

suhjwqmkqw Aqy klwqmkqw dy AMSW nwl lbryz huMdw hY[ iesy krky swihq

Aqy smwj dy dvMdwqmk irSqy pRqI swihqkwr dw cyqMn hoxw Aiq zrUrI hY[

iksy rcnw dy pUry ArQ Aqy Bwv smJx leI smwijk sMdrB nMU smJxw lwzmI

huMdw hY ikauNik ArQ sMdrB ivc hI inihq huMdw hY[ Asl ivc swihq dI smwj

SwsqrI phuMc ivDI rwhIN rcnw dy suhj mu`lW, klw mu`lW Aqy jIvn mu`lW nMU iek

24

sWJI iekweI v`joN vyKx dw mwfl pyS kIqw hY[ ieh phuMc ivDI swihq dy

ivSlySx nMU sImq dwiery ivcoN bwhr k`FdI hY Aqy iesnMU ivAwpkqw Aqy

ivSwlqw pRdwn krdI hY[

rUpvwdI Aqy sMrcnwvwdI Awlocnw pRxwlI dI qrHW hI nv-AmrIkI

Awlocnw pRxwlI vI rcnwkwr dy ivAkqIqv, rcnw dy smwj siBAwcwrk

sMdrB Aqy pwTk aupr pYx vwly pRBwv dy msilAW nMU nhIN ivcwrdI blik

iesdw kyNdrI mzmUn ^ud rcnw hY ijsdw inkt AiDAYn iesdw audyS hY[ ikrq

dy pwT-mUlk AiDAYn duAwrw ieh Awlocnw ivDI aunHW AMgW, jugqW Aqy nymW dI

qlwS krdI hY jo ikrq dI bxqr ivc kwrjSIl huMdy hn[ ies pRkwr ieh

Awlocnw pRxwlI rUpvwdI Aqy sMrcnwvwdI Awlocnw pRxwlIAW nwl imldI-juldI

hY[ ij`Qy smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw pRxwlI drSn, rwjnIqI, AwriQkqw Aqy

ieiqhws vrgy AnuSwsnW ivclIAW pRwpqIAW Aqy AiDAYn ivDIAW nMU nwl lY ky

cldI hY au~Qy dUjy pwsy iesdy ault rUpvwdI, sMrcnwvwdI Aqy nv-AmrIkI

Awlocnw pRxwlI auprokq AnuSwsnW qoN iknwrwkSI krky qurdIAW hn[ ieh

gixq Aqy swiebrnYitks dy kuJ AmlW Aqy BwSw ivigAwnk mwflW q`k Awpxy

Awp nMU sImq r`KdIAW hn[ sMrcnwvwdI pRxwlI dw ieh dwAvw hY ik ieh rUp

Aqy vsqU nMU inKyV ky nhIN sgoN Ain`KV qOr qy dyKdI hY Aqy ies qrHW nwl ieh

smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn dy ikrq dI smwijkqw au~qy zor dyx dy aulwr nMU dUr

kr rhI hY pr ivAwpk rUp ivc ieh dUjy pwsy aulwr ho jWdI hY[ rUpvwdI,

sMrcnwvwdI Aqy nv-AmrIkI Awlock rcnw nMU rcnhwr Aqy smwijk sMdrB

qoN Al`g krky vyKx dI vkwlq krdy hn[ auh hr qrHW nwl rcnw nMU ausdy

lyKk nwloN iksy ivSyS mnorQ, audyS jW pRcwr nwloN vI qoV ky vyKx dy smrQk

sn[

jdoN koeI rcnw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn dw kyNdr bxdI hY qW rcnw

dI sMrcnw nMU ivcwrn dy nwl-nwl smwijk sMdrB nMU A`KoN proKy nhIN kIqw

jWdw[ hr rcnw soSl (Social) huMdI hY[ ieh smwj ivc pYdw huMdI hY, smwj

25

ivc rihMdI hY, smwj ivc ijaUNdI hY Aqy smwj ivc hI iesdw AslI mu`l pYNdw

hY[

swihq smwj dy inrmwx ivc iek kVI dw kMm krdw hY Aqy smwj

SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI swihq Aqy smwj dy irSqy nMUu hor vI pkyrw krdI hY[

swihq Aqy smwj dw mu`l dohW dI iek`TI hoNd nwl hI sMBv hY ikauNik swihq qoN

ibnW smwj iek swDwrn inrMqr pRvwh hY jo byrok vih irhw hY pr swihqkwr

aus inrMqr pRvwh nMMU kwlpink rMgx dy ky rcnw dy rUp ivc pwTkW dy swhmxy

pyS krdw hY iPr aus swihq dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn aus rcnw dw incoV

pyS krdw hY[ ies pRkwr swihq smwj dy XQwrQ dI klwqmk rUp ivc

AiBivAkqI huMdI hY[ ies ivc pirvwirk sm`isAwvW, AwriQkqw dy AwDwr qy

jW GrylU jwiedwd sbMDI msilAW Awid nMU pyS kIqw jWdw hY[ vrg vMf dI

sm`isAw m`uK hY[ inmn vrg nMU sMGrSmeI jIvn ibqwauNdw Aqy du`K Bogdy

idKwieAw jWdw hY Aqy iesdy ault au~c vrg nMU ZrIbW qy qS`dd Aqy zulm

krdyy idKwieAw jWdw hY[ AwriQk nw brwbrI sbMDI msly vI ies ivc AwauNdy

hn Aqy iesdy AMqrgq inmn vrg sMqwp Bogdw hY[ ies qRwsdI ip`Cy kMm

krdIAW gqIivDIAW Aqy kwrnW nMU hI smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn duAwrw pRgt

kIqw jWdw hY ikauNik hr cIz dy do pihlU huMdy hn[ iek pihlU auh jo AwswnI

nwl idKweI idMdw hY Aqy dUjw pihlU auh hY ijsnMU iek smwj SwsqrI dI nzr

hI dyK skdI hY[ swihq dy smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn inrmlw jYn dw ivcwr hY:

smwj dy pRqIibMb dy rUp ivc swihq dw AiDAYn Aqy lyKk dy smwijk

sMdrB dI idRStI qoN swihq dw AiDAYn smwj SwsqrI idRStIkox dIAW

mu`K ivDIAW hn[12

swihq dy smwj Swsqr rwhIN ies q`Q dw vI AiDAYn kIqw jWdw hY

ik koeI rcnw ikhVy ivSyS kwrnW krky iviSst ieiqhwisk kwlW ivc siQr

rihMdI hY Aqy ausdI pRsMigkqw bxI rihMdI hY[ smwj SwsqrI idRStIkox qoN

iksy vI swihq dw AiDAYn aus smwijk XQwrQ nMU smJx ivc shweI ho skdw

26

hY ijhVw aus rcnw ivc pyS hoieAw huMdw hY[ so smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn iksy

vI smwj dy keI Cupy pihlUAW nMU pwTkW dy swhmxy idRStIgocr krdw hY[ ieh

swihq dw Aijhw mh`qvpUrn ih`sw hY ijs qoN ibnW swihq ADUrw hY Aqy smwj

AxpCwqw hI rih jWdw hY [ smwj SwsqrI idRStI rwhIN hI smwj nMU smiJAw

Aqy priKAw jw skdw hY[ fw. mYnyjr pWfy dy ivcwr Anuswr swihq dy smwj

Swsqr nMU smJx leI iqMn pRkwr dIAW ivDIAW dI mdd leI jw skdI hY:

1. swihq ivc smwj dI Koj

2. smwj ivc swihq dI s`qw Aqy swihqkwr dI siQqI dw ivvycn

3. swihq Aqy pwTk dy sbMDW dw ivSlySx13

swihq dy smwj Swsqr rwhIN rcnw dy AMdrUnI Aqy bwhrI p`KW qy

iDAwn kyNdirq kIqw jWdw hY[ ies ivDI rwhIN rcnw dw bVI brIkI, nIJ Aqy

fUMGweI nwl ivSlySx kIqw jWdw hY[ hr swihiqk rcnw Awpxy smyN dIAW

smwijk, Dwrimk, rwjnIiqk, AwriQk Aqy siBAwcwrk hwlqW nwl pUrI qrHW

sbMiDq huMdI hY[ ijs pRkwr ienHW pRsiQqIAW ivc pirvrqn vwprdw hY ausy

pRkwr swihqkwr vI ies qbdIlI nMU swihiqk rcnw ivc AmlI rUp idMdw hY[

swihq pRqI smwj SwsqrI phuMc A^iqAwr krn vwlw ivdvwn swihq ivcoN

kyvl smwj dI Koj hI nhIN krdw blik auh shI ArQW ivc ikrq dw

ivigAwnk AiDAYn krky ausdI Awlocnw krdw hY[ AiDAYn krdy smyN auh

iksy vI p`K nMU A`KoN proKy nhIN krdw sgoN ikrq dy AMdrUnI vyrivAW dy nwl-

nwl bwhrI p`KW qy vI brwbr iDAwn idMdw hY[ Asl ivc iek smwj SwsqrI

Awlock dw audyS rcnw dI isr& ivAwiKAw krnw nhIN huMdw blik rcnw dI

smwijk mh`qv dI ivAwiKAw krnw huMdw hY ikauNik swihiqk rcnw dI

ivAwiKAw leI qW hor vI keI Awlocnw pRxwlIAW pRcil`q hn[ ies leI

swihq Aqy smwj dw sbMD isDw nhIN hY blik ieh v`K-v`K m`DvrqI sbMDW dI

jitl sMrcnw hY[

swihq dw smwj Swsqr: ieiqhwisk ivkws

27

smwijk icMqn dw ieiqhws, pRikrqI Aqy mnuK dy sMGrS dy

smwnAMqr hI AwrMB huMdw hY[ iviBMn pVwvW ivc vwpry ieiqhwisk pirvrqnW

nwl ausdw ivsqwr huMdw jWdw hY[ ies idRStI qoN smwijk ivcwrW dw ieiqhws

aunW hI pRwcIn hY ijMnw mnuKI smwj[ siBAqw Aqy sMsikRqI dy ivkws dy iksy

vI p`Dr qy mnuK ijauNdyy rihx dIAW sm`isAwvW Aqy icMqwvW qoN mukq nhIN ho

sikAw[ mnuK ny ijauN hI ienHW sm`isAwvW dy smwDwn qy ivcwr krnw AwrMB

kIqw qW smwijk ivcwr dw jnm hoieAw[ iksy vI pYdw hoey nvyN ivcwr nUM

ivvsiQq Aqy sQwipq krn leI bhuq smW lgdw hY[ plYto dy Anukrx isDWq

ivc swihq nUM smwj dy pRqIibMb dy rUp ivc vyKx dI Dwrnw AMqrinihq hY[

swihq dy srUp nMU smwj inrDwirq krdw hY, ieh Dwrnw sqwrHvIN ATwrvIN sdI

dOrwn prMprwgq rUp ivc pRcilq sI[ sqwrHvIN sdI dy lyKkW ny swihq dy mu`l

nMU lgBg dsqwvyz dy rUp ivc smiJAw sI[ AYfmMf ivlsn ivko (Admond

Vilson Vico) dI pusqk inaU swieMs (New Science 1725) ivc:

swihq nMU smwj dy pRqIibMb dy rUp ivc vyKx dI Dwrnw AMqrinihq hY[

ivko (Vico) ny ivSv Aqy ieiqhws dy smwijk p`KW nMU BlI BWq smJ

ilAw sI[14

ies qrHW ausny ieh smJ ilAw sI ik ivSv dw smwijk rUp vDyry

krky mnuK dI rcnw hY iksy AlOikk sqw dI nhIN[ ies leI aus dIAW

sMsQwvW Aqy nwl hI klwvW dw ivSlySx lOikk SbdwvlI ivc hI kIqw jw

skdw hY[ ies qrHW BwvyN swihq Aqy smwj dy sbMDW bwry crcw sqwrHvIN

ATwrvIN sdI qoN huMdI Aw rhI hY pr smwj Swsqr dI ivvsiQq ivigAwn dy

rUp ivc sQwpnw aunIvIN sdI dI dyx hY ijsdy pihly sMsQwpk hox dw mwx

PrYNc dwrSink AOgsq kwmqy (Auguste Comte) nUM pRwpq hY[ ies sbMDI

sYmUAl koieinMg (Samuel Koenig) dw ivcwr hY:

iek PrWsIsI, AOgsq kwmqy (Auguste Comte) nMU prMprwgq qOr qy

smwj ivigAwn dw jnmdwqw mMinAw jWdw hY[ Sbd smwj ivigAwn nMU

28

(1839 ivc) GVn, smwj ivigAwn dy Kyqr dI pirBwSw krn Aqy

iesdI vrqoN dIAW ivDIAW nMU sQwipq krn dw ishrw vI kwmqy dy isr

hI b`Jdw hY[15

AOgsq kwmqy ny smwj Swsqr dy ivSy Kyqr dw inrDwrn kIqw,

smwj dy punr gTn dI ip`TBUmI pyS kIqI, ivigAwnW dy vrgIkrn dw nvW

isDWq sQwipq kIqw Aqy aunHW dy prspr sbMDW qy rOSnI pweI[ smwj Swsqr

dw ivSw smwijk ivigAwnW Aqy ivAwiKAwvW dw pqw lgwauxw hY ijs ivc

smwj sMgiTq rih sky[ kwmqy ny Aijhy nvIn ivigAwn dI loV mihsUs kIqI

jo smwijk GtnwvW dw pRq`KvwdI isDWqW dy AwDwr qy sm`uicq AiDAYn kr

sky[ kwmqy ny Awpxy smwj Swsqr nMU do mUl BwgW ivc vMifAw hY[

1. smwijk siQqI ivigAwn

2. smwijk gqI ivigAwn

smwijk siQqI ivigAwn dw kMm smwijk FWcy dw AiDAYn Aqy

smwijk ikirAwvW, pRqIikirAwvW nwl sbMiDq inXmW dw ivSlySx krnw hY[

dUjy pwsy smwijk gqI ivigAwn smwj dy pirvrqnW, ivkws Aqy ausnUM clwaux

vwly inXmW dw AiDAYn krdw hY[

smwj Swsqr dy nwmkrx sbMDI ivdvwnW ivc mqByd hY[ dUjy

pwsy iek hor ivcwr swhmxy AwieAw hY ijs Anuswr AYln sivMgvu`f (Alan

Swingewood) ny PrWsIsI ivdvwn ‘AfolP ihpoilq qyn’(Adolphe Hippolyte

Taine) (1823-93) nMU igAwn dI ies nv ivkisq SwKw dw sMsQwpk mMinAw

hY[ ienHW dohW ivcwrW qoN ibnW iek qIjw ivcwr vI swhmxy AwieAw hY ijs

Anuswr qyn qoN pihlW PrWs ivc swihq dy smwj SwsqrI icMqn dI iek

prMprw bx rhI sI ijsdI ausny vrqoN kIqI :

PrWs ivc swihq dy smwj SwsqrI icMqn dI prMprw ivvsiQq rUp ivc

mwdwm sqyl (1766-1817) dI pusqk “smwijk sMsQwvW nwl swihq dy

sbMD qy ivcwr” (1800 eI:) nwl SurU hoeI[16

29

ies pRkwr auprokq ivcwrW nMU iDAwngocry krdy hoey ieh nqIjw

inkldw hY ik smwj SwsqrI icMqn dw AwrMB Awgsq kwmqy Aqy qyn qoN pihlW

mwdwm sqyl dI pusqk “smwijk sMsQwvW nwl swihq dy sbMD qy ivcwr” nwl

AwrMB huMdw hY jo ik Awgsq kwmqy Aqy qyn qoN pihlW 1800 eI: ivc ilKI

geI[ ies krky smwj SwsqrI icMqn dI prMprw aunIvIN sdI dI dyx hY[

ivigAwnk rUp ivc ies icMqn ivDI nMU sQwipq krn qoN mgroN v`K-v`K

ivdvwnW ny iesnMU ivkisq Aqy pUrn rUp ivc sQwipq kIqw[

smwijk mwiDAm jW pRikrqI duAwrw hI klwqmk isrjx leI

mwnisk siQqI dw inrmwx huMdw hY[ qyn dI idRStI ivc klw smwj dI smUihk

AiBivAkqI hY[ auh ivAkqI dIAW sihj Aqy vMSgq ivSySqwvW, mwnisk

bnwvt jW suBwA Aqy srIrk sMrcnw dy rUp ivc pRjwqI dI ivAwiKAw krdw

hY[ auh pRjwqI dI cyqnw Aqy cir`qr dIAW ivSySqwvW nMU hI ausdy ieiqhws,

klw Aqy drSn Awid dw kwrn mMndw hY[

qyn dI dUjI Dwrnw pirvyS jW vwqwvrn dI hY[ pirvyS ivc auh

pRwikriqk pirvyS au~pr mu`K zor idMdw hY pr iesdy AMqrgq smwijk pirvyS

nMU vI Swiml krdw hY[ aus ny mnuKI suBwA Aqy pRwikriqk pirvyS dy ivckwr

kwrj-kwrn sbMD sQwipq krky ausdy AwDwr ’qy swihq dIAW ivSySqwvW dI

ivAwiKAw kIqI hY[

Xu`g dI ausdI qIjI Dwrnw dy mu`l ivc Xu`g cyqnw dw ivcwr kMm kr

irhw hY[ aus Anuuswr iek Xu`g ivc kuJ pRDwn ivcwr huMdy hn, aunHW dw bOiDk

sWcw huMdw hY jo pUry smwj dy icMqn nMMU pRBwivq krdw hY[ qyn ny sB qoN pihlW

Awpxy gRMQ ‘ihstrI AwP ieMgilS iltrycr’(History Of English Literature

1871) dI BUimkw ivc iliKAw hY:

koeI swihiqk ikRqI nw qW iek ivAkqI dI klpnw hY nw hI iksy

auqyijq mn dI BtkI hoeI iek`lI qrMg[ ieh smkwlIn rIqI-irvwzW

dw punr lyKn hY Aqy iek ivSyS pRkwr dy mnuK dI AiBivAkqI[ AsIN

30

mhwn rcnwvW rwhIN ieh jwx skdy hW ik iksy smyN Aqy smwj ivc

mnuK iks qrHW socdw Aqy AnuBv krdw hY[17

qyn ny swihq nMU SRyxI, kwl Aqy pRikrqI dw pRqIibMb mMndy hoey swihq

dy ivSw-vsqU Aqy srUp nMU is`Dw smwj nwl joiVAw hY pr ausdI pusqk nwl

swihq dw jo smwj Swsqr ivkisq hoieAw ausdI sB qoN v`fI kmzorI sI ik

auh ivSlySx dI iksy viSst p`DqI nMU jnm nw dy sikAw Aqy swihq pRqI

ausdI AvDwrnw inrol aupXogqwvwdI sI[ BwvyN qyn dy AwlockW v`loN aus dy

AivvsiQq ivvycn dI Awlocnw kIqI hY iPr vI ausdI swihq dy smwj Swsqr

pRqI dyx nMU A`KoN proKy nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ qyn ny swihq dy smwj Swsqr dI

ieh mwnqw BMg kr id`qI ik pusqk Awsmwn qoN AwauNdI hY[ ausdy Awlock vI

ausdI ies Dwrnw nMU nhIN nkwr sky ik klw mnuK dI mwniskqw dI aupj hY

Aqy mnu`K dI mwniskqw pRsiQqIAW qoN pRBwivq huMdI hY[

swihq dw smwj SwsqrI icMqn AwDuink smwj ivc swihq dI s`qw

Aqy swrQkqw dI pCwx dy bOiDk XqnW dI dyx hY[ hux pUrI smwijk pRikirAw

nwl swihq dw sbMD bdl igAw hY[ A`j dy smwj nwl swihq dy bdly hoey sbMD

nMU XQwrQvwdI FMg nwl smJx dI zrUrq hY nw ik ausdI kwlpink suqMqrqw

dI r`iKAw leI AMqrvrqI Awlocnw nwl juVy rihx dI[ mYnyjr pWfy dw kQn

hY:

A`jklH swihq dy smwj Swsqr dy ivkws dIAW do DwrwvW hn[ iek

Dwrw ivc swihq ivc smwj dI AiBivAkqI dI Koj huMdI hY[ ausnMU

AsIN mImWswvwdI Dwrw kih skdy hW[ dUsrI ivc swihq dI smwijk

siQqI dw ivvycn huMdw hY[ auh AnuBvvwdI Dwrw hY[ mImWswvwdI Dwrw dy

AMqrgq mwrksvwdI, Awlocnwqmk smwj SwsqrI Aqy sMrcnwvwdI

idRStIAW sikRA hn qy AnuBvvwdI p`DqI ivc purwxI ivDyAvwdI idRStI

dy nwl-nwl sMrcnwqmk-kwrjwqmk idRStIAW idKweI idMdIAW hn[18

31

ies pRkwr swihq dy smwj Swsqr dy Awlocnwqmk AiDAYn rwhIN

swihq dy smwijk mh`qv/ArQ dw ivSlySx Aqy swihq ivc smwj dI

AiBivAkqI dI inSwndyhI kIqI jWdI hY[ ies ivc swihiqk ikrq dI

ivAwiKAw, ausdI ivcwrDwrw dI pCwx Aqy ivcwrDwrw dy suhj boDk rUp dw

ivvycn ho skdw hY[ AnuBvvwdI AiDAYn swihq dI smwijk hoNd dI pCwx v`l

ruicq huMdw hY[ ieh swihiqk ikrq nMU bIj ibMdU qoN lY ky ausdy pRPuil`q Aqy

aupBog q`k dy swry pswrW dy iek jW iek qoN vDyry pihlU Awpxy klwvy ivc lY

skdw hY[

Awlocnwqmk AiDAYn smwj Aqy cyqnw dy ivkwsSIl sbMDW dI

ivAwiKAw leI isDWqk FWcy dw inrmwx zrUrI smJdw hY[ dUjy pwsy

AnuBvvwdI pRqIqI Aqy AnuBv qoN pRwpq q`QW nMU mh`qv idMdy hn[ Awlocnwqmk

AiDAYn ivc swihiqk rcnw nMU kyNdrI sQwn pRwpq huMdw hY ijs ivc swihq dy

smwj Swsqr dy iqMn p`KW-rcnw dI ivAwiKAw, rcnw dI ivcwrDwrw dI pCwx

Aqy ivcwrDwrw dy suhjwqmk rUp dw AiDAYn Swiml huMdw hY pr Ajoky

AnuBvvwdI rcnw dIAW pUrv pRsiQqIAW Aqy prvrqI pRsiQqIAW dw AiDAYn

krdy hn[

Awlocnwqmk smwj SwsqrIAW ny swihq dy smwj Swsqr dy ivkws

ivc mh`qvpUrn Xogdwn pwieAw ijnHW ivcoN AfornoN, hrvrt mwrkuies Aqy

ilE lwvyNQl dy nW pRmu`K hn pr ienHW ivcoN isr& ilE lwvyNQl ny hI sucyq Aqy

ivvsiQq rUp ivc swihq dy smwj Swsqr dw ivkws kIqw hY[ auh mhwn

ikrqW nMU AqIq nMU jwnx dw sB qoN v`fw sroq smJdw hY[ auh smkwlI swihq

nMU sroq dy rUp ivc svIkwr nhIN krdw sgoN ausdI ieh Dwrnw hY ik swihq

ivAkqIgq AnuBvW dw ieiqhwisk BMfwr hY[ ies rwhIN AsIN ieh jwxdy hW ik

iksy ivSyS Xu`g ivc jIvn dw AnuBv iks qrHW dw sI[ auh XQwrQ dI QW

XQwrQ dI AnuBuUqI Aqy aus pRqI idRStI nMU vDyry mh`qvpUrn smJdw hY[ ies

leI auh XQwrQ nMU icqrx nwloN rcnwkwr dI smwijk cyqnw nMU ivSlyiSq

32

krdw hY[ swihq ivc jIvn AnuBv Aqy jIvn dy AnuBvW ivc vI ivAkqIgq

AnuBUqIAW qy zor dyx dy kwrn lwvyNQl swihq dy smwj Swsqr ivc

mnoivigAwn dy aupXog nMU zrUrI mMndy hn[ auh smwijk mnoivigAwn nMU smJx

leI mnoivSlySx dI mdd vI lYNdy hn[ aus Anuswr smwj nwl swihq dy sbMD

dI Koj leI smUihk cyqnw Aqy ivAkqIgq cyqnw ivc sbMDW dI smJ zrUrI hY

Aqy ieh smJ mnoivigAwn qoN pRwpq huMdI hY[ ies qrHW mnoivigAwn swihq dy

smwj Swsqr dw shwiek hY[ ies qrHW lwvyNQl ny swihiqk rcnwvW dy gRihx,

boD Aqy pRBwv dI AiDAYn pDqI dw ivkws iksy dUjy smwj SwsqrI icMqk dI

qulnw ivc AiDk gMBIrqw nwl ivvsiQq rUp ivc kIqw hY[ lwvyNQl dy swihq

dy smwj Swsqr bwry girmw SRIvwsqv dw kQn hY:

ausdy inbMDW dy iqMn pRmu`K sMgRih hn (1) swihq Aqy mnuK dI

pirklpnw (2) swihq, lokipRX sMsikRqI Aqy smwj (3) kQw dI klw

Aqy smwj[ ienHW inbMDW ivc ausny swihq pRqI AwpxI AvDwrnw nMU

ivAkq kIqw hY[ auh mMndw hY ik iksy vI swihq qoN pwTk nMU jo jIvn

AnuBv imldy hn, auh in`jI hox dy nwl-nwl smwijk Aqy ieiqhwsk vI

huMdy hn[ lyKk kyvl drSk mwqr nhIN huMdw auh qW ieiqhwisk AnuBvW

dI gihrI AiBivAkqI krdw hY Aqy mnuKI jIvn dIAW idSwvW dy bwry

ivc AMqr idRStI dyx dI smr`Qw AiBivAkq krdw hY[19

ies pRkwr lwvyNQl ny swihq dy auqpwdn, ivqrx Aqy aupBog dI

pUrI pRikirAw nMU smwijk pRikirAw nwl joV ky vyiKAw hY[

swihiqk rcnw dI vsqU Aqy smUihk cyqnw ivckwr sbMDW dI

ivigAwnk puxCwx smwj SwsqrI icMqk lUsIAn golfmwn ny kIqI ausny swihq

dy smwj Swsqr sbMDI isDWqk crcw krdy hoey iesnMU iek suivvsiQq igAwn

AnuSwsn bxwieAw[ ausny swihiqk rcnw ivc pyS cyqnw dIAW smwijk jVHW

dI qlwS v`l iDAwn duAwieAw[ ausny iek ivAwpk ieiqhwsk smwj SwsqrI

idRStIkox dw inrmwx krn dw Xqn kIqw hY[ swihq Aqy smwj dy AwpsI

33

sbMDW nMU lY ky golfmwn ny ies p`K qy ivcwr kIqw ik swihq ivc smwj dw

AwrMB ikvyN huMdw hY? ij`Qy dUjy lyKk ies sbMD nMU ‘pRqIibMb’ dy rUp ivc ivAkq

krky sMquSt ho jWdy hn, a~uQy golfmwn ny sMrcnwprk DwrnwvW dy mwiDAm

nwl swihq dy smwijk audgm au~qy cwnxw pwieAw[ aus Anuswr:

swihiqk rcnw iek XQwrQ jW Kws smUihk cyqnw dw pRqIibMb nhIN,

blik auh ies qoN vI A`gy iksy ivSyS smUh jW vrg dI in`jI cyqnw dw

AMg huMdI hY-aus cyqnw dw AMg ijsdI sMklpnw Aijhy gqISIl XQwrQ

dy rUp ivc kIqI jwxI cwhIdI hY ijsdI dI pRivrqI iek ^ws qrHW dy

sMquln v`l huMdI hY[ ies ivc Aqy dUjy hor KyqrW ivc iek q`q Aijhw

hY jo mwrksvwdI smwj Swsqr nMU pRq`KvwdI, swpyKvwdI jW sMklnvwdI

smwj SwsqrI pRivrqIAW qoN v`K krdw hY[20

golfmwn swihq dy smwj Swsqr dI AwpxI ies pDqI nMU

‘auqpqImUlk sMrcnwvwd’ dw nwm idMdw hY[‘auqpqImUlk’ ies leI ik auh

swihq nMU isrjxwqmk pRikirAw mMnx qy zor idMdw hY[ hryk swihq rcnw lyKk

dI smwijk siQqI Aqy ausdy smUh dy mu`lW dy smnvY qoN jnmdI hY[ rcnwkwr

swihiqk rcnw dy mwiDAm rwhIN Awpxy smUh dIAW mh`qvpUrn sMrcnwvW dI

pySkwrI krdw hY[ ies pRkwr rcnw dy smwijk srUp dI pCwx audoN hI ho

skdI hY jykr lyKk dy Awpxy vrg jW smUh Aqy dUjy ivAkqIAW dy ivcwrW

Aqy BwvW nwl joV ky aunHW ivcly AMqr sbMDW nMU smiJAw jwvy[ koeI ikrq

smUhk cyqnw dI AiBivAikqI ienHW ArQW ivc huMdI hY ik ausdI ivSvidRStI

dIAW sMrcnwvW lyKk dIAW in`jI nhIN huMdIAW blik ausdy vrg dy dUjy lok vI

iesy ivSvidRStI dy sihBwgI huMdy hn[ iek vrg dI pUrI sMBwivq cyqnw vI

aus ivSvidRStI nMU inrimq krdI hY ijsdI AiBivAkqI klw, swihq, Drm

Aqy drSn rwhIN huMdI hY[

ivSvidRStI dI Dwrnw lUsIey golfmwn duAwrw pRsquq swihq dy smwj

Swsqr dI buinAwd hY[ ivSvidRStI nMU koeI iek`lw ivAkqI nhIN blik koeI

34

smUh hI smwijk ieiqhwisk pRikirAw ivc ivkisq krdw hY[iesdy nwl hI

ausny ikrq dy rUp, iSlp, BwSw dw ivvycn vI kIqw hY[ aus Anuswr swihiqk

rcnw dw fUMGw ivSlySx zrUrI hY[ausdI AMqrvsqU dw hI nhIN blik bwhrI rUp

dw AiDAYn vI zrUrI hY pr bwhrI rUp dy AiDAYn leI auh koeI Tos AwDwr

pRdwn nhIN krdw[

ieMglNYf dy pRis`D bu`DIjIvI icMqk rymMf ivlIAmz ny AwpxIAW iviBMn

ilKqW ivc smwj Swsqr, rwjnIqI, drSn Aqy Awlocnw dy Kyqr ivc mu`lvwn

DwrnwvW dI sQwpnw kIqI[ ausny swihq qy pwTk, swihq qy lyKk, swihq qy

BwSw, pRYs, pRkwSn, p`qRkwirqw, smwj Aqy lyKk dI siQqI Awid bwry Awpxy

mh`qvpUrn ivcwr pRsquq kIqy[ rymMf sMsikRqI nMU jIvn dI iek sm`gr p`DqI

dy rUp ivc vyKdw Aqy ausdy iviBMn q`qW qy prspr sbMDW dy AiDAYn qy zor

idMdw hY[ rymMf sMsikRqI nMU nw mu`lW dI AwdrS ivvsQw svIkwrdw hY Aqy nw hI

pUrnqw dI qlwS[ nw imhnq dw Pl Aqy nw Awrwm dI ayupj[ nw smwj dIAW

AwriQk, rwjnIiqk ikirAwvW dw pRqIibMb Aqy nw kuJ pRiqBwSwlI ivAkqIAW

dI rcnw[ smwj ivc sMsikRqI auho ijhw hI AwDwrBUq ivvhwr hY ijs qrHW

AwriQk Aqy rwjnIiqk ivhwr[ ij`Qy sWsikRiqk pRikirAwvW smwj dIAW

dUjIAW pRikirAwvW qoN pRBwivq huMdIAW hn au~Qy aunHW nMU pRBwivq vI krdIAW

hn[ dUjy pwsy iek hor q`Q auGV ky swhmxy AwauNdw hY ijs ivc rymMf swihq nMU

sMsikRqI dw pRmu`K rUp qW mMndw hY pr auh swihq ivc hI sMsikRqI dI Koj nhIN

krdw[ auh swihq nMU sWsikRiqk sMdrB ivc Aqy sMsikRqI nMU ivAwpk smwijk

sMdrB ivc r`K ky dyKx dw Xqn krdw hY[ mYnyjr pWfy Anuswr:

rymMf ivlIAm dy lyKx ivc smwj nwl sMsikRqI dy jIvMq Aqy

isrjxwqmk sbMD dI ivAwiKAw ivc mdd krn vwlI kyNdrI Dwrnw hY

‘AnuBUqI dI sMrcnw’[ vYsy qW ies Dwrnw dw aupXog sMsikRqI dy iviBMn

rUpW dy sMdrB ivc hoieAw hY, pr iesdw sB qoN AiDk pRmwixk, kuSl

35

Aqy s&l pRXog swihq dy iviBMn rUpW, rcnwvW Aqy rcnwkwrW dy pRsMg

ivc imldw hY[21

BwvyN kuJ AwlockW ny ausdI AnuBUqI dI sMrcnw nMU ivcwrDwrw dw

smwn ArQI mMinAw hY pRMqU rymMf Aijhw nhIN mMndw[ ausdw AnuBUqI qy zor dyx

dw mksd hY ausnMU ivSvidRStI Aqy ivcwrDwrw qoN v`K krnw[‘AnuBUqI dI

sMrcnw’ dw ivhwrk rUp ausdI nwvl bwry smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw ivc imldw

hY[ nwvl dI smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw ivc auh kyvl AnuBUqI dI Dwrnw q`k

sImq nhIN rihMdw blik XQwrQ dI Dwrnw dI vrqoN vI krdw hY[ iesdy nwl

hI ausny swihiqk ikrqW dy iSlp Aqy BwSw aupr hI iDAwn kyNdirq nhIN kIqw

blik aunHW dy pirvrqn Aqy ivkws nMU vI smwj nwl joiVAw hY[ ies qoN

ielwvw ausny lyKk dy smwijk mUl, ausdI isiKAw dw srUp Aqy ausdI jIvn

p`DqI nMU vI smwj nwl joV ky ivAwiKAwauNdw hY[

swihq dy smwj Swsqr bwry ivcwr crcw mwrksvwd dy izkr ibnW

ADUrI mMnI jwvygI[ BwvyN swihq mwrksvwdI ivcwrDwrw dy moFIAW dy icMqn dw

buinAwdI ivSw nhIN sI pRMqU iPr vI aunIvIN sdI dy pRmu`K ivcwrkW ivcoN qyn qoN

mgroN kwrl mwrks (1818-1883) Aqy PrYfirk eyyNglz (1820-1895) ny klw

nMU BOiqk Aqy AwriQk zrUrqW nwl joV ky swihq dy smwj SwsqrI icMqn nMU

iek nvIN idSw id`qI[ BwvyN vIhvIN sdI ivc mwrksvwd dy smwnWqr iek

ivroDI ivcwr pRxwlI dy rUp ivc smwj Swsqr dw ivkws hoieAw hY pRMqU ies

sdI ivc dohW nMU imlwaux dI koiSS vI kIqI geI hY[ smwj Swsqr Aqy

mwrksvwd dI eykqw sbMDI iqMn idRStIkox swhmxy Awey hn[ iek idRStIkox

mwrksvwd nMU hI s`cw smwj Swsqr mMndw hY[ dUjy idRStIkox Anuswr smwj

Swsqr mwrksvwdI smwj ivigAwn dI iek SwKw hY[ qIsry idRStIkox Anuswr

smwj SwsqrI AnuBvvwd Aqy rUpvwd dIAW sImwvW qoN smwj Swsqr nMU mukq

krky aus ivc ieiqhwisk BOiqkvwd dIAW ivSySqwvW ivkisq krn dw Xqn

krdy hn[ pihly idRStIkox vwly mwrksvwd nMU smwj Swsqr bxwauNdy hn[

36

iesdy alt dUjy Aqy qIjy idRStIkox vwly smwj Swsqr nMU mwrksvwd bxwauNdy

hn[

dvMdwqmk BOiqkvwd Aqy ieiqhwisk BOiqkvwd dIAW ivDIAW

mwrksvwdI smwj Swsqr dw AwDwr bxIAW qy ip`CoN Awaux vwly icMqkW ny ienHW

dI shwieqw nwl mwrksvwdI p`DqI nMU sQwipq kIqw[ kwrl mwrks ny Awpxy

gRMQ ‘ey kMtrIibaUSn tU dI ikRtIk AwP polItIkl iekwnwmI’ ivc swihq Aqy

klw nMU ivcwrDwrw dw hI iek rUp svIkwr kIqw hY jo smwj dy BOiqk Aqy

AwriQk jIvn ivcly pirvrqn klw Aqy swihq ivc vI pirvrqn ilAwauNdy

hn:

mwrksvwd dI sp`St mwnqw hY ik mnuK dw Bwv jW ivcwr jgq

smwijk BOiqk jIvn qoN inrpyK koeI vsqU nw ho ky aus dI pRqICwieAw

hY[22

jIvn dy BOiqk swDnW dy auqpwdn dy qrIky smwijk, rwjnIiqk,

bOiDk jIvn dI smu`cI pRikirAw nMU inrDwirq krdy hn[ lokW dI cyqnw aunHW dy

Asiqqv nMU inrDwirq nhIN krdI blik iesdy ault aunHW dw smwijk

Asiqqv hI aunHW dI cyqnw nMU inrDwirq krdw hY[ AwriQk nINh ivc

pirvrqn kwrn smu`cw FWcw pRBwvq huMdw hY[

mwrks Aqy eyNglz ny swihq dy BOiqkvwdI icMqn ivc AwriQk

kwrnW ijvyN smwijk vrg dI BUimkw nMU mh`qvpUrn sQwn dy ky ieh isD kIqw

hY ik auqpwdn dI pRikrqI hI smwijk, rwjnIiqk Aqy bOiDk jIvn pRikirAw

dw pRmu`K qOr qy inrDwrn krdI hY[

Asl ivc ie`Qy ieh g`l auGVdI nzr AwauNdI hY ik klw vrg

sMGrS dw pRqIibMb hY ikauNik smwijk sMGrS ivc Bwg lYx vwly swihqkwr hI

klw dy jIvn sbMDI idRStIkox dw inrmwx krdy hn[ lUnwcwskI swihq dI

smIiKAw leI mwrks Aqy lYinn dy ivigAwnk smwj Swsqr nMU shI AwDwr

mMndy hn[ ausdy ivcwr Anuswr:

37

klwikRqIAW smwj dy jmwqI FWcy Bwv jmwqI ihqW dy PlsrUp auqpMn

jmwqI mnoivigAwn qoN pRBwivq huMdIAW hn[ lyKk ijs vrg dI

pRqIinDqw krdw hY swihiqk ikrqW aus vrg dy mnoivigAwn dw

pRqIibMbn krdIAW hn[23

hMgrIAn ivcwrk jwrj lukwc mwrksvwdI ivcwrDwrw dy

ivAwiKAwkwr rhy hn[ ausdy idRStIkox Anuswr swihq vrg sMGrS nMU

pRqIibMbq krdw hY[ ausdw XQwrQvwdI idRStIkox smwjvwdI mwnqwvW qy

AwDwirq sI[ ies krky ausdw ivSvws sI ik smwjvwd pRqI AwsQw r`Kx

vwlw lyKk smwj dy vrqmwn Aqy Biv`K dw shI mulWkx kr skdw hY[

lukwc qoN ibnW mYkism gorkI, hwrvrf Pwst, ikRstoPr kwfvYl

Awid mwrksvwdI swihq smwj SwsqrIAW ny swihq nMU dvMdwqmk Aqy

BOiqkvwdI ivcwrDwrw dw nqIjw mMndy hoey ausnMU vrg sMrcnw, vrg sMGrS

Aqy vrg swihq dy rUp ivc svIkwr krn jW AwriQk kwrnW Aqy auqpwdn

pRxwlI nwl sbMiDq krn dw Xqn kIqw hY[

rYnyvYlyk Aqy Awsitn vwryn ny swihq dy sMsQwqmk rUp nMU svIkwr

krdy hoey rcnwkwr, swihq dIAW klwvW dy smwj Swsqr, swihiqk ikRqI dy

AwriQk AwDwr, lyKk dI smwijk siQqI, rcnw ivc pRsquq AMqrvsqU nMU

AiDAYn dw AwDwr svIkwr kIqw hY[ rwbrt AYskwript ny swihq dy smwijk

Asiqqv dw lyKk, rcnw Aqy pwTk iqMnW dy sMdrB ivc ivSlySx kIqw hY[

ausdy ivcwr Anuswr:

iek swihq dy smwj SwsqrI dw kMm hY ik auh aus AMqr sbMD dI Koj

kry jo lyKk, rcnw Aqy pwTk nMU iek jitl sMrcnw ivc pRsquq krdw

hY[24

swihq dy smwj Swsqr dy kRimk ivkws Aqy AwDuink pRivrqIAW nMU

smJx leI fwienw lwrYNs Aqy AYln sivMgvuf ny swihq dy smwj Swsqr dIAW

isDWqk mwnqwvW dw sU^m Aqy fUMGw ivSlySx pRsquq krdw hY[ AYln sivMgvuf

38

ny AYc.qyn qoN lY ky mwrksvwdI ivcwrk lUsIey golfmwn q`k dIAW

ivcwrDwrwvW dw ivSlySx krdy hoey swihq dy smwj Swsqr nMU rcnw qy kyNdirq

kIqw hY[

golfmwn ivSvidRstI dIAW sMrcnwvW dy mwiDAm rwhIN rcnw dy mUl

smwijk vrg, lyKk dI smwijk cyqnw Aqy rcnw dI sMrcnw qy iDAwn kyNdirq

krdw hY[ Aforno rcnw dI sm`grqw ivc s`c dI qlwS krdw hY[ lwvyNQl

ArQ dy mrm duAwrw rcnw dI ArQgqqw Aqy swriQkqw dI eykqw nMU auBwrdw

hY Aqy rymMf ivlIAm rcnw ivc pRXukq mu`l pRbMD dy ieiqhwisk AwDwr Aqy

bdldy rUpW dy AiDAYn qy zor idMdw hY[

ies pRkwr v`K-v`K ivdvwn swihq dI smwj SwsqrI ivcwrDwrw nMU

bhu-kwrkI pirpyK ivc dyKx dy p`K ivc hn[ koeI vI rcnw Awpxy Awp

auqpMn nhIN huMdI Aqy nw hI kyvl bwhrI kwrkW dw nqIjw huMdI hY blik ausdI

auqpqI, srUp Aqy AMqrvsqU dy inrDwrx ivc Anyk kwrk shwiek huMdy hn[

smwj dw rUp Aqy AwriQk sqr ijs ivc lyKk kMm kr irhw hY, smwijk

vrgW Aqy smUhW ijnHW nwl auh sbMiDq hY jW ijnHW nwl pRq`K jW ApRq`K rUp

ivc sbMiDq hY, swihiqk prMprw ijnHW ivc auh kwrj krdw hY, ausdw Awpxw

mnoivigAwn, ieh kuJ pRqImwn hn jo smwj SwsqrI idRStIkox nwl swihq dw

mulWkx krn leI ivSyS rUp ivc iDAwn ivc r`Kxy zrUrI hn[

nwvl dw smwj Swsqr

AwDuink jIvn ivc AweI jitlqw nMU smu`cqw ivc pyS krn vwlw

swihiqk rUp nwvl sB qoN v`D smirD hY[ smwijk AslIAq ivKwaux vwsqy

nwvl ny ivroDI jwmwqW v`K-v`K smwijk qbikAW dy qxwau Aqy tkrwau nMU pyS

krnw hMudw hY[ srmweydwrI dy smwijk irSiqAW ivc bhuq pycIdgI Aw geI

39

hY[ ies vwsqy nwvl dy pwqrW dI smwijk idSw mUrqImwn krnw Aqy pRqIinD

nMU pyS krn dw qrIkw bVw pycIdw hMudw hY[ nwvl dy smwj Swsqr bwry cMdr

mohn dw ivcwr hY:

nwvl dw smwj Swsqr nwvl rwhIN iviBMn smwijk dSwvW Aqy idSwvW

dw ivSlySx krdw hY[ ieh iviBMn smwijk dSvW hn- AwriQk idRStI

qoN vrg vMf, smwj dw AwriQk sMkt, smwj ivc pRcilq qqkwlI

rIqI-irvwz, jwq-pwq, rUVHI-prMprw, Dwrnw, ivSvwS, nYiqk siQqI

Drm, drSn, rwjnIqI, siBAwcwrk siQqI, mwnvI sMbMD, smwijk

gqIivDIAW, pRcilq ivcwr icMqn sMskwr Awid[25

smwj nwl nwvl dy sbMDW dIAW keI prqW Aqy rUp hn[ ies krky

nwvl nMU krVy sMGrS ivcoN lMGxw ipAw[ nwvl Awpxy pwTkW nMU jIvn mu`lW dI

soJI krvwaNudw hY[ aunHW dI sihxSIlqw dw ivsqwr krdw hY Aqy jIvn dI klw

vI isKwauNdw hY[ nwvl dy smwj Swsqr bwry girmw SRIvwsqv dw kQn hY:

nwvl dy smwj Ssqr ivc nwvlkwr dI vrgcyqnw, ivcwrDwrw jW

ivSvidRStI dy shwry nwvl dy smwijk sMdrB jwnx dI koiSS huMdI hY[

iesy pRikirAw rwhIN smwijk XQwrQ bwry lyKk dy idRStIkox dy AwDwr

qy ausdI rcnw dw mulWkx vI hMudw hY[26

mn`uKI jIvn dy XQwrQ dy ivc v`K-v`K p`KW dI ivvDqw hMdI hY[

jy iek nwvlkwr jIvn XQwrQ dy iksy iek p`K nMU mh`qv idMdw hY qW dUjw iksy

hor p`K dw icqrx krdw hY[ rcnwkwr dI cyqnw dy rUp nwl klw dy rUp dw

gihrw sbMD hMdw hY[ nwvl dy smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivc iksy rcnw dI

smwijkqw dI Koj krdy smyN iesdy klwqmk rUp rwhIN lyKk dI cyqnw Aqy

XQwrQ dy rUp dy sbMD dI pCwx zrUrI hY[

nwvl AwpxI AwDwr sm`grI nMU lyKk dy AnuBv rwhIN ivSyS smwijk

sMdrB ivcoN pRwpq krdw hY Aqy iPr nvyN suqMqr auswr v`joN hoNd gRihx krn dy

bwvjUd, ausy smwj dw AMg bx jWdw hY[ ies leI smwj Aqy nwvl dw sbMD

40

s&Yd rMg ivc ivAwpk smUh rMgW vrgw hY[ mnuK dIAW pdwrQk pRwpqIAW

Aqy aus duAwrw inrDwrq kdrW-kImqW dI pySkwrI nwvl rwhIN hI sMBv hMudI

hY[ nwvl Aqy smwj dw AwpsI irSqw dvMdwqmk, jitl Aqy bhuprqI hY[

ies dw Apxy smkwlI XQwrQ nwloN t`ut ky ivcrnw sMBv nhIN huMdw[ nvyN Bwv

boD Anuswr BwvyN nvyN swihq rUp pYdw ho jWdy hn pr aunHW dI rcnwqmk sWJ

sdw prMprw dy swihq rUpW nwl bxI rihMdI hY[ smwj dI vwsqivkqw, smyN dI

s`cweI Aqy ieiqhws dI gqI dI AiBivAkqI nwvl ivc keI rUpW rwhIN pRgt

hMudI hY[ AiBivAkqI dw iek rUp pRqIinDqw vwlw Aqy dUsrw pRqIkwqmk huMdw

hY[ ies bwry mYnyjr pWfy dw ivcwr hY:

kQw swihq dI pRqIkwqmk p`DqI AiDk purwxI hY[ pRwcIn kwl dy kQw

swihq ivc pRqIkwqmk p`DqI dw hI pRXog imldw hY[ pRqIkwqmk p`DqI

dy AMqrgq PYtyNsI imQk Aqy AdBuq kQwnkW dw aupXog hMudw hY[27

nwvl dI smwj SwsqrI ivAwiKAw ivc iek pwsy nwvl dy smwijk

Asiqqv nMU inrDwirq krn vwlIAW BOiqk pRsiQqIAW dw ivSlySx kIqw jWdw

hY Aqy dUjy pwsy nwvl dy pwTkI gRihx dw ivvycn kIqw jWdw hY[ ieh iblkul

s`c hY ik dUjy klw rUpW Aqy swihq rUpW dI qulnw ivc nwvl dw srUp smwj qy

izAwdw inrBr huMdw hY Aqy ausdw ivkws smwj dy ivkws nwl hI hMudw hY pr

ieh vI s`c hY ik ieh iek klw hY, isr& smwijk dsqwvyz jW smwj dI is`DI

spwt ivAwiKAw nhIN[ ies leI smwijk XQwrQ, jIvn dy AnuBv Aqy

ieqhws dI gqI sB rcnwkwr dI isrjxSIlqw duAwrw punr isrijq ho ky hI

nwvl ivc AwauNdy hn[ kihx dw Bwv ieh hY ik nwvl dw smwj SwsqrI

AiDAYn krdy smyN hmySw ieh Xwd r`Kxw zrUrI hY ik ieh iek klw dw smwj

SwsqrI ivSlySx hY iksy smwijk dsqwvyz dw AiDAYn mwqr nhIN[

nwvl swihq dw Aijhw rUp hY ijsdI smwijk XQwrQ dI

AiBivAkqI qoN ibnW klpnw vI nhIN kIqI jw skdI pRMqU dUjy pwsy isr&

smwijk XQwrQ dI AiBivAkqI krky koeI nwvl klwqmk rcnw nhIN bx

41

jWdw blik smwijk XQwrQ Aqy klwqmkqw rwhIN lyKk dy idRStIkox dy AwDwr

qy ausdI rcnw dw mulWkx huMdw hY[ nwvl iek AijhI klw hY ijs ivc mnuK

smwijk Aqy ieqhwisk idRStI rwhIN inrUipq ho ky swhmxy AwayuNdw hY[ Awpxy

smyN, smwj Aqy ieiqhws dI pRikirAw duAwrw pirBwiSq mnuK hI nwvl dw

kNydr ibMdU irhw hY[ smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivc mnu`K smwijkqw dI pihcwx dy

AnykW rwh hn[ ienHW ivcoN swihiqk sMswr rwhIN guzrn vwlw rwh sB qoN

AiDk ivSvwsXog smiJAw jWdw hY[

nwvl dw sbMD AwDuink Xu`g dy m`Dvrg nwl hY[ AwDuink dOr ivc

swihq dy pRcln ivc pRYs dI ivSyS BUimkw hY[ ieh mnuKI jIvn nMU jnm qoN mOq

q`k Awpxy klwvy ivc lYNdw hY[ nwvl dy smwj Swsqr dw AiDAYn do rUpW ivc

kIqw jw skdw hY[pihlw, smwijk GtnwvW dy ADwr qy nwvl ivc smwj dI

jWc krnw[ dUjw, nwvlW ivc pyS smwj Aqy AslI smwj ivcly myl dw

AiDAYn hI nwvl dy smwj Swsqr dw mu`K AiDAYn ivSw ho skdw hY[

smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw pRxwlI dI shwieqw nwl iksy swihiqk ikrq

dw AiDAYn krn leI Alock nMU Awp smwj dI pUrI jwxkwrI hoxI zrUrI hY qW

hI auh nwvl dw AiDAYn ivigAwnk FMg nwl krn ivc s&l ho skdw hY[

ies krky pwTk qoN vI ieh aumId r`KI jWdI hY ik auh smwj Aqy aus dIAW

gqIiviDAW dI pUrI-pUrI jwxkwrI r`Kdw hovy[ ies krky XQwrQvwd Aqy

ivcwrDwrw mh`qvpUrn BUimkw inBw skdy hn[ XQwrQvwd Aqy ivcwrDwrw dy

sbMD dw iek hor p`K rcnw ivc ivAkq XQwrQ Aqy pwTk duAwrw gRihx kIqy

XQwrQ dy sMdrB ivc vI pRgt hMudw hY[ pwTk iksy vI rcnw pRqI iblkul

Axjwx nhIN hMudw ikaNuik rcnw ivc ivAkq XQwrQ bwry pwTk dw Awpxw

igAwn Aqy idRStIkox sdw ikirAwSIl bixAW rihMdw hY[ keI vwr lyKk dy

XQwrQboD jW XQwrQpRqI idRStIkox nwl pwTk dy XQwrQboD jW XQwrQpRqI

idRStIkox dI t`kr vI ho jWdI hY[pwTk rcnw pRqI aus smyN ivAwpk

ieiqhwisk pRikirAw ivc AwpxI siQqI Aqy rcnw dI siQqI bwry jwgrUk hMudw

42

hY[ ies pRkwr XQwrQvwd Aqy ivcwrDwrw dy AwpsI sbMD dw svwl isr&

rcnwkwr dI ivcwrDwrw duAwrw ausdy XQwrQvwd dw hI svwl nhIN hY blik

ieh rcnw dy pwTkI gRihx nwl vI juiVAw hoieAw hY[

nwvl dy smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivc iksy rcnw dI smwijkqw dI

Koj krdy smyN ausdy klwqimk rUp qoN lyKk dI cyqnw Aqy XQwrQ dy rUp dy

sbMD dI pCwx zrUrI ho jWdI hY[ keI rcnwvW AijhIAW huMdIAW hn ijnHW dy

kyNdr ivc koeI vrg hMudw hY pRMqU kuJ AijhIAW rcnwvW vI hn ijnHW dy kyNdr

ivc ivAkqI hMudw hY Aqy ivAkqI cir`qr dy ivAkqIgq guxW, jIvn dy

AnuBvW Aqy mwnvI sbMDW dy mwiDAm rwhIN smwj ivkisq hMudw hY[ nwvl dy

smwj Swsqr ivc smwijk pRikirAw dy AwriQk, rwjnIiqk Aqy ivcwrDwrweI

ivhwrW dw AiDAYn kIqw jWdw hY[ smwijk pRikirAw dy ieh swry q`q mnuKI

cyqnw dy ivkws ivc Xogdwn pwauNdy hn[

ipCly ds-pMdrW swlW ivc nwvl dI smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw ivc

iek nvW moV AwieAw hY[ mu`K rUp ivc aus dw smwjk ivvsQw nwl kIqw

sMvwd hY[nwvl dy ArMiBk kwl qoN hI ausdy rUp Aqy AMqr vsqU dw ieiqhwisk

smwijk srUp swihiqk ivcwrkW nMU AwkriSq krdw irhw hY[ nwvl dI

pRRikrqI hI AijhI hY ik smwijk XQwrQ dI AiBivAkqI qoN dUr ho ky ies dI

hNod dI klpnw vI nhIN kIqI jw skdI pRMqU Aijhw vI nhIN hY ik isr&

smwijk XQwrQ dI AiBivAkqI krky hI koeI nwvl klwqmk rcnw ho

inbVdI hovy[ jo smwj SwsqrI Awlock, nwvl dI AijhI ivSySqw dI aumId

krdw hY auh ieh nhIN pihcwx skdw ik nwvl ikvyN smwijk XQwrQ dw

sMsilSt pRqIrUp bxdw hY[ auh smwijk sMsikRqI Aqy nwvl dy pRBwv nMU vI

nhIN smJ skdw[ ieh jwnxw Aqy smJxw zrUrI hY ik nwvlkwr iek klwkwr

hY, ausdI rcnw ivc Aijhy XQwrQ dI AiBivAkqI hMudI hY ijs dy rUp qy

ArQ dy bwry auh pihlW qoN sj`g hY[ auh XQwrQ dI AiBivAkqI leI iek

pwsy nwvl klw dIAW aunHW qknIkW dI vrqoN krdw hY ijhVIAW aus ny Awpxy

43

pUrv vrqIAW qoN is`KIAW hn Aqy dUjy pwsy Awpxy AnuBv rwhIN nvyN klw-kOSlW

dI vrqoN vI krdw hY[ ieh smJ lYx qoN bwAd ieh duibDw nhIN rihMdI ik

nwvl iek lyKx klw hY jW smwijk AiBivAkqI dw rUp[ ieh smwijk ivkws

dy mUl l`CxW Aqy audXoigk Xu`g dy ieiqhwisk ivkws dw swihiqk pRqIibMb hY[

ies pRkwr auprokq AiDAYn qoN nwvl dy smwj Swsqr nMU sp`St

krn dw Xqn kIqw igAw hY swihqkwr AwpxI sUKm klpnw SkqI rwhIN klw

ikrq ivc jIvn dI hI punr-rcnw krdw hY[ swihiqk rcnw rwhIN pyS hoey

jIvn Aqy smwj dI AiBivAkqI dI pCwx leI ausdy iSlp Aqy rcnwkwr dy

idRStIkox nMU smJxw zrUrI hMudw hY[ Awm qOr qy rcnw ivc idRStI Aqy islp

dI eykqw hMudI hY pRMqU keI vwr dohW ivc AMqr vI Aw jWdw hY[ nwvl hor

swihq rUpW dy mukwbly vDyry ivsqirq hox krn aus ivc smwijkqw dw AMS vI

vDyry hMudw hY[ so nwvlkwr leI smwijk icMMqn Aqy AnuBv ausdI klw pRxwlI

jW klw jugqI dI mUl s`cweI mMnI jWdI hY[

ies qrHW auprokq AiDAYn dI rOSnI ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl

dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn krdy smyN AwpxI loV Anuswr swry ivdvwnW dy

ivcwrW qoN syD Aqy AgvweI pRwpq kIqI jwvygI[ iksy iek ivdvwn dy ivcwrW

nMU k`tVqw nwl Apnwaux dI bjwie aunHW qoN imlI sWJI smJ Anuuswr rcnw nMU

AiDAYn dw AwDwr bxwieAw jwvygw[ smwj ivc swihq dy sbMDW dI Koj leI

smUhk cyqnw Aqy ivAkqI cyqnw dy sbMDW dI zrUrI smJ pRwpq krn leI

mnoivigAwn dI vI shwieqw leI jwvygI[ rcnw ivc pyS XQwrQ dy smwijk

XQwrQ nwl sbMDW dy ivSlySx rwhIN rcnw ivc ivAkq cyqnw dy smwijk

adgm dI Koj vI kIqI jwvygI[ smwijk, siBAwcwrk, Dwrimk, AwriQk Aqy

rwjnIiqk p`KW nMU ivigAwnk vsqUgq rUp ivc pyS krn dw Xqn kIqw

jwvygw[

44

45

hvwly Aqy it`pxIAW

1. eSustj ik.Ms;, lkfgR; ds lekt”kkL+= dh Hwfedk, iq’B 306-

2. fw. soihMdr isMG vxjwrw bydI, pMjwb dI lokDwrw, pMnw 150.

3. ‘The word sociology is derived from the Iatin word ‘society’ and

The Greek word ‘logos’ meaning ‘study or science’. The

etymological meaning of ‘sociology’ is thus the ‘science of

society’.

Vidya Bhushan, D. R. Sachdeva, An Introduction to Sociology, p.3.

4. ‘Socoilogy is the scientific study of nature and development of

society and social behaviour.’

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, p. 1453.

5. ‘Sociology is the study of man’s behaviour in groups or of the

inter-action among human beings, of social relationships and

the processes by which human group activity takes place.’

Vidya Bhushan, D. R. Sachdeva, Ibid, p. 3.

6. sYmUAl koieMing, smwj ivigAwn: smwj dy ivigAwn nwl

jwx- pCwx, pMnw-1.

7. fueZyk tSu (laik-), lkfgR; dk lekt”kkL=h; fp aru, iq’B 1-

8. fw. surjIq isMG B`tI, pMjwbI Awlocnw:dSw Aqy idSw, pMnw-109.

9. auhI, pMnw-119.

10- hirBjn isMG, swihq AiDAYn, pMnw-10.

11. hirBjn isMG BwtIAw, pMjwbI swihq Awlocnw dw ieiqhws, pMnw-150,

151.

12- fueZyk tSu, ogh, iq’B 10-

13- eSustj ik.Ms;, ogh, iq’B 12-

46

14- fueZyk tSu, ogh, iq’B 15-

15- sYmuUAl koieinMg, auhI, pMnw 13.

16- eSustj ik.Ms;, ogh, iq’B 117-

17- ogh, iq’B 123-

18. ogh, iq’B 32-

19- xfjek JhokLro, miU;kl dk lekt”kkL=, iq’B XIV

20- The literary work is not the mere reflection of a real, given collective

consciousness, but the culmination at a very advanced level of

coherence of tendencies peculiar to the consciousness of a particular

group, a consciousness that must be conceived as a dynamic reality,

orientated towards a certain state of equilibrium. What really

separates, in this as in all other spheres, Marxist sociology from

positivistic, relativist, or eclectic sociological tendencies is the fact that

it sees the key concept not in the real collective consciousness.

Lucien Goldman, Towords a sociology of the Novel, p-9.

21- eSustj ik.Ms;, ogh, iq’B 179-

22- MkW f”kodqekj feJ, ekjdloknh lkfgR; fpUru, iq’B 339-

23- ogh, iq’B 252-

24. fueZyk tSu ogh, iq’B 130-

25. cMdr mohn, “swihq dw smwj Swsqr: srUp Aqy Kyqr”, isrjxw,

AkqUbr-dsMbr 2002, pMnw-59.

-26- xfjek JhokLro, ogh, iq’B 78-

27- eSustj ik.Ms;, ogh, iq’B- 124-