Module 3 Gauteng - TDM Guiding Academy€¦ · Gauteng Province Standard Bank - Cnr.

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Module 3 Gauteng

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Gauteng Province GAUTENG ........................................................................................................................................ 7

INTRODUCTION - TRANSVAAL .......................................................... 7 PHYSICAL FEATURES AND BOUNDARIES ........................................................................................... 7 HISTORY ......................................................................................................................................... 7

The Early Inhabitants ................................................................................................................ 7 Early Europeans ........................................................................................................................ 8 Important dates ......................................................................................................................... 8

GAUTENG ECONOMY ..................................................................................................................... 11 Manufacturing ......................................................................................................................... 11 Basic facts and statistics ......................................................................................................... 11 Mining ...................................................................................................................................... 12 Commerce, Catering and Accommodation ............................................................................. 13 Financial and Business Sector ................................................................................................ 13 Agriculture ............................................................................................................................... 13

GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS .................................................................................. 13 MINING ......................................................................................................................................... 13 PREHISTORIC AND EARLY HISTORY ................................................................................................ 14

Early Stone Age ...................................................................................................................... 14 The Middle Stone Age ............................................................................................................. 14 The Late Stone Age ................................................................................................................ 14 The Khoisan (Bushmen) ......................................................................................................... 15 The Khoikhoi ........................................................................................................................... 15 Early Iron Age ......................................................................................................................... 15 Late Iron Age ........................................................................................................................... 15

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION ............................................................................................................. 15 COMPOSITION OF GAUTENG POPULATION ...................................................................................... 16 LANGUAGE COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF GAUTENG: .......................................................... 16 CLIMATIC FEATURES ..................................................................................................................... 16 FAUNA AND FLORA OF GAUTENG ................................................................................................... 16 FRESH WATER RESOURCES .......................................................................................................... 17 AGRICULTURE ............................................................................................................................... 17 TRANSPORT .................................................................................................................................. 17

Railways: ................................................................................................................................. 17 Roads: ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Airways: ................................................................................................................................... 18

JOHANNESBURG ......................................................................................................................... 20 ECONOMY & FINANCE ................................................................................................................... 21 CLIMATE ....................................................................................................................................... 21 AGRICULTURE ............................................................................................................................... 22 FAUNA AND FLORA ........................................................................................................................ 22 POPULATION ................................................................................................................................. 22 WATER SUPPLY ............................................................................................................................ 22 TRANSPORT .................................................................................................................................. 23 EDUCATION................................................................................................................................... 23

Universities: ............................................................................................................................. 23 Technikon: ............................................................................................................................... 23

HISTORICAL MONUMENTS .............................................................................................................. 23 The N.Z.A.S.M. Locomotive: ................................................................................................... 23 The Diaz Cross: ...................................................................................................................... 23 The Old Fort: ........................................................................................................................... 23 The Stone House, Parktown: .................................................................................................. 23 Melville Koppies Nature Reserve: ........................................................................................... 24 Randjeslaagte Beacon: ........................................................................................................... 24 The Gold Claims of the Discoverers of the Main Reef Group of Conglomerates of the Witwatersrand, Langlaagte: .................................................................................................... 24 Site of Surrender of Dr. L.S. Jameson, Roodepoort: .............................................................. 24

HISTORICAL AND IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND STREETS ................................................................... 25 Commissioner Street ............................................................................................................... 25 Carlton Centre - Commissioner Street .................................................................................... 25 Central News Agency (CNA) - Cnr. Commissioner and Rissik Streets .................................. 25 Rand Club - Cnr. Commissioner and Loveday Streets ........................................................... 25

Gauteng Province Standard Bank - Cnr. Commissioner and Harrison ................................................................ 25 Standard Bank - 5 Simmonds Street ...................................................................................... 26 First National Bank - Cnr. Commissioner and Simmonds Streets .......................................... 26 First and Second Stock Exchange - Cnr. Commissioner and Simmonds .............................. 26 Magistrates Courts - Cnr. West and Fox Streets .................................................................... 26 Anglo American - Cnr. West and Main streets ........................................................................ 26 Hollard Street .......................................................................................................................... 27 Third Stock Exchange - Hollard Street .................................................................................... 27 Public Library - Market Street ................................................................................................. 27 Guildhall - Cnr. Market and Harrison Streets .......................................................................... 28 First National Bank Museum - 90 Market Street ..................................................................... 28 City Hall - Market Street .......................................................................................................... 28 Rissik Street Post Office - Cnr. Rissik and Market Streets ..................................................... 28 Pritchard Street ....................................................................................................................... 29 Supreme Court - Pritchard Street ........................................................................................... 29 Cuthberts - Cnr. Pritchard and Eloff Streets ........................................................................... 29 Markhams - Cnr. Pritchard and Eloff Streets .......................................................................... 29 Diagonal Street ....................................................................................................................... 29 11 Diagonal Street .................................................................................................................. 30 Stock Exchange - Diagonal Street .......................................................................................... 30 Herbalist Shop - Diagonal Street ............................................................................................ 30 Institute of Medical Research - Cnr. Hospital and De Korte Streets ....................................... 30 The Adler Museum of the History of Medicine: ....................................................................... 30

PLACES OF INTEREST: ................................................................................................................... 31 South African Broadcasting Corporation - Auckland Park ...................................................... 31 Randse Afrikaans University - University Avenue, Auckland Park ......................................... 32 Witwatersrand University - Jan Smuts Ave.—Empire Road. .................................................. 32 Joubert Park - Wolmarans, King George & Twist Streets ....................................................... 32 Johannesburg Art Gallery - King George Street ..................................................................... 32 Market Theatre ........................................................................................................................ 33 Museum Africa in Breë Street ................................................................................................. 33 Johannesburg Botanical Gardens - Emmarentia .................................................................... 33 Hermann Eckstein Park - (Johannesburg Zoological Gardens and Zoo Lake) - Jan Smuts Ave. ..... 33 War Museum and War Memorial - Ersworld Drive ................................................................. 34 Bernberg Museum of Costume - Jan Smuts Avenue ............................................................. 34 Gold Reef City ......................................................................................................................... 34 Oriental Plaza - Fordsburg ...................................................................................................... 34 Harper Road Bridge ................................................................................................................ 34 Hillbrow .................................................................................................................................... 35 Parktown ................................................................................................................................. 35

SOWETO ....................................................................................................................................... 35 THE FREEDOM CHARTER ............................................................................................................... 40

Preamble ................................................................................................................................. 40 The People Shall Govern! ....................................................................................................... 41 All National Groups shall have Equal Rights! ......................................................................... 41 The People shall share in the Country’s Wealth! .................................................................... 41 The Land shall be shared among those who work it! ............................................................. 42 All shall be Equal before the Law! ........................................................................................... 42 All shall enjoy Equal Human rights! ........................................................................................ 42 There shall be work and Security! ........................................................................................... 42 The Doors of Learning and Culture shall be opened! ............................................................. 43 There shall be Houses, Security and Comfort! ....................................................................... 43 There shall be Peace and Friendship! .................................................................................... 44

FREEDOM TRAIL ....................................................................................................................... 44 Gold Reef City ......................................................................................................................... 44 Gandhi Square, ....................................................................................................................... 44 Newtown Cultural Precinct and the Workers’ Library ............................................................. 45 The Suburb of Sophiatown...................................................................................................... 45 Offices of Mandela and Tambo ............................................................................................... 45 Yeoville .................................................................................................................................... 46 Freedom Square, Kliptown, Soweto ....................................................................................... 46 Mandela Family Home in Soweto ........................................................................................... 47 Archbishop Desmond Tutu’s home, Soweto. .......................................................................... 47 Sharpeville Police Station ....................................................................................................... 47

Gauteng Province Hector Petersen Memorial ...................................................................................................... 48 Avalon Cemetery, Soweto ....................................................................................................... 48 University of the Witwatersrand (‘Wits’) .................................................................................. 49 Johannesburg Fort .................................................................................................................. 49 Turffontein Concentration Camp ............................................................................................. 50 The memorial to Enoch Sontonga, Brixton Cemetery ............................................................ 50 The Drill Hall, Joubert Park ..................................................................................................... 50 Alexandra Township ................................................................................................................ 51 Waverley, Johannesburg hideout of Bram Fisher ................................................................... 51 Lilliesleaf Farm, Rivonia .......................................................................................................... 51 Pretoria Central Prison ............................................................................................................ 52 Church Square ........................................................................................................................ 52 Solomon Mahlangu Square, Mamelodi Township .................................................................. 52 Mamelodi Cemetery ................................................................................................................ 53 The Union Buildings ................................................................................................................ 53 What was the date of Mbeki’s Inaugaration? .......................................................................... 53

PEOPLE OF INTEREST .................................................................................................................... 53 The Randlords ......................................................................................................................... 53 Other people who made history .............................................................................................. 55

PRETORIA ..................................................................................................................................... 57 THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND EXPOSITION ............................................................................ 57 FRESH WATER RESOURCES .......................................................................................................... 58 EARLY INHABITANTS ...................................................................................................................... 58 FAUNA AND FLORA ........................................................................................................................ 60 MINING ......................................................................................................................................... 60 COMPOSITION OF PRETORIA POPULATION ...................................................................................... 60 CLIMATE ....................................................................................................................................... 60 AGRICULTURE ............................................................................................................................... 61 EDUCATION................................................................................................................................... 61 ECONOMY & FINANCE ................................................................................................................... 61 TRANSPORT .................................................................................................................................. 61 PRETORIA - THE JACARANDA CITY ............................................................................. 62

Pretoria in the New South Africa ............................................................................................. 62 The Jacarandas ...................................................................................................................... 62 Church Street .......................................................................................................................... 63 Church Square ........................................................................................................................ 63

SOME OF THE BUILDINGS OVERLOOKING THE SQUARE: .................................................................... 63 The Post Office ....................................................................................................................... 63 National Bank and the Mint: .................................................................................................... 63 Palace of Justice ..................................................................................................................... 63 Old Reserve Bank ................................................................................................................... 64 Tudor Buildings ....................................................................................................................... 64 Raadsaal ................................................................................................................................. 64

MONUMENTS, MUSEUMS & BUILDINGS ........................................................................................... 64 Voortrekker Monument: ........................................................................................................... 64 Voortrekker Museum: .............................................................................................................. 64 Airforce Memorial .................................................................................................................... 65 Air Force Museum - Swartkops Air Force Base ...................................................................... 65 South African Air Force ........................................................................................................... 66 Fort Klapperkop Military Museum: .......................................................................................... 67 Kruger House - Church Street ................................................................................................ 67 Melrose House - Jacob Mare Street ....................................................................................... 67 Smuts Museum - Irene ............................................................................................................ 68 The Transvaal Museum - Paul Kruger Street ......................................................................... 68 Museum of Geological Survey ................................................................................................ 68 African Window -National Culture and Open Air Museum – Centre for Living Culture - Visagie Street ................................................................................................................................................ 68 Pretoria Art Museum - Arcadia Park ....................................................................................... 68 Pioneer Museum - Silverton .................................................................................................... 69 Sammy Marks Museum .......................................................................................................... 69 William Prinsloo Museum ........................................................................................................ 69 “Hero’s Acre” - “Heldeakker” ................................................................................................... 69

Gauteng Province City Hall - Paul Kruger Street .................................................................................................. 69 Transvaal Administration Building - Pretorius Street .............................................................. 70 Pretoria Station - Paul Kruger Street ...................................................................................... 70 The Victoria Hotel - Paul Kruger Street ................................................................................... 70 Strydom Memorial and State Theatre - Church Street ........................................................... 70 Staats Model Skool - Cnr. Van Der Walt and Skinner Streets ................................................ 70 Burgers Park - Jacob Mare Street .......................................................................................... 71 Union Building ......................................................................................................................... 71 Bryntirion ................................................................................................................................. 71 Voortrekkerhoogte: .................................................................................................................. 72 Centurion (Previously Verwoerdburg): .................................................................................... 72 ISCOR ..................................................................................................................................... 72 Pretoria Central Prison - Potgieter Street ............................................................................... 73 Defense Headquarters - Potgieter Street ................................................................................ 73 Artillery Road. .......................................................................................................................... 73 Old Machine Building .............................................................................................................. 73 University of South Africa (UNISA): ........................................................................................ 74 University of Pretoria - Lynnwood Road ................................................................................. 74 South African Bureau of Standards: ....................................................................................... 75 Fountains:................................................................................................................................ 75 Austin Roberts Bird Sanctuary - Boshoff Street, New Muckleneuk ........................................ 75 Magnolia Dell - Queen Wilhelmina Drive ................................................................................ 75 Salvokop or Timeball Hill ......................................................................................................... 75 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research: (CSIR) ........................................................... 75 Wonderboom Nature Reserve: ............................................................................................... 76 National Zoological Gardens: .................................................................................................. 76 Hartebeespoort Dam: .............................................................................................................. 76 Onderstepoort ......................................................................................................................... 76

TOWNSHIPS IN THE PRETORIA DISTRICT.......................................................................................... 76 Bantule .................................................................................................................................... 77 Highlands ................................................................................................................................ 78 Kilnerton .................................................................................................................................. 78 Lady Selborne ......................................................................................................................... 78 Claremont ................................................................................................................................ 79 Garankuwa and Winterveld ..................................................................................................... 79 Mamelodi ................................................................................................................................. 80 Eersterust & Riverside ............................................................................................................ 83 Atteridgeville ............................................................................................................................ 84 Laudium................................................................................................................................... 87 Soshanguve ............................................................................................................................ 88

MORE ABOUT GAUTENG ............................................................................................................ 91 BOKSBURG ................................................................................................................................... 91 GERMISTON .................................................................................................................................. 92 BENONI ........................................................................................................................................ 92 BRAKPAN ...................................................................................................................................... 92 ALBERTON .................................................................................................................................... 93 KEMPTON PARK ............................................................................................................................ 93 ROODEPOORT ............................................................................................................................... 93 RANDFONTEIN ............................................................................................................................... 93 KRUGERSDORP ............................................................................................................................. 94

Sterkfontein Caves: ................................................................................................................. 94 SPRINGS ....................................................................................................................................... 95 VANDERBIJLPARK .......................................................................................................................... 95 SITES OF HISTORICAL INTEREST .................................................................................................... 97

Peace Monument - Civic Centre ............................................................................................. 97 Vereeniging Museum .............................................................................................................. 97 George Stow Obelisk and Cenotaph - Civic Centre ............................................................... 97 Peace Negotiations Site .......................................................................................................... 97 Garden of Remembrance - Maccauvlei Gold Course ............................................................. 97 Archaeological Sites, Vereeniging: ......................................................................................... 97

HEIDELBERG ................................................................................................................................. 98 MEYERTON ................................................................................................................................... 98 CARLTONVILLE .............................................................................................................................. 99

Gauteng Province WESTONARIA ................................................................................................................................ 99 BRONKHORSTSPRUIT..................................................................................................................... 99 CULLINAN ................................................................................................................................... 100

THE TOWNSHIPS OF GAUTENG .............................................................................................. 101 ALEXANDRA ................................................................................................................................ 101 ATTERIDGEVILLE ......................................................................................................................... 102 BEKKERSDAL .............................................................................................................................. 102 BOIPATONG ................................................................................................................................ 103 BOPHELONG ............................................................................................................................... 103 DAVEYTON .................................................................................................................................. 104 DIEPMEADOW ............................................................................................................................. 104 DOBSONVILLE ............................................................................................................................. 105 DUDUZA ..................................................................................................................................... 105 EKANGALA .................................................................................................................................. 105 EVATON ...................................................................................................................................... 106 IMPUMELELO ............................................................................................................................... 107 KAGISO/MUNSIEVILLE .................................................................................................................. 107 KATLEHONG ................................................................................................................................ 107 KWA-THEMA ............................................................................................................................... 107 MAMELODI .................................................................................................................................. 107 SHARPEVILLE .............................................................................................................................. 108 SOSHANGUVE ............................................................................................................................. 108 TEMBISA ..................................................................................................................................... 109 THOKOZA .................................................................................................................................... 109

PERSONALITIES OF THE STRUGGLE ..................................................................................... 109 MOSHWESHWE (CA 1786-1870) .................................................................................................. 109 SEKHUKHUNE I (CA. 1810-1882) ................................................................................................. 109 TIYO SOGA (1829-1671) ............................................................................................................. 110 JOHN TENGO JABAVU (1856-1921) ............................................................................................. 110 DR. ABDULLAH ABDURAHMAN ...................................................................................................... 110 REV. JOHN L DUBE ..................................................................................................................... 111 REV. JM DWANE ......................................................................................................................... 111 SOL T. PLAATJE .......................................................................................................................... 111 WALTER RUBASANA .................................................................................................................... 112 CLEMENTS KADALIE (1896-1951) ................................................................................................ 112 ALBERT LUTHULI ......................................................................................................................... 112 WALTER SISULU .......................................................................................................................... 113 ROBERT SOBUKWE ..................................................................................................................... 113 NELSON MANDELA ...................................................................................................................... 114 DULCIE SEPTEMBER .................................................................................................................... 116 FLORENCE MOPHOSHO ............................................................................................................... 117 GERT NSIBANDE ......................................................................................................................... 118 CHRIS HANI ................................................................................................................................ 118 HELEN JOSEPH ........................................................................................................................... 119 HECTOR SIKHUMBUZO NKULA ...................................................................................................... 120 JOHNSTONE MFANAFUTHI MAKATINI ............................................................................................. 121 KATE MOHALE ............................................................................................................................ 122 LILIAN MASEDIBA NGOYI (MA-NGOYI) ........................................................................................ 122 MASABALALA BONNIE YENGWA .................................................................................................... 123 JOE SLOVO ................................................................................................................................. 123 OLIVER REGINALD TAMBO ........................................................................................................... 125 USEFUL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................. 127

Ndebele Beadwork an ancient art form. ................................................................................ 127 Ndebele Murals ..................................................................................................................... 128

BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................... 129 INDEX ........................................................................................................................................... 130

Gauteng Province

GAUTENG

Introduction - Transvaal Gauteng falls within the borders of what was previously known as Transvaal. It was the most northern Province of the “Old South Africa” With the new government came new boundaries for the provinces and the Pretoria/Witwatersrand region became known as Gauteng. The rest of the Transvaal was divided between the Northern Province, Mpumalanga and North West Province. It needs to be mentioned that when “the Old South Africa” the Union of South Africa was constituted in 1910, the two previous English colonies, the Cape Colony and the colony of Natal, were united with the two previously Voortrekker Republics - the Republic of the Orange Free state (the region north of the Orange River and south of the Vaal River), and the Zuid-Afrikaanse Republic (the region north of the Vaal River and south of the Limpopo), into the Union of South Africa. Under the Apartheid regime, politically implemented since 1948, eight so-called Black Homelands (Bantu states) were created, of which four were constituted by the Apartheid regime into so-called Independent states, namely Bophutha-tswana, Venda, Transkei and Ciskei. With the coming of the “new South Africa” these homelands and Independent states were reintegrated into South Africa as one country and under the newly democratically elected new government divided into nine provinces of the Republic of South Africa, namely the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Free state, KwaZulu-Natal, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Northern Province and the North West Province.

Physical Features and Boundaries The Transvaal lies between the Vaal River in the south and the Limpopo in the north; its western limit is the edge of the Kalahari Desert; in the east it is confined by the Lebombo Mountains. This vast area is divided from south to north by successive escarpments formed by the Witwatersrand, Magaliesberg, Waterberg and Soutpansberg Ranges.

History The Transvaal province was originally the Republic of the Transvaal (across the Vaal). After the British defeated the Boers in the Anglo Boer War it became the colony of Transvaal. In 1910 it was joined by Union with the Orange Free State, Cape Colony and Natal as part of the Union of South Africa. In 1994 with the development of the new constitution the Transvaal was cut up into the new provincial system.

The Early Inhabitants The Transvaal Ndebele could have been in the Gauteng province as early as 1500 according to H.J. van Aswegen in his work ‘History of South Africa until 1854’. The Sotho traditionally lived in the Highveld areas of the interior. Claims are made that the Sotho people were in the Gauteng province as early as 1300. The Fokeng (Sotho descendants) lived in Gauteng and were joined by the Kwena people until the end of the 18th century when the Fokeng tribe moved southwards. By 1800 the Kwena tribe was a strong, aggressive group and were well represented in Gauteng. By the 15th century another Sotho group, the Kgatla were well settled in the Witwatersrand area. They divided into smaller groups (Chieftains), the Pedi, Tlokwa, Phuting, Sia and Kholokwe. The Pedi became the dominant group under captain Thulare (1780 - 1820). There are indications that they traded with the European people of Delagoa Bay.

Gauteng Province From the Pedi a breakaway group the Tlokwa, formed,. Sekonyela was born in 1804 out h huts, cattle enclosures, food storage areas and other strongholds. Klipriviersberg, south of Johannesburg, being one of the sites. This tribe left at the end of the 16th century to settle at Taung in the Northern Cape.

Early Europeans Before the great trek in 1835 hunters, traders and fortune seekers only visited the Gauteng area. In 1808 an expedition under Andrew Gowan, accompanied by Lt. Donavon, officially visited Gauteng. After this more and more Europeans followed. In 1836 the Trekkers under Hans van Rensburg and Louis Trichardt reached the Gauteng area on their way to the north. After this more Trekker parties moved through the area and settlements started. The whole of the Johannesburg area was virtually uninhabited when the Voortrekkers arrived and only a few families settled next to the Klip and Jukskei rivers after 1850. Water has always been a scarce commodity in the area. P.J. Marais discovered the first alluvial gold in 1853 in the Jukskei River This discovery was kept a secret by the government of the Transvaal, coming so soon after its independence in 1852, as they feared the influx of foreigners. The treasure buried in the earth at the Witwatersrand however was bound to be discovered. The Struben brothers were mining alluvial gold on a small scale in Roodepoort before the great discovery in 1886. The biggest gold discovery ever took place when George Harrison and George Walker discovered the main reef in March 1886 at Langlaagte, a few kilometers west of the city centre of Johannesburg. The discovery of gold resulted in rapid growth of the population and by 1904 Johannesburg already had the characteristics of a city. The total white population of the Transvaal, Free State, Natal and Cape was only 328 000 in 1875. The African people were still mostly living in their traditional homelands, in the eastern regions of the country. Many unskilled and untrained African and European people, capable of manual labour only, flooded to Johannesburg. Work was scarce, wages very low and both African and European people had problems adapting to the environment. The African people came from a background of strong tribal traditions where discipline and order were maintained within the tribe and culture and traditions played an important role. The miners on the Rand led a rough life, which made them tough with many losing their traditions. The gold of Johannesburg did not bring prosperity to everybody. Many people lived simply and in poverty. Thousands of people left the Witwatersrand at the beginning of the Anglo Boer War in 1899. The gold mining industry came to a virtual standstill. An agreement was reached between Lord Milner and Maputo (Lourenco Marques) during the war, to obtain mine workers. 50 000 Chinese were imported at the end of the war to work in the gold mines. There were violent objections to this so they were repatriated in 1906 when Transvaal became self-governing.

Important dates 1852 Britain signs the Sand River Convention to recognise the independence of the Voortrekkers north of the Vaal River. 1853 The region north of the Vaal River for the first time given the name of South African Republic (ZAR). 1855 Pretoria founded, named after Andries Pretorius, hero of Bloodriver. M.W. Pretorius, son of Andries Pretorius, elected as President. 1859 The first newspaper for the Z.A.R., “De Oude Emigrant”, appears on 15 October.

Gauteng Province 1860 Pretoria established as the capital of Z.A.R. 1872 Thomas Francois Burgers elected as president of Z.A.R. 1873 The University of South Africa (UNISA) founded 1877 Annexation of the Z.A.R. by the British. 1880 Following various fruitless negotiations between Boer and Britain about the annexation of the Z.A.R., a gathering of the people is held at Paardekraal. Paul Kruger, Piet Joubert and M.W. Pretorius are elected to run the government and administration. The first Anglo-Boer War (1880 -1881) starts on 16 December. Pretoria occupied by the British on 22 December. 1881 In terms of the Convention of Pretoria the Z.A.R. regains self-government on 8 August, subject to British suzerainty. In future the territory would be known as the state of Transvaal. 1883 Paul Kruger elected State President of the Z.A.R. for the first time and inaugurated on Church Square. 1884 The Treaty of London (27 February) grants full independence to the Z.A.R., except for the right to conclude treaties with foreign countries. 1886 Gold is discovered on the Witwatersrand and Johannesburg is founded. 1887 Johannesburg Stock Exchange is opened. 1889 President Kruger lays the foundation stone of the government building “Raadsaal” on Church Square, Pretoria. 1891 The Raadsaal is completed on Church Square. It was declared a national monument in 1968. 1892 Railway line between Cape Town and Johannesburg completed. Pretoria becomes the first town north of the Vaal River to be electrified. 1894 The Delagoa Bay railway line between Pretoria and the then Lourenco Marques is completed on 20 October. 1895 The unsuccessful raid of Dr. L.S. Jameson to disrupt the Government. First nature reserve declared in Africa at Fountains Valley in Pretoria. 1897 President Kruger lays the foundation stone of the Palace of Justice on Church Square, Pretoria. 1898 Paul Kruger elected President for the fourth time. 1899 Start of the Second Anglo Boer War. 1899 - 1902. The National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria, still the only zoo with National status in the country, is founded. 1900 The First Volksraad of the Z.A.R. meets for the last time in Pretoria on 7 May. Paul Kruger goes into exile (without any “Kruger Millions”) from Pretoria, which is occupied by the British with headquarters in Melrose House. The Boer Republic north of the Vaal River is declared British territory for the second time. The government of the Z.A.R flees to the Eastern Transvaal. 1902 The Peace of Vereeniging is signed at Melrose House, Pretoria, on 31 May. Opening of the Premier Diamond Mine. The Palace of Justice in Pretoria is commissioned as seat of the Transvaal Supreme Court. 1904 Chinese labourers imported for the Transvaal gold mines - only to be repatriated in 1907. 1905 The Cullinan diamond, largest in the world (3 106 carats) found at the Premier Mine. 1907 General Louis Botha becomes Prime Minister of the Transvaal. 1908 Onderstepoort - World-renowned veterinary research institute near Pretoria is founded. Transvaal University College, later to become the University of Pretoria, founded.

Gauteng Province 1910 The Transvaal, Cape Colony, Natal and Orange Free State become provinces of the Union of South Africa. Louis Botha elected Prime Minister. Pretoria designated the administrative capital of the Union. 1913 The Union Buildings, designed by Sir Herbert Baker, completed in Pretoria. 1914 Industrial unrest on the Witwatersrand and elsewhere leads to the imposition of martial law. 1922 The University of the Witwatersrand inaugurated. 1927 First traffic light installed in Johannesburg. 1928 Johannesburg proclaimed a city. 1931 Pretoria is declared a city. 1932 The University of Pretoria is inaugurated. Today it is the largest residential university in the country. 1933 Iscor’s coke oven fired in Pretoria. 1938 Railway line between Randfontein - Springs and Germiston - Pretoria, electrified. Foundation stone of the Voortrekker Monument laid on 16 December. 1945 South African Bureau of Standards and Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, destined to become two of the largest research institutes in the country, are established in Pretoria. 1947 Dr. Robert Broom, a Scottish physician and palaeontologist, discovers “Mrs. Ples” and other humanoid fossils in the Sterkfontein caves. 1953 Jan Smuts Airport, now the Johannesburg International Airport, is commissioned. 1961 The Republic of South Africa founded on 31 May. Adv. C.R. Swart is inaugurated as first State President on Church Square in Pretoria. 1968 The Rand Afrikaans University is officially opened on 24 February. 1976 Rioting by black youths to protest the use of Afrikaans as medium of instruction in schools. Now declared a public holiday - Youths’ Day - 16 June. 1988 De Beers announces the discovery at Premier Mine of a diamond of 599 carats, the second largest uncut diamond known. 1991 Abolition of apartheid laws. 1994 Nelson Mandela takes the oath of office to become the first black president of South Africa. 1995 First evidence that members of the human family lived near Johannesburg as far back as 3,5 million years ago . GAUTENG Gauteng lies in the southern part of the former Transvaal, surrounded by Mpumalanga, Northern, North West, and Free State Provinces covering an area of 18 810 sq. km. Gauteng is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. The others are Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu/Natal, Northern Cape, Northern Transvaal, North West, Frees State and Western Cape Provinces. Each province has a provincial legislature and an executive. Each legislator elects a premier who appoints a cabinet of 10 members. Each province is entitled, in addition to its own funds, to an equitable share of the revenues collected at national level; to

Gauteng Province enable it to carry out its functions Provinces may secure loans. Provincial legislatures have powers in the following areas;

• Agriculture * Casinos • Racing * Gambling • Wagering * Cultural affairs • Education (excluding * Housing • Universities & Technicons) * Environment • Language policy * Health services • Nature conservation * Local government • Provincial public media * Public transport • Regional planning & * Roads • Development * Tourism • Trade & industrial * Urban & rural • Promotion development • Welfare services

Gauteng Economy The Gauteng regional economy is the largest in South Africa and in southern Africa. It produces 30% of the economic output of Southern Africa. It is South Africa’s engine room where about 40% of the of the country’s GDP is generated. The most important sectors are manufacturing and finance, insurance, real estate and business services. Mining is also important, especially in respect of its demand for manufactured and industrial goods.

Manufacturing The manufacturing sector in South Africa is divided into 19 sub-sectors: Metals machinery and equipment Food production Beverages Iron and steel Leather products Motor vehicles and parts Scientific photo optics Foot wear Electric machinery Clothing and textiles Other transports Wood products Furniture Non metal minerals paper products printing Industrial chemicals Publishing Fabricated metals Rubber products Pottery, plastics and glass.

Basic facts and statistics Premier; Tokyo Sekwale (up to end of 1997) Premier Select Matole Motsega Capital; Johannesburg Principle languages; Afrikaans 18%; isiZulu17%; English 14%; Sesotho sa Leboa 10,5%; Sesotho 10%; Italian, German, Dutch, Lebanese, Venda, Tswana, and siSwati 32,3% Population; 6 847 000 million % of total; 16,8% Area (km²); 18 760 (the smallest province in area with the highest population per area) % of Total; 1,5% Real GDP; R44 600 million % of Total GDP; 37% Manufacturing tends to occur in agglomerations or clusters. For example, metals products and machinery are produced mainly on the East Rand; Germiston, Boksburg, Alberton, Kempton Park, while iron and steel production occurs mainly in

Gauteng Province Vanderbijlpark and Vereeniging. This clustering has proved highly beneficial and cost effective. Benefits include an established local workforce with appropriate skills and experience, access to common suppliers and warehousing facilities and other external economies of scale. Gauteng manufacturing is dominated by the production of chemicals, iron and steel, metal products and machinery. Other important sub-sectors including food processing, beverages, electric machinery, motor vehicles and vehicle parts. Manufactures of wood and paper products have been showing increased opportunities. Extensive linkages exist between the mining sector and the manufacturing sector in Gauteng. The province acts as a procurement hub for mining inputs such as machinery and equipment, chemicals, protective clothing and forestry products. As such, the province is home to several specialised producers and cutting edge technology for mining. The motor vehicle industry, centred in Pretoria and Roslyn in the north of the province, accounts for nearly 8% or the region’s gross output. Extensive capital investment has recently been undertaken in this sub-sector as manufactures restructure their plant and operations to take account of increased liberalisation. The past year has seen the re-entry of various international motor manufacturers into the area. The iron an steel industry. Located predominantly in and around Vereeniging and Vanderbijlpark, is internationally competitive and has exhibited higher profitability ratios in Gauteng than the South African average. This sub-sector accounts for 11% of regional gross output. Recent capital investment has ensured that the industry is geared to meet increased demand as a result of economic growth and infrastructure development. Although Gauteng’s manufacturing base has been rather inward orientated, it is well positioned to take advantage of new opportunities and challenges. Its industrial sectors are characterised by high new asset expenditure and labour use, but low capital intensity and import dependence. Many of the sectors are also highly dependent on technology so that the importation or adoption of cutting edge technology will allow rapid change and increased competition. Many of the key sub-sectors are well positioned to support the government’s drive to develop small and medium sized mining.

Mining The Witwatersrand, (Ridge of White Waters) the world’s richest gold fields, extends from Krugersdorp in the west to Springs in the east, a distance of about 100 km. It is one of the highest regions in South Africa and forms part of the divide between the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans. The Witwatersrand is of great geological, archaeological and historical interest. Gold mining accounts for 9,9% of the region’s GDP. In 1922 Gauteng mines accounted for 39% of the gold bearing ore in the country. The significance of gold mining in the region extends far beyond the direct effects of mining itself. Gold mines purchase inputs from a great many sectors including industrial machinery and equipment, chemical products, electricity and forestry products. Opportunities exist for value-added activities in this sector. Furthermore, the mines produce substantial gross operating surpluses, which are used for interest and redemption payments to mining finance houses and banks, for profits to shareholders, and for further investment. For every R100 paid to employees of gold mines, R82,30 was also paid to suppliers for input purchases. For every R1 spent on gold mining in Gauteng, 87 cents is spent in Gauteng and only 8 cents in the rest of the country. Because the mining houses are based in Gauteng, the region benefits from management and administration fees charged to mines outside the region. This amounted to R300 million in 1992.

Gauteng Province Commerce, Catering and Accommodation This broad sector covers such diverse activities as wholesale and retail trade, motor vehicle maintenance, hotels and restaurants. Gauteng is the location of South Africa’s major international airport and plays an important role as a gateway to the rest of the country and southern Africa. Business and leisure tourism has to date remained under-developed in the region. This is being addressed by way of the establishment of the Gauteng Tourism Agency, and growth reflected in the 30% increase in hotel occupancy in 1994 is expected to continue. Gaming and Gambling was legalized in July 1995.

Financial and Business Sector This sector covers a range of activities from merchant banking and legal services to life insurance and advertising. The sector has shown phenomenal growth over the past decade as seen in the increase in employment in this sector by 44,34% from 1980 to 1991. This sector is highly sophisticated and shares all the characteristics of its industrialized counterparts. In the World Competitive Report of 1994, the South African financial system was ranked sixth in the world.

Agriculture Agriculture is one of the region’s smallest sectors; nearly 75,000 people are employed in 3,300 farming operations of various kinds. Gross income earned by these operations amounted to approximately R1,3 billion inn 1991. Poultry and poultry products accounted for 33,4% of the regions agricultural output with grains contributing 24,4% and vegetables 18,8%. Possibilities exist for downstream processing of foodstuffs. The agricultural sector is geared to provide the cities and towns of the province with fresh daily produce. It also falls within the so-called maize triangle.

Geological and Geographical Aspects It is a region characterized at the surface by outcrops of dolomites, quartzite and lava. Deep below the surface lie vast resources of gold. Millions of years ago much of the region lay beneath the waters of a vast inland sea, fringed by mountains and rivers rushing down the mountains, carrying particles of gold to the sea. The grains of gold mixed with pebbles and over the ages this conglomerate was covered with molten rock. The sea was filled in and the pebbles and gold from the ancient seashore, packed into hard rock, now lie in layers deep below the surface. The ‘golden arc’ of gold mines spreads along the rim of the basin that once held the sea. Johannesburg lies 1760m above sea level, 500m higher than the areas to the north and south. The Witwatersrand has the largest inland water distribution system in South Africa. The rainwater, which falls over the city, is evenly dispersed. The water from the southern suburbs flows southwards to the Kliprivier, which flows into the Vaal River into the Orange and into the Atlantic, while the water from the northern suburbs flows into the Jukskei River, a tributary of the Crocodile river and into the Limpopo River which flows into the Indian Ocean.

Mining In 1886 600kg of gold with a value of R385 000 was mined. Gold with a value of R12 000 was mined in the Eastern Transvaal (Barberton, Pelgrimsrus). In 1890 gold production was valued at R3 700 000 and in 1898 it reached an amount of R32 500 000, mostly from Johannesburg. Gold production dropped to R4 650 000 at the outbreak of war in 1899.

Gauteng Province The early diggers worked the Witwatersrand in open trenches dug along the surface and many diggers became rich in a short time. The trenches were made as deep as possible but there were limits to such surface workings. Because the reef was so narrow, highly specialized mining techniques were needed to keep the amount of waste rock extracted to a minimum. As the operations went deeper it became even more essential to mine as little waste as possible. The people in Transvaal and the Transvaal Government did not have the necessary capital to invest in the mining industry. Foreign capital and people like Cecil Rhodes, Barney Barnato, Alfred Beit and J.F Robinson who had gained experience in Kimberley, were the founders of the great gold mining companies. The mining magnates (Randlords), industrialists and professional people such as doctors, dentists and attorneys, were all foreigners. They employed the local African and Europeans. Because of the absence of educational facilities both Europeans and Africans remained uneducated. African mine workers were employed from neighbouring countries. Hostels were erected for these workers at the mines. These hostels were for single people only, the families had to stay in the tribal areas. At the turn of the century, the gold mining industry experienced difficulty. The powered gold ore contained iron pyrite. The gold was originally extracted by means of a mercury process. With the increase in depth of the gold layers, the rock material became harder and contained more iron pyrite, which consisted of iron and sulfur. The pyrite bonded with the mercury and by 1890 less than 40% of the gold in the ore could be retrieved. The gold mining industry was on the brink of total collapse causing a plunge in the stock market. Experts began experimenting with alternative methods to retrieve gold. Eventually it was decided upon implementing the McArthur-Forest cyanide process, the French method. This method has been improved and the principles are still used. Many of the gold mines in Johannesburg today have been depleted. Where the emphasis in the past has been on gold, the economic activities have shifted to commerce, banking and other businesses.

Prehistoric and Early History The archaeological importance of Gauteng lies in the abundant evidence of its occupation by prehistoric men, ape-men and animals.

Early Stone Age The early Stone Age lasted approximately for 2 million years and stretched from the late Pliocene to the middle of the Pleistocene (approximately 120 000 years ago). Important paleontological discoveries between 1925 and 1950 in caves at Sterkfontein and Kromdraai (Taung, Swartkrans and Makapansgat) proved the presence of Ape Men (Australopithecus Africanus). They were able to walk upright and use their arms. Samples of Homo habilis were found at Sterkfontein. Samples of the Acheul culture were also found at Drie Riviere (Vereeniging).

The Middle Stone Age This spans the later part of the middle Pleistocene to the end of the Pleistocene, approximately 120 000 to 40 000 years ago. They were known as Homo erectus and may even include Homo sapiens sapiens, the forebearers of the Khoisan. Evidence of this culture is found throughout South Africa, including Gauteng.

The Late Stone Age The late Stone Age started approximately 40 000 years ago, during the last phase of the Pleistocene period. The late Stone Age brings us to the Holocene period, which

Gauteng Province brings us close to the present history. This marks the change from pre historic to the historic age. There are 650 sites from this era spread across the country, some in Gauteng.

The Khoisan (Bushmen) They were spread across most of South Africa. Evidence shows that the San lived in Gauteng before 1652, although not in significant groups. They lived more towards the south and east of the country.

The Khoikhoi There is no evidence of their presence in Gauteng.

Early Iron Age Inhabitants of the Iron age expected to be related to the black African groups. They entered the Gauteng area about 2 000 years ago and brought with them the iron technology. Evidence of their presence was found at Kliprivierberg, Johannesburg and Broederstroom.

Late Iron Age Approximately 1 000 years ago as early as approximately 1060 the “Uitkomst” culture, under their leader Morolong lived in the area of Melville Koppies, Johannesburg, where more than 400 artifacts were found. By 1650 these cultures had established themselves in smaller communities. They were stock farmers and cultivated the land and were metal workers (gold, copper, iron and tin). Apparently they were of the Sotho-Tswana tribes. The earliest history of the Transvaal is vague and mysterious but a wealth of archaeological and paleontological evidence shows that for thousands of years prehistoric men and animals densely populated the area. (Refer Sterkfontein Caves and Vereeniging Archaeological Sites). Here, as elsewhere, the Bushman emerged into the twilight of history but it was only at the beginning of the second quarter of the nineteenth century that the history of the Transvaal started to be recorded. By this time numerous Bantu tribes occupied the Transvaal. At this stage White missionaries, traders and travelers started to penetrate the area. Close on their heels followed the Voortrekkers. In 1836 Louis Trichardt reached the Soutpansberg and, eventually, Maputo. After the Voortrekkers under the leadership of Hendrik Potgieter had dispersed the Matabele, white immigrants gradually spread over and occupied the whole area. For a time there was great political confusion. Many small republics were formed then combined again, but in due course the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek began to take shape. This Boer Republic had a stormy beginning. In 1877 England deprived the Republic of her independence this lead to the First War of Independence in 1881. The discovery of gold resulted in an unprecedented influx of foreigners “Uitlanders”, mostly English. The question of the enfranchisement of the “Uitlanders” and other problems gave rise to tensions between Great Britain and the Transvaal, with the result that the Anglo-Boer War broke out in 1899. This war resulted in the end of the Republic, and in 1910 the Transvaal became an integral part of the Union of South Africa.

Geographical Position Latitude between 25 - 27 degrees south Longitude between 27 - 29 degrees east

Gauteng Province Composition of Gauteng Population The population of Gauteng is 9 400 000, made up as follows: Blacks: 63,05% Whites: 30,54% Asians (Mainly Indians): 2,4% Coloureds: 4,01%

Language composition of the population of Gauteng: Afrikaans: 17,5% Zulu: 16,5% English: 13,2% Northern Sotho: 10,5% South Sotho: 10% Other: 32,3%

Climatic Features The Witwatersrand (Ridge of White Waters) is 1 760m above sea level, 500m higher than the areas to the north and south. Average summer temperature: 25 degrees C. Subtropical location above 30° South latitude accounts for warm temperature, height above sea level makes it a very warm to mild climate. This area falls within the subtropical belt of high pressure, this means an abundance of sunshine. Gauteng is a summer rainfall area and is well known for its thunderstorms in summer (violent convection storms), usually in the afternoon or early evening. Much research on lightning has been done in South Africa since 1920 by Dr. Basil Schonland. Average winter temperature: 13°C. Winter is bleak, dry and windy. Frost often occurs but it gradually decreases towards the north of Pretoria. The average rainfall is 769mm in Johannesburg and 674mm in Pretoria.

Fauna and Flora of Gauteng Over large areas of the high lying Central Plato, the Transvaal Highveld is grassland. This region has a summer rainfall and dry winters, heavy frost at night and considerable temperature difference between day and night. This does not favour trees and most of the grasses die down in winter. Soils vary considerably. The sandy soil of Gauteng is low in nutrients and acid with a covering of sour grassland. The nutritional value of the grass is high in the beginning of the growing season but becomes unpalatable in winter. The terrain consists mostly of open grassland with undulating hills, typical of the Highveld. Owing to old farming practices through which the soil was disturbed, several exotic plants infiltrated the area. Trees, like the silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) cause the most problems. The wattle was imported from Australia and has no natural enemies here. Wattle seed can lie in the soil and still germinate fifty years later. Wattle is deforested and used as firewood and the bark is used for tanning leather. A noticeable characteristic of many of the flowers in this ecozone is their perennial underground storing mechanism, consisting of bulbs and tubers which enable these plants to withstand fire, periodical summer droughts and cold winters. These flowers include a variety of gladioli, harebells, Christmas Bells, nerinas and arum lily.

Gauteng Province The characteristic vegetation found on the numerous highveld ridges in the Gauteng region is known as Bankenveld. Good examples of this can be seen at the Witwatersrand and Pretoria National Botanical Gardens. Towards the North, the climate is slightly less severe, and in Pretoria there are far more trees and shrubs than in Johannesburg.

Fresh Water Resources Vaal Dam - Vaal River. Built in 1938. Rietvlei Dam - Six Mile Spruit - Built in 1934 and provides 27% of

Pretoria’s water requirements. Hartebeespoortdam - Crocodile River - Built in 1923 Klip River Hennops River Roodeplaat Dam Johannesburg is one of a few major cities in the world not close to a waterway or source. Johannesburg Waterworks was established in 1887 as well as Braamfontein Company & Vierfontein Syndicate to supply water to the fast growing city. Water came from fountains and wells in the local dolomite formations. In 1922 Johannesburg turned to the Vaalriver for water. The Rand Water board was formed to supply water to Johannesburg.

Agriculture Maize and Sorghum; Dairy; Cattle; Poultry; Vegetables; Fruit; Sunflowers and sojabeans

Transport

Railways: One hundred years ago the ox wagon was the principal means of transport, but the discovery of gold brought about a dramatic change as the mining companies needed to import machinery and equipment, as well as coal from the local coalmines. The transport riders with their ox-wagons could not cope with the volume of cargo (at one point no less than 600 ore mills were standing idle because of lack of coal). Plans for a railway to Johannesburg encountered much opposition, as transport riding with ox-wagons had become a major industry. The first railway service into Johannesburg was introduced under the guise of being a ‘tram’. The line, running from Boksburg to Johannesburg was opened on 17 March 1890 and within seven months it was extended to Springs and by February 1891 as far as Krugersdorp. During the first nine months of its existence the ‘tram’ carried more than 60 000 passengers, 65 000 tons coal and 2 700 tons of goods. Despite all opposition the railway from the Cape reached Johannesburg on 15 September 1892. On 2 January 1893 the line was extended to Pretoria. The line between Pretoria and Delagoa Bay (Mozambique) was completed in November 1894 and the line between Durban and Johannesburg was completed at the end of 1895. Today the railways cover a total of 21 000 route kilometers. The final destination of most of the 50 million passengers per year carried by rail is in Gauteng. Gauteng is also the final destination for a large number of the imports and starting point of most of the exports. At City Deep is a shipping container holding area, and one of the biggest inland ‘harbours’ in the world. Specially designed goods trains between City Deep and

Gauteng Province the harbours transport most of the containers. Up to four container trains run daily in both directions between City Deep and Durban. Today the Black people in urban areas to commute to work mainly use passenger trains. The railway network has been privatized Use by whites is very limited. The Blue Train, a luxury train between Cape Town and Pretoria is probably the exeption, and it is also a tourist attraction. It has recently been upgraded to the highest international standards Part of Pretoria station has been bought by an American who has acquired several steam trains and the old coaches, which he has restored, and use for “steam safaris” to different parts of the country, to Victoria Falls and to Dar-es-Salaam in Tanzania. The organisation known as Rovos Rail has its headquarters in the Victoria Hotel just opposite the station.

Roads: All the roads in South Africa lead directly or indirectly to Gauteng and Johannesburg. JP Hess brought the first motorcar to Johannesburg in January 1897. Within two years the streets of Johannesburg were thronged with an assortment of animal-drawn and motorized vehicles. Today South Africa has a road network of 182,968km: of which 2171km dual carriage highways; 50 333km national tarred roads and 130 464 km gravel roads. Out of this total the Transvaal region has 46 263 km (1 219 gravel highways, 19 551 national tarred roads and 29 000 gravel roads) 14% of vehicles are registered in Johannesburg, more than one million journeys are undertaken on the city’s 3000km roads daily. Whites previously mainly used motorcars. The public transport system is very poor, the municipal bus system and suburban train system is not adequate, that is the reason why most whites have more than one vehicle. There has recently an enormous increase in Black people owening vehicles; this is due to the increase in salaries and job opportunities. When the railway was not protected by the permit system and blacks could run taxis there developed a taxi system that was very lucrative to the owners. The result is that there is an over supply and the competition has developed into war between the taxi organisations.

Airways: Johannesburg International Airport, previously known as Jan Smuts Airport. Construction of the airport commenced in May 1945, and it is situated 25 km from Johannesburg and 47km from Pretoria. The first aircraft landed on 17 April 1952. At that time the runway was one of the longest in the world. During 1953 the airport was already handling 90 000 passengers annually. Within twelve years it reached a total of one million. The three runways are 4 420, 3 400 and 2 800m long, respectively, offering 34 parking facilities for aircraft. Approximately five million passengers per year - on busy days up to 20000 per day - move through the airport at present. It is continually being extended to accommodate the fast growing passenger movement, which is estimated to reach 35 million per year in the near future. Crushed stone was ferried in for the foundation of the runways from various areas around Johannesburg and most of it actually contained minute quantities of gold ore; so even the runways of the Golden City’s airport is paved with gold! Apart from Johannesburg International Airport (Jan Smuts), there are the following main airports with custom, excise and entry facilities: Grand Central: North of Johannesburg in the Midrand area with passport control and customs service ideal for small aircraft. It has a runway of approximately 1 850m and the air traffic is controlled by qualified personnel, offering a twenty-four hour service.

Gauteng Province Lanseria International Airport Situated in Johannesburg’s northwestern suburbs. It offers twenty-four hours international traffic services, passport control and customs service. With a runway of approximately 3 048m it can accommodate larger aircraft: Boeing 727, Hallenger, Falcon Learjets, etc. Lanseria handles 70% of air charter into Africa with 250 - 300 movements per day. It is the busiest (movement) airport in the country and handles approximately 10 000 passengers per month. Rand Airport Situated east of Johannesburg in the Germiston area. Offers a twenty-four hour service with passport control and custom service. The runway of 1720m is ideal for small aircraft and qualified personnel control the air traffic. It is ideal for aircraft such as Dakota and handles a high volume of traffic. Wonderboom Airport Situated north of Pretoria with a passport and custom control on request. It can handle small aircraft with a runway of 1 800 m. Gauteng also has three airforce bases: Waterkloof Airforce Base, Pretoria; Swartkop Airforce Base, Pretoria; and Dunnottar Airforce Base, Nigel. Small landing strips are at: Brakpan, Robinson Lake, Krugersdorp, Springs, Vereeniging, Heidelberg, Delmas, Cartonville, etc. There has been an explosion in the number of airlines that have included South Africa in their itineraries since 1994 with the inauguration of the new government. Johannesburg is the main port of entrance for most people entering South Africa as it is near the main economic well-developed areas.

Gauteng Province

JOHANNESBURG The city of opportunity - built on gold! The heartbeat of South Africa! It was named after Johann Rissik, principal clerk of the office of the Surveyor-General of the Transvaal republic, and Christiaan Johannes Joubert, Chief of mining, and member of the Volksraad; they recommended that the area be declared a gold-field and that Rantjeslaagte or Doornfontein be the site for the town Johannesburg owes its existence to the discovery of gold by a penniless prospector, George Harrison, in 1886. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng and the centre of the metropolis, which developed after the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886. In a short period of time it developed from a small miners camp, Ferreira’s Camp to a city. Kimberley, after the discovery of diamonds, developed in muddled confusion because of the lack of planning. The then Transvaal Government did not want a repetition, and Johannesburg was well planned from the outset. The Witwatersrand complex of cities stretches from Springs in the east to Randfontein in the west over a distance of 110km, the biggest metropolitan complex in Africa. Johannesburg remains the dominating centre over the other cities: Germiston, Boksburg, Brakpan, Roodepoort, Springs, Krugersdorp and Randfontein. Thousands of workers from the surrounding cities and towns daily commute to Johannesburg. Johannesburg remains, even after one hundred years, exciting, vibrant and vital; one of the biggest cities in Africa with wide reaching influence. It is the only city of its size in the world not developed next to a river or at the sea. By the middle of 1886 the diggings extended in a line of more than 60 km along the Main Reef. By the beginning of September 1886 some 1300 diggers’ licenses had been issued and they were still being allocated at a rate of 60 per day. The town boasted 14 bottle stores and one hotel but no sanitation or health services were provided. Two years later there were 77 bars, 43 hotels and 12 billiard saloons. Tents and shelters were erected at such a speed that parked vehicles had to be dismantled in order to extricate them. By 1892 there were no fewer than 254 bars and hotels. Hays & Co., supplying stagecoach services, used 38 coaches and 1000 horses to maintain a daily express service to Kimberley. Today, less than a hundred years after its unpromising beginning, in which time it has been rebuilt three times, it is the largest mining, manufacturing and engineering centre in Africa. Johannesburg, the financial capital of South Africa, is one of the world’s foremost mineral centres - in less than one square km the head offices of all the South African big mining houses, commerce and discount houses, Stock Exchange and the Chamber of Mines can be found. It covers a municipal area of 508 sq. km, divided into 609 suburbs in which you will find 600 parks and 26 golf courses. Johannesburg has a population of approximately 2 million people. There are actually 4 Johannesburg’s; White; Black; Indian; Coloured. This came as a result of the apartheid system. The different colours were moved to different areas and were not allowed to live in another area. The Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council as it was constituted after the new constitution came into effect during April 1994, is made up of the following: Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council Comprising the following areas; Johannesburg, Roodepoort, Randburg, Sandton, Soweto, Diepkloof, Dobsonville, Alexandra, Orange Farm, Ennerdale, Lenasia, South East, Eldorado Park This is further subdivided in the following: Johannesburg Eastern Metropolitan Local Council

Gauteng Province (Administration Seat – Sandton) Comprising: Sandton, Alexandra, northeastern areas of Johannesburg City Council Johannesburg Northern Metropolitan Local Council (Administration Seat –Randburg) Comprising: Parts or Peri-Urban areas, parts of Sandton, Parts of Johannesburg and parts of Soweto Johannesburg Southern Metropolitan Local Council (Administration Seat- Johannesburg) Comprising: Part of Johannesburg, Lenasia, Lenasia South, Ennerdale and Eldorado Park. Johannesburg Western Metropolitan Local Council (Administration Seat – Roodepoort) Comprising: Dobsonville, Meadowlands, Doornkop, Orlando, Vlakfontein, Zuurbult, Protea Glen, Roodepoort To the north of Johannesburg the following local Government Structures have been established: Khayalami Metropolitan Council Comprising: Khayalami Transitional Metropolitan Council Lethabong Metropolitan Local Council Kempton Park Thembisa Metropolitan Local Council Greater Midrand Metropolitan Local Council To the south of Johannesburg the Lekoa/Vaal Metropolitan Council Comprising: The Eastern Metropolitan Local Council Western Vaal Metropolitan Local Council In establishing these new local government structures an effort has been made to include previous apartheid townships together with traditional white areas in the same authority, and endeavouring at the same time to provide for some kind of acceptable tax base to provide the necessary income for the provision of services to these communities.

Economy & Finance After the discovery of the Witwatersrand Gold Reef in 1886 Johannesburg became the focal point of all economic activity in the country. Most of the mining houses and the stock exchange are situated in Johannesburg. Johannesburg is the financial capitol of Southern Africa if not sub-Saharan Africa.

Climate Johannesburg has warm sunny summer days, which often culminate in thundershowers. The city experiences severe electrical thunderstorms, which have given Johannesburg the reputation as having the most lightning worldwide. An average of 767mm rainfall is measured per year. January, February, November and December are the wettest months with a rainfall of 100-140 mm per month. June and July are dry months. Snow appears rarely in the winter. The average annual temperature is 16.2°C with the day and night temperatures differing with approximately 2°C lower than that of Pretoria. Summer average temperature is 25°C;winter average is 13°C

Gauteng Province Agriculture Johannesburg and the Witwatersrand lie near the agricultural areas of the highveld in Gauteng and Mpumalanga - one of the most productive agricultural areas, which supply the suburban areas. Around the suburban areas of the Witwatersrand, the emphasis is on dairy and fresh produce.

Fauna and Flora The Witwatersrand lies in the grasslands biome. The winters of these areas are cold and tree growth is inhibited. Tree growth is present in the warmer northern slopes, valleys and alongside rivers. Most of the trees in the Witwatersrand are not indigenous, but have adapted to the climate, giving the impression that Johannesburg is rich in trees. In the past, Johannesburg has had a large variety of wild animals, which have now been eradicated.

Population The Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area has the largest population in South Africa: Formal Population: 4 030 360 Informal Population: 217 360 Total: 4 247 360 Many people have in the past gone to reside in Johannesburg due to the wide spectrum of jobs available, from administration, mining and commerce. Johannesburg is presently the capital of Gauteng, thus transferring many of the administrative offices from Pretoria to Johannesburg. Johannesburg’s Railway station is the largest in South Africa. Thousands of commuters make use of these facilities daily. Hillbrow has become known as one of the most densely populated areas in the world. This enables the flat dwellers from all race groups to live as closely to their places of work as possible. People travel from Pretoria, and neighbouring areas daily by bus, train and taxi to work in Johannesburg. Most workers from these areas live in the Witwatersrand Metropolitan area. Large groups from KwaZulu-Natal and the Transkei area have settled on the Rand. According to previous government policies, separate living areas were set-aside for specific race groups, making the South West of Johannesburg mainly a black population area. Soweto is the largest suburban area in South Africa.

Water Supply Water supply was a problem shortly after the discovery of gold. Originally water from the fountains, the Jukskei River and the Klipriver were used. The Rand Water Board was established in 1919 and water from the Barrage, a dam wall in the Vaal River near Parys supplied to the Witwatersrand. Due to the demand for water from the Vaal Dam, which is fed by the Wilge and Vaal Rivers (full in 1989 and 1996), not all needs are satisfied. During the last 15 years, water has been pumped from the Spioenkop Dam in the Tugela River in KwaZulu-Natal over the Drakensberg to the Sterkfontein Dam. When necessary water is released from the Sterkfontein Dam. It flows from the Nuwejaarsspruit to the Wilge River, then into Vaal Dam. Due to the recent drought, this scheme has also been duplicated, thus minimal water was available from the Tugela River. The extended catchment scheme of the Orange River in Lesotho is presently under construction. The dam wall of the Katze Dam has already been completed and will start to supply water to the Witwatersrand by pipeline from 1997.

Gauteng Province Transport In 1890, when railway lines were built, problems were experienced while constructing a thoroughfare through the Klip River Mountains, south of Johannesburg and due to Germiston’s favourable position in this area, the entire main railway lines join there. Gauteng has the largest rail junction in South Africa. Johannesburg is directly linked to the West Rand and from there to Kimberley. It is also linked to Soweto. The railway line, south of Soweto connect at the Vereeniging-Germiston link. The metropolitan highway system makes the flow of traffic through the city easy.

Education

Universities:

Witwatersrand Rand Afrikaanse Universiteit Vista

Technikon: Witwatersrand The area has several teachers training colleges, including Soweto and Johannesburg College of Education. Various secondary technical and commercial schools as well as many private schools, primary and pre-primary schools.

Historical Monuments

The N.Z.A.S.M. Locomotive: This engine is displayed at the Johannesburg station, which belonged to the Nederlandse Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorwegmaatschappij. The first railway line in the Transvaal was built between Braamfontein and Boksburg and completed in 1890. It was on this line that the locomotive operated from 1890 to 1903. The train was known as the “Rand Tram”.

The Diaz Cross: This remarkable historical relic stands in the library of the University of the Witwatersrand. Bartholomew Diaz erected this cross on 12 March 1488 at Kwaaihoek near the mouth of the Bushman’s River.

The Old Fort: Johannesburg’s historic old fort stands in Kotze Street on Hospital Hill. At the end of 1895 and the beginning of 1896 Dr. L.S. Jameson invaded the Transvaal at the head of an armed force with the intention of depriving the Transvaal Republic of its independence, with the assistance of the rebellious Uitlanders in Johannesburg. The conspiracy ended in failure, but it constrained the Republican Government to greater watchfulness and military preparedness. To control the rebellious Uitlanders this fort was built round the existing prison, consisting mainly of two bastions on which guns could be mounted. A few months after the fort was completed in 1899, the Anglo Boer War broke out. The fort played no part in the war and the guns on the bastions remained silent.

The Stone House, Parktown: This unique residence is situated in Rock Ridge Road. Sir Herbert Baker, the well-known architect, designed and had the house built for himself. In it he tried to incorporate all the traits, which he visualised in the renewal of the South African

Gauteng Province domestic architecture. Built of stone, it becomes one as it blends with the rocky koppie on which it stands.

Melville Koppies Nature Reserve: The Melville Koppies occupy a considerable area of unspoiled land adjoining the northwestern suburb of Emmarentia. These koppies were proclaimed as a nature reserve in 1958 in order to preserve the indigenous flora, insect and bird life. The area is characterised by a large variety of succulent grasses, shrubs and trees. In addition to the plant and animal life, the reserve also contains extremely interesting relics of a prehistoric settlement of Iron-Age people who lived there centuries ago. Of particular importance is an ancient furnace where these people smelted iron ore. Not far from the furnace, concealed amongst the trees, are the remains of the kraal where the foundations of a hut, a small grain pit and the pens and kraals for confining stock can still be seen. Proclaimed as a historical monument in 1968.

Randjeslaagte Beacon: The Randjeslaagte Beacon stands in Boundary Road, Parktown, just off Louis Botha Avenue. When the farms Turffontein, Doornfontein, Braamfontein and Langlaagte were originally given out, a triangular piece of land was not included due to its stony nature which made it unsuitable for farming, it remained Crown Land and became known as Randjeslaagte. The beacon marked the northern corner or apex of the farm. Diagonal Street marks the western boundary and End Street today marks the eastern boundary. This site was chosen as being suitable to lay out the town on the newly discovered Witwatersrand Gold field. Randjeslaagte therefor became Johannesburg, named after Johann Rissik and Christiaan Johannes Joubert. In the course of time the grass and bush of Randjeslaagte gave place to the concrete and macadam of the heart of Johannesburg, which had meanwhile expanded far beyond the boundaries of the original triangle. But the old beacon has by some good fortune been preserved and now bears witness to the humble origin of the proud City of Johannesburg. Proclaimed in 1965 as national monument.

The Gold Claims of the Discoverers of the Main Reef Group of Conglomerates of the Witwatersrand, Langlaagte: The dramatic discovery of the rich gold-bearing deposits of the Witwatersrand was of the greatest importance in the history of South Africa. Alluvial gold in small quantities was found in the Jukskei River in October 1853. From 1860 to 1880 prospecting often took place near the Main Reef. From 1874 to 1885 activity increased. George Harrison discovered the Main Reef Group of Conglomerates by chance in 1886 on a portion of the farm Langlaagte, belonging to CG Oosthuizen. George Harrison and George Walker were each awarded claims Nos. 19 and 20 as discoverers claim. These are the claims that are now preserved as historical monument in the George Harrison Park, Main Reef Road. The stamp mill in the park reputedly belonged to Sir J. B. Robinson, who came to this area from Kimberley and persuaded the Widow Oosthuizen who owned the farm, to sell him several claims and subsequently established his mine nearby. On his instructions, the battery was buried in a slimes dam and only after his death was it traced, salvaged and restored.

Site of Surrender of Dr. L.S. Jameson, Roodepoort: Doornkop is situated on the farm Vlakfontein, some kilometres east of Randfontein. It was here that Dr. Jameson and his column surrendered to the Boer forces on 2 January 1896.

Gauteng Province Cecil John Rhodes’s great ideal was the political unification of all the territories of South Africa under the British flag. The realisation of this ideal meant the subjection of the two independent Boer Republics to British authority. Rhodes concocted a plot with the leaders of the Uitlanders; they would start a revolt in Johannesburg and Rhodes would then send an armed force under command of his friend and confidant, Dr. Jameson. The uprising in Johannesburg failed to “catch on”. Jameson became impatient and notwithstanding warnings that the Uitlanders were not ready, decided to continue the raid. He as obliged to surrender at Doornkop after heavy attack from The Boers.

Historical and Important Buildings and Streets

Commissioner Street One of the principal streets of Johannesburg runs east to west through the centre of the city and extends into the Main Reef Road. It was named in honour of the commissioners involved in the proclamation of the gold fields and the establishment of the city. Commissioner Street forms the southern border of Randjeslaagte.

Carlton Centre - Commissioner Street The Carlton Centre designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, was completed in 1973, and claims to be one of the largest all-concrete buildings in the world. It has a fifty-storey high office complex, a five star hotel with 600 rooms and two levels of approximately 220 shops. A magnificent view of Johannesburg can be seen from the fiftieth floor - Panorama 50.

Central News Agency (CNA) - Cnr. Commissioner and Rissik Streets Michael Davis and A.V. Lindbergh founded the CNA in 1896 as a news agency and publisher. The CNA has since become the major newspaper and periodical distributor in the country. In 1906 the Sunday Times was launched from here by a syndicate consisting of Kingswell and Jackson, who made out the top management of the Mail, and Davis and Lindbergh of the CNA.

Rand Club - Cnr. Commissioner and Loveday Streets By late 1886, the year of the founding of Johannesburg, Cecil Rhodes’s presence was already felt strongly in the town. One thing Rhodes missed from his days in Kimberley was “the club”. On his instructions a suitable site was found and in 1887 the first club was built, followed by the second in 1890 and the third - which still stands today - in 1904. The four storey neo-Baroque building of sandstone and baked brick was the design of two prominent architects, Leck and Emley. The facade of the new Rand Club was especially rich in ornamentation. They succeeded in creating a new landmark in Johannesburg and today, while the exterior remains hardly changed at all, the interior has undergone considerable alterations - but still displays the richness, the comfort and the elegance for which it has always been renowned.

Standard Bank - Cnr. Commissioner and Harrison One week after Randjeslaagte was declared diggings in 1886, Standard Bank established their first branch on this site in a tent. In Edwardian times a bank was required to look the part, and this building, occupied in 1908, undoubtedly exuded the right atmosphere of substance, respectability and restrained opulence. The design was by W.H. Stucke, who had the unusual distinction of designing all four of the big

Gauteng Province financial buildings that faced onto the busy Commissioner/Harrison intersection. Of these only Victory House and the Standard Bank remains. In 1978 extensive alterations and modernisation was done to the interior, which led to one interesting discovery. Permission was granted to open an apparently abandoned safe deposit box, first lodged with the bank in 1898. Inside it some gold nuggets were found, but it could never be determined why it was never collected, and still remains a mystery.

Standard Bank - 5 Simmonds Street During site preparation and excavations the contractors discovered an old mine stope. Detailed investigation of this site showed it to be underlain by the Main Conglomerate Formation of the Witwatersrand. This formation contained the most economically viable gold bearing reefs in the Johannesburg area. This stope, one of many sub-surface diggings in this part of Johannesburg, was part of the old Ferreira Gold Mine. The Ferreira Gold Mining Company was formed in May 1887 and opened a banking account with the Standard Bank on 24 August 1888. More than 100 years later, the Standard Bank and Ferreira’s have renewed their relationship with the preservation in the basement of the Standard Bank Centre of this example of mining in early Witwatersrand mines.

First National Bank - Cnr. Commissioner and Simmonds Streets This building with copper bay windows known as The Corner House, was a landmark of old Johannesburg and one of the masterpieces of Leck and Emley. It was for many decades the tallest building in Johannesburg and in the Transvaal. Hermann Eckstein, founder of Mining Finance House (now Randgold) owned it. His surname, translated, means “corner stone” and he always chose a corner stand for his building. It was the first building in Johannesburg to have a steel frame and lifts (elevators). The lifts are now on display at the Transport Museum.

First and Second Stock Exchange - Cnr. Commissioner and Simmonds The first Stock Exchange building of one storey opened for business on 16 January 1888. At the time several other stock exchanges operated in different parts of the country, having been established after diamonds were found in Kimberley. Although some of these exchanges continued well into the twentieth century, the Johannesburg Stock Exchange dominated the financial scene from the start. By 1890 larger premises were needed and a double-storey building was erected on the same site. So great was the pressure of business that the Mining Commissioner reserved the section of Simmonds Street between Market and Commissioner Streets for share dealing “between the chains”. The chains blocked off the area of the street in front of the Stock Exchange. By 1904 the Stock Exchange moved to larger premises.

Magistrates Courts - Cnr. West and Fox Streets The figures on either side of the entrance sculptured by Coert Steynberg represent Roman Dutch Law (old man) and Modern Law (young man). John Perry designed the building and General Jan Smuts laid the foundation stone in 1936.

Anglo American - Cnr. West and Main streets Anglo American Corporation of South Africa Limited, founded in 1917, was the first South African based mining finance house. Today, with a net asset value exceeding R30 000 million, it is one of the world’s largest mining and industrial groups. It is one of the largest organisations outside the government in the country. The building, which is the headquarters for the Anglo American Group, was built in 1935. The building is

Gauteng Province adorned with freezes, bas-reliefs, sculpture and decorative metal work, depicting South African fauna and flora. Anglo American has (Nov 1997) recently consolidated all its gold business into one big international company, Amgold’ which is now the biggest gold mining company in the world.

Hollard Street Named after Emil Hollard, lawyer and financier, Hollard Street is the financial heart of Johannesburg. Most of the big mining houses, and the Chamber of Mines, have their administrative headquarters in the vicinity: Herschel and Manell started Anglovaal - youngest of the mining houses in 1935. Union Corporation, founded in 1897 by Adolf Goetz. Union Corporation and General Mining amalgamated in 1980 to form Gencor. In front of the building is a Unicorn and an old stamp mill. Gold Fields of South Africa - Cecil John Rhodes is remembered in the South African mining world for two great achievements. By amalgamating mining interests in Kimberley to form De Beers Consolidated Mines, he controlled the glut of diamonds, which at the time threatened the future of diamond mining. On the Witwatersrand Rhodes established Gold Fields of South Africa in 1887. In powers of persuasion and breadth of contacts in the financial worlds he was unrivalled. General Mining Company (now Gencor) - The freeze in front of the building depicts the discovery of Africa, its history and the discovery of gold. On the floor of the fountain is a symbolic map of the gold fields. The signs around the entrance are Greek symbols for some of the minerals found in South Africa. Rand Gold - Operations started under the name of Werner, Beit & Co., becoming the largest mining house in South Africa, if not in the world, and controlled the Rand Mines Group. Hermann Eckstein was chosen to represent Werner Beit & Co. under the name of Corner House. Johannesburg Consolidated Investment - Founded in 1889 by Barney Barnato, the most colourful of the Randlords. Chamber of Mines - Situated centrally between the six corporations with its entrance in Hollard Street Gardens. Hermann Eckstein helped to establish the Chamber of Mines in 1889 to serve the private sector mining industry. The Chamber of Mines provides an extensive advisory and service function to its members, consisting of independent mining finance corporations, individual mines and mining companies. The Chamber deals with the recruiting of African labour for the mines (53% of mine labourers came from 11 countries outside South Africa) negotiate with the unions, watches legislation dealing with the mines.

Third Stock Exchange - Hollard Street The third Stock Exchange building brought new life to Hollard Street in 1904 where it served it’s purpose until once again the Stock Exchange outgrew its building and the fourth Stock Exchange took its place in 1958, until 1978 when yet another move was made to the fifth building in Diagonal Street.

Public Library - Market Street On 20 March 1889, when Johannesburg was not quite three years old, a group of public-spirited people gathered with the express purpose of establishing a public library. The first library building in Kerk Street was occupied from 1898 until 1935 when the present building was occupied. The sculptured figures around the outside represent history, philosophy, painting, music, etc. The roundels represent men in literature, art and science, such as Goethe, Shakespeare, Dante, Einstein, Pasteur, Spinoza, etc.

Gauteng Province Today the reference library is one of the most comprehensive and best known in the country. It has several unique collections, including the Harold Strange Collection of Africana, the Seymour Memorial Library and the Michaelis Art Library. The Geological Museum that used to be on the first floor is an unrivalled treasure house for geologists, prospectors and students. It has since been moved to the museum now situated in the old market building. It also tells the story of the development of planet earth, its rocks and minerals. Its gold exhibits are without equal anywhere in the world. The Africana Museum houses what is considered the largest collection of pictorial Africana. Another section covers the arts, handicraft and customs of the African people of South Africa, including the Bushman and Hottentots and also tells the story of the White man in South Africa.

Guildhall - Cnr. Market and Harrison Streets Built by Mr. Meischke who also built the Rissik Street Post Office and the City Hall. The pub is today the oldest pub in Johannesburg with antiques and photos recalling the early days of Johannesburg. The poor mans Rand Club

First National Bank Museum - 90 Market Street The building was built for Natal Bank in 1901, later taken over by the National Bank, which was taken over by Barclays Bank and again taken over by First National Bank. The museum traces the history of the First National Bank since 1838 to give an overview of the development of banking in South Africa in general. The exhibits include old clocks, counters, photographs and documents.

City Hall - Market Street Though it was generally recognised as South Africa’s most important centre by the mid 1890, Johannesburg did not acquire the formal status of a city until September 1928. Johannesburg City Hall was designed by Sir Edward Lutyens and built by M.C.A. Meischke, who also built the Rissik Street Post Office. It was first occupied in January 1915 after more than four years of construction work, and it was officially opened in April 1915. The magnificent organ is one of the biggest in the world, designed by Dr. Alfred Hollins, a blind Scottish organist who played the opening recital.

Rissik Street Post Office - Cnr. Rissik and Market Streets Declared a national monument in 1978, the Rissik Street Post Office, Johannesburg’s last major public building left over from the Transvaal Republic era, is now safe from demolition. The structure familiar today is substantially different from the original 1897 version. HC Werner designed the first version under the direction of Sytze Wierda, State Architect. The builder was M.C.A. Meischke, the contractor also responsible for the City Hall eighteen years later. It was a good example of the elegant European style Wierda brought to many public buildings of the era, such as the Pretoria’s Raadsaal and Palace of Justice. However, eight years later the building was found to be too small and a new architect, W. Tonkin, drew plans for the extra storey. The addition unfortunately destroyed the original proportions and replaced the charming variations by a heavy clock tower and a large square water tank. The clock was made by the same designers as Big Ben and has a similar sound. There were no house-to-house deliveries until after the Boer War. Letters were simply called out to the waiting public at an open window at specified times.

Gauteng Province Pritchard Street The street became a popular promenade where the whole town gathered for an evening’s entertainment. The retailers arranged to have a band playing on Saturday evenings and many of the shops between Rissik and Von Brandis Streets stayed open until nine or ten at night. Apart from eating and drinking, the genteel occupation was a stroll to and fro with a gloved hand on the accompanying arm, looking into the shop windows that were often gas-lit.

Supreme Court - Pritchard Street Notwithstanding strong opposition from owners of surrounding properties, in October 1909 the Government started pulling down a quaint old church building to erect new law courts on Von Brandis Square. Earlier the area was open veld between Marshalltown and the original mining camp and was a conglomeration of dangerous shafts and prospecting holes, the largest being where the Supreme Court now stands. On 9 April 1910, the Minister of Public Works, Mr. EP Solomon, laid the foundation stone of the law courts when the walls of the building were already five feet high and the strong classical design of the architect, Patrick Eagle, was becoming evident. The statue of Carl Von Brandis was sculptured by Dave McGregor and was donated to Johannesburg by the Chamber of Mines. Von Brandis was the first magistrate, first mining commissioner and considered to be the father of Johannesburg.

Cuthberts - Cnr. Pritchard and Eloff Streets For 70 years the corner of Eloff and Pritchard Streets has been the heart of Johannesburg’s commercial district and Cuthberts Corner has witnessed the rapidly changing scene while remaining unchanged itself. The building, erected in 1904, is typical of the best of Victorian architecture, combining as it does the elements of so many architectural disciplines. The architects Stucke and Banister produced this building. Above the windows is a series of low relief figures depicting modelling, carpentry, shoemaking, plastering, stone masonry, etc. - all being a variety of trades and crafts. Mr. W.M. Cuthbert started Cuthberts in 1882 in the Cape.

Markhams - Cnr. Pritchard and Eloff Streets In 1897 a new commercial building at the corner of Pritchard and Eloff Streets raised its proud head above the one and two-storied buildings, which then constituted most of the shopping centre of Johannesburg. Markhams, five storeys high, with the town’s first four-faced clock, became a landmark and favourite meeting place. The clock dial could be read from a distance of two miles and its tower could be clearly seen by the residents of Hillbrow, Parktown and Braamfontein, as no large buildings intervened. It was known for some time as “Markham’s folly” because it was felt that with mining activity underground the weight of the building could cause it to collapse during blasting operations. The building, however, has retained its solidity to the present day. Snuggled under the wing of the Markhams building is 67(A) Pritchard Street, one of the smallest and oldest shops in Johannesburg with a frontage of only 13 ½ feet (4.1metres) Markhams initiated the mail order business in South Africa.

Diagonal Street The scent of spices, incense, fruit and vegetables and the bright colours of produce, African prints, saris and Oriental flavours assault the senses as one meanders down Diagonal Street, the most cosmopolitan section of a city made up of many races and nationalities.

Gauteng Province The Street is unique in Johannesburg, not only for its flavour but because it cuts across the north south, east-west grid pattern of streets, as its name emphasises. It originally formed part of the western boundary of Randjeslaagte, on which on 4 October 1886, the township was proclaimed that grew into Johannesburg. Diagonal Street refers of course not only to the road itself but also to a good part of the adjacent area. The area became overwhelmingly Asiatic in character, teeming with life and colour, noises and smells. Most traders use the pavements as an extension of their display space, sheltered by coloured awnings. It is a kind of semi open-air department store for cut-rate clothing, dresses, textiles, toiletries, scarves and knickknacks of all kinds. One could also buy silks, saris, samoosas or African muti.

11 Diagonal Street This is an Anglo American complex, shaped like a diamond with its 58 facets, was designed by Helmut Jahn and opened in 1983. The waterfall inside represents the grease tables of diamond recovery and also helps with the cooling system. The glass is hurricane tested and set on a silicone base. The reflection of the sun on the all-glass building has caused the Stock Exchange building across the road to become unbearably hot. Anglo American had no alternative but to have the Stock Exchange windows painted with special non-reflecting gold glass paint to limit the effect of the glare.

Stock Exchange - Diagonal Street This is the only Stock Exchange in South Africa. The symbolic meaning of the statue is that of the universal language of stock exchanges world-wide: Bull – A rising market and, Bear – a falling market. 1300 to 1400 companies are quoted on the J S E. 29 million shares change hands per week. The louder the shouting the more money the government makes!

Herbalist Shop - Diagonal Street KwaZulu Muti owned by Dr. Naidoo. The effectiveness of traditional herbal medicines are at present being investigated. Traditional healing has been medically acknowledged in South Africa. Traditional healers are divided into four categories namely, The Herbalist, Diviner, Exorciser and the Sorcerer (dealing in witchcraft). Refer to attached list of indigenous trees, their medicinal and other uses.

Institute of Medical Research - Cnr. Hospital and De Korte Streets Sir Herbert Baker designed the building. Established in 1912 by the government with money provided by the mining industry. The Institute undertakes research with the aim of preventing diseases such as cancer, polio, malaria and bilharzia.

The Adler Museum of the History of Medicine: In the grounds of the Institute of Medical Research is the Adler Museum of the history of Medicine. Like general history, the history of medicine has a valuable function as an educational tool. The museum was inaugurated in April 1962 with a view to collect and preserve for posterity, all such material that would illustrate the History of Medicine in general and of South Africa in particular. In the Museum is also a reproduction of a Herbalist’s Shop from early days of Eloff Street which sold traditional remedies. The Sangoma’s Room shows traditional diagnostic techniques. Here are a few of the remedies recommended which have been

Gauteng Province investigated by a retired qualified pharmacist who estimates that 25% of these herbal remedies do posses healing properties. For stomach complaints: Cucumber Tree - umZingulu (Zulu) the ripe fruit is used as a purgative. Lannea edulis Sond (Wild Grape - umuLambalamba (Zulu) Used for diarrhoea. Emetics: Sideroxylon inerme L. - uMaphipha Bark (Zulu) an infusion of the bark is used as an emetic to dispel bad dreams. Chest colds and coughs: Celastrus buxfolius L inGwavuma bark (Zulu) A decoction of the root and thorns is used for chest colds and coughs. Lungs and Respiratory conditions: Eugenia Gerrardi Sim - umDoni bark (Zulu) A decoction or infusion of the bark is used in treatment of tuberculosis of the lungs and other chest complaints. Mental disturbances: Capparis tomentosa - iQwaningi root and bark (Zulu) used for the treatment of madness. The powdered burnt roots are rubbed into skin incisions to cure headaches. Heartburn: Schotia - iHluzi bark (Zulu) A decoction is used for heartburn and after excess of beer. Heart conditions: Hybiscuspusillus Thumb - uVuma root (Zulu). The root is used as an emetic in rheumatism, dropsy and heart diseases. Rheumatism: Cucumber Tree - umZingulu (Zulu) The unripe fruit is used for rheumatism and as a dressing in cases of syphilis. Headaches and Fever: Black stinkwood - umNugane bark (Zulu) contains tannin. The bark is used for headaches as a snuff or inhaling the smoke by burning it. Veronica natalensis Sch. Fib. - isiBaha bark (Swazi) Used for malaria and other febrile conditions. The powder is also used for coughs. Tapeworm: Dryoptis inaequalis C. Kuntze - inKomakoma bark (Zulu) Used as an anthelmintic by the Zulu and Xhosa. Its caudex in powder form or infusion is and excellent anthelmintic for tape worm. Charms and tonics: Othonna natalensis Sch. Bip. - Phela (Sotho) Used as a charm for protection. The plant is also used as an anthelmintic. Corchorus asplenifolius Burch - uBangalala root (Zulu). The root is used as a remedy for sexual weakness in men. People who try these medicines do it at their won risk.

Places of Interest:

South African Broadcasting Corporation - Auckland Park Broadcasting Centre in Auckland Park to the west of the city centre has become a distinctive landmark of the Golden City. Born fifty years after the founding of Johannesburg, the SABC is an organisation with 16 internal radio programme services broadcasting in 11 languages, an external radio service that broadcasts in six languages and three television services that, between them, broadcast programmes in 11 languages. The SABC also has smaller broadcasting operations in all the major centres of South Africa and offices and studios in several towns. The SABC headquarters at Auckland Park comprises a 36-storey administrative tower (the Piet Meyer Building), several floors of radio studios in an adjoining block and a separate television building. The Television Centre boasts what is reputed to be the largest random television relay system in the world. This enables departmental heads to monitor rehearsals, recordings and transmissions throughout the Centre. Please note: Guided tours are available.

Gauteng Province Randse Afrikaans University - University Avenue, Auckland Park The Rand Afrikaans University (RAU), was established in 1966 and opened its doors to its first 741 students on 24 February 1968. While established mainly to meet the needs of the Afrikaners of Johannesburg, RAU is by no means exclusively Afrikaans. It has six faculties: arts, science, economics and business management, law, education and engineering. The design of the campus and method of instruction are modern and imaginative. The arrangement of the buildings - in the shape of a horseshoe around a large common - serves to promote spontaneous contact and interaction among students of all disciplines. By 1986 enrolment had grown to 7 500 and today it stands at 10 400.

Witwatersrand University - Jan Smuts Ave.—Empire Road. The University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, the largest English-language University in Africa, has an international reputation for academic excellence. It has ten faculties - arts, science, medicine, engineering, commerce, law, dentistry, architecture, education and business administration, as well as several research institutes of national and international repute. It has a total enrolment of 17 500 which includes all races. The university had its origin in the South African School of Mines in Kimberley, which moved to Johannesburg when gold was discovered. It was known as the Transvaal Technical Institute and later as the Transvaal University College, part of which was moved to Pretoria. The arts and science sections eventually became Pretoria University in 1922. The central block of the University was designed by Emley and Williamson and built in 1923. It is faced in granite, with a commanding Corinthian portico that is a magnificent focal point on the axially planned campus. A comprehensive collection of African tribal art is housed in the Gertrude Posel Gallery. The largest collection of its kind in South Africa, it includes a number of unique masks, headdresses, fetishes and other items. Among the prize exhibits are Ndebele fertility dolls and Ndebele and Zulu beadwork. The Geology and Mine Engineering department is world-renowned. The oldest link between Europe and South Africa is housed in the foyer of the library, i.e. the Bartholomew Dias Cross - erected on the shores of the Eastern Cape at Kwaai Hoek in 1488.

Joubert Park - Wolmarans, King George & Twist Streets This is Johannesburg’s oldest park, which was granted in 1887. Joubert Park with its lawns, ponds, green houses and open-air chessboard, has provided the people of Johannesburg with an escape from the high rise buildings all around. Today it is still the major ‘green lung’ in the city centre and also the home of Johannesburg’s tramp community.

Johannesburg Art Gallery - King George Street Johannesburg Art Gallery owes its existence to the drive and enthusiasm of Florence Phillips, wife of the mining magnate Lionel Phillips. She badgered the Randlords into making substantial donations, either in cash or in paintings. She started the ball rolling by selling a blue diamond ring and buying three paintings by Philip Wilson Steer. She also donated her own priceless collection of antique lace and embroideries. The foundation stone for the Gallery in Joubert Park was laid on October 1911. Apart from this municipal art gallery, Johannesburg has about a dozen private galleries.

Gauteng Province Market Theatre An ideal way to preserve threatened old buildings is to ‘recycle’ them to new uses. Johannesburg’s Newtown Market, which was converted into the Market Theatre, is an example of what can be achieved. The municipal market at Newtown has served the city for sixty years but by 1970 the volume of business has far outgrown its Edwardian premises. In 1975 operations were transferred to the vast new market complex at City Deep, and the handsome Beaux-Art style building was threatened with demolition. The lofty main hall, originally 203m long by 30m wide, had been built entirely without interior supports; it had the longest three-pin arches of any steel structure in South Africa. On grounds of engineering history alone it deserved to be saved. A non-profit foundation was formed to underwrite the cost of the conversion and launching a theatre. Work on the conversion began in August 1975. The concept behind the Market Theatre was to create not only a theatre but also a ‘cultural market place’. The main 520-seat theatre opened on 19 October 1976. Besides the two theatres that were planned, there is now a third, the Laager. In the former Market Cafe, there is an art gallery, a photographic gallery and a bookshop. The complex has been restored with a loving sense of the past. Many of the fruit vendors’ name boards are still in place and other market signs such as ‘Do not spit’ and ‘It is prohibited to discard fruit peels’, can be seen in the lobbies. The theatres have been continuously occupied with shows.

Museum Africa in Breë Street The built in 1913, the building, which is now Museum Africa, was Johannesburg’s fruit and vegetable market until 1974. The converted building opened as Museum Africa. The Museum houses an exhibition on “The Road to Democracy” giving a history of apartheid and the transformations that took place in Johannesburg from early times to today, incorporating all the role players. It also houses the Bensusan Museum of Photography and The museum of South African rock Art. It has an exhibit on the control of malaria.

Johannesburg Botanical Gardens - Emmarentia Opened in 1973, this 125 ha paradise is the pride of Johannesburg Parks and Recreation Department. It has a magnificent rose garden, rose trial grounds, a ground cover demonstration garden, a herb garden and more than 20 000 both indigenous and exotic trees. The gardens are located near Emmarentia Dam on the Braamfontein Spruit. The herb garden includes most household herbs, international medicinal herbs and herbs used by Africans for medicinal purposes. The ground cover garden boasts about 100 varieties.

Hermann Eckstein Park - (Johannesburg Zoological Gardens and Zoo Lake) - Jan Smuts Ave. After the Anglo Boer War, Hermann Eckstein, one of the early mining magnates, donated some 81 ha to be used for recreationl purposes. Today this area is divided in two by Jan Smuts Avenue. The one portion accommodated the Johannesburg Zoological Gardens, which were opened in 1904 with one lion, a leopard, giraffe, two sable antelopes and a golden eagle. Sir Percy Fitzpatrick who wrote Jock of the Bushveld collected the animals. Today the Zoo covers 55 ha and accommodates more than 3000 mammals, birds and reptiles. The portion northwest of Jan Smuts is known as Zoo Lake. The Lake is surrounded by extensive unfenced grounds and large lawns, which attract large numbers of people on

Gauteng Province holidays and weekends. Public facilities include a restaurant, playground for children, a swimming pool, tennis courts and sports fields.

War Museum and War Memorial - Ersworld Drive In the same grounds as the Johannesburg Zoological Gardens are the War Museum and War Memorial. Sir Edwin Luytens designed the Memorial for the men who died in the Boer War. It was completed after the First World War, and is now a Memorial to all South Africans who lost their lives in wars. Aaronson sculptured the Angel of Peace. The War Museum has one of the finest medal collections in the world, including the oldest medal on show - the Naval General Service Medal issued in 1849, although it goes back to 1793. It is the only museum to have two German night fighters on display. The museum contains a wealth of material of South African military history. The museum has been designated the custodian of all official war art. In the “art gallery” work of South Africa’s official war artists is displayed.

Bernberg Museum of Costume - Jan Smuts Avenue It is named after the Bernberg sisters who owned the house and bequest it to Johannesburg. The house has been altered to make it suitable for a museum. It depicts costumes and accessories worn in South Africa from 1790 until the present day.

Gold Reef City Gold Reef City was opened during April 1986 to recreate much of the lost heritage of early Johannesburg. Built on the site of, and incorporating, the Gold Mine Museum, it is a living pioneer town. The buildings are faithful replicas of the architecture and styles of buildings, which grew from the mining camps. Gold Reef City is more than a museum, it is a reconstruction of history in living form. Two large entertainment centres have been located in the area. They are the Victorian Fun Fair with its carousel, Ferris wheel and swinging cocopan and the Hertz Hippodrome where variety shows, brass bands, choirs and African dancers entertain visitors. Gold Reef Cities consists of 82 buildings and is registered as a non-profit organisation. Please note: Only guides registered for Gold Reef City are allowed to guide.

Oriental Plaza - Fordsburg The colourful Oriental Plaza with a conglomerate of 300 shops and stalls, the commercial heart of the Indian community, was built in the middle of Fordsburg to provide modern spacious accommodation for the enterprising Indian traders of the city. Today the majority of Indians in Johannesburg are Muslims. They have several mosques, including two in Fordsburg and the beautiful Jalmal Mosque in Kerk Street.

Harper Road Bridge The first cable-stayed bridge in southern Africa crosses the R24 between Gillooly’s and Johannesburg International Airport. This is one of the busiest highways in South Africa and it was not possible to close it to build a bridge. So a bridge that spanned the entire freeway without centre support had to be built, it also has a slender deck to tie into the existing road levels and provide vertical clearance on the freeway. The bridge was built on the side of the road a swung into position across the road on a swivel bearing and another that ran on a track, therefore there was minimum interruption to the traffic on the freeway. It took 4 hours to swing the bridge into position.

Gauteng Province Hillbrow The suburb of Hillbrow, the most densely populated residential area in Southern Africa, and one of the most densely populated in the world, lies on top of the Hospital Hill Ridge. It is also reputed to be the home of the most cosmopolitan community in Johannesburg. The J.G. Strydom microwave tower dominates Hillbrow. This 269m tower was built to provide telephone communication. It has to be taller than any other building in Johannesburg as the microwave beams are transmitted in a direct visual line to the next station.

Parktown Parktown was laid out in 1899 on the southern slope of the Witwatersrand Ridge, which is the watershed between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. The first house to be built in Parktown and the most famous was Hohenheim. This 40-room mansion was built for Lionel Phillips, one of the Randlords. A corner of Hohenheim’s Swiss-styled wing is generally supposed to have been the main meeting place of the Jameson Raid plotters. Phillips himself was sentenced to death for his part in the plot but the sentence was commuted to a R50 000 fine. The house was the first in Johannesburg to boast a swimming pool. It was here that Sir Percy Fitzpatrick, Phillips’ successor as managing director, entertained Rudyard Kipling and wrote the great South African Classic, Jock of the Bushveld. In 1972 this historical old house was demolished to make way for the Johannesburg General Hospital. Among the gracious homes of Parktown in its heyday was North Lodge, at the corner of Victoria and Oxford Road. It was completed in 1905 for its original owner a Mr. Wilson. North Lodge has been taken over by the University of Witwatersrand. Like a baronial hall, the vast and expansive Dolobran occupies a prime Parktown site at the corner of Oxford Road and Victoria Avenue, probably the oldest surviving from the turn of the century and still occupied by the same family. The building was one of the first in Johannesburg with a tiled roof, the tiles having been imported from France. Most of Sir Herbert Baker’s domestic architecture in the Transvaal is found in Parktown. Vigorous efforts are being made to retain Rock Ridge Road and Valley Road. Baker’s home, Stone House, is in Rock Ridge road and is a national monument. Witwatersrand National Botanical Garden Situated towards Krugersdorp in the west of the Johannesburg area, this garden is famous for a magnificent waterfall in the centre of the garden, and a pair of nesting Black Eagles. A series of walks and trails explore the large natural estate, and the regular concerts are very popular. Guided tours are available, and the new succulent garden, showcasing some of South Africa’s extraordinary range of succulent plants, is well worth a visit.

Soweto A Short History Soweto (originally an acronym .for South Western Townships) comprises a number of townships, which developed into a city as a result of a policy of territorial and political segregation followed by South Africa’s successive White dominated governments during the 20th century. Exclusion from power and white cities At the beginning of the century the Witwatersrand gold mines attracted large numbers of Black labourers who were housed in compounds on the mines. Company and municipal hostels housed migrant workers for other industries while some, such as domestic workers, resided at their places of work. As industries developed, the need for a more settled work force grew and in turn, the need for homes.

Gauteng Province The Milner administration’s inter-colonial Native Affairs Commission of 1903-1905 advised against franchise rights for Africans that might weaken the supremacy of the ruling White class. It also approved the creation of “locations” for urban Africans on the outskirts of “White” cities. Klipspruit, south of Johannesburg, and two smaller locations within the town area, Western and Eastern Native Townships, were established in 1904. The principle of segregation was reaffirmed in the constitution of the Union of South Africa in 1910. Subsequently an increasing number of laws were passed entrenching segregation between Whites and “non-Whites” in all walks of life. The exclusion of Africans from positions of power resulted in a storm of protest. During the 1910s and 1920s political and labour organisations were established throughout the country to unite Africans and oppose repression. Prominent amongst these were the South African Native National Congress (SANNC), renamed the African National Congress (ANC) in 1923, the Industrial and Commercial Union (ICU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP). These organisations followed a path of moderate resistance, attempting to secure change by way of passive resistance, petitions and delegations to government. Apart from a few labour related strikes, which were suppressed by force, the emphasis was on non-violence. Orlando established, increased urbanisation During the 1930s the SACP and ANC seemed to lose direction and even the AII-African Convention failed to prevent further repressive legislation. In 1931 the Johannesburg City Council organised a competition for the design of a new Black township for 80 000 residents south west of Johannesburg. Called Orlando, it was the first of its kind in South Africa and, with Klipspruit, was to form the core around which other townships were to develop and eventually become Soweto. The winning entry called for a layout of concentrically grouped streets around cores in the form .of squares, linked by diagonal streets. Several parks served as antipodes to the squares. Because of the low level of state assistance, the City Council could not provide the required community services in Orlando and the result was a mass of similar little detached houses of monotonous design. The layout reflected western ideology and ignored grassroots community requirements. Natural disasters and, exclusion from farmland resulted in an increasing influx of Africans coming to Johannesburg in search of work. During World War II South Africa experienced high rates of economic and industrial growth accompanied by rapid urbanisation. Little attention was, however given to housing and services for Africans and widespread squatter groupings ensued. Growing defiance, apartheid introduced During the 1940s Black leaders increasingly lost faith in co-operating with liberal Whites and sought alternative methods of achieving greater political influence. As a result of urbanisation new leaders emerged from the detribalised populace in the mushrooming Black townships and informal settlements. Orlando produced many leaders who would play prominent roles in protest politics for decades to come. James Mpanza of Orlando founded the Sofasonke Party, which encouraged squatting near Orlando and, with some success, challenged the municipality to provide housing for Africans. Many of the young leaders of the ANC Youth League (ANCYL), founded in 1944, hailed from Orlando. They included Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, P K Leballo, Anton Lembede and Ashby Peter Mda. The moderation, which characterised the ANC’s activities during the inter-war years, gave way, under the influence of the ANCYL, to a spirit of defiance and militancy. Its fiercely anticommunist stance was replaced with one of greater co-operation with the multi-racial political left. When the National Party won the 1948 general election with its apartheid policy of entrenching White domination, convergence between White and Black political

Gauteng Province dynamics appeared impossible. The new government introduced numerous repressive and discriminatory laws, while African politics was characterised by defiance and protest. The new government banned communism, prohibited marriage across racial lines, created separate facilities for different race groups, regulated Africans’ movements by way of the pass book (an identification document which they were compelled to carry at all times), entrenched separate residential areas by way of the Group Areas Act, and, through the Bantu Education Act, excluded Africans from first-rate education. In 1954 the government attempted to relocate over 60 000 African, Coloured, Indian and Chinese inhabitants from Johannesburg to areas south west of the city centre on the pretext of removing them from overcrowded and unhygienic conditions. Blacks were to be accommodated on the farm Meadowlands, west of Orlando. Freedom Charter, Sharpeville Campaigns against the Bantu Education Act and Western Areas Removal Scheme were overshadowed by the ANC’s Congress of the People at Kliptown, south of Orlando, in 1955 where the Freedom Charter for the democratic South Africa of the future was adopted. The authorities interpreted the acceptance of the Charter as sedition and arrested and charged 156 supporters of the Congress Alliance with treason. The case dragged on for four years. None of the 30.accused who were eventually tried were found guilty. The Africanist wing of the ANC in their pursuit of a purified African nationalism found passive resistance, multiracialism and co-operation with Whites and communists unacceptable. Determined to take the lead in the protest movement, they broke away from the ANC and. formed the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) in Orlando in 1959. Politically the PAC stood for government of Africans for Africans by Africans. The PAC’s anti-pass campaign of 1960 culminated in a countrywide work stay-away and demonstrations on March 21. At Bopholong and Sharpeville near Vereeniging police, who claimed to have felt threatened, opened fire. Seventy-one demonstrators were killed and 180 wounded. The Sharpeville crisis had far-reaching effects. The government refused to make any concessions and banned the ANC and PAC, which they blamed for the crisis. Greater militancy, apartheid entrenched Driven underground, African leaders were now determined to meet violence with violence. The PAC formed a military wing, POQO (pure), and the ANC its equivalent Umkhonto we Sizwe (spear of the nation), also known as MK, under Mandela’s leadership. Both followed a programme of sabotage. The police’s discovery of MK’s headquarters with documents detailing plans for sabotage and revolution, led to the arrest and imprisonment for high treason of many of the movement’s high command, including Mandela, in 1964. The various resistance movements, now operating in exile, became allies in a campaign to isolate South Africa from the international stage. In South Africa itself, apartheid was becoming more entrenched. The establishment of Bantustans or self-governing homelands for the various African groups was meant to reduce the flow of Africans to the cities. They had to attend schools in the homelands and only children living “legally” in urban areas could be educated there. Implementation of the policy was impossible. Rapid population growth in both urban and rural areas created a shortage of schooling activities. In addition, poor education for the majority of the country’s population was leading to an acute shortage of skilled labour. Of the estimated four million skilled jobs South Africa would need by 1980, only the small White population at most could fill half. Secondary schooling for Africans was expanded and between 1972 and 1976 the number of secondary schools in Soweto doubled while the number of secondary pupils trebled.

Gauteng Province Student dissatisfaction, language issue Overcrowding and poor facilities drove students into open conflict, adding to the long-standing language dispute between the African community and the education authorities. Since 1959 mother tongue instruction had been used only at primary schools. Official policy determined that both English and Afrikaans be used at secondary schools. The policy was never fully implemented due to the shortage of teachers proficient in both languages. In 1974, forever, the government decided to impose the use of Afrikaans in Mathematics, Social Studies, Geography and History at secondary school level. As Afrikaans was perceived to be the language of the oppressor the measure triggered a violent reaction. The Afrikaans language issue was the detonator, which led to the explosion of Black anger and frustration about the inferior position of Africans in South Africa. Early in 1976 students started boycotting classes taught in Afrikaans. In May Orlando West Junior Secondary School started a general class boycott, which spread to other Soweto schools and led to sporadic clashes with the police. On Thursday June 10 1976, students from Naledi High and Morris Isaacson schools suggested a. mass demonstration. On Sunday, June 13 a meeting attended by 300-400 representatives from Soweto’s schools, was held at the Donaldson Community Centre in Orlando. An Action Committee comprising elected members and two delegates from each school organised the demonstration. Routes were decided upon and placards prepared. “Down with Afrikaans” became the rallying cry against the whole system. Soweto Day June 16 1976 was chosen for the demonstration. The students wanted a peaceful protest and although primary schools were asked to send children home on that day, many young scholars eventually joined the march. Over a dozen assembly points were chosen at various schools in Soweto. Students started gathering at 07:00. To confuse the police, each group had a set time of departure. The plan was to gather en masse at Orlando West and march to Orlando stadium for a mass rally Leaders repeatedly called for calm and peaceful protest. When several thousand pupils converged on Vilakazi Street near the Orlando West Junior Secondary School, police tried to stop them. Rocks were thrown and police retaliated by using teargas. Police then drew their weapons and opened fire. Two students, Hector Pieterson and Hastings Ndhlovu, were killed and 11 were wounded. The photo taken by Sam Nzima, of the fatally wounded Pieterson being carried from the scene, appeared throughout the world and he became the symbol of the massacre. Students were still arriving at Orlando West. The police retreated from the stone-throwing crowd and put barricades across roads. Students began to set government buildings on fire and cars, vans and buses were attacked. Two Whites and a Black municipal policeman were killed. Police attempts to quell the unrest were harsh. By June 21, 130 ~eople had been killed and 1 118 civilians and 22 policemen injured. These clashes were the first in what became the most prolonged and violent confrontation between Black protesters and the White government in South Africa’s history. Road to democracy The impact of the June 16 uprising was sweeping. The killing of children galvanised the parents, who joined the pupils. Violence became an everyday occurrence in Black townships throughout the country. Many of South Africa’s Black youth left the country to seek education overseas and join the liberation movements in exile. The worldwide flood of sympathy strengthened the anti-apartheid campaign. Afrikaans as a medium of instruction at schools was dropped.

Gauteng Province Whites in South Africa became aware, many of them for the first time, of African grievances and aspirations and the attitude of employers changed. Various bodies were created to improve the standard of living of Africans in the cities and to shape a more just society Government attempts to stamp its authority over the next decade by way of further banning orders, declarations of states of emergency and detention without trial were met with increasing resistance from all sectors of society. Soweto Day redefined the relationship between Africans and the state. The sense of hopelessness was replaced by determination and increased political initiatives. Although it took more than a decade to reach fruition, a new democratic South Africa grew from the ashes brought about by the rampaging crowds of Soweto on that terrible day. After nearly a century, the end of the freedom struggle was heralded by the release of ‘Nelson Mandela and other political detainees in 1990, South Africa’s first democratic elections and the inauguration of Mandela as the country’s first Black president in 1994. The Township The name Soweto is derived from the first two letters each of “South Western Township”. As the name indicates, it lies southwest of Johannesburg and is the largest Black residential area in South Africa. It has four entrances and is 120 sq. km in extent. There are 28 townships and a population of about 5 million. Diepkloof extension is for the very wealthy. There are 19 squatter camps, 215 000 formally built houses of which 34% are privately owned, 9 hostels with 10000 residents in each (9 are for Zulu speaking people). 450 schools; 1 university; 1 teacher training college; 80 crèches; 5 libraries and 315 churches. Transport is provided by14 railway stations; 14 taxi associations (44000 taxis); 400 busses. For health services there are 12 Community clinics; 12 Clinics; and 1 hospital; The police have 12 stations; 24 other units like Murder and robbery, child protection units; vehicle theft units etc. 5 500 police officials in total. James Mpanza is today hailed as the ‘man who founded Soweto’. He assumed control over more than 20 000 squatters occupying the land. After failed attempts the Government decided that it was useless to evict squatters without providing alternative accommodation. Thus started the massive housing scheme, which finally became known as Soweto. In 1959 the residents of Sophiatown, on the outskirts of Johannesburg city, were forcibly removed to Soweto, in keeping with the apartheid policy. In Jabulani is the Oppenheimer Tower, built to commemorate the donation made by Ernest Oppenheimer. The tower has been built with some of the ash blocks from Sophiatown. During the 1960s and early 1970s the youth of Soweto became extremely radical which resulted in a protest march on 16 June 1976 against the education policies. The demonstration called for strong police action and many lives were lost. Today, 16 June is an important anniversary in South Africa’s history. The people of Soweto are black South Africans belonging to virtually all the tribes found in South Africa. Zulu and Xhosa predominate. More than 80% of the population of Soweto communicate in English. The fastest growing daily newspaper in Gauteng is the Sowetan, which is published in English. The most important ethnic languages are Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho and Tswana. At the present time it is estimated that 50% of the Soweto population is unemployed, giving rise to a high incidence of crime. Many try to find work as hawkers, painters, fruit and vegetable sellers, sellers of second-hand clothes, builders and motor mechanics. Soweto has 250 Christian churches, 39 crèches and 12 community halls. The most popular sport in Soweto is soccer. There are 120 soccer fields and three stadiums, the largest being the First National Bank Stadium, claimed to be the biggest in Africa.

Gauteng Province There are six swimming pools in Soweto, 12 basketball fields, two bowling greens, 140 netball fields, two rugby fields, one cycling track, 32 tennis courts and three boxing gymnasiums. There are 178 primary schools and 42 secondary schools, two colleges, three technical centres, one teachers’ training college and six libraries. The Vista University offers a degree in all major disciplines except medicine. Soweto is served by Baragwanath hospital, considered the largest general hospital in the southern hemisphere. Apart from Soweto there are the following townships situated in the Johannesburg area: Alexandra - Northern Johannesburg Tembisa - Kempton Park Sebokeng - Vereeniging/ Vanderbijlpark Evaton - Vereeniging/ Vanderbijlpark Sharpville - Vereeniging/ Vanderbijlpark Tsakane - South East of Johannesburg (East Rand) Duduza - South East of Johannesburg (East Rand) Vosloorus - South East of Johannesburg (East Rand) Natalspruit - South East of Johannesburg (East Rand) Thokoza - South East of Johannesburg (East Rand) Daveyton - Benoni Actonville - Benoni Kagiso - Krugersdorp Chamdor - Krugersdorp Mohlakeng - Randfontein

The Freedom Charter The Freedom Charter is a historical document of the 1950s that is of great interest today. Drafted as a community written document expressive of the call for human rights the Charter has much in common with South Africa’s post apartheid constitution. The Charter was suppressed during much of the apartheid period and therefore is an interesting historical reference. The Freedom Charter, adopted by the Congress of the People, 26 June 1955.

Preamble • We the people of South Africa, declare for all our country and the

world to know: • That South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white,

and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of the people;

• That our people have been robbed of their birthright to land, liberty and peace by a form of government founded on injustice and inequality;

• That our country will never be prosperous or free until all our people live in brotherhood, enjoying equal rights and opportunities;

Gauteng Province

• That only a democratic State, based on the will of the people can secure to all their birthright without distinction of colour, race, sex or belief;

• And therefore we the people of South Africa black and white together - equals, countrymen and brothers adopt this FREEDOM CHARTER. And we pledge ourselves to strive together, sparing nothing of our strength and courage, until the democratic changes here set out have been won.

The People Shall Govern! • Every man and woman shall have the right to vote for and stand

as a candidate for all bodies which make laws. • AII the people shall be entitled to take part in administration of the

country. • The rights of the people shall be the same regardless of race,

colour or sex. • AII bodies of minority rule, advisory boards, councils and

authorities shall be replaced by democratic organs of self-government.

All National Groups shall have Equal Rights! • There shall be equal status in the bodies of state, in the courts

and in the schools for all national groups and races; • AII national groups shall be protected by law against insults to

their race national pride; • All people shall have equal rights to use their own language and

to develop their own folk culture and customs; • The preaching and practice of national, race or colour

discrimination and contempt shall be a punishable crime; • AII apartheid laws and practices shall be set aside.

The People shall share in the Country’s Wealth! • The national wealth of our country, the heritage of all South

Africans shall be restored to the people; • The mineral wealth beneath the soil, the banks and monopoly

industry shall be transferred to the ownership of the people as a whole;

• AII other industries and trade shall be controlled to assist the well being of the people;

• AII people shall have equal rights to trade where they choose, to manufacture and to enter all trades, crafts and professions.

Gauteng Province The Land shall be shared among those who work it!

• Restriction of land ownership on a racial basis shall be ended and all the land re-divided amongst those who work it, to banish famine and land hunger;

• The State shall help the peasants with implements, seed, tractors and dams to save the soil and assist the tillers;

• Freedom of movement shall be guaranteed to all who work on the land;

• AII shall have the right to occupy land wherever they choose; • People shall not be robbed of their cattle and forced labour and

farm prisons shall be abolished.

All shall be Equal before the Law! • No one shall be imprisoned, deported or restricted without a fair

trial; • No one shall be condemned by the order of any Government

official; • The courts shall be representative of all the people; • Imprisonment shall be only for serious crimes against the people,

and shall aim at reeducation, not vengence; • The police force and army shall be open to all on an equal basis

and shall be the helpers and protectors for the people; • All laws, which discriminate on grounds of race, colour of belief,

shall be repealed.

All shall enjoy Equal Human rights! • The law shall guarantee to all their right to speak, to organize, to

meet together, to publish, to preach, to worship, and to educate their children:

• The privacy of the house from police raids shall be protected by law;

• All shall be free to travel without restriction from countryside to town, from province and from South Africa abroad;

• Pass laws, permits and all other laws restricting these freedoms shall be abolished.

There shall be work and Security! • All who work shall be free to form trade unions, to elect their

officers and to make wage agreements with their officers and to make wage agreements with their employers;

• The state shall recognise the right and duty of all to work, and to draw full unemployment benefits;

• Men and women of all races shall receive equal pay for equal work;

Gauteng Province

• There shall be a forty-hour working week, a national minimum wage, paid annual leave and sick leave for all workers and maternity leave on full pay for all working mothers;

• Miners, domestic workers, farm workers and civil servants shall have the same rights as all others who work;

• Child labour, compound labour, the tot system and contract labour shall be abolished.

The Doors of Learning and Culture shall be opened! • The government shall discover, develop and encourage national

talent for the enhancement of our cultural life; • AII the cultural treasures of mankind shall be open to all, by free

exchange of books, ideas and contact with other lands; • The aim of education shall be to teach the youth to love their

people and their culture, to honour human brotherhood, liberty and peace;

• Education shall be free, compulsory, universal and equal for all children;

• Higher education and technical training shall be opened to all by means of state allowances and scholarships awarded on the basis of merit;

• Adult illiteracy shall be ended by a mass state education plan; • Teachers shall have all the rights of other citizens; • The colour bar in cultural life, in sport and education shall be

abolished.

There shall be Houses, Security and Comfort! • All people shall have the right to live where they choose, to be

decently housed, and to bring up their families in comfort and security;

• Unused housing space to be made available to the people; • Rent and prices shall be lowered; food plentiful and no one shall

go hungry. • A preventive health scheme shall be run by the state; • Free medical care and hospitalization shall be provided for all,

with special care for mothers and young children; • Slums shall be demolished and new suburbs built where all have

transport, roads, lighting, playing fields, crèches and social centers;

• The aged, the orphans, the disabled and the sick shall be cared for by the state;

• Rest, leisure and recreation shall be the right of all; • Fenced locations and ghetttos shall be abolished, and laws,

which break up families, shall be repealed.

Gauteng Province There shall be Peace and Friendship!

• South Africa shall be a fully independent state, which respects the right and sovereignty of all nations;

• South Africa shall strive to maintain world peace and the settlement of all international disputes by negotiation not war;

• Peace and friendship amongst all our people shall be secured by upholding the equal rights, opportunities and status of all;

• The people of the protectorates Basutoland, Bechuanaland and Swaziland - shall be free to decide for themselves their own future;

• The right of all the peoples of Africa to independent and self-government shall be recognised, and shall be the basis of close cooperation.

FREEDOM TRAIL AII good stories should start at the beginning. In the case of Gauteng, the very beginning goes back many millions of years to the creation of the vast gold deposits which breathed life into the teeming centres of commerce, industry and creative enterprise that characterise Gauteng today.

Gold Reef City A visitor’s first stop should be Gold Reef City since this is a convenient way to begin to understand both South Africa’s past and that of Johannesburg itself. Gold Reef City was, until the 1970s, one of the hundreds of working shafts along the massive east-west arc of gold-bearing rock. In the seventies this part of the mine was closed as most of the accessible gold had been mined out. The site then became a museum focusing on both the history of gold and the extraordinary geology of the area. A key part of the Gold Reef City complex is the mineshaft, which has been kept in working order so that visitors may descend to the rock face deep underground, just as the miners once did. This is a very unusual opportunity as tourists would not usually be routinely allowed to go down a working gold mine because of the constant danger from the underground blasting and possibility of rock falls and other hazards. Gold Reef City therefore, is both a thoroughly enjoyable, safe, yet authentic place where you can learn about the Witwatersrand gold deposits. Underground tours run several times each day.

Gandhi Square, Few people realise that Gandhi, another great 20th century fighter for freedom, lived in South Africa for many years, and in fact during this time, developed the philosophy of ‘passive resistance’ or Satyagraha, which he later introduced to great effect in colonial India in the 1940s. In the late 1890s, when he had just qualified as a lawyer in India, some Indian merchants in Durban to manage a case for them retained Gandhi. It was a fateful brief, for it led to the young man experiencing first-hand the already severe racial discrimination in operation even prior to the outbreak of the South African War in 1899. During his years in South Africa he fought many cases for clients who had lost their land to the ever-tightening grip of racially based laws. You will see a newly renovated city square which commemorates the life of this remarkable man and the fact that his law office was just across the road from the square.

Gauteng Province Newtown Cultural Precinct and the Workers’ Library Many of the cases Gandhi fought were for Asian residents of this part of Johannesburg. The famous Market Theatre complex, which dominates the precinct, was actually termed the ‘Indian market’, being the main fresh produce market for the burgeoning city. Later the municipality constructed a number of buildings near the market to house workers who were retained as part of South Africa’s notorious migrant labour system. The original blocks of dormitories or hostels that housed workers in overcrowded poorly ventilated conditions still stand in Newtown today, and whilst they were inhabited by electrical workers not miners, they are exactly the same as the much larger, equally impersonal hostel complexes built on every mine. Look out for: the magnificent Victorian Market Theatre building, which also houses the city’s principal socio historic museum, Museum Africa (the latter currently has a good display on Gandhi); the hostel complexes and punishment cell; the Workers’ Library set up to give mineworkers in particular access to research library facilities

The Suburb of Sophiatown One of the major problems for the Afrikaner Nationalist government in rolling out their apartheid policy was the fact that there were parts of the city where Africans could fully own land freehold. Parts of Alexandra Township near Sandton fell into this category, as did the district of Sophiatown to the east of the downtown urban hub. These areas, which occurred in many cities around the country, were called ‘black spots’. The communities in these districts were often feisty and outspoken, having had to fight to keep their legal rights to stay in their properties. These areas became the special target of apartheid law enforcers as the 1960s approached, and at this time many of these vibrant, tenacious communities were forcibly removed. Because property owners in Sophiatown were protected by the law many Africans crowded into the area to live as it was very much more convenient for commuting to work than from the new residential townships like parts of Soweto, which were being built many miles away, with few or no facilities Sophiatown was certainly crowded, but it was a place that, some 50 years after its destruction is still remembered with great passion. This was a place where artists, singers, musicians and philosophers abounded. A vibrant culture grew up there during the 1930s, 40s and 50s - only to be smashed by the bulldozers of the Group Areas act in 1960. Look out for a few of the oldest houses of the original Sophiatown suburb which still remain, though most were completely destroyed, in an effort to prevent legal re-occupation by Africans of their property; the street names remain the same, and commemorate the original developer’s children. Connections with famous people: one of the most famous anti-apartheid activists spent several very happy years here as a parish priest amongst the poor of Sophiatown. His name was Father Trevor Huddleston, and he was in charge of the Church of Christ the King in Sophiatown during its heyday. Father Huddleston fought the repressive nationalist government on many occasions when his parishioners were arrested and harassed, and eventually he became so troublesome to the state that he was expelled from South Africa. Father Huddleston never forgot the great love and affection he had for the poor community of Sophiatown; and they never forgot him. He lived to see the new democratic dispensation ushered in, and returned as a visitor when he was a frail and elderly man. He died soon afterwards, but his memory will continue. Fittingly, his ashes are to be interred in the famous old church, which still stands

Offices of Mandela and Tambo These were located opposite the main court building in downtown Johannesburg. After much struggle to gain an education, Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela qualified as

Gauteng Province lawyers. In 1952 they opened a law firm, which dealt very largely with complaints brought by people suffering various problems relating to the cruel laws of apartheid. Invariably their clients were the most vulnerable and the poorest, and the load for the two lawyers was heavy. From this time on, both Nelson Mandela and many others associated with the leadership of the struggle against injustice were the special focus of the state security police. The activities of the firm eventually gave way more and more to actions directed at creating awareness in the wider communities, and to creating and driving actions which both challenged the state’s oppression, but which also rallied the energies of the wider African community towards a common goal. The time for talking was over it was felt. The young up and coming leaders such as Mandela then devised what was called ‘the Program of Action’. This was a series of non-violent actions, for example, things such as boycotts of state-owned transport, and. most especially - anti-pass campaigns. In devising such plans, much was borrowed from the peaceful, yet effective strategies adopted by Gandhi decades before. Even at this point, a great emphasis was put at all times upon non-violent, orderly protest, which should protect life and limb

Yeoville The childhood home of Joe Slovo, first post-11994 minister of Housing - Another of the famous characters whose actions shaped both the development of the ANC and its policies but also who played a large part in both the negotiations for settlement after Nelson Mandela’s release and the first steps towards post-apartheid reconstruction was Joe Slovo. Slovo’s family emigrated from Eastern Europe to South Africa early in the last century to escape religious persecution and poverty. The young Joe grew up in the streets of Yeoville, then, as now, a leafy residential working-class suburb. Slovo went on to become a gifted lawyer, and one of the key thinkers and strategists in the anti-government movement of the 1950s to the 1990s. A lifelong communist, Slovo was also a person of enormous ability, charm, resourcefulness and dedication who endeared himself to many for wearing red socks, in line with his reputation for being a ‘dangerous red’ or communist. He and his wife, academic and writer Ruth First, made a formidable and glamorous couple in the world of 1950s Johannesburg, though they and their young children eventually had to flee the country as government persecution of any form of opposition grew in intensity. Tragically, Ruth First was assassinated by means of a letter bomb in the 1980s when the Slovos were living in Mozambique. In post apartheid South Africa Joe was the first holder of the portfolio of housing in the national government. He died prematurely from a form of leukemia in 1995, and, fittingly, is buried in Avalon Cemetary Soweto.

Freedom Square, Kliptown, Soweto Today, this famous space shows little sign of the momentous events that occurred here in the mid-1950s. Another part of the strategy the resistance leadership devised was the creation of a ‘People’s Bill of Rights’. This is a very famous document, and became known as The Freedom Charter. Kliptown, Soweto, was the place chosen for a large public meeting in 1955 during which the contents of the document would be finalised and agreed upon. It was extremely difficult for any sort of public meeting to be held at the time, as the authorities had banned almost all types of gathering. Various activists had invited suggestions from the public, and many had poured in by mail or by word of mouth. The activists had drafted a series of points, each of which were discussed at the meeting in Kliptown, watched over by silent intimidating ranks of police.

Gauteng Province This large and focused crowd, engaged in a task that had swept through the popular imagination, had also scheduled the award of an honorary title of lsitwalandwe (a prestigious mark of respect in African culture) on various individuals who stood out in the sharply escalating fight for justice. In an art rich with symbolism, and in a clear signaling of the recognition that any political solutions had to be non-racial, an Afrikaner, Piet Beylveld, (also a colleague of Bram Fisher, see below), was chosen to bestow the title on Father Trevor Huddleston, veteran leader Chief Luthuli (another, earlier recipient of the Nobel Peace prize) and Yusuf Dadoo, a leading member of the Asian community involved in activism. Eventually the meeting was dispersed, seemingly with only a few sporadic arrests. But the document the meeting had approved created a panic within the government and a draconian clampdown swept over the country as a result of the Kliptown meeting. As a direct result of the creation of the Freedom Charter the government arrested a staggering 156 people, including Nelson Mandela, as well as scores of men and women who had had little or nothing to do with the creation of the Freedom Charter. AII 156 defendants were charged with the capital offense of treason. This led to the very famous show trial of the late 1950s called the Treason Trial. The Treason Trial dragged on for 4 years, disrupting personal lives and ruining businesses. Most of the hearing took place in a building that still stands in central Johannesburg, the Drill Hall. (see below).

Mandela Family Home in Soweto This tiny ‘matchbox’ house where Nelson and his wife Winnie spent some of the short time they were able to live together as a family. One is struck by how tiny the house is. It is typical of the cramped, minimal type of housing the government built for Africans, so as to discourage them from really putting down roots in the city. Under apartheid, Africans were supposed to work in the city but ‘go home’ to the distant rural areas, where they knew no one and where opportunities were few, when their labour was no longer needed.

Archbishop Desmond Tutu’s home, Soweto. still Some three houses away from the Mandela home one comes across a house with a high blue wall This is the home of Bishop Tutu, known internationally as a stalwart anti Apartheid cleric. Bishop Tutu has dedicated his life to communication and reconciliation, and was the person often chosen to conduct some of the most difficult mass funerals that took place during the 1970s and 1980s Upon retiring as Archbishop of Cape Town, he was appointed to head up the process of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC), whose hearings continued for some years. They are now over.

Sharpeville Police Station South African history is studded with events that stand out as landmarks. One of these was the shooting of some 69 people, many in the back as they ran away on 21 March 1960, during a peaceful anti-pass campaign organised by the Pan African Congress (PAC), which was led at the time by another famous name in struggle, Robert Sobukwe. The PAC was a political organisation of the late 1950s, which had a different view to that of the African National Congress (which was the oldest black rights organisation, having been founded in 1912 soon after the end of the South African War). The PAC, led by the gifted and charismatic Robert Sobukwe, felt that the ANC was not doing enough to challenge the government’s continuing oppression. They were a radical group with exclusively ‘black rights’ oriented ideas, though they too initially adopted a

Gauteng Province strict approach of non-violent resistance in their actions. The ANC, from very early days in its history, adopted a non-racial approach to the waging of the struggle. The PAC’s call to demonstrate had been quite widely supported, and many people marched all over the Witwatersrand townships, including Sharpeville. An orderly crowd of a few thousand had gathered in front of the police station, when a nervous policeman apparently fired a shot. The police had live ammunition and immediately opened fire on the defenseless crowd, resulting in the killings. The reaction to Sharpeville reverberated around the world. The Stock Exchange fell, many people left the country, and the mood was somber. Many of the young up and coming leaders like Robert Sobukwe were detained in a massive security sweep.

Hector Petersen Memorial The site of Sharpeville links easily with another major political shooting (of which there were many) in nearby Soweto, termed the 1976 Soweto Student Uprising. This, like Sharpeville, created an indelible image worldwide and turned the tide of South African history. By 1976 the apartheid system was truly entrenched. One of the most hated laws were those governing schooling and education, as the communities felt strongly that the so-called ‘Bantu education system’ (which was of a much lower standard than the education offered to whites), was intolerable. The students, therefore, began to plan their own peaceful demonstrations to protest having to learn lessons in Afrikaans only, amongst other grievances. Student leaders planned a large and peaceful demonstration for June 16, 1976. They went out of their way to exhort and instruct all students to remain calm and non-violent at all times. In particular the student leaders instructed marchers to avoid doing anything which might provoke violence from the police. Dedicated student leaders made complex plans over some days for a very large event, which was to protest the enforcement of Afrikaans on black schoolchildren as the language of instruction. The response was electric - and widespread - to the call. There was a heavy police presence as the massive march got underway. The events that followed were remarkable. A single tear gas canister was thrown into the crowd, followed by a single shot. This shot found its mark with a young student named Hector Petersen. Photographer Sam Nzima caught the moment when another boy emerged from the crowd carrying the lifeless body of Hector Petersen. This event was like a spark from a tinderbox. The thousands of children erupted in a wave of furious retaliatory actions. Crowds rampaged, burning government buildings, stoning cars and attacking policemen who tried to turn them back. What was remarkable was that the events in Soweto sparked spontaneous rioting all around the country. The children had resoundingly taken up the struggle. This resulted in children being detained, and a number of very young men being sent to Robben Island. The image of Hector Petersen has, like that of Sharpeville, marked certain turning points in South Africa’s history. They also marked the beginning of long years of more concerted action to challenge the structure of unjust apartheid laws and replace it with a fairer, representative democratic system of government.

Avalon Cemetery, Soweto (Best visited when accompanied by a guide). This is the place where two major white anti-apartheid figures are buried, alongside many black South Africans who died in the struggle. Avalon is the unofficial “Heroes Acre” for many who lost their lives during the apartheid years. Joe Slovo’s funeral was huge and moving. After the ceremony in Orlando stadium the coffin proceeded to Soweto on a gun carriage. The cortège was feted by many thousands of people along

Gauteng Province the route. The other white activist buried here was one of the leading women of the, struggle period, Helen Joseph.

University of the Witwatersrand (‘Wits’) As one drives north on Jan Smuts Avenue through the business district of Braamfontein towards the northern suburbs of Johannesburg, Wits campus maybe seen on the left hand side. Founded in the 1920s, Wits earned a reputation for resisting the worst efforts of the government to enforce segregation in universities. The university also had at least two famous African leaders as alumni Nelson Mandela and Robert Sobukwe.

Johannesburg Fort The Fort has been dubbed Johannesburg’s Robben Island, so famous and numerous were the people who passed through its gates as prisoners. Some of these are Gandhi; Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Jo Slovo, Ahmed Kathrada and a whole host of people who went on later to be incarcerated on Robben Island. Originally built by Paul Kruger late in the 19th century to protect Johannesburg if Kruger’s Boer Republic went to war with Britain, the Fort later became a convenient prison for the whole gamut of lawbreakers. Political prisoners were kept here, but so were hardened criminals, as well as thousands of black citizens arrested for pass offenses. The Fort, therefore, has special significance for all black South Africans who can remember how the pass laws were brutally and very strictly enforced even just a few decades ago. Conditions at the Fort were notorious. It was excessively over crowded, and warders were particularly brutal. However like all prisons, the Fort also has its stories of grandeur and humour. This was the place. in 1956 where many activists actually met one another for the first time when the 1956 Treason Trialists were brought together. Many people only knew one another by code names and this presented people with a golden opportunity to talk with one another, strategise and generally caucus - something which the draconian banning laws that many suffered with outside prevented! Today the veteran leaders such as Ahmed Kathrada (who spent almost as long as Nelson Mandela in prison) Nelson Mandeia and Walter Sisulu chuckle about these ironies when they recount them. The Fort also has a women’s section where many famous activists such as Ruth First were held, often in solitary confinement. Others housed in the women’s prison building included the spine chilling female mass murderer Daisy de Melker before her eventual execution. Note: The Fort is not generally open to the public for tours and. from the outside, looks merely like a large earthwork with a massive gate-like entrance. The Parktown & Westcliff Heritage Trust occasionally runs excellent tours of the complex. The future of this important historic site looks exciting, for it is likely that it will be preserved and redeveloped as a complex multi-use site housing the Constitutional Court. As mentioned, the Fort was originally a key fortification built in the late 1800s by the leader of the Transvaal Republic. Paul Kruger. Kruger was one of the country’s most remarkable historical personalities. He had spent his youth living an incredibly tough frontier life accompanying his family on the Great Trek to the Highveld from the Cape Colony where British rule had become too oppressive for the Boers, or frontier farmers of Dutch origin. Kruger had reason to defend himself from a lion attack one day as a child, and reputedly shot his first lion at the age of 10. Kruger was also a man of enormous physical strength and intelligence, to say nothing of tenacity. He also was a respected and seasoned veteran soldier skilled in bush knowledge and effective military tactics. He was president of the fledgling republic when gold was found, and wisely, knew that

Gauteng Province gold could bring many problems (one of which was the ‘rush of unorganised people that happened whenever mineral wealth was found) as well as wealth. A conflict soon loomed, however, between Kruger and the rulers of the territory to the south, the British. Eventually war broke out and the British expected to win within three months. The story of the war parallels the fable of David and Goliath. The tiny Boer Republics held the Imperial forces of Britain at bay for three long years. In the end almost half a million British soldiers were deployed during what was seen in Britain, at first, as a minor colonial spat! The South African (Boer) War is remarkable in many respects as in its later phase; it was the world’s first true guerilla war. The Boer sharp shooters gained as fearsome a reputation as the English archers did in the Middle Ages delivering a fast and deadly accurate curtain of fire. This is an important story to tell as the story of the Boer War was also about freedom, the freedom of the Boer Republics from being taken, against their will, fully into the British Empire. The Boers fought an extraordinary campaign for the right to rule their republics as fully separate countries. The war was the liberal cause of Europe at the turn of the 19th century along with other topics like women’s rights. But no European country actually formally supported Kruger and the Boers’ fight for self-determination, though many hundreds of individuals from dozens of countries as diverse as Russia and Ireland boarded ships and sailed to Africa to fight on the Boers’ side. The Boer War, which sees its centenary anniversary running for another two years, was thus also one of world’s epic battles for freedom. But at no time during the war did either Boer or Brit give serious consideration to the needs and rights of the majority of the region’s population. This very fact led to the formation of the SANNC (the South African Native National Congress) in 1912 - the forerunner of the ANC.

Turffontein Concentration Camp Another feature, which emerged from the Boer War, was the concept of ‘concentration camps’. Because the war was dragging on and costing enormous sums each day, after some time the British adopted a ‘dragnet’ strategy. The Boer forces lived off the land and were fed and watered by the women left by the men to run the farms. The British then decided to round up all Boer civilians on the land and keep them in holding camps or concentration camps. Conditions in the camps were horrendous and some 26 000 women children and the infirm died in them. The site of Turfontein, today a racecourse, was one of the main concentration camps in the Johannesburg area. Black people were also held in such camps, although less information is currently available on these.

The memorial to Enoch Sontonga, Brixton Cemetery As one drives down the road next to the cemetery, also called Enoch Sontonga Avenue one glimpses a massive black marble cube in a beautiful glade of tall trees in the middle of a green park-like space. This space is actually a graveyard that was once reserved for black Johannesburgers. This is the exquisite memorial to another forgotten contributor to the life and culture of South Africa, the gifted author of one of the country’s two national anthems, Nkosi sikele’ iAfrica (‘God Bless Africa’). Sontonga was a highly gifted writer and teacher and interestingly a keen photographer. He sadly died young, apparently from peritonitis, in Johannesburg

The Drill Hall, Joubert Park This building was where the first sessions of the infamous 1956 Treason Trial took place Eventually proceedings were moved to Pretoria to a synagogue in the centre of the city. The reason for this was to try to discourage the public protests which took place regularly outside the Drill Hall

Gauteng Province After four long tedious years of evidence the state was forced to acquit every single person accused in the Treason Trial! There is a very good exhibition on the trial at MuseumAfrica in the Newtown cultural precinct

Alexandra Township In the 1940s Alexandra Township, a so-called ‘black spot, located close to Johannesburg’s new de facto business hub was a ferment of anti-Government activity. Like Sophiatown Africans could own property freehold here. These urban settlements fostered an indomitable spirit’ of resistance that was so strong that occasionally real victories were won. One of the most notable of these was as a result of the Alexandra bus boycott of the ‘40s. After many protests in the poverty stricken townships against price hikes in the area, a nine-month negotiation and bus boycott led to a capitulation on the part of the bus companies. But when they again tried to raise the fares a short time later, the township rallied en masse to protest. This was Gandhi’s Satyagraha practised with a vengeance. For many weeks white commuters were amazed by the sight of some 20 000 people walking every day to work - a truly remarkable show of solidarity. After a number of skirmishes, 20 banning orders, the routine harassment of white lift givers and a 7-week long deadlock a compromise was reached late in 1944. The Alexandra bus boycott was just one in a long series of ongoing standoffs between the feisty residents and the authorities.

Waverley, Johannesburg hideout of Bram Fisher There were people of all races, religions and creeds involved-in anti-government activist work of the 1950s. One of the most prominent Afrikaners involved also happened to be one of Johannesburg’s most brilliant legal minds. His name was Bram Fischer. From an influential Afrikaner family, and after a glittering career as a Rhodes scholar, Oxford-educated Bram also ran the gauntlet of the apartheid state’s wrath. He dedicated the vast majority of his working years in the 1950s and early sixties to fighting, via the courts, the growing state oppression. His most spectacular performance was as the lead defense lawyer in the Rivonia Trial (1963-4), which resulted in Nelson Mandela and others receiving life, sentences instead of the death penalty. What did the state prosecutors not grasp was the fact that Bram himself had been politically active in the very affairs forming the centre of the trial itself! Soon after the end of the trial he began to receive unwelcome attention from the security police. Bram went under cover, to begin a 6-month stint in limbo living in Waverley as a mysterious ‘Mr Black’. Eventually he was caught and given a draconian sentence of life imprisonment. All who knew him as being a remarkable man of exceptional integrity, kindness, dignity and professionalism who went out of his way to help all who needed it remembers Bram Fischer. He served 9 years of his sentence, only being released in 1975 when upon point of death from cancer.

Lilliesleaf Farm, Rivonia This property was the place where the leaders of the anti-government groupings began to meet secretly in the very early 1960s in order to plan an armed resistance campaign. In those days Rivonia was a sleepy, semi-rural district of scattered farms and smallholdings. The sale of the property was fronted by a white Johannesburger who was sympathetic to the cause, and, to the casual eye, the house looked like any other South African household. There were white people going in and out, as if they lived there, and black ‘staff’ to be seen doing menial work like watering the garden. Little did the authorities suspect that these black ‘servants’ were none other than some of their most wanted activists! Eventually, however, the ever-vigilant security police began to

Gauteng Province get suspicious of the activities at Lilliesleaf. A raid was planned, and many leading thinkers of the movement were picked up.

Pretoria Central Prison Whilst Johannesburg was the scene of many dramatic incidents, the focus now moves to Pretoria, where apartheid was actually administered (Pretoria is the administrative capital of the country; Cape Town the parliamentary capital, and Bloemfontein is the judicial capital). As one enters Pretoria, driving on the N1, one passes a long, heavily fortified brown building on the left hand side. This is Pretoria Central, where a number of people convicted of atrocities during the apartheid years are now imprisoned. This also was the location of Death Row in South Africa, and the place where one of the youngest black activists to be hung for political activity, Solomon Mahlangu, a resident of Mamelodi Township outside Pretoria, died in 1976. There is now a square in the township named after Mahlangu, with a dramatic statue commemorating his life. In prison life under apartheid, as in everything, racial segregation was practised. The fact of the famous group of black leaders being sent to Robben Island is well known. But it is often forgotten that a number of white activists also received very long sentences, and served them. Several white men received such sentences, and served them in this prison. The longest serving of these was activist Denis Goldberg who served some 20 years.

Church Square Palace of Justice, The Raadsaal, and Paul Kruger - Church Square in Pretoria is a site full of association with a number of struggles for freedom. The Palace of Justice, this turreted construction siding the southeast quadrant of the Square was the scene of one of the most famous of South Africa’s major political trials, the Rivonia Trial Named for the location of the safe house used by the main corps of anti-government activists for planning military action the Rivonia Trial was the event, which resulted in Nelson Mandela and his main logistical support corps being awarded long sentences, or life imprisonment The trial was much shorter than the Treason Trial of 1956. The saga of the trial, however, reads like a thriller, so circuitous were the legal contortions the defense team had to adopt. It was held in Pretoria ostensibly to avoid the publicity, which the inevitable demonstrations would produce in Johannesburg. Statue of Paul Kruger & Kruger’s House; A very fine statue of the legendary Boer leader can be seen at the centre of the square. Just a few minutes away, down Church Street, lies the very modest house that he and his wife Gezina occupied. The old man would sit on his verandah in the mornings after early morning prayers (which household members, including guests missed at their peril), drinking the excellent coffee the household was known for and conversing with his constituents. Kruger was a member of the strict Dopper sect of the Dutch Reformed Church, of which there is an example directly across the road from his home. Kruger and Gezina are buried in the cemetery in central Pretoria known as Hero’s Acre, along with many who died on both sides during the South African War.

Solomon Mahlangu Square, Mamelodi Township Whilst Soweto is the most famous South African township for many visitors, all townships have wonderful cultural activities and vibrant life to sample and enjoy. Mamelodi is no exception to this and it is particularly well known for its contribution to music. Mamelodi and various Cape townships vie with one another for the title of ‘jazz capital’! Mamelodi is home to several of the country’s most successful musicians, including the hugely popular Vusi Mahlasela.

Gauteng Province Mamelodi’s resistance history is also fascinating. It is possible to book a tour with a local guide who will show you many famous sites in the township, including the poignant Solomon Mahlangu Square near the town’s administrative buildings. The square commemorates the execution of a young Mamelodi resident, who was executed for his political activity in the 1970s. The statue is usually surrounded by a profusion of beautiful flowerbeds

Mamelodi Cemetery Few people are aware that African prisoners executed in South Africa were buried in Mamelodi cemetery, regardless of where they originally came from. Apparently, under apartheid, the authorities did not allow the families of the dead to remove their bodies for burial at home.

The Union Buildings The Union Buildings complex comprises one of the most imposing architectural sights in Gauteng perched on the brow of a ridge overlooking Pretoria. Built in the early years of the 20th century, during the period of political Union between the former British colonies of the Cape and Natal and the two Boer Republics, the Union Buildings embody much of the philosophy held by the British at the time over the way colonies should be run and governed. The pre-Union period of South Africa’s history (1902-10) was about building bridges between Boer and Brit after the bitterness of the Boer War - but no one gave thought or attention to the rights of black South Africans. It was soon after the Act of Union was passed in 1910 that the first broad based African movement was formed specifically to lobby and work for black rights in South Africa. This organisation, formed in 1912, was the forerunner of the African National Congress. The most famous occasions now held at the Union Buildings are the inauguration ceremonies of the country’s presidents. The first of these was that of Nelson Mandela as the country’s first democratically elected head of state. This took place on May 10 1994, a fortnight after the first historic democratic election process, which was run on April 27 1994. There was a gathering of world heads of state that is rarely seen. It was a fitting tribute to a remarkable person and one of the century’s great statesmen and fighters for freedom and justice.

What was the date of Mbeki’s Inaugaration? 16 June 1999. The 27th is now commemorated as a national public holiday, Freedom Day. The event is commemorated every year with celebrations in communities everywhere. Note on the architecture of the Union Buildings: a well-known British architect, Herbert Baker who had a long career in South Africa, built The Union Buildings. He built many vast and lavish mansions for the ‘randlords’ at the turn of the century who made money from the wealth of gold, as well as many more modest buildings such as parish churches and family homes. Today the Union Buildings house offices used by the cabinet and the country’s ‘Chief Executive’ President Thabo Mbeki, as well as the Department of Foreign Affairs. Notes from pamphlet of Gauteng.

People of Interest

The Randlords (The men who made South Africa)

Gauteng Province Sir Charles Wernher He made a fortune on the Kimberley diamond fields as local representative of Jules Porges of Paris and eventually became one of the four original Life Governors of De Beers Consolidated Mines. He settled in London and, when Porges retired, the firm continued operations under the name of Werner, Beit & Co., becoming the largest mining house in South Africa, if not in the world, and controlling the Rand Mines Group and other vast interest. Alfred Beit One of a family of six, prospered as a Kimberley diamond merchant, then joined the firm of Jules Porges and Co. He was promoted to partner in 1886. He owed his status as a Randlord by having lent J.B. Robinson money with which he bought up much of the best mining land on the Witwatersrand on his own and Beit’s behalf. Beit settled in London in 1888 but the great success of his firm on the Rand known as the Corner House and later as Rand Mines, owed much to his wise choice of local representatives and his financial acumen. Hermann Eckstein Son of a German pastor, he was chosen by Alfred Beit to represent Wernher, Beit & Co. on the Rand under the name of H. Eckstein & Co. He was given a free hand to purchase mining properties and the mining operations he initiated were technically and financially sound. Eckstein, famous for his integrity, politeness and efficiency, helped to form the Chamber of Mines and was its first president. Barney Barnato The most colourful of the Randlords. He made his fortune on the Kimberley diamond fields where, starting as a trader and diamond buyer, he graduated to mine owner and company promoter. In 1888 he merged his interests with those of Cecil Rhodes to form De Beers Consolidated Mines. He bought extensive interests on the Rand and in 1889 founded the Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Company. Cecil John Rhodes. He is remembered in the South African mining world for two great achievements. By amalgamating the divided and competing mining interests in Kimberley to form De Beers Consolidated Mines, he controlled the glut of diamonds, which at the time threatened the future of diamond mining. On the Witwatersrand Rhodes established Gold Fields of South Africa in 1887 a company, which subsequently opened up a new gold field, the West Wits Line. He was unrivalled in powers of persuasion and breadth of contacts in the financial and political worlds. Sir Lionel Phillips He was the leading partner of H. Eckstein & Co. on the Rand, and largely responsible for the advance of gold mining in the earlier 1890’s. He understood the potential of deep level mining and made large purchases to the south of the outcrop that established the pre-eminence of Rand Mines for generations. He was four times president of the Chamber of Mines. Sir Percy Fitzpatrick Sir Percy Fitzpatrick was more a romantic and idealistic figure of early South African gold mining than a financial or technical heavyweight. He was a partner of H. Eckstein & Co. and a president of the Chamber of Mines, but he is remembered for his writing and his political interests. He is best known as the author of Jock of the Bushveld, but his book The Transvaal from Within, written in 1897, presenting the case for the ‘Uitlanders’, created a far greater stir at the time resulting in the offer of the editorship of the Daily Mail in London on his own terms - an offer he refused to accept. Adolf Goetz He was a mining engineer graduate of Freiburg University (brother-in-law of Georg Siemens of the German electrical engineering company) and representative on the Rand of the Deutsche Bank and later other big German, French and British money interests. He bought wisely into the best companies, founded a company to treat gold

Gauteng Province tailings, and in 1889 established the Goetz Syndicate on the Rand. His own and his principals’ interests were amalgamated in 1895 into A. Goetz & Co., which later became Union Corporation which in 1980 combined with General Mining Finance Corporation to form GENCOR. Sir George Albu Sir George Albu arrived in South Africa without money or influence and started out as a clerk at Stuttafords in Cape Town. He joined in the Kimberley diamond rush, made a fortune as a diamond buyer, then went to the Rand and after making a fortune in the Meyer & Charlton mine, bought interests in the West Rand Consolidated, Van Ryn, Roodepoort United, Aurora West and New Goch companies. He consolidated these interests in 1895 by founding the leading mining house of General Mining and Finance Corporation. Sir Abe Bailey A somewhat brash young man, he arrived at Barberton at the age of 20. Professional boxer, digging for gold, store keeping, selling insurance, playing poker for money - he could do all these things well. He moved to the Rand where he made a lot of money out of mines and real estate, and had political aspirations to take over Rhodes’ mantle. “Don’t do it, Abe,” warned Sammy Marks, “the mantle won’t fit.” Sir Joseph Benjamin Robinson He was the Randlord everyone loved to hate. He is famous as the first man who realised the possibilities of the Rand and established the Randfontein Estates mine, making a fortune for himself and his sponsor Alfred Beit. Once the mayor of Kimberley and a man who could handle himself with his tongue or his fists, in later life he was notorious for his animosity, instigating numerous court cases and even issuing threats against his enemies in his will. Solly Joel Solly Joel became the chairman of Barnato Brothers and Johannesburg Consolidated Investments after the death of his uncle, Barney Barnato. He was largely responsible for establishing many famous gold mines. Sammy Marks Sammy Marks made a fortune in Kimberley as a diamond buyer, then in 1881 settled in Pretoria with his partner and relative, Isaac Lewis, where he became a friend of President Kruger. He made further fortunes out of coal and iron, virtually establishing the town of Vereeniging, but was also prominent on the Rand where he helped establish the Grootvlei and New Central Wits mines.

Other people who made history Enoch Sontonga The first words of the first stanza of ‘Nkosi Sikele’ iAfrika’ were written in Xhosa by Enoch Sontonga as a hymn, probably in 1897. The poet Samuel Mqhayi later added seven additional Xhosa stanzas. Sontanga was born at Lovedale in the Eastern Cape, as a member of the Mpinga clan of the Tembu people, who are part of the Xhosa nation. After leaving school, he moved to Johannesburg where he apparently pursued several occupations, ending up as a teacher in a Methodist mission school. An avowed Christian with a marvellous voice, he regularly wrote songs for his pupils to sing. These were recorded in tonic solfar, in an exercise book. He died in 1904, before he could have them published. According to Professor Davidson Jabavu, ‘Nkosi Sikele’ iAfrika’ was first sung publicly at the ordination of a Rev M Boweni, a Shangaan Methodist minister, in 1899. One of South Africa’s greatest writers, Solomon Plaatjie, was the first to record the song on 16 October 1923, accompanied by Sylvia Colenso on the piano. The Zonophone Company made this recording in England. In 1942, the Morija Mission in Lesotho published a Sesotho version by Moses Mphahlele.

Gauteng Province Having been composed as a hymn, ‘Nkosi Sikele’ iAfrika’ represents a fusion of European cultures. It is therefore not an exclusive symbol but rather a unifying one. The words of this hymn have become part of South Africa’s repertoire of oral poetry, with many different versions in circulation. Enoch Sontonga lies buried in the Braamfontein Cemetery.

Gauteng Province

PRETORIA

The Geographical Position and Exposition Pretoria developed on a transitional area between the bushveld biome (bushveld vegetation), north and north west of Pretoria and the grassland biome on which large areas of the Highveld is situated. People established themselves in this area centuries ago because of the warm climate, especially during the winter months. As in many European cities, Pretoria developed around a church square. The city developed around the church on the well-known Church Square. Water from a fountain was laid on for the churchgoers and oxen. Two years after the independence of Transvaal with the Sandriver Convention in 1852, the Voortrekkers decided to establish a church square for the building of a church and with the support of Voortrekker leader, Andries Pretorius, Pretoria was chosen. On 16 November 1855 at a meeting held in Potchefstroom it was decided to establish Pretoria as the capital but only in 1860 did this decision become official. Originally Pretoria was named Pretoria-Philadelphia. The government of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek used the constitution of the United States of America as a model. Because of the importance of Philadelphia during the American War of Independence until 1783, the name Philadelphia was linked to that of Pretoria. A congregation and an apartment building still has the name of Philadelphia. Initially Pretoria developed slowly. It was still only a small town at the onset of the Anglo Boer War in 1899. Sunnyside and especially the area around Burgerspark, were the elite suburbs before the war with well known houses such as Melrose House. Many of these old houses had to make way for modern apartment buildings. Pretoria was enlarged after 1910 with the addition of Arcadia and other suburbs. It is told that an entrepreneur made application for a beer brewery for which he got permission, after much pleading, from president Kruger with the words: “Yes, establish your brewery, far outside Pretoria, on the other side of the Apies River”. This brewery was erected, later used as a warehouse and eventually demolished. The Sunnypark Centre in Mears St. was erected on the site. The old Transvaal government followed a policy of segregation and provision was made for different residential areas for different ethnic groups. North west of Church Square a residential area known as Marabastat was established for the African people. This area remained part of Pretoria. An Asian residential area was established north east of Church Square in the region of the new Reserve Bank. During the 1950’s, when this area became dilapidated and also with a view to the Groups Area Act, it was decided to move this residential area to a new site known as Laudium. During this time the African residential area, Lady Selborne, situated near the Sandfontein Cemetery, was demolished and the inhabitants moved to the new residential areas of Mamelodi and Atteridgeville. Coloured people who initially also lived in the old Asian area, was moved to Eersterust. The old government leaders never expected Pretoria to grow to what it is today. The question is: Was this the ideal site for a city? For the previous century maybe yes but not for today. Pretoria developed between three parallel mountain ranges. To the north lies the Magaliesberg, Daspoort is the central range and the southern range is known as Timeball-Hill. The area between the Magaliesberg and Daspoort is known as the Moot. Pretoria initially expanded east and west of Church Square. At the beginning of the century, suburbs like Gezina (farm of the wife of Paul Kruger, Tant Gezina) and Eloffsdal north of the Daspoort Mountains were all farms. As a result of the east-west expansion Church Street is today 18 km long, the longest street in South Africa. The mountain ranges in Pretoria consist of Magaliesberg quartz and the Moot areas of schale. The high level of underground water in the city centre has for many years

Gauteng Province prevented the building of high-rise developments on the schale until new building methods were developed in 1955. This is the reason that most of the big buildings in Pretoria are relatively new. There is a restriction of building heights. Government buildings are the highest, which is the reason for the new Reserve Bank being the highest building in Pretoria and the Civitas Building, the second highest. No building or structure may be erected in Sunnyside or Arcadia, which might obstruct the view from Klapperkop to the Union Building.

Fresh Water Resources The two strong fountains in Fountain Valley must be the most important reason for the settlement of people in the area. The fountains still produces approximately 25 million litters of water per day. The Timeball hill range is interrupted between Schanskop and Klapperkop - the road to Johannesburg International Airport runs through this neck. In 1905 the archaeologist, A.L, Hall, discovered that the shifting of this fault has resulted in the fountain. Rapid erosion of the south-north break resulted in the Fountain Valley. The area south of the valley is approximately 400 meters high. The fountains are in dolomite. Between Pretoria and Johannesburg the dolomite is up to 1000 meters deep. The fountain at Rietvlei, east of Centurion, produces 6 million litres of water per day. Until 1930 the Fountains Valley supplied in all the water requirements for Pretoria, but Rietvlei and the Vaaldam now supplement this.

Early Inhabitants No evidence that either the San or the Khoisan have lived in this area has been found. Prehistoric inhabitants belonging to the Stone Age, however, have left behind various implements in the Magaliesberg. The Pretoria area has been the home of the Sotho for many centuries. During the 14th and 15th century a Sotho leader, Masilo, and his followers, settled in the area between Witwatersrand and Pretoria. During the 16th century they divided into two tribes, the Bahurutshe and the Bakwena. The Bahurutshe moved to the present Zeerust area and the Bakwena settled themselves next to the Crocodile river, north-west of the Bahurutshe. Various Sotho tribes, also the Bakgatla, inhabited the Pretoria area. Proof of their dwellings has been found along the Wolwespruit in Erasmuskloof where it crosses the modern N1 highway near the Timeball hills. No extensive archaeological work has been done in this area. Chief More was the tribal chieftain of the Bakwena ba Mopopa at the time when the leader of the Matebele (Ndebele, Mzilikazi), settled in the Pretoria region in about 1827. At first, Mzilikazi was a tribal chief in Zululand. However, Mzilikazi did not carry out all Shaka’s instructions and when Shaka found out, he was very angry. He ordered his army to kill Mzilikazi and all his impis. Mzilikazi heard about this and fled from Zululand with an army of nearly 17000 men. They settled in several places in Mpumalanga but time and again, Shaka’s impis would make matters difficult for them. After one such attack, Mzilikazi and his followers moved to the Pretoria region. Between 1824 and 1836, his well-trained army killed many members of the black tribes who lived in Gauteng, the Northwest Province and in the Free State. The Matabele established two settlements in the region of Pretoria, namely Kungweni, next to the Swartspruit, 15 km. west of Pretoria and Dinaneni in the area of the present Union Buildings. The remains of Mzilikazi’s own kraal is still to be seen on Meintjieskop. The Matabele also lived in the Fountains valley and in the valley of the Apiesriver in the present Pretoria. Lions often caught women in the thick vegetation of the Apiesriver when they fetched water. This forced them to move more towards the east into the Moot area. Many dwellings are still on the Magaliesberg, especially west of the Wonderboom fort. From time to time excavations in the area have opened

Gauteng Province graves showing skeletons in sitting positions. The Matabele did not have women amongst them. They attacked the nearby Sotho tribes, killing the men and making the women and children a part of the Matebele tribe. (Sotho+Nguni=Ndebele or Matabele). Many Sotho tribes fled to avoid Mzilikazi’s attacks. The Bakwena ba Mogopa lived northwest of Pretoria, not far from where the Matebele lived. A few Bakwena men, who were hunting, made contact with the Matabele for the first time. One of the hunters was killed but the other two escaped and informed More, their chief. The Bakwena immediately decided to send a strong military group to stop an attack by the Matabele. They suffered heavy losses. One night, soon after this, the Matebele made a surprise attack on the Bakwena. Chief More and his son, Segwati, who would succeed him as chief, were killed. A large number of men, women and children were also killed. During 1834 and 1835, Dr. Andrew Smith of Cape Town visited the Bakwena tribe. In his diary, which was published later, he wrote that they had no more cattle left. They could scarcely cultivate their fields and ate mainly sorghum, the meat of wild animals and wild plants growing in the veld. They caught the game in deep pits beside rivers and streams. The Bakwena kept as far away from the Matebele as they could. Segwati, who was killed with his father, had two sons called Motsele and Tedie Mmamogale. After the deaths of their grandfather and father, they led the Bakwena tribe. Their followers lived throughout the area. Motsele and a part of the tribe lived near the Pienaarsriver, east of Pretoria, and Tedie Mmamogale, lived in Morutlwana, near to where Hammanskraal is today. Motsele died some time between 1834 and 1836. At that stage, Mmamogale was 60 years old and was appointed as supreme chief of the whole tribe. Mmamogale lived in difficult times, and in 1884, he died at the age of approximately 110 years. His son, Raikane, himself an old man by then, died in 1888 while Mmamogale was still alive. Raikane was succeeded by his son, Lerothodi Mmamogale, was very young, only 19 years of age at the time. The ‘Magalies’-berg was named after Tedie Mmamogale. At the time when the Matebele were living in the Pretoria area, the well-known Dr. Robert Moffat of Kuruman visited Mzilikazi. At the time of his visit the Matebele was engaged in festivities and Moffat camped near the present day Iscor for a couple of days before he was allowed to approach. Moffat made a couple of drawings of the Pretoria-area during his waiting period. From their stronghold the Matebele launched attack after attack on other strong tribes. Impis were even sent out to attack Moshoeshoe, the chief of the Basotho at Thaba Bosigo in Lesotho. Under the leadership of Barend Barents, the people known as Bergenaars launched an attack on the settlements of the Matabele in Pretoria during the absence of the Matebele warriors. The Matabele took revenge after their return and many Bergenaars died in the battle. Dingaan became king of the Zulu nation after the death of Shaka. In 1831 and again in 1832 the Zulu impis led attacks from Ungundgundlovu on the Matebele. (Imagine: A large impi of probably a couple of thousand men, running on foot over a distance of approximately 400 km, with the surrounding veld as the only food source.) The Matebeles left the Pretoria area after the second attack and settled in the area of the present Hartebeespoortdam. Silkaatsnek, the neck in the Magaliesberg between Pretoria and Brits, is named after Mzilikazi. The first Europeans to settle in the Fountains Valley were Lucas Bronkhorst and Gerhardus Stephanus, his brother (1839-40). Then followed Andries van der Walt and soon thereafter the Erasmus, Prinsloo, Du Toit, Minnaar, Fourie, Smits, Vermeulen and Van Rensburg families. These were followers of the Voortrekker leader Andries Potgieter, who left Potchefstroom for Ohrigstad in 1845. These families decided against going as far as Ohrigstad. Many of these surnames are today found in the

Gauteng Province street names of the city. Groenkloof was the farm belonging to Lucas Bronkhorst and Elandspoort the farm of Gerhardus Bronkhorst. The Fountain Valley is situated on these two farms. The foundation of the home of Lucas Bronkhorst has been restored.

Fauna and Flora The highveld area of Pretoria in the southeast has a lower temperature and is situated in the grassland biome. Not many indigenous trees are found in this area because of the lower temperature. Many exotic trees, especially black wattle, have been planted in the area. Mr. H. Bruins-Lich was head of the parks department during 1938-1967 and he gave attention to the planting of indigenous trees in the Fountain Valley. Today you will find white stinkwood (Celtis africana), ‘vaderlands’ willow (Combretum erythrophyllum), sweet thorn (Acacia karroo), Buffalo thorn (Ziziphus mucronata), redbush (Combretum holosericeum), kiepersol (Cussonia paniculata), etc in this area. The slopes on the northern side of Pretoria have a higher temperature than the south, resulting in different plant species. A well known tree found on the northern slopes is “stamvrug”. Places with names such as Olifantsfontein, Elandspoort, Kameelfontein, Koedoespoort and Daspoort are an indication of the game that was in the area.

Mining Silver was mined in the Silverton area during the previous decade. Silver is also found in the gold bearing quarts on the Witwatersrand, which resulted in the closing of the mine at Silverton. Small quantities of gold is found in the Timeball Hills, not enough to be economically mined. Iron-ore has been mined in the Timeball Hills region since 1903, which led to the establishment of ISCOR. Since 1936 the local iron-ore has been supplemented with iron-ore from Thabazimbi. A second ISCOR was established at Vanderbijlpark because the site in Pretoria’s expansion was restricted due to a lack of level ground. Dolomite is mined at Mooiplaas, south of Pretoria. Norite (fine black granite) is mined in Pyramid, north of Pretoria as well as at various sites between Pretoria and Brits. The black outer layer of the Reserve Bank is polished Norite.

Composition of Pretoria Population As a result of the Group Area Act separate residential areas were developed for different population groups. Most of the African people in the Pretoria region are Sotho speaking. Large numbers of commuters arrive daily for work from the previous National States of Bophuthatswana and of KwaNdebele. The composition is as follows (including Shoshanguwe and Wonderboom): African: 65 320 ?? White: 550 337 Coloured: 27 828 Asian: 23 806

Climate Pretoria has a pleasant summer and winter climate. The northern suburbs, being lower above sea level, are warmer than the southern suburbs, which lie on the highveld. The annual rainfall is 741mm. January, February, March, November and December being the wettest months with an average of 100-134mm per month. June and July being dry months with an average of 3 and 9 mm per month. The average annual temperature (winter + summer divided by two) is 18°C. December and January being the hottest and June and July the coldest.

Gauteng Province Agriculture Intensive vegetable and dairy farming is found around Pretoria to provide in the needs of the city.

Education Education is a very important part of the Pretoria community. Pretoria can be regarded as one of the most important educational centres in the country. 110 Pre-primary schools are well distributed, managed privately but under strict control by the department of Education. 92 Primary schools - mainly public are well distributed and cater for mother tongue education. 68 Secondary schools - The policy has been to provide for mother tongue education. The majority are public schools but there are private schools that were subsidised by the government. The church runs most of them. Tertiary education. As a centre of tertiary education Pretoria plays an important role with the following institutions:

University of Pretoria Vista University Unisa University Pretoria Technikon Pretoria College of Education Pretoria Technical Collage

Special education

Trans Oranje school for the deaf and blind. Training Collages

Police Training College Air Force Training College Army Training College Defence College

Economy & Finance As part of Gauteng which accounts for 40% of the GDP Pretoria plays a very important part in the South African Economy. The South African Reserve Bank Head Office is in Pretoria as well as Foreign Diplomatic Missions are situated here. Various well-developed industrial areas such as Waltloo, Rosslyn, Kwaggasrand and other exist around Pretoria. Pretoria was the cradle of the South African Iron and Steel Industry (ISCOR).

Transport Thousands of commuters make use of the train connections to Maputo, Messina, Germiston, Thabazimbi and Magaliesburg daily. Ben Schoeman highway links Pretoria and Johannesburg. The N1 carries most of the traffic east of Pretoria. Airports: Wonderboom, Waterkloof and the military airports of Swartkops and Waterkloof. Two power stations in Pretoria West and Rooiwal, north of Pretoria provide a certain amount of the electricity to the city. The rest is provided by ESCOM.

Gauteng Province

PRETORIA - The Jacaranda City When the Voortrekkers entered the Apies Valley in 1837, they found it bandoned with only a few of the original Ndebele people remaining. (Ndebele means ‘refugees’ or ‘people who hide’). Several farms were established along the banks of the Apies. Andries Pretorius, famed trek leader, owned a fine farm, Grootplaats, near the junction of the Apies and Crocodile rivers. Shortly after his death in 1853 it was suggested that a central capital be founded and named in honour of Andries Pretorius. His son, Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, selected a portion of the farm Elandspoort as the site for the new capital and Pretoria was established on 16 November 1855. Pretoria’s only excitement was the three-monthly ‘nachtmaals’ (communions) when the country people came in their ox-wagons and crowded the little church in the central square. At the end of the Anglo-Transvaal War (1880 - 1881), Paul Kruger became president and held this office for nineteen years, controlling the political life of the Transvaal. The British occupied Pretoria during the Anglo-Boer War (1899 - 1902) and it was here that the Peace of Vereeniging, which ended the war, was finally signed on 31 May 1902. The most beautiful city in the world? Altitude Height: 1 450m above sea level. Population: Approximately 1 100 300 Size of Municipal Area: 632 sq. km - largest in South Africa Rainfall: 700 mm per annum Pretoria remained as the capital of the British Colony of the Transvaal until 1910, when it became the administrative capital of the Union of South Africa. It became a city on 14 October 1931 and the administrative capital of the Republic of South Africa in 1961. And now?

Pretoria in the New South Africa Administratively, on local government level, Pretoria has been reorganised into the Pretoria Greater Metropolitan Council with the following units: Pretoria City Council of Pretoria This includes Atteridgeville and Mamelodi Pretoria Metropolitan Local Council (Akasia) Pretoria –Northern (Soshanguve) Pretoria- Town Council of Centurion Includes Erasmia, Laudium, Claudius, Christoburgh, and Portions of Knoppieslaagte farm.

The Jacarandas Pretoria is situated on the foothills of the Magaliesberg with magnificent parks and tree lined streets. About 55 000 Jacaranda trees line the streets of the city. In 1888 two Jacaranda trees were imported from Rio de Janeiro and planted in the garden of a home in Sunnyside. They still stand in the garden of what is a school today. White Jacaranda trees can be found in Herbert Baker Street in Groenkloof. James Clarke propagated the first Jacaranda trees to decorate the pavements of Pretoria; the first batch when big enough, were planted along Kock (Bosman) Street by schoolchildren at a special ceremony. He shares the title of “Jacaranda Jim” with Walton Jameson, of

Gauteng Province the municipality responsible for originating the idea of decorating the streets of Pretoria with this tree specie.

Church Street Church Street has certain characteristics placing it in world class. It is considered to be one of the longest (and straightest) streets in the world and the longest in South Africa. A number of public buildings and places can be found on Church Street: the Show grounds, Heroes’ Acre, Reformed Church, Kruger House, Government Buildings, Church Square, the State Theatre, Sammy Marks Square, the Reserve Bank, Pretoria Technical College, Lion Bridge, the Union Buildings, Bryntirion, National Botanical Gardens. It is a street with exceptional historical meaning and symbolic depth. It may be said that the history of Church Street is that of Pretoria.

Church Square In 1854 the first church was built on this square. In 1910 the square was redesigned as a bus terminus and in 1912 the centre portion was laid out as a formal garden. The southern side of the square is styled after Trafalgar Square in London and the northern side after the Place de la Concorde in Paris. A statute of Paul Kruger by Anton van Wouw dominates Church Square. The statue was completed in 1899 and arrived in Lourenco Marques where it remained until after the Anglo Boer war. The statue was first placed in Prince’s Park, Church Street West in 1913, it was moved to a site in front of the Railway Station in 1925, and was finally placed on Church Square in 1954. Paul Kruger has been sculpted in the formal clothes that he wore as head of state, facing north (facing north symbolises growth and the future). Four ‘burghers’ at the base surround the statue. On the base are also four bronz panels. West Panel: The signing of the Peace Treaty at O’Neils cottage in 1881, resulting in the independence of Transvaal. East Panel: Illustrates the bravery of Paul Kruger when he rescued Piet Potgieter from the Makapan Caves, Potgietersrus, during the battle between Sekukuni and the Boers. North Panel: This shows Paul Kruger addressing the burghers at Paardekraal, Krugersdorp. South Panel: Paul Kruger taking the Oath of Office after being elected as President of the independent Transvaal for the first time in 1883. In total he served four terms.

Some of the buildings overlooking the square:

The Post Office Built in 1910. Still being used as a Post Office today, it has recently been renovated.

National Bank and the Mint: The bank and mint was built in 1892 with the mint situated behind the bank. The National Bank der Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek Bpk. was formed in 1890. The Bank also had to establish the mint, which the Government would lease back to the bank. In 1925 Barclays’ Bank took over the National Bank and subsequently it has been taken over by the First National Bank.

Palace of Justice Paul Kruger laid the corner stone in June 1897 and construction commenced in 1896. Under the corner stone was a box was placed containing a copy of the Constitution of

Gauteng Province the Republic of South Africa, a copy of each of the newspapers of South Africa, a copy of the Government Gazette and a complete set of coins of the Republic and a copy of the blue prints of the building. The building was commandeered and used as a military hospital by the British during the Anglo-Boer War. The building was completed after the war and in 1902 became the home of the Transvaal Supreme Court. It is now being completely renovated and restored to its original state.

Old Reserve Bank Designed by Sir Herbert Baker, with F.L.H. Fleming as resident architect. The Reserve Bank was formed to control the issuing of bank notes and other central bank activities.

Tudor Buildings The office block from which George Hays ran his coaching business was built in 1904.

Raadsaal The first Raadsaal was built in 1866. In 1889, after the discovery of gold it was decided to erect a more impressive building. The handsome new building was designed by S. Wierda, built on the same site as the original council hall, and saw many tense and momentous debates. The original design was of a two-storey building but the third storey was added later. The female figure, supported by the clock tower and cupola, represents Freedom or Liberty.

Monuments, Museums & Buildings

Voortrekker Monument: Refer also to The Voortrekker Monument Pretoria published by the Board of Control of the Voortrekker Monument. The awe-inspiring Voortrekker Monument, 40m high and towering above a base 40m by 40m, dominates the Pretoria skyline from the south. Gerhard Moerdijk designed the monument in African style, using pure African motifs for decoration and theme. Construction commenced in 1937 and was completed in 1949. The Monument was built as a tribute to the Voortrekkers who brought civilisation to the interior. Order, geometrical precision and symmetry are therefore basic to its design.

Voortrekker Museum: The museum depicts scenes from the pioneer days, with the reconstruction of a Voortrekker homestead. There are weapons, bullet moulds, clothing, photographs, lamps and two trek wagons. The Voortrekker tapestry is a series of needlework panels, which was presented to the Voortrekker Monument on 14 December 1960. It pays homage to the heroic deeds of Voortrekkers during the Great Trek. The tapestry consists of 15 panels, designed by W.H. Coetzer and stitched by nine women. It took eight years to complete. One Hundred and Thirty different colours of wool were used; the Bureau of Standards tested all the colours to make sure that they were colour fast. Every possible precaution has been taken to protect the panels against insects, mold and decay. History of the Canon “Grietjie” preserved in the museum. There is some uncertainty whether the barrel of this ships canon is of Portuguese or British manufacture. Gerrit Maritz used this one, although there was more than one in circulation at the time. Another one can for example be seen in the Caledon Museum. This particular one was used in the Free State in the Sotho wars of 1858-1865. It is a six-pound cannon, which was loaded from the front like the old “Sanna” gun. It was

Gauteng Province apparently named after Magrieta Prinsloo. Legend has it that according to the Dutch poet Gent it was named Griet, which in Dutch means “Dulle Griet” (Kwaai vrou) - Difficult women. Robert Findlay was the cannonier. The canon went to the Transvaal with Pretorius and did duty there in the dispute between Kruger and Potgieter. In Pretoria the canon was cracked near the mouth because every time it went off it was thrown over backwards. It struck a stone and the ring around the mouth had to be added to strengthen the barrel. This tendency of the canon cost the life of one cannonier and the arm of another in different battles. At the battle of Blood River there were two of these canons used. The hole at the back was used to light the gunpowder. The Boers used snuffboxes loaded shrapnel in the front with deadly results. It was mounted on the axle of a wagon and tied down with wheel strips. To give the cannonier a better chance to get away after he had lit the fuse another hole was drilled about 50cm further back.

Airforce Memorial The History of the Air Force memorial, which commemorates those SAAF (South Africa Air Force) personnel who lost their lives in conflict, is closely interwoven with that of Air Force Base Swarkop. When the decision was originally taken, in the late 1940’s to construct a cenotaph, it was not certain whether AFS Swartkop, the suggested site, would be retained as an operational base. As a result the memorial was unveiled at the gates of AFS Waterkloof in 1950 that. A decade later however, this site has proven to present problems in regard to the development of Waterkloof. Consideration was given to re-siting the memorial, and this culminated in an architectural competition to design a new memorial. With the future of Swartkop now assured, it was decided to locate the memorial on the crest of Bays Hill overlooking the airfield which had been the cradle of the SAAF in the 1920’s and the point from where so many SAAF air and ground crews had departed to go “Up North”, some never to return. It was finally erected in 1963 to honour the pilots who gave their lives during the two World Wars and also in the Korean War. It was erected on this site because all the aircraft flying to North Africa during the Second World War, took off over this hill. The design finally chosen was the one submitted by the husband and wife team of JSB and S Taylor. Their design was intended to be strikingly symbolic of flight, irrespective of whether the memorial was observed from the ground or the air. The common element throughout the design is the equilateral triangle, modelled on the delta wing layout of many military jet aircraft. Construction of the memorial was undertaken in 1962 at a cost of R80 000. Granite from the original Waterkloof memorial was incorporated into the floor of the new building and the original inscriptions in granite became part of the memorial’s walls. The design of the original SAAF cenotaph at Waterkloof was incorporated as the centrepiece of the new building, although on a smaller scale. On the sides of this cenotaph, within the building, the Air Force motto “Per Aspera Ad Astra” as well as two biblical quotations is inscribed. These quotations read “Vinniger as Arende, Sterker as Leeus” “They shall mount up with wings as eagles”. Since it’s inauguration by the then State President C R Swart on 1 September 1963, the memorial has been the venue for the annual SAAF memorial service, normally held on the first Sunday of May. The maintenance of the memorial hall (the cenotaph and rolls of honour) and the non-denominational chapel is still a joint responsibility of the Air Force and the SAAF Association.

Air Force Museum - Swartkops Air Force Base The South African Air Force Museum at Air Force Base Swartkop is the largest military aviation museum in South Africa. The museum was moved here from Lanseria Airport.

Gauteng Province The museum uses both chronological and thematic layouts to tell the exiting story of aviation development from the days of the Paterson Aviation School at Kimberley to modern day jet aircraft. Exhibits include a variety of aircraft and missiles, as well as historically interesting aeronautical displays. Visitors from around the world come to the museum each year to view this unique attraction. A number of Aircraft and other items are stored in various hangers and in an open-air storage area on the museum terrain. Access to these exhibits is limited to persons doing research and can be viewed by appointment only. These aircraft are either not restored, or derelict airframes or are not intended as prestige exhibits. The library holds a large selection of aviation related books, references, research materials, technical manuals, aviation related magazines, logbooks and photographs.

South African Air Force Although military aviation was still in its infancy at the time that the Union Defence Force (UDF) was formed, the South African Defence Act (1912) made provision for the establishment of a South African Aviation Corps (SAAC). Despite the strict economies and retrenchments to which the UDF was subject to during the immediate post-war years, 1920 saw the establishment of the South African Air Force (SAAF). Col. Pierre van Ryneveld was appointed Director Air Services with effect from 1 February 1920 with instructions to establish an air force for the Union. This date is acknowledged as the official birth date of the SAAF. The establishment of the SAAF was greatly facilitated by the extremely generous decision by the Imperial (British) Government in 1919 to allocate some 100 aeroplanes from its war stocks to the Union, complete with spares and equipment. These were augmented by a further 13 aircraft from other sources resulting in a total of 113 aircraft. In April 1921 a site at Zwartkop, 3 km east of Roberts Heights (Later Voortrekkerhoogte) was selected and taken over as the site for the SAAF’s first airodrome. The SAAF was involved in its first action in 1922 when a miners’ strike on the Rand led to the declaration of martial law following violent clashes between the South African Police and the strikers. 1 Sqn. (SAAF) was called upon to fly reconnaissance missions and bombard the strikers’ positions. In the course of 1934 the Union’s economy started on what proved to be a sustained upward trend, and a significant increase in the Defence Budget was approved for the first time in many years. The impending World War in 1939 caught the SAAF unprepared for large-scale operational deployment despite the attempts, which had been made since 1934 to expand and modernise the organisation. The first priority was therefore to train more personnel and acquire more aircraft. At the conclusion of the war the SAAF had flown a total of 82 401 missions. During the same period 2 227 members of the SAAF lost their lives while 932 were wounded or injured. Just a year after the SAAF’s notable contribution towards the breaking blockade of Berlin by participating in the Berlin Air Bridge, the SAAF’s services were once again called upon to assist the United Nations. This time the scene of the operations was Asia, where North Korean forces had invaded the Republic of South Korea on 25 June 1950. In the early sixties South Africa’s deteriorating security position caused the Government to take steps towards rearmament. The SAAF celebrated its 70th year of existence in 1990. This year was also marked by the start of a comprehensive process of rationalisation and restructuring. The SAAF’s assignments are inter alia to preserve life, health or property, to maintain essential services and to support any state department in socio-economic upliftment.

Gauteng Province In its 75th year, the SAAF as the Commonwealth’s second oldest air force, can look back on a most eventful history during which its members gave a graphic display of their capabilities, their pioneering spirit and zest for taking on an conquer new challenges. Now the SAAF is on the threshold of flying into a new and exciting future. Dramatic changes in the global geo-political scene, South Africa’s return to the international fold, its emerging regional role and the urgent need for stability and socio economic reconstruction in the African sub-continent, will present major challenges to the SAAF. The main challenge that faces the SAAF is to maintain the capability to carry out its constitutional tasks in a way that will best satisfy the demands of national strategy. Principal factors such as the new constitution and he transformation of forces brought changes to the SAAF’s vision of its future role and deployment, namely: To fulfil a primary role in providing air power in future balanced, modern and technologically

advanced National Defence Force. To retain the necessary operational capability to deter potential aggressors in general and

potentially aggressive air forces in particular. To utilise the available Air Force resources to provide humanitarian and support services internally

and in our region. To provide the State with professional and cost-effective operational air capabilities to support

interest groups in accordance with the constitution. To enjoy high esteem in defence, state, national and international circles as a result of its

professionalism, preparedness and operational efficiency. To be a source of pride and loyalty for all its members and all the people of South Africa. To contribute to world peace and security through air operations in support of international bodies,

as sanctioned by the government.

Fort Klapperkop Military Museum: The beautiful Johann Rissik Scenic drive, which is reached from the Fountains traffic circle and along Maria van Riebeeck Avenue, provides a fine view of Pretoria. On the summit ridge of the drive stands the Fort Klapperkop Military Museum. As a sequel to the Jameson Raid the government erected this fort and three others in 1897 in order to protect the capital. Formerly occupied by the military in 1898, it has now been restored in landscaped grounds. Due to a lack of funds the excellent exhibits had been moved elsewhere. The fortress itself, entered by means of a drawbridge and gate, is built around a small courtyard. Here one finds one of Africa’s most remarkable curiosities, a nine-seat cycle, constructed by the British from parts of other bicycles and equipped with wheels enabling it to travel on railway lines! A second fort, Fort Skanskop, built near the Voortrekker Monument, was erected at the same time as Fort Klapperkop.

Kruger House - Church Street A great deal may be learnt about the character of one of South Africa’s most famous presidents by a visit to this house in which he lived from 1883 to 1900. The museum contains many relics of Paul Kruger. At the back of the house stand the President’s State coach and private railway coach. Refer to The Kruger House Museum published by the National Cultural History and open-air Museum.

Melrose House - Jacob Mare Street T. Vale home built this magnificent example of Victorian architecture for George Heys as his residential home in 1886. His descendants lived in this house until 1967, when it was sold, complete with furniture and finishing, to the City Council, who restored it and opened it as a museum.

Gauteng Province On 31 May 1902 the Treaty of Vereeniging ending the Anglo-Boer War, was signed in the dining room. Guided tours are available. Refer also to the booklet Melrose House.

Smuts Museum - Irene Doornkloof was the farm of Jan Christiaan Smuts until his death in 1950. The house is now a museum containing the original furniture and many personal belongings of a politician and soldier of world stature. Refer to One Man in His Time by Phyllis Scarnell Lean.

The Transvaal Museum - Paul Kruger Street The museum was established in 1892 and is renowned for its exhibits of prehistory and natural history. Included is the Austin Roberts Bird Hall, a model on which to base all collections of birds. This exhibition is definitive and shows all examples of South African avifauna. Displayed at the entrance of the museum is a log of a tree said to be 225 million years old. Next to the entrance is the skeleton of a Fin Whale and in the corner of the garden is a dinosaur. The museum is at present being enlarged and renovated

Museum of Geological Survey Adjoining the Transvaal Museum are splendid exhibits of geology and mineralogy. The collection commences with the solar system, the planets, earth and its interior, the origins of different rocks and precious and semi precious stones. There is a fossil collection and some of the geological systems are explained by means of rocks and fossil arranged on a time-scale.

African Window -National Culture and Open Air Museum – Centre for Living Culture - Visagie Street Among the exhibits is the country’s largest collection of rock art, Egyptian mummy, Inca articles, coins, some pottery and costume displays. There are several old horse drawn vehicles and two cannon. It also has a superb collection of old furniture and objects d’art, which rank among the finest in the country. In its new livery the Museum have the following Permanent Exhibitions: Reach for the Stars; A multifaceted exploration with space through the ages. Access to Power; A rock art exhibition, which reveals the spiritual world of the San people. People’s Choice; Community groups from outside the museum are invited to set up exhibitions on

themes of their choice. Rainbow Collection; this provides a window on the diversity of the South African heritage. The Museum World; Examines the history of the museum, and how museums work. Science and Technology Museum - Cnr. Paul Kruger and Skinner Streets. This is a true “hands-on” museum and the only one of its kind in South Africa that unfolds the wonders of science and technology. It enlightens and educates by means of interactive models and displays that the visitor is encouraged to handle, in order to discover underlying principles. Themes covered include nuclear energy, biology, space, mechanics, water and optics.

Pretoria Art Museum - Arcadia Park This is the showplace for the finest in South African art. On display are the works of Pierneef and Anton van Wouw, as well as contemporary South African art, international graphic art and a collection of 17th century Dutch art. Contained here are several hundred paintings by South African artists as well as the Michaelis Collection. Guided tours are available

Gauteng Province Pioneer Museum - Silverton The Pioneer Museum is a T-shaped farm dwelling with a thatched roof, dung smeared floor and pioneer furniture dating back to about 1848. In the farmyard, the outside oven, outbuildings and Norseman’s mill can be viewed. Demonstrations on making of butter and candles, the baking of bread, roasting and grinding of coffee beans and the hand dressing of thongs are available. Book for demonstrations.

Sammy Marks Museum This splendid Victorian mansion, which dates from 1881, was the residence of the magnate Sammy Marks. He made a significant contribution to the industrial, mining and agricultural development of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek. The Museum’s collection, which belonged to the Marks family, features many fine examples of Victorian silver, glass, porcelain, and furniture, dates from the late nineteenth century until the death of Sammy Marks in 1920. Guided tours take place every hour on the hour.

William Prinsloo Museum The Willem Prinsloo Museum is part of South Africa’s cultural heritage. It has as its theme the development of agriculture in the Transvaal. As such, it features an impressive collection of horse-drawn vehicles, farming equipment and examples of implements used on a farm. Traditional activities such as the plucking of geese, ploughing, annual Agricultural Show, Prickly Pear and Mampoer Festivals are extremely popular. The old farmhouse is open to the public and is almost the same as when it was still lived in by the son of Willem Prinsloo, the original owner of the farm on which the Premier Mine was established.

“Hero’s Acre” - “Heldeakker” “Hero’s Acre” is a misnomer of the Afrikaans version “Die Heldeakker” When this cemetery was established in the 1860’s a petition by HPA Pretorius and JG Fourie to investigate the possibility of the re-interment of famous Republican persons in one spot of the local cemetery was successful and general PJ (Piet) Joubert was instructed to investigate and obtain permission for the re-burial of these persons. It would seem that the original intention was to have war heroes buried in the acre, but through the years whilst maintaining the name “held”, hero’s,’ has now been generally accepted to be any one who has taken the lead in the country in various fields, even politics. It is now exclusively used for burying heads of state. General Andries Pretorius was the first hero laid to rest in the Acre when he was re-interred with full military honours on 31st May 1891. It is also the burial place of the British soldiers who died during the Anglo Boer Wars near Pretoria.

City Hall - Paul Kruger Street Designed by J. Lockwood Hall. Construction commenced in 1931 and was completed in 1934. The massive clock tower contains a carillon of 32 bells, which was donated by George Hays. Coert Steynberg did the frieze over the entrance and it depicts the growth of the city in symbolic terms. There is a colonnade of fountains as well as murals and statues of Andries Pretorius and his son Marthinus Wessel, founder of the city of Pretoria.

Gauteng Province Transvaal Administration Building - Pretorius Street This building has a very rich cultural heritage enhanced by the various work of art and sculptures: Statues on the outside: “Our Hope” and “Glanstoring” by Coert Steynberg “Striving” by Moses Kottler “Liberty Curbed” by Hennie Potgieter Art Work and murals ‘Day and Night’ - Ernst de Jong ‘African Art’ - Armanda Baldinelli ‘Transvaal Bird Park’ - Walter Battiss ‘We for you South Africa’ - W.H. Coetzer ‘The Discovery’ - Alexis Preller ‘The Woman’ - Bettie Cilliers-Barnard ‘The Deputation’ - F. Wichgraf ‘Sun and Safire’ - Jeanne Kotze ‘Seekoeivlei’ - Cecily Sash

Pretoria Station - Paul Kruger Street This was built in 1908 and was the first large secular building Sir Herbert Baker was commissioned to design in the Transvaal. The first train arrived here from the Cape in 1893 and the line from Durban, as well as Delagoa Bay, reached Pretoria in 1895. A fine steam locomotive, Z.A.S.M. No. 1283, is preserved in the station as a national monument.

The Victoria Hotel - Paul Kruger Street This is the oldest Hotel still operating in Pretoria. It was built in 1896 opposite the station and was known as the Hollandia Hotel. It became the Victoria Hotel during the British occupation of Pretoria.

Strydom Memorial and State Theatre - Church Street On Republic Square is the imposing State Theatre, opera house and theatre complex. Next to it is a fountain of a sculptured group of charging horses and bronze bust, done by Coert Steynberg, erected in memory of J.G. Strydom, Prime Minister from 1951 to 1958. In the background is the Volkskas Building.

Staats Model Skool - Cnr. Van Der Walt and Skinner Streets It was built in 1895 to the design of S. Wierda as a teachers training college. The school was closed during the Anglo-Boer War and it was commandeered by the military authorities to house British officers, taken as prisoners of war. Sir Winston Churchill (in those days only Churchill) a war correspondent for the Morning Post in London was taken prisoner in November 1899 after an armoured train was ambushed. In December 1899 he escaped by jumping over the back wall of the school. In his memoirs Churchill describes how he had to swim the “mighty” Apies River in his effort to escape. In 1951 the Transvaal Education Library took over the building and in 1963 it was declared a national monument. Sir Winston Churchill was informed.

Gauteng Province Burgers Park - Jacob Mare Street Thomas Francois Burgers was president of South Africa from 1872 to 1877, during which time he founded several public amenities including the first botanical garden in Transvaal, Burgers Park. Although Burgers Park was planned as a botanical garden it was eventually developed as a recreational park. A statue of President Burgers by Moses Kottler was erected here in 1955, and there is a memorial Commemorating South Africans of Scottish origin who died in the First World War - President Burger’s wife was Scottish.

Union Building Without any doubt the masterpiece of Sir Herbert Baker’s architectural accomplishments in South Africa. Construction commenced in 1910. On completion in 1913 it was the largest building in South Africa. The two wings - west and east - represents the two language groups English and Afrikaans. (The centre portion to keep them apart?) The Building was sited on Meintjieskop, on the farm Elandsfontein, one of the two farms on which Pretoria was established. The site was a disused quarry and Baker used this quarry to form an amphitheatre, with its concave bow fronted with twin columns forming the link between the two identical administrative wings. He used the steep slope of the koppie to provide architectural progression of flights of steps, gardens and terraces, connecting the different levels. In front of the Union Building stands the Delville Wood War Memorial, built as a tribute to South African troops killed in the First World War. Sir Herbert Baker designs it. The bronze sculpture by Alfred Turner represents Castor and Pollux (heavenly brothers of Greek mythology), clasping hands over the fiery horse, symbolising brotherhood and union of the men who held Delville Wood. 3400 Men defended Delville Wood, only 750 survived. Two replicas of the monument, the original that stands at Longueval in France, have been erected in South Africa, one in Cape Town and the one at the Union Buildings. There is a fine statue of General Louis Botha South Africa’s first prime minister by Coert Steynberg, situated in the bottom of the garden next to Church Street. The Pretoria War Monument, designed by Gordon Leith, commemorates the men killed during the two World Wars and the Korean War. There is also a bronze statute of general J.B.M. Hertzog, the third prime minister of South Africa. On the west side is a monument, in memory of the second prime minister, general Jan Christiaan Smuts. Hans Botha designed the monument, and Danie de Jager the bust. On the north eastern side of the garden is the Police Memorial, in the form of a small amphitheatre, depicting the protection of the police. When it was completed the Union Building accommodated the whole Public Service, but growth and expansion soon forced most of the departments to move elsewhere. At present the Union Building only serves as offices for the President, the Deputy President and a part of the Department of Foreign Affairs.

Bryntirion East of the Union Buildings lies the residential area of Bryntirion where, set amongst magnificent gardens, the State President and the Administrator have their official residences. Linking the Union Building with Bryntirion is Government Avenue. This is the only road to have a double row of Jacaranda trees on both sides of the street. Mahlambandlovo*: It was designed by Gerhard Moerdijk and completed in 1940. It is built on the site occupied by the Ndebele tribe under Mzilikazi, in Cape Dutch style.

Gauteng Province This is the official residence of the State President, Mr. Nelson Mandela.(It was previously called Libertas) Oliver Tambo House: This is the official residence of Thabo Mbeki, deputy State President. It was previously known as Overvaal, residence of the Administrator of the Transvaal The Old Presidency; Used to be the residence of the Governor-General, Nowadays primarily used as for ceremonial occasions such as presentation of Credentials by foreign Ambassadors, as well as State Visits by heads of State. A total of approximately 30 official homes are situated in Bryntirion. *The name means ‘Dawn of an Era” It is spelled differently in the different Black languages, which also sometimes have different meanings. The name mentioned here is the one officially approved by the Office of the President.

Voortrekkerhoogte: It was formerly called Roberts Heights, after Lord Roberts. It contains an Air Force Gymnasium and Military College, the latter founded in 1912 as well as several other military establishments. The Officers Mess was the former home of Lord Lyttleton, the military governor of Transvaal.

Centurion (Previously Verwoerdburg): The history of Centurion and the people who played a prominent role in its history are as colourful as the town itself. In 1889 Alois Hugo Nellmapius bought a large portion of the farm Doornkloof from Erasmus. The imaginative and enthusiastic Nellmapius immediately started a Gin and Whiskey distillery at Eerste Fabrieke. He also raised zebra and eland which he inspanned for transport. He named the western part of the farm after his daughter Irene Violet Nellmapius. Nellmapius invested large sums of capital in developing the farm known as Irene Estates. After his death it was sold to Johannes Albertus van der Bijl. His dream of having a town proclaimed was only realised after the war. The construction of the Johannesburg - Pretoria railway line contributed to the proclamation of the town. In 1962 Lyttleton, Irene and Verwoerdburg were amalgamated into one area of jurisdiction and named Verwoerdburg. In 1893 DE Erasmus settled on the farm Doornkloof. Upon his death A.H. Nellmapius bought portions of the farm. General J.C. Smuts bought the remaining portion in 1908. The Erasmus home is called the Erasmus Castle (Die Spookhuis!) A.H. Nellmapius arrived in the Transvaal in 1870 from Hungary via Lourenco Marques and set up a business in Pilgrims Rest. He befriended Paul Kruger and persuaded him to grant concessions giving a monopoly with protective tariffs to help build up the country’s manufacturing industries. Nellmapius himself obtained several concessions and became Portuguese Consul General for the Transvaal. Irene Estate, the farm of Nellmapius, still in production today, was the forerunner of the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute. Dr. Arnold Theiler was in fact stationed at and employed by Nellmapius on his farm. Kruger House was a gift to President Kruger from A.H. Nellmapius.

ISCOR The South African Government created the Iron and Steel Corporation in 1928 to promote the development of iron, steel and allied industries. It produces 90% of South Africa’s steel requirements. David Ross designed the administration block in 1961.

Gauteng Province Pretoria Central Prison - Potgieter Street This is the central prison of South Africa. 300 to 400 prisoners were waiting in this prison for the decision on the death penalty. The Institutional Court abolished the death penalty.

Defense Headquarters - Potgieter Street It is and was the mightiest war machine headquarters in Africa. In 1894 the size of the corps of the Zuid Afrikaans Republiek (ZAR) was limited to only 200 men. However, after the Jameson invasion in 1896, the government made provision for and enlarged and well organised modern state artillery corps, which would form, and integral part of the SAR’s Defense force. Shortly before the start of the Anglo Boer War in 1899 this unit comprised 575 men and during the war distinguished itself in an exemplary manner. The State Artillery Corps had its headquarters at the well-known military site at the top end of Potgieter Street. The military history of this site dates back to 1877 when a military camp was established here after the British occupation of the Transvaal. During the First Anglo-Boer War (1880-1881) and the siege of Pretoria this site was the most important British position in the town. After the Transvaal regained its independence the site retained its military character and became known as Artillery Camp, where eventually the state Artillery Corps was stationed. Several poorly planned and constructed buildings were erected on the site at the beginning of the 1890’s. Following a report of 1893, Klaas van Rijsse, and architect of the ZAR, suggested that a properly designed and constructed artillery camp, designed in a neo-Renaissance style, be established on the site. Construction started in August 1895 and during the next three years stables, buildings for artillery and wagons, a machine building and barracks for men were built. North of this well organised complex, 15 houses for officers were built. Whilst more buildings were planned, objections against the high costs were lodged in the Volksraad during 1897 and it was decided not to construct all the buildings. The military complex at the Old Artillery Camp is still being used by the South African Defense Force and until 1992 served as its headquarters. It can be considered unique and when most of the buildings were declared national monuments in the 1970’s it was described as a complex of great military historical importance and a symbol of the ZAR’s striving for independence and peace.

Artillery Road. According to the report of the architect Klaas van Rijsse in 1894 to the Zuid-Afrikaanse Republiek, it was traditional for officers to live at a military camp. He therefore suggested that a row of houses be constructed just outside the Artillery Camp in Potgieter Street in order to allow access to these houses from a public road. Van Rijsse’s plans for 15 houses were completed in December 1895 and construction was started toward the middle of 1896. The houses were completed during 1897. Provision was made for a house for the commander of the Artillery Corps, two houses for captains, six for lieutenants and six for junior officers. The houses were not all identical: the height of the ceilings, the width of the passages and room for parking a ‘spider’ were distinguishing features.

Old Machine Building The Old Machine Building is undoubtedly the most striking of the buildings forming part the Old Artillery Camp. Three storeys high, the building was specially designed to accommodate the machinery for the generation of electricity for the Artillery Camp. The building was completed in 1898. It served as a machine building until 1924 when the

Gauteng Province top floor was converted into a storage place. Later on the building was used as an officer’s club. It currently serves as offices for the South African Defense Force.

University of South Africa (UNISA): UNISA was established in 1873 as the University of Good Hope in the Cape. In 1916 it became the University of South Africa. It is the largest correspondence university in the world with a total student enrolment of 129 200. It has faculties for economic and management, arts, science, education, law and theology, there are 59 departments in all as well as 21 bureaux, centres and institutes. Because of Unisa’s unique teaching method, the supporting administrative services play a vital role. It has a teaching and research staff of approximately 14 000. For many years the university was only an examining body without providing tuition itself to the students, but since 1946 it has developed its own unique system of distance education, acknowledged throughout the world. It provides learning opportunities for students who are unable to attend residential universities because of personal circumstances or occupational obligations. It is the oldest university in the country. The original examining University of the Cape of Good Hope that became the University of South Africa was a federal university comprising a number of constituent university colleges, which gradually developed into independent universities. The library stocks more than 1,6 million books and other items. The department of production produces 98% of all published material, using almost 890 tons of paper annually to print study guides, tutorial letters, examination papers and other publications. More than 7,4 million postal items including thousands of colour slides and audiocassettes, were forwarded by the Department of Dispatch in 19194. The department of undergraduate affairs organises and co-ordinates the writing of 2200 examination papers at 450 centres situated from Pretoria to Lusaka, from New York to Taipei. Over the past 27 years approximately 110 000 degrees and diplomas have been awarded at graduation ceremonies held all over the country. Approximately 38% of the university students during 1994 in South Africa were registered at Unisa. On average they are 31 years of age and 82% are employed full-time in a variety of occupations. Nearly 31% are engaged in educational services and more that 22000 students are employed by commerce and industry. 53% of all students are women, of whom some 2400 are housewives. In 1994, 81% choose English as medium of tuition. Postgraduate students account for 15% (18000) of the student body. About 2500 are registered for master’s and about 540 are registered for doctoral degrees. The faculty of arts accommodates 45% of the students, while the faculty of Economic Management Sciences account for 30%. Brian Sandrock designed the administration block, built in 1972 with a second phase completed in 1989.

University of Pretoria - Lynnwood Road Founded as the Transvaal University College in 1908 when the science and art section of the college of Johannesburg moved to Pretoria. The arts block, which was occupied in 1911, has now been declared a national monument. The University of Pretoria became a full-fledged university in 1930. It is the largest full-time university in South Africa with eleven faculties and one hundred and three departments. It is also the largest residential university in the Southern Hemisphere. It has a student enrolment of 22 900. The university also provides for after hour teaching. The new administration block was designed by Brian Sandrock in 1968. It has an enormous sweeping wall of concrete 70m long and 10,7m high - made up of complex, decorated, curved surfaces. “The ship of knowledge cleaving through the sea of ignorance”

Gauteng Province South African Bureau of Standards: An Act of Parliament established the SABS in 1945 to promote standardisation in industry and commerce, to prepare specifications and codes of practice with quality and safety, as criteria and to examine and test raw materials and commodities. It has the watchdog duty of maintaining nation-wide vigilance on standards of manufacture in South Africa.

Fountains: The first pioneer families settled here in 1840 and a church settlement was proclaimed in 1854. In 1895 the Fountains were declared a nature reserve by Paul Kruger, the first nature reserve to be declared in South Africa. The Apies River has its source in a fountain of crystal clear water in this valley, south of Pretoria. The stream was so named because of the vervet monkeys that were so abundant at the fountains. Dr. NJ van Warmelo in his ethnological publication “The Bahwaduba Tribe” says that an Nguni tribe settled near the pool in the valley which they called “Tshwane” - little monkey, after chief Musi’s son and successor. The Matabele called it “Enzwabuklunga” - painful to the touch, having reference to the sharp stones that cut one’s feet when crossing it. The river is canalised as it flows through the town to the Pienaar’s river to the north. The Fountains has a recreation area with picnic sites, pool, restaurant (one of the best in Pretoria), Caravan Park, etc. An old Z.A.S.M. bridge has escaped demolition and still stands in front of the Fountains with the road to Johannesburg and Voortrekker Hoogte passing underneath.

Austin Roberts Bird Sanctuary - Boshoff Street, New Muckleneuk This sanctuary, with an observation hideaway, was established in 1955 by the City Council, and named in honour of Dr. Austin Roberts, an authority on birds of South Africa. (Refer also to Transvaal Museum). More than 100 indigenous bird species, including black swans and ostriches, as well as a variety of mammals, such as blesbok, duiker, steenbok and springbok, are to be seen in natural conditions. A small museum displays some of the birds frequenting the sanctuary.

Magnolia Dell - Queen Wilhelmina Drive Statues of Peter Pan and Wendy were donated by somebody unknown, to the children of Pretoria. These statues can be seen at Magnolia Dale. Profits of the kiosk are donated to welfare. Magnolia Dell is also the popular venue of a monthly arts and craft market as well as an art exhibition.

Salvokop or Timeball Hill Military salutes were fired from this hill thus the name Salvokop. In the 1880’s the Post Master General J A Vogel devised a system to announce the arrival of the mail. When the wagon came in a signal was hoisted to announce the arrival and it would then also be indicated where the mail came from. e.g. A single ball raised meant that it had arrived from Kimberly; a Ball and drum meant that the coach from the Kimberly and contained English mail; a cone meant that the Natal mail had arrived.

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research: (CSIR) Some 8km east of Pretoria is a complex of buildings housing the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Established in 1945 this research organisation employs more than 4 200 people in approximately 14 different divisions for scientific

Gauteng Province and technological research, development and implementation. It is by far the largest institution of this nature in Africa.

Wonderboom Nature Reserve: On the northern side of the Magaliesberg is The Wonderboom (‘wonderful tree’) after which the reserve is named. It is a colossal specimen of a wild fig tree (Ficussalicifolia), estimated to be about 1000 years old. The tree is 23m high with a spread of 50m. The trunk is 4m in circumference, and actually consists of thirteen trunks. Proof was found of early Africans living in the area. In 1949 the city council proclaimed a 450ha nature reserve around the tree. On the Wonderboom ridge the ruins of one of the forts built to defend Pretoria after the Jameson Raid is found.

National Zoological Gardens: The National Zoological Gardens of South Africa are situated on approximately 60 ha in the very heart of Pretoria. Since being established in 1899 it has grown to such an extent that today this zoo enjoys worldwide recognition. It is the largest zoo in South Africa and the only one with national status. Pretoria National Botanical Garden This one of South Africa’s 8 National Botanical gardens is home to the National herbarium, where almost a million specimens of South Africa’s plants are kept. Numerous scientist and taxonomists research aspects of the country’s flora here, and guided tours of the herbarium are available. The garden itself contains numerous trees and shrubs indigenouis to South Africa, and is very pleasint for picnics and walking. An important feature is the Medicinal garden, surrounding traditional Ndebele huts, where visitors can see how South African plants are traditionally used for medicine.

Hartebeespoort Dam: 32km west of Pretoria lies the great irrigation dam of Hartebeespoort, completed in 1923 and overflowing for the first time in March 1925. With a wall 149,5m long and 59,4m high, the dam is fed by the waters of the Crocodile and Magalies rivers and covers 1 883 ha with a maximum depth of 45,1m. Numerous places of recreation have been created around the lake: Tearooms, wayside kiosks, camping grounds, amusement parks, a cableway, aquarium, etc. It is also used by several boating and fishing clubs as well as by innumerable private people.

Onderstepoort The Veterinary Research Institute at Onderstepoort is the principal institution of its kind in Africa. It was founded in 1908 by Dr. Arnold Theiler, a very dynamic young Swiss veterinarian who was knighted for his achievements in finding vaccine for rinderpest, distemper, blue tongue and horse sickness. Onderstepoort is the foremost training school for veterinary surgeons. It was at Onderstepoort that mineral deficiencies were proved to be the cause of livestock diseases, a discovery that prompted research on similar problems throughout the world. Onderstepoort occupies 200ha, with a farm of 7 000ha where more than 3000 farm animals are kept.

Townships in the Pretoria district These townships are typical of the apartheid cities and were created to move the black groups out of the city. Administratively they have now been included into Greater Pretoria.

Gauteng Province Bantule Already in 1903 the town council had begun thinking about relocating the residents of old and new Marabastad. According to the council they occupied potential land needed for urban development and also constituted a health hazard. The issue again came to the fore in 1907, when the Pretoria Town Council decided to establish a new sewage farm on land partially occupied by Old Marabastad. With the approval of the colonial government the council decided to remove the residents of Old Marabastad to a new township, yet to be established, and demolish the old location. After long and sometimes a bitter struggle to find a suitable site, an area northwest of the town center on the southern slopes of Daspoortrand was selected in 1912. In January of that year planning started for the “New Location” the Council built 50 houses in the “New Location” at a cost of R6060. The Town Engineer’s department designed these houses. They were shaped in the form of a lozenge, had brick walls and a corrugated iron roof, and consisted of two rooms, a kitchen and small entrance porch. The new houses were to be rented at 25 shillings per month. In September 1912 residents of 151 stands in the Old Marabastad were resettled here, the residents of a further 206 stands were to follow. Only after World War I were the last dwellings in the old Marabastad demolished. The “New Location” project was not a great success. Not only could it not house all the people from the Old Marabastad, but there were also problems with the municipal houses, the size of the stands and the rent the people had to pay. Although the best quality materials had been used, the design of the houses was at fault, as they were cold and draughty in the winter and also much smaller than the self-built dwellings in the old Marabastad. Bordering on the northern side of the location, but outside municipal boundaries, was a tract of land known as Hovesground. It was named after Theodore Hove, the owner of a mill on the banks of the Apiesriver, west of Marabastad. The owners of this land, H Marias and J Celliers, capitalized on the problems in the New Location by selling the land to the Daspoort Land Syndicate in January 1913. Soon thereafter, the syndicate divided the land into smaller plots, which it began selling to individual Africans. Many people who wished to escape the municipal location regulations and refused to pay the rents in the New Location chose to erect their dwellings in Hovesground, which soon acquired the doubtful status of a squatter camp. Those who look the Westrand from some point of vantage will see on the hill above the place set apart for the new location the latest example of South African Architecture. Certainly if they are once seen they will never be forgotten. Tin shanties of all sorts and descriptions having sprung up like mushrooms there, forming a great contrast to the respectable unpretentious brick dwelling erected for the natives by the Town Council. From March 1914 the residents of the New Location were allowed to build their own houses similar to the situation at Marabastad. By 1921 there were 800 residents in the New Location and Hove’s Ground. The municipal houses in the former were falling into despair, and because of lack of houses many of the residents of the New Location had no choice but to move to the Asiatic Bazaar and the Cape Location. Despite the failure of the first municipal scheme in the New Location, the town council obtained a loan from the Central Housing Board for a second project. A large number of houses were built on the eastern side of the New Location, and in June 1923 the last were completed. Marabastad residents whose dwellings were in the worst condition were the first to move in. Generally speaking, the second housing project also was not a great success. It did not give their African occupants a sense of security and a permanency as urban residents, because the houses did not belong to them. Many were rather in favour of a kind of 99-year lease option through which they would eventually become owners. People regarded the New Location as too small so it was very unpopular. In 1925 the New Location was formally declared a location in accordance with the 1923 act, and

Gauteng Province renamed Bantule. The whole area was divided into three portions: a Village where people built their own houses; a Location with 298 municipal houses and later extension the New Location. The Bantule extension was also known as New Clare. By 1930 Bantule had 300 houses with 1770 residents in the municipal part and 144 shacks with 1400 residents in Hove’s Ground. In 1938 the total for Bantule was 442 houses and 4400 residents. Between 1951 and 1955 the figure rose to 6700. The squatter crisis, which started in the 1930’s made it clear that Bantule had become hopelessly inadequate. Not only was it too small but also its physical location prevented any expansion. In 1939 the Pretoria Town Council established Atteridgeville, for the purpose of resettling the Marabastad and Bantule residents. In 1946 the City Council decided to resettle the residents of the overcrowded village to Attridgeville. However, not enough houses were available and the removal of the Marabastad community was only completed by 1953. It took until 1957, before the Bantule and Hove’s Ground residents were resettled in Saulsville. Some were moved to Vlakfontein. 2 years later the Bantule location was officially abolished.

Highlands During the 1930’s a Mr. Watt established the Highlands Township adjacent to Newlands. In 1938 he began selling plots at R30 each to Africans, Coloureds and Whites. In terms of the 1937 Native Laws Amendment Act, non-Africans were not allowed to sell land to Africans in urban areas. However, the authorities did little to prevent this, with the result that Highlands soon became a densely populated area, inhabited largely by squatters. By 1940 many African landowners already had houses. In 1952, shortly before the removal of squatters commenced, the African population of Highlands was 4800. The Highlands squatters were resettled, with those from Eastwood and Newlands, in Vlakfontein between 1953 and 1959. In 1960 the remaining population were removed to Eersterus, and Vlakfontein. The Highlands Township being declared a Group area for Whites became part of the Newlands white residential suburb, and nothing was left of the old township.

Kilnerton In 1886 the Methodist Church bought land on a farm Koedoespoort and established a small township and training institute for African teachers and ministers. It was named Kilnerton after John Kilner, the secretary of the Methodist Mission society, who visited the Transvaal in 1878-1880. The institute was closed down in 1962 as a result of apartheid acts. The residents of the township were removed, and in 1964 it was incorporated into Pretoria municipal area as Kilner Park. One of the recommendations of the South African Native Affairs Commission or Langden Commission (1903-1905) was that Africans should be allowed to buy property to provide security and improve living conditions. This recommendation paved the way for the establishment of freehold: townships outside the municipal boundaries, where everyone could buy stands and erect dwellings. Overpopulation in Schoonplaats and the Municipal Locations and a general lack of space for expansion led to the establishment of Lady Selbourne and three other four freehold townships in 1906.

Lady Selborne In 1905 a group of coloured people, led by Thomas De Fleur, decided to establish their own township in which they would own land. Their stands would measure 60.95 by 30.48 meter. Each prospective owner would commit himself to erecting a brick house on his property within six months after purchase. Lord Selbourne, British High Commissioner in South Africa and Governor of the Transvaal and the Free State consented to the naming of the township after his wife. Lady Selbourne was to be founded on a portion of the farm Zandfontein, which was situated in the western part of Pretoria’s Moot Valley. CM de Vries purchased this portion in 1906. He had the land surveyed into 440 stands, which he then began selling to Le Fleur’s group. During its early years not many people moved to Lady Selbourne. The main reason was that it was situated 8km from Church Square, meaning that it was not within easy walking distance from Pretoria center. By 1910 the population probably was no more that 250. Until 1908 a village committee managed Lady Selbourne. Things changed in 1908, when the town came under the jurisdiction of the Pretoria Suburbs Health Committee, which had already been established in 1905 to manage the suburban areas

Gauteng Province north and east of Pretoria. This committee became the municipality of Innesdale in 1912. However the Village committee remained in place, and between this body and the Innesdale municipality a good working relationship soon developed. Whereas until 1923 Lady Selborne was loosely labeled as a freehold township, its status changed somewhat in that year, when it became a residential area approved by the Minister of Native Affairs in accordance to the 1923 Natives (Urban Areas) Act. This implied that it would be on the same level as that of a “white” suburban area. Lady Selborne formed part of the Innesdale Municipal area until 1925. In 1925 changes were made to Innesdale’s municipality boundaries. The Apiesriver would form the new western boundary and for the urban areas west of the river. The Daspoort Health Committee was established. Lady Selborne became one of the areas managed by this new committee.

Claremont Bordering the eastern side of Lady Selborne was Claremont, a suburb founded in 1905. In 1926 part of Claremont, consisting of 36 plots became freehold residential area like Lady Selborne attracting many African people who chose to settle here. Claremont remained seperate, and the two townships would always be managed as separate areas. Lady Selborne and Claremont did not remain under the jurisdiction of the Daspoort Health Committee for long. In 1931 both were incorporated into the new Hercules Municipality. The 1930’s proved to be difficult years for Claremont and Lady Selborne. Firstly, there was a dramatic increase in the population, put at almost 10 000 in 1936. This led to overcrowding and squatting. Secondly, the relationship with the Hercules town council soon soured. Although both Lady Selborne and Claremont had been proclaimed African residential areas in 1936 – a situation unique in the then Transvaal-, they did not reap the same benefits as the other, “white” suburbs. Apparently the Hercules Municipality manages them rather like locations. The arrangements for waste removal were inadequate, health management was haphazard, and street lighting was deplorable, to name a few complaints. The Hercules beer hall made huge profits, but these were not used to found sports facilities, clinics, a library, then planting of trees and other things that would benefit the Lady Selborne and Claremont communities. The third difficulty was caused by conflict between local residents’ associations such as the Lady Selborne Vigilance Committee and the Lady Selborne Residents’ Association. In 1942 the strength of the population of Lady Selbourne and Claremont was about 22 000. By 1955 it had risen to“ 48 Europeans, 241 Asiatic, 5 Malays, 988 Coloureds and 32 592 Natives.” Statistics, reflecting the government obsession with “ethnicity”, indicated that the largest groups in Lady Selborne were Northern Sotho and Tswana, followed by Nguni, Shangaan and Coloured people. In May 1949 Hercules was incorporated into the Municipality of Pretoria, and soon after the passing of the Group Areas Act (1950) the Pretoria City Council gave notice of its intention to remove Lady Selborne, even at the time this was not considered an easy matter. This is a very delicate point in our non-European situation. May of the people consider Lady Selborne with special pride, because they can own both their houses and their land there? In all other areas (except Alexandra Township) the Bantu people can own their houses, but not the land upon which it is built. Even in the most advanced housing schemes, the local authorities show little willingness to give the Bantu complete ownership of buildings and land.

Garankuwa and Winterveld In 1956 and 1958 respectively, Claremont and Lady Selborne were declared White Group areas. However, the authorities found that the land and property owners were willing to sell and move to Attridgeville, Saulsville and Vlakfontein. In the end, it was decided that these residents would be compensated and resettled to a new “native village” in the Tswana Bantustan, where they would be allowed to buy land and build new homes. This “native Village” came into being a few years later, when Garankuwa was established. In 1960 the removal of people from Lady Selborne and Claremont started, simultaneous with Eastwood and Highlands. Indians were removed to Ladium, while the coloured people resettled in Eersterus. The first groups of Africans were those with Section 10 rights, who were given houses in Garankuwa on the basis of this. In 1962 it was the turn of the landowners to go to Garankuwa, where they could buy new property. However, in relationship to the local African population of Claremont and Lady Selborne, there were not enough houses and plots in Garankuwa. Many people were unloaded with their possessions in Winterveld, where they could lease temporary housings plots. Because Garankuwa was inside the Bantustan, about 6500 residents from Claremont and Lady Selborne who were not Tswana were resettled in an extension of Vlakfontien/Mamelodi. To them the new four roomed houses on small plots in an open veld were adequate and the people were living in harmony with each other, notwithstanding the slum conditions. Those Selbornites who had been removed to the Tswana Bantustan were to be resettled again in the late 1970’s. After “independence” of Bophuthatswana in 1977, the Bantustan authorities decreed that only those declared ”citizens” of the Bantustan had rights to land and housing. Many who did not fulfill this condition had settled in

Gauteng Province Garankuwa and Winterveld, and they were forced to move. They were finally relocated in Soshanguve, a new town immediately east of Mabopane, but in South Africa. During the1970s the last people from Lady Selborne, mainly Indians, were removed. Thereafter, Claremont and Lady Selborne ceased to exist. With the exception of the buildings of the Holy Cross Convent, everything else was demolished, even the street and the layout. In place of what once was a vibrant community, similar to that of Sophiatown in Johannesburg, a completely new suburb, named Suiderberg, was established.

Mamelodi At the base and on the lower slopes of the Magaliesberg Mountain range lies Mamelodi. Born in 1953 when 16 houses were built, like other townships of Pretoria, it is typical of the apartheid city, which was created to move African groups out of the city. Later more houses were built to accommodate Africans who were removed from Riverside, Eersterus, Eastwood and Lady Selborne in accordance with the government’s Group Areas Act of 1950. The growth of Mamelodi stopped in 1968 when the government froze development of additional housing for Africans in urban areas. This policy was reversed in 1978. It seems that the first people who lived in the township were herdsman and farmers whom appear to have come from Arcadia where accommodation had been in temporary shacks in the backyards of employers. Further more, some probably found employment in Sammy Marks Eerste Fabrieken, a bottle making and brick factories. Mamelodi has 50 000 houses, 10 220 informal, 13 high schools, 1 technical college, 44 primary schools, 1 special school for mentally and retarded children, 3 libraries, 1 hospital, 3 police stations, 3 clinics, 4 community centers, 1 YMCA, 7 soccer fields 1 JTTC, 1 Teachers’ center, 1 adult center, pre-school centers (government owned) and pre-school centers privately owned, different church building, 2 community centers, 1 SOS Children’s Village and 1 municipal park with 3 railway stations and 2 post offices. This township lays some 20km from the center of Pretoria on the far east. It was built on the farm Vlakfontein and was called by the same name until the late 50’s when the name was changed to Mamelodi, the name given to president Paul Kruger by the Blacks because of his ability to whistle and imitate birds also meaning “Father of Melodies”. Today Mamelodi has grown and included the farm Marobane on the east towards Cullinan. Hatherly railway station was the main station. Its name was changed to the Eerste Fabrieke There were brick, bottle factories and a gin and whiskey distillery next to the station. Nellmapius started the gin and whiskey distillery. He sold it to Sammy marks. On the Eastern side are the suburbs of Sammy Marks and Nellmapius. The Pienaars River, which starts at Pienaarspoort on the Far East outside Mamelodi, divides the township into east and west and passes through Baviaanspoort flowing north. In Sotho the river is called Moretele meaning it is difficult and dangerous when full. The Baviaanspoort prison is named after this poort. The Pienaars River passes here through the Magaliesberg. There was a tree plantation running from north to south forming the boundary between the old Vlakfontein and Franspoort (Morabane). East of the plantation is the Tsorwane River a tributary of the Molelma River, which starts at Panpoort near and east of Pienaarspoort. After crossing Tsorwane going eastwards there was a place on the left-hand called Matjila, named because the majority of people there are named Matjila. Between the sections Tsakane and Khalambazo (sound of an axe chopping) is a small river Bojakgomo running northwards into the Pienaars River. The first shop in Mamelodi belonged to Mr. Dorosky it was later taken over by a Japanese who was known to Blacks as Segwagna meaning “frog”. The shop still stands in the Tsakane section now owned by Sibakhulu. The second shop, which was near Eerste Fabrieke, belongs to a Mr. Gelom.

Gauteng Province The Industrial School, which is well known in South Africa, was built in about 1948 on a farm, which belonged to an Italian vegetable farmer. Later this school became known as Vlakfontein Technical High School. One of South Africa’s best athletes, Sydney Maree attended school here. The residence of the Industrial School was later changed into classrooms for a Primary school. They accommodated Refentše, Mogale & Tswane Primary Schools. The first High School, Mamelodi High started in 1956. It’s principal was Mr. CAR Motsepe who escaped an arrest by security policy and fled to Botswana in June 1963 because of his political activities. During the same year in March a lot of the students were arrested. The present president of PAC, Mr. Mogoba a teacher was also arrested and served a long jail sentence. Other teachers who were arrested are Mr. P Lekgothoane and Mr. Mzilikazi Khumalo. Well known students who were at this school are Slo Ramakhoase who is its present headmaster and also first black Major of Pretoria, Dr. PR Makhambeni, Pasty Malefo, Sello Moeti who died while in exile. The Student demonstrations of 1976 affected the school and education of pupils in all schools of Mamelodi. During the time of the unrest Dr. F Rebiero, Dr. D Tsweng and others attended to the wounded people. They did this secretly. Stanza Bopape is one of the Africans who just vanished. It is claimed that some students were killed and buried by the police. This township was granted municipal status in 1984 after the 12-member council was elected in a 27.8% poll. The unrest claimed the lives of 13 people in November 1985, when people demonstrated against the increase of rent/service charges and the presence of the army in the township. The Civic group affiliated to the UDF led the protest. Mamelodi is now incorporated and falls under the municipality of Pretoria. The People The total population of Mamelodi is currently 260 000 there is a high population growth of 4% per year (migration and birth). The dominant languages in the area are Sotho 30%, Ndebele 20%, Zulu 30% and others 20%. Youth are dominant in the area 45%, Adults 30% and children 25%. Economic Background The average household income for Mamelodi is estimated to be R1 500,00 per month, approx 40% of the houses earn less than R1 000,00 per month and that indicates a high level of poverty. The Moretele River forms the boundary, which divides east and west. The town spreads along part of the valley floor with its main axis west – east, the railway line is the boundary. Nellmapius and RDP housing both next to the Eerste Fabrieken Station. The southeastern part of Mamelodi, is divided into 3 sectors namely Mandela village, Stanza Bopape Village and Lusaka Squatter camp with Mahube Valley. Moretele Park is well laid out with green districts. The environment is free of littering because the area has an official dumping site. Mamelodi is a multi-cultural community; there is Zulu, North- and South Sotho, Ndebele and many other cultural communities. Political Activities The township growth stopped in 1968 when the government froze development of additional housing for Africans in the urban areas, a policy which was reversed in 1978. The township was granted municipal status in 1984 after the 12-member council had been elected in 1983. Like most townships in the PWV area, Mamelodi was also affected by the violent unrest. The unrest claimed 13 lives of people who were demonstrating at the council office in opposition to increased rent and service charges and the presence of the army in the township. Civic groups affiliated to the UDF, which enjoyed public support, led community protest.

Gauteng Province Shebeens and Taverns As the evening lights flicker on the streets of Mams and the dying sun reflects off the night spot neon’s, African jazz devotees drift down to various taverns or shebeens to listen to their favorites. The area has 52 registered taverns. Shebeens play different types of music like African jazz, kwaito and umbhlaqanga. Music and Entertainment Mamelodi has undergone a huge change in the past century, but still place for its history in the world of music, we have highly proclaimed African musicians such as Dr. Phillip Tabane, Mphuney Motau, Don Laka, Vusi Mahlasela and various Kwaito bands like Makhenika and Bon Ami with choral music and traditional bands. Sport The most dominant sport is soccer with Mamelodi Sundowns being one of the best teams of African football. Mamelodi has produced heroes like Jan Malombo Lechaba, Andries Chitja with soccer present models like Joel Masimela and Daniel Mudau. New sports clubs have been developed in the area e.g. rugby, cricket and boxing. Because of its extensive infrastructure, Mams is the ideal destination for sporting enthusiasts. Specialty food The special food in Mamelodi is the stiff porridge with mala-mogodu and maotwana. During the day half zee and curried fish and chips is served at every shop and café. Heritage Sites Mamelodi Rondavels - The First Housing site in Mamelodi Solomon Mahlangu Square - In Commemoration of Solomon Mahlangu Stanza Bopape Village - In Commemoration of Stanza Bopape and the late MK Geurillas. Six Houses at Matanzima Route - Houses built for the survivors of World War II Dr. F F Ribiero House - In commemoration of Dr. Ribeiro. Political Activists Moss Chikane ANC Member of Parliament Solomon Mahlangu The late MK Geurilla Stanza Bopape The Late MK Soldier Peter Maluleka Secretary-General of GPMC H M Pitje The late Chairman of Mamelodi Advisory Board. Dr. Ribiero Former Medical Practitionar who was executed with his wife in the late 80’s Paul Monoa the first secretary of the advisory Committee in the 80’. Koos Matli The sole survivor of the Mendi Ship. Personalities Collins Mashingo Formar TV comtinuity presenter Nothembi Mkhwebane Ndebele Songstress George Leballo The late TV actor Dan Setshedi Former sports commentator Nakedi Ribane A model and an actress Lucky Legodi An actor and a Businessman Elias Mphokeng An actor and a Businessman Jazz Bands

1. Africa Oye! 2. Phambili 3. Moses Mogale and the unit 4. Jazz Unlimited

Annual Concerts

1. 11 & 12 December Standard Bank Jazz Festival 2. 14 February Jazz for Lovers 3. 24 September Opening of Solomon Mahlangu Open Theatre

Gauteng Province Eersterust & Riverside Eersterust falls under the Gauteng region for the coloured people, which is 9½ miles east of Church Square. Both Riverside and Eersterus were established during 1905-1906 on the western portions of the farm Vlakfontein, acquired by JB and IHJ Wolmarans. Some 61ha were divided into 236 stands and named Eersterust, whilst 59ha was divided into 313 stands and named Dispatch (later changed to Riverside). In both cases, the stands were sold to individuals. Most of the buyers were Africans and Coloureds. Where Eersterust got its name: It was first laid out in 1962 on a farm. There are several ideas where Eersterust got its name:

1 The mail-coaches used to make their first stop for a rest after leaving Pretoria on their way to the Lydenburg goldfields.

2 In 1950 a landowner of a farm divided it. His aim as an idealist was for coloured people to settle there and in doing so to make it the first resting place. In 1958 a piece of land was claimed as a group area for coloured people.

3 Another explanation is that the Black township that once stood there was given this name because it was the first resting place established to house the Blacks. Afterwards it was claimed as a township for coloured people.

Wherever it got its name from, Eersterust is a closely knit, growing community with a high standard of living. Eersterust is a residential suburb proclaimed in 1993. It is 590ha and has a population of approx. 40000 residents. On 8 December 1994 Atteridgeville, Eersterust, Mamelodi and Pretoria were incorporated into the Greater Metropolitan Council. A tour through Eersterust The bridge that leads into Eersterust was constructed due to the growth of Eersterust. At the bottom of the bridge is a road leading to the factories, which is known as Silvertondale. Silvertondale and Waltloo is the heart of the industrial area. On the left is an area called Highlands. There is an area near the Menlyn Shopping Mall called Highlands. The coloured people living in that area were relocated to this area, which is today still called Highlands Park. The first tar street in Eersterust was St. Joseph. The building on the right is the community hall where all civic, public and community gatherings are held. The building next to it is known as Club Bel Air. It is a nightclub and a restaurant, serving local food. Parties and weddings are held here. Groups like Bongo Maffin, Boom Shaka and Thebe and many more artists are known to have performed here. The building next to it is called ‘Ydo’, it is a youth development outreach organization, which aims at the development of the youth and to serve the community through education, empowerment, community participation and care. Before YDO was established in 1990 it was the old library. There is a feeding programme, which distributes food hampers. Religion: The people of Eersterust have a strong religious conviction. The churches on the right and left are 2 historical churches - The Anglican Church and the Immanuel Congregational Church. There are approximately 37 churches in Eersterust. The first church erected in Eersteust was the Roman Catholic Church founded in the early 50’s.

Gauteng Province On March 23 1992 a self employment-training center opened at this church. It is run by the Foundation of Entrepreneurship Development (FED), which aims to develop self-employment and motivate job creation among the unemployed. Dr. Dennis Wolmarans is the director and founder of FED that was established in 1985. Sewing skills are taught with the emphasis on quality. The are also tought skills to enable them to run their own businesses. On the left is a primary school - P.S. Fourie School. There are three other primary schools like this one. Nantes Primary School, Jacaranda Primary School and Norridge Primary School. Most of the houses built on the left were the first houses built by the City Council, when people were relocated from Marabastad. Main Streets in Eersterust Mr. Hans Coverdale negotiated with local authorities for relocation for the colored people. He is the founder member of Eersterust. That’s why we have streets Hans Coverdale north, south, east and west. On the far side is the Mosque. Pass Hans Coverdale east on the way to the cemetery. The cemetery was developed and is maintained by the parks department of the City Council of Pretoria. On the right side is another primary school - Nantes. This is one of the first primary schools in Eersterust. The next area was developed when Eersterust experienced an influx. It is known as “AKERSIES” Afrikaans for candles because there was a period of about 5 years when people had to go without electricity and used candles. HANS COVERDALE NORTH Approaching this street on the left hand side is an important sport facility, where sports like rugby, cricket, soccer and hockey are played. There are about 13 local clubs in Eersterust. On the right live the more affluent people with the big houses and the big lavish luxury cars. One thing about the Eersterust people is that they spend a lot of time on their gardens. Their gardens are wild, wonderful and beautiful. People are very close. Everyone knows everyone. Many languages are spoken, English, Sotho and Zulu. The main language is Afrikaans. Prior to 1994 there was a huge hole dug where Pretoria dumped their refuse. It used to smell terribly so they closed it down. Now the City Council is rehabilitating it and making it into a walking trail and making picnic facilities. The Community Center was developed by the City Council of Pretoria and was completed in March 1991. The complex has offices, conference facilities, an exhibition hall, a large community hall with high tech sound and lighting facilities, as well as kitchen facilities, a committee room, a library and parking facilities, where public meetings, elections and weddings are hosted. There is a recreation center here catering for teenagers. It is one of Pretoria’s best recreational centers offering a variety of activities. On the right is another stadium, which is much bigger than the other stadium. 600 spectators can be accommodated and stands surrounding the field can accommodate 10 000 spectators. There are 13 local clubs in Eersterust.

Atteridgeville Historical Information Attridgeville is named after Mrs. M P Attridge, a former City Council Member. In August 1939 after the forced removal of people from Marabastad, New Clere, Lady Selborne, Bantule and Hove’s Ground, Attridgeville was born. Originally, the idea was to name the town Motsemogolo (large town), but the name Attridgeville was finally approved in

Gauteng Province 1940 when the town was officially established. A total of 1533 houses were built between 1940 and 1949. Over the years Attridgeville continued to grow with the building of low-income housing. It is a dormitory residential area within the sub region. In 1954 Saulsville was established on the west of Attridgeville. In 1990 due to lack of housing development the Squatter area was established and is divided into three sections; Jeffsville, Concerned and Phomolong. Attridgeville/Saulsville have Approx 20 000 housing, six houses were built for the white counselors, 9730 backyard informal units, 10 731 informal, 9 High Schools, One Technical High School, one Technical College, 28 Primary Schools, 2 Special Schools for mentally and retarded children, 5 pre school centers (Gov Owned), 74 Pre schools (private), one Hospital, 6 Clinics, One police station, 2 libraries, 56 church buildings, 5 soccer fields, 13 tennis courts, 4 basketball courts, 2 swimming pools, arena, 3 community halls, an old age home. 150 shops and 6 factories. The first station commander was Mr. SS Mabote and the first black Brigadier was Mr. S Stoka. People The total population of Attridgeville/Saulsville is currently around 200 000, there is a high population growth of 3% per year, and through migration, the groups found in the area are North Sotho 46%, Tswana 13% and Zulu 11% and others 30%. Youth are most dominant in this area with 45%, adult 30% and 25% for Children. Economical Background The result of the profile workforce is reflected in the level of income. The average household income for Attridgeville is estimated to be R1 750,00 per month; approximately 35% of the household earn less than R1 000-00 per month and this indicates that is high level of poverty. Environmental and Geographical Description Attridgeville is located on the south of Lotus Gardens and south west of Pretoria CBD and is linked to the CBD via Church Street. The southern Boundary of Attridgeville is created by the Schuurweberg and the eastern boundary by the SAPS Dog Training School, it has the following areas ext 2, Santa Hospital which opened in 1954 by Dr. Flynn as a charity Hospital, Hills both next to Kalafong Hospital which was opened in 1974, Attridgeville ext 4 next to Saulsville Station, and the informal settlement in the west of Attridgeville, is divided into three sectors namely; Jeffville, Corcern, and Phomolong. The environment of Attridgeville/Saulsville there is dumping and littering because of lots of open space in the area, if the areas can be developed there will be no environmental hazard. Accommodation and Restaurants Attridgeville is the first township with a hotel, Mphebatho in More street, Tikkies accommodation at 6 Marcane, and we have a guesthouse called Mkanda guesthouse at Khoza Street, which caters for school kids mostly from Attridgeville Technical School. Specialty Food The special food in Attridgeville is Sepathlo, Mogodu and Matwana. This type of food is found at the shops and houses. Concerts 26 December Jazz in the park Delas’s memorial Jazz Concert 24 September Heritage day Culture Attridgeville is a multi-cultural community; we have Tsonga Dancers, Zulu dancers, Xhosa dancers and many more.

Gauteng Province Sports There are various sporting clubs in the area, the most important is soccer with the heroes like Master pieces Moripe with soccer role models like Sam Ewie Kambule and Aubrey Lekoane, new sporting codes have been developed e.g. rugby and cricket. Guided Tours There is a tourism company called Silver Clouds, the tour guide is Tebo Letsoalo and Rose Valikulu from Capricorn Tours. Transport The main form of transport is taxis, busses and the train. There are transport companies namely: Kutumela tour coach, Mmnina’s Transport, Silver Clouds tours and Tsepo Tours. Shebeens There are lots of Shebeens, which play different types of music like jazz, kwaito most of the Shebeens are affiliated to Attridgeville/Saulsville Shebeens tavern’s association. Jazz clubs and Bands There are about 50 jazz clubs in the area and nine jazz bands, this is the most dominant music played in the community. Attridgeville is known as the township of Jazz. Musical We have various type of music Reggae, Kwaito bands, coral music and Afro music. Theater There is no theater building in the area, but we have Attridgeville theater group who does stage drama. Heritage sites GA – Mothaga resort 2nd world war Plaque Mendi Memorial Ou Stads House Black Rock house Schuurweberg Wonder boom Mrs. Moloto House Padi Street (seeking House) Political Activities Memorial service of those who died in the struggle for democracy: Emma Sathekge who was trampled by a “hippo” at the age of 15, Mita Ngobeni who was shot at a gate at the age of three, Kgomotso Ditsego the first victim in the 1976 school riots. Dr. WF Nkomo ANC Dr. AS Nkomo ANC (MP Chairperson of health) ADV Dikang Moseneke PAC (The first black Advocate) Jeff Masemola The longest detained political prisoner in the country Mr. Matseke Blockman, Named after Matseke Prim School Dr. Gwen Ramokgopa First female chairperson in the CCP Rossina Mpahlale Chairperson of the Welfare Council Socio-Political History Sydney Maree best in Athletics Lucas “masterpiece” Moripe best soccer legend Fir backs to own shops in the area: Mr. Rankie

Mr. Mathole Mr. Mbolekwa Mr. Jones

Folklore Tsongas, Tswana, Sotho, Ndebele’s, Xhosa’s, Venda’s Narratives Podu Mamabolo (Radio Bantu)

Gauteng Province

Mrs. Komane Nassery rhymes Justice Tsungu - writer and a person who in difficult times tried to keep the

peace. Artist We have people who are talented in visual art, sculpture making and other artist namely: Solly (Visual Art), Stapora (Cultured making), Lucky Sibiya, Titus (Land Scape), Williams (Visual Art)

Laudium The documents that were used by the Indian immigration in the Transvaal were the identity cards, and the full domicile rights granted to new immigrants were the permits. The book of life system was introduced in 1968\1969 and the inter provincial travel permits were abolished in 1975. Indians started settling in the Transvaal from 1881 onwards and were allocated a portion of land namely the Asiatic Bazaar (now known as MARABASTAD) by the government. Laudium was proclaimed an Indian area in 1961. Most Indians were then forced out of their homes into the unknown areas of Laudium. The original name for Laudium was Claudius - named after Claudius Marais De Vries who owned a farm called Mooiplaats and was the mayor of Pretoria at that time, and it was originally established for the white community. The white community however, gave it to the Indians but decided to keep Claudius. They later moved out due to sinkholes in the area. Claudius was proclaimed an Indian area in 1983. First park- 1964, Post Office-1961, Cinema- 1965 and hospital in 1981. There are three extensions in Laudium: extension one was built in 1975/1976, extension two- 1977/1978, extension three- 1982/ 1983 Laudium is a residential area and a freehold township where many Indians erect there own luxurious homes but there is also a section in Laudium with council built houses. The local police station is in this area. Entertainment Restaurants: - due to the large number of Muslims all food stores are Halaal- that means cut in Allah’s name & according to the Islamic Law.

- Nandos - Muchachos - Debonair - Wimpy - Mohideens Take Away

Other - Internet Shop - Game Shop - Bottle Store - Gift Centers

In the Civic Center (which is the first and major shopping center in Laudium) there is a whole lot of entertainment. At weekends, starting Friday Night, there are vendors selling food. There is a market on Saturday in the same area. The monthly paper, Laudium Sun has its offices in this building. There is only one hotel in Laudium opposite the major shopping centers and food outlets. Schools There are two public High Schools and two Islamic schools that teach to grade 12. There are 6 primary schools. The first one built was Andrew Anthony after the

Gauteng Province principle, Mr. Andrew Anthony. There was a Teachers college of Education, but it has unfortunately closed down, all that’s left is the building. Sport & Recreation There are public tennis courts opposite some schools; there is one swimming pool, a stadium for soccer and other field sports, B.M.X. tracks and parks to relax. Religion In the Indian community there are different religions namely Muslims, Hindus, Tamils and Christians. The Muslims are the majority. In Laudium religion plays a very important part in people’s lives. The first Mosque (Jumuah Masjid-) and Hindu Temple (Sewa Samaj and community center) was built in 1962. The Tamil’s praying house as well as other religious centers and mosques were built later. The first private built flats in Laudium is Own Park. Because the Indian people at that time had no money to build the first Council flats were built in 1972. Religion is very important in the community of Laudium. As the Muslim community is the majority, there are about six mosques, an Islamic library, a place were one gets different Islamic newspaper publications, and an Islamic radio station. There is a temple for the Hindus, one for the Tamil, and one for the Christian community. (The major difference is that the Muslims and Christians believe in one god whereas the others believe in many gods and worship statues)

Soshanguve A place to be with different languages (Sotho-Shangaan-Nguni-Venda). Soshanguve lies about 30km north of Pretoria. This township was established in 1974 on a piece of trust land, scheduled for incorporation into Bophutatswana, bordering on Mabopane. Development in both Mamelodi and Attridgeville was frozen in 1968 in accordance to the government policy to limit the number of Africans living permanently in the cities. The Township was to house Sotho, Shangaan, Nguni and Venda (thus So-Sha-Ngu-Ve, an acronym) who came from Mamelodi and Attridgeville. The first who came to Soshanguve were from Wallmanstal, a place north east of Pretoria. That was one of the forced removals of Africans in the ‘70 & ‘80’s. The government built two schools, Phuthanang Primary and Wallmanstal High School. Teachers who taught at those schools were also from Wallmanstal. These people were allocated houses in Block K. For the first few years people from Wallmanstal did not want any teachers who were not from Wallmanstal to teach their children. That changed as time went by and more people came to stay in Soshanguve. Other sections were built and accommodated people from Mamelodi and Attridgeville when development was stopped. Most of the families from Mamelodi and Attridgeville, which came to settle in Soshanguve, did not know that Soshanguve was just a commuter settlement scheduled for incorporation into the former Bophutatswana under its president L.M Mangope. Later when the residents realized the government’s plan for the incorporation of Soshanguve into Buphuthatswana some people left, some stayed and challenged the plan. This made things difficult for the government to implement its plans. Soshanguve residents worked and are still working in Pretoria. When the township started residents commuted by bus to and from work. Only a few taxis were used. There was no train it started operating in 1982. There was a big bus station/depot at the entrance, where people from the homelands came in the busses of the Buphuthatswana Transport Holdings and transferred by PUTCO to town. When the train came into operation the transfer station stopped operating because busses from and to Bophuthatswana off loaded commuters at the Mabopane station. Soshanguve had no Black Local Authority like all other black townships in the PWV areas. The first reason is that it had the status of a trust town administered by the

Gauteng Province department of development aid. Secondly the residents realized that if they opt for Local Black Councils, they would be incorporated into Bophuthatswana. They understood Black Local Councils to be an extension of the apartheid regime. Like many townships in the Republic, Soshanguve was affected by the 1976 student upheavals although on a smaller scale because it was still new and small. The students came into the struggle in 1985 when they became very active in politics. They contributed to makeing the country ungovernable. Their meeting place was at the Roman Catholic Church Charles Luanga hall in Block F. They met people like Mr. Lalethwa, Rev Mkhatshwa who is now the Deputy Minister of Education. In 1983 the residents of Soshanguve came together and formed Soshanguve Residents Association (SOREA). This association became the watchdog of the township. Everything, which was proposed by the government, was checked to see if it was not to trap the community of Soshanguve. Later they were affiliated to the United Democratic Front (UDF). This association together with the residents rejected and opposed any move towards the incorporation of Soshanguve into Buphuthatswana and opposed the formation of Local Black Councils. Until the 1994 democratic elections, the Department of Development Aid administrated Soshanguve. Since 1994 it has been included in the Pretoria Northern Metropolitan Local Council. Route to Soshanguve D.F Malan Rd (R80). The first location before entering Soshanguve on the highway is Block XX also known as Thorntree View. At Soshanguve entrance on the left are informal settlements and on the right is Soshanguve Court, FNB Bank, Police Station, Telkom Building and a four way stop which divides block H, K and L. This was a transfer station in the late 70’s where commuters change bus routes. On the right is the Medico’s School for special needs; on the left is Mathebula’s House – the first house in Soshanguve. These families are famous for their cattle, pigs and sheep; they are also family of the sangoma (traditional healer). Soshanguve hostel is on the left near block K. Near the hostel there is the Soshanguve hotel and Red Onion hotel. Turn right, the Nafcoc building is on the right. In this building are a radio station and a shopping center with a Standard bank. Drive through Mabopane station. The station and the railway divide Northwest and Gauteng provinces. This station is very busy with a flea market, craft centers, different transport systems, trains, busses, cars and taxis. This is Rietgat Taxi rank the scene of the violence in 1997/1998. On the right is Bodibeng Library. In block BB is a new Library that was opened in 1998. Drive through to a BP Garage where there is a picnic place. Drive around Block BB and DD and visit Eric Lubisi, a local artist, in block F. Visit Violet Makhubela, a traditional healer. In Block H traditional dancing can be seen. Drive back to the 4 ways stop and pass the market, on the left is the Manamela Jazz Tavern. On the right is the Bible College where ministers are trained. Go on straight past the Walmanstal High school. This was the first school that was built in Soshanguve. In the same area is Matjatla’s Museum. This museum is housed in his house with exhibitions of different cultures such as the Zulu’s, Pedi, Tswana, Bushman, Xhosa and Venda. Outside is a vegetable garden with fruit and vegetables. He started collecting objects of cultural value in 1977. It is possible to arrange a lunch of African foods. The Technicon Northern Gauteng can be seen, (TNG) the largest Technicon in Africa. After the TNG there is Philadelphia School for the disabled. Drive out on the Soutpan road (M35) to the Tswaing Eco Museum about 65km North of Pretoria. On the way the Jabulani welfare and Boikhutsong center can be seen. At Tswaing is the 220 000 year old meteorite impact crater. 420 floral species, 320 bird species and also the Nguni cattle can be seen here. There is a 7,2km-hiking trail to see Tswaing’s history. It also has educational programmes for school groups. Remember to bring a hat, wear comfortable shoes and bring a water bottle.

Gauteng Province Contact persons: Pretty: 012 797 2368 Linda: 083 752 5232 David: 082 428 1287 Historical Buildings: • Mathebula’s house, - First house in Soshanguve Block K • Father Mkhatshwa’s house - Former safe house Block F • Walmanstal, - First High school in Soshanguve Block K • Roman Catholic Church - Played a role during the struggle • Bible College - To become a pastor Block K • Nafcoc Shopping complex Entertainment:

Manamela Jazz Tavern - Female band perform at Manamela Jazz Tavern.

Classic Tavern - In Block H for VIP Guests there is a private room. Masakhane Sportsman Tavern - Block L plays jazz. Matthews tavern - Block H - Young and Adult are welcome

Museums: Matjutla Albert Museum - He built a hut in 1977 and started to collect African traditional objects of art of different cultures; Pedi, Tswana, Zulu, and others. He also has a garden of vegetables and fruits. He moved to Soshanguve in November 1974. He also knows how to deal with Insects. Artist and Landscapes:

• Eric Lubisi - He stays in Block F. He is the best artist and well known. He travels all over the world with his works of art.

• Peter Kekona - Sculpture, he stays in Soshanguve Block AA. Interest:

• Violet Makhubela - Traditional Healer in Block H. She also has a group of traditional dancers.

• Mathebula - Sangoma in Block K • Mrs. Mashele - Also a Sangoma in Block H.

Famous personalities: • Mr. T.T Cholo - first M.K member • Father Mkhatshwa - Roll player in the Struggle and Minister of

Education, Deputy Minister • Maluleka (spar) - First Spar Supermarket in Soshanguve. • Peter Mokofedi, Mukhari - Professional soccer players • Dolly Rothebe - Jazz Singer

Where to stay: • Soshanguve Hotel • Red Onion Hotel • Marula Sun Hotel

Where to eat: • Matjutla’s House - African style foods with pap and mopani

worms. • Zama-Zama Sphoza - Sphahlo (African Burger)

Things to see: • TNG – Technicon Northern Gauteng largest in Africa. • Mabopane taxi rank • Soshanguve Hostel – still operating. • Jabulani • Philadelphia School for the disabled

Gauteng Province

• Farming projects in Block HH • Fruit and vegetable market • Boikhutsong Community Center also a camping site • Soshanguve Medical Facilities • Tswaing Eco Crater

Population: Approx. 550 000 Language: Sotho, Shangaan, Nguni, and Venda Climate: The days are long windless and sunny interspersed with impressive highveld thunderstorms. Evenings are mild after lingering sunset’s approx 9°C fluctuation between the minimum winter and summer temperatures. Outdoor and Adventure: Tswaing 220 000 year old meteorite impact crater

• 420 floral species • 320 bird species • Indigenous Nguni Cattle

MORE ABOUT GAUTENG

Boksburg To serve the mines, clustered in the area, a town was laid out in 1887 and named in honour of Eduard Bok, State Secretary. Boksburg is situated 22 km east of Johannesburg. The mining commissioner, M. White, set out to beautify the countryside. He built a dam across the Vogelfontein stream of such magnitude that he even had Paul Kruger aghast. The drought caused the dam to remain empty for two years, and it became known as White’s Folly. In 1891 there was a thunderstorm which filled the dam and it has not been empty since. White also planted 40 000 trees around the lake. Black swans were imported from Australia for the lake. The Rand Tram line was built from Johannesburg to Boksburg and then to Springs, to ease the problems of transport. The line had to be built as a tramway, supposed only to carry passengers, because the transport riders resented the idea of a railway. The coal mining ended disastrously. An underground fire broke out in 1894, which was inextinguishable. It spread to the other mines and the gasses made it impossible to resume work. Gold mining, however, continued. The East Rand Property Mine has for many years been the largest and deepest gold mine in the world. It has been mined continuously for the last 100 years and is still in production. The Old Government Building, situated in Church Street near the station and the Boksburg Lake, was proclaimed national monuments in 1963. Sytze Wierda designed the building. The adage on the front gable has a history of its own. It was put up after the Anglo-Boer War by order of the assistant Magistrate. It was removed however by order of the Secretary of the Law Department but put back again by the Department of Public Works. In 1904 it was removed again and how it came to be put back for a third time is unknown. Tel: (011) 899-4499 Main Places of Interest; East Rand Mall, historical buildings, lake, park, Hector Schultz Museum, Rolfes Pan bird sanctuary, Joint Administration; Vosloosrus

Gauteng Province Germiston In May 1887 Germiston was laid out on the farm Elandsfontein to house the workers of the gold mine founded by August Simmer and John Jack. It was named Germiston in 1904, after a farm near Glasgow, Scotland, birthplace of John Jack The town rapidly developed as a mining centre commonly known as Elandsfontein Junction. The railway link between Vereeniging, Germiston and Pretoria made the town an important railway centre. Today Germiston is the largest railway junction in Africa and a major industrial centre. In 1907, the Rand Gold Refinery, the world’s largest precious metal refinery was established, which has an annual output of 73% of the world total of gold produced outside Russia. The Rand Airport was developed and is today the busiest civil airport in the country. Municipal Area (km²) 206.7 Location: On the eastern border of Johannesburg Main Places of Interest; Lake, Rondebult bird sanctuary, Gilooly’s Farm, Eastgate Shopping Centre, Kathlehong Arts centre, Bishop Bavin & St Andrews Schools (National Monuments) Herman Immelman Stadium, Golden Walk. Joint Administratio n; Kathlehong, Palm Ridge, Bedford View Temperature (Ave) summer 22.4° C Winter 9.9° C Rainfall: 800 mm pa Altitude; 1661 m

Benoni Named in 1881 by Johann Rissik, the surveyor who was experiencing difficulty with this piece of ‘uitvalgrond’ after the Biblical Benoni, son of Rachel; the name is Hebrew and means’ son of my sorrows’ Gold was discovered on this farm in 1887 and in due course a mine commenced production. The total workforce comprised of Cornishmen. The town was founded in 1904 and the development of the town was due to the work of Sir George Farrar. On his instructions thousands of trees were planted, the lake was stocked with fish and a 61ha nature reserve, the Korsman Bird Sanctuary was established. Benoni is known as the City of Lakes as it now boasts five lakes. Benoni has a unique emergency medical network in the country. All the municipal areas can be reached within five minutes by an emergency vehicle. Joint Administration: Daveyton, Wattville Rainfall: 750 mm per annum Altitude; 1650 m

Brakpan Brakpan was originally a farm named on account of the brackish water, which was found in the vicinity. Coal was discovered and the ‘Rand Tram’ was built to carry coal from this and other East Rand coalmines to Johannesburg. The first power station in South Africa was opened in Brakpan in 1897. Proclaimed a municipality in 1919, Brakpan flourished as a gold and coal centre. The East Rand Gold and Uranium Company were established here for the recovery of gold and uranium. Temperature 28° C Rainfall; 828 mm per annum Altitude: 1600 m

Gauteng Province Alberton Alberton was established in1904 on the farm Elandsfontein that was owned by the Meyer family since 1844, it was named after Gen. Hendrik Abraham Alberts, chairman of the syndicate which purchased the estate. Johannes Petrus Meyer was one of the Randlords of the Witwatersrand. Descendants of this family can still be found living outside Alberton in an original farmhouse. Within fifty years Alberton grew to one of South Africa’s foremost investment centres. The Germiston/Alberton railway line was the first to be electrified. Municipal Area (km²) 97 Main Places of Interest; Race Course, reading Golf course, Alberton dam. Joint Administration; Thokoza

Kempton Park Kempton Park was established in 1903 on the farm Zuurfontein because of the main railway line from Pretoria to Johannesburg. The sideline from the Modderfontein Dynamite Factory gave rise to Kempton Park being established. It is said to be named after Kempten in Germany, home of the owner of the farm, Karl F Wolff. Another explanation is that it has been named after Kempton Park, a horse-racing centre in England. Because of its central location it has also become a popular residential area. For the same reason it was decided in 1945 to build an international airport in this area. Cecil John Rhodes, who was the owner of the ground on which the airport was built, sold it when no gold was discovered. The Jan Smuts Airport has now been renamed Johannesburg International Airport. Municipal Area (km²) 168 678. Joint Administration; Tembisa

Roodepoort The first gold mine on the edge of the Witwatersrand was built on the farm Wilgespruit in 1884. The mine proved uneconomic but it attracted many other prospectors to the area of the farm Roodepoort where gold-mining camp was established in 1888. The name refers to the colour of the soil in the area. Several mines came to life in this area and in 1904 this untidy collection of shacks became a municipality. It became a city in 1977, incorporating Hamburg, Florida and Maraisburg. The local history museum exhibits interesting relics of early mining and the pioneer days. The original mine workings can be visited by arrangement. Florida is built around a lake, which came into existence approximately 104 years ago when a strong stream was captured into a dam. Roodepoort is home to the rare Aloeides Dentatis or the Roodepoort Copper Butterfly. An area of approximately 12 ha in the Ruimsig area has been declared a reserve exclusively for the purpose of researching this butterfly. Thus far, it is the only entomological reserve, which has been developed in a residential area.

Randfontein Established on the farm Randfontein, meaning ‘ridge fountain’, in 1890 The last of the West Rand towns, Randfontein was originally attached to Krugersdorp but became a municipality of its own in January 1929. During the first wild scramble for mining areas J.B. Robinson, acting on little more than rumours of gold, secured options over the area. Robinson’s instinct proved wonderfully rewarding. In 1889 the Randfontein Estate Gold Mining Company was floated, then the largest mining enterprise of the Rand. It was destined to produce a fortune in gold; this mine has the largest stamp mill in the world. Municipal Area (km²) 147.6

Gauteng Province

Educational Facilities; 4 pre-primary schools; 16 primary schools;6 high schools; 1 Technical college

Hospitals: 2 private Hotels: 2 x 1 star Main Places of Interest; Riebeeck Lake, Con Joubert Bird Sanctuary,

Jonkers House Joint Administration; Mohlakeng

Krugersdorp Laid out in 1877 on the farm Paardekraal as public gold diggings. Named after President Paul Kruger of the ZAR Krugersdorp lies about 32km west of Johannesburg. Not far from the centre of town, beside the road to Pretoria, is the Paardekraal monument, one of the most important monuments in South Africa. This monument marks the focal point of the First Transvaal War of Independence and consequently commemorates an event of special importance in the history of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek. Between 10 and 14 December 1880, more than 4 000 men gathered on the farm Paardekraal, which is part of the Krugersdorp municipal area, and swore to stand together until they had secured the independence of the Transvaal. Each man placed a stone on a cairn and three men were chosen to lead the struggle for independence - Paul Kruger, Piet Joubert and Marthinus Wessels Pretorius. In 1889 it was decided to build a monument over the cairn in such a manner that the “existing pile of stone must remain intact and visible”. Sytze Wierda designed the monument. M.W. Pretorius founded Krugersdorp in 1887 when gold was discovered on his farm Paardekraal. This beautiful town with wide, tree-lined streets and several attractive old buildings, including its original courthouse, also boasts its own game reserve with exclusive facilities and 1400 hectares of lush Bushveld carrying plenty of game. It was near Krugersdorp, at Doornkop, that the Jameson Raid came to a violent end on 2 January 1896. Location: 20 km from Roodepoort, 34 km from Johannesburg, 80km from

Pretoria Facilities; 1 Airport, 8 stations Educational Facilities; 14 primary schools; 8 high schools; 1 technical

college. Hotels: 5 x 1 star Main Places of Interest; Game Reserve, Sterkfontein Caves, Paardekraal

Monument, Dam

Sterkfontein Caves: In 1896 a gold prospector found the entrance to a complex series of caves on the farm Swartkrans. The caves are now regarded as one of the world’s most important prehistoric sites. They consists of a series of chambers, the largest is the Hall of Elephants. At a depth of 40m is a perfectly calm underground lake. Dr. Robert Broom made several discoveries of bones and other fossils. In 1947 he discovered the exceptionally well-preserved skull of a species of early man who lived about two million years ago. The skull was that of a female who became known as ‘Mrs. Ples’. The first evidence that members of the human family lived near Johannesburg as far back as 3,5 million years ago was announced on 28 July 1995. The new discovery of four foot bones from the deepest part of the Sterkfontein caves is the most important fossil hominid discovery from southern Africa in the past 18 years.

Gauteng Province The caves and 3,4ha of land around them were protected by proclamation in 1945. Seventeen hectares, including the proclaimed area, was donated to the University of Witwatersrand as a nature reserve and for scientific research. This is now called the Isaac Edwin Stegmann Nature Reserve and the proclamation has been extended to include the whole area. Proclaimed as a national monument in 1945.

Springs Springs was started as a couple of little galvanised houses around coal mines in 1887. It was established in an area known as ‘The Springs” which was so named on account of the number of fountains there. The importance of the area increased with the discovery of coal in 1888 and in 1890 the first railway line, the ‘Rand Tram’ was built to carry coal to Johannesburg. The coalmines were not a success. The coal was a type that caught fire spontaneously and the ground was prone to subsidence. The coal mining was abandoned but was replaced by gold mining and industry. Recreational facilities include the Murray Park pleasure resort, President Park, Pioneers Park and the PAM Brink Stadium. Springs has the largest number of art deco buildings in the world after Miami in Florida, America. This design style is synonymous with the coastal city of Miami. The art deco style was the most popular between the two world wars. By 1934 Springs was one of the largest towns in South Africa and comparable to Johannesburg. The name art deco is a creation of the international exhibition of 1925 in Paris France with the title “Expostion Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes”, with the abreviation arts deco, later art deco. The style has its originatins in exotic African and Eastern art forms. It concentrated on designs with mysterious and romantic animals, the sun, fountains and organic motives, while cubists like Picasso and Braque, futurists like Severini, Boccini and Martinetti and the surrealism of Dali and Cocteau also had a big influence on the art deco. In Europe and America the development of the radio, the film industry, theatre, motors, ships, steam trains an planes started to follow the design while the discovery of the grave of Tutenkaman in 1921 effected the European and American art deco style. The gruesomeness of the First World War is followed by a renewed energy and leads to the Charleston, the Swing Dance style as well as Jazz. This is also the beginning of mass technology and changes in the home and in the factory. Parts of machines such as wings of planes, port windows of ships and wheels are used as inspiration. Although art deco was mainly used in smaller items, it came into its own in architecture. In Springs the art deco architecture develops with a character of its own in the fast development with the mining industry. Some of the best examples of deco is the central fire station opened on 13 July 1938 and designed by Mr Anifantakis. The building reminds one of the Johnson Was building in Wisconsin. The use of port windows and the rounded lines is charcteristic of the age. The façade is designed in the trap style. Location: 30 min from Johannesburg; 40 min from Pretoria Main Places of Interest; Pioneer Park, Murray Park, Art Gallery, President

Park, Civic Centre, Temperature; 2° C- 27° C

Vanderbijlpark Founded as a steel –producing town in 1949, and named after Dr H J van der Bijl, founder of ISCOR In 1920 Dr. Hendrik Johannes van der Bijl was appointed as technical advisor to the government. He arranged the first telephonic communication between South Africa and the United Kingdom. In 1922 he formulated a scheme to create an electrical supply commission for South Africa and Escom (Electricity Supply Commission) was

Gauteng Province born. Next he became the founder of the Iron and Steel Corporation: Iscor, the largest steel manufacturer in Africa. His opinion was that the future of the industrial development lies along the banks of the Vaal River. Iscor’s Vanderbijlpark steel works were established in 1942; today it is one of the 12 greatest producers of steel in the world and the largest supplier of flat steel products in Southern Africa. In 1941 Iscor bought almost 10 000 hectares in the area and a town planning department was created within the organisation with the instructions to research and execute Hendrik van der Bijl’s town planning philosophies in the new town that was going to be needed. Today it has a population of 66 150. It is a classic example of an industrial township of the 20th century, with over half a million trees planted and many gardens and recreational areas. Falls under the Lekoa/Vaal-Western Vaal Metropolitan Local Council. Location: 64 km from Johannesburg, 8 km from Vereeniging Main Places of Interest; Emfuleni Park, Vaal River Joint Administration; Sebokeng, Bophelong, Tshepiso, Boipatong Vereeniging Developed as a result of the discovery of coal on the farms Klipplaatsdrif and Leeuwkuil in 1882. The name is derived from the coal mining company, Die Zuid-Afrikaanse en Oranje Vrijstaatsche Kolen en Mineralen-Mijn Vereeniging. Vereeniging is situated on the northern bank of the Vaal River, approximately 58km south of Johannesburg. With the province of Gauteng made up of Pretoria, the Witwatersrand and Vereeniging, the town forms an integral part and southern corner of this triangle, which is the largest industrial complex in Africa. The temperate climate of Vereeniging makes it a very pleasant environment in which to live and work. Summer days are warm with cool evenings and an average daily maximum temperature of 28,4°C. The winter season begins in May and the average minimum temperature in July is -2°C. Height above sea level is 1433m and the average annual rainfall is 530mm. The current population of Vereeniging is 176 252. George Stow discovered coal at Maccauvlei in the late 1870’s. He approached Samuel Marks, diamond magnate, millionaire developer and brilliant businessman, who promptly employed Stow with the instruction to buy as many farms as he believed had coal. Stow purchased 126 000 acres and ‘De Zuid Afrikaansche en Oranje Vrystaatsche Kolen en Mineralen Mijn Vereeniging’ was founded. Sammy Marks is to be credited with the development of the city. Vereeniging grew and prospered in spite of setbacks. In 1882 Marks applied for the laying out of a town on the farms Leeuwkuil and Klipplaatdrift. The plans were approved and the name Vereeniging was decided upon. Johan Rissik drew the plan for the town. The first industry apart from the coalmines was the Vereeniging Brick and Tile Company Ltd., now known as the Vereeniging Refractories Limited. It is the largest manufacturer of fireproof material on the African continent. The Peace Treaty of Vereeniging was signed on 31 May 1902 in Pretoria. On 15 November 1911 the Union Steel Corporation of South Africa was founded. The corporation was to attract many companies to Vereeniging, resulting in its establishment as one of South Africa’s greatest centres in the steel and engineering industries. In 1912 Vereeniging was declared a municipality and the Victoria Falls and Transvaal Power Company built a power station on the banks of the Vaal River in the same year.

Gauteng Province With the outbreak of the First World War, the coalmines and the steel factory in Vereeniging went into armament production. As Vereeniging possessed water, coal and electric power, the town’s importance as an area of great industrial potential accelerated. Later developments included the creation of the Vaal Dam and the largest thermal power station in the southern hemisphere and the establishment of firms such as Amcor, African Cables, Safim and McKinnon Chain. With the establishment of the Lethabo Power Centre to the east of Vereeniging, one of the largest power stations in South Africa came into being. The Vereeniging City Council regards the development of tourism as an economic base to rank alongside the established industries. A number of improvements and developments are under consideration to add to the existing leisure facilities, sport complexes and places of interest in Vereeniging. The Riverside Development Plan is one such project that will develop leisure and tourist facilities along the Vaal River and tributaries. Included in the Lekoa/Vaal-Vereeniging Kopanong Metropolitan Local Council Location: 58 km from Johannesburg, 114 km from Pretoria, 10 km from

Vanderbijlpark Main Places of Interest; Peace of Vereeniging monument, stone church, Garden of Remembrance, Concentration Camp Cemetery, George Stow memorial stone, Duncanville Archaeology reserve, Leeuwkuil paleonthological grounds, Redan rock paintings, Vaal Teknorama. Joint Administration; Sharpeville, Sebokeng, Meyerton, Evaton

Sites of Historical Interest

Peace Monument - Civic Centre Sculptured by Coert Steynberg, erected to commemorate Peace of Vereeniging in May 1902.

Vereeniging Museum The accent of the museum is on events leading to the Peace of Vereeniging and history of the town. A theme on cultural historical aspects of Vereeniging and its environs, archaeological finds and plant fossils from coal formation period and the development of local industries.

George Stow Obelisk and Cenotaph - Civic Centre Erected in honour of the discoverer of the Vaal Coal fields in 1878. The Cenotaph commemorates the soldiers of the town who fell in both world wars and in border conflicts.

Peace Negotiations Site Indicated by a tree stump at the Recreation Centre of the Vereeniging Refractories Limited where negotiations for the termination of the Anglo Boer War were held between representatives of two Boer Republics and British officers.

Garden of Remembrance - Maccauvlei Gold Course Containing graves of British soldiers killed in the Anglo-Boer War.

Archaeological Sites, Vereeniging: The Duncanville Archaeological Site: This reserve, proclaimed as a national monument in 1944, is situated in Duncanville. Here prehistoric man collected pebbles from the bed of the Vaal River in order to make tools. In those days the bed of the river was 30m higher than it is today. The whole of

Gauteng Province the industrial suburb lies on an ancient river terrace that has yielded considerable evidence of prehistoric human activity hundreds of thousands of years ago. The Klip River Quarry: About 6km out of Vereeniging the road to Heidelberg crosses a bridge over the Klip River, a tributary of the Vaal River. Immediately beyond the bridge to the right of the road is the Klip River Quarry. In 1920 a layer of ground was exposed which contained a great variety of stone implements that prehistoric man has fashioned thousands of years ago. This area was proclaimed a national monument in 1943.

Heidelberg Heidelberg was established when Heinrich Ueckermann bought part of the farm Langlaagte and started a general dealer shop in 1861. The shop was situated where the main road between Durban and Potchefstroom crossed the main road between the Cape and Pretoria. In 1865 he appointed T.W. Fannin as surveyor for a town development, which he named his alma mater in Germany. The town of Heidelberg is situated at the foot of the 1903m high ridge of the Suikerbosrand, which received its name from the number of sugar bushes (protea caffra), which grow there. During the first war of Independence, Heidelberg served as capital of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek under the Triumvirate of Paul Kruger, P.J. Joubert and M.W. Pretorius, from 1880 to 1883. Heidelberg developed as a typical rural Victorian town and many buildings dating back to the period between 1890 and 1910 have been preserved. The Dutch Reform Church in Church Street is one of the finest examples in the Transvaal of a church built of stone. It is visible from all sides and is indeed a worthy monument. The corner stone was laid in 1890 and proclaimed as monument in 1968. The hall serves as a museum, in which valuable articles in connection with the school and town are preserved, and furniture and other personal possessions of the famous, well-loved poet Dr. A.G.Visser. A pleasant recreational area is found in the Karee Kloof. The farmhouse on Diepkloof in the Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve, built by Jan Marais in 1850, has been restored as a museum. The original railway station, a fine period piece built of sandstone, was opened in 1895 when the railway line to Natal was completed. In 1961 a new station was built and the old station fell into disuse. In 1969 and again in 1974 it was restored and a transport museum was established. Main Places of Interest; Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve, Transport Museum, Heidelberg Kloof, historical buildings Temperature 7.5° C – 32° C Rainfall: 667 mm per annum Altitude; 1510 m Agricultural Activities; Mixed farming, maize, sunflowers, sorghum, cattle

Meyerton Meyerton was founded in 1891 as town, named after the owner of the farm Rietfontein, Johannes Petrus Meyer, who together with Charlton, the mine engineer, owned the Meyer & Charlton Mine - in those days the richest gold mine on the Rand. Johann Rissik surveyed the town very much on the same pattern as Pretoria, namely wide streets and large erven. A blockhouse, prominently situated on a low rise to the north of the main road, was part of a line of blockhouses built by the British during the Anglo-Boer War which

Gauteng Province extended from Noupoort in the Cape to Pietersburg in the Northern Transvaal. The blockhouses were intended to protect the railway line from destruction by the Boers. This blockhouse was proclaimed a national monument in 1948. A division of the Lekoa/Vaal- Vereeniging Kopanong Metropolitan Local Council

Carltonville The town was founded in 1948, and laid out on the farm Twyfelvlakte, No 8 although as far back as 1842 Voortrekkers were already establishing themselves in the vicinity. It was named after Guy Carlton Jones, a director of Consolidated Goldfields for 35 years. The town is situated on the main railway line from Johannesburg via Kimberley to Cape Town, serviced by two railway stations, Oberholzer and Welverdiend. During 1930 gold was discovered leading to establishment of the Blyvooruitzicht Company. Shortly thereafter world-renowned mines were founded, namely Wes-Driefontein General Mining Co., Western Deep Levels Ltd. and Doornfontein General Mining Co. Municipal Area (km²) 331.9 Location: 105 km from Johannesburg Main Places of Interest; Koets Road; Trekker houses, mines, prehistoric sink holes, Oosthuizen Monument, Gatsrand, Eye of Wonderfontein and caves, Abe Bailey Nature reserve Joint Administration; Khutsong Rainfall; 635 mm per annum Agricultural Activities; Maize, sunflowers, grain

Westonaria Founded in 1948, by the amalgamation of the townships of Venterspost. The name is a homophone of ‘western area’ after the developing company Western Areas Ltd. In 1895 the far west area was prospected, as there was a general feeling amongst geologists that the Main Reef of the Witwatersrand extended under the dolomites to the west. Gold was struck but only after the Anglo-Boer War the Western Rand Estates Limited was formed to work the area. After 1937 activity ensued and in the space of a few short years tarmac roads, townships and enormous new working gold mines transformed the barren valley. The fact that these mines produce at all is a miracle of applied science, for the technical difficulties of working through dolomite are immense. Uranium research is also done in this area. Status: Transitional Local Council Municipal Area (km²) 500 Location: 45 km west of Johannesburg Main Places of Interest; Church and historical buildings on the farm Jachtfontein, Oullinger Shaft, Donaldson Dam Joint Administration Bekkersdal Temperature; 2.5° C – 26° C Rainfall; 767 mm per annum Altitude; 1700 m Agricultural Activities; fruit, vegetables, maize, dairy.

Bronkhorstspruit Laid out in 1904 on the farm Hondsrivier, and named Erasmus, after the owner, JC Erasmus. In 1955 the name was changed to Bronkhorstspruit after the stream of that name; scene of battle in 1880 between a Boer Commando and British Forces

Gauteng Province A farming centre with a population of 11 000. A station was opened when the Eastern Line reached the site in 1894 and it was laid out as a town in 1905. Near the town is the site at Donkerhoek where the British suffered defeat on the 20th December 1880 at the commencement of the Anglo-Boer War. Location: 55 km east of Pretoria Educational Facilities; 7 pre-primary schools; 5 primary schools; 10 high

schools Hospitals: 1 private Hotels: 1 x 2 star Main Places of Interest; Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum, Loopspruit

Cellars, Ginasani Village Temperature 0-18° C (winter) – 30° C (summer) Altitude: 1450 Agricultural Activities Crops, cattle

Cullinan Laid out in 1902 on the farm Elandsfontein, it was named after Sir Thomas Major Cullinan, founder of the Premier Mine. In 1902 Thomas Cullinan discovered the immense diamond pipe in the area now known as Cullinan. The Premier Mine was established to work this pipe and ever since it has been a seemingly inexhaustible source of diamonds. In 1905 the largest diamond ever found in the world, the famed Cullinan diamond, was discovered here. The stone had a mass of 3 106 carats which was fragmented into the 530 carat Star of Africa, the 317 carat Lesser Star of Africa, Seven other gems and 96 lesser gems, all forming part of the Crown Jewels But there is much more to Cullinan than only diamonds! In the area is the graveyard for Italian prisoners of war, some of the gravestones being real works of art. Further on is the Zonderwater Prison where some of the country’s most infamous criminals spent time, among them, Tsafendas, the assassin of Dr. H.F. Verwoerd and Andre Stander, the cop-turned-robber who escaped from there. It must surely be the only prison in the world with an auto-bank installed on its gate In Oak Avenue is a quaint little Anglican stone church, designed by Sir Herbert Baker and built in 1907. The McHardy House Museum dates back to the beginning of mining at Premier Diamond Mine. It was the first residence erected in the village in 1903 for the General Manager of the mine, William McHardy. It was declared a museum on 15 July 1988. Status: Transitional Local Council Location: 47 km east of Pretoria Main Places of Interest; Premier Mine, Little Eden Joint Administration; Refilwe, Rayton

Gauteng Province

THE TOWNSHIPS OF GAUTENG The urban Townships were scenes of intense conflict during the 70’s and 80’s between the government and its extra parliamentary opponents. These groups were affiliated to the black conscious organisations that sought to mobilise residents against the local government organisations. The United Democratic Front seemed to take the lead with civic, student and youth groups that led the effort to make the country ungovernable. The uprisings were prompted by township residents’ material grievances of poor facilities, severe housing shortages and widespread unemployment. The government then embarked on a program of improving these facilities but the effort became so politicised that it became difficult to please the residents and despite the money put in there just was never enough to satisfy the people. Rent boycotts made it even more difficult to improve facilities and the violence made it unsafe for contractors to work in the townships. The authorities originally opposed the building of shacks but then realised that, as they were not able to supply houses it would be reasonable to allow a shack because then the residents at least had a roof over their heads. The housing development was in the hands of private developers so most of the housing was unaffordable to most of the people. The housing backlog was partly the legacy of government policy

Alexandra It was presumably called after Queen Alexandra, wife of King Edward VII of England Alexandra was established as an African residential area with land tenure rights in 1905. It covers 358ha of land to the north of Johannesburg and is bounded by Wynberg on the west, Marlboro and Kelvin on the north, and Kew, Lombardy West and Lombardy East on the south. An additional 102ha, called East Bank, which lies between the Jukskei River and the Escom power lines to the east of the township, was donated to Alexandra’s local authority by the Johannesburg City Council in 1985. Beyond the township’s boundaries lie Sandton and the northern suburbs of Johannesburg. In the 1960’s Alexandria, which was then one of the few surviving African freehold townships, was earmarked for destruction as a community; families were to be removed and the area was to consist entirely of clusters of huge, single-sex hostels for workers in Johannesburg and surrounding towns. However, after a campaign led by the Rev Sam Buti’s Save Alexandra Party, the government halted the removal of families from the area in 1979. The decision was prompted partly by sustained resistance against the removals and partly by the apparent acceptance by civic leaders of the deproclamation of the township as a freehold area. In 1973, the townships administration was taken over by what was then known as the West Rand Administration Board from the Transvaal Board for the Development of Peri-Urban Areas, which had controlled it since 1958. Between 1963 and 1964, 447000 people were removed from the township to Tembisa, in the east Rand, and to Diepkloof and Meadowlands in Soweto, as the stands on which they lived had been expropriated from owners by the government. Between 1976 and 1979, several community organisations, among then the Save Alexandra Party, became actively involved with the government for the reprieve and reinstatement of the township as a family settlement. During the 1980’s the government tried to institute a local administration but as they could not hold elections a liaison committee were put in control by the government. This met with opposition from the people and the administration collapsed in 1986. Plans to develop Alexandra all came to nothing due to the opposition. Most of the plans were criticised, as being for the wealthy and the poor would still not get housing. Services were also limited.

Gauteng Province This led to the introduction of “street committees”, many organised by Trade Unionists who implemented the so called “people’s courts” and other “alternative structures”. Both the authorities and their opponents regarded the township as a leading source of organised resistance against the government. The conflict prompted a reaction from the vigilantes acting in apparent self-defense. A particularly violent night was 22 April 1986 when vigilantes, wearing balaclavas and operating under cover of darkness, sought out activists. The number killed differed considerably in the different reports. Residents claimed that the police arranged it. After the imposition of the nation-wide state of emergency in June 1986, Alexandra became the testing ground for the government’s security strategy. Since that time, there has been strong security force presence in the township; civic activists had been detained and some have been tried for their role in the resistance. The Alexandra Development Foundation has attempted to improve the living conditions in the township but the continuing existence of the shack developers remains a problem Administratively, Alexandra has now been included as part of the Johannesburg – Eastern Metropolitan Council

Atteridgeville It has been named after Mrs MP Atteridge, Chairman of the City Council’s Committee foe Non European Affairs at the time. Atteridgeville, situated about 12km west of the centre of Pretoria, was established in 1939. By 1962, 9830 houses had been built. But further development in the township was frozen between 1968 and 1978 in accordance with the government policy that housing provided for Africans be limited to the homelands. The township of 1130ha consists of two adjoining areas, Atteridgeville and Saulsville. An 11-member council was instituted early in 1984 after the township was grated municipal status; its members were elected in a 14,8% poll in the 1983 council elections. Since 1984 Atteridgeville has been affected by the prevailing unrest. Since 1994 it has been included as part of Pretoria – administered as part of the responsibility of the City Council of Pretoria

Bekkersdal Bekkersdal is situated in the magisterial district of Westonaria, about 7km to the east of the town, 14km south of Randfontein. The township was established in 1945 to house Africans who lived on farms around the town, but worked both on the farms and in the town. It is surrounded by land belonging to Randfontein Estates gold mine. In 1983 the township was granted municipal status. A seven-member council was elected in 1983, but most of the councillors, including the chairman, subsequently resigned in response to pressure by community groups during the 1984/86-township conflict. Neither officials nor former councillors remembered the percentage poll. Before 1987 Bekkersdal experienced several boycotts organised by local groups, among them the local branches of national organisations such as the Azanian Students’ Movement (AZASM) and the Azanian People’s Organisation (AZAPO), according to residents. But the most persistent of the boycotts was a bus boycott, aimed at the Greyhound bus company, which affected several west Rand townships. It was launched late in 1985 and had not ended by December 1987. Community groups organised the bus boycott jointly with the united Democratic Front-affiliated Mohlakeng Civic Association in neighbouring Mohlakeng (Randfontein) and the Krugersdorp Residents’ Organisation of Kagiso/Munsieville (Krugersdorp). Among the allegations levelled at the Greyhound Bus Company was that it had refused to rent buses to mourners attending unrest funerals and that it had co-operated with the police who allegedly harassed residents. Boycotters demanded the release of detainees and

Gauteng Province the withdrawal of the army from the township. Negotiations between boycott leaders and the company resulted in several concessions to boycotters’ demands. According to residents interviewed, however, the talks ended when youth and community leaders were detained in January 1986. Despite the absence of visible political activity, the boycott continued and the company withdrew from the townships. Residents used taxis to commute to work either in nearby Westonaria or in Randfontein. After the resignation of five members of the council, the remaining two councillors were appointed to serve a administrators of the township. The committee of administrators was officially instituted in July 1986. A municipal police force of 223 people has been created to ‘maintain law and order’ and to guard council properties. Bekkersdal now forms part of the Westonaria Transitional Local Council

Boipatong Originally called Tshirela, but later renamed to Boipatong, meaning, ‘ Place of Shelter’, because the owner of the farm had permitted unemployed families to live in huts on the farm. Boipatong, which is one of the six townships controlled by the Lekoa Council, is situated in the magisterial district of Vanderbijlpark. It was established in 1955 when 1880 houses were built, apparently for families who lived on neighbouring farms but worked in the town. The township did not, however, grow as it was faced with the threat of removal. the Oranje-Vaal Administration Board controlled it from 1973 until 1983, when the Lekoa Council took over the administration of the township (later renamed the Oranje Vaal Development Board). The Lekoa municipality, which has been divided into 39 wards, was established in accordance with the provisions of the Black Local Authorities Act of 1982 and members of the council were elected in a 14,7% poll during the 1983 elections. In September 1987, the minister of constitutional development and planning, Mr Chris Heunis, said in Parliament that 430ha of land between Boipatong and Sharpeville were being declared a development area for the purpose of linking up the townships. Like the other townships under the Lekoa municipality, Boipatong is involved in the protracted rent boycott, which followed the violent unrest of September 1984. Attempts by local trade unions, civic associations and youth organisations to end the rent boycott through negotiations with the black local authorities failed. The Boipatong Civic Association has been active in the township; it co-operates with other Lekoa civic groups. Since 1994 it forms part of the Lekoa/Vaal – Western Vaal Metropolitan Local Council

Bophelong The name is of Sotho origin, meaning, place of health’ Bophelong is situated within the district of Vanderbijlpark and is one of the six townships that make up the Lekoa municipality. It was established in 1955 when 1406 residential family dwellings were erected there. For years, housing development in the township was suspended partly because government policy at the time decreed that Africans should not enjoy permanence in urban South Africa and partly on account of fears that a proposed highway would cut through the township. Because of these fears Bophelong had been threatened with removal since 1979, which resulted in the demolition of some houses. But towards the end of 1986, it was reprieved and residents were informed that the proposed removal would not be implemented. According to the authorities the decision not to proceed with the proposed removal was made by the government in accordance with an announcement by the state president, Mr. PW Botha, that ‘black townships would not be moved unless it was absolutely necessary.

Gauteng Province The Lekoa municipality, which controls Bophelong and the other townships in the region, has been divided into 39 wards and members of the 39 strong council were elected in a 14,7% poll in the 1983 elections. The council was created in accordance with the provisions of the Black Local Authorities Act of 1982 and was granted municipal status early in 1984. Previously the Oranje-Vaal Administration Board administered it. Like the five other townships in the region, Bophelong was affected by the violent 1984 conflict in the Vaal Triangle, which was prompted by protests against rent and service charge increases and was followed by a four-year rent boycott, which is still going on. Negotiations, which were initiated by the residents’ community groups and trade unions, failed to end the boycott. A civic association, the Bophelong Civic Association, was active in the township; it co-operated with similar organisations in the other Lekoa townships. It is unclear whether or not it was affiliated to a national political organisation. Since 1994 it forms part of the Lekoa/Vaal – Western Vaal Metropolitan Local Council

Daveyton Named after Mrs M Davey, a town Councillor of Benoni who played a part in its establishment Daveyton, near Benoni on the east Rand, was established in 1955, when 23 225 Africans, most of them from Benoni’s old ‘location’ of Etwatwa, were resettled there. The township achieved municipal status in 1983; it was divided into 10 wards for the 1983 council elections. Seven civic and youth organisations operated in the township since 1980. Some of them supported the local authority while the others opposed them. Rent disputes plagued the community and the local authority could not function. Mr. Boya was the chairman of the local authority; he was also chairman of the federation of local authorities in the country. Since 1994, part of the Benoni Transitional Local Council

Diepmeadow Diepmeadow consists of the two townships of Diepkloof and

Meadowlands, hence its name. It lies to the southwest of Johannesburg, in the same geographic area as

Soweto and Dobsonville. Meadowlands was built to accommodate the residents of Sophiatown who were removed in 1957 in accordance with the provisions of the Slums Clearance Act of 1957 and the Group Areas Act of 1950. Diepkloof was established in 1959 to accommodate families who were being removed from Alexandra, which like Sophiatown enjoyed freehold rights. From 1973 until 1983 when the Diepmeadow black local authority was granted municipal status, the West Rand Administration Board controlled the two townships. Previously, the peri-urban areas or resettlement board had administered them. Diepmeadow was divided into 15 wards and members of the council were elected in a 14,6% poll in 1983. Diepmeadow, like Soweto and Dobsonville, its neighbours did not escape the violent unrest. It was hit by school, consumer, and rent boycotts which were directed at the black local authority system and were called in support of demands for the withdrawal of the South African Defense Force from the area. The anti-apartheid community groups demanded the release of detai9nees and political prisoners and called on councillors to resign. In the unrest that ensued, the homes of councillors, including that of Diepmeadow council chairman, Mr. Joseph Mahuhushi, were petrol-bombed and attacked. The school boycott was sustained despite the imposition of emergency

Gauteng Province regulations. In the absence of public meetings (which were prohibited by the emergency regulations), funerals, especially unrest funerals, became platforms for activists to express community demands. In response, actions by the army and police, including municipal police and special constables (‘kitskonstables’) were stepped up. So were vigilante attacks, as councillors and their supporters, allegedly policemen and soldiers, hit back at activists. In June 1986, civic associations throughout the Soweto complex called for a rent boycott, which has continued for more than two years. Councillors were sacked (and the cou7ncil dissolved) in 1987 for having ‘failed to put all its financial records in order’. Many a rent defaulter has been subjected to eviction from his home as authorities tried, unsuccessfully, to end the boycott. It now forms part of the Johannesburg – Northern and Western Metropolitan Local Council

Dobsonville Dobsonville lies to the west of Meadowlands, a part of Diepmeadow, and is adjacent to Mofolo North and Zondi, suburbs of Soweto, on its southern border. Until 1973, when the West Rand Administration Board took over its administration, the township had been under the control of the Roodepoort municipality. It was divided into seven wards’ when a black local authority was established in 1984. The council was elected in a 23,5% poll in 1983. The local authority was created in accordance with the Black Local Authorities Act of 1982. Dobsonville had its share of school, consumer and rent boycotts in the wake of the violent unrest, which first erupted in the Vaal Triangle in 1984. A resident claims that Dobsonville people see no reason why they were involved in the R250m electrification scheme for greater Soweto because they already had electricity in their homes. As a result of that involvement, they complain that they now have to pay R17 monthly towards the loan. Redemption. It now forms part of the Johannesburg – Northern and Western Metropolitan Local Council

Duduza Duduza, west of Nigel was established in 1964 when residents were removed from Charterston ‘location’, a ‘black spot’ which was considered by the government to be too close to the white town. A black local authority was established after the nine members of the council were elected in a 3% poll in 1983, according to a spokesman for the black local authority. This poll was the lowest of all those in the townships surveyed. Now forms part of the Nigel (Greater)Transitional Local Council

Ekangala It is now part of Mpumalanga. Ekangala is a relatively new township, about 12km to the north of Bronkhorstspruit, and about 100km from the reef where most of its inhabitants work. Originally, it was designed by the central government as a ‘deconcentrated’ residential area, which would be incorporated into the KwaNdebele homeland and would house homeless families from elsewhere in the Pretoria/Witwatersrand/Vereeniging (PWV) area. Many of the residents are homeless people who moved from shacks elsewhere to the township in order to acquire homes. The development of the township was started by the East Rand Administration Board (ERAB) in 1981; it was funded by the central government with the then ERAB acting as its agent. But it was not until two years later - in 1983 - that the first houses were occupied. A total of 206 had been completed by the end of 1983, of which 150 were allocated to families by the KwaNdebele administration and the other 56 allocated by

Gauteng Province the ERAB. It is significant that even at that early stage, a portion of the township was placed under the control of the KwaNdebele administration rather than the ERAB. An Industrial complex - Ekandustria - has been established adjacent to the township. However, most Ekangala residents work on the Reef. Some commute to and from work each day and some stay in hostels in townships in Pretoria and in the east Rand, returning to their families only at weekends. Long commuting distances are thus the chief source of discontent in Ekangala as many residents live 100km from their jobs. For most of those who commute daily to work, the day begins, they say, as early as 3:30 when they leave home to catch buses; they return at about 21:00. According to Human Sciences Research Council study, many workers leave home between 4:00 and 5:30 but some 13% leave between 12:30 and 3:00, while 46% leave between 3:30 and 4:30. Some 54% are away between 14 and 16 hours a day, and 25% are away for longer than 16 hours. Many residents thus spend more time during the week commuting than they do at home, which largely outweighs the benefits of acquiring housing in the township. Residents of Ekangala, who had been complaining of high rents (some claimed that their rent/service charges ranged between R100 and R200 per month), became particularly restive when the central government announced plans to incorporate the township into KwaNdebele. Through the Ekangala Action Committee, and organisation formed to oppose high rents and electricity and transport charges, they began actively resisting incorporation. Their opposition aroused the anger of Mbokodo, a vigilante group supported by the KwaNdebele administration. In March 1985, Mbokodo allegedly attacked several supporters of the committee, which was led by Peter Kose. The residents opposed incorporation into KwaNdebele and did not want to loose their South African Citizenship. Many moved to the East Rand. Houses were also built and the township extended to give houses to the shack dwellers. At the beginning of April 1988, the township was incorporated into KwaNdebele, according to Mr. Paul du Plessis, who was regional superintendent in charge of administration.

Evaton Launched in 1986 when boycotters demanded the lifting of the state of emergency imposed in 1985, the withdrawal of the army from the township and the release of detainees. Originally called Residensia, Named after Eva, daughter of James B Tucker, who laid out the township on the farm Wildebeesfontein. Evaton is situated north of Sebokeng in the district of Vanderbijlpark. It was established in 1904 and was one of the few remaining townships in which some residents still enjoyed tenure of property rights before freehold property rights were formally restored to Africans. Evaton was originally a freehold township and, although most owners were forced to sell their properties when government policy opposed freehold in the townships, a few residents still own plots on which their houses stand. In 1973, Evaton was placed under the control of the Orange-Vaal Administration Board. In 1983, after the enactment by Parliament of the Black Local Authorities Act of 1982, a black local authority was established; its members had been elected in 1983 in a 5,9% poll, well below the average for the region. Like other townships in the Vaal, Evaton was affected by the violent unrest, which erupted in September 1984. Intermittent school and boycotts were Church leaders in Evaton who were involved in negotiations with the authorities in attempts to end a rent boycott, said that the attitude of officials was discouraging. The officials, they said were not interested in listening to the residents’ grievances and would not allow them (the church leaders) to hold public meetings to report to the people. Now forms part of the Lekoa/Vaal – Vereeniging Kopanong Metropolitan Local Council

Gauteng Province Impumelelo Impumelelo, a Zulu word for progress. It covers 73ha, including surrounding unoccupied buffer zones, at Devon, a tiny farming town about 38km east of Springs on the route to Bethal in Mpumalanga. The township, which lies in a hollow surrounded by a fence, is barely visible from the national Springs/Bethal road. Inhabitants of Impumelelo work mainly at a nearby military base and in Springs, according to residents. There was no public transport for the township workers. Those who worked in Springs used taxis at R2 a trip (R4 per working day), but those who worked at the military base were fetched from the township in military trucks each morning and brought back home at the end of the day.

Kagiso/Munsieville Kagiso and Munsieville are situated in the district of Krugersdorp. Kagiso is the larger of the two areas and was established in 1956. Munsieville is closer and lies closer to the town. It was therefore threatened with destruction and the removal of residents to Kagiso, until a government reprieve in 1986. Despite its reprieve the white residents put pressure on for its removal. During the period of nation-wide township conflict, Kagiso and Munsieville experienced school, consumer and bus boycotts. Now forms part of the Krugersdorp Transitional Local Council

Katlehong The name is of Sotho origin, meaning, ‘place of success’ or ‘place of happiness’. Katlehong, which was established in 1945, is located to the south of Germiston beyond the Heidelberg freeway. It is sandwiched between Thokoza (Alberton) on the west and Vosloorus (Boksburg) on the east. During the violent township conflict, which began in September 1984, Katlehong experienced school and consumer boycotts, with boycotters calling upon councillors to resign. The consumer boycott was particularly directed at white businesses in Germiston and its environs, as well as at those commercial outlets in the townships, which belonged to councillors. Boycotters demonstrated their opposition to the local authority system, and protested against the exclusion of Africans from the tricameral constitution and the deployment of troops in the townships after the 1985 state of emergency was imposed. They demanded the release of detainees.

Kwa-Thema Established on the farms Rietfontein and Vlakfontein, it was named after one of the founders of the ANC Kwa-Thema was established in 1951 to accommodate African families who were removed from Payneville (situated within walking distance of Springs). It is situated about 10km to the southwest of the town. There is a strong Trade Union presence in the township and unionists played an important role in the community organisations, which attempted to pressure the council to build low-cost houses for the poor. By contrast with community groups in some other townships, they had shown a willingness to negotiate with councillors in attempts to get their demands met. Most of their demands were cantered on housing. Now forms part of the Springs (greater) Transitional Local Council

Mamelodi Originally known as Vlakfontein, it was given the name President SPJ Kruger was known as under the Black population, meaning, ‘father of whistling, or ‘man who can imitate birds.

Gauteng Province Mamelodi lies some 20km from the centre of Pretoria on its eastern outskirts. It was established in June 1953 when, according to Mr. Zikhali Ndlazi, chairman of the Mamelodi Council, the first 16 houses were built in the then Vlakfontein location. The township was established specifically to accommodate African people who were being removed from Riverside, Eersterus, Eastwood and Lady Selborne in terms of the Group Areas Act of 1950. Its growth stopped in 1968 when the government froze development of additional housing for Africans in urban areas, a policy which was reversed in 1978. The township was granted municipal status in 1984 after the 12-member council had been elected in a 27,8% poll in 1983. Like most townships in the PWV area, Mamelodi was affected by the violent unrest, which began in the Vaal Triangle in September 1984. Here the unrest claimed the lives of 13 people who were shot in November 1985, when residents demonstrated at the council offices in opposition to increased rent/service charges and the presence of the army in the township. Community protest was led by civic groups affiliated to the United Democratic front (UDF), which enjoyed strong public support. Now incorporated and falls under the municipality of Pretoria

Sharpeville Sharpeville, the oldest of the six townships in the Vaal Triangle, lies within the magisterial district of Vereeniging. It was established in 1942, when 5466 dwellings were erected. It was in Sharpeville that the 1984 township unrest erupted. Between 1973 and 1983 the Oranje-Vaal Administration Board controlled Sharpeville, like the five other townships in the Vaal Triangle. The Lekoa municipality that took over the administration of the townships in 1983 was established in accordance with the Black Local Authorities Act of 1982. The council was elected in a 14,7% poll in 1983. Now included in the Lekoa/Vaal –Vereeniging Kaponong Metropolitan Local Council

Soshanguve Soshanguve lies about 45km north of Pretoria. It was established by the government in 1974 on trust land (land scheduled for incorporation into a homeland) bordering on Mabopane in Bophuthatswana, to house Sotho, Shangaan, Nguni and Venda people (thus So-sha-ngu-ve, an acronym) who came from the townships of Atteridgeville and Mamelodi in Pretoria. At the time, further development of both Mamelodi and Atteridgeville was frozen in accordance with government policy, which sought to limit the number of Africans living permanently in the cities. Homeless families in the two Pretoria townships were therefore provided with accommodation in Soshanguve, a commuter settlement scheduled for incorporation into Bophuthatswana. Soshanguve residents worked in Pretoria and commuted mainly by train. Bus and taxi services were also available. Unlike other African townships in the PWV region, Soshanguve has no black local authority. This may be a consequence of its status as a trust town, but a meeting of more than 1000 residents organised by the Soshanguve Residents Association in April 1983 rejected the idea of a council for the township. (The association later became a United Democratic Front -UDF- affiliate but it was not clear in 1988 whether it was still in operation or not) A black local authority, it was said at the meeting was an extension of apartheid and any plan aimed at forming such a body in the township was therefore rejected. The meeting also resolved to oppose any moves to incorporate Soshanguve into Bophuthatswana. In 1987 the township, like other trust towns, was still administered by the Department of Development Aid. Since 1994 included in the Pretoria – Northern Metropolitan Local Council

Gauteng Province Tembisa Tembisa, which is located to the north of Kempton Park on the east Rand, was established in 1957 to accommodate families removed from Alexandra and other areas in Edenvale, Kempton Park, Midrand and Germiston. It was granted municipal status after the enactment by Parliament of the Black Local Authorities Act of 1982. Seventeen members of the council were elected in a 16,9% poll in the 1983 elections. Incorporated into the Khayalami – Kempton Park Tembisa Metropolitan Local Council.

Thokoza Thokoza is situated in the magisterial district of Alberton, adjacent to Katlehong. From 1973 until 1982, when it was granted municipal status, it was administered by the East Rand Administration (later Development) Board. A nine-member council was elected in a 20,4% poll in 1983. But the council was dissolved by the Transvaal Provincial Administration in 1987 after its chairman and a senior official were arrested on allegations of misappropriation of R1,3m of council funds. Three councillors, Mr. Jacob Sekete, Mr. Edward Matsoso and Mr Joseph Madi, were appointed administrators of the township. It now forms part of the Alberton Transitional Local Council

Personalities of the Struggle

Moshweshwe (ca 1786-1870) Born in the north of the present Lesotho near Menkhoaneng in 1786, and named Lepoqo. After he was accepted into adulthood in the tribe he participated in attacks on the neighbouring tribes. To celebrate his successes he composed poems to sing and in these poems the name Moshweshwe appears. The name is deducted from the sound of a shaving knife. He lived in the time of the Mfecane, which was characterised by political and military chaos. He revealed considerable talents and leadership. After an attack by the Tlokwa led by Manthatisi on Buthe-Buthe in 1924, Moshweshwe moved with his followers to Thaba Bosigo (Mountain of the Night) about 80km to the south west. He set up his village on the top of the mountain with his father Mokhatshane and several followers. The others lived at the foot of the mountain and on the neighbouring hills. In times of danger they could all move to the top of Thaba Bosigo from where they defended themselves by sealing the passes with rocks and stoning anyone who tried to climb up. His following increased as his reputation as a leader grew, and many of the fugitives joined him. He took wives from the different family lines and in this way united the different groups who then identified with him. By the early thirties his followers were known as the BaSotho (South Sotho) and he soon had the status of a king. Moshweshwe had already realised the value of horses and guns. Guns were captured or earned on the diamond fields and horses were bought from whites or Griquas. In time the BaSotho became outstanding shots and horse riders. He died on 11 March 1870 and was buried on Thaba Bosigo.

Sekhukhune I (ca. 1810-1882) He was the son of Sekwati, Paramount chief of the Pedi, who died in 1861, his successor, the half brother of Sekhukhune, Sekhukhune dethroned Mampuru. Sekhukhune was dissatisfied with the eastern border being Steelpoort where the Pedi had shared land with the whites for some considerable time in an “open” border arrangement. By 1876 the situation was so tense that the farmers in the Lydenburg district moved together into lagers. On 16 May 1876 they declared war on Sekhukhune. The ZAR could hardly get 1000 men together, no-one was prepared to take the lead so pres. Burgers was compelled to lead the forces himself. After some

Gauteng Province initial successes 150 Lydenburgers supported by 2000 Swazi were driven back when they attacked the settlement of Dinkwanyane, Sekhukhune’s half brother. This had a demoralising effect on the Burgers. On 2 August there was a half hearted attack on Sekhukhune’s fortifications, but most of the men sought defense positions in a cowardly way and refused to fight any further. Eventually Burgers had forts built and had them manned by volunteers who were remunerated for their services. This tactic forced Sekhukhune to make peace on 17 February 1877, which he rejected soon afterwards. This dispute was still unsolved when Britain annexed the republic. Captain R A Clarke who was appointed special commissioner to solve the Pedi problem was unable to do anything due to the lack of troops. In November 1879 Sekhukhune was forced to surrender when 8000 Swazi warriors and a force of British troops under Sir Garnet Wolseley attacked him. He was held prisoner in Pretoria until August 1881 when the independence of the ZAR was restored and they freed him. He was murdered in his sleep in his hometown of Luluberg by his arch enemy Mampuru.

Tiyo Soga (1829-1671) Born on a mission station at Gwali, which belonged to the Glasgow Missionary Society. Soga was the first ordained Xhosa minister, missionary and translator. After he had qualified as minister in the Presbyterian Church he married Janet Burnside, a Scottish women. In his wise and tolerant way he told his coloured children; “You must always remember your mother as a sincere, conscientious, thrifty Christian woman… for your own good… you must never create the impression that you are shy about the fact that you are partly of black origin. It is just as pure and good as the blood in the veins of my lighter brothers.” He died in 1871 when he was busy with missionary work amongst the senior Gcaleka branch of his people. Soga was an example of the new order, which rose like a phoenix from the ashes of the Black people.

John Tengo Jabavu (1856-1921) John Tengo Jabavu was of the Mfengu tribe educated by the Wesleyan missionaries. He was trained as a teacher but left the profession to become a journalist and canvassed for the politician James Rose Innes. He was the first editor of the influential newspaper Imvo Zabantsundu (“Black opinion”) that was founded in 1884 by white liberals. He was opposed to legislation that limited Blacks, but at times he was according to some critics a little to compromising in his outlook. During the Second Anglo Boer War his newspaper was closed due to British martial law. The Afrikaner-bond approached him to stand as candidate for the party in the elections of 1904, but he rejected the offer. Jabavu played and important role in the establishment of Fort Hare College and his sons Davidson Don Tengo and Alexander Macaulay Jabavu were prominent figures in politics in the forties. JT Jabavu remained a controversial figure mainly due to his gradualism and his co-operation with the white people. He was considered to be a moderate and many of the younger generation were becoming more militant.

Dr. Abdullah Abdurahman Abdullah Abdurahman was the grandson of a freed slave. He was educated at Marist Brothers College and the South African college in Cape Town. He then went to Glasgow to study medicine. In 1895 he returned with his Scottish wife. He became a member of the City council and of the Cape Provincial council and was for 35 years the dominating figure in the APO. In later years he was heavily criticised by the younger generation as being a moderate. His daughter Zainunnisa Gool also played a leading role in political organisations that championed the cause of the Black and Coloured people.

Gauteng Province Rev. John L Dube Founder and Principal of the Ohlange Secondary School in Natal, editor of Ilanga lasi Natal, writer of The clash of Colour, founder and president of the African National Congress and also the president of the Natal Native Congress.

Rev. JM Dwane Founder of the Order of Ethiopia.

Sol T. Plaatje He was an author, an intellectual and a lobbyist who counted cabinet ministers among his friends. He spoke eight languages, edited three newspapers and wrote several books, including the classic ‘Native Life in South Africa’. Yet Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje’s formal education did not go beyond primary school. He was born near Boshof in the Orange Free State in 1876 - a place he referred to bitterly as the ‘Free’ State throughout ‘Native Life in South Africa’ - and after attending school at a Berlin Mission near Barkly West in the northern Cape, went to Kimberley to be a letter carrier for the Post Office. Already able to speak Dutch, English and German, he studied several African languages and in 1898 became an interpreter and a clerk in the magistrate’s court in Mafeking. During the siege he worked for several war correspondents, experience which stood him in good stead when he became editor of the English-Tswana newspaper ‘Koranta ea Becoana’ (Bechuana Gazette’). In Mafeking he came to know Henry Burton, a lawyer willing to defend Africans in court, who later became Minister of Native Affairs. By 1910 he was also on good terms with John X. Merriman, the last Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, and WP Schreiner, one of the four newly appointed ‘native senators’. But his greatest coup in the field of personal contact came in 1919 when he secured an interview with British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George. This came as a result of his involvement with the South African native National Congress (SANNC). Plaatje played and important behind the scenes role in the establishment of the SANNC, and with his access to the leaders of the government, his concern for the rights of his fellow Africans, his fluency in the country’s major languages and his capacity for hard work, he was an ideal choice for the post of the organisation’s first general secretary. After the passing of the Native’s Land Act in 1913 he travelled the country by bicycle to research the law’s effects on the people and in 1914 was part of the SANNC deputation to England to appeal against the Act. He began writing ‘Native Life in South Africa’ while on board ship. In 1917 Plaatje, who had spent the previous three years campaigning against the Land Act in Britain, returned to South Africa. But two years later he headed a second (unsuccessful) SANNC delegation to Britain. He also visited the USA and Canada. In Britain his contacts made a meeting with Lloyd George possible. Plaatje told Lloyd George that blacks were helpless in their own country because they were voteless. ‘Great Britain has thrown us away’, he said. Britain had intervened when blacks in the Belgian Congo were oppressed but if there was a case, which called for protection, it was the case of natives in South Africa who had been told they had no right to buy or lease land in their own country, he said. Lloyd George replied that he had listened with ‘some distress’, but reminded Plaatje that Britain was unable to intervene in the internal affairs of a self-governing dominion. However, he said he had been convinced it was a case, which ought to be carefully considered by the South African Government. He wrote to General Jan Smuts, referring to the ‘deep sense of injustice’ felt by the deputation: They…asked what was the use of calling upon them to obey the law and observe constitutional methods… it they were given no adequate means for doing so? ‘Lloyd George concluded this correspondence with a strong hint that Smuts should see

Gauteng Province the deputation. ‘I am sure that you will be impressed by them, and I am equally sure that you will be able to remove the impression which seems to rest there at present, that they cannot get people in authority to listen to them with sympathy.’ But apart from his letters there was little Lloyd George could do, and while the meeting and the Prime Minister’s sympathetic response represented a triumph for Plaatje, the deputation returned home empty-handed. Plaatje died in Johannesburg in 1932, spending the last nine years of his life campaigning for African rights in South Africa and doing a great deal of writing in Tswana, including translating two Shakespeare plays, ‘Julius Caesar’ and’ The Comedy of Errors’.

Walter Rubasana Walter Benson Rubasana, born in the district of Somerset West, educated in Lovedale, and trained as minister in the Congregational church. He went to London in 1904 to supervise the printing of a revised Xhosa Bible, which he helped to translate. Before that he was involved with the establishment of the newspaper Izwi Labantu (“The voice of the People”) in East London. His Zemka Inkomo Magwalandini (“There go your cattle, cowards”), a collection of idioms is considered a classic, which was reprinted in 1911 and again in 1964. He was the writer of The History of South Africa from the Native Standpoint. Rubasana was chairman of the South African Native Convention and member of the representation that went to London under Schreiner. He was the only Black man that ever became a member of the Provincial Council. JT Jabavu and Rubasana attended the Universal Races Congress in 1911 in London but their ways parted later. By standing in Tembuland in the elections in 1914 as a third candidate he divided the Black vote and the Unionist candidate ADB Payne won the seat. Rubasana helped to found the SANNC in 1912 and was a member of the delegation that went to London in 1914 to protest against the “Naturellen Grond Wet.”

Clements Kadalie (1896-1951) Clements Kadali, born in Nyasaland (Malawi) and studied at the Livingstonia Missionary Institute to be a teacher. He then worked in Mozambique and Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) as clerk before coming to South Africa. He established himself in Cape Town early in 1918. Per chance he met a white trade union worker AF Batty that led to him organising dockworkers. In 1919 he became the first secretary of an organisation that would become the Industrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU). His foreign origin and his inability to speak any of the black languages was a political asset rather than a hindrance. He was not identified with any ethnical group in South Africa and addressed his audiences in English. In this way he had a universal attraction and he could build an organisation without ethnical affiliations. In 1925 the ICU moved its office to Johannesburg and in 1927 he travelled through Europe and attended the international conference on labour to get recognition and support for his organisation. After his return to South Africa his organisation deteriorated and he clashed with AWG Champion, the Natal Leader and with William Ballinger, the consultant sent by the British labour movement. Kadalie’s complaint was: “I asked for someone to give advice and they sent a dictator.” In 1929 he resigned as national secretary of the ICU and founded the “independent ICU” which only had support in East London. He died in 1951 in East London.

Albert Luthuli Albert John Luthuli was born near Bulawayo in Zimbabwe in 1898 where his father was working as an evangelist. In 1908 he was sent to the traditional family home at the Groutville mission station in Natal, and later trained as teacher at Edenvale near

Gauteng Province Pietermaritzburg. His was principal of a primary school in Natal and lay-preacher in the Methodist church. Later he became a secondary school teacher after training at the Adams College where he then joined the staff. In 1935 he accepted the headmanship of the Groutville reservation and managed the area for 17 years. In 1938 he visited India and in 1948 the USA. He was a member of the Native Representative Council and succeeded John L Dube in 1948. In 1951 he is elected as Natal President of the ANC, and openly supported the defiance campaign of 1952. This action together with his refusal to resign from the ANC led to his dismissal as headman. He then made a declaration under the title “The Road to Freedom is via the Cross”. Here he expressed his opposition to violence, and a conviction that apartheid causes the degeneration of the community and his optimism that the White community would accept Blacks in the community. In December 1952 he is elected president general of the ANC, but his house arrest in 1953, which was renewed, made it impossible to participate in ANC activities. He became a symbol to the masses and in 1955 and 1958 he is re-elected. In 1959 he is not allowed to leave the Lower-Tugela area, but his public speeches and pleading for reason and tolerance, made in the time between his house arrests is praised by his many white supporters. In 1960, shortly after the Sharpeville riots and the state of emergency, Luthuli burnt his pass during a demonstration in Pretoria. In March he is imprisoned for 5 months. In December 1961 he went to Oslo for the Nobel peace prize. His health began to deteriorate and on 21 July 1967 he is run down by a train and dies from his wounds.

Walter Sisulu Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu is born in 1912 in the Transkei district of Encobo. In 1940, the year that AB Xuma (also from Encobo) became president general of the ANC, Sisulu joined the ANC. In 1943 he was a member of the small group of activists that established the ANC Youth League of which he became the treasurer. He was co-responsible for the acceptance by the ANC of the “Program of Action” in 1949 and was then elected as secretary-general. James Moroka who left the leadership to Sisulu succeeded AB Zuma. Sisulu served on the central planning committee for the resistance campaign and was in 1952 one of the leaders of the resistance groups. He is tried with other leaders of the resistance movement and condemned to nine months in prison, suspended for 3 years. In 1953 he travelled through Europe, the Soviet Union and China for 5 months. He was a strong supporter of Black Nationalism but he now supported the Multi-racial Congress Alliance. About the middle of 1954 the government ordered him to resign from the ANC and in 1956 he was amongst those that were arrested for treason. He was held prisoner during the 1960 unrest and in March 1961 after the treason case he was set free. In October 1962 he was placed under 12 hour house arrest and in March 1963 he was found guilty of supporting the then banned ANC. He was condemned to 6 years imprisonment. He appealed against his sentence and was set free on bail but under 24-hour house arrest. On 20 April he left his house and joined the underground movement Umkonto we Sizwe. In 1963 he is arrested in a search on a house in Rivonia and during the Rivonia-trial found guilty of political sabotage and sentenced to life imprisonment.

Robert Sobukwe Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe was born in 1924 in Graaff-Reinet and was from a young age a clever student. He won a bursary to Heald Town and later joined Fort Hare where he specialised in literature studies. In 1948 he became a member of the ANC

Gauteng Province Youth League and in 1949 he is elected as president of the Fort Hare student council, where his talent as a speaker became evident. In 1950 he is appointed as teacher to the Secondary school in Standerton. When he gave support to the defiance campaign in 1952 he is dismissed but re-appointed again later. In this time he was not involved in important ANC activities, even though he was secretary of the Standerton branch. In 1954 he is appointed as lecturer in Africa studies at the University of the Witwatersrand and moves to Johannesburg, where his outstanding intellect became evident. He was busy behind the scenes, particularly as editor of The Africanist. In November 1958 he supported a break away of the ANC and he is unanimously elected as President of the PAC. His charisma as a speaker won considerable support for the PAC. In March 1960 when the PAC launched a campaign against the pass laws, he allowed himself to be arrested at the Orlando police station in the hope that people would be encouraged to support the campaign. He was given the particularly heavy sentence of 3 years imprisonment. At the end of this period the parliament passed the General Law amendment act that gave the Minister of Justice the power to extend the term of imprisonment of a political prisoner for an unlimited period. Sobukwe is then removed to Robin Island where he remained for 6 years. He is released in May 1969 and allowed to join his family in Kimberly, but he remained under 12-hour house arrest. During his imprisonment he obtained his honours degree in economy from the university of London and starts studies for a degree in law. He completed his articles in Kimberly and in 1975 started his own law practice. He died on 27 February 1978.

Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, a member of the Tembu Royal House is born in Umtata in 1918. His school education he obtained at the Heald Town Mission College. In 1938 he entered Fort Hare as a student but is expelled in 1940 because he joined a student protest action. He then became a mine policeman and while there he studied for a BA degree at Unisa and in 1943 he registered for a degree in law at the University of the Witwatersrand. When he completed his degree he started a law practice with Oliver Tambo. He joined the ANC in 1944 and was a founder member of the Youth League, of which he became the national president in 1950. After the defiance campaign of 1952 he is given a deferred conviction of 9 months and for 6 months he is not allowed to leave the Johannesburg municipal area. He is appointed to deputy president of the ANC under Albert Luhuli but his house arrest made it difficult for him to give effective leadership. In September 1953 he is again limited in his movements. He is then compelled to resign from the ANC and is forbidden to attend meetings for 5 years. In secret he continued to lead the ANC. After the restrictions expired in 1961, he addressed a conference in Pietermaritzburg and supported the idea of a national convention. He called on all the people to stay home for 3 days. After that he went underground and was a fugitive for 17 months. With his nickname “Black Pimpernel” he visited many African countries to generate support for Umkonto we Sizwe’s campaign of violence. In July 1962 he returned to South Africa and is arrested in Natal in November and stood accused of encouraging people to leave the country illegally, and for insubordination. He was given 5 years imprisonment. During the police search of July 1963 at the headquarters of Umkonto we Sizwe in Rivonia the police found documents in the handwriting of Mandela. During the Rivonia trial he was condemned to life imprisonment.

Gauteng Province

Yusuf Mohamed Dadoo 1909 - Yusuf Mohamed Dadoo born in Krugersdorp, Transvaal, on September 5 the son of a well-to-do Indian businessman. 1927 - Matriculates at Aligrah College in India, after attending school in Krugersdorp and Johannesburg. 1929 - Arrives in London to study medicine. Arrested for demonstrating against imperialism. His father insists he transfer to Edinburg. 1936 - After qualifying as a doctor. LCRP and LRCS (Edin.) and LRFP and S. (Glas.). Dadoo returns to practice in South Africa. Active in Transvaal Indian Congress. 1938 - One of the founders of the Non-European United Front in Johannesburg. 1939 - Joins the Communist Party of South Africa. Forms nationalist bloc in Transvaal Indian Congress to work for progressive policies and leadership. 1940 - Arrested for printing and distributing a Non-European United Front leaflet, which said “ Don’t support this war, where the rich get richer and the poor get killed”. Refuses to pay fine 25, but saved from imprisonment by a supporter who pays fine for him. 1941 - Arrested for allegedly inciting African people in a speech at Benoni meeting. Refused to pay fine of 40, and goes to jail. On release he is restricted under Emergency Regulations. 1941 - After Nazi attack on Soviet Union in June, Communist Party declares the character of war has changed. Dadoo one of those entrusted with raising support for anti Nazi struggle. 1943 - Opens anti-pass conference called Johannesburg by CPSA. 1945 - Member of delegation to government protesting against pass laws fined 25 for taking part in unauthorised procession. 1945 - National Anti- pass Council elected with Dr. A.B.Xuma, ANC President as chairman and Dadoo as vice chairman. 1945 - nationalist bloc defeats reactionaries in Transvaal Indian Congress leadership. Dadoo elected TIC president. 1946 - One of the leaders of passive resistance against Smut’s anti Indian laws. Serves six months prison sentence. 1946- Arrested with 50 others on charge under Riotous Assemblies Act of inciting 100,000 African mineworkers to go on strike after it had broke out. 1947 - Together with Dr G.M. Naicker, leader of the Natal Indian Congress, tours Indian to win support for passive resistance campaign against Smut’s Ghetto Act. Meets Gandhi, Nehru and Jiinnah. 1947 - Historic Dadoo-Xuma-Naicker pact signed pleading co-operation of Africans and Indians in struggle against discriminatory and oppressive laws and demanding full franchise rights for all. 1948 - Dadoo and Naicker sentenced to six months imprisonment for defying 1913 Immigration Act prohibiting Indians from moving from one province to another without permit. 1948 - On release from prison, Dadoo refused permission to leave South Africa to present Indian case to United Nations. 1948 - after Nationalist victory in general elections, calls for national convection to defeat the apartheid regime. 1948 - Leaves South Africa without passport to attend UN session in Paris. Meets Nehru in London, Dimitrov in Bulgaria. Visits other socialist countries. Travels on to India where he addresses Constituent Assembly on disabilities of Indians and other oppressed in SA. Visits Pakistan. 1949- on return home, banned from speaking in 8 main centres of the

country. 1950 - Elected President of the South African Indian Congress.

Gauteng Province 1951 - Active in campaign against disfranchisement of Coloured voters. Calls for all-out resistance to Group Areas Act. 1952 - Elected one of five members of the Joint Planning Council to organise Defiance of Unjust laws campaign. (The others are J.B. Marks, Walter Sisulu, Dr J.S. Moroka and Y. Cachalia.) 1952 - Banned under Suppression of Communism Act from attending all gatherings and ordered to resign from Indian Congress and Joint Planning Council of Defiance Campaign. Defies his ban, addresses meeting and sentenced to six months imprisonment - his seventh prison sentenced (quashed on appeal on a legal technicality). 1952 - Together with 19 others, charged under Suppression of Communism Act for organising defiance Campaign and given suspended sentence of 9 months imprisonment for what the judge called “statutory communism” 1953 - Banned from taking part in the activities of a further 15 organisations. 1953 - Dadoo elected to central committee of newly constituted SA Communist Party at first congress held illegally in Johannesburg. 1955 - Announcement made at historic Congress of the People that Dadoo, Chief Albert Luthuli and Father Trevor Huddleston awarded traditional African decoration of Isitwalandwe-Seaparankoe. Because of bans only Huddleston able to attend, but Dadoo’s award accepted by his mother. 1957 - Dadoo banned for a further five years from attending gatherings. 1959 -Arrested at Howick, Natal, under immigration laws banning Indian movement form province to province without permission. 1960 - After Sharpeville shooting and declaration of State of Emergency Dadoo sent overseas by decision of Communist Party and Indian Congress to organise external apparatus and solidarity campaigns. 1962 - After arrest of Nelson Mandela. Dadoo leads procession in London demanding his release. Visits India and has talks with Nehru. 1969 - Elected vice-chairman of the Revolutionary Council of the African National Congress. 1972 - After the death of J.B.Marks, elected national chairman of the South African Communist Party. At the time of his death Dr Dadoo was national chairman of the SACP, a vice-chairman of the ANC Politico-Military Council, and a member of the Presidential Committee of the World Peace Council, in whose activities he had taken a prominent part for many years. He had led many delegations of the SACP to many different parts of the world and was a firm champion of the International Communist Movement. On his 70th birthday he was awarded the Order of Dimitrov of Bulgaria, the Order of Karl Marx by the German Democratic Republic, the Order of the Friendship of the People by the Soviet Union, the Gold Medal of the Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Organisation, the Scroll of Honour of the world Peace Council, the Decoration of the Hungarian Peace Movement and the ‘Wielki Proletariat of Poland’

Dulcie September 1935-1988 Dulcie Evonne September was murdered on March 29, 1988, in Paris, France. In 1935, the year when Comrade Dulcie was born, serious developments were taking place internationally. The little place called Gleemoor must have seemed very far away from the sites of these momentous events. Yet it was never so far that it remained unaffected. It was the struggles waged during the 1930s, the 1940s and the 1950s that shaped and moulded the mind and character of the woman. Many of the fathers, uncles and elder

Gauteng Province brothers of the community she came from went off to bear arms during the Second World War. Dulcie was among the first group of pupils to attend the newly established Athlone High School. From Athlone, she moved to the Battswood Teacher Training College, where she qualified as a teacher in the mid-50s. It was the profession that she had chosen that first launched her into the thick of the struggle for liberation. During the 1950s, education had become one of the principal terrains of struggle. She joined the Cape Peninsula Students’ Union, an affiliate of the Unity Movement of South Africa, in 1957. The political culture of Cape Town during those years was slanted towards the Unity Movement. It was not long before Dulcie’s vision caused her to part company with her erstwhile political mentors in the Unity Movement. The Sharpeville massacre, and the consequent political crisis that gripped the country, proved the catalyst. She aligned herself with some young militants around Dr. Neville Alexander. They called themselves the National Liberation Front, or the Yu Chui Chan Club. It was while engaged in the activities of this group that she was arrested and detained without trial in October 1963. Early in 1964, together with nine others, she was charged with conspiring to commit acts of sabotage, and incite acts of politically motivated violence. In April 1964, Dulcie was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment. When she was released from prison in 1969, she was served with a five-year banning order, which not only prohibited her from political activity, but also from practising her profession. She left South Africa in 1974, to pursue her studies in Britain. She joined the ANC. She threw herself body and soul into the work of the movement, and quickly won recognition for her contribution. In 1984 she was appointed Chief Representative in France, Switzerland and Luxembourg. Before the ANC sent her to Paris, she had worked for some time at the ANC headquarters in Lusaka, and before that for the Anti-Apartheid Movement in London.

Florence Mophosho 1921-1985 Florence was born in Alexandra Township, Johannesburg, and the first of three children, in 1921. Her father was ill, and her mother - who had trained as a teacher - worked as a domestic worker. Because of the need to help her mother bring up the younger children, Florence left school at Standard Six and went to work, first as a domestic worker and later in a factory. Small incidents or historical events can have such an impact that communities or individuals change. The Defiance Campaign in 1952 was such an event. Inspired by the Defiance Campaign, she joined the ANC. She was inspired first by the leaders of Alexandra Township, and this included Alfred Nzo and T.T. Nkobi. As she became more involved in the ANC she met other leaders - Moses Kotane, Moretsele, J.B. Marks, O.R. Tambo, Nelson Mandela and others. She helped to organise the Congress of the People, which adopted the Freedom Charter. She took part in a house-to-house campaign in Alexandra, talking to people and listening to them. She contributed in eliciting the demands of the people, which were later incorporated in the Freedom Charter. Later, she became a full-time organiser for the ANC, and took part in many of the campaigns of that time. She organised in Alexandra for the Transvaal demonstrations against passes for African women, and was involved in the mobilisation for the great nation-wide anti-pass women’s demonstration on August 9, 1956. She organised domestic workers, and later she organised in the rural areas, including Lichtenburg. In 1957, she was a member of the Alexandra Bus Boycott Committee. During the State of Emergency in 1960, Florence Mophosho went underground and continued to work as an organiser for the ANC.

Gauteng Province In 1964, she was banned. She was instructed by the ANC to leave South Africa, and she went to Lusaka and later to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It was at this time that the ANC and its Women’s Section decided to send her to Berlin, German Democratic Republic, to represent the Women’s Section at the Women’s International Democratic Federation, and she remained at that post for four and a half years. She developed to be an internationalist - and she travelled to many countries on behalf of the Women’s International Democratic Federation. She was delegate to the famous Morogoro Conference [of ANC] in 1969, where she discussed problems of the revolution and ANC strategy with both leaders and rank and file of the ANC. On her return she headed the Women’s Section and she was elected in 1975 to the National Executive Committee of the ANC. As a member of the NEC she did her best to upgrade the women cadres in the movement. l In recognition of her contribution, the ANC Conference in June 1985 elected her to the National Executive Committee of the ANC. The illness she was suffering from at the time of the conference was one from which she did not recover. She died on August 9th

Gert Nsibande 1901-1987 Known in the movement as “The Lion of the East” for his political and trade union work in the Eastern Transvaal, Richard Gert Nsibande was born in 1901 in Swaziland. He came from a family of farm labourers. Having moved from Swaziland to Bethal in South Africa, Nsibande became actively involved in the struggle for trade union rights and the struggle for political and social emancipation, led by the ANC. For his political work he was subsequently banned from residing in Bethal and banished to Evaton. He was elected the Transvaal ANC President at George Goch on October 1959.His family background and the banishment order to rural areas, contributed a lot to the struggle, making him indispensable from the late 1930s until the late 1950s in the political mobilisation of rural workers and peasants in the Transvaal, as their organiser. He was the first person to publicise the degrading conditions that farm workers were subjected to in Bethal - disguising himself as a farm labourer to witness and experience farm workers’ life. His contribution on this issue was taken up by journalist Ruth First, assassinated wife of the South African Communist Party (SACP) General Secretary, Joe Slovo, and Michael Scott in New Age and culminated in the famous and effective potato boycott of the 1950s that swept South Africa and called attention to the conditions of farm labourers. Through the Agricultural National Organising Committee, Gert Nsibande had a hand in bringing into SACTU leaders who themselves had been born and raised in peasant families in rural Transvaal. And not only that, his influence as an organiser in farm workers’ affairs was deeply felt in the Farm, Plantation and Allied Workers’ Union - the union he founded, even though he was banned. Nsibande, who was a Swati by birth, moved to Swaziland in the late 1960s, where he was troubled by the Swazi authorities ordering him to dissociate himself from ANC and South African workers’ activities. He continued working for the movement in Swaziland. Gert Nsibande, who was among the 156 accused in the treason trial from December 1956 until March 1961. Shortly after the end of the trial - in which all accused was acquitted - Nsibande was banned and restricted to Komatipoort.

Chris Hani Chris Hani, born on 28 June 1942, in Cofimvaba, Transkei, the fifth child in a family of six. General-Secretary of the SACP since December 1991 and ANC NEC member since 1974. Matriculated at Lovedale, 1958; Universities Rhodes and Fort Hare - 1959/61, BA Latin and English. Joined ANC Youth League 1957. Active in Eastern and Western Cape ANC before leaving SA in 1962. Commissar in the Luthuli Detachment

Gauteng Province joint ANC/ZAPU military campaign 1967, escaped to Botswana, returned from Botswana to Zambia 1968, infiltrated SA in 1973 and then based in Lesotho. Left Maseru for Lusaka in 1982 after several unsuccessful assassination attempts. Commissar and Deputy Commander of Umkhonto we Sizwe, armed wing of ANC. Chief of Staff, MK 1987. At the age of eight he was already an altar boy in the Catholic Church and was quite devout. After finishing his primary school education he had a burning desire to become a priest but his father vetoed this. The arraignment for Treason of the ANC leaders in 1956 convinced him to join the ANC and participate in the struggle for freedom. In 1957 at age 15 he joined the ANC Youth League. In 1959 he went over to university at Fort Hare where he became openly involved in the struggle, as Fort Hare was a liberal campus. It was here that he got exposed to Marxist ideas and the scope and nature of the racist capitalist system. His conversion to Marxism also deepened his non-racial perspective. His early Catholicism led to his fascination with Latin studies and English literature. He gobbled up these studies in these two courses and he became an ardent lover of English, Latin and Greek literature, both modern and classical. In 1961 he joined the underground South African Communist Party His decision to join the Party was influenced by personalities such as Govan Mbeki, Braam Fischer, JB Marks, Moses Kotane, Ray Simons, etc. In 1962 he joined the fledgling MK. In 1967 he fought together with Zipra forces in Zimbabwe as political commissar. In 1974 he went back to South Africa to build the underground and he subsequently left for Lesotho where he operated underground and contributed in the building of the ANC underground inside the country.

Helen Joseph 1905 - 1992 For forty years Helen Joseph dedicated herself single-mindedly to opposing apartheid Her commitment earned her the ANC’s highest award, the Isitwalandwe/Seaparnakoe Medal. It also led to a relentless government campaign to silence her. Helen Beatrice May Fennell was born in Sussex, England in 1905. She graduated from King’s College, University of London, in 1927, taught for three years in India, then came to South Africa in 1931, where she met and married Billie Joseph. Her service as an information and welfare officer in the Women’s Auxiliary Air Force during the Second World War, and her subsequent decision to become a social worker, exposed her to some of the realities of South African life. In 1951 Helen took a job win the militant Garment Workers Union, led by Solly Sachs. Sachs had a profound influence on Helen - from him she learnt her politics. Helen was a founder member of the ANC’s white ally, the Congress of Democrats, and in 1955 was one of the leaders who read out the clauses of the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People, Kliptown. Helen was appalled by the double oppression of black women, and was a pivotal figure in the formation of the Federation of South African Women. The 8th August 1956 was one of the most important moments of her illustrious political career, when, with the FEDSAW leaders she spear” headed a march of 20 000 women to Pretoria’s Union Buildings to protest against the pass laws. August 8 has, since then, been commemorated as South African Women’s Day. Arrested on a charge of high treason in December 1956, banned in 1957, Helen’s life became a long saga of police persecution. She was the first person to be placed under house arrest. She endured, and survived threats, bullets shot through her bedroom window late at night, even a bomb wired to her front gate. Her last banning order was lifted when she was in her 80th year. Helen used every opportunity, each brief respite from her restrictions to keep talking, to bear witness, to address meetings. She wrote three books:

Gauteng Province If This Be Treason; Tomorrow’s Sun, in which she documented her 8 0000 mile search for people banished to remote regions; and her autobiography, Side by Side. A voice at the back: “HELEN JOSEPH!” She had no natural children, but took into her care, as her own, the children of those who were sent to prison or into exile: Nelson and Winnie Mandela’s Zinzi and Zenani; Bram and Molly Fischer’s Ilsa; Eli and Violet Wienberg’s Sheila.

Hector Sikhumbuzo Nkula 1910-1988. Born on January 3, 1910, in Hackney (the Africans call the place Hekeni) in the district of Queenstown, Northern Cape, Hector Sikhumbuzo Nkula grew up under the guidance of his grandparents, since his parents were working and living in Cape Town. He had problems in attending school, which was over ten miles away, until he was “adopted” by a relative, Tony Makiwane, who was also the headmaster of the school. He was with the Makiwanes until he passed Standard Five. Since there was no Standard Six in the rural schools, he had to go to school in Queenstown for a year, where he joined Father Shaw of the Anglican faith and had to go through the whole church ritual: joining the church choir, practising on Saturdays, blowing bellows during services on Sundays. There was no time for sport. After completing his Standard Six, he went to St. Matthew’s near Kingwilliamstown, where he could not stay long because of climatic conditions - he was asthmatic - and had to go to Healdtown Institute near Fort Beaufort. There he spent three years, completing his teacher-training course before proceeding to Lovedale Institute where he did his higher teachers’ course. Whilst at Lovedale, he visited the library at Fort Hare, where for the first time he could read about politics. At Fort Hare the African students had frequent discussions with the white students from Rhodes University, Grahamstown. They discussed political issues. There were other forces, which influenced Nkula. His cousin, Hamilton Kraai, together with Hector’s uncle, Joseph Nkula, was involved in workers’ strikes in Johannesburg. Nearer home in Port Elizabeth, Samuel Masabalala led huge strikes involving thousands of workers. Now the young Hector could buy newspapers and could also explain to his father who could not read or write English. Hector could not proceed to Fort Hare because of financial difficulties. But with the help of Father Shaw he went to a seminary in Zonnebloem in Woodstock, a suburb of Cape Town. He completed his studies but was not allowed to do a degree in Arts, as the college councillors preferred one in Divinity. During the 18 months he was in Cape Town, a lot of things happened, and this was an eye-opener to Hector. On Saturdays he went to the city centre and to African townships where political meetings were attended, not only by Africans and Coloureds but also by whites. Here he saw, for the first time, whites campaigning together with blacks against a white government for the cause of the blacks. He read newspapers he had not known before: Umsebenzi, Forward, Black Worker and the Cape Times. Still pursing his desire to quench his thirst for knowledge, Hector proceeded to Kimberley. Besides attending school, he met the ANC leadership and rank and file in Kimberley. It was here in Kimberley that Hector Sikhumbuzo Nkula got his first ANC membership card, through Mweli-Skota, the former Secretary-General of the African National Congress. This was in 1932. From Kimberley Hector Nkula went to Johannesburg where his real political activity flourished. He worked in the Johannesburg structures of the ANC. He also joined the Communist party; wrote articles for Nkululeko, a Party journal, in Xhosa; taught at the Party night school in Ferreirastown. Joining the ANC and the Party did not interfere with his professional work as a teacher.

Gauteng Province In the 1960s, when he was over 50, he joined Umkhonto We Sizwe. He trained, went to ANC camps, patiently and loyally awaiting instructions from the ANC leadership. His commanders were no older than his sons - hence they called him Tat’u Nkula (father Nkula). He worked in ANC structures in Lusaka He died in December 1988

Johnstone Mfanafuthi Makatini 1932-1988 Born in Durban on February 8, 1932, Johnny was a bright and gifted child, and a talented debater at school. He was articulate, with an aptitude for languages - qualities he developed from his mother, Mama Jail, who was a well-known radio personality. Johnny attended high school at Adams College, Natal, where he was one of the soccer stars. Upon matriculating, he went on to train as a teacher. He taught at Mzinyathi in the Inanda area, and was soon active in organising opposition to the imposition of Bantu Education in African schools. He resigned from the teaching profession and registered as a part-time law student at Natal University. He devoted the rest of his time to organising the people as an activist of the ANC, becoming a key youth and student organiser around Durban and in the rural areas of Natal. He was actively involved in all the ANC campaigns of the period and was arrested on numerous occasions. Johnny was one of the principal organisers of both the historic Pietermaritzburg Conference of March 1961, which as addressed by Nelson Mandela Johnny was among the first group of volunteers from Natal to be sent out of the country for military training. In Johannesburg volunteers from other parts of the country joined them and Johnny, assisted by Joseph Jack, was put in charge of the combined group. Johnny led part of the group to Morocco, with instructions that on completion of the training he should remain in Morocco to receive new groups of trainees, which meant he was the ANC representative in that country. Trudging the streets of Rabat on an empty stomach and thrown out by one landlord after another for unpaid rent, Johnny nonetheless quickly lapped up the French language and within a year he spoke it with surprising fluency. In Morocco he worked and struck a close friendship with leaders of liberation movements from the then Portuguese colonies, among them Marcelino Dos Santos of Mozambique, Dr. Agostinho Neto of Angola and Amilcar Cabral of Guinea-Bissau. In 1963, Algeria became independent. An ANC mission was promptly opened in Algeria, headed by Robert Resha, a member of the National Executive of the ANC. Johnny, was transferred to join Robbie Resha in Algeria. The two made a dynamic partnership. Algeria, which hosted many liberation movements, mainly from Africa and including the Palestine Liberation Organisation, was a beehive of political activity involving solidarity support for the liberation struggle. In 1966, Johnny succeeded Robert Resha as Chief Representative in Algeria, and soon extended the activities of his mission to cover France, where he became a well-known personality in the circles of the solidarity movement. In 1974, Johnny became a member of the National Executive Committee of the ANC. He was already a well-known figure in Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and United Nations circles. It was these qualities that contributed to his appointment as head of the ANC mission to the United Nations in 1977 and later, in 1983, as head of the Department of International Affairs. After the 1985 National Consultative Conference of the ANC, Johnny transferred to Lusaka to give personal attention to his departmental responsibilities.

Gauteng Province Kate Mohale Born on January 2, 1928, Kate became an active militant of the ANC Sophiatown branch in the early 50s. She was one of the leaders in the campaign against the forced removal of the people of Sophiatown. In 1954 she was elected secretary of the ANC Sophiatown branch. This was a period when the Bantu Education Act was introduced and fierce campaigns were being launched Kate participated in these campaigns actively. She played a leading role in organising the Pioneer organisation in Sophiatown, then known as the Masupatsela (guides). The Masupatsela played an important part during the Bantu Education boycott, and for many months children in Sophiatown, Brakpan, Orlando, Randfontein, Alexandra and many other parts of the Transvaal and the Cape stayed away from school. In 1955 she was in the Johannesburg delegation, which went to the Native Commissioner to protest against the extension of passes to women. She played an important role in the drawing up of the Freedom Charter and its adoption in 1955. She was one of the people who went around the country conducting a survey of what the people of South Africa would want their country to be after liberation. She was one of the women who went around the country organising women for the successful August 9, 1956 Anti-pass campaign. She was an active participant of the Alexandra bus boycott of 1957. She was very active in the anti-rent campaign and went around organising people not to pay the increased rents. She served in the National Executive of the Women’s League of the African National Congress, and had also served as Secretary of the ANC Youth League for the Transvaal Region. With the introduction of 90 days detention, she was amongst those detained. After her release she was forced to go underground. Kate became a mother to hundreds of young men and women who to join the People’s army. Between 1970 and 1975, she was assigned the task of representing the Women’s Section in the Women’s International Democratic Federation, the WIDF. It was during this period that she travelled widely to the Soviet Union and other European countries, Canada, Latin America and many other places. She was part of the delegation led by President O.R. Tambo, which visited Cuba in 1978 during the World Youth and Students ‘Festival. At the end of her term in office at the WIDF Comrade Kate was based in Morogoro, Tanzania, where she devoted herself to looking after the children born in exile, while their mothers carried on with their revolutionary duties. She died in a car accident in Tanzania

Lilian Masediba Ngoyi (MA-NGOYI) In her dual capacity as President of the Federation of South African Women and also President of the African National Congress Women’s League, she led a historic march in which more than 20.000 women of all races participated on the 9th of August, 1956 to protest against the pass laws for women. During the middle fifties she, together with two other women leaders visited the headquarters of the Women’s International Democratic Federation, based in the German Democratic Republic. From there she visited several socialist countries, including the Soviet Union. She was arrested and charged of High Treason together with 155 other leaders of our revolutionary movement at the end of 1956. She had also been subjected to various types of bannings, which restricted her to the confines of her Mzimhlophe home in Soweto.

Gauteng Province Masabalala Bonnie Yengwa 1923-1987 Born on December 5th, 1923, near Mapumulo, in Natal, he was inspired by his father who had fought in the Bambatha Rebellion of 1906, and had been arrested for participating in the ANC anti-pass campaign in 1919. After his matriculation in 1943 M.B., worked for the Liquor and Catering Trade Union. He joined the Durban Branch of the ANC in 1945, immediately after being forced to apply for a pass. Subsequently he held various positions, gradually achieving senior positions during the formation of the Youth League in Natal in 1948. In 1951 he was elected to the Natal Provincial Executive Committee of the ANC, under Chief Luthuli as President. He helped to undermine the position of the conservative A.W.G. Champion and to promote the political career of Chief Luthuli. M.B. was appointed Natal Volunteer-in-Chief of the Defiance Campaign in June 1952 and was gaoled for two weeks as a passive resister. A year later he was banned from attending gatherings and entering certain districts. He was elected to attend the Queenstown Conference of the ANC (Queenstown was a permitted area) along with Oliver Tambo. Thus began his long personal association with s Mandela and Tambo. In 1945 he was deported to Mapumulo for two years. He was unable to attend the historic Congress of the People held on June 26, 1955, at Kliptown where the Freedom Charter was born. In 1956 he was charged with High Treason with 155 others but was discharged a year later. During these intermittent years of political activities he was articled to J.N. Singh, an attorney in Durban. In 1960 he obtained his Bachelor of Commerce degree and a year later his attorney’s admission certificate. In 1964 he was arrested for ANC activities and was sentenced to two years’ imprisonment together with 21 others. After the appeal hearing the sentence was reduced to 18 months. Released in November 1965, he was then confined to Mapumulo, forbidden to go beyond 25 yards from his home. Only his immediate family were allowed to visit him. In April 1966, he escaped to Swaziland. Edith and their four children joined him later that year. He practised as an attorney in Swaziland. In 1969 he was deported together with his family because of the South African pressure in Swaziland, and entered the United Kingdom as a refugee. M.B. Yengwa was a highly religious man. At an early age he became Durban Secretary of the African Congregational Church, later becoming a deacon of that church. He represented the ANC at the World Council of Churches’ meeting in Geneva to draw up a programme to combat racism. Because of a long, close association with Chief Albert Luthuli, he was made director of the Luthuli Memorial Foundation. In 1970 he was sent as an ANC delegate to a World Congress on religion in Japan and in the same year, he was present when the Luthuli Memorial Foundation was announced in Addis Ababa, in Ethiopia. He was proud of his Zulu culture, and wrote a novel in Zulu, Inqaba ka Mobelemade, published in the 1940s. In March 1971, while he was Chairman of the ANC London Region, M.B. Yengwa had a stroke. He lost the ability to speak fluently for almost three years. However, through sheer determination he made a marvellous recovery. He was elected again and again to chair the regional London meetings.

Joe Slovo Joe Slovo died on 6 January 1995. At the time of his death he held the following positions: National Chairperson, SACP Central Committee and Politburo member, SACP National Executive Committee member, ANC National Working Committee member, ANC

Gauteng Province

Minister of Housing, Government of National Unity Born in the village of Obelai, Lithuania on May 23, 1926 to Ann and Woolf Slovo, he had one younger sister, Reina. In the climate of anti-Semitism then rampant in the Baltic States, his family immigrated to South Africa when Slovo was eight. His father worked as a truck driver in Johannesburg. Slovo attended the Jewish Government School from 1935 to 1937; after that he went to Observatory Junior (1937-39), Yeoville Boys (1939-40) and finally Observatory Junior High School (1940). Here militant Irish teacher, John O’Meara, influenced him. His favourite school subject was history; his favourite activities debating and athletics. Slovo left school after Standard 6 in 1941. He went to work as a dispatch clerk at SA Druggists, joining the National Union of Distributive Workers. As a shopsteward, he was involved in organising a strike. He joined the SACP in 1942. Influenced by Red Army heroism, he left his surroundings in Doornfontein boarding house and volunteered to fight for the allies in World War II. He later became very active in the Springbok Legion. Between 1946 and 1950 he completed a BA LLB at Wits. He was politically active as a student, involving himself in all the ‘50s campaigns. In 1949 he married Ruth, the daughter of SACP treasurer Julius First. A parcel bomb killed her, in her office in Maputo, Mozambique in 1982. Both First and Slovo were listed as communists under the Suppression of Communism Act of 1954 and could not be quoted or attend public gatherings in South Africa. Slovo and First had three daughters—Shawn, Gillian and Robyn. Shawn Slovo’s account of her childhood has been turned into the successful Hollywood movie “A World Apart”. Slovo was a founder member of the Congress of Democrats. He represented COD on the national consultative committee of the Congress Alliance, which drew up the Freedom Charter. He was arrested and detained for two months during the Treason Trial of 1956. Charges against him were dropped in 1958. He was later arrested for six months during the State of Emergency declared after Sharpeville in 1960. In 1961, Slovo emerged as one of the leaders of Umkhonto we Sizwe. In 1963 he went into exile on instructions from the SACP and ANC. He spent his exile years in the UK, Angola, Mozambique and Zambia. In 1966 he did his LLM at the London School of Economics. Slovo was based in Mozambique until 1984, when he was elected general secretary of the SACP. At this point he was also MK’s chief of staff and a member of the NEC’s working committee. Slovo returned to South Africa in 1990 to participate in the early “talks about talks” between the government and the ANC. Following a short period of ill health, he said he would not stand again as SACP general secretary. At the party’s congress in South Africa in December 1991 Slovo was elected SACP chairperson; the late Chris Hani was elected general secretary. Slovo was a leading theoretician in both the party and the ANC. He wrote numerous articles for the African Communist, of which he was former editor, as well as countless pamphlets. He also contributed to several books such as “No Middle Road”. Always portrayed as an arch-Stalinist by the former South African government, Slovo surprised his critics with his “Has Socialism Failed?” pamphlet in 1989, acknowledging the weaknesses of socialism and excesses of Stalinism. In 1992 an adapted form of his “Sunset Clause” document, allowing for a form of power sharing with the government, was adopted by the NWC. Slovo loved classical music, particularly the work of Mahler, and his favourite book was Gogol’s “Dead Souls”. He was married to agricultural economist Helena Dolny and lived in Johannesburg.

Gauteng Province Oliver Reginald Tambo Born five years after the birth of the ANC, Oliver Reginald Tambo spent most of his life serving in the struggle against apartheid. ‘O R’, as he was popularly known by his peers, was born on 27th October 1917 in a rural town, Mbizana, in eastern Mpondoland in what was then the Cape Province (now Eastern Cape). His parents had converted to Christianity shortly before he was born. At the age of seven he began his formal education at the Ludeke Methodist School in the Mbizana district and completed his primary education at the Holy Cross Mission. He then transferred to Johannesburg to attend St Peters College, in Rossettenville, where he completed his high school education. From St Peters, Tambo went to study at the University College of Fort Hare, near Alice, where he obtained his Bachelor of Science Degree in 1941. It was at Fort Hare that he first became involved in the politics of the national liberation movement. He led a student class boycott in support of a demand to form a democratically elected Student’s Representative Council. As a consequence he was expelled from Fort Hare and was thus unable to complete his Bachelor of Science honours degree. In 1942, he returned to St Peters College as a science and mathematics teacher. At St Peters he was to teach many who later were to, play prominent roles in the ANC. Among these were Duma Nokwe who became the first black South African Advocate of the Supreme Court and a Secretary-General of the ANC. It was while he was in Johannesburg that Tambo threw himself body and soul into the ANC. He was among the founding members of the ANC Youth League (ANC YL) in 1944 and became its first National Secretary. He was elected President of the Transvaal ANCYL in 1948 and national vice-president in 1949. In the ANCYL, Tambo teamed up with Walter Sisulu, Nelson Mandela, Ashby Mda, Anton Lembede, Dr William Nkomo, Dr C.M.Majombozi and others to bring a bold, new spirit of militancy into the post-war ANC. In 1946 Tambo was elected onto the Transvaal Executive of the ANC. In 1948 he, together with Walter Sisulu were elected onto the National Executive Committee. This was of great significance to the ANCYL’s efforts to change the ANC. Instrumental in achieving this transformation was the Programme of Action, piloted by the ANCYL from branch level to the 1949 national conference at Bloemfontein O.R. Tambo served on the Committee that drew up the Programme of Action, which was adopted as national policy in 1949. The Programme of Action envisaged the transformation of the ANC from an organisation that held public meetings and occasionally petitioned the government to a campaigning movement that would draw in large numbers of people through mass actions, Involving civil disobedience, strikes, boycotts and other forms of non-violent resistance. It was through these means that the ANCYL hoped to change the ANC from an organisation addressing the African elite to a movement of struggle involving the mass of uneducated and unskilled Black Tambo left teaching soon after the adoption of the Programme of Action and set up a legal partnership with Nelson Mandela. The firm soon became known as a champion of the poor, victims of apartheid laws with little or no money to pay their legal costs. During the Campaign of Defiance of Unjust Laws of 1952, Oliver Tambo was among the numerous volunteers who courted imprisonment by deliberately breaking apartheid laws. His law firm partner and colleague, Nelson Mandela was the National volunteer in chief. The South African government’s attempts to suppress the Defiance Campaign resulted in one of the first mass trials in South African legal history. Though he himself was not among the accused, Tambo was close to the trial. It resulted in the designation of Sisulu and others found guilty of organising the Defiance Campaign as statutory “Communists”. (That is, though they were not Communists, in terms of the violations of the Suppression of Communism Act they had committed, the judiciary declared them “Communists” in terms of the statute.)

Gauteng Province One result was in 1955 Walter Sisulu, Secretary General of the ANC was banned in terms of the Suppression of Communism Act and ordered to resign his post as Secretary General. Oliver Tambo was appointed to fill the post, pending ratification by the annual conference. Hounded by banning orders and other restrictions, many of Tambo’s peers were unable to attend the Congress of the People in June 1955. Oliver Tambo was not only on the platform but also served on the National Action Council, which headed the mobilisation for the COP. It was because of this role that Tambo found himself among the 156 accused in the marathon Treason Trial in 1956. In 1958, Oliver Tambo left the post of Secretary General to become the Deputy President of the ANC. The following year, 1959, he like many of his colleagues was served with five-year banning order. After the 1960 Sharpeville massacre, Tambo was designated by the ANC to travel abroad to set up the ANC’s international mission and mobilise international opinion in opposition to the apartheid system. Working in conjunction with Dr Yusuf Dadoo he was instrumental in the establishment of the South African United Front, which brought together the external missions of the ANC, the PAC, the SA Indian Congress and the South West African National Union (SWANU). As a result of a very successful lobbying campaign the South African United Front was able to secure the expulsion of South Africa from the Commonwealth in 1961. After this initial success the SAUF broke up in July 1961. Assisted by African government, Tambo was able to establish ANC mission in Egypt, Ghana, Morocco and in London. From these small beginnings, under his stewardship the ANC acquired missions in 27 countries by 1990. These include all the permanent members of the UN Security Council, with the exception of China, two missions in Asia and one in Australasia. The suppression of the 1961 stay-at-home strike led to the ANC adopting the armed struggle as part of its strategy. Tambo was again an important factor in securing the co-operation of numerous African governments in providing training and camp facilities for the ANC. In 1965 Tanzania and Zambia gave the ANC camp facilities to house trained Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) combatants. In 1967, after the death of ANC President General Chief Albert J. Luthuli, Tambo became Acting president until the Morogoro Conference approved his appointment to the Presidency in 1969. During the 1970s Oliver Tambo’s international prestige rose immensely as he traversed the world, addressing the United Nations and other international gatherings on the issue of apartheid. He became the key figure in the ANC’s Revolutionary Council (RC), which had been set up at the Morogoro Conference to oversee the reconstruction of the ANC’s internal machinery and to improve its underground capacity. When Portuguese colonialism collapsed in 1975, the ANC stood poised to take maximum advantage of the geo-political changes. Angola offered camp and training facilities for MK, and the long- standing relationship with Frelimo enabled the ANC to acquire diplomatic facilities close to South Africa. In 1985 Tambo was re-elected ANC President at the Kabwe Conference. In that capacity he served also as the Head of the Politico-Military Council (PMC) of the ANC, and as Commander in Chief of Umkhonto we Sizwe. Among black South African leaders, Oliver Tambo was probably the most highly respected on the African continent, in Europe, Asia and the Americas. During his stewardship of the ANC he raised its international prestige and status to that of an alternative to the Pretoria Government. He was received with the protocol reserved for Heads of State in many parts of the world. During his years in the ANC, Oliver Tambo played a major role in the growth and development of the movement and its policies. He was among the generation of African nationalist leaders who emerged after the Second World War who were instrumental in the transformation of the ANC from a liberal-constitutionalist organisation into a radical national liberation movement.

Gauteng Province In 1989 Oliver Tambo suffered a stroke, and underwent extensive medical treatment. He returned to South Africa in 1991, after over three decades in exile. At the ANC’s first legal national conference inside South Africa, held in Durban in July 1991, Tambo was elected National Chairperson of the ANC. He was also chairperson of the ANC’s Emancipation Commission. Oliver Reginald Tambo died from a stroke at 3.10am on 24 April 1993.

Useful Information

Ndebele Beadwork an ancient art form. The Ndebele have practised the art of bead working for the past 500 years. They first came into contact with beads during the 16th century when the Portuguese began to trade glass beads for ivory and gold. From earliest times until the early 1960’s Ndebele bead work featured red and blue motifs worked onto white backgrounds. Since the beginning of the 60’s however, black, blue, purple and green beads have replaced white beads as the predominant colours. The motifs have changed and where the sun and male and female symbols were popular amongst early bead workers, modern fashion conscious traditionalist will wear beadwork which include razor blade, number plate and even telephone pole designs. It is possible to estimate the age of a piece of beadwork by means of its materials, colours and motifs. Pieces that are comprised predominantly of tiny white glass beads are usually very old, while more modern artefacts show a variety of colours and motifs and can include a variety of new materials such as braid, insulation tape and plastic beads Young girls: The dress worn by the very young is extremely simple. Young girls wear fringed beaded front aprons comprised of cords weighted down by one or two beads called ghabi. As the girls get older their front aprons become progressively longer. When they reach puberty they undergo a ceremony (during which they are isolated in a hut for about a month) in order to attain marriageable status. The dress of marriageable, unmarried girls differs greatly from that of their younger teenage sister. A stiff, rectangular apron replaces the ghabi or ipepetu and she wears several beaded hoops or isigholwani around her arms, legs, neck and waist. Married women: In Ndebele culture married women who can easily be recognised by their elaborate and spectacular costumes. It is customary for married women to cover her breasts so she will usually wear a blanket over her shoulders. Most popular are the so-called “Middelburg blankets” with their easily recognisable red, green, blue and yellow stripes. Often blankets are beaded. These are known as ngurara. On ceremonial occasions a linaga or beaded goatskin cape is worn instead of a blanket. The aprons worn by married women on ceremonial occasions also differ from those worn for everyday use. Everyday aprons or amophotho are rectangular with a small fringe inset at the bottom, while five-panelled tshogholo’s are worn on ceremonial occasions. In the past both aprons were made of goatskin but nowadays skins are increasingly being replaced by canvas. Newly Married women often wear a thick, heavily beaded hoop made of twisted grass, rholwani, around their necks. The rholwani is only worn until after her home has been built when it is cut off and replaced by copper or brass bands known as iindzila. These are seen as an indication of her husband’s wealth - the more neck bands she wears, the richer her husband. Today many women wear gold or silver plated plastic neckbands instead of the traditional but more expensive copper or brass. Ndebele women can sometimes be seen wearing long strands of beads, which hang to the ground on either side of a head band. These milingckobe or “long tears” show that she has a son is currently attending wela, the initiation or circumcision school through which he must pass to become a man.

Gauteng Province Ndebele man: In complete contrast to their women, the dress of Ndebele men is relatively simple. Very young boys often go naked but can also wear a simple, braided goatskin apron or ghabi. This is sometimes worn with a back apron as well. Before they undergo circumcision the Ndebele believe that their young men have not been united with their souls and as such they are not really human. As a result they are allowed to behave more or less as they want and wear anything that takes their fancy. Their basic garment remains the ghabi but this is often supplemented by a number of decorative items, often borrowed from their sisters or girlfriends. The main feature of a man’s traditional dress is his poriaan -a bib of animal skin, which hangs between his legs when he sits. The top of the poriaan is often decorated with a strip of beads. Men may also wear one or two thin beaded hoops around their necks while animal skinhead rings to which are attached by a cord, which fastens at the back of the head, are also quite common. Traditional weapons are an inseparable part of any man’s traditional dress and include light spears and knobkierries. Ndebele shields are fairly small and round. Made of hardened cowhide, they are attached to a handle made out of a bundle of sticks, which could be shaken during battle to produce a rattling sound that would hopefully frighten the enemy.

Ndebele Murals Intimately intertwined with the rituals and ceremonies that mark the meter of their lives, art is as much a part of the Ndebele’s daily life as is the African sunrise. Both painting and beadwork are the exclusive domain of the Ndebele women. Exposed to it from birth, they are taught the finer points of these crafts along with other secrets of womanhood during their initiation at the onset of puberty. The origins of painting among the Ndebele are largely unknown, but it is generally thought that it evolved along with the advent of the clay-walled hut sometime during the 18th century. Among Ndebele artists’ colours have no specific symbolic meaning and their choice is merely limited to what is available and the individual artist’s personal preference. The earliest murals were painted with colours drawn from the earth. Natural clay pigments - red, yellow, white, grey and black - were mixed with cow dung and charcoal and a base colour was applied to the walls by hand producing a three dimensional textural pattern called ikghuphu. Working on this base the artist added a variety of colours and designs using brushes made of twigs and feathers to complete the mural. Today Ndebele artists use indaga, the modern word of the bright, commercially produced paints that have added an inexhaustible range of hues to the mural painter’s palette. These paints are often mixed with lime or clay to obtain a range of subtle tones that are unique to the Ndebele. In painting the motifs all designs are drawn freehand. Using only the hand or brush the artist applies them directly to the wall without first tracing a pattern or pencilling in a single guiding line. Ndebele draw their designs from life. The motifs are generally geometric and form a mirror image on each side of a centre line. In earlier times earth-coloured chevrons and triangles were popular but as the Ndebele came into contact with other ways of life the artists soulfully embraced elements of these cultures and fused them with their own to produce a dynamic and continually evolving style of art that reflects those things which have influenced their way of life. Today light bulbs, razor blades (tshefana) telephone poles, car number plates and aeroplanes (ufly) mingle with more traditional motifs in the kaleidoscope of modern mural art. Today Ndebele art is much sought after by collectors all over the world. As such it provides a much-needed source of income for many rural Ndebele women who, equipped only with traditional skills would otherwise find it difficult to earn an acceptable living.

Gauteng Province

Bibliography Bawcombe’s, Philip. - Johannesburg Bulpin, TV. Discovering Southern Africa Readers Digest. Illustrated History of South Africa Oberholser, J J. The Historical Monuments of South Africa Transvaal - The Golden Province Johannesburg - One Hundred Years Andrews, TE. God’s Acre. 2nd Edition 1994 Andrews, TE. Pretoria Street names. Mahabela, Harry. Townships of the PWV. S A Institute of Race Relations 1988 Internet; ANC Home Page

Gauteng Province

INDEX

A

Abdullah Abdurahman, 124 Abe Bailey, 63 Adler Museum, 37 Adolf Goetz, 63 African Window, 77 Agriculture, 19, 23, 28, 69 Air Force Museum, 74 Airforce Memorial, 74 Airways, 24 Albert Luthuli, 127 Alexandra, 114 Alexandra Township, 58 Alfred Beit, 62 Andrew Gowan, 12 Anglo American, 33 Archaeological Sites, Vereeniging, 110 Archbishop Desmond Tutu’s home, 55 Artillery Road, 83 Atteridgeville, 96, 115 Austin Roberts Bird Sanctuary, 85 Avalon Cemetery, 56

B

Bantule, 87 Barney Barnato, 62 Bekkersdal, 115 Benoni, 104 Bernberg Museum of Costume, 41 Boipatong, 116 Boksburg, 103 Bophelong, 117 Brakpan, 105 Bronkhorstspruit, 112 Bryntirion, 81 Burgers Park, 80 Bushmen, 20 Business, 18

C

Carltonville, 112 Catering, 18 Cecil John Rhodes, 62 Central News Agency, 32 Centurion, 81 Charles Wernher, 62 Chris Hani, 133 Church Square, 60, 71 Church Street, 71 City Hall, 35, 79 Claremont, 89 Clements Kadalie, 126 Climate, 28, 69 Climatic Features, 22 Commerce, 18 Commissioner Street, 31 CSIR, 85 Cullinan, 113 Cuthberts, 36

D

Daveyton, 117 Defense Headquarters, 82 Diagonal Street, 36, 37 Diaz Cross, 30 Diepmeadow, 117 Discoverers of the Main Reef, 31 Dobsonville, 118 Donavon, 12 Drill Hall, Joubert Park, 58 Duduza, 118 Dulcie September, 131 Duncanville Archaeological Site, 110 Dwane, 125

E

Early Europeans, 12 Early Inhabitants, 11, 66 Early Stone Age, 20 Economy, 16 Economy & Finance, 27, 70 Education, 29, 69 Eersterust, 94 Ekangala, 119 Enoch Sontonga, 63 Enoch Sontonga, Brixton Cemetery, 58 Evaton, 120

F

Fauna and Flora, 22, 28, 68 Financial, 18 First and Second Stock Exchange, 33 First National Bank, 33 First National Bank Museum, 35 Florence Mophosho, 132 Fort Klapperkop, 76 Fountains”, 85 Freedom Charter, 48 Freedom Square, 54 FREEDOM TRAIL, 51 Fresh Water, 66 Fresh Water Resources, 23

G

Gandhi Square, 51 Garankuwa, 90 Garden of Remembrance, 110 Geological, 19 George Albu, 63 George Stow Obelisk and Cenotaph, 110 Germiston, 104 Gert Nsibande, 133 Gold Claims, 31 Gold Reef City, 41, 51 Grand Central, 25 Grietjie, 73 Guildhall, 35

Gauteng Province H

Harper Road Bridge, 42 Hartebeespoort Dam, 86 Hector Petersen Memorial, 55 Hector Sikhumbuzo Nkula, 135 Heidelberg, 111 Helen Joseph, 134 Herbalist Shop, 37 Hermann Eckstein, 62 Hermann Eckstein Park, 41 Hillbrow, 42

I

Impumelelo, 120 Institute of Medical Research, 37 Iron Age, 21 ISCOR, 82

J

Jacaranda City, 70 Jacarandas, 71 Jameson, 31 Joe Slovo, 139 Johannesburg Art Gallery, 40 Johannesburg Botanical Gardens, 40 Johannesburg Fort, 56 John L Dube, 125 John Tengo Jabavu, 124 Johnstone Mfanafuthi Makatini, 136 Joseph Benjamin Robinson, 63 Joubert Park, 39

K

Kagiso, 120 Kate Mohale, 137 Katlehong, 121 Kempton Park, 105 Khoikhoi, 21 Khoisan, 20 Kilnerton, 88 Klip River Quarry, 110 Kliptown, 54 Kruger House, 76 Krugersdorp, 106 Kwa-Thema, 121

L

Lady Selborne, 89 Language composition, 22 Lanseria International Airport, 25 Late Stone Age, 20 Laudium, 98 Lilian Masediba Ngoyi, 138 Lilliesleaf Farm, Rivonia, 59 Lionel Phillips, 62

M

Magistrates Courts, 33 Magnolia Dell, 85 Mamelodi, 91, 121

Mamelodi Cemetery, 61 Mandela and Tambo, 53 Mandela Family Home, 54 Manufacturing, 16 Market Theatre, 40 Markhams, 36 Masabalala Bonnie Yengwa, 138 Melville Koppies, 30 Meyerton, 111 Middle Stone Age, 20 Mining, 18, 19, 68 Moshweshwe, 123 Munsieville, 120 Museum Africa, 40 Museum of Geological Survey, 77

N

N.Z.A.S.M. Locomotive, 29 National Bank and the Mint, 72 National Zoological Gardens, 86 Ndebele Beadwork, 143 Ndebele Murals, 144 Nelson Mandela, 128 Newtown Cultural Precinct, 52

O

Old Fort, 30 Old Machine Building, 83 Old Reserve Bank, 72 Oliver Reginald Tambo, 140 Onderstepoort, 86 Oriental Plaza, 42

P

Palace of Justice, 72 Parktown, 42 Peace Monument, 110 Peace Negotiations Site, 110 Percy Fitzpatrick, 62 Physical Features, 11 Pioneer Museum, 78 Population, 21, 28 Post Office, 72 Prehistoric and Early History, 20 PRETORIA, 65 Pretoria Art Museum, 78 Pretoria Central Prison, 59, 82 Pretoria Population, 68 Pretoria Station, 79 Pritchard Street, 35 Public Library, 34

R

Raadsaal, 73 Railways, 23 Rand Airport, 25 Rand Club, 32 Randfontein, 106 Randjeslaagte Beacon, 30 Randse Afrikaans University, 39 Rissik Street Post Office, 35

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Gauteng Province Riverside, 94 Roads, 24 Robert Sobukwe, 128 Roodepoort, 105

S

Salvokop, 85 Sammy Marks, 63 Sammy Marks Museum, 78 Science and Technology Museum, 78 Sekhukhune I, 123 Sharpeville, 122 Sharpeville Police Station, 55 Smuts Museum, 77 Sol T. Plaatje, 125 Solly Joel, 63 Solomon Mahlangu Square, 60 Sophiatown, 52 Soshanguve, 100, 122 South African Air Force, 75 South African Broadcasting Corporation, 38 South African Bureau of Standards, 84 Soweto, 43 Springs, 107 Staats Model Skool, 80 Standard Bank, 32 State Theatre, 80 statistics, 17 Sterkfontein Caves, 107 Stock Exchange - Diagonal Street, 37 Stone House, Parktown, 30 Strydom Memorial, 80 Supreme Court, 36

T

Tembisa, 122 The Randlords, 61 Third Stock Exchange, 34 Thokoza, 122 Tiyo Soga, 124 Transport, 29, 70 Transvaal, 11 Transvaal Administration Building, 79 Transvaal Museum, 77 Tudor Buildings, 72 Turffontein Concentration Camp, 58

U

Union Building, 80 Union Buildings, 61 UNISA, 83 University of Pretoria, 84 University of the Witwatersrand, 56

V

Vanderbijlpark, 108 Vereeniging, 109 Vereeniging Museum, 110 Victoria Hotel, 80 Voortrekker Monument, 73 Voortrekker Museum, 73

Voortrekkerhoogte, 81

W

Walter Rubasana, 126 Walter Sisulu, 127 War Museum and War Memorial, 41 Water Supply, 29 Waverley, Johannesburg hideout of Bram

Fisher, 59 Westonaria, 112 William Prinsloo Museum, 78 Wintervled, 90 Witwatersrand University, 39 Wonderboom Airport, 25 Wonderboom Nature Reserve, 86 Workers’ Library, 52

Y

Yeoville, 53 Yusuf Mohamed Dadoo, 129

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