PRESENTATION OF ESPACE - avniR€¦ · PRESENTATION OF ESPACE Nadine ADRA ESPACE: Eco-conception of...

PRESENTATION OF ESPACE

Nadine ADRA

ESPACE: Eco-conception of a photovoltaic system by its life cycle assessment and environmental impactEuropean Workshop - Lyon, 30 October 2009

Nadine ADRAElodie PLOCOSTE

Content

o General overview

o Project Partners


o Project Partners

o Methodology

o Focus on Task 1

2

Why a LCA of PV systems?

o LCA : A tool to assist in decision-making that offers anoverview of the environmental impacts of products or servic es.

o Exponential growth of PV installations �� need to providereliable answers to questions such as:

– What are the environmental performances of PV systems?


– What are the environmental performances of PV systems?

– Do investment incentives encourage good environmentalchoices?

– What technologies of modules and what implementingtechniques are the least penalizing?

– What are the most sensitive parameters on the lifecycle of PVsystems in terms of environmental impact?

3

Goals of the study

o To bring scientific and technical arguments on thepositioning of PV in terms of environmental impact.

o To identify the main paths of improvement for


o To identify the main paths of improvement forconcerned industrials.

o To develop perspectives for PV project developers tohelp them reduce the environmental impacts of theirinstallation.

4

PROJECT PARTNERS


Project partners

TRANSENERGIE – Founded in 1992,

– A consultancy firm specialized in renewable energy and energy


renewable energy and energy efficiency

– Offers its service in France and all around the world

6

Project partners– TRANSENERGIE ACTIVITIES:

ON-GRID PV

OFF-GRID PV ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS

ESPACE: Eco-conception of a photovoltaic system by its life cycle assessment and environmental impactEuropean Workshop - Lyon, 30 October 2009 7

SOLAR THERMAL (WATER HEATING)

HYBRID SYSTEMS

• FEASIBILITY STUDIES

• TECHNICAL ENGINEERINGAND ASSISTANCE

• DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH PROGRAMS

• AUDITS

• TRAINING

– Roles in ESPACE: Expertise in PV, management of the project

Project partners

ARMINES– The Energy Centre was created at the end of 1976.

– Activities: scientific-oriented research, technological studies, economical works, may be grouped in 3 sections:


economical works, may be grouped in 3 sections:

� Methodological studies and modelling

� Technological innovations

� General studies on energy and environment

– Roles in ESPACE: Expertise in LCA, carbon footprint, assessment of solar ressources

8

Project partners

SETE-MIP Environnement– Founded in 2006

– Activities: Life Cycle Analysis and Ecodesign activities to industries, for assistance to decision-making in industrial strategy:


industries, for assistance to decision-making in industrial strategy:� Investment

� regulatory constraints and R&D

� more environment-friendly product conception and service

– Roles in ESPACE: Expertise in LCA, training of the partners

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Project partners

PHK Consultants– Created in 1984

– Consultancy service for business innovation and development


– Activities: technical and commercial fields in support of development projects, with cost and performance optimization, for all types of economical sectors and customers, in France and abroad.

– Roles in ESPACE: Relationship with manufacturers, dissemination of results within international working groups

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Project Financing

ADEME

� ESPACE is partly financed by ADEME, the French Environment and Energy Management Agency.


METHODOLOGY


METHODOLOGY

Methodology

o Task 1: Definition of objectives, review of bibliography and implementation of the LCA analysis


– To identify the different components of a network-connected photovoltaic installation that will be the focus of the LCA.

– To present the different manufacturing processes inherent to photovoltaic systems.

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Methodology

o Task 2: Construction of a life cycle inventory

– Inventory has been built based on data coming from industries and the EcoInvent database.


– These data are related to the production, installation, maintenance and end of life of photovoltaic systems.

Methodology

o Task 3: Impact assessment

– Impacts assessment method: the latest available version ofthe IMPACT 2002+ � ensure the quality of assessment


the IMPACT 2002+ � ensure the quality of assessment

– We have assessed impacts in consumption of energyresources, on:

� the climate change

� human health

� ecosystems

Methodology

o Task 4: Results and analysis

– Results should contribute to assess the environmental impactsof the different alternatives, and from this point of view identifythe main lines of improvements for concerned industrials and


the main lines of improvements for concerned industrials andarguments to take into account by project developers.

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FOCUS ON TASK 1


FOCUS ON TASK 1

o A PV market study allows us to

– Draw up a panorama of the PV systems currently available in France

Task 1: Scope of the study


– Take into account French specificities in comparison to European data (French production of silicon and modules, or importation)

– Choose the different technologies of modules to study

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o Different technologies of PV modules

ESPACE 1 (2008) ESPACE 2 (2009)


Monocrystalline Si

Polycrystalline Si

Amorphous Si

CdTe

CIS

o Different stages of PV modules production



Purified Silicon Ingot Wafer Cell Module

Chemical purification process

CastingSawing

Surface treatment

Lamination

Systems

� Manufacturing processes of c-Si

o Different techniques of production per stages



Substrate

Front Contact

Active layer



Back contact Current flow

� Monolithic interconnection of thin film module

o Different types of installations (integrated or mounted systems)



Open rack construction on a flat roof

Ballasted pots (Tenesol) Roof integration (BIPV) (Photowatt)

o Disposal processes applied at the system’s end of l ife:

– Few data available on recycling

– Recycling process at the state of pilot, patent or lab tests

– Ways of development:



– Ways of development:� Design modules to facilitate the recycling

� Experiment large scale recycling process

o Disposal processes applied at the system’s end of l ife: c-Si modules


Actor Process State of development PV Technology

Deutsch Solar AGThermal separation + chemical

processPilot Production crystalline, thin film in labs

First Solar (Solar cells), BNLThermal Decomposition within inert

gasLab crystalline


gas

Isofoton Cell recycling (milling) Lab crystalline

AIST, Sharp, Asahi wafer recycling (chemical treatment) Lab crystalline

Photovoltech « repairable module » Lab crystalline

BP Solar, Soltech, Seghers wafer recycling (chemical treatment) Lab crystalline

Pilkington thermal separation Lab crystalline

Siemens Solar, Shell Solar, Showa Shell

High pressure water jet Lab crystalline, thin film

Diverse recycling handlersFrame disassembly, cables,

incinerationproduction

Whole Module

Thermal ProcessGlass

Metal

o Deutsch Solar Process, c-Si module



Chemical Process

Silicon plate

Silicon

Production of new cells

Gas

Broken plates

Re-melting

o Disposal processes applied at the system’s end of life: thin film modules

Actor Process State of development

Solar Cells Inc. CdTe : comminution, chemical dissolution, separation pilot (mobile installation)

Antec Solar Gmbh CdTe : comminution, thermal treatment patent

Showa ShellCIGS : thermal separation / mecanic of rolls, treatment with acid, scrapingof CIGS, treatment of solutions

laboratory



Interphases Research CIGS : electrochemical treatment of recycling of CIGS laboratory

Drinkard Metalox Inc. CdTe and CIGS : recovering metals by electrolysispilot

Uni Utrecht a-Si : recovering substrate Experiment (1995)

Federal Institute for Materialsresearch and testing

Thin films : mecanical treatment project RESOLVED , laboratory (ongoing)

ZSW, Gaiker, FhG CIGS and a-Si : thermal treatment and hydrometallurgy project SENSE, Laboratory (2006)

First Solar CdTe : milling, chemical dissolution, separation liquid /solid, metals recovery Industrial process running since 1998

Brookhaven national labs. Recovery of Cd and Te from modules Laboratory

Electrotechnical Lab Tsukuba Dissolution of EVA within trichlorethylene, wafer recovery Laboratory

Toa Kagaku Kogyo and AIST Etching of EVA by « bubbling » with a limonene solution (lemon) Laboratory

o Disposal processes applied at the system’s end of life: European Organization

– PV CYCLE was founded in July 2007

– Objective: to create and implement a voluntary industry take back and recycling programme for PV



industry take back and recycling programme for PV modules:o Reduce the volume of PV waste

o Increase the re-use of valuable resources (glass, silicon…)

o Reduce the life cycle energy consumption and the environmental impact of PV systems

o Disposal processes applied at the system’s end of life: European Organization PV CYCLE



THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION


THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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