13
swihq Aqy smwj: AMqr sbMD
swihq Aqy smwj ivckwr Ain`KV sbMD hY[ swihq Aqy smwj dovyN iek dUjy qoN
pRBwivq huMdy hn Aqy iek dUjy dy ivkws ivc shwiek huMdy hn[ swihq SurU qoN
hI mnuK Aqy smwj ivc qwlmyl sQwipq krn leI XqnSIl irhw hY[ iesdw
pRmu`K kwrj pirvrqnSIl smwijk sbMDW dI pRikrqI dw inrUpx krnw hY[ ies
leI sp`St hY ik swihq Aqy smwj dvMdwqmk sbMD r`Kdy hn[ swihq mnuKI jIvn vrqwirAW dI klwqmk Aqy rUpWqirq pySkwrI
hY[ swihq smwj dw ibMb auGwVidAW hoieAW smwj dI isrjxwqmk rUp rwhIN
ivAwiKAw krdw hY Aqy mnuKI jIvn dy kwrjW dI qih q`k phuMcx dw Xqn
krdw hY[ swihqkwr dw Awm smwijk ivAkqI dy twkry smwj ivclIAW
GtnwvW Aqy sm`isAwvW pRqI idRStIkox izAwdw sMvydnsIl huMdw hY ikauNik auh
smwijk XQwrQ nMU AwpxI klpnw duAwrw swihq ivc AiBivAkq krdw hY[
ies leI koeI vI swihiqk rcnw swihqkwr dI inrol klpnw mwqr nhIN ho
skdI sgoN isDy jW Ais`Dy qOr qy smwijk Aqy siBAwcwrk XQwrQ nwl juVI
huMdI hY[
swihq dy smwj Swsqr v`l A`gy vDx qoN pihlW swihq bwry jwnxw
zrUrI hY[ mu`K qOr qy swihq dIAW iqMn iksmW svIkwr kIqIAW geIAW hn
ijnHW ivc lokipRX swihq, gMBIr swihq Aqy lok swihq Swiml hY[ ienHW iqMnW
dy AwpsI AMqr Aqy sbMD bwry jwnx qoN mgroN hI AsIN iksy shI idSw ivc jw
skdy hW[ Awm qOr qy ieh mMn ilAw jWdw hY ik jo swihq Aqy klw jn
swDwrn ivc sihj rUp nwl svIkwr krky gRihx kIqI geI hovy auh lokipRX
hY[ srlqw, sihjqw, suBwivkqw Aijhy swihq dy zrUrI gux mMny gey hn pRMqU
koeI swihq isr& ienHW guxW krky hI jn swDwrn ivc lokipRX nhIN huMdw[ ies
bwry mYnyjr pWfy dw ivcwr hY:
auhI swihq ivAwpk jnqw ivc lokipRX huMdw hY ijs ivc jn jIvn
dIAW vwsqivkqwvW Aqy AkWiKAwvW sihj suboD rUp ivc ivAkq
14
huMdIAW hn[ies leI lokipRXqw dw sbMD swihq dy rUp dy nwl-nwl
ausdI AMqrvsqU, aus AMqrvsqU ivc mOjUd XQwrQ cyqnw Aqy aus
XQwrQ cyqnw ivc inihq ivSvidRStI nwl vI huMdw hY[1
EprI nzry gMBIr swihq Aqy lokipRX swihq prspr ivroDI jwpdy
hn pr fUMGweI ivc jw ky pqw c`ldw hY ik ieh dovyN ivroDI hI nhIN blik keI
QWvW qy AijhIAW siQqIAW vI imldIAW hn ij`Qy dohW ivc eykqw vI idKweI
idMdI hY[ gMBIr swihq nwl lokipRX swihq dw ies qrHW dw sbMD vI idKweI
idMdw hY ijs ivc gMBIr swihq nMU qrHW-qrHW dy qrIikAW nwl lokipRX bxw ky
vyicAw jWdw hY ijvyN rmwiex, mhWBwrq Awid vrgIAW bhuq swrIAW hor gMBIr
Aqy klwiskl rcnwvW nUM muV nvyN FMg nwl nvIAW ivDwvW ivc punr-surjIq
krky pyS kIqw jWdw hY[ iesy qrHW gurbwxI jo gMBIr swihq dI kotI ivc
AwauNdI hY lokipRX swihq ivc iksy nw iksy rUp ivc iesdI vrqoN hoeI imldI
hY[ ies qoN ielwvw gurbwxI nMU Sbd rUp ivc gw ky irkwrfW ivc Br ky vycxw
iek hor mh`qvpUrn audwhrn khI jw skdI hY[ srl bxwaux dI pRikirAw
ivc klw dw srlIkrx huMdw hY Aqy pRcwr Aqy mMnorMjn ausdw mMqv bx jWdw
hY[ AwDuink kwl ivc pUMjIvwd dy pswry rwhIN lokipRX swihq vl swihqkwrW
dw ruJwn viDAw hY[ qknwlojI dy ivkws dy kwrn klw nUM bzwr dI vsqU bxw ky
vycxw AiDk Awswn ho igAw hY[ mSInI punr-auqpwdn dy Xu`g ivc klw dw
v`fy pYmwny qy punr auqpwdn krky ausnMU sqhI bxwauxw Awswn ho igAw hY[
qIjI kotI lok swihq dI hY[ lok swihq lokipRX vI huMdw hY pRMqU AsIN
ijs lokipRX swihq dy smwj Swsqr dI gl kr rhy hW lok swihq qoN iblkul
iBMn hY[ lok swihq Aqy lokipRX swihq ivc kw&I AMqr hY[ lok-swihq ijvyN
ik iesdy nW qoN hI sp`St ho jWdw hY[ ies ivc Awm lokW dy hwv-Bwv, supny-
s`DrW, ^uSIAW-ZmIAW, rucIAW-krucIAW nUM AiBivAq kIqw igAw huMdw hY[ ies
ivc swdgI, srlqw, sp`Stqw Aqy imTws dy gux sdw mOjUd rihMdy hn[ lok
swihq-lok jIvn dw SISw hY Aqy mnuK dI mwnisk iqRpqI dw vfmu`lw swDn
15
irhw hY[ iesdI rcnw mn qy iksy vI qrHW dy dbwA pwaux nwl nhIN huMdI, sgoN
sihj suBwivk huMdI hY[ lok-swihq sdIAW dy ieiqhws, imiQhws Aqy sMsikRqI
dw vfmu~lw Kzwnw huMdw hY[ ieh mUMhoN-mUMh A`gy qurdw rihMdw hY[ fw. vxjwrw
bydI Anuswr:
lok swihq iek Aijhy pRvwh vWg hY ijs ivc ielwky dy sBo ndI-nwly,
ksIAW vwhVy AwpxI in`jI hoNd gMvw ky rcimc jWdy hn qy ijs ivc aus
ielwky dI BoieM dI im`tI qy hor sm`grI iksy nw iksy rUp ivc KurI, GulI
Aqy rsI huMdI hY[ lok swihq ivc smu`cI jwqI dy audgwr, BwvnwvW,
jIvn-AwdrS, mnOqW, ivSvwS, ivcwr Aqy klw rucIAW Kur ky
smweIAW huMdIAW hn[ lok swihq qW aus SIsy vWg hY, ijs ivcoN iksy
jwqI dI smu`cI jIvn nuhwr nkS Aqy nuhwr dy nwl ausdy AMqr Gt qk
dI hr Bwvnw vyKI jw skdI hY[2
ies qrHW lok swihq Aqy lokipRX swihq dw AMqr sp`St hMudw jWdw
hY ikauNik lok-swihq jn swDwrn dy A`j q`k iksy nw iksy rUp ivc inrimq
Aqy ivkisq huMdw Aw irhw hY jdik lokipRX swihq pUMjIvwdI Xu`g dI aupj hY[
dUjw AMqr ieh hY ik lok-swihq dI rcnw jn swDwrn krdw hY Aqy auhI
iesdw sroqw vI huMdw hY[ ieh iksy ivAkqI ivSyS dy nW nwl juiVAw hoieAw
nhIN huMdw[
smwj Swsqr: ArQ, pirBwSw Aqy srUp
ihMdI BwSw dy Sbd smwj Swsqr dw pMjwbI Anuvwd smwj ivigAwn
hY[ smwj qoN Bwv ij`Qy lok smUihk rUp ivc iek`Ty rihMdy hox Aqy AwpsI sbMDW
ivc b`Jy hox[ ivigAwn jo do SbdW dy myl iv+igAwn qoN bixAw hY[ iv dw
ArQ iviSSt jW ivSyS Aqy igAwn qoN Bwv jwxkwrI hoxw[ dUjy SbdW ivc iksy
vI smwj dw fUMGweI nwl kIqw igAw AiDAYn hI iesdy AMqrgq AwauNdw hY[
ieh iek ivSwl vrqwrw hY jo smwj ivc vwprdIAW smu`cIAW pRsiQqIAW nUM
Awpxy klwvy ivc lYx dI smr`Qw r`Kdw hY[ ieh pirvwirk sMgTn, smwijk
16
sMgTn, auqpqI sbMDI pRQwvW, irvwzW Aqy kImqW nwl sbMiDq hY[ smwj
Swsqr dy AiDAYn dw kyNdr ibMdU smwijk sbMD hI hn[ smwijk sbMDW dw
igAwn koeI hor ivigAwn nhIN idMdw blik smwj Swsqr rwhIN hI sMBv huMdw
hY[ Asl ivc smwj Swsqr dw sbMD mnuK nwl siBAwcwrk kwrkW,
pRwikriqk vwqwvrn, smUh nwl ausdy sbMDW dw ivigAwnk AiDAYn hY[ v`K-
v`K BwSwvW ivc smwj Swsqr leI v`K-v`K SbdW dw pRXog kIqw jWdw hY[
AMgryzI BwSw ivc ies Sbd leI Sociology Sbd dI vrqoN kIqI jWdI hY:
smwj Swsqr (Sociology) lwqInI Sbd ‘sosweIts’ (societus) ijsdw
ArQ hY ‘smwj’ Aqy XUnwnI sbd ‘logos’ (logos) ijsdw ArQ hY-
AiDAYn jW ivigAwn[ ies qrHW smwj Swsqr dw Swbidk ArQ hY-
smwj dw ivigAwnk AiDAYn[3
jy AsIN ieh smJ leIey ik smwj Swsqr iek AwDuink ivigAwn hY
qW iesdw mqlb ieh nhIN ik pihlW smwijk sbMDW jW mnuKI ivhwr dI
ivAwiKAw krn dw Xqn hI nhIN kIqw igAw blik Awid kwl qoN hI iesdI
ivAwiKAw Acyq rUp ivc iksy nw iksy FMg rwhIN huMdI rhI hY[ iesdw mu`K mMqv
smwj Aqy mnuKI sbMDW bwry iek ivsiqRq Aqy kRmb`D igAwn auplbD
krvwauxw hY[
smwj Swsqr mwnv smUh dy ivvhwr dw AiDAYn hY[ ivSyS kr
inXmW, rIqIAW, rUVHIAW Awid dy mUl ivc jw ky sQwipq krdw hY ik ieh iks
pRkwr v`K-v`K pVwvW ivcoN lMG ky swfy swhmxy AweIAW[ bySk smwj Swsqr
mu`K rUp ivc smwijk sbMDW Aqy pRikirAwvW ijnHW duAwrw mnuKI smUh kwrj
krdy hn dy AiDAYn nwl sbMiDq hY pr qW vI mnuK dy smwijk jIvn dw
ivSlysx krn leI iesnMU ivAkqI dw, ausdy srIrk Aqy mnoivigAwnk p`Dr
dw vI AiDAYn krnw pYNdw hY[
hryk ivAkqI smwj ivc rih ky hI AwpxIAW loVW nUM pUrw krdw hY[
smwj qoN ibnW ausdI hoNd sMBv nhIN jykr hovygI vI qW pSUAW dI qrHW[ smwj
17
ivc rihx krky hI auh smwijk pRwxI bxdw hY Aijhy guxW nUM ivkisq krdw hY
ijs nwl AsIN Awpxy Awp nMU pSUAW nwloN Al`g krdy hW[ smwj Swsqr mnuKI
jIvn dy aunHW swry p`KW dw AiDAYn krdw hY ijhVy ausdy smwijk sbMDW Aqy
smwijk jIvn nUM pRBwivq krdy hn[ smwj Swsqr dIAW v`K-vK ivdvwnW ny
v`K-v`K pirBwSwvW pyS kIqIAW hn[
AwksPorf AYfvWsf lrnrz ifkSnrI (Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary) ivc smwj Swsqr bwry iliKAw hY: smwj Swsqr smwj Aqy smwijk ivauhwr dy srUp qy ivkws dw
ivigAwnk AiDAYn hY[4
ividAw BUSn Aqy fw. fI. Awr. scdyvw (Vidya Bhushan And Dr. D.
R. Sachdeva) Anuswr:
smwj Swsqr smUhW ivc mnuKI ivvhwr jW mnuKW dy ivckwr AMqr-
ikirAwvW, smwijk sbMDW Aqy pRikirAwvW dw AiDAYn hY ijnHW duAwrw
mnuKI smUh dIAW gqIivDIAW sMcwilq huMdIAW hn[5
smwj Swsqr rwhIN mnuKI jIvn dy hr p`K dw AiDAYn kIqw jWdw
hY[ smwj Swsqr ijsnMU sYmUAl koieinMg (Samuel Koenig) smwj ivigAwn
AwK ky pirBwiSq krdw hY dy Anuswr:
smwj-ivigAwn smUhW ivc mnuKI ivhwr dw, jW mnuKW ivckwr AMqr-
kwrj dw AiDAYn krdw hY[ ieh mnuKI sBwvW dy suBw Aqy mnorQ; auh
FMg ijs rwhIN v`K-v`K sBwvW pYdw huMdIAW, ivkws krdIAW Aqy
bdldIAW hn Aqy Aijhy ivSvwSW Aqy pRQwvW ijhVIAW iehnW sBwvW
nUM rUp pRdwn krdIAW hn, bwry jwxkwrI pRwpq krn ivc shweI huMdw
hY[6
smwj Swsqr ivc mnuKI jIvn dy bhup`KI AiDAYn nUM Swiml kIqw
igAw hY[ ieh mnuKW dy AwpsI sbMDW, jIvn ivc ivkws Aqy qbdIlI Awid
p`KW qy rOSnI pw ky nvyN is`itAW qy phuMcx ivc shwieqw krdw hY[ ies ivc
18
smwijk jIvn dy bhu-pihlUey pRpMc dw vsqUgq AiDAYn Swiml hY[ ies sbMD
ivc inrmlw jYn dw ivcwr hY:
smwj Swsqr smwj ivc mnuK dI siQqI Aqy gqI dw vsqUgq AiDAYn
krdw hY smwijk sMsQwvW Aqy smwijk pRikirAwvW dy mwiDAm rwhIN
smwijk siQrqw Aqy gqISIlqw dy AiDAYn nwl smwj SwsqrI icMqn
dw gihrw sbMD hY[7
ies qrHW smwj Swsqr ivigAwnk FMg nwl smwj dw, smwijk
sMsQwvW Aqy smwijk pRikirAwvW dw AiDAYn krdw hY[ smwj Swsqr kyvl
isDWqk p`Dr au`pr hI nhIN ivcrdw sgoN ivhwrk phuMc nUM vI Awpxy klyvr
lYNdw hY[ smwj Swsqr gru`pW ivc rihMdy mnuK dy ivhwr jW AMqr sbMDW dw
AiDAYn hY[ auhnW AkIidAW Aqy pRQwvW nUM vI smJx dy Awhr ivc rihMdw hY
ijhVIAW ienHW nUM rUp pRdwn krdIAW hn[ Asl ivc smwj Swsqr dw ivSw
bhuq ivAwpk hY Aqy iesnMU pirBwSw dIAW idSwvW ivc inSicq nhIN kIqw jw
skdw[ smwj SwsqrIAW duAwrw id`qIAW pirBwSwvW Awps ivc kw&I imldIAW
juldIAW hn[ jykr AsIN ienHW swrIAW pirBwSwvW dw AiDAYn krIey qW ies
nqIjy qy puijAw jw skdw hY ik smwj Swsqr smwj dw ivigAwnk AiDAYn hY,
ies dy Gyry ivc smwj ivcly mnu`K dw ivigAwnk Aqy vsqUgq AiDAYn
AwauNdw hY[ smwj Swsqr mnuKI sMgTn dI hoNd, ivkws, audyS Aqy srUp nMU
inrDwirq krdw hoieAw smwj dy aunHW swry rIqI-irvwzW ijhVy iesnUM iek lVI
ivc proNdy hn, dw AiDAYn krdw hY[
swihq AiDAYn ivDIAW Aqy smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw ivDI
vIhvIN sdI dy dUjy AD mgroN ivigAwn Aqy qknwlojI dy Kyqr ivc
nw isr& kRWqIkwrI qbdIlIAW vwprIAW blik pMjwbI swihq icMqn dy Kyqr
ivc vI v`fy pirvrqn vwpry[ ivigAwn Aqy qknwlojI dy Kyqr ivc vwprIAW
qbdIlIAW ny pRikrqI, smwj Aqy mnuK dIAW mwnisk pRikirAwvW nMU vyKx,
prKx dw iek nvW sMdrB pRvwn kIqw hY[ ies sB kuJ sdkw jIvn, swihq
19
Aqy icMqn dy Kyqr ivc pRq`Kx, sMklpn Aqy smUrqn dIAW nvIAW AtklW
Aqy jwvIey hoNd ivc Awey[ ies smu`cy rUp ivc vwprI qbdIlI sdkw ivSv
p`Dr aupr swihq AiDAYn dIAW vI in`q nvIAW AiDAYn ivDIAW ny hoNd gRihx
kIqI hY[ pRwcIn pRxwlIAW ArsqUvwdI, ieiqhwisk Aqy pRBwvvwdI, nvIn
pRxwlIAW mnoivigAnk, sONdrXvwdI, SYlI ivigAwnk, imQo-kwivk Aqy
lokXwink Awid ny isDWqk mu`idAW dy mh`qv Aqy swrQkqw nMU kyNdr ivc lY
AWdw[
jykr ienHW swihq AiDAYn ivDIAW v`l iDAwn mwirAw jwvy qW pqw
cldw hY ik ienHW swrIAW pRxwlIAW dI hoNd swihq AiDAYn dI rIJ ivcoN
aupjdI hY[ swihq dI hoNd v`l iDAwn mwirAw jwvy qW iesnMU smwj/sMdrB,
lyKk, pwTk Aqy rcnw nwl joV ky smJx dw Xqn kIqw jWdw hY[ swihq nMU
lyKk, pwTk, smwj/sMdrB Aqy rcnw dy Awpxy vjUd dy kox qoN vyKx qoN hI
v`K-v`K AiDAYn pRxwlIAW Awpxw vjUd hwsl krnw AwrMB krdIAW hn[
ies pRkwr ienHW v`K-v`K AiDAYn pRxwlIAW ivcoN swihq dI smwj
SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI dI vI AwpxI v`KrI hoNd hY[ ieh Awlocnw pRxwlI lMmI
ieiqhwisk ivkws pRikirAw dOrwn sQwipq hoeI[ pMjwbI swihq jgq dy Kyqr
ivc iesdw vrqwrw qW AsloN hI nvIN g`l hY[ smyN dy bIqx nwl pMjwbI swihq
Awlocnw dy Kyqr ivc vI ies ivc idlcspI vDdI geI Aqy ies pRxwlI ny
AwpxI ivSyS QW bxw leI hY[ swihq isrjxw swihiqk rcnwvW dy pRswr nwl
sbMiDq AnykW pihlUAW dI soJI Aqy ivSlySx ivc ieh pRxwlI bhuq shwiek
hY[ ieh AiDAYn ivDI igAwn dIAW Anyk SwKwvW nwl sMvwd Aqy ivroDI
idRStIAW nwl sMGrS auprMq A`gy vDI hY[ ies ny isrjxwqmkqw, rcnw, ausdy
ivvycn sbMDI pRcil`q AnykW nvIAW purwxIAW rh`svwdI, AiDAwqimk,
ivAkqIvwdI Aqy rUpvwdI mwnqwvW nMU cuxOqI id`qI hY[ ies krky iesdw s^q
ivroD hoieAw[ ieh swihq nMU XQwrQvwdI Aqy Awlocnwqmk FMg nwl vyKx
20
prKx leI XqnSIl hY[ ies leI prMprwgq, klwvwdI Aqy ivAkqIvwdI
idRStIkoxW duAwrw iesdw ivroD huMdw AwieAw hY Aqy A`j vI ho irhw hY[
rUsI rUpvwdI, nv-AmrIkI Awlock Aqy sMrcnwvwdI ivcwrk swihq
dI ^udmu^iqAwr hoNd nUM mMndy hn[ smwj SwsqrI swihiqk idRStIAW nMU auh
swihq bwhry idRStIkox hI mMndy hn[ rUpvwdI suhjvwdI Awlocnw pRxwlI jo
iksy rcnw dIAW sMrcnwqmk jugqW ijvyN GtnwvW, pwqrwvlI, plwt, bxqr,
buxqI Aqy SYlI vgYrw dI pihcwx krvwaux v`l vDyry kyNdirq hY[ ieh vDyry
iDAwn rcnw dy rUp qy kyNdirq krdy hn Aqy ieh mMndy hn ik swihq
ivigAwn dw Kyqr swihiqk ikrq nhIN aus ivc pyS hoeI swihiqkqw hY[ ies
pRkwr ieh ‘AMqrMg’ Awlocnw pRxwlIAW hn[fw. surjIq isMG B`tI Anuswr:
rUpvwdI isDWq, rcnw nMU rcnhwr qoN Al`g krky dyKx dI vkwlq krdw
hY hr ikrq dy Awpxy sMrcnwqmk gux l`Cx huMdy hn jo kyvl rcnw dw
ivSlySx krky hI l`By jw skdy hn[ auh rcnw dy lyKk nwloN Aqy rcnw
nMU iksy ivSyS mnorQ, audyS jW pRcwr nwloN vI qoV ky vyKx dy smrQk
sn[ iksy rcnw dI swrQkqw ausdy vsqU ivc nhIN sgoN aunHW rUpwqmk
jugqW rwhIN swkwr huMdI hY, ijnHW dy ivSyS pRXog krn nwl pwT dI
swihiqkqw dI isrjxw krdw hY[8
iesdy ault smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw pRxwlI ‘bihrMg’ Awlocnw
pRxwlI hY jo swihq dI smwijkqw Bwv rcnw vsqU nMU AiDAYn dw AwDwr
bxwauNdI hY[ ieh swihq ikrq ivclI idRSt/AidRSt smwijkqw dw AiDAYn
ivSlySx krn v`l ruicq huMdI hY ikauNik iksy vI swihiqk ikrq dy isrijq
sMswr ivc smwijk XQwrQ dI hoNd pRq`K jW proK rUp ivc smweI huMdI hY jo
iksy sMdrB ivc inihq huMdI hY [
swihq dy smwj SwsqrI icMqn ny swihq nMU smwj nwl do p`DrW qy
joiVAw hY[ iek p`Dr qy smwj nMU swihq dI auqp`qI Aqy ausdw rUp inrDwirq
krn vwlI qwkq dy rUp ivc Aqy dUjI p`Dr qy swihq nUM smwj dw drpx
21
mMinAw igAw hY[ ies drpx ivc swihq dy smwijk srokwrW dy rUp pRqIibMbq
huMdy hn[
rUpvwd dI qrHW hI sMrcnwvwdI AiDAYn pRxwlI ny vI iek
pRBwvSwlI lihr dw rol Adw kIqw[ sMrcnwvwd iek AijhI icMqn idRStI hY jo
BwSw ivigAwn dy sMklpW Aqy AMqr idRStIAW nMU mwfl vWg vrqdI hY[
AwrMBk Awlocnw pRxwlIAW ieiqhws mwfl nMU AwDwr bxwauNdIAW sn,
sMrcnwvwd ivigAwn mwfl nMU ApxwauNdw hY[ iekwlk/dukwlk dw inKyVw
ivigAwn Aqy ieiqhws dw inKyVw hY[ sMrcnwvwd dukwlk ieiqhwsk mwfl dy
mukwbly iekwlkI mwfl qy bl idMdw hY[ sMrcnwvwd mnu`K dw AiDAYn ausdI
svY-pUrn Aqy suqMqr hsqI dy rUp ivc krn dI QW vfyrI sMrcnw dy AMS rUp
v`joN krdw hY[ swihq vsqU duAwrw nhIN BwSw duAwrw bxdw hY[ sMrcnwvwd pwT
nUM BwSk sqh mMnidAW swihiqkqw aupr idRStI kyNdirq krdw hY[ ies qrHW
rUpvwd dI qrHW hI sMrcnwvwd vI swihiqkqw qy idRStI kyNdirq krdw hY[fw.
surjIq isMG B`tI dw ivcwr hY:
rUpvwd Aqy sMrcnwvwd dovyN rcnw nMU iek bMd isstm v`joN lYNdy hn Aqy
vsqU nMU Axif`T kridAW isr& rUp au~qy iDAwn kyNdirq krdy hn[ dovyN
swisaUr dy BwSw ivigAwnk mwfl Anuswr lYNg/pYrol Aqy
iekwlk/dukwlk dy mwfl rwhIN swihq ikrq nMU smJx dI koiSs krdy
hn[ rUpvwdI rcnw nMU pYrol mMnidAW isstm nwloN iesdI
ivl`Kxqw/ivAkiqkqw aupr bl idMdy hn[ sMrcnwvwdI rcnw nMU pYrol
mMnidAW ies dI ivAkqIgq hoNd nUM isstm dy inXmW ivc Fwlx dw
Xqn kridAW, smu`cy isstm dI punr auswrI ichn isstm v`joN krn
ivc idlcspI r`Kdy hn[9
swisaUur dy BwSw ivigAwnk mwflW nMU AwDwr bxw ky AiDAYn
krn vwlIAW ieh Awlocnw ivDIAW nMU smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw pRxwlI v`loN r`d
kr id`qw igAw hY[ aunHW Anuswr BwSw nMU sMvwdI, smwijk, ivcwrDwrk pRvwn
22
krky smwj ivc rih rhy v`K-v`K smUhW dy ih`qW nwl joiVAw hY[ ies pRkwr jy
BwSw jW ichn hI ivcwrDwrk jW smwijk hY iPr iksy rcnw dw isstmI
AiDAYn jo isr& BwSweI jugqW jW BwSweI iekweIAW q`k sImq hovy rcnw nwl
iensw& nhIN kr skdw[ mu`l mukq hox sdkw ieh icMqn ivDI mhwn rcnwvW
Aqy swDwrn rcnwvW ivckwr inKyVw krn leI koeI pRmwixk mwpdMf sQwipq
nhIN kr skI[
fw. hirBjn isMG pwT-kyNdirq Awlocnw ivDI dw pRmu`K pRvkqw hY
Aqy sdw swihq rcnw dIAW AWqirk ivSySqwvW dw AiDAYn krn v`l ruicq
irhw hY[ auh smwj Swsqr nMU swihq Swsqr leI ^qrw smJdw hoieAw inrol
swihq Swsqr auswrn dy h`k ivc XqnSIl irhw hY pRMqU ivhwrk p`Dr qy ijs
smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn nMU auh ‘bihrMg’ kih ky r`d krdw sI AwpxI rcnw
‘iek ^q qyry nW’ Aqy AwpxIAW dUjIAW Awlocnwqmk ikrqW ivc auh Awpxy
ies isDWq dw KMfn krdw hY[ aus Anuswr:
klw ikrq nMU kdy vI ieiqhwsk jW smwj SwsqrI dsqwvyz dy qOr qy
vriqAw nhIN jw skdw jd q`k iesdy smwijk pRsMgW nwl sbMDW dy
suBwA nMU pUrI qrHW inrDwirq nhIN kr ilAw jWdw[10
ies pRkwr fw. hirBjn isMG dIAW ilKqW ivc smwj Aqy swihq dy
AwpsI sbMDW dw foldw sMquln sihjy hI smwj Aqy swihq dy Atu`t irSqy v`l
sMkyq kr jWdw hY[ dohW ivcly AwpsI AMqr sbMDW qoN eynI aucyc nwl kMnIN bcw
ky lMGx vwly AwlockW nUM vI ivhwrk p`Dr qy ienHW sbMDW nMU mjbUrI vs sp`St
krnw pYNdw hY[
iesy qrHW pUrbI icMqn pRxwlI ivc vI swihq AiDAYn dI iek lMmI
prMprw hY[ BwrqI kwiv Swsqr ivc BwrqI AwlockW dI iek v`fI igxqI smyN-
smyN Awlocnw Kyqr ivc vwDw krdI rhI hY[ BwrqI AwlockW dIAW Awlocnw
idRStIAW dy PlsrUp rs, DunI, AlMkwr, vkRokqI, rIqI Aqy AOicqX isDWq
hoNd ivc Awey[ pr auprokq isDWq swihq dy icMqn pRqI AwqmwvwdI phuMc dy
23
DwrnI hn[ BrqmunI qoN lY ky jgnnwQ Awid q`k swry AcwrIAw kwiv dI
Awqmw nMU idRStIgocr krdy hoey swihq dy rUp p`K dI sRyStqw dy Gyry q`k hI
sImq rihMdy hn[ isr& AcwrIAw mMmt Aqy ivSvnwQ ny Awpxy gRMQW kRmvwr
‘kwivX pRkwS’ Aqy ‘swihqX drpx’ ivc swihq dy smwijk pRsMgW nMU AwpxI
icMqn idRStI dw kyNdr ibMdU bxwieAw hY[ swihq dy smwijk pirpyK dI prMprw
BwrqI kwiv Swsqr dy auprokq AcwrIAW dIAW Awlocnw idRStIAW nwl jw
juVdI pRqIq huMdI hY[
swihq dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn krdy smyN smwj qoN iknwrwkSI
nhIN kIqI jw skdI blik smwj dIAW kdrW-kImqW nMU idRStIgocr krnw
zrUrI huMdw hY ikauNik ienHW dI smJ qoN ibnW swihq nMU priKAw nhIN jw skdw[
ijs pRkwr v`K-v`K smwj iek dUjy qoN iBMnqw r`Kdy hn ausy qrHW hr smwj dIAW
kdrW-kImqW ivc vI iBMnqw pweI jWdI hY[ ies pRkwr smwijk sMdrB nMU jwxy
ibnW swihiqk sMdrB nMU jwnxw AsMBv hY[ fw. hirBjn isMG BwtIAw dw ivcwr
hY:
smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn dI mUl Srq ieh hY ik swihq Aqy swihq
AiDAYn nwl sMbMiDq vrqwirAW nMU inrpyK rUp ivc nw vyiKAw jwvy
ArQwq swihq nMU iek swihiqk hoNd smJ ky isr& iesdI sMrcnw ivc
kwrjSIl q`qW dy AwpsI sbMD dI pCwx krky swihq dy ivl`Kx suhj dI
pCwx q`k AiDAYn kwrj nMU sImq nw kIqw jwvy blik swihq sMrcnw
ip`Cy kwrjSIl smwijk vrqwirAW dI prK kIqI jwvy[11
swihq ikauNik smwj dI hU-b-hU qsvIr pyS nhIN krdw blik auh
suhjwqmkqw Aqy klwqmkqw dy AMSW nwl lbryz huMdw hY[ iesy krky swihq
Aqy smwj dy dvMdwqmk irSqy pRqI swihqkwr dw cyqMn hoxw Aiq zrUrI hY[
iksy rcnw dy pUry ArQ Aqy Bwv smJx leI smwijk sMdrB nMU smJxw lwzmI
huMdw hY ikauNik ArQ sMdrB ivc hI inihq huMdw hY[ Asl ivc swihq dI smwj
SwsqrI phuMc ivDI rwhIN rcnw dy suhj mu`lW, klw mu`lW Aqy jIvn mu`lW nMU iek
24
sWJI iekweI v`joN vyKx dw mwfl pyS kIqw hY[ ieh phuMc ivDI swihq dy
ivSlySx nMU sImq dwiery ivcoN bwhr k`FdI hY Aqy iesnMU ivAwpkqw Aqy
ivSwlqw pRdwn krdI hY[
rUpvwdI Aqy sMrcnwvwdI Awlocnw pRxwlI dI qrHW hI nv-AmrIkI
Awlocnw pRxwlI vI rcnwkwr dy ivAkqIqv, rcnw dy smwj siBAwcwrk
sMdrB Aqy pwTk aupr pYx vwly pRBwv dy msilAW nMU nhIN ivcwrdI blik
iesdw kyNdrI mzmUn ^ud rcnw hY ijsdw inkt AiDAYn iesdw audyS hY[ ikrq
dy pwT-mUlk AiDAYn duAwrw ieh Awlocnw ivDI aunHW AMgW, jugqW Aqy nymW dI
qlwS krdI hY jo ikrq dI bxqr ivc kwrjSIl huMdy hn[ ies pRkwr ieh
Awlocnw pRxwlI rUpvwdI Aqy sMrcnwvwdI Awlocnw pRxwlIAW nwl imldI-juldI
hY[ ij`Qy smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw pRxwlI drSn, rwjnIqI, AwriQkqw Aqy
ieiqhws vrgy AnuSwsnW ivclIAW pRwpqIAW Aqy AiDAYn ivDIAW nMU nwl lY ky
cldI hY au~Qy dUjy pwsy iesdy ault rUpvwdI, sMrcnwvwdI Aqy nv-AmrIkI
Awlocnw pRxwlI auprokq AnuSwsnW qoN iknwrwkSI krky qurdIAW hn[ ieh
gixq Aqy swiebrnYitks dy kuJ AmlW Aqy BwSw ivigAwnk mwflW q`k Awpxy
Awp nMU sImq r`KdIAW hn[ sMrcnwvwdI pRxwlI dw ieh dwAvw hY ik ieh rUp
Aqy vsqU nMU inKyV ky nhIN sgoN Ain`KV qOr qy dyKdI hY Aqy ies qrHW nwl ieh
smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn dy ikrq dI smwijkqw au~qy zor dyx dy aulwr nMU dUr
kr rhI hY pr ivAwpk rUp ivc ieh dUjy pwsy aulwr ho jWdI hY[ rUpvwdI,
sMrcnwvwdI Aqy nv-AmrIkI Awlock rcnw nMU rcnhwr Aqy smwijk sMdrB
qoN Al`g krky vyKx dI vkwlq krdy hn[ auh hr qrHW nwl rcnw nMU ausdy
lyKk nwloN iksy ivSyS mnorQ, audyS jW pRcwr nwloN vI qoV ky vyKx dy smrQk
sn[
jdoN koeI rcnw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn dw kyNdr bxdI hY qW rcnw
dI sMrcnw nMU ivcwrn dy nwl-nwl smwijk sMdrB nMU A`KoN proKy nhIN kIqw
jWdw[ hr rcnw soSl (Social) huMdI hY[ ieh smwj ivc pYdw huMdI hY, smwj
25
ivc rihMdI hY, smwj ivc ijaUNdI hY Aqy smwj ivc hI iesdw AslI mu`l pYNdw
hY[
swihq smwj dy inrmwx ivc iek kVI dw kMm krdw hY Aqy smwj
SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI swihq Aqy smwj dy irSqy nMUu hor vI pkyrw krdI hY[
swihq Aqy smwj dw mu`l dohW dI iek`TI hoNd nwl hI sMBv hY ikauNik swihq qoN
ibnW smwj iek swDwrn inrMqr pRvwh hY jo byrok vih irhw hY pr swihqkwr
aus inrMqr pRvwh nMMU kwlpink rMgx dy ky rcnw dy rUp ivc pwTkW dy swhmxy
pyS krdw hY iPr aus swihq dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn aus rcnw dw incoV
pyS krdw hY[ ies pRkwr swihq smwj dy XQwrQ dI klwqmk rUp ivc
AiBivAkqI huMdI hY[ ies ivc pirvwirk sm`isAwvW, AwriQkqw dy AwDwr qy
jW GrylU jwiedwd sbMDI msilAW Awid nMU pyS kIqw jWdw hY[ vrg vMf dI
sm`isAw m`uK hY[ inmn vrg nMU sMGrSmeI jIvn ibqwauNdw Aqy du`K Bogdy
idKwieAw jWdw hY Aqy iesdy ault au~c vrg nMU ZrIbW qy qS`dd Aqy zulm
krdyy idKwieAw jWdw hY[ AwriQk nw brwbrI sbMDI msly vI ies ivc AwauNdy
hn Aqy iesdy AMqrgq inmn vrg sMqwp Bogdw hY[ ies qRwsdI ip`Cy kMm
krdIAW gqIivDIAW Aqy kwrnW nMU hI smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn duAwrw pRgt
kIqw jWdw hY ikauNik hr cIz dy do pihlU huMdy hn[ iek pihlU auh jo AwswnI
nwl idKweI idMdw hY Aqy dUjw pihlU auh hY ijsnMU iek smwj SwsqrI dI nzr
hI dyK skdI hY[ swihq dy smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn inrmlw jYn dw ivcwr hY:
smwj dy pRqIibMb dy rUp ivc swihq dw AiDAYn Aqy lyKk dy smwijk
sMdrB dI idRStI qoN swihq dw AiDAYn smwj SwsqrI idRStIkox dIAW
mu`K ivDIAW hn[12
swihq dy smwj Swsqr rwhIN ies q`Q dw vI AiDAYn kIqw jWdw hY
ik koeI rcnw ikhVy ivSyS kwrnW krky iviSst ieiqhwisk kwlW ivc siQr
rihMdI hY Aqy ausdI pRsMigkqw bxI rihMdI hY[ smwj SwsqrI idRStIkox qoN
iksy vI swihq dw AiDAYn aus smwijk XQwrQ nMU smJx ivc shweI ho skdw
26
hY ijhVw aus rcnw ivc pyS hoieAw huMdw hY[ so smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn iksy
vI smwj dy keI Cupy pihlUAW nMU pwTkW dy swhmxy idRStIgocr krdw hY[ ieh
swihq dw Aijhw mh`qvpUrn ih`sw hY ijs qoN ibnW swihq ADUrw hY Aqy smwj
AxpCwqw hI rih jWdw hY [ smwj SwsqrI idRStI rwhIN hI smwj nMU smiJAw
Aqy priKAw jw skdw hY[ fw. mYnyjr pWfy dy ivcwr Anuswr swihq dy smwj
Swsqr nMU smJx leI iqMn pRkwr dIAW ivDIAW dI mdd leI jw skdI hY:
1. swihq ivc smwj dI Koj
2. smwj ivc swihq dI s`qw Aqy swihqkwr dI siQqI dw ivvycn
3. swihq Aqy pwTk dy sbMDW dw ivSlySx13
swihq dy smwj Swsqr rwhIN rcnw dy AMdrUnI Aqy bwhrI p`KW qy
iDAwn kyNdirq kIqw jWdw hY[ ies ivDI rwhIN rcnw dw bVI brIkI, nIJ Aqy
fUMGweI nwl ivSlySx kIqw jWdw hY[ hr swihiqk rcnw Awpxy smyN dIAW
smwijk, Dwrimk, rwjnIiqk, AwriQk Aqy siBAwcwrk hwlqW nwl pUrI qrHW
sbMiDq huMdI hY[ ijs pRkwr ienHW pRsiQqIAW ivc pirvrqn vwprdw hY ausy
pRkwr swihqkwr vI ies qbdIlI nMU swihiqk rcnw ivc AmlI rUp idMdw hY[
swihq pRqI smwj SwsqrI phuMc A^iqAwr krn vwlw ivdvwn swihq ivcoN
kyvl smwj dI Koj hI nhIN krdw blik auh shI ArQW ivc ikrq dw
ivigAwnk AiDAYn krky ausdI Awlocnw krdw hY[ AiDAYn krdy smyN auh
iksy vI p`K nMU A`KoN proKy nhIN krdw sgoN ikrq dy AMdrUnI vyrivAW dy nwl-
nwl bwhrI p`KW qy vI brwbr iDAwn idMdw hY[ Asl ivc iek smwj SwsqrI
Awlock dw audyS rcnw dI isr& ivAwiKAw krnw nhIN huMdw blik rcnw dI
smwijk mh`qv dI ivAwiKAw krnw huMdw hY ikauNik swihiqk rcnw dI
ivAwiKAw leI qW hor vI keI Awlocnw pRxwlIAW pRcil`q hn[ ies leI
swihq Aqy smwj dw sbMD isDw nhIN hY blik ieh v`K-v`K m`DvrqI sbMDW dI
jitl sMrcnw hY[
swihq dw smwj Swsqr: ieiqhwisk ivkws
27
smwijk icMqn dw ieiqhws, pRikrqI Aqy mnuK dy sMGrS dy
smwnAMqr hI AwrMB huMdw hY[ iviBMn pVwvW ivc vwpry ieiqhwisk pirvrqnW
nwl ausdw ivsqwr huMdw jWdw hY[ ies idRStI qoN smwijk ivcwrW dw ieiqhws
aunW hI pRwcIn hY ijMnw mnuKI smwj[ siBAqw Aqy sMsikRqI dy ivkws dy iksy
vI p`Dr qy mnuK ijauNdyy rihx dIAW sm`isAwvW Aqy icMqwvW qoN mukq nhIN ho
sikAw[ mnuK ny ijauN hI ienHW sm`isAwvW dy smwDwn qy ivcwr krnw AwrMB
kIqw qW smwijk ivcwr dw jnm hoieAw[ iksy vI pYdw hoey nvyN ivcwr nUM
ivvsiQq Aqy sQwipq krn leI bhuq smW lgdw hY[ plYto dy Anukrx isDWq
ivc swihq nUM smwj dy pRqIibMb dy rUp ivc vyKx dI Dwrnw AMqrinihq hY[
swihq dy srUp nMU smwj inrDwirq krdw hY, ieh Dwrnw sqwrHvIN ATwrvIN sdI
dOrwn prMprwgq rUp ivc pRcilq sI[ sqwrHvIN sdI dy lyKkW ny swihq dy mu`l
nMU lgBg dsqwvyz dy rUp ivc smiJAw sI[ AYfmMf ivlsn ivko (Admond
Vilson Vico) dI pusqk inaU swieMs (New Science 1725) ivc:
swihq nMU smwj dy pRqIibMb dy rUp ivc vyKx dI Dwrnw AMqrinihq hY[
ivko (Vico) ny ivSv Aqy ieiqhws dy smwijk p`KW nMU BlI BWq smJ
ilAw sI[14
ies qrHW ausny ieh smJ ilAw sI ik ivSv dw smwijk rUp vDyry
krky mnuK dI rcnw hY iksy AlOikk sqw dI nhIN[ ies leI aus dIAW
sMsQwvW Aqy nwl hI klwvW dw ivSlySx lOikk SbdwvlI ivc hI kIqw jw
skdw hY[ ies qrHW BwvyN swihq Aqy smwj dy sbMDW bwry crcw sqwrHvIN
ATwrvIN sdI qoN huMdI Aw rhI hY pr smwj Swsqr dI ivvsiQq ivigAwn dy
rUp ivc sQwpnw aunIvIN sdI dI dyx hY ijsdy pihly sMsQwpk hox dw mwx
PrYNc dwrSink AOgsq kwmqy (Auguste Comte) nUM pRwpq hY[ ies sbMDI
sYmUAl koieinMg (Samuel Koenig) dw ivcwr hY:
iek PrWsIsI, AOgsq kwmqy (Auguste Comte) nMU prMprwgq qOr qy
smwj ivigAwn dw jnmdwqw mMinAw jWdw hY[ Sbd smwj ivigAwn nMU
28
(1839 ivc) GVn, smwj ivigAwn dy Kyqr dI pirBwSw krn Aqy
iesdI vrqoN dIAW ivDIAW nMU sQwipq krn dw ishrw vI kwmqy dy isr
hI b`Jdw hY[15
AOgsq kwmqy ny smwj Swsqr dy ivSy Kyqr dw inrDwrn kIqw,
smwj dy punr gTn dI ip`TBUmI pyS kIqI, ivigAwnW dy vrgIkrn dw nvW
isDWq sQwipq kIqw Aqy aunHW dy prspr sbMDW qy rOSnI pweI[ smwj Swsqr
dw ivSw smwijk ivigAwnW Aqy ivAwiKAwvW dw pqw lgwauxw hY ijs ivc
smwj sMgiTq rih sky[ kwmqy ny Aijhy nvIn ivigAwn dI loV mihsUs kIqI
jo smwijk GtnwvW dw pRq`KvwdI isDWqW dy AwDwr qy sm`uicq AiDAYn kr
sky[ kwmqy ny Awpxy smwj Swsqr nMU do mUl BwgW ivc vMifAw hY[
1. smwijk siQqI ivigAwn
2. smwijk gqI ivigAwn
smwijk siQqI ivigAwn dw kMm smwijk FWcy dw AiDAYn Aqy
smwijk ikirAwvW, pRqIikirAwvW nwl sbMiDq inXmW dw ivSlySx krnw hY[
dUjy pwsy smwijk gqI ivigAwn smwj dy pirvrqnW, ivkws Aqy ausnUM clwaux
vwly inXmW dw AiDAYn krdw hY[
smwj Swsqr dy nwmkrx sbMDI ivdvwnW ivc mqByd hY[ dUjy
pwsy iek hor ivcwr swhmxy AwieAw hY ijs Anuswr AYln sivMgvu`f (Alan
Swingewood) ny PrWsIsI ivdvwn ‘AfolP ihpoilq qyn’(Adolphe Hippolyte
Taine) (1823-93) nMU igAwn dI ies nv ivkisq SwKw dw sMsQwpk mMinAw
hY[ ienHW dohW ivcwrW qoN ibnW iek qIjw ivcwr vI swhmxy AwieAw hY ijs
Anuswr qyn qoN pihlW PrWs ivc swihq dy smwj SwsqrI icMqn dI iek
prMprw bx rhI sI ijsdI ausny vrqoN kIqI :
PrWs ivc swihq dy smwj SwsqrI icMqn dI prMprw ivvsiQq rUp ivc
mwdwm sqyl (1766-1817) dI pusqk “smwijk sMsQwvW nwl swihq dy
sbMD qy ivcwr” (1800 eI:) nwl SurU hoeI[16
29
ies pRkwr auprokq ivcwrW nMU iDAwngocry krdy hoey ieh nqIjw
inkldw hY ik smwj SwsqrI icMqn dw AwrMB Awgsq kwmqy Aqy qyn qoN pihlW
mwdwm sqyl dI pusqk “smwijk sMsQwvW nwl swihq dy sbMD qy ivcwr” nwl
AwrMB huMdw hY jo ik Awgsq kwmqy Aqy qyn qoN pihlW 1800 eI: ivc ilKI
geI[ ies krky smwj SwsqrI icMqn dI prMprw aunIvIN sdI dI dyx hY[
ivigAwnk rUp ivc ies icMqn ivDI nMU sQwipq krn qoN mgroN v`K-v`K
ivdvwnW ny iesnMU ivkisq Aqy pUrn rUp ivc sQwipq kIqw[
smwijk mwiDAm jW pRikrqI duAwrw hI klwqmk isrjx leI
mwnisk siQqI dw inrmwx huMdw hY[ qyn dI idRStI ivc klw smwj dI smUihk
AiBivAkqI hY[ auh ivAkqI dIAW sihj Aqy vMSgq ivSySqwvW, mwnisk
bnwvt jW suBwA Aqy srIrk sMrcnw dy rUp ivc pRjwqI dI ivAwiKAw krdw
hY[ auh pRjwqI dI cyqnw Aqy cir`qr dIAW ivSySqwvW nMU hI ausdy ieiqhws,
klw Aqy drSn Awid dw kwrn mMndw hY[
qyn dI dUjI Dwrnw pirvyS jW vwqwvrn dI hY[ pirvyS ivc auh
pRwikriqk pirvyS au~pr mu`K zor idMdw hY pr iesdy AMqrgq smwijk pirvyS
nMU vI Swiml krdw hY[ aus ny mnuKI suBwA Aqy pRwikriqk pirvyS dy ivckwr
kwrj-kwrn sbMD sQwipq krky ausdy AwDwr ’qy swihq dIAW ivSySqwvW dI
ivAwiKAw kIqI hY[
Xu`g dI ausdI qIjI Dwrnw dy mu`l ivc Xu`g cyqnw dw ivcwr kMm kr
irhw hY[ aus Anuuswr iek Xu`g ivc kuJ pRDwn ivcwr huMdy hn, aunHW dw bOiDk
sWcw huMdw hY jo pUry smwj dy icMqn nMMU pRBwivq krdw hY[ qyn ny sB qoN pihlW
Awpxy gRMQ ‘ihstrI AwP ieMgilS iltrycr’(History Of English Literature
1871) dI BUimkw ivc iliKAw hY:
koeI swihiqk ikRqI nw qW iek ivAkqI dI klpnw hY nw hI iksy
auqyijq mn dI BtkI hoeI iek`lI qrMg[ ieh smkwlIn rIqI-irvwzW
dw punr lyKn hY Aqy iek ivSyS pRkwr dy mnuK dI AiBivAkqI[ AsIN
30
mhwn rcnwvW rwhIN ieh jwx skdy hW ik iksy smyN Aqy smwj ivc
mnuK iks qrHW socdw Aqy AnuBv krdw hY[17
qyn ny swihq nMU SRyxI, kwl Aqy pRikrqI dw pRqIibMb mMndy hoey swihq
dy ivSw-vsqU Aqy srUp nMU is`Dw smwj nwl joiVAw hY pr ausdI pusqk nwl
swihq dw jo smwj Swsqr ivkisq hoieAw ausdI sB qoN v`fI kmzorI sI ik
auh ivSlySx dI iksy viSst p`DqI nMU jnm nw dy sikAw Aqy swihq pRqI
ausdI AvDwrnw inrol aupXogqwvwdI sI[ BwvyN qyn dy AwlockW v`loN aus dy
AivvsiQq ivvycn dI Awlocnw kIqI hY iPr vI ausdI swihq dy smwj Swsqr
pRqI dyx nMU A`KoN proKy nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ qyn ny swihq dy smwj Swsqr dI
ieh mwnqw BMg kr id`qI ik pusqk Awsmwn qoN AwauNdI hY[ ausdy Awlock vI
ausdI ies Dwrnw nMU nhIN nkwr sky ik klw mnuK dI mwniskqw dI aupj hY
Aqy mnu`K dI mwniskqw pRsiQqIAW qoN pRBwivq huMdI hY[
swihq dw smwj SwsqrI icMqn AwDuink smwj ivc swihq dI s`qw
Aqy swrQkqw dI pCwx dy bOiDk XqnW dI dyx hY[ hux pUrI smwijk pRikirAw
nwl swihq dw sbMD bdl igAw hY[ A`j dy smwj nwl swihq dy bdly hoey sbMD
nMU XQwrQvwdI FMg nwl smJx dI zrUrq hY nw ik ausdI kwlpink suqMqrqw
dI r`iKAw leI AMqrvrqI Awlocnw nwl juVy rihx dI[ mYnyjr pWfy dw kQn
hY:
A`jklH swihq dy smwj Swsqr dy ivkws dIAW do DwrwvW hn[ iek
Dwrw ivc swihq ivc smwj dI AiBivAkqI dI Koj huMdI hY[ ausnMU
AsIN mImWswvwdI Dwrw kih skdy hW[ dUsrI ivc swihq dI smwijk
siQqI dw ivvycn huMdw hY[ auh AnuBvvwdI Dwrw hY[ mImWswvwdI Dwrw dy
AMqrgq mwrksvwdI, Awlocnwqmk smwj SwsqrI Aqy sMrcnwvwdI
idRStIAW sikRA hn qy AnuBvvwdI p`DqI ivc purwxI ivDyAvwdI idRStI
dy nwl-nwl sMrcnwqmk-kwrjwqmk idRStIAW idKweI idMdIAW hn[18
31
ies pRkwr swihq dy smwj Swsqr dy Awlocnwqmk AiDAYn rwhIN
swihq dy smwijk mh`qv/ArQ dw ivSlySx Aqy swihq ivc smwj dI
AiBivAkqI dI inSwndyhI kIqI jWdI hY[ ies ivc swihiqk ikrq dI
ivAwiKAw, ausdI ivcwrDwrw dI pCwx Aqy ivcwrDwrw dy suhj boDk rUp dw
ivvycn ho skdw hY[ AnuBvvwdI AiDAYn swihq dI smwijk hoNd dI pCwx v`l
ruicq huMdw hY[ ieh swihiqk ikrq nMU bIj ibMdU qoN lY ky ausdy pRPuil`q Aqy
aupBog q`k dy swry pswrW dy iek jW iek qoN vDyry pihlU Awpxy klwvy ivc lY
skdw hY[
Awlocnwqmk AiDAYn smwj Aqy cyqnw dy ivkwsSIl sbMDW dI
ivAwiKAw leI isDWqk FWcy dw inrmwx zrUrI smJdw hY[ dUjy pwsy
AnuBvvwdI pRqIqI Aqy AnuBv qoN pRwpq q`QW nMU mh`qv idMdy hn[ Awlocnwqmk
AiDAYn ivc swihiqk rcnw nMU kyNdrI sQwn pRwpq huMdw hY ijs ivc swihq dy
smwj Swsqr dy iqMn p`KW-rcnw dI ivAwiKAw, rcnw dI ivcwrDwrw dI pCwx
Aqy ivcwrDwrw dy suhjwqmk rUp dw AiDAYn Swiml huMdw hY pr Ajoky
AnuBvvwdI rcnw dIAW pUrv pRsiQqIAW Aqy prvrqI pRsiQqIAW dw AiDAYn
krdy hn[
Awlocnwqmk smwj SwsqrIAW ny swihq dy smwj Swsqr dy ivkws
ivc mh`qvpUrn Xogdwn pwieAw ijnHW ivcoN AfornoN, hrvrt mwrkuies Aqy
ilE lwvyNQl dy nW pRmu`K hn pr ienHW ivcoN isr& ilE lwvyNQl ny hI sucyq Aqy
ivvsiQq rUp ivc swihq dy smwj Swsqr dw ivkws kIqw hY[ auh mhwn
ikrqW nMU AqIq nMU jwnx dw sB qoN v`fw sroq smJdw hY[ auh smkwlI swihq
nMU sroq dy rUp ivc svIkwr nhIN krdw sgoN ausdI ieh Dwrnw hY ik swihq
ivAkqIgq AnuBvW dw ieiqhwisk BMfwr hY[ ies rwhIN AsIN ieh jwxdy hW ik
iksy ivSyS Xu`g ivc jIvn dw AnuBv iks qrHW dw sI[ auh XQwrQ dI QW
XQwrQ dI AnuBuUqI Aqy aus pRqI idRStI nMU vDyry mh`qvpUrn smJdw hY[ ies
leI auh XQwrQ nMU icqrx nwloN rcnwkwr dI smwijk cyqnw nMU ivSlyiSq
32
krdw hY[ swihq ivc jIvn AnuBv Aqy jIvn dy AnuBvW ivc vI ivAkqIgq
AnuBUqIAW qy zor dyx dy kwrn lwvyNQl swihq dy smwj Swsqr ivc
mnoivigAwn dy aupXog nMU zrUrI mMndy hn[ auh smwijk mnoivigAwn nMU smJx
leI mnoivSlySx dI mdd vI lYNdy hn[ aus Anuswr smwj nwl swihq dy sbMD
dI Koj leI smUihk cyqnw Aqy ivAkqIgq cyqnw ivc sbMDW dI smJ zrUrI hY
Aqy ieh smJ mnoivigAwn qoN pRwpq huMdI hY[ ies qrHW mnoivigAwn swihq dy
smwj Swsqr dw shwiek hY[ ies qrHW lwvyNQl ny swihiqk rcnwvW dy gRihx,
boD Aqy pRBwv dI AiDAYn pDqI dw ivkws iksy dUjy smwj SwsqrI icMqk dI
qulnw ivc AiDk gMBIrqw nwl ivvsiQq rUp ivc kIqw hY[ lwvyNQl dy swihq
dy smwj Swsqr bwry girmw SRIvwsqv dw kQn hY:
ausdy inbMDW dy iqMn pRmu`K sMgRih hn (1) swihq Aqy mnuK dI
pirklpnw (2) swihq, lokipRX sMsikRqI Aqy smwj (3) kQw dI klw
Aqy smwj[ ienHW inbMDW ivc ausny swihq pRqI AwpxI AvDwrnw nMU
ivAkq kIqw hY[ auh mMndw hY ik iksy vI swihq qoN pwTk nMU jo jIvn
AnuBv imldy hn, auh in`jI hox dy nwl-nwl smwijk Aqy ieiqhwsk vI
huMdy hn[ lyKk kyvl drSk mwqr nhIN huMdw auh qW ieiqhwisk AnuBvW
dI gihrI AiBivAkqI krdw hY Aqy mnuKI jIvn dIAW idSwvW dy bwry
ivc AMqr idRStI dyx dI smr`Qw AiBivAkq krdw hY[19
ies pRkwr lwvyNQl ny swihq dy auqpwdn, ivqrx Aqy aupBog dI
pUrI pRikirAw nMU smwijk pRikirAw nwl joV ky vyiKAw hY[
swihiqk rcnw dI vsqU Aqy smUihk cyqnw ivckwr sbMDW dI
ivigAwnk puxCwx smwj SwsqrI icMqk lUsIAn golfmwn ny kIqI ausny swihq
dy smwj Swsqr sbMDI isDWqk crcw krdy hoey iesnMU iek suivvsiQq igAwn
AnuSwsn bxwieAw[ ausny swihiqk rcnw ivc pyS cyqnw dIAW smwijk jVHW
dI qlwS v`l iDAwn duAwieAw[ ausny iek ivAwpk ieiqhwsk smwj SwsqrI
idRStIkox dw inrmwx krn dw Xqn kIqw hY[ swihq Aqy smwj dy AwpsI
33
sbMDW nMU lY ky golfmwn ny ies p`K qy ivcwr kIqw ik swihq ivc smwj dw
AwrMB ikvyN huMdw hY? ij`Qy dUjy lyKk ies sbMD nMU ‘pRqIibMb’ dy rUp ivc ivAkq
krky sMquSt ho jWdy hn, a~uQy golfmwn ny sMrcnwprk DwrnwvW dy mwiDAm
nwl swihq dy smwijk audgm au~qy cwnxw pwieAw[ aus Anuswr:
swihiqk rcnw iek XQwrQ jW Kws smUihk cyqnw dw pRqIibMb nhIN,
blik auh ies qoN vI A`gy iksy ivSyS smUh jW vrg dI in`jI cyqnw dw
AMg huMdI hY-aus cyqnw dw AMg ijsdI sMklpnw Aijhy gqISIl XQwrQ
dy rUp ivc kIqI jwxI cwhIdI hY ijsdI dI pRivrqI iek ^ws qrHW dy
sMquln v`l huMdI hY[ ies ivc Aqy dUjy hor KyqrW ivc iek q`q Aijhw
hY jo mwrksvwdI smwj Swsqr nMU pRq`KvwdI, swpyKvwdI jW sMklnvwdI
smwj SwsqrI pRivrqIAW qoN v`K krdw hY[20
golfmwn swihq dy smwj Swsqr dI AwpxI ies pDqI nMU
‘auqpqImUlk sMrcnwvwd’ dw nwm idMdw hY[‘auqpqImUlk’ ies leI ik auh
swihq nMU isrjxwqmk pRikirAw mMnx qy zor idMdw hY[ hryk swihq rcnw lyKk
dI smwijk siQqI Aqy ausdy smUh dy mu`lW dy smnvY qoN jnmdI hY[ rcnwkwr
swihiqk rcnw dy mwiDAm rwhIN Awpxy smUh dIAW mh`qvpUrn sMrcnwvW dI
pySkwrI krdw hY[ ies pRkwr rcnw dy smwijk srUp dI pCwx audoN hI ho
skdI hY jykr lyKk dy Awpxy vrg jW smUh Aqy dUjy ivAkqIAW dy ivcwrW
Aqy BwvW nwl joV ky aunHW ivcly AMqr sbMDW nMU smiJAw jwvy[ koeI ikrq
smUhk cyqnw dI AiBivAikqI ienHW ArQW ivc huMdI hY ik ausdI ivSvidRStI
dIAW sMrcnwvW lyKk dIAW in`jI nhIN huMdIAW blik ausdy vrg dy dUjy lok vI
iesy ivSvidRStI dy sihBwgI huMdy hn[ iek vrg dI pUrI sMBwivq cyqnw vI
aus ivSvidRStI nMU inrimq krdI hY ijsdI AiBivAkqI klw, swihq, Drm
Aqy drSn rwhIN huMdI hY[
ivSvidRStI dI Dwrnw lUsIey golfmwn duAwrw pRsquq swihq dy smwj
Swsqr dI buinAwd hY[ ivSvidRStI nMU koeI iek`lw ivAkqI nhIN blik koeI
34
smUh hI smwijk ieiqhwisk pRikirAw ivc ivkisq krdw hY[iesdy nwl hI
ausny ikrq dy rUp, iSlp, BwSw dw ivvycn vI kIqw hY[ aus Anuswr swihiqk
rcnw dw fUMGw ivSlySx zrUrI hY[ausdI AMqrvsqU dw hI nhIN blik bwhrI rUp
dw AiDAYn vI zrUrI hY pr bwhrI rUp dy AiDAYn leI auh koeI Tos AwDwr
pRdwn nhIN krdw[
ieMglNYf dy pRis`D bu`DIjIvI icMqk rymMf ivlIAmz ny AwpxIAW iviBMn
ilKqW ivc smwj Swsqr, rwjnIqI, drSn Aqy Awlocnw dy Kyqr ivc mu`lvwn
DwrnwvW dI sQwpnw kIqI[ ausny swihq qy pwTk, swihq qy lyKk, swihq qy
BwSw, pRYs, pRkwSn, p`qRkwirqw, smwj Aqy lyKk dI siQqI Awid bwry Awpxy
mh`qvpUrn ivcwr pRsquq kIqy[ rymMf sMsikRqI nMU jIvn dI iek sm`gr p`DqI
dy rUp ivc vyKdw Aqy ausdy iviBMn q`qW qy prspr sbMDW dy AiDAYn qy zor
idMdw hY[ rymMf sMsikRqI nMU nw mu`lW dI AwdrS ivvsQw svIkwrdw hY Aqy nw hI
pUrnqw dI qlwS[ nw imhnq dw Pl Aqy nw Awrwm dI ayupj[ nw smwj dIAW
AwriQk, rwjnIiqk ikirAwvW dw pRqIibMb Aqy nw kuJ pRiqBwSwlI ivAkqIAW
dI rcnw[ smwj ivc sMsikRqI auho ijhw hI AwDwrBUq ivvhwr hY ijs qrHW
AwriQk Aqy rwjnIiqk ivhwr[ ij`Qy sWsikRiqk pRikirAwvW smwj dIAW
dUjIAW pRikirAwvW qoN pRBwivq huMdIAW hn au~Qy aunHW nMU pRBwivq vI krdIAW
hn[ dUjy pwsy iek hor q`Q auGV ky swhmxy AwauNdw hY ijs ivc rymMf swihq nMU
sMsikRqI dw pRmu`K rUp qW mMndw hY pr auh swihq ivc hI sMsikRqI dI Koj nhIN
krdw[ auh swihq nMU sWsikRiqk sMdrB ivc Aqy sMsikRqI nMU ivAwpk smwijk
sMdrB ivc r`K ky dyKx dw Xqn krdw hY[ mYnyjr pWfy Anuswr:
rymMf ivlIAm dy lyKx ivc smwj nwl sMsikRqI dy jIvMq Aqy
isrjxwqmk sbMD dI ivAwiKAw ivc mdd krn vwlI kyNdrI Dwrnw hY
‘AnuBUqI dI sMrcnw’[ vYsy qW ies Dwrnw dw aupXog sMsikRqI dy iviBMn
rUpW dy sMdrB ivc hoieAw hY, pr iesdw sB qoN AiDk pRmwixk, kuSl
35
Aqy s&l pRXog swihq dy iviBMn rUpW, rcnwvW Aqy rcnwkwrW dy pRsMg
ivc imldw hY[21
BwvyN kuJ AwlockW ny ausdI AnuBUqI dI sMrcnw nMU ivcwrDwrw dw
smwn ArQI mMinAw hY pRMqU rymMf Aijhw nhIN mMndw[ ausdw AnuBUqI qy zor dyx
dw mksd hY ausnMU ivSvidRStI Aqy ivcwrDwrw qoN v`K krnw[‘AnuBUqI dI
sMrcnw’ dw ivhwrk rUp ausdI nwvl bwry smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw ivc imldw
hY[ nwvl dI smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw ivc auh kyvl AnuBUqI dI Dwrnw q`k
sImq nhIN rihMdw blik XQwrQ dI Dwrnw dI vrqoN vI krdw hY[ iesdy nwl
hI ausny swihiqk ikrqW dy iSlp Aqy BwSw aupr hI iDAwn kyNdirq nhIN kIqw
blik aunHW dy pirvrqn Aqy ivkws nMU vI smwj nwl joiVAw hY[ ies qoN
ielwvw ausny lyKk dy smwijk mUl, ausdI isiKAw dw srUp Aqy ausdI jIvn
p`DqI nMU vI smwj nwl joV ky ivAwiKAwauNdw hY[
swihq dy smwj Swsqr bwry ivcwr crcw mwrksvwd dy izkr ibnW
ADUrI mMnI jwvygI[ BwvyN swihq mwrksvwdI ivcwrDwrw dy moFIAW dy icMqn dw
buinAwdI ivSw nhIN sI pRMqU iPr vI aunIvIN sdI dy pRmu`K ivcwrkW ivcoN qyn qoN
mgroN kwrl mwrks (1818-1883) Aqy PrYfirk eyyNglz (1820-1895) ny klw
nMU BOiqk Aqy AwriQk zrUrqW nwl joV ky swihq dy smwj SwsqrI icMqn nMU
iek nvIN idSw id`qI[ BwvyN vIhvIN sdI ivc mwrksvwd dy smwnWqr iek
ivroDI ivcwr pRxwlI dy rUp ivc smwj Swsqr dw ivkws hoieAw hY pRMqU ies
sdI ivc dohW nMU imlwaux dI koiSS vI kIqI geI hY[ smwj Swsqr Aqy
mwrksvwd dI eykqw sbMDI iqMn idRStIkox swhmxy Awey hn[ iek idRStIkox
mwrksvwd nMU hI s`cw smwj Swsqr mMndw hY[ dUjy idRStIkox Anuswr smwj
Swsqr mwrksvwdI smwj ivigAwn dI iek SwKw hY[ qIsry idRStIkox Anuswr
smwj SwsqrI AnuBvvwd Aqy rUpvwd dIAW sImwvW qoN smwj Swsqr nMU mukq
krky aus ivc ieiqhwisk BOiqkvwd dIAW ivSySqwvW ivkisq krn dw Xqn
krdy hn[ pihly idRStIkox vwly mwrksvwd nMU smwj Swsqr bxwauNdy hn[
36
iesdy alt dUjy Aqy qIjy idRStIkox vwly smwj Swsqr nMU mwrksvwd bxwauNdy
hn[
dvMdwqmk BOiqkvwd Aqy ieiqhwisk BOiqkvwd dIAW ivDIAW
mwrksvwdI smwj Swsqr dw AwDwr bxIAW qy ip`CoN Awaux vwly icMqkW ny ienHW
dI shwieqw nwl mwrksvwdI p`DqI nMU sQwipq kIqw[ kwrl mwrks ny Awpxy
gRMQ ‘ey kMtrIibaUSn tU dI ikRtIk AwP polItIkl iekwnwmI’ ivc swihq Aqy
klw nMU ivcwrDwrw dw hI iek rUp svIkwr kIqw hY jo smwj dy BOiqk Aqy
AwriQk jIvn ivcly pirvrqn klw Aqy swihq ivc vI pirvrqn ilAwauNdy
hn:
mwrksvwd dI sp`St mwnqw hY ik mnuK dw Bwv jW ivcwr jgq
smwijk BOiqk jIvn qoN inrpyK koeI vsqU nw ho ky aus dI pRqICwieAw
hY[22
jIvn dy BOiqk swDnW dy auqpwdn dy qrIky smwijk, rwjnIiqk,
bOiDk jIvn dI smu`cI pRikirAw nMU inrDwirq krdy hn[ lokW dI cyqnw aunHW dy
Asiqqv nMU inrDwirq nhIN krdI blik iesdy ault aunHW dw smwijk
Asiqqv hI aunHW dI cyqnw nMU inrDwirq krdw hY[ AwriQk nINh ivc
pirvrqn kwrn smu`cw FWcw pRBwvq huMdw hY[
mwrks Aqy eyNglz ny swihq dy BOiqkvwdI icMqn ivc AwriQk
kwrnW ijvyN smwijk vrg dI BUimkw nMU mh`qvpUrn sQwn dy ky ieh isD kIqw
hY ik auqpwdn dI pRikrqI hI smwijk, rwjnIiqk Aqy bOiDk jIvn pRikirAw
dw pRmu`K qOr qy inrDwrn krdI hY[
Asl ivc ie`Qy ieh g`l auGVdI nzr AwauNdI hY ik klw vrg
sMGrS dw pRqIibMb hY ikauNik smwijk sMGrS ivc Bwg lYx vwly swihqkwr hI
klw dy jIvn sbMDI idRStIkox dw inrmwx krdy hn[ lUnwcwskI swihq dI
smIiKAw leI mwrks Aqy lYinn dy ivigAwnk smwj Swsqr nMU shI AwDwr
mMndy hn[ ausdy ivcwr Anuswr:
37
klwikRqIAW smwj dy jmwqI FWcy Bwv jmwqI ihqW dy PlsrUp auqpMn
jmwqI mnoivigAwn qoN pRBwivq huMdIAW hn[ lyKk ijs vrg dI
pRqIinDqw krdw hY swihiqk ikrqW aus vrg dy mnoivigAwn dw
pRqIibMbn krdIAW hn[23
hMgrIAn ivcwrk jwrj lukwc mwrksvwdI ivcwrDwrw dy
ivAwiKAwkwr rhy hn[ ausdy idRStIkox Anuswr swihq vrg sMGrS nMU
pRqIibMbq krdw hY[ ausdw XQwrQvwdI idRStIkox smwjvwdI mwnqwvW qy
AwDwirq sI[ ies krky ausdw ivSvws sI ik smwjvwd pRqI AwsQw r`Kx
vwlw lyKk smwj dy vrqmwn Aqy Biv`K dw shI mulWkx kr skdw hY[
lukwc qoN ibnW mYkism gorkI, hwrvrf Pwst, ikRstoPr kwfvYl
Awid mwrksvwdI swihq smwj SwsqrIAW ny swihq nMU dvMdwqmk Aqy
BOiqkvwdI ivcwrDwrw dw nqIjw mMndy hoey ausnMU vrg sMrcnw, vrg sMGrS
Aqy vrg swihq dy rUp ivc svIkwr krn jW AwriQk kwrnW Aqy auqpwdn
pRxwlI nwl sbMiDq krn dw Xqn kIqw hY[
rYnyvYlyk Aqy Awsitn vwryn ny swihq dy sMsQwqmk rUp nMU svIkwr
krdy hoey rcnwkwr, swihq dIAW klwvW dy smwj Swsqr, swihiqk ikRqI dy
AwriQk AwDwr, lyKk dI smwijk siQqI, rcnw ivc pRsquq AMqrvsqU nMU
AiDAYn dw AwDwr svIkwr kIqw hY[ rwbrt AYskwript ny swihq dy smwijk
Asiqqv dw lyKk, rcnw Aqy pwTk iqMnW dy sMdrB ivc ivSlySx kIqw hY[
ausdy ivcwr Anuswr:
iek swihq dy smwj SwsqrI dw kMm hY ik auh aus AMqr sbMD dI Koj
kry jo lyKk, rcnw Aqy pwTk nMU iek jitl sMrcnw ivc pRsquq krdw
hY[24
swihq dy smwj Swsqr dy kRimk ivkws Aqy AwDuink pRivrqIAW nMU
smJx leI fwienw lwrYNs Aqy AYln sivMgvuf ny swihq dy smwj Swsqr dIAW
isDWqk mwnqwvW dw sU^m Aqy fUMGw ivSlySx pRsquq krdw hY[ AYln sivMgvuf
38
ny AYc.qyn qoN lY ky mwrksvwdI ivcwrk lUsIey golfmwn q`k dIAW
ivcwrDwrwvW dw ivSlySx krdy hoey swihq dy smwj Swsqr nMU rcnw qy kyNdirq
kIqw hY[
golfmwn ivSvidRstI dIAW sMrcnwvW dy mwiDAm rwhIN rcnw dy mUl
smwijk vrg, lyKk dI smwijk cyqnw Aqy rcnw dI sMrcnw qy iDAwn kyNdirq
krdw hY[ Aforno rcnw dI sm`grqw ivc s`c dI qlwS krdw hY[ lwvyNQl
ArQ dy mrm duAwrw rcnw dI ArQgqqw Aqy swriQkqw dI eykqw nMU auBwrdw
hY Aqy rymMf ivlIAm rcnw ivc pRXukq mu`l pRbMD dy ieiqhwisk AwDwr Aqy
bdldy rUpW dy AiDAYn qy zor idMdw hY[
ies pRkwr v`K-v`K ivdvwn swihq dI smwj SwsqrI ivcwrDwrw nMU
bhu-kwrkI pirpyK ivc dyKx dy p`K ivc hn[ koeI vI rcnw Awpxy Awp
auqpMn nhIN huMdI Aqy nw hI kyvl bwhrI kwrkW dw nqIjw huMdI hY blik ausdI
auqpqI, srUp Aqy AMqrvsqU dy inrDwrx ivc Anyk kwrk shwiek huMdy hn[
smwj dw rUp Aqy AwriQk sqr ijs ivc lyKk kMm kr irhw hY, smwijk
vrgW Aqy smUhW ijnHW nwl auh sbMiDq hY jW ijnHW nwl pRq`K jW ApRq`K rUp
ivc sbMiDq hY, swihiqk prMprw ijnHW ivc auh kwrj krdw hY, ausdw Awpxw
mnoivigAwn, ieh kuJ pRqImwn hn jo smwj SwsqrI idRStIkox nwl swihq dw
mulWkx krn leI ivSyS rUp ivc iDAwn ivc r`Kxy zrUrI hn[
nwvl dw smwj Swsqr
AwDuink jIvn ivc AweI jitlqw nMU smu`cqw ivc pyS krn vwlw
swihiqk rUp nwvl sB qoN v`D smirD hY[ smwijk AslIAq ivKwaux vwsqy
nwvl ny ivroDI jwmwqW v`K-v`K smwijk qbikAW dy qxwau Aqy tkrwau nMU pyS
krnw hMudw hY[ srmweydwrI dy smwijk irSiqAW ivc bhuq pycIdgI Aw geI
39
hY[ ies vwsqy nwvl dy pwqrW dI smwijk idSw mUrqImwn krnw Aqy pRqIinD
nMU pyS krn dw qrIkw bVw pycIdw hMudw hY[ nwvl dy smwj Swsqr bwry cMdr
mohn dw ivcwr hY:
nwvl dw smwj Swsqr nwvl rwhIN iviBMn smwijk dSwvW Aqy idSwvW
dw ivSlySx krdw hY[ ieh iviBMn smwijk dSvW hn- AwriQk idRStI
qoN vrg vMf, smwj dw AwriQk sMkt, smwj ivc pRcilq qqkwlI
rIqI-irvwz, jwq-pwq, rUVHI-prMprw, Dwrnw, ivSvwS, nYiqk siQqI
Drm, drSn, rwjnIqI, siBAwcwrk siQqI, mwnvI sMbMD, smwijk
gqIivDIAW, pRcilq ivcwr icMqn sMskwr Awid[25
smwj nwl nwvl dy sbMDW dIAW keI prqW Aqy rUp hn[ ies krky
nwvl nMU krVy sMGrS ivcoN lMGxw ipAw[ nwvl Awpxy pwTkW nMU jIvn mu`lW dI
soJI krvwaNudw hY[ aunHW dI sihxSIlqw dw ivsqwr krdw hY Aqy jIvn dI klw
vI isKwauNdw hY[ nwvl dy smwj Swsqr bwry girmw SRIvwsqv dw kQn hY:
nwvl dy smwj Ssqr ivc nwvlkwr dI vrgcyqnw, ivcwrDwrw jW
ivSvidRStI dy shwry nwvl dy smwijk sMdrB jwnx dI koiSS huMdI hY[
iesy pRikirAw rwhIN smwijk XQwrQ bwry lyKk dy idRStIkox dy AwDwr
qy ausdI rcnw dw mulWkx vI hMudw hY[26
mn`uKI jIvn dy XQwrQ dy ivc v`K-v`K p`KW dI ivvDqw hMdI hY[
jy iek nwvlkwr jIvn XQwrQ dy iksy iek p`K nMU mh`qv idMdw hY qW dUjw iksy
hor p`K dw icqrx krdw hY[ rcnwkwr dI cyqnw dy rUp nwl klw dy rUp dw
gihrw sbMD hMdw hY[ nwvl dy smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivc iksy rcnw dI
smwijkqw dI Koj krdy smyN iesdy klwqmk rUp rwhIN lyKk dI cyqnw Aqy
XQwrQ dy rUp dy sbMD dI pCwx zrUrI hY[
nwvl AwpxI AwDwr sm`grI nMU lyKk dy AnuBv rwhIN ivSyS smwijk
sMdrB ivcoN pRwpq krdw hY Aqy iPr nvyN suqMqr auswr v`joN hoNd gRihx krn dy
bwvjUd, ausy smwj dw AMg bx jWdw hY[ ies leI smwj Aqy nwvl dw sbMD
40
s&Yd rMg ivc ivAwpk smUh rMgW vrgw hY[ mnuK dIAW pdwrQk pRwpqIAW
Aqy aus duAwrw inrDwrq kdrW-kImqW dI pySkwrI nwvl rwhIN hI sMBv hMudI
hY[ nwvl Aqy smwj dw AwpsI irSqw dvMdwqmk, jitl Aqy bhuprqI hY[
ies dw Apxy smkwlI XQwrQ nwloN t`ut ky ivcrnw sMBv nhIN huMdw[ nvyN Bwv
boD Anuswr BwvyN nvyN swihq rUp pYdw ho jWdy hn pr aunHW dI rcnwqmk sWJ
sdw prMprw dy swihq rUpW nwl bxI rihMdI hY[ smwj dI vwsqivkqw, smyN dI
s`cweI Aqy ieiqhws dI gqI dI AiBivAkqI nwvl ivc keI rUpW rwhIN pRgt
hMudI hY[ AiBivAkqI dw iek rUp pRqIinDqw vwlw Aqy dUsrw pRqIkwqmk huMdw
hY[ ies bwry mYnyjr pWfy dw ivcwr hY:
kQw swihq dI pRqIkwqmk p`DqI AiDk purwxI hY[ pRwcIn kwl dy kQw
swihq ivc pRqIkwqmk p`DqI dw hI pRXog imldw hY[ pRqIkwqmk p`DqI
dy AMqrgq PYtyNsI imQk Aqy AdBuq kQwnkW dw aupXog hMudw hY[27
nwvl dI smwj SwsqrI ivAwiKAw ivc iek pwsy nwvl dy smwijk
Asiqqv nMU inrDwirq krn vwlIAW BOiqk pRsiQqIAW dw ivSlySx kIqw jWdw
hY Aqy dUjy pwsy nwvl dy pwTkI gRihx dw ivvycn kIqw jWdw hY[ ieh iblkul
s`c hY ik dUjy klw rUpW Aqy swihq rUpW dI qulnw ivc nwvl dw srUp smwj qy
izAwdw inrBr huMdw hY Aqy ausdw ivkws smwj dy ivkws nwl hI hMudw hY pr
ieh vI s`c hY ik ieh iek klw hY, isr& smwijk dsqwvyz jW smwj dI is`DI
spwt ivAwiKAw nhIN[ ies leI smwijk XQwrQ, jIvn dy AnuBv Aqy
ieqhws dI gqI sB rcnwkwr dI isrjxSIlqw duAwrw punr isrijq ho ky hI
nwvl ivc AwauNdy hn[ kihx dw Bwv ieh hY ik nwvl dw smwj SwsqrI
AiDAYn krdy smyN hmySw ieh Xwd r`Kxw zrUrI hY ik ieh iek klw dw smwj
SwsqrI ivSlySx hY iksy smwijk dsqwvyz dw AiDAYn mwqr nhIN[
nwvl swihq dw Aijhw rUp hY ijsdI smwijk XQwrQ dI
AiBivAkqI qoN ibnW klpnw vI nhIN kIqI jw skdI pRMqU dUjy pwsy isr&
smwijk XQwrQ dI AiBivAkqI krky koeI nwvl klwqmk rcnw nhIN bx
41
jWdw blik smwijk XQwrQ Aqy klwqmkqw rwhIN lyKk dy idRStIkox dy AwDwr
qy ausdI rcnw dw mulWkx huMdw hY[ nwvl iek AijhI klw hY ijs ivc mnuK
smwijk Aqy ieqhwisk idRStI rwhIN inrUipq ho ky swhmxy AwayuNdw hY[ Awpxy
smyN, smwj Aqy ieiqhws dI pRikirAw duAwrw pirBwiSq mnuK hI nwvl dw
kNydr ibMdU irhw hY[ smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivc mnu`K smwijkqw dI pihcwx dy
AnykW rwh hn[ ienHW ivcoN swihiqk sMswr rwhIN guzrn vwlw rwh sB qoN
AiDk ivSvwsXog smiJAw jWdw hY[
nwvl dw sbMD AwDuink Xu`g dy m`Dvrg nwl hY[ AwDuink dOr ivc
swihq dy pRcln ivc pRYs dI ivSyS BUimkw hY[ ieh mnuKI jIvn nMU jnm qoN mOq
q`k Awpxy klwvy ivc lYNdw hY[ nwvl dy smwj Swsqr dw AiDAYn do rUpW ivc
kIqw jw skdw hY[pihlw, smwijk GtnwvW dy ADwr qy nwvl ivc smwj dI
jWc krnw[ dUjw, nwvlW ivc pyS smwj Aqy AslI smwj ivcly myl dw
AiDAYn hI nwvl dy smwj Swsqr dw mu`K AiDAYn ivSw ho skdw hY[
smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw pRxwlI dI shwieqw nwl iksy swihiqk ikrq
dw AiDAYn krn leI Alock nMU Awp smwj dI pUrI jwxkwrI hoxI zrUrI hY qW
hI auh nwvl dw AiDAYn ivigAwnk FMg nwl krn ivc s&l ho skdw hY[
ies krky pwTk qoN vI ieh aumId r`KI jWdI hY ik auh smwj Aqy aus dIAW
gqIiviDAW dI pUrI-pUrI jwxkwrI r`Kdw hovy[ ies krky XQwrQvwd Aqy
ivcwrDwrw mh`qvpUrn BUimkw inBw skdy hn[ XQwrQvwd Aqy ivcwrDwrw dy
sbMD dw iek hor p`K rcnw ivc ivAkq XQwrQ Aqy pwTk duAwrw gRihx kIqy
XQwrQ dy sMdrB ivc vI pRgt hMudw hY[ pwTk iksy vI rcnw pRqI iblkul
Axjwx nhIN hMudw ikaNuik rcnw ivc ivAkq XQwrQ bwry pwTk dw Awpxw
igAwn Aqy idRStIkox sdw ikirAwSIl bixAW rihMdw hY[ keI vwr lyKk dy
XQwrQboD jW XQwrQpRqI idRStIkox nwl pwTk dy XQwrQboD jW XQwrQpRqI
idRStIkox dI t`kr vI ho jWdI hY[pwTk rcnw pRqI aus smyN ivAwpk
ieiqhwisk pRikirAw ivc AwpxI siQqI Aqy rcnw dI siQqI bwry jwgrUk hMudw
42
hY[ ies pRkwr XQwrQvwd Aqy ivcwrDwrw dy AwpsI sbMD dw svwl isr&
rcnwkwr dI ivcwrDwrw duAwrw ausdy XQwrQvwd dw hI svwl nhIN hY blik
ieh rcnw dy pwTkI gRihx nwl vI juiVAw hoieAw hY[
nwvl dy smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivc iksy rcnw dI smwijkqw dI
Koj krdy smyN ausdy klwqimk rUp qoN lyKk dI cyqnw Aqy XQwrQ dy rUp dy
sbMD dI pCwx zrUrI ho jWdI hY[ keI rcnwvW AijhIAW huMdIAW hn ijnHW dy
kyNdr ivc koeI vrg hMudw hY pRMqU kuJ AijhIAW rcnwvW vI hn ijnHW dy kyNdr
ivc ivAkqI hMudw hY Aqy ivAkqI cir`qr dy ivAkqIgq guxW, jIvn dy
AnuBvW Aqy mwnvI sbMDW dy mwiDAm rwhIN smwj ivkisq hMudw hY[ nwvl dy
smwj Swsqr ivc smwijk pRikirAw dy AwriQk, rwjnIiqk Aqy ivcwrDwrweI
ivhwrW dw AiDAYn kIqw jWdw hY[ smwijk pRikirAw dy ieh swry q`q mnuKI
cyqnw dy ivkws ivc Xogdwn pwauNdy hn[
ipCly ds-pMdrW swlW ivc nwvl dI smwj SwsqrI Awlocnw ivc
iek nvW moV AwieAw hY[ mu`K rUp ivc aus dw smwjk ivvsQw nwl kIqw
sMvwd hY[nwvl dy ArMiBk kwl qoN hI ausdy rUp Aqy AMqr vsqU dw ieiqhwisk
smwijk srUp swihiqk ivcwrkW nMU AwkriSq krdw irhw hY[ nwvl dI
pRRikrqI hI AijhI hY ik smwijk XQwrQ dI AiBivAkqI qoN dUr ho ky ies dI
hNod dI klpnw vI nhIN kIqI jw skdI pRMqU Aijhw vI nhIN hY ik isr&
smwijk XQwrQ dI AiBivAkqI krky hI koeI nwvl klwqmk rcnw ho
inbVdI hovy[ jo smwj SwsqrI Awlock, nwvl dI AijhI ivSySqw dI aumId
krdw hY auh ieh nhIN pihcwx skdw ik nwvl ikvyN smwijk XQwrQ dw
sMsilSt pRqIrUp bxdw hY[ auh smwijk sMsikRqI Aqy nwvl dy pRBwv nMU vI
nhIN smJ skdw[ ieh jwnxw Aqy smJxw zrUrI hY ik nwvlkwr iek klwkwr
hY, ausdI rcnw ivc Aijhy XQwrQ dI AiBivAkqI hMudI hY ijs dy rUp qy
ArQ dy bwry auh pihlW qoN sj`g hY[ auh XQwrQ dI AiBivAkqI leI iek
pwsy nwvl klw dIAW aunHW qknIkW dI vrqoN krdw hY ijhVIAW aus ny Awpxy
43
pUrv vrqIAW qoN is`KIAW hn Aqy dUjy pwsy Awpxy AnuBv rwhIN nvyN klw-kOSlW
dI vrqoN vI krdw hY[ ieh smJ lYx qoN bwAd ieh duibDw nhIN rihMdI ik
nwvl iek lyKx klw hY jW smwijk AiBivAkqI dw rUp[ ieh smwijk ivkws
dy mUl l`CxW Aqy audXoigk Xu`g dy ieiqhwisk ivkws dw swihiqk pRqIibMb hY[
ies pRkwr auprokq AiDAYn qoN nwvl dy smwj Swsqr nMU sp`St
krn dw Xqn kIqw igAw hY swihqkwr AwpxI sUKm klpnw SkqI rwhIN klw
ikrq ivc jIvn dI hI punr-rcnw krdw hY[ swihiqk rcnw rwhIN pyS hoey
jIvn Aqy smwj dI AiBivAkqI dI pCwx leI ausdy iSlp Aqy rcnwkwr dy
idRStIkox nMU smJxw zrUrI hMudw hY[ Awm qOr qy rcnw ivc idRStI Aqy islp
dI eykqw hMudI hY pRMqU keI vwr dohW ivc AMqr vI Aw jWdw hY[ nwvl hor
swihq rUpW dy mukwbly vDyry ivsqirq hox krn aus ivc smwijkqw dw AMS vI
vDyry hMudw hY[ so nwvlkwr leI smwijk icMMqn Aqy AnuBv ausdI klw pRxwlI
jW klw jugqI dI mUl s`cweI mMnI jWdI hY[
ies qrHW auprokq AiDAYn dI rOSnI ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl
dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn krdy smyN AwpxI loV Anuswr swry ivdvwnW dy
ivcwrW qoN syD Aqy AgvweI pRwpq kIqI jwvygI[ iksy iek ivdvwn dy ivcwrW
nMU k`tVqw nwl Apnwaux dI bjwie aunHW qoN imlI sWJI smJ Anuuswr rcnw nMU
AiDAYn dw AwDwr bxwieAw jwvygw[ smwj ivc swihq dy sbMDW dI Koj leI
smUhk cyqnw Aqy ivAkqI cyqnw dy sbMDW dI zrUrI smJ pRwpq krn leI
mnoivigAwn dI vI shwieqw leI jwvygI[ rcnw ivc pyS XQwrQ dy smwijk
XQwrQ nwl sbMDW dy ivSlySx rwhIN rcnw ivc ivAkq cyqnw dy smwijk
adgm dI Koj vI kIqI jwvygI[ smwijk, siBAwcwrk, Dwrimk, AwriQk Aqy
rwjnIiqk p`KW nMU ivigAwnk vsqUgq rUp ivc pyS krn dw Xqn kIqw
jwvygw[
44
45
hvwly Aqy it`pxIAW
1. eSustj ik.Ms;, lkfgR; ds lekt”kkL+= dh Hwfedk, iq’B 306-
2. fw. soihMdr isMG vxjwrw bydI, pMjwb dI lokDwrw, pMnw 150.
3. ‘The word sociology is derived from the Iatin word ‘society’ and
The Greek word ‘logos’ meaning ‘study or science’. The
etymological meaning of ‘sociology’ is thus the ‘science of
society’.
Vidya Bhushan, D. R. Sachdeva, An Introduction to Sociology, p.3.
4. ‘Socoilogy is the scientific study of nature and development of
society and social behaviour.’
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, p. 1453.
5. ‘Sociology is the study of man’s behaviour in groups or of the
inter-action among human beings, of social relationships and
the processes by which human group activity takes place.’
Vidya Bhushan, D. R. Sachdeva, Ibid, p. 3.
6. sYmUAl koieMing, smwj ivigAwn: smwj dy ivigAwn nwl
jwx- pCwx, pMnw-1.
7. fueZyk tSu (laik-), lkfgR; dk lekt”kkL=h; fp aru, iq’B 1-
8. fw. surjIq isMG B`tI, pMjwbI Awlocnw:dSw Aqy idSw, pMnw-109.
9. auhI, pMnw-119.
10- hirBjn isMG, swihq AiDAYn, pMnw-10.
11. hirBjn isMG BwtIAw, pMjwbI swihq Awlocnw dw ieiqhws, pMnw-150,
151.
12- fueZyk tSu, ogh, iq’B 10-
13- eSustj ik.Ms;, ogh, iq’B 12-
46
14- fueZyk tSu, ogh, iq’B 15-
15- sYmuUAl koieinMg, auhI, pMnw 13.
16- eSustj ik.Ms;, ogh, iq’B 117-
17- ogh, iq’B 123-
18. ogh, iq’B 32-
19- xfjek JhokLro, miU;kl dk lekt”kkL=, iq’B XIV
20- The literary work is not the mere reflection of a real, given collective
consciousness, but the culmination at a very advanced level of
coherence of tendencies peculiar to the consciousness of a particular
group, a consciousness that must be conceived as a dynamic reality,
orientated towards a certain state of equilibrium. What really
separates, in this as in all other spheres, Marxist sociology from
positivistic, relativist, or eclectic sociological tendencies is the fact that
it sees the key concept not in the real collective consciousness.
Lucien Goldman, Towords a sociology of the Novel, p-9.
21- eSustj ik.Ms;, ogh, iq’B 179-
22- MkW f”kodqekj feJ, ekjdloknh lkfgR; fpUru, iq’B 339-
23- ogh, iq’B 252-
24. fueZyk tSu ogh, iq’B 130-
25. cMdr mohn, “swihq dw smwj Swsqr: srUp Aqy Kyqr”, isrjxw,
AkqUbr-dsMbr 2002, pMnw-59.
-26- xfjek JhokLro, ogh, iq’B 78-
27- eSustj ik.Ms;, ogh, iq’B- 124-
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