Les BRICs Simple Rattrapage Ou Convergence vers les pays de l'OCDE

7/23/2019 Les BRICs Simple Rattrapage Ou Convergence vers les pays de l'OCDE

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/les-brics-simple-rattrapage-ou-convergence-vers-les-pays-de-locde 1/50

IFW O_KGW 0 WKL^IF_DXX_D^DJF AV

GAESF_JFEGF 1

Hdes gfttf ëtuhf eaus tfetfraes h'dediysfr s'ki fxkstf uef gaevfrjfegf

hfs O_KGs fe tfrlfs hf ekvfdu hf vkf dvfg ifs pdys hf i'AGHF.



Xdoif hfs ldtkârfsKetrahugtkae ............................................................................................................................................. 7

K. Ifs O_KGs 0 Hfs ^dys fe Xrdescarldtkae .......................................................................................... 8

4. Lfsurf hf id tdkiif hfs ëgaealkfs .............................................................................................. 8

?. Hëgalpasktkae hf id grakssdegf ................................................................................................ 46

KK. Ifs O_KGs hu rdttrdpdjf î id eae gaevfrjfegf hfs ekvfdux hfs vkfs ............................................ ?;

4. Dujlfetdtkae hfs ekvfdux hf vkf î trdvfrs i‛dgguluidtkae hu gdpktdi ..................................... 7>

d. Ifs bypatbâsfs hf odsf ......................................................................................................... 7>

o. Lahâif hf Waiaw ................................................................................................................... 74

?. If lahâif Dujlfetë hf Waiaw 0 Ldemkw, _alfr, Zfki (4;;?) ............................................... 76

7. I‛fxpikgdtkae hu prajrâs tfgbekquf ft sfs klpikgdtkaes ............................................................ 73

d. Lahâif DM ............................................................................................................................. 73

o. Lahâif hf _ALF_ ................................................................................................................ 7:

g. Lahâif hf rfgbfrgbf ft hëvfiappflfet 0 _alfr (4;;>), Jrasslde ft Bfiplde (4;;4). .. 7;

h. Lahâif IVGDW (4;22) ............................................................................................................ 84

Gaegiuskae ............................................................................................................................................. 87

^drtkf Fgaealëtrkquf 0 Gaevfrjfegf.................................................................................................... 88Okoikajrdpbkf.......................................................................................................................................... 8:



_flfrgkflfet du GF^KK (Gfetrf h'ëtuhfs praspfgtkvfs ft

h'kecarldtkaes ketfredtkaedifs) paur id lksf î hkspasktkae hf

sd odsf hf haeeëf, eaus dydet pfrlks id lksf î okfe hf gfttf

ëtuhf.



Ketrahugtkae

Hdes if gdhrf hf eatrf dediysf sur id gaevfrjfegf hfs O_KGs vfrs ifs pdys hf i'AGHF,eaus eaus fccargfraes hf rëpaehrf î id qufstkae sukvdetf 0 ifs O_KGs vaet-kis gaevfrjfr

fe tfrlfs hf ekvfdu hf vkf vfrs ifs pdys hf i'AGHF 1

^aur gf cdkrf, eaus dvaes gbaksk h'dediysfr fe prflkârf pdrtkf i'fesfloif hfs lutdtkaesdlargëfs pdr ifs pdys hfs O_KGs quk tfehrdkt î eaus cdkrf grakrf, qu‛du-hfiî h'uerdttrdpdjf, ki pukssf dvakr uef gaevfrjfegf fe tfrlfs hf ekvfdu hf vkf vfrs gfux hfi'AGHF. G‛fst haeg paur gfttf rdksae quf eaus trdktfraes fe hfuxkâlf pdrtkf id

gaevfrjfegf rëfiif fccfgtuëf pdr ifs pdys O_KGs vfrs gfux hf i'AGHF.

_dppfiaes orkâvflfet h‛aû vkfet i‛dgraeylf O_KG quk sfrd fesuktf galpiëtë pdr

i'Dcrkquf hu Wuh pius tdrhkvflfet paur hfvfekr ifs O_KGs.

« Ifs O_KG saet hfs pdys î cartf grakssdegf, quk du hëout hu RRKf skâgif dvdkt ue pakhs

hdes i‛ëgaealkf laehkdif quk e‛d gfssë h‛dujlfetfr½.

Gf tfrlf fst dppdru paur id prflkârf caks fe ?>>4 hdes uef eatf hf @kl A'Efkii,ëgaealkstf hf id odequf h'kevfstkssflfet Jaihlde Wdgbs. Gfttf eatf d ëtë rfprksf fe?>>7 hdes ue rdppart puoikë pdr hfux ëgaealkstfs hf id làlf odequf. Gf rdppart

tfehdkt î laetrfr quf ifs ëgaealkfs hfs pdys hu jraupf O_KG diidkfet rdpkhflfet sfhëvfiappfr, if ^KO tatdi hfs O_KG hfvrdkt ëjdifr fe ?>8> gfiuk hu J3 (ifs Ëtdts-Veks, if@dpae, if _aydulf-Vek, i‛Diifldjef, id Crdegf ft i‛Ktdikf). _fjraupës, ifs O_KG paurrdkfet

cdkrf gaetrfpakhs du J2 (haet id _usskf cdkt paurtdet hë`î pdrtkf). ½

Ki fst { eatfr quf paur sd pdrt i'AGHF (I‛Arjdeksdtkae hf gaapërdtkae ft hfhëvfiappflfet ëgaealkqufs) fst gaestktuëf hf 78 lflorfs, caehëf fe 4;82 paurlfttrf fe pidgf if pide Ldrsbdii. Gfttf hfrekârf vfrrd sae røif gbdejfr î id cke hf id lksf

fe pidgf hf gf làlf pide fe 4;6?, paur sf taurefr vfrs ifs ëtuhfs ëgaealkqufs.



K. Ifs O_KGs 0 Hfs ^dys fe Xrdescarldtkae

4. Lfsurf hf id tdkiif hfs ëgaealkfs

^aur dpprëgkfr i‛ëvaiutkae strugturfiif hfs pdys galpasdet i‛dgraeylf O_KGs, ki

gaevkfet hf prfehrf ifs kehkgdtfurs ifs pius pfrtkefets, g‛fst { hkrf ifs kehkgdtfurs qukpfrlfttraet hf lfsurfr id tdkiif rfidtkvf hf pdys ëlfrjfets tfis quf id Gbkef ft i‛Kehfpdr rdppart dux pdys hf i‛AGHF.

Ifs prkegkpdux kehkgdtfurs quk sfraet utkiksës hdes gfttf pdrtkf, saet if prahukt ketërkfurorut (^KO) fe vaiulf, if ^KO pdr bdoktdet fxprklë fe VWH gaurdet ft fe pdrktë hfpauvakr h‛dgbdt (^^D). Hf ldekârf jëeërdif, if ^KO pdr bdoktdet fst if lfkiifurkehkgdtfur hf ekvfdu hf vkf layfe, tdehks quf if ^KO fe vaiulf trdhukt piutøt id tdkiif huldrgbë ketërkfur paur ifs kevfstkssfurs. Gfttf pdrtkf, trdktfrd dussk hf i‛kevfstkssflfet fthu stagm hf gdpktdi hdes gbdquf ëgaealkf.

Id lfsurf ëgaealkquf pdr if prahukt ketërkfur orut haeef uef vkskae hf id tdkiif h‛uef

ëgaealkf, eatdllfet hf sae ldrgbë ketërkfur. Hfux pdys hf i‛AGHF aet ëtë gbaksks0h‛uef pdrt ifs Ftdts-Veks, gdr ifs hkccërfetfs ketfrdgtkaes fetrf gf pdys ft ifs pdysëlfrjfets, eatdllfet id Gbkef, ft id pidgf hf sae ëgaealkf hdes if laehf (4ârfëgaealkf laehkdif fe ^KO), fe caet ue dgtfur ld`fur. H‛dutrf pdrt i‛Diifldjef quk, pdrif hyedlkslf hf sae ëgaealkf (4ârf ëgaealkf furapëfeef) ft sae pakhs hdes ifs

ëgbdejfs gallfrgkdux laehkdux fe caet ue dgtfur gaeskhërdoif.

Du rfjdrh hf gf jrdpbkquf, ae pfut fstklfr qu‛ki fxkstf ’hfux pakhs hfux lfsurfs’. Fe

fccft id Gbkef fst id sfuif ëgaealkf hfs O_KGs î efttflfet dcckgbfr sae dsgfeskae fetfrlfs hf ^KO.

>

?>>>>>>

8>>>>>>

3>>>>>>

2>>>>>>

4>>>>>>>

4?>>>>>>

48>>>>>>

y 4 ; ; >

y 4 ; ; 4

y 4 ; ; ?

y 4 ; ; 7

y 4 ; ; 8

y 4 ; ; 6

y 4 ; ; 3

y 4 ; ; :

y 4 ; ; 2

y 4 ; ; ;

y ? > > >

y ? > > 4

y ? > > ?

y ? > > 7

y ? > > 8

y ? > > 6

y ? > > 3

y ? > > :

y ? > > 2

y ? > > ;

y ? > 4 >

^KO fe VWH gaurdet

Ordzki

Gbkef

Kehf

_usskf

Wautb dcrkgd

Vsd

Diifldjef



Wae ëgaealkf d hë`î hëpdssë gfiif hf i‛Diifldjef { i‛barkzae hf i‛deeëf ?>>: (74;4lkiikdrhs h‛VWH) gaetrf ?::7 paur i‛ëgaealkf diifldehf. Fe pdrtdet h‛ue ekvfdusklkidkrf dux dutrfs ëgaealkfs fe 4;;>, fiif fst id sfuif î dggraktrf astfeskoiflfet sae^KO { i‛arëf hfs deeëfs ?>>>. Du vuf hf sae rytblf h‛ëiëvdtkae grakssdet , fiif sfrd id

prflkârf î dttfkehrf if ekvfdu hu ^KO dlërkgdke.Dvfg ;,2% hf grakssdegf deeufiif, id Gbkef prfeh uef pidgf klpartdetf hdes ifsëgbdejfs laehkdux. Latfur hf id prahugtkae kehustrkfiif fe Dskf, sauvfet hëgrktfgallf ëtdet ’i‛dtfikfr hu laehf“, fiif fst paur if lalfet , id sfuif î pauvakr rëpaehrf îid hfldehf hf gaesalldtkae laehkdif pravfedet hfs pdys hf i‛AGHF ft eatdllfethfs Ftdts-Veks ft hf i‛Vekae Furapëfeef.

Ifs dutrfs ëgaealkfs ëlfrjfetfs tfiifs quf i‛Kehf, id _usskf ft if Orëski aet ue rytblfhf grakssdegf sklkidkrf, làlf sk fiifs saet iake hu ^KO gbkeaks. If jrdpbkquf laetrf ue

rdttrdpdjf pfu î pfu hf gfs ëgaealkfs vfrs if ekvfdu hu ^KO diifldeh, ldks saet fegarfiake hu ^KO dlërkgdke. Fe gf quk gaegfref i‛Dcrkquf hu Wuh, gf pdys rfstf fe rftrdkt.

Ifs ëgaealkfs russfs, kehkfeefs ft orëskikfeefs sf lahkckfet, fiifs rfstfet fegarf trâs

gaegfetrëfs sur ifs rfssaurgfs edturfiifs qu‛fiifs passâhfet tfiifs quf 0

- âur if Orëski0 ifs okagdrourdets jrïgf dux guiturfs hf sugrf hf gdeef (4frfxpartdtfur laehkdi), fxpiaktdtkaes lkekârfs ft byhragdrourfs

- âur i‛Kehf0 fxpartdtfur hf gërëdifs 0 rkz, 7âlf fxpartdtfur laehkdi hf cfr ft hfgbdroae.

- âur id _usskf0 byhragdrourfs, lëtdux (diulkekul, gukvrf, pdiidhkul, cfr), 4fr

fxpartdtfur laehkdi hf pëtraif ft ?eh hf jdz.- I‛Dcrkquf hu Wuh 0 ifs lëtdux klpartdets tfis quf hf i‛ar ft hu pidtkef.

Id bdussf hfs gaurs hfs ldtkârfs prflkârfs (eatdllfet gërëdifs ft pëtraif)pfrlfttfet i‛ferkgbkssflfet hf gfs ëgaealkfs. Eëdelakes, fiifs rfstfet crdjkifs hf pdrifs vdrkdtkaes hf gfs làlfs gaurs. G‛fst paurquak, gfs ëgaealkfs sf hkvfrskckfet pfu îpfu vfrs hfs ëgaealkfs hf ldrgbë fe dggarhdet uef pidgf pius klpartdetf du sfgtfursfgaehdkrf ft gfiuk hfs sfrvkgfs.If Orëski d id prflkârf kehustrkf h‛Dlërkquf idtkef, if pdys kevfstkt hdes i‛ëefrjkf(gaestrugtkae h‛byhraikfeefs ft hf gfetrdifs eugiëdkrfs), dkesk quf hdes ifs bdutfs

tfgbeaiajkfs, if haldkef lëhkgdi ft if haldkef spdtkdi.I‛kehf d hfpuks 4;;>, uef pidgf klpartdetf paur id gaestrugtkae ft id saus-trdktdegfdutalaokif gdr if ldrgbë kehkfe jrasskt, dkesk quf hdes id tëiëpbaekf laokif. Hf pius, ifsfgtfur hfs sfrvkgfs prfeh uef pidgf hdes i‛ëgaealkf kehkfeef pius klpartdetf qufhdes e‛klpartf qufiif dutrf ëgaealkf ëlfrjfetf. Fe fccft, if sfgtfur hf i‛kecarldtkquffst hapë pdr i‛klpidetdtkae hf ckrlfs ëtrdejârfs quk flpiakfet ue jrdeh ealorf hfpfrsaeefs. G‛fst ue sfgtfur ciarkssdet quk pfrlft id grëdtkae hf iajkgkfi ft hf ldtërkfi hfpaketf paur ifs bdutfs tfgbeaiajkfs.

Id _usskf oëeëckgkf qudet { fiif h‛ue sfgtfur kehustrkfi klpartdet, qu‛fiif d bërktë hf i‛Vekae Wavkëtkquf.



Ldijrë if vkfkiikssflfet hf sfs kestdiidtkaes, id _usskf rfstf ue bdut ikfu hf id skhërurjkf.If sfgtfur dutalaokif oëeëckgkf hf carts kevfstkssflfets, ki sf grëf hfs gfetrfs h‛dccdkrfs.Fecke, if sfgtfur djradiklfetdkrf rfprësfetf ?>% hf i‛ëgaealkf russf.

I‛Dcrkquf hu Wuh, rfprësfetf if qudrt hfs rkgbfssfs hu gaetkefet Dcrkgdke. If sfgtfur hf

i‛kehustrkf sf pasktkaeef sur i‛ëefrjkf. Fecke if sfgtfur tfrtkdkrf, sf tauref vfrs ifstëiëgalluekgdtkaes.

Ifs traks jrdpbkqufs sukvdet pfrlfttfet hf gaeckrlfr gf quk d ëtë hkt prëgëhfllfet 0

Id pdrt hu sfgtfur prkldkrf s‛fst gaeskhërdoiflfet rëhuktf gfs ?> hfrekârfs deeëfs.Eatdllfet fe Gbkef ft fe Kehf au ifs lauvflfets hf papuidtkaes sf saet cdkt rfssfetkr.Fe fccft, hf ealorfux kehkvkhus aet qukttë ifs gdlpdjefs paur hfs flpiaks hdes ifs

sfgtfurs urodeksës.

>

4>

?>

7>

8>

6>

3>

:>

2>

4 ; ; >

4 ; ; 4

4 ; ; ?

4 ; ; 7

4 ; ; 8

4 ; ; 6

4 ; ; 3

4 ; ; :

4 ; ; 2

4 ; ; ;

? > > >

? > > 4

? > > ?

? > > 7

? > > 8

? > > 6

? > > 3

? > > :

? > > 2

? > > ;

^drt hu sfgtfur prkldkrf

O_D

GBE

HFV

_VW

WD

VWD

KEH

>

6

4>

46

?>

?6

7>

76

8>

86

4 ; ; >

4 ; ; 4

4 ; ; ?

4 ; ; 7

4 ; ; 8

4 ; ; 6

4 ; ; 3

4 ; ; :

4 ; ; 2

4 ; ; ;

? > > >

? > > 4

? > > ?

? > > 7

? > > 8

? > > 6

? > > 3

? > > :

? > > 2

? > > ;

^drt hu sfgtfur sfgaehdkrf

O_D

GBK

JF_

KEH

_VW

WD

VWD



Gf jrdpbkquf kiiustrf pfut-àtrf if lkfux, id trdescarldtkae hfs ëgaealkfs hfs O_KGs. Fefccft, ki laetrf hfux tfehdegfs 0

- Ve rdttrdpdjf eft hf gfs ëgaealkfs vfrs ifs vkfux pdys kehustrkdiksës gallf ifsFtdts-Veks ft i‛Diifldjef. I‛kehf ëtdet if pdys quk du hëout hfs deeëfs ;> dvdkt iftdux h‛kehustrkdiksdtkae if lakes ëifvë hf taus ifs pdys O_KGs.

- Vef hklkeutkae prajrfsskvf hf id pdrt hf i‛kehustrkf hdes ifs ëgaealkfskehustrkdiksëfs. Gfttf tfehdegf, sf rfssfet gallf if laetrf id gaurof hfs VWD.Fiif fst fegarf pius vkskoif paur i‛Diifldjef. If gds hf id _usskf hakt àtrf prks îpdrt hf gfux hfs dutrfs pdys ëlfrjfets gdr g‛fst id sfuif { dvakr du hëout hfsdeeëfs ;> ue sagif kehustrkfi galpdrdoif { gfux hfs pdys hf i‛AGHF. Gf pdys sukthaeg piutøt ue gygif hf hëskehustrkdiksdtkae quk taugbf ifs pdys kehustrkdiksës.

Ifs pdys kehustrkdiksës (VWD ft Diifldjef) aet trâs vktf vu ifurs ëgaealkfs dggarhfruef pidgf klpartdetf du sfgtfur hfs sfrvkgfs. Id _usskf, fiif dussk suokssdet uefhëskehustrkdiksdtkae cartf s‛fst pidgëf sur if sfgtfur hfs sfrvkgfs. If Orëski ft i‛Dcrkquf hu

Wuh aet hfs ekvfdux galpdrdoifs î gfux hf i‛kehustrkf diifldehf. Id Gbkef ft i‛Kehf aethfs ekvfdux fegarf efttflfet kecërkfur î gfux hfs dutrfs pdys, ldks ae pfut hë`îdcckrlfr qu‛kis vaet rdttrdpfr if jraupf ft eatdllfet i‛Kehf quk gbfrgbf { hfvfekr ue

pdys halkedet sur ifs tfgbeaiajkfs hf i‛kecarldtkquf hdes ifs deeëfs cuturfs.

Ki fst dussk passkoif h‛dediysfr id tdkiif h‛uef ëgaealkf { trdvfrs sae saihf gallfrgkdi

quk tëlakjef hf i‛dgguluidtkae hu gdpktdi hdes uef ëgaealkf.

>

4>

?>

7>

8>

6>

3>

:>

2>

;>

4 ; ; >

4 ; ; 4

4 ; ; ?

4 ; ; 7

4 ; ; 8

4 ; ; 6

4 ; ; 3

4 ; ; :

4 ; ; 2

4 ; ; ;

? > > >

? > > 4

? > > ?

? > > 7

? > > 8

? > > 6

? > > 3

? > > :

? > > 2

? > > ;

D x k s X k t i f

^drt hu sfgtfur tfrtdkrf

O_D

GBK

JF_

KEH

_VW

WD

VWD



Ifs saihfs gallfrgkdux ef pfrlfttfet pds hf hëtfrlkefr s‛ki y d ëiëvdtkae hu prahuktketërkfur orut au eae. Hdes gf sfes, ue pdys quk durdkt ue cart fxgëhfet gallfrgkdi e‛dpds dutaldtkquflfet pius hf grakssdegf ft hf rkgbfssf qu‛ue pdys dvfg ue cart hëckgktgallfrgkdi.

If gds hfs hfux pdys hf i‛AGHF gbakskt hfpuks if hëout hf gfttf pdrtkf (ifs Ftdts-Veks fti‛Diifldjef) if hëlaetrf okfe. Gfs hfux pdys aet hfs ^KO ëifvës ldijrë hfs strdtëjkfsgallfrgkdifs appasëfs. Ifs Ftdts-Veks aet ue hëckgkt gallfrgkdi diars quf ifsdiifldehs saet fxgëhfetdkrfs. Id strdtëjkf gallfrgkdif pfrlft i‛dgguluidtkae hfgdpktdi au eae. I‛dgguluidtkae hu cdgtfur gdpktdi sfrd fxpikquëf pdr id suktf. H‛ue pakethf vuf jiaodi, ae aosfrvf hfpuks ue gfrtdke tflps ue hësëqukikorf hf id odidegf

gaurdetf h‛ue gfrtdke ealorf hf pdys hf i‛AGHF.

D i‛duof hfs deeëfs ;>, sk ifs pdys hëvfiappës ferfjkstrdkfet fegarf hfs fxgëhfets

gallfrgkdux hdes ifurs ëgbdejfs dvfg ifs pdys fe hëvfiappflfet, id sktudtkae d okfegbdejë du`aurh‛buk.

If gds hfs Ftdts-Veks fe fst ue fxflpif sdkskssdet. Fetrf 4;;> ft ?>>> if hëckgktgallfrgkdi dlërkgdke fst pdssë hf 46 î 87 lkiikdrhs hf haiidrs paur ifs prahuktsldeucdgturës ft d guilkeë { 4>2 fe 4;;:. Gallf if laetrf if jrdpbkquf hf i‛AGHF, ifpdys d h‛arfs ft hë`î odttu sae rfgarh dvfg 46> lkiikdrhs hf hëckgkt du ?eh trklfstrf hf?>44.

Ki fe vd hf làlf paur ifs pdys hu J: quk aet paur id piupdrt hfs saihfs eëjdtkcs. Wfuis

i‛Diifldjef ft if @dpae aet fegarf hfs saihfs pasktkcs.Id lahkckgdtkae hf id odidegf gaurdetf hfs pdys kehustrkdiksës du cki hfs deeëfs rësuitfpfu î pfu hfs trdescfrts hf prahugtkae hf gfs pdys vfrs ifs pdys fe hëvfiappflfet (ifsfgtfur kehustrkfi hklkeudet paur ifs pdys hf i‛AGHF, gallf ae d pu if vakrprëgëhfllfet). Ae pfut ëjdiflfet eatfr quf, id hfldehf hf gaesalldtkae hfs pdyshf id Xrkdhf (Dlërkquf hu Earh, Vekae Furapëfeef, @dpae) dujlfetf. Dkesk quf ifs pdysfe hëvfiappflfet (surtaut id Gbkef) quk aet vu ifur grakssdegf dujlfetfr.

If gds hf id Gbkef trdhukt gfttf ëlfrjfegf, sae ëtrakt ikfe dvfg ifs Ftdts-Veks caet quf gfs

fxpartdtkaes gaestktufet fe jrdehf pdrtkf if hëckgkt dlërkgdke. If saihf gallfrgkdiGbkeaks d dttfket sae pius bdut ekvfdu du qudtrkâlf trklfstrf ?>>2 dvfg 86> lkiikdrhshf haiidrs gf quk iuk pfrlft hf hkspasfr h‛ëearlfs rësfrvfs hf gbdejf ft h‛aotfekr hfslayfes h‛kevfstkssflfets gaeskhërdoifs.



I‛fxflpif gbkeaks e‛fst pds uef fxgfptkae puksquf, { i‛fxgfptkae hf i‛Kehf taus ifs pdyshfs O_KGs aet hfs saihfs gallfrgkdux pasktkcs.

Id odidegf gallfrgkdif russf fst pasktkvf hfpuks id gbutf hf i‛V_WW ft id grëdtkae hfsrëpuoikqufs hf _usskf. Id hfldehf laehkdif h‛ëefrjkf (pëtraif ft jdz) ft if stdtutfxpartdtfur hf id _usskf hdes gf haldkef fxpikquf gft fxgëhfet gallfrgkdi.

Ordzki Kehkd Gbked_usskde

Cfhfrdtkae

Wautb

Dcrkgd

Vektfh

WtdtfsJfrldey

?>>> -7.:6:8:2 ->.;;;2:62 4.:4?>8>;2 42.>76788 ->.4878>:3 -8.?>6;2;3 -4.:444?:?

?>4> -?.?326862 -?.;;24?:2 6.46?62;48 8.:8:84;: -?.:24:7:? -7.??2?;>7 6.:?;>88:7

-4>

-6

>

6

4>

46

?>

Odidegf gallfrgkdif (fe % hu ^KO)

?>>>

?>4>

-2.6F+44

-3.6F+44

-8.6F+44

-?.6F+44

-6F+4>

4.6F+44

7.6F+44

Odidegf gallfrgkdif (fe haiidrs)

Ordzki

Kehkd

Gbked_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Wautb Dcrkgd

Vektfh Wtdtfs

Jfrldey



Id ikoërdiksdtkae hf i‛ëgaealkf orëskikfeef ft id cke hfs rfstrkgtkaes sur ifs klpartdtkaesft fxpartdtkaes d pfrlks id luitkpikgdtkae hfs ciux gallfrgkdux. Hf pius, if Orëski dvfgsfs fxpartdtkaes djradiklfetdkrfs d pfrlks hf hëjdjfr ue fxgâhfet eft hf 84 lkiikdrhshf haiidrs fe ?>>6.

Ifs fstkldtkaes hfs tdkiifs rfidtkvfs hfs ëgaealkfs ëlfrjfetfs pfuvfet àtrf trâshkccërfetfs sfiae i‛kehkgdtfur gbaksk. Ae fetfeh pdr i{, qu‛ki y d hfs hkvfrjfegfs aosfrvëfsfetrf uef lfsurf fe ^KO gaurdet gallf fiif d ëtë cdktf prëgëhfllfet ft uef lfsurf fe^KO fe ^^D.âur ifs : pius jras pdys kehustrkdiksës, id lfsurf hf id tdkiif rfidtkvf dosaiuf ef hkccârfpds fetrf ifs hfux kehkgdtfurs. Gfpfehdet paur ifs pdys hfs O_KGs gfid fst hkccârfet.âur traks hfs pdys ëlfrjfets (Gbkef, Kehf ft _usskf), id lfsurf fe ^^D haeef ueflfsurf hf id tdkiif hf ifurs ëgaealkfs supërkfurfs î uef sklpif lfsurf fe ^KO gaurdet.

- âur id Gbkef fe ?>44, if ^KO fst hf :7>4 lkiikdrhs $ gf quk cdkt hf i‛ëgaealkf

gbkeaksf id ?eh ëgaealkf hu laehf hfrrkârf ifs Ftdts- Veks. Dvfg ue ^KO fe ^^D,id Gbkef dttfket ifs 4>4?> lkiikdrhs $.

- âur id _usskf, if ^KO fe ?>44 fst hf 4:6? lkiikdrhs $, gf quk pidgf id _usskf î id;âlf pasktkae. Dvfg ue ^KO fxprklë fe ^^D, ki dttfket ?32: lkiikdrhs ( 3âlf)hfvdeêdet hfs pdys gallf if _aydulf-Veks ft id Crdegf quk aet paurtdet ue ^KOgaurdet pius fifvë quf gfiuk hf id _usskf.

- âur i‛Kehf fe ?>44, if ^KO gaurdet fst hf 487> lkiikdrhs $, gf quk fst if 44âlf ^KOlaehkdi. Gfpfehdet fe prfedet ue ^KO fe ^^D, ki dttfket 76?6, gf quk cdkt hf iuk if

8âlf

^KO laehkdi. If ^KO fe ^^D kehkfe hëpdssf if ^KO fe ^^D diifldeh.

I‛ëtuhf hfs ^KO hfs pdys flfrjfets fe pdrkt ë hf pauvakr h‛dgbdt haeef id làlfgaegiuskae quf gfiif hf i‛ëtuhf fe ^KO gaurdet, { sdvakr qu‛ue pbfeaeâlf hf rdttrdpdjfëgaealkquf hfs pdys ëlfrjfets vfrs ifs pdys kehustrkdiksës d gallfegë. I‛ëtuhf hu ^KOfe ^^D, laetrf quf gf rdttrdpdjf fst fegarf pius dggru. Fe fccft, gfrtdke pdys flfrjfetsaet hf`d hfpdssë hfs pdys kehustrkdiksës tfis quf if _aydulf-Veks ft id Crdegf.



If ^KO/ Bdoktdet, haeef uef vkskae hfs ekvfdux hf vkf hfs kehkvkhus du sfke h‛uefëgaealkf. Wur id përkahf 4;;>-?>4>, ae pfut gaestdtfr quf if ^KO/ bdoktdet d dujlfetëhdes taus ifs pdys O_KGs. Gfpfehdet, ki rfstf trâs kecërkfur du ^KO/ Bdoktdet hfs pdys tfisquf ifs Ftdts- Veks ft i‛Diifldjef. Wk id _usskf fst if sfui hf gfs pdys î sf hkssagkfr hfsdutrfs dvfg uef dujlfetdtkae eft hu ^KO/Bdoktdet eatdllfet hdes ifs deeëfs ?>>>,i‛ëiëvdtkae hu ^KO pdr tàtf fst ofdugaup lakes ldrquëf paur hfs pdys gallf id Gbkefft i‛Kehf.

Ki gaevkfet hf lfttrf fe dvdet ue kehkgdtfur pius qudiktdtkc pfrlfttdet uef vkskae pius

idrjf hu ekvfdu hf vkf aosfrvë.

« If hëvfiappflfet buldke fst i‛ëidrjkssflfet hfs ikofrtës haet ifs pfrsaeefs

hkspasfet paur vkvrf id vkf qu‛fiifs aet gbaksk. ½

I'kehkgdtfur hf hëvfiappflfet buldke, d ëtë grëë fe 44;> pdr i'ëgaealkstf DldrtydWfe paur rësauhrf ifs praoiâlfs ikës î i'dediysf hu ekvfdu hf vkf fe tfrlfs hf ^KO pdrbdoktdet gfiuk-gk ëtdet trap qudetktdtkc. Grëdet hf pius, hfs praoiâlfs h‛alksskae hfvdrkdoifs qudiktdtkvfs tfiifs quf i'dggâs î i'fdu, î id guiturf au fegarf if sdvakr(i'ëhugdtkae). Gft kehkgf, sf hëgalpasf fe traks cdgtfurs, ae aotkfet dprâs uef eatf diidet

hf > î 4. Ifs pdys dydet ifs lfkiifurs ekvfdux hf vkf sf trauvdet pragbf hf 4. Eaus eaussfrvkraes haeg hf gft kehkgdtfur paur garraoarfr gf quf i'ae d vu î pdrtkr hu ^KO pdrbdoktdet fe ^^D. Ft dkesk, ëvdiufr if patfetkfi rdttrdpdjf hfs pdys O_KGs sur gfux hf

i'AGHF du ekvfdu qudiktdtkc.

>

6>>>

4>>>>

46>>>

?>>>>

?6>>>

7>>>>

76>>>

8>>>>

86>>>

6>>>>

4 ; ; >

4 ; ; 4

4 ; ; ?

4 ; ; 7

4 ; ; 8

4 ; ; 6

4 ; ; 3

4 ; ; :

4 ; ; 2

4 ; ; ;

? > > >

? > > 4

? > > ?

? > > 7

? > > 8

? > > 6

? > > 3

? > > :

? > > 2

? > > ;

? > 4 >

^KO/Bdoktdet

orëskigbkef

jfrldey

kehf

russkf

sautb dcrkgd

Vsd



Ifs aosfrvdtkaes sukvdetfs eaus pfrlfttfet h'dvakr uef vkskae pius idrjf hu rdttrdpdjffccfgtuë pdr ifs pdys O_KGs sur ifs pdys hf i'AGHF. Ae rfldrquf haeg, quf taus ifs pdysaet tfehdegf î vakr ifur ekvfdu hf vkf s'dlëikarfr. Id Gbkef d vu sae kehkgf hfhëvfiappflfet buldke pdssfr hf >,8> î >,32 fetrf 4;2> ft ?>44, sakt uef dujlfetdtkae

hf 8> %. Ki fe fst hf làlf paur i'Kehf quk d vu sae KHB pdssfr hf >.78 î >.68 fetrf 4;2>ft ?>44 sakt uef dujlfetdtkae hf 77 %. Ki fst î eatfr quf paur if Orëski id sktudtkae fstëqukvdifetf puksquf sae kehkgf hf hëvfiappflfet buldke pdssf hf >,68 î >,:4 fetrf4;2> ft ?>44. Ki fe fst hf làlf paur if _usskf, quk d vu sae kehkgdtfur pdssfr hf >.3; î>,:6(+ ; %) fetrf ?>>> ft ?>44. If sfui pdys aû id tfehdegf sfloif suokr uef hkccërfegfeatdoif, fst i‛Dcrkquf hu Wuh puksquf sae kehkgf hf hëvfiappflfet buldke sfloifgraåtrf trâs ifetflfet, vakrf hëgraåtrf î gfrtdkefs përkahfs. I'fxpikgdtkae hf gfttf

hëgrakssdegf s'fxpikquf prkegkpdiflfet pdr i'kehkgdtfur hf sdetë.

4;2> 4;;> ?>>> ?>>6 ?>>; ?>4> ?>44

Vektfh Wtdtfs >.27: >.2:> >.2;: >.;>? >.;>3 >.;>2 >.;4>

Jfrldey >.:7> >.:;6 >.238 >.2;6 >.;>> >.;>7 >.;>6

Kehkd >.788 >.84> >.834 >.6>8 >.676 >.68? >.68:

Gbked >.8>8 >.8;> >.622 >.377 >.3:8 >.32? >.32:

Ordzki >.68; >.3>> >.336 >.3;? >.:>2 >.:46 >.:42

Wautb Dcrkgd >.638 >.346 >.343 >.6;; >.34> >.346 >.34;

_usskd >.3;4 >.:?6 >.:8: >.:64 >.:66

>.7>>

>.8>>

>.6>>

>.3>>

>.:>>

>.2>>

>.;>>

KHB

Vektfh Wtdtfs

Jfrldey

Kehkd

Gbked

Ordzki

Wautb Dcrkgd

_usskd



Fe fccft, ifs pdys aet vu graåtrf ifurs tdux h'fspërdegf hf vkf. If Orëski d vu saefspërdegf hf vkf pdssfr hf 3? des fe 4;2> î :? des fe ?>>;. Hf làlf paur ifs Gbkeaksquk aet vu ifur fspërdegf hf vkf pdssfr hf 33 des fe 4;2> d :7 des fe ?>>;. Gfsdlëikardtkaes saet vfeufs prkegkpdiflfet hu hëvfiappflfet hu systâlf hf sdetë. Fefccft, ifs Gbkeaks aet hëgkhë hf lfttrf fe pidgf ue rëjklf hf sdetë uekvfrsfiif h'kgk ?>?>,hdes id prflkârf pbdsf hf gfttf rëcarlf id Gbkef kevfstkrd 4?8 lkiikdrhs hf haiidrs pauraccrkr dux Gbkeaks hdes ue prflkfr tflps ifs sfrvkgfs hf odsf. Gfgk fst cdktprkegkpdiflfet, paur rësauhrf ifs hkspdrktës rëjkaedifs quk pfrhurfet. Ki fst î eatfr qufifs hëpfesfs hf sdetë rfprësfetfet fe Gbkef 8,3 % fe ?>>6, ki fe fst hf làlf paur

i'Kehf. Gfs hëpfesfs rfstfet kecërkfurfs dux hëpfesfs hu Orëski ft hf i'Dcrkquf hu Wuh qukfux saet î 2 %. Ldijrë taut gfid, ifs pdys O_KGs rfstfet hdes uef layfeef kecërkfurf

dux pdys hf i'AGHF.

>

4>

?>

7>

8>

6>

3>

:>

2>

;>

Ordzki Gbked _usskde

Cfhfrdtkae

Kehkd Wautb Dcrkgd Vektfh

Wtdtfs

Jfrldey

Ikcf fxpfgtdegy dt okrtb, tatdi (yfdrs)

4;2>

4;;>

?>>;

>.>%?.>%8.>%3.>%2.>%

4>.>%4?.>%48.>%43.>%42.>%

Ordzki Gbked Wautb

Dcrkgd

_usskde

Cfhfrdtk

ae

Kehkd Crdegf Vektfh

Wtdtfs

4;;6 3.:% 7.6% :.6% 6.7% 8.7% 4>.8% 47.3%

?>>> :.?% 8.3% 2.6% 6.8% 8.3% 4>.4% 47.8%

?>>; ;.>% 8.3% 2.6% 6.8% 8.?% 44.:% 43.?%

Bfditb fxpfehkturf, tatdi (% ac JH^)

4;;6

?>>>

?>>;



Ki ëjdiflfet passkoif h'aosfrvfr ifs hëpfesfs hf sdetë pdr bdoktdet fe ^^D. Gfiifs-gkeaus kehkqufet uef cartf grakssdegf hfs hëpfesfs hf sdetë pdr bdoktdet dvfg ueflayfeef hf :6 % hf grakssdegf. Gfttf dujlfetdtkae hfs hëpfesfs hf sdetë pdr bdoktdetsf trdhukt uef dujlfetdtkae hu ekvfdu hf vkf. If pdys dydet gaeeu id pius cartfdujlfetdtkae ëtdet id Gbkef dvfg uef grakssdegf fetrf 4;;6 ft ?>>; hf 4>7 %. Ldijrëgfid, i‛Dcrkquf hu Wuh sfloif dvakr hfs hkcckguitës hdes if haldkef hf id sdetë puksqufi'fspërdegf hf vkf pdssf hf 63 des fe 4;2> î 64 des fe ?>>;, diars làlf qu'fiif ëtdkt hf

34 des fe 4;;>. G'fst haeg, i'uef hfs rdksaes paur idqufiif i'kehkgf hf hëvfiappflfet hfi'Dcrkquf hu Wuh d hfs hkcckguitës î graåtrf, diars làlf quf ifs hëpfesfs hf sdetëdujlfetfet, ki gaevkfet haeg hf lktkjfr i'fcckgdgktë hf gfiif-gk. Ki sfloif haeg qu'fealfttdet i'Dcrkquf hu Wuh, ifs pdys O_KG rdttrdpfet if ekvfdu hf vkf hfs pdys hf i'AGHF.H'uef pdrt, jrïgf î i'dujlfetdtkae hu ^KO pdr bdoktdet fe ^^D, h'dutrf pdrt, pdr uefdlëikardtkae hu systâlf ëhugdtkc (vakr gk-hfssaus). I‛dlëikardtkae i'dipbdoëtksdtkaeldks dussk ue lfkiifur systâlf hf sdetë, trdhuksfet uef dujlfetdtkae hf i‛fspërdegfhf vkf. Ki e'fe rfstf pds lakes quf i'dlëikardtkae d ëtë ofdugaup pius ldrquëf pdri'dujlfetdtkae hu ^KO pdr bdoktdet, quf pdr i'dlëikardtkae hf i'ëhugdtkae au hf id sdetë.

Ki cdut eatfr quf gft KHB gdgbf hf jrdehfs keëjdiktës du sfke hfs pdys pdr fxflpif fetrfifs zaefs rurdifs ft ifs zaefs urodkefs.

Gallf eaus i‛dvaes vu, ki sfloif quf ifs O_KGs rdttrdpfet hfpuks piuskfurs deeëfs ifspdys hf i‛AGHF. Ki gaevkfet haeg h‛aosfrvfr ifs cdgtfurs quk gaetrkoufet î gf rdttrdpdjf,quk eaus pfrlfttrdkt { id caks hf galprfehrf ifs hkccërfegfs qu‛kis fxkstfet fetrf ifsO_KGs fux-làlfs ft ifs hkccërfegfs fetrf ifs O_KGs ft i‛AGHF.

^aur gf cdkrf, eaus ëtuhkfraes suggfsskvflfet i‛kevfstkssflfet ft sae garaiidkrfi‛ëpdrjef, gaetrkoudet hkrfgtflfet î i‛dgguluidtkae hu gdpktdi hdes i‛ëgaealkf, ldks

dussk ifs jdkes hf prahugtkvktë kssuf hf i‛ëhugdtkae ft hf id _fgbfrgbf & Hëvfiappflfet.

-$6>>.>>

$6>>.>>

$4,6>>.>>

$?,6>>.>>

$7,6>>.>>

$8,6>>.>>

$6,6>>.>>

$3,6>>.>>

$:,6>>.>>

Ordzki Gbked Wautb

Dcrkgd

_usskde Kehkd Crdegf Vektfh

Wtdtfs

4;;6 $844.24 $6?.?: $8?6.>? $7>>.:7 $82.28 $?,>;7.?: $7,:8:.3;

?>>> $6?>.4: $464.:2 $386.67 $642.47 $2?.3: $?,;:4.:: $6,622.8>

?>>; $;87.74 $7>;.?; $234.63 $4,>7:.:4 $474.32 $7,;78.83 $:,84>.43

Bfditb fxpfehkturf pfr gdpktd, ̂ ^^

4;;6

?>>>

?>>;



?. Hëgalpasktkae hf id grakssdegf

I'ue hfs hëtfrlkedets hf i'dgguluidtkae hu stagm hf gdpktdi e'fst dutrf qufi'kevfstkssflfet iuk-làlf, hëtfrlkeë pdr i'ëpdrjef. G'fst haeg hf gfttf khëf, quf eaus

diiaes ëtuhkfr ifs hkccërfets lahâifs h'ëpdrjef ft h'kevfstkssflfet hfs O_KGs. Eataesquf ifs hkccërfegfs h'kevfstkssflfet ft h'ëpdrjef pfuvfet pfrlfttrf h'fxpikqufr ifs

ëgdrts fetrf ifs ̂ KO pdr bdoktdet du sfke hfs O_KGs.

Garrëidtkae

K-W

_usskd >,73;

Wautb

Dcrkgd

->,3;;4

Gbkef >,2847

Ordzki >,:388

Kehf >,;646

VWD >,7:22

Id _usskf, dcckgbf if làlf tdux h'kevfstkssflfet quf ifs pdys hf i'AGHF dkesk qu'uegafcckgkfet hf garrëidtkae khfetkquf (>.73). Ae aosfrvf gfpfehdet ue tdux h'ëpdrjef trâsklpartdet gf quk eaus idkssf î pfesfr quf gfttf ëpdrjef, fst ldi utkiksëf, î hfs ckesh'kevfstkssflfet ft ef gaetrkouf haeg quf trâs cdkoiflfet î i'dgguluidtkae hu gdpktdi.

;

48

4;

?8

?;

78

7;

88

8;68

^frgfetdjf ac JH^

Kehkd - Kevfstlfet

Kehkd - Wdvkej

Gbked - Wdvkej

Gbked - Kevfstlfet

Ordzki - Kevfstlfet

Ordzki - Wdvkej



I'dgguluidtkae hu gdpktdi, s'fxpikquf haeg pdr i'fxpartdtkae hf ldtkârfs prflkârfsgallf ae d pu if vakr prëgëhfllfet. ^aur i'Dcrkquf hu Wuh, ae aosfrvf ue gafcckgkfethf garrëidtkae eëjdtkvf, gf quk skjekckf quf iarsquf if tdux h'ëpdrjef dujlfetfi'kevfstkssflfet hklkeuf. Eaus pauvaes fxpikqufr gfid, pdr id cuktf hfs gdpktdux hý î

i'kestdokiktë paiktkquf ft î id garruptkae quk râjef hdes gf pdys rfehdet diars, hkcckgkifi'dgguluidtkae hu stagm hf gdpktdi fe Dcrkquf hu suh ft uef grakssdegf ifetf hf gf pdys.

Gallf vu prëgëhfllfet, id Gbkef sfloif àtrf if pdys haet i'dgguluidtkae hu gdpktdi sfcdkt if pius rdpkhflfet ft d ëjdiflfet ue tdux hf grakssdegf trâs ëifvë hf sartf, quf i'aerftrauvf hdes gf jrdpbkquf, gf cdkt styiksë. Id Gbkef sfloif rdttrdpfr ifs Ëtdts-Veks. Fegf quk gaegfref i‛Dcrkquf hu Wuh, fiif sfloif dvakr hfs hkcckguitës î vakr sae stagm hfgdpktdi dujlfetfr rdpkhflfet. ^aur i‛Kehf, fiif sfloif sukvrf if làlf gbflke quf id

Gbkef ldks dvfg ue rytblf kecërkfur. If Orëski, qudet î iuk sfloif sukvrf uef tfehdegfikeëdkrf diars quf i'Kehf ft id Gbkef sukvfet uef tfehdegf trâs fxpaefetkfiif.

>

6>>>

4>>>>

46>>>

?>>>>

?6>>>

7>>>>

76>>>

Gdpktdi stagms

Ordzki

Gbked

Jfrldey

Wautb Dcrkgd

_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Vektfh Wtdtfs

Kehkd

>

6>>

4>>>

46>>

?>>>

?6>>

7>>>

76>>

8>>>

86>>

6>>>

Gdpktdi stagms Paal

Ordzki

Gbked

Jfrldey

Wautb Dcrkgd

_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Vektfh Wtdtfs

Kehkd



Id _usskf sfloif sukvrf uef tfehdegf stagbdstkquf, puksqu'ki fst hkcckgkif paur ifs deeëfs4;2> î ?>4? hf hëtfrlkefr uef tfehdegf hf i'ëvaiutkae hu stagm hf gdpktdi hdes gfttfëgaealkf. Hf ldekârf jëeërdif, ki cdut eatfr qu'ki fxkstf ue pbëealâef hf rdttrdpdjfhfs pdys O_KGW sur ifs pdys hf i'AGHF fe tfrlfs hf stagm hf gdpktdi. Làlf sk du sfke

hfs O_KGs ki fxkstf hfs hkccërfegfs eatakrfs hf grakssdegf hf i'dgguluidtkae hu gdpktdi.^aur dlëikarfr i'dediysf, ki gaevkfet hf gdiguifr if stagm hf gdpktdi pdr bdoktdet, gfiuk-gkeaus haeef diars uef tfehdegf pius dpidekt hu cdkt hu ealorf h'bdoktdets fe Gbkef ftfe Kehf.

Hf ldekârf jëeërdif, ae aosfrvf haeg hfs ëgaealkfs trâs hkccërfetfs puksqu'ki sfloif

quf i'dgguluidtkae hu gdpktdi pdr i'kevfstkssflfet ef sakt quf if cdkt h'ue ealorfrfstrfket hf pdys tfis quf id Gbkef au i'Kehf. I‛kevfstkssflfet e‛fst pds if sfui cdgtfurfxpikgdtkc hf i‛dlëikardtkae hfs ekvfdux hf vkf, if cdgtfur trdvdki rfprësfetf ëjdiflfet

i‛ue hfs cdgtfurs ld`furs hu rdttrdpdjf.

Ifs O_KGs rfprësfetf du`aurh‛buk pius h‛ue qudrt hu ^KO laehkdi, gfttf grakssdegf qu‛dgaeeu gfs pdys fst hëpfehdetf hu ldrgbë hu trdvdki ldks dussk hf i‛dlëikardtkae hfsflpiaks, g‛fst -î-hkrf hfs gbdejflfets hf haldkef h‛dgtkvktë ft hf id prajrfsskae hf idprahugtkvktë.

Eaus diiaes taut h‛doarh ëtuhkfr hdes gfttf pdrtkf, id cargf hf trdvdki, quk rfprësfetfi‛fesfloif hfs pfrsaeefs fe ïjf trdvdkiifr g‛fst { hkrf hf 46 { 38 des qu‛fiifs sakfet fe

flpiak au fe gbøldjf.

>

6>

4>>

46>

?>>

(M/I) Fefrjy Gdpktdi

Ordzki

Gbked

Jfrldey

Wautb Dcrkgd

_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Vektfh Wtdtfs

Kehkd



Ae gaestdtf, quf id cargf hf trdvdki fe Kehf ft fe Gbkef fst okfe pius ëifvëf quf ifs dutrfspdys, ft qu‛fiif gaetkeuf hf graåtrf hdes gfs hfux pdys. ^aur ifs dutrfs pdys, fiif fst okfepius odssf ft e‛dujlfetf pds dussk gaeskhërdoiflfet qu‛fe Kehf au fe Gbkef. Gfgks‛fxpikquf pdr id cartf ldke-h‛ŗuvrf hdes ifs zaefs rurdifs fe Kehf ft fe Gbkef,i‛djrkguiturf ëtdet hdes gfs hfux pdys ue cdgtfur gië hf ifur ëgaealkf.

Id sktudtkae hdes id Cëhërdtkae hf _usskf ft du Orëski sf rdppragbf pius hfs pdys hf

i‛AGHF. Fe fccft, ae pfut vakr paur gfs 7 pdys quf id cargf hf trdvdki fst okfe pius odssfqu‛fe Kehf au fe Gbkef.

« I‛auvfrturf hfs O_KGW dux ëgbdejfs ketfredtkaedux ft { i‛kevfstkssflfet fxtërkfur d

pfrlks dux O_KGs, uef vërktdoif fxpdeskae ëgaealkquf ½.

>

4>>>>>>>>

?>>>>>>>>

7>>>>>>>>

8>>>>>>>>

6>>>>>>>>

3>>>>>>>>

:>>>>>>>>

2>>>>>>>>

;>>>>>>>>

4 ; ; >

4 ; ; ?

4 ; ; 8

4 ; ; 3

4 ; ; 2

? > > >

? > > ?

? > > 8

? > > 3

? > > 2

Idoar cargf, tatdi

Ordzki

Gbked

_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Kehkd

Wautb Dcrkgd

Jfrldey

Vektfh Wtdtfs

>.>

4>.>

?>.>

7>.>

8>.>

6>.>

3>.>

:>.>

2>.>

Kehkd (urode) _usskde

Cfhfrdtkae

Ordzki Gbked (urode) Wautb Dcrkgd AFGH

Xdux h'flpiak

?>>>

?>>6



G‛fst jrïgf { gfttf fxpdeskae ëgaealkquf quf i‛ae pfut gaestdtfr uef prajrfsskae hu

tdux h‛flpiak fssfetkfiiflfet fe Kehf, du Orëski, fe Gbkef ft fe _usskf.

Dkesk fetrf ?>>> ft ?>>6, gfs 8 pdys aet fe layfeef grëë ?? lkiikaes h‛flpiak efts pdrde, gf quk fst fevkrae gkeq caks pius quf paur ifs pdys AGHF. Ifs tdux h‛flpiak du Orëski,

fe _usskf ft fe Kehf aet dujlfetë hurdet gfttf làlf përkahf. If tdux h‛flpiak feGbkef e‛d pds dujlfetë du gaurs hf gfttf përkahf ldks rfstf gfpfehdet trâs ëifvë.H‛dprâs gf jrdpbkquf, eaus pauvaes aosfrvfr quf ifs tdux h‛flpiak paur id Gbkef ft IfOrëski saet h‛fevkrae :>% gf quk fst supërkfur du tdux h‛flpiak hf i‛AGHF. IdCëhërdtkae hf _usskf d ue tdux h‛flpiak hf 36% gf quk sfloidoif { id layfeef hfi‛AGHF ft gf quk gaegfref i‛Kehf sae tdux h‛flpiak fst kecërkfur { gfiuk hf i‛AGHF. Gfttfgrakssdegf hfs tdux h‛flpiak, d pfrlks ue rfgui hf tdux hf pduvrftë hdes gfs pdys ldksldijrë gfid, ifs keëjdiktës hf sdidkrfs rfstfet eëdelakes rfidtkvflfet ëifvëfs.^dr dkiifurs, if ekvfdu h‛ëhugdtkae fe Gbkef, du Orëski ft fe Kehf fst kecërkfur { gfiuk hfspdys hf i‛AGHF. Hdes id cëhërdtkae hf _usskf g‛fst i‛kevfrsf if ekvfdu h‛ëhugdtkae y fstpius ëifvë quf hdes i‛AGHF.

Ae gaestdtf ëjdiflfet, quf paur i‛Dcrkquf hu Wuh id tfehdegf e‛fst pds id làlf qufpaur gfs 8 pdys, if tdux h‛flpiak paur gf pdys fst trâs cdkoif ki ëtdkt h‛fevkrae 86% fe

?>>> ft fe ?>>6 h‛fevkrae 8>%.

>4>?>7>8>6>3>:>

Flpiaylfet ke djrkguiturf (% ac tatdi

flpiaylfet)

?>>>

?>>6

>4>?>7>8>

Flpiaylfet ke kehustry (% ac

tatdi flpiaylfet)

?>>>

?>>6>

?>8>3>2>

4>>

O r d z k i

G b k e d

_ u s s k d e …

K e h k d

W a u t b …

J f r l d e y

V e k t f h …

Flpiaylfet ke sfrvkgfs (%

ac tatdi flpiaylfet)

?>>>

?>>6



Fe ?>>>, ae gaestdtf quf id rëpdrtktkae hfs flpiaks pdr sfgtfur h‛dgtkvktë fst hkccërfetfsfiae ifs pdys. Fe fccft, i‛flpiak hdes if sfgtfur hf i‛djrkguiturf fst ofdugaup pius cart feKehf (6;.2 %) ft fe Gbkef (6>%) qu‛dux Ëtdts-Veks (?.3%) au fe Diifldjef (?.3%). Di‛kevfrsf paur ifs Ëtdts-Veks, i‛Diifldjef dkesk quf paur id Cëhërdtkae hf _usskf g‛fst

i‛flpiak hdes if sfgtfur hfs sfrvkgfs quk fst pius if pius ëifvë dvfg rfspfgtkvflfet37,:%,:8,7% ft 6:,4%.Ae gaestdtf ëjdiflfet, quf id rëpdrtktkae hf i‛flpiak pdr sfgtfurh‛dgtkvktë paur i‛Dcrkquf hu Wuh ft id Orëski fst sfloidoif { gfiif hfs Ftdts -Veks, hf id_usskf ft hf i‛Diifldjef, dvfg uef pius cartf pdrt h‛flpiaks hdes if sfgtfur hfs sfrvkgfs.

Fe ?>>6, ae pfut vakr uef hklkeutkae hf id pdrt hfs flpiaks hdes if sfgtfur hfi‛djrkguiturf paur i‛Kehf ft id Gbkef, ldks uef dujlfetdtkae hf id pdrt hf i‛flpiak hdes if

sfgtfur hfs sfrvkgfs.

Ae dsskstf î ue « hëpidgflfet ½ hf trdvdkiifurs hu haldkef hf i‛djrkguiturf vfrs ifs

haldkefs « sfrvkgfs ½ ft « kehustrkf ½. Gfid susgktf uef dujlfetdtkae hf grakssdegf,gfttf dujlfetdtkae pfut sf trdhukrf pdr id prahugtkvktë. Fe fccft, id prahugtkvktë h‛ue

auvrkfr au h‛ue flpiayë hu tfrtkdkrf fst pius ëifvëf quf gfiif h‛ue djrkguitfur.

If tdux hf gbøldjf paur id Cëhërdtkae hf _usskf, id Gbkef ft if Orëski rfstf ëifvë, fe

layfeef ki fst fetrf 2% ft ;%, gf quk fst iëjârflfet du-hfssus hu tdux hf gbøldjfhdes ifs pdys hf i‛AGHF.Ldijrë id grakssdegf qu‛d gaeeuf i‛Dcrkquf hu Wuh gfs hfrekârfs deeëfs, if gbøldjfrfstf id « zaef h‛alorf ½ hf gf pdys, fiif d dttfket 7>% hf gbøldjf fe ?>>> ft ëtdktfegarf { ?3,3% fe ?>>6. I‛Dcrkquf dydet lakes dggâs { i‛ëhugdtkae ft vkvdet hdes hfsrëjkaes pius ëiakjeës hu gfetrf ëgaealkquf, if gbøldjf ft i‛flpiak rfstf ue jrdehpraoiâlf paur gfttf ëgaealkf.

Id prahugt kvktë vkfet { id caks hu prajrâs tfgbekquf g‛fst -î-hkrf hf i‛dlëikardtkae hf idqudiktë hfs prahukts ft hfs pragfssus hf prahugtkae ft hf i‛dlëikardtkae hu gdpktdi

buldke g‛fst -î-hkrf hf i‛ëhugdtkae ft hf i‛fxpërkfegf hfs sdidrkës.

>.>

6.>

4>.>

46.>

?>.>

?6.>

7>.>

76.>

Kehkd

(urode)

_usskde

Cfhfrdtkae

Gbked

(urode)

Ordzki Wautb

Dcrkgd

AFGH

Xdux hf gbøldjf

?>>>

?>>6



Ae gaestdtf quf id prahugtkvktë hfs hfux pdys hf i‛AGHF rfprësfetës pdr ifs Ftdts-Veksft i‛Diifldjef fst trâs efttflfet supërkfurf { gfiif hfs O_KGs. Ft qu‛fiif e‛d quf trâs pfu

dujlfetë gfs 7> hfrekârfs deeëfs paur ifs pdys O_KGs.

Id cdkoif prahugtkvktë hfs pdys O_KGW s‛fxpikquf pdr ifs sfgtfurs h‛dgtkvktë hf gfs pdys.Fe fccft, ifs sfgtfurs hdes ifsqufis gfs pdys trdvdkiifet saet hfs sfgtfurs î « odssfprahugtkvktë ½ gaetrdkrflfet dux pdys gallf i‛Diifldjef au ifs Ëtdts-Veks quk fuxtrdvdkiifet hdes hfs sfgtfurs gaeskhërës gallf î « bdutf prahugtkvktë ½.

>

6>>

4>>>

46>>

?>>>

?6>>

y 4 ; 2 >

y 4 ; 2 ?

y 4 ; 2 8

y 4 ; 2 3

y 4 ; 2 2

y 4 ; ; >

y 4 ; ; ?

y 4 ; ; 8

y 4 ; ; 3

y 4 ; ; 2

y ? > > >

y ? > > ?

y ? > > 8

y ? > > 3

y ? > > 2

y ? > 4 >

Xatdi cdgtar prahugtkvkty

OrdzkiGbked

Kehkd

_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Wautb Dcrkgd

Jfrldey

Vektfh Wtdtfs

-4>>.>> -2>.>> -3>.>> -8>.>> -?>.>> >.>>

Kehkd

Ordzki

_usskd

Fgdrt hf rfvfeu fe paurgfetdjf

pdr rdppart du ^KO/bdo hfs pdys hf I'AGHF

^frgfetdjf jdp wktb rfspfgt

ta AFGH gauetrkfs

ke tfrls ac JH^ pfr gdpktd4



« ^aur ifs pdys « O_KG ½, i‛ëgdrt fetrf if ^KO pdr bdoktdet ft id layfeef hf i‛AGHF vkfethf id cdkoif prahugtkvktë hu trdvdki ½.

« Diars quf paur i‛Dcrkquf hu suh, ae gaestdtf kgk quf i‛ëgdrt vkfet iuk hf id cdkoif

utkiksdtkae hf id ldke h‛ŗuvrf ½.

If gafcckgkfet hf Jkek fst uef lfsurf hfs keëjdiktës hf sdidkrfs hdes uef ëgaealkf. Jrïgfî gf gafcckgkfet, eaus pauvaes vakr quf ifs keëjdiktës hf sdidkrfs aet dujlfetë fe Gbkef

ft Kehf ft rfstf trâs cartfs fe _usskf ft du Orëski.

Du Orëski, if gafcckgkfet hf Jkek fst pdssë hf >.6;; fe 4;;3 î >,63; fe ?>>8 gf quk rfstfëifvë. Gf cart gafcckgkfet pfut àtrf fxpikquë pdr hfux rdksaes. Fe prflkfr, if sdidkrflkeklul hdes gf pdys d suokt uef bdussf rëjuikârf, hf pius ifs sdidkrfs hfs pfrsaeefsqudikckës aet pius cartflfet hklkeuës quf ifs sdidkrfs hfs pfrsaeefs eae qudikckës.

-6>.>> -8>.>> -7>.>> -?>.>> -4>.>> >.>> 4>.>> ?>.>> 7>.>>

Kehkd

Gbked

Ordzki

WAVXB DC_KGD

_usskd

Fgdrt fe paurgfetdjf

paur i'utkiksdtkae hfs rfssaurgfs hf ldke h'afuvrf

^frgfetdjf jdp

car idoaur

rfsaurgf utkiksdtkae?

-4>>.>> -6>.>> >.>>

Kehkd

Gbked

Ordzki

WAVXB DC_KGD

_usskd

Fgdrt fe paurgfetdjf paur id prahugtkvktë hu trdvdki

^frgfetdjf jdp

car idoaur

prahugtkvkty7



Fe gbkef, if gafcckgkfet hf Jkek fst pdssë hf >,88: fe ?>>4 î >,83; fe ?>>:. Gfttf bdussfhu gafcckgkfet hf Jkek fst fe pdrtkf huf { i‛dujlfetdtkae hfs sdidkrfs paur ifs trdvdkiifursifs pius hkpiølës. Hf pius, ifs hkccërfegfs hf sdidkrfs fetrf ifs hkccërfetfs rëjkaes hfGbkef pfuvfet fxpikqufr gfttf dujlfetdtkae.

Fe Kehf, if gafcckgkfet hf Jkek fst pdssë hf >.7?6 fe 4;;; î >,732 fe ?>>:. Gfttf bdussfgallf fe Gbkef fst { i‛dujlfetdtkae hfs sdidkrfs paur ue gfrtdke typf hf trdvdkiifurs.

âur id Cëhërdtkae hf _usskf, if gafcckgkfet hf Jkek fst pdssë hf î >,74> fe ?>>? î >,7;;fe ?>>:. Gfttf dujlfetdtkae pfut àtrf huf î id odkssf hu sdidkrf lkeklul quk d fu ikfu

hdes gf pdys.

âur i‛Dcrkquf hu Wuh, gf gafcckgkfet e‛d pds gbdejë fetrf ?>>> ft ?>>:, ki fst hf >,6:2 gfquk fst trâs ëifvë, ki lft fe ëvkhfegf quf id rëpdrtktkae hfs rkgbfssfs sf cdkt dux hëpfehhf id ldàrktë hfs Wuh-Dcrkgdkes. Gf pdys rfstf fegarf i‛ue hfs 4> pdys dvfg if pius cart

gafcckgkfet hdes if laehf.

âur i‛Diifldjef ft ifs Ftdts-Veks, ki e‛y d pds fu hf gbdejflfet fetrf ?>>> ft ?>>: ifsËtdts-Veks dydet ue gafcckgkfet hf >,8>2 ft i‛Diifldjef hf >,?27. If gafcckgkfet hf Jkekpius cart dux Ëtdts-Veks qu‛fe Diifldjef pfut s‛fxpikqufr pdr ifs pratfgtkaes sagkdifs

lksfet fe pidgf hdes gfrtdkes pdys h‛Furapf gallf i‛Diifldjef.

^drlk ifs cdgtfurs hf grakssdegf, ki fst klpartdet hf rfldrqufr if røif prklarhkdi qufàuf if gdpktdi buldke. Hdes gfttf pdrtkf, eaus eaus fccargfraes hf trdktfr ifs cdgtfurssusgfptkoifs h'fxpikqufr id grakssdegf hf iaej tfrlf hu ^KO pdr bdoktdet. Gfs Hfux

cdgtfurs prkegkpdux sfraet du gfetrf hf eatrf ketfrrajdtkae h'uef pdrt i'ëhugdtkae fth'dutrf pdrt i'keeavdtkae, id _&H.

âur ëvdiufr if røif hf gf cdgtfur, eaus dvaes gbaksk h'ëtuhkfr if paurgfetdjf hfpapuidtkae dgtkvf paursukvdet hfs ëtuhfs sfgaehdkrfs ft supërkfurfs. Gfttf ëtuhf fstkssuf hfs trdvdux hf OD__A ft IFF. Ki eaus sfloif ùstf hf hkrf quf sk ue ealorf ëifvëhf id papuidtkae d paursukvk hfs ëtuhfs sfgaehdkrfs ft supërkfurfs, if prajrâstfgbeaiajkquf ef s'fe trauvfrd quf hëgupië, cdgkiktdet dkesk i'dhaptkae hf eauvfiifstfgbeaiajkfs ft i‛keeavdtkae. Dkesk, hdes hf ealorfux lahâifs if gdpktdi buldke àuf ue

røif prklarhkdi, puksqu'ki fst if sfui î fxpikqufr uef grakssdegf hu ekvfdu hf vkf î iaejtfrlf.



I'ëvdiudtkae hfs pfrsaeefs dydet paursukvk hfs ëtuhfs sfgaehdkrfs, g'fst-î-hkrf ùsqu'duiygëf eaus kehkquf trâs gidkrflfet ue rdttrdpdjf hfs O_KGs. Ki fst klpartdet hfrfldrqufr quf id _usskf àuf ue røif pdrtkguikfr hdes gf haldkef puksqu'fiif sf sktuf dulàlf ekvfdu quf ifs Ëtdts-Veks dvfg ue tdux hf papuidtkae dgtkvf dydet sukvk hfs ëtuhfssfgaehdkrfs hf pius hf ;> % paur ?>4?. Ki cdut ëjdiflfet eatfr, quf i'Kehf okfe qufrdttrdpdet hfs pdys gallf i'Diifldjef, d suokt uef grakssdegf lakehrf quf gfiif hf sfs« gdldrhfs ½ id Gbkef au fegarf if Orëski. Ifs pfrsaeefs dydet fccfgtuë hfs ëtuhfssfgaehdkrfs hdes ifs pdys O_KGW tfehfet haeg î rdttrdpfr ifs pdys hf i'AGHF làlf s'kisfloif, qu'kis ef sukvfet pds taus if làlf tdux hf grakssdegf, i'Kehf fe pdrtkguikfr

sfloif àtrf fe rftdrh hf gf paket hf vuf.

âur gf quk fst hf i'dediysf hf id papuidtkae dgtkvf dydet sukvk hfs ëtuhfs supërkfurfs, ifgaestdt ef pfut àtrf pius gidkr. Wk eaus fxgiuaes id _usskf, quk passâhf ue systâlfëhugdtkc pdrtkguikfr ft quk pfut haeg sf prëvdiakr h'àtrf du làlf ekvfdu quf ifs pdys hf

i‛AGHF, vakrf dvfg ue ekvfdu supërkfur quf ifs Ëtdts-Veks.

>

?>

8>

3>

2>

4>>

4?>

Wfgaehdry Fhugdtkae

Gbked

Ordzki

Kehkd

_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Wautb Dcrkgd

Vektfh Wtdtfs

Jfrldey

>

4>

?>

7>

8>

6>

3>

y 4 ; 2 >

y 4 ; 2 ?

y 4 ; 2 8

y 4 ; 2 3

y 4 ; 2 2

y 4 ; ; >

y 4 ; ; ?

y 4 ; ; 8

y 4 ; ; 3

y 4 ; ; 2

y ? > > >

y ? > > ?

y ? > > 8

y ? > > 3

y ? > > 2

y ? > 4 >

y ? > 4 ?

Xfrtkdry Fhugdtkae

Gbked

Ordzki

_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Wautb Dcrkgd

Kehkd

Vektfh Wtdtfs

Jfrldey



Ifs pdys quf saet, id Gbkef, if Orëski, i'Dcrkquf hu Wuh ft i'Kehf aet ue cart rftdrh fe gfquk gaegfref id sgaidrksdtkae hdes i'fesfkjeflfet supërkfur. Ar, ki fst klpartdet hfrdppfifr quf if gdpktdi buldke gaetrkouf hkrfgtflfet î id grakssdegf hf iaej tfrlf pdri'keeavdtkae ft if prajrâs tfgbeaiajkquf. ^dr dkiifurs, fe _usskf 68 % hf id papuidtkae d

fccfgtuë hfs ëtuhfs sfgaehdkrfs, pdrlk gft ëgbdetkiiae ?6 % saet hfs hkpiølfs fesgkfegf ft kejëekfrkf ft if ealorf hf hagtardts fst supërkfur î id layfeef hf i'AGHF.^aur if Orëski, ae aosfrvf uef dujlfetdtkae hf 44 % hfs hkpiølfs supërkfurs hëgfreës.Ldijrë gfid, ki rfstf fe hfssaus hf id layfeef hfs pdys hf i'AGHF. Ae ef pfut haeg pdsgaegiurf ue rdttrdpdjf hf gfs pdys fe tfrlfs hf sgaidrksdtkae paur ifs ëtuhfs

supërkfurfs.

Ki gaevkfet haeg h'fccfgtufr ue ëtdt hfs ikfux hfs systâlfs ëhugdtkcs hfs O_KGs . D i‛bfurfdgtufiif id qudiktë h'ëhugdtkae hfs trdvdkiifurs orëskikfes, gbkeaks, kehkfes fst efttflfetpius cdkoifs quf gf hfs pdys hf i'AGHF. Gaetrdkrflfet î gfid if ekvfdu h'ëhugdtkae hf id

_usskf fst okfe supërkfur î gfiuk hf i'AGHF. Ki gaevkfet qudeh làlf hf eatfr, quf ifekvfdu hf qudikckgdtkae dujlfetf hf ldekârf dssfz sfeskoif, prkegkpdiflfet fe gf qukgaegfref if ekvfdu sfgaehdkrf puksquf id Gbkef fst pdssëf h'ue tdux hf trdvdkiifursdydet sukvk hfs ëtuhfs sfgaehdkrfs hf 76 % fe 4;2> î 33 % fe ?>>6. If gaestdt sfloifkhfetkquf paur i'Kehf ft if Orëski, fe gf quk gaegfref if ekvfdu sfgaehdkrf. Hdes if gds hfi'Kehf, sfui 2 % hfs `fuefs paursukvfet ifurs ëtuhfs hdes i'fesfkjeflfet supërkfur, ki fefst hf làlf paur id Gbkef aû sfui 6 % hfs ëtuhkdets sukvfet ue fesfkjeflfet supërkfurfe rfvdegbf, taut gallf hdes i'fesfkjeflfet sfgaehdkrf, id _usskf sf hkstkejuf hfs

dutrfs, dvfg 66 % hfs `fuefs gaetkeudet hdes i'fesfkjeflfet supërkfur.

Dprâs dvakr fevksdjë i'ëhugdtkae gallf ue prëdidoif î i'dppart h'keeavdtkae ft huprajrâs tfgbekquf hdes i'ëgaealkf. Eaus diiaes eaus ketërfssfr dux hëpfesfs ferfgbfrgbf ft hëvfiappflfet, gfiifs-gk pfrlfttdet h'fxpikqufr id grëdtkae hf eauvfiifstfgbeaiajkfs ft i'utkiksdtkae pius fcckgdgf hfs tfgbeaiajkfs lksfet fe pidgf.

>.>

>.6

4.>

4.6

?.>

?.6

7.>

Hëpfesfs ketërkfurfs orutfs hf _-H, fe ?>>2

Hëpfesfs ketërkfurfs orutfs hf _-

H



Id rfgbfrgbf-hëvfiappflfet fst hkrfgtflfet klpdgtëf pdr id qudiktë h'ëhugdtkae qukdurdkt pu àtrf lksf fe pidgf hdes if systâlf ëgaealkquf. Id grëdtkae hf eauvfiifstfgbeaiajkfs, au i‛utkiksdtkae pius fcckgdgf hf gfiifs-gk saet susgfptkoifs h'fxpikqufr uefdujlfetdtkae pfrldefetf hf id grakssdegf hf iaej tfrlf. Hf pius, fiifs paurrdkfet

fxpikqufr if røif hfs pauvakrs puoikgs hdes id pralatkae hf gfiifs-gk, làlf s'ki sfloifquf hfpuks piuskfurs deeëfs ifs hëpfesfs fe rfgbfrgbf ft hëvfiappflfet sakfetprkegkpdiflfet cdktfs pdr if sfgtfur prkvë. G'fst haeg hf gfttf khëf quf eaus diiaes tfetfrhf lfttrf fe iulkârf id pdrt fccfgtkvf hf id grakssdegf hf iaej tfrlf dttrkouëf paurgbdquf pdys î id rfgbfrgbf ft du hëvfiappflfet.

I'ëgaealkf hf i'Kehf fst trâs hkvfrsf, puksquf i'ae y rftrauvf ue idrjf pdefi h'flpiakdiidet dkesk hf i'fxpiaktdtkae djrkgaif vkiidjfaksf dux kehustrkfs lahfrefs ue pfu pius hfid laktkë hf id papuidtkae trdvdkiif hdes if lkikfu djrkgaif diars làlf quf gfiuk-gkjëeârf uef pdrt cdkoif hu ^KO, gf saet ifs sfrvkgfs quk gaetrkoufet if pius î id grakssdegfhu ^KO (6> %).

I‛keeavdtkae paur i'Kehf sfrdkt ue dtaut prëgkfux h'uef grakssdegf hf iaej tfrlf.Eataes, quf ifs hëpfesfs ketërkfurfs orutfs fe rfgbfrgbf-hëvfiappflfet aet dttfket >,:

% hu ^KO fe ?>>2, gf tdux fst kecërkfur î gfux aosfrvës fe Dcrkquf hu Wuh (>.; %), duOrëski (4.4%), fe Gbkef (4.6%), fe _usskf (4 %). Ki fst î eatfr, quf làlf sk id pdrt hf gftdux gaesdgrëf î id rfgbfrgbf ft hëvfiappflfet hdes if ^KO fst cdkoif, ki suokt hfpukspiuskfurs deeëfs uef grakssdegf cartf. I'Kehf fst dussk fe rftdrh sur id puoikgdtkaeh'drtkgifs hf rfgbfrgbf, ldks dussk pius kequkëtdet fe gf quk gaegfref if ealorf hforfvfts dvfg >,48 orfvfts pdr lkiikaes h'bdoktdets fe ?>>2. I'Kehf e'd ldibfurfusflfetpds fegarf lksf fe pidgf uef paiktkquf vksdet î dlëikarfr i'keeavdtkae. Làlf sk ae pfutaosfrvfr traks jrdehs ao`fgtkcs du`aurh‛buk 0 ëidrjkssflfet hfs passkokiktës h'keeavdtkaehdes ifs eauvfiifs tfgbeaiajkfs, rfecargflfet hfs gdpdgktës tfgbeaiajkqufs ft hf id

galpëtktkvktë ft rfgaeckjurdtkae hfs sfgtfurs carlfis ft kecarlfis.

>

6>>>>

4>>>>>

46>>>>

?>>>>>

?6>>>>

??3; 444;4 4622?4?6>

6646

4>:?77

73:46724>

4??742

6748 ?:228

??4:28

82>4?

Hfldehfs hf orfvft, rëskhfets

4;;8

?>>3



Ae pfut eatfr hf id pdrt hf i‛Kehf hf eauvfiifs diiagdtkaes ouhjëtdkrfs hdes if haldkefhfs edeasgkfegfs ft hfs edeatfgbeaiajkfs. Id Gbkef qudet î fiif d hfpuks gfs 7>hfrekârfs deeëfs lahkckëfs fe pracaehfur sae systâlf h'keeavdtkae dlëikardet dkesk ifspfrcarldegfs hf sae systâlf.

If sfgtfur prkvë ckedegf î :> % hfs hëpfesfs fe rfgbfrgbf ft hëvfiappflfet gf quksfloif kehkqufr uef hyedlkquf pius kehkvkhufiif, rfpasdet sur hfs detkgkpdtkaesaptklkstfs. Id Gbkef d ëjdiflfet dujlfetë rëjuikârflfet sfs hëpfesfs fe rfgbfrgbf-hëvfiappflfet pdssdet hf >,:7 % hu ^KO fe 4;;4 î 4,6 % fe ?>>2. Ldijrë sfs fccarts, idGbkef hëpasf pfu hf orfvft ft if ealorf hf puoikgdtkaes hdes ifs rfvufs sgkfetkckqufs

rfstf cdkoif galpdrë du systâlf dlërkgdke làlf sk fiif hëpdssf hë`î gfrtdkef ëgaealkfhf i‛AGHF.

Ae aosfrvf fccfgtkvflfet paur i'deeëf ?>>:, 632>6 drtkgifs puoikës fe Gbkef gaetrf?>;3;8 dux Ëtdts-Veks. Id Gbkef fst dussk fe rftdrh fe gf quk gaegfref if ealorf hfgbfrgbfurs pdr lkiikfrs h'bdoktdets puksqu'fiif galptdokiksf 26? gbfrgbfurs fe _&Hpaur 4>>> bdoktdets gaetrf 862> dux Ëtdts-Veks. Gf gaestdt vkfet hu cdkt quf trâs pfuh'ëtuhkdets aet sukvk hfs ëtuhfs supërkfurfs.

>.>>

4>>>.>>

?>>>.>>

7>>>.>>

8>>>.>>

6>>>.>>

Ordzki Gbked _usskde Kehkd Wautb

Dcrkgd

Vektfh

Wtdtfs

Jfrldey

?>>> 73:.83 682.34 786?.:; 444.?> 744.86 882>.23 7484.;8

?>>6 622.>8 26?.6> 7?88.;8 473.;8 76;.;7 8628.7; 77>?.8?

_fsfdrgbfrs ke _&H (pfr lkiikae pfapif)

?>>>

?>>6

> 6>>>> 4>>>>> 46>>>> ?>>>>> ?6>>>>

Ordzki

Gbked

_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Kehkd

Wautb Dcrkgd

Vektfh Wtdtfs

Jfrldey

Wgkfetkckg deh tfgbekgdi ̀ auredi drtkgifs

?>>:

4;;?



Xaut gallf i'Kehf, id Gbkef d lks fe pidgf uef paiktkquf hf layfe ft iaej tfrlf feh'keeavdtkae ùsqu'fe ?>?>, if out ëtdet hf sartkr hf i'dtfikfr hu laehf paur diifr î uefëgaealkf keeavdetf. If Orëski qudet î iuk fst gdrdgtërksë pdr ue cart tdux h'fxpartdtkaehf okfes ldeucdgturës î bdutf tfgbeaiajkf tëlakjedet h'ue oae ekvfdu hf

hëvfiappflfet, taut gallf ifs dutrfs O_KGs, if Orëski fst gdrdgtërksë pdr ue cdkoif tduxhf hëpøt hf orfvft (8>?7 orfvfts hëpasës fe ?>>: gaetrf 467>3> paur id Gbkef ft?8478: paur ifs VWD) ft hf puoikgdtkaes sgkfetkckqufs (44228 puoikgdtkaes gaetrf 632>6paur id Gbkef).

Dkesk, gallf gfid d ëtë kehkquë prëgëhfllfet if cdkoif ealorf h'ëtuhkdets dydetfccfgtuë hfs ëtuhfs supërkfurfs sf trdhukt hkrfgtflfet pdr ue cdkoif tdux hf gbfrgbfurshdes i'ëgaealkf (622 paur lkiif bdoktdet diars làlf quf id Gbkef fe galptf 26?)galpikqudet dkesk ifs paiktkqufs h'keeavdtkae hf iaej tfrlf. If lkekstârf hfs sgkfegfs fthfs tfgbeaiajkfs d lks fe pidgf piuskfurs kektkdtkvfs paur stkluifr i'keeavdtkae gallf

pdr fxflpif ue diiëjflfet cksgdi hf ?6 % paur gbdquf haiidr kevfstk. I'Dcrkquf hu Wuhqudet î fiif sukt if làlf lahâif quf prëvu prëgëhfllfet dvfg ue tdux hf hëpøt hforfvft ft ue ealorf hf puoikgdtkaes cdkoif ldijrë gfid i'keeavdtkae sf partf piutøt okfejrïgf î uef cartf ketëjrdtkae dvfg ifs pdys furapëfes. âur ckekr, id _usskf fst sae gdhrfpdrtkguikfr puksqu'fiif ferfjkstrf î id hkccërfegf hfs dutrfs pdys ue tdux h'ëhugdtkaeëifvë iuk pfrlfttdet h'dggëhfr î uef odsf gaeedkssdegf ketfref, sae tdux hf hëpøt hforfvft fst dussk ëifvë dkesk quf sae ealorf hf puoikgdtkaes hdes hfs rfvufs

sgkfetkckqufs làlf sk sae sfgtfur hf i'keeavdtkae sfloif trâs su`ft du gygif ëgaealkquf.

H'uef ldekârf jëeërdif ae aosfrvf haeg okfe ue rdttrdpdjf hfs pdys O_KGW fe tfrlfshf rfgbfrgbf ft hëvfiappflfet, ft h'ëhugdtkae ldks gfiuk-gk sfloif rfstfr trâs fe rftdrhpdr rdppart dux pdys hf i'AGHF. îuskfurs pdys dttkrfet eatrf dttfetkae h'uef pdrt idGbkef sfloif àtrf ofdugaup pius fe dvdegf sur ifs dutrfs, id _usskf qudet î fiifoëeëckgkf h'uef paiktkquf quk iuk d pfrlks h'àtrf î hfs ekvfdux h'ëhugdtkae fth'keeavdtkae galpdrdoif î gfiif hf i'AGHF. Fiif sfloif eëdelakes pracktfr dssfzidrjflfet sfs gdpdgktës î keeavfr. Fe rfvdegbf i'Dcrkquf hu Wuh sfloif àtrf ofdugauppius fe rftdrh quf i'Kehf, id Gbkef, if Orëski.



Ki gaevkfet paur eaus hf hkccërfegkfr id eatkae hf rdttrdpdjf ft hf gaevfrjfegf, idprflkârf ef skjekckdet pds paur id hfuxkâlf puksquf i‛ae pfut dhlfttrf quf ifs O_KGsrdttrdpfet ifs pdys hfs AGHF, ldks gallf eaus diiaes if vakr id gaevfrjfegf vfrs uelàlf ekvfdu hfvkf e‛fe e‛fst pds paur dutdet dssurëf.

KK. Ifs O_KGs hu rdttrdpdjf î id eae gaevfrjfegf hfs ekvfdux hfs vkfs

Hdes if gdhrf hf gfttf pdrtkf, eaus ëtuhkfraes i‛kefxkstfegf hf id gaevfrjfegf hfsekvfdux hf vkf fetrf ifs O_KGs ft i‛AGHF. ^aur gf cdkrf, eaus dvaes hëgkhë h‛utkiksfr ifshkccërfets lahâifs hf grakssdegf fxkstdet hdes id ikttërdturf ëgaealkquf ft hf ifsdppikqufr î eatrf gds prësfet.

Eaus dvaes gbaksk h‛utkiksfr gallf kehkgdtfur hf ekvfdu hf vkf if ^KO pdr tàtf fe ^^D

(?>>6) gfiuk-gk eaus pfrlfttdet uef ëvdiudtkae ketfredtkaedif hfs ekvfdux hf vkf. Idgaevfrjfegf hfs ekvfdux hf vkf sfrd ëtuhkëf paur id hdtf ldxkldif hf ?>7>.

Ki gaevkfet hâs î prësfet, hf laetrfr qu'ki e'y d pds hf gaevfrjfegf hfs ekvfdux hf vkf

hfs pdys O_KGs vfrs ifs pdys hf i'AGHF fe ^KO pdr tàtf fe ^^D.

Id pra`fgtkae sukvdetf fst kssuf hfs trdvdux hu GFF^K, fiif rfpasf sur ifur lahâif(LdJF (Ldgrafgaealftrkgs ac tbf Jiaodi Fgaealy). Lahâif quk e'fst pds sdesrfprfehrf ifs bypatbâsfs ifs pius rëpdehufs tfiifs quf gfiifs hf Waiaw au fegarf gfiifshf Ldemkw, _alfr ft Zfki.

>

4>>>>

?>>>>

7>>>>

8>>>>

6>>>>

3>>>>

y 4 ; 2 ?

y 4 ; 2 6

y 4 ; 2 2

y 4 ; ; 4

y 4 ; ; 8

y 4 ; ; :

y ? > > >

y ? > > 7

y ? > > 3

y ? > > ;

y ? > 4 ?

y ? > 4 6

y ? > 4 2

y ? > ? 4

y ? > ? 8

y ? > ? :

y ? > 7 >

? > > 6 ^ ^ ^ p f r g d p k t d

JH^ pfr gdpktd

Ordzki

Gbked

Kehkd

_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Wautb Dcrkgd

Vektfh Wtdtfs

Jfrldey



Î trdvfrs gf jrdpbkquf, ae rfldrquf trâs gidkrflfet quf ifs pdys O_KGs ef gaevfrjfetpds vfrs ifs pdys hf i'AGHF (gfux quf eaus dvaes hëgkhë hf prfehrf gallfrfprësfetdtkcs), ifs Ëtdts-Veks sfloifet làlf paursukvrf ifur prajrfsskae fe tfrlfsh'dujlfetdtkae hf ifur ekvfdu hf vkf. G‛fst haeg hf gfttf khëf, quf eaus diiaes gbfrgbfr

î galprfehrf paurquak ki e'fxkstf pds hf gaevfrjfegf fetrf ifs pdys O_KGs ft ifs pdyshf i'AGHF diars làlf quf ifs kecarldtkaes prësfetëfs prëgëhfllfet sfloidkfetlaetrfr if gaetrdkrf.

4. Dujlfetdtkae hfs ekvfdux hf vkf î trdvfrs i‛dgguluidtkae hu gdpktdi

d. Ifs bypatbâsfs hf odsf

Ifs dediysfs hf id grakssdegf hf iaej-tfrlf saet jëeërdiflfet odsëfs sur uef caegtkaeGaoo-Haujids. Gfttf hfrekârf prësfetf piuskfurs dvdetdjfs, haet i‛bypatbâsf hfrfehflfets h‛ëgbfiif gaestdets ft hf prahugtkvktë ldrjkedif hëgrakssdetf.

Ifs pdrdlâtrfs hf id caegtkae garrfspaehfet î id rëpdrtktkae hu rfvfeu fetrf ifshkccërfets cdgtfurs hf prahugtkae.

Hdes gfttf ëqudtkae, [k,t rfprësfetf if ^KO fe vaiulf, Dk,t id prahugtkvktë tatdif hfs

cdgtfurs Mk,t gdpktdi ft Ik,t if trdvdki.

Eaus pastuifraes taut du iaej hf eatrf dediysf quf δ<>.74 (Ldemkw, _alfr ft Zfki,4;;?). Hf làlf eaus pastuifraes i‛bypatbâsf h‛uef ëgaealkf cfrlëf, gf quk klpikquf

quf i‛kevfstkssflfet fst ëjdi { i‛ëpdrjef. Gfttf bypatbâsf fst kssuf hfs trdvdux hf^aegft, Zkisae ft Di.

If tdoifdu sukvdet eaus kehkquf okfe qu‛fe layfeef i‛kevfstkssflfet fst ëjdi du tdux

h‛ëpdrjef gf quk eaus pfrlft haeg hf jdrhfr gf pastuidt.

Kevfstlfet rdtf Wdvkejs

rdtf

VektfhWtdtfs 43,: % 48,; %

Kehkd ??,4 % ??,3 %

Gbked 7?,3 % 76,7 %

^aur ckekr eaus pastuifraes, quf id hëprëgkdtkae hu gdpktdi g‛fst-î-hkrf i‛usurf hu

ldtërkfi prahugtkc (θ) fst ëjdif { >.>3.



o. Lahâif hf Waiaw

If lahâif hf Waiaw sfloif àtrf ue oae hëpdrt paur dediysfr id gaevfrjfegf hfsekvfdux hf vkf fetrf ifs pdys hf i‛AGHF ft O_KGs.

Gallf eaus i‛dvaes vu prëgëhfllfet, ifs bypatbâsfs prësfetëfs pdr gf lahâif aetuef klpartdegf ld`furf hdes ifs rësuitdts. Id prahugtkvktë ldrjkedif hëgrakssdetfklpikquf quf sk if gdpktdi fst cdkoif diars gfiif-gk fst ëifvëf hf sartf quf i'ëgaealkf fstkegktëf î kevfstkr. I'kevfstkssflfet pdr tàtf sfrd haeg ëifvë ft supërkfur î idhëprëgkdtkae hu gdpktdi.

Dvfg

Dvfg , kevfstkssflfet pdr tàtf , e 0 tdux hf grakssdegf hf id papuidtkae,

j 0 tdux hf grakssdegf hu prajrâs tfgbekquf, tdux hëprëgkdtkae hu gdpktdi.

Wk i'kevfstkssflfet fst supërkfur î id hëprëgkdtkae hu gdpktdi ( ,

Waiaw eaus kehkquf hdes gf gds qu‛ki y durd dgguluidtkae hu gdpktdi i'dgguluidtkae hu

gdpktdi dydet paur garaiidkrf î i'dujlfetdtkae hu ^KO pdr bdoktdet.

>

6>

4>>

46>

?>>

?6>

7>>

D x k s X k t i f

(M/I) Fefrjy Gdpktdi

Ordzki

Gbked

Jfrldey

Wautb Dcrkgd

_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Vektfh Wtdtfs

Kehkd



Id pra`fgtkae hf i‛dujlfetdtkae hu stagm hf gdpktdi pdr tàtf `usqu‛fe ?>7> eaus kehkqufokfe qu‛ki e‛y d pds hf gaevfrjfegf vfrs ifs pdys hf i‛AGHF. Gf quk klpikquf hdes iflahâif hf Waiaw uef dujlfetdtkae hu ^KO pdr bdoktdet puksquf 0

(

)

If lahâif hf Waiaw sklpikckë eaus kehkquf haeg quf ifs O_KGs ef hfvrdkfet pdshëpdssfr ifs VWD fe tfrlfs hf ^KO pdr bdoktdet fe ?>7>.

^aur Waiaw, gbdquf ëgaealkf gaevfrjfrd vfrs i‛ëtdt stdtkaeedkrf. Gfttf gaevfrjfegfvfrs i'ëtdt stdtkaeedkrf hakt prfehrf piuskfurs hëgfeekfs ft î lfsurf quf i'ëgaealkf sfrdppragbfrd vfrs sae ëtdt stdtkaeedkrf, if tdux hf grakssdegf e'fe sfrd quf pius rëhukt

(klpikgdtkae hkrfgtf hf id prahugtkvktë ldrjkedif).

Hf gf cdkt, ifs pdys ifs pius ëiakjeës hf ifur ëtdt stdtkaeedkrf (stagm hf gdpktdi cdkoif) aethaeg ue tdux hf grakssdegf trâs ëifvë. Gf quk sfloifrdkt î prflkârf vuf àtrf if gds hf idGbkef ft hf i‛Kehf.

H'dutrfs klpikgdtkaes hu lahâif hf Waiaw pfuvfet àtrf trauvëfs 0

Ifs pdys dydet ue cart tdux h'ëpdrjef ft h'kevfstkssflfet duraet ue ekvfdu hfgdpktdi ft hf ^KO pdr bdoktdet pius ëifvë.

Ifs pdys dydet ue cart tdux hf grakssdegf hëlajrdpbkquf, duraet ue stagm hfgdpktdi ft hf ^KO pdr tàtf cdkoif, gf quk sfloif okfe àtrf if gds kgk.



Hdes eatrf dediysf, eaus gaeskhëraes quf ifs pdys hf i'AGHF saet qudsklfet î i'ëtdtstdtkaeedkrf diars quf ifs O_KGs saet fe gaurs hf gaevfrjfegf vfrs gf làlf ëtdt. Ifs

hfux sf rftrauvfet haeg hdes uef pbdsf trdesktakrf.

Ar, ae sdkt quf hdes if lahâif hf Waiaw (dvfg prajrâs tfgbekquf) î iaej tfrlf, ifs

vdrkdoifs pdr tàtf { i‛ëtdt stdtkaeedkrf grakssfet du tdux j (D 0 prajrâs tfgbekquf).

^fehdet ifs pbrdsfs trdesktakrfs 0

I‛d`aut hdes if lahâif hu prajrâs tfgbekquf (D), tflpârf id sklpif dppragbf pdr ifcdgtfur gdpktdi, puksquf i‛ae gaestdtf quf sur id pra`fgtkae `usqu‛fe ?>6> if prajrâstfgbekquf sfloif àtrf fe rftdrh hdes ifs pdys O_KGs bars _usskf. Hdes if lahâif hf

Waiaw gfttf grakssdegf hu prajrâs tfgbekquf fst fxajâef. Fiif e‛fst haeg pds fxpikquëf.

Ae pfut gdiguifr id gaetrkoutkae hu prajrâs tfgbekquf gallf ue rëskhu (_ëskhu hfWaiaw) hf id grakssdegf hfs dutrfs cdgtfurs (trdvdki ft gdpktdi). Ki dppdrdåt quf if _ëskhuhf Waiaw gaetrkouf paur 3> % hf id grakssdegf hdes ifs pdys h‛AGHF diars làlf qu‛ki

e‛fst pds fxpikquë pdr Waiaw.

>

6>>

4>>>

46>>

?>>>

?6>>

7>>>

y ? > > 6

y ? > > 2

y ? > 4 4

y ? > 4 8

y ? > 4 :

y ? > ? >

y ? > ? 7

y ? > ? 3

y ? > ? ;

y ? > 7 ?

y ? > 7 6

y ? > 7 2

y ? > 8 4

y ? > 8 8

y ? > 8 :

y ? > 6 >

Xatdi Cdgtar ^rahugtkvkty (D) ^ra`fgtkae ?>6>

Ordzki

Gbked

Kehkd

_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Wautb Dcrkgd

Vektfh Wtdtfs

Jfrldey



Ki gaevkfehrd haeg h‛fxpikqufr jrïgf du lahâif fehajâef ifs saus-`dgfets hu prajrâstfgbekquf ft ifs klpikgdtkaes qu‛ki kehukt sur i‛bypatbâsf hf prahugtkvktë ldrjkedif hfs

cdgtfurs.

Ae aosfrvf pdr dkiifurs, uef saus-fstkldtkae hu lahâif hf Waiaw 0

Wk i‛ae galpdrf ifs prëhkgtkaes hu lahâif hf Waiaw ft eas aosfrvdtkaes ki y d saus-fstkldtkae, gf quk idkssf suppasfr qu‛ki fxkstf h‛dutrfs fxpikgdtkaes quf id sklpifdgguluidtkae hfs cdgtfurs hf prahugtkae. Hf làlf, iarsquf i‛ae galpdrf ifs ekvfdux hf^KO pdr tàtf kektkdi dvfg if tdux hf grakssdegf layfe (4;3>-?>>>) ki e‛fxkstf pds hf ikfefetrf ifs hfux. Gaetrdkrflfet du lahâif hf Waiaw, ifs pdys kektkdiflfet pduvrf e‛aetpds gaeeu hf tdux hf grakssdegf pius ëifvë quf ifs pdys rkgbf. Ki fxkstf ue m* hkccârfet, aepdrif haeg hf gaevfrjfegf gaehktkaeefiif, î id hkccërfegf hf Waiaw quk pdrif hf

gaevfrjfegf dosaiuf.

^dys Xdux hf grakssdegf 4;6>-?>4>

Ordzki 8,;? %

Kehkd 8,:? %

Wautb Dcrkgd 7,:4 %

VWD 7,74 %Crdegf 7,64 %

Ae rfldrquf kgk, quf ifs tdux hf grakssdegf ef saet pds pius ëifvës paur ifs pdys

kektkdiflfet pduvrf diars làlf quf Waiaw eaus kehkquf if prapas kevfrsf.

Id gaevfrjfegf gaehktkaeefiif fst h‛ue klpdgt gdpktdi puksquf hf ldekârf sklpif sk i‛aerftkrf du lahâif hf Waiaw i‛kehëpfehdegf hfs vdrkdoifs tfiifs quf if tdux ëpdrjef au iftdux hf grakssdegf hu prajrâs tfgbekquf, ki suoskstf diars ue m* hkccërfet paur gbdqufëgaealkf fxpikqudet diars paurquak fiifs ef gaevfrjfraet pds vfrs if làlf ëtdt ft

paurquak ifs O_KGs ef gaevfrjfraet pds vfrs ifs pdys hf i‛AGHF.

Hf pius, if praoiâlf hf saus-fstkldtkae hu lahâif hf Waiaw d ue klpdgt ld`fur suri‛ëgdrt hf ekvfdux hf vkf quk fxkstf fetrf ifs pdys O_KGs ft i ‛AGHF, piuskfurs dutfurs aethaeg rësaiu gf praoiâlf fe dàutdet if gdpktdi buldke du lahâif hf Waiaw. GktaesLdemkw _alfr ft Zfki quk dprâs dvakr dàutë if gdpktdi buldke (tdux hf sgaidrksdtkae fesfgaehdkrf), aet rëussk î rftrauvfr uef fstkldtkae gaecarlf { i‛aosfrvdtkae rëfiif.I‛dàut hu gdpktdi buldke sf trdhukt haeg pdr uef dlëikardtkae hf i‛fxpikgdtkae hfs

ëgdrts hf rkgbfssf aosfrvës fetrf ifs pdys.



Ldijrë id saus-fstkldtkae hu lahâif hf Waiaw gfiuk-gk eaus kehkquf quf paur ?>7>, kie‛y durd pds hf gaevfrjfegf hfs ekvfdux hf vkf. Ifs rdksaes saet ëvkhfetfs ft eaus ifsdvaes kehkquës prëgëhfllfet. H‛uef pdrt ifs pdys ef pdrtfet pds hu làlf paket hfhëpdrt, h‛dutrf pdrt if prajrâs tfgbekquf `auf paur ld`furf pdrtkf hdes i‛dggrakssflfet

hfs ekvfdux hf vkf, diars làlf qu‛ki sfloif quf gfiuk-gk sakt cartflfet fe rftdrh gbfz ifspdys O_KGs.

?. If lahâif Dujlfetë hf Waiaw 0 Ldemkw, _alfr, Zfki (4;;?)

Eaus dvaes vu qu‛ki e‛y d pds hf gaevfrjfegf hfs ekvfdux hf vkf. Hf sartf hdes gfttfpdrtkf, ki eaus sfloif iëjktklf h‛utkiksfr if lahâif hf Waiaw dujlfetë hu gdpktdi

buldke.

Eaus utkiksfraes kgk id vdrkdoif « sgbaai ½, id làlf quf gfiif utkiksëf pdr Ldemkw, _alfrft Zfki, kssuf hfs trdvdux hf Odrra _. & @.Z. Iff.

If gaestdt fst sklpif 0 sur ifs pra`fgtkaes hu tdux hf trdvdkiifurs dgtkcs dydet sukvk hfsëtuhfs sfgaehdkrfs ifs O_KGs ef gaevfrjfet pds vfrs ifs pdys hf i‛AGHF, gf quk fxpikqufhaeg i‛ëgdrt qu‛ki fxkstf fe tfrlf hf ekvfdux hf vkf. Gf gaestdt ef cdkt quf rfecargfr gfiukëlkt prëgëhfllfet, puksqu‛du trdvfrs hf id rësaiutkae hf id saus-fstkldtkae hu lahâifhf Waiaw, ifs ëgdrts hf ekvfdu vkf aet dujlfetë.

>

?>

8>

3>

2>

4>>

4?>

y ? > 4 ?

y ? > 4 7

y ? > 4 8

y ? > 4 6

y ? > 4 3

y ? > 4 :

y ? > 4 2

y ? > 4 ;

y ? > ? >

y ? > ? 4

y ? > ? ?

y ? > ? 7

y ? > ? 8

y ? > ? 6

y ? > ? 3

y ? > ? :

y ? > ? 2

y ? > ? ;

y ? > 7 >

Wfgaehdry Fhugdtkae

Gbked

Ordzki

Kehkd

_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Wautb Dcrkgd

Vektfh Wtdtfs

Jfrldey



7. I‛fxpikgdtkae hu prajrâs tfgbekquf ft sfs klpikgdtkaes

d. Lahâif DM

Gf lahâif eaus haeef uef khëf sklpif ldks fcckgdgf hfs rdksaes hf id eae-gaevfrjfegfhfs pdys O_KGs sur ifs pdys hf i‛AGHF.

Dvfg uef caegtkae hf prahugtkae Gaoo-Haujids

{

Dvfg id tfgbeaiajkf khfetkquf paur gbdquf pdys, id papuidtkae dgtkvf ft if

gdpktdi du sfes idrjf g'fst-î-hkrf pbyskquf ft buldke.

Hdes gf lahâif if prajrâs tfgbekquf fst hkt sflk-fehajâef, puksquf ifs rfehflfets

saet gaestdets ft id prahugtkvktë ldrjkedif e‛fst pius hëgrakssdetf. Gfttf klpikgdtkae fst

klpartdetf, puksquf hdes gf gds id carlf hf id caegtkae hf prahugtkae gbdejf. Id eae-

gaevfrjfegf vfrs ue m* hfvkfet haeg passkoif hu cdkt hf gf gbdejflfet.

Gallf eaus i‛dvaes vu prëgëhfllfet, ki eaus fst dppdru quf id grakssdegf e‛d pds ët ë

supërkfurf paur ifs pdys O_KGs quf paur ifs pdys hf i‛AGHF sur if iaej tfrlf 4;3>-

?>4>. Eaus pasfraes i‛bypatbâsf, qu‛ki fe fst hf làlf paur if tdux ëpdrjef hf iaej

tfrlf hdes ifs pdys O_KGs ft i‛AGHF. I‛klpikgdtkae sukvdet f fst klpartdetf paur id

hëlaestrdtkae quk sukt.

Wk i‛ae eatf 0

̊ < sc(m)/m ‗ (e+

< s.D-(e+

Ifs tdux hf grakssdegf hu gdpktdi pdr tàtf ft hu ^KO saet haeg prapartkaeefis du prajrâs

tfgbekquf. I‛ëpdrjef (s) ëtdet gaestdetf, gfid skjekckf qu‛uef dujlfetdtkae pfrldefetf

hu prajrâs, pfrlft uef dujlfetdtkae pfrldefetf hf id grakssdegf.



m

Gallf ae d pu vakr prëgëhfllfet, if prajrâs tfgbekquf fst okfe supërkfur hdes ifs

pdys hf i‛AGHF. Wk ifs gaegiuskaes hu lahâif DM sf rfiâvfet `ustf, ifs pdys hf i‛AGHF

aosfrvfraet uef dujlfetdtkae hf ifur grakssdegf î iaej tfrlf quk sfrd supërkfurf î

gfiif hu « oiag ½ O_KGs. Ae d vu hdes id prflkârf pdrtkf, quf if ^KO gbkeaks dvdkt hë`î

hëpdssë gfiuk hf i‛Diifldjef ft quf sur ifs 7> pragbdkefs deeëfs gfiuk-gk hëpdssfrd if

^KO dlërkgdke. Ar, ki e‛fe fst rkfe paur id gaevfrjfegf fe tfrlfs hf ^KO/bdoktdet.

o. Lahâif hf _ALF_

Ifs fxtfrediktës hf gaeedkssdegfs ketrahuktfs pdr _alfr carldiksfet if cdkt quf id

gaegfetrdtkae h‛kehustrkfs hdes hfs zaefs jëajrdpbkqufs pragbfs (id Wkikgae vdiify dux

Ftdts-Veks ft rëjkae hf id _bur fe Diifldjef) cdvarksfet ifs fxtfrediktës hf

gaeedkssdegfs fetrf ifs ckrlfs ft pdr gaesëqufet, cdvarksf i‛keeavdtkae. I‛kevfstkssflfet

gaestktuf dkesk ue okfe puoikg. Id prahugtkvktë ldrjkedif hf gbdquf ckrlf fsthëgrakssdetf, gbdejfdet dkesk id carlf hf id caegtkae hf prahugtkae. Gfttf prahugtkvktë

ldrjkedif sfrd sur i‛fesfloif hf i‛ëgaealkf, gaestdetf. Ifs rftaloëfs hf sdvakr fetrf

ifs kehustrkfs gaegfetrëfs hdes gfs làlfs zaefs jëajrdpbkqufs rfidegfet id grakssdegf

ëgaealkquf. Ki sfloif quf gfs fxtfrediktës pukssfet hkccërfegkfr ifs pdys hf i‛AGHF hfs

pdys fe hëvfiappflfet. Fiifs aet uef pidgf pius klpartdetf du sfke hfs ëgaealkfs

hëvfiappëfs quk, gaecraetës î hfs tdux hf grakssdegf pius cdkoif quf gfux hfs O_KGs,

rfidegfet ifur grakssdegf pdr i‛keeavdtkae, dkesk quf pdr if prajrâs tfgbekquf.



Ifs ëgaealkfs O_KGs saet qudet { fiifs, pius taureëfs vfrs i‛dgguluidtkae hf gdpktdi ft

idkssfet uef pidgf lakes klpartdetf du prajrâs tfgbekquf. I‛ëtuhf hf id gaegfetrdtkae

hfs cdgtfurs ëefrjëtkqufs dppukf gfs dcckrldtkaes 0

Id prahugtkvktë hfs cdgtfurs ëefrjëtkqufs pfut àtrf gaeskhërëf gallf if rësuitdt

guluië hf i‛keeavdtkae. Ifs ëiëlfets hf prfuvf laetrfet uef rfidtkae fe V fetrf if

hëvfiappflfet ëgaealkquf ft id prahugtkvktë hf i‛ëefrjkf 0 ifs pdys î cdkoif rfvfeu saet

trâs ëgaealfs fe ëefrjkf pdrgf quf ifurs ëgaealkfs saet odsëfs sur if sfgtfur prkldkrf

(djrkguiturf). ^aur ifs pdys fe hëvfiappflfet, if sfgtfur hf i‛kehustrkf, quk fst fxkjfdet

fe ëefrjkf, hfvkfet pius klpartdet, gf quk rfeh id prahugtkvktë ëefrjëtkquf pius cdkoif.

Dprâs quf id trdesktkae kehustrkfiif sakt tfrlkeëf, i‛fcckgdgktë tfgbeaiajkquf hf gfs pdys

tfeh { s‛dlëikarfr, ft gfgk fst dggalpdjeë pdr i‛arjdeksdtkae hu sfgtfur tfrtkdkrf, gf quk

skjekckf quf id prahugtkvktë hf i‛ëefrjkf gallfegf { dujlfetfr.

H‛dprâs if jrdpbkquf gk-hfssus, ifs prëvkskaes { i‛barkzae ?>6> ef laetrfet pds uef

gaevfrjfegf fetrf ifs pdys O_KGW ft ifs pdys hf i‛AGHF. Ifs pdys aggkhfetdux tfis quf

i‛Diifldjef ft ifs Ftdts-Veks duraet hfs cdgtfurs ëefrjëtkqufs (ëifgtrkgktë, ëaikfe) pius

fcckgkfet quf ifs pdys hfs O_KGs. Gf quk vfut hkrf, quf gfs pdys sfraet pius î id paketf hf

i‛keeavdtkae fe ?>6> quf ifs O_KGs.

>

6>>

4>>>

46>>

?>>>

?6>>

y 4 ; 2 >

y 4 ; 2 7

y 4 ; 2 3

y 4 ; 2 ;

y 4 ; ; ?

y 4 ; ; 6

y 4 ; ; 2

y ? > > 4

y ? > > 8

y ? > > :

y ? > 4 >

y ? > 4 7

y ? > 4 3

y ? > 4 ;

y ? > ? ?

y ? > ? 6

y ? > ? 2

y ? > 7 4

y ? > 7 8

y ? > 7 :

y ? > 8 >

y ? > 8 7

y ? > 8 3

y ? > 8 ;

Fvaiutkae ft prfvkskae hf id prahugtkvktë

fefrjftkquf du sfke hfs fgaealkfs

aggkhfetdifs ft hfs O_KGs

Ordzki

Gbked

JfrldeyKehkd

_usskd

Wautb Dcrkgd

Vektfh Wtdtfs



g. Lahâif hf rfgbfrgbf ft hëvfiappflfet 0 _alfr (4;;>), Jrasslde ft Bfiplde

(4;;4).

Gf lahâif rfprfeh ifs bypatbâsfs hu lahâif hf Waiaw, ki fst odsë sur id rfgbfrgbf ft

hëvfiappflfet. Gfs 7 ëgaealkstfs laetrfet i‛klpartdegf hu gdpktdi buldke dggarhë {id rfgbfrgbf ft hëvfiappflfet hdes id grakssdegf ëgaealkquf.

Gf lahâif d paur ëqudtkae, id sukvdetf 0

_fprësfetf id pdrt hu cdgtfur gdpktdi hdes utkiksë hdes id _&H ft rfprësfetf id

pdrt hu sfgtfur trdvdki hdes id _&H.

D(t) rfprësfetf « if stagm hf gaeedkssdegf ½, ft gfttf dgguluidtkae hf gaeedkssdegfgaestktuf i‛uef hfs cargfs hf grakssdegf.

Id papuidtkae dgtkvf fst hkvksëf fe ? pdrtkfs gfux quk prahuksfet hfs okfes ft hfssfrvkgfs ft gfux quk prahuksfet hfs khëfs.

̊ ̊ ⌂ ⌋

Gfttf eauvfiif ëqudtkae rfprësfetf id caegtkae hf prahugtkae hf eauvfiifs khëfs, ifs

rfehflfets h‛ëgbfiif kgk ef saet pds cargëlfet gaestdets klpikqudet gallf

prëgëhfllfet uef ëvfetufiif eae gaevfrjfegf vfrs ue m*.

>

4>

?>

7>

8>

6>

3>:>

2>

y ? > 4 ?

y ? > 4 8

y ? > 4 3

y ? > 4 2

y ? > ? >

y ? > ? ?

y ? > ? 8

y ? > ? 3

y ? > ? 2

y ? > 7 >

y ? > 7 ?

y ? > 7 8

y ? > 7 3

y ? > 7 2

y ? > 8 >

y ? > 8 ?

y ? > 8 8

y ? > 8 3

y ? > 8 2

y ? > 6 >

Xfrtkdry fhugdtkae

Ordzki

Gbked

Kehkd

_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Wautb Dcrkgd

Vektfh Wtdtfs

Jfrldey



W‛ki i‛ae prfeh if ealorf hf pfrsaeef sukvdet hfs ëtuhfs supërkfurfs paur lahëiksfr id

prahugtkae hf eauvfiifs khëfs, ae vakt okfe qu‛ki e‛y d pds gaevfrjfegf. Fe fccft, h‛dprâs

if jrdpbkquf sukvdet ae gaestdtf quf i‛Dcrkquf hu Wuh, i‛Kehf, id Gbkef ft if Orëski saet fe

hfssaus hf i‛Diifldjef ft ef gaevfrjfraet pds dvfg gf-hfrekfr. Wfuif, id _usskf fst trâs

efttflfet du-hfssus hfs dutrfs pdys O_KGs ft gaevfrjfrd hdes ifs deeëfs ?>7> dvfg

ifs Ftdts-Veks. Ae pfut hkrf quf s‛ki e‛y d pds gaevfrjfegf hf gfs pdys. Gfid pfut àtrf hý î

uef prahugtkvktë stdjedetf au fegarf { ue ëpuksflfet hf i‛keeavdtkae gf quk dppukf if

cdkt qu‛ki e‛y dkt pds hf gaevfrjfegf hfs ekvfdux hf vkf hfs O_KGs ft hfs pdys hf i‛AGHF.

Dvfg if jrdpbkquf sukvdet, ae hëckekt if stagm hf gaeedkssdegf pdr id papuidtkae dgtkvf

luitkpikëf pdr if paurgfetdjf hf pfrsaeef ëtdet fe ëtuhfs supërkfurfs. Ae gaestdtf, quf

gf stagm hf gaeedkssdegf fst efttflfet pius cart dux Ftdts-Veks fe ?>4? ft vd gfssfr

h‛dujlfetfr `usqu‛fe ?>6>. I‛Kehf ft id Gbkef saet ifs hfux pdys O_KGs quk vfrraet ifur

stagm hf gaeedkssdegf dujlfetfr fetrf ?>4? ft ?>6>. Gf saet ifs hfux sfuis qukgaevfrjfraet vfrs ifs Ftdts-Veks. Fe gf quk gaegfref id _usskf, i‛Dcrkquf hu Wuh ft if

Orëski ifurs stagm hf gaeedkssdegfs e‛dujlfetfraet quf trâs pfu vakrf, pds hu taut paur

id _usskf ft i‛Dcrkquf hu Wuh. Ae vakt ëjdiflfet paur gfs 7 pdys qu‛kis ef gaevfrjfraet

pds vfrs eatrf pdys hf rëcërfegf, ifs Ëtdts-Veks.

Wk i‛ae prfeh i‛bypatbâsf quf ϸ<4, g‛fst -î-hkrf quf if stagm hf gaeedkssdegfs grakt î ue

rytblf gaestdet, ae e‛aosfrvf pds hf gaevfrjfegf dvfg ifs pdys O_KGs gdr ifs pdys hf

i‛AGHF aet prks hf i‛dvdegf hdes if haldkef hf id rfgbfrgbf.

>

?>>>>

8>>>>

3>>>>

2>>>>

4>>>>>

4?>>>>

48>>>>

43>>>>

4 7 6 : ; 44 47 46 4: 4; ?4 ?7 ?6 ?: ?; 74 77 76 7: 7;

Wtagm hf gaeedkssdegf

VWD

Gbkef

Ordzki

Kehf

_usskf

Wautb Dcrkgd



Id grakssdegf hu ekvfdu hf vkf sfrd gaestdet î iaej tfrlf fst ëjdif d 0

̊

Gf rësuitdt gaecartf i‛bypatbâsf hf Waiaw ldks gaetrdkrflfet î gfiuk-gk ae trauvf quf if

tdux hf grakssdegf hu ekvfdu hf vkf hëpfeh hu tdux hf grakssdegf hf id papuidtkae. Gfttf

klpikgdtkae vkfet hu cdkt quf pius id papuidtkae dujlfetf, pius if ealorf hf gbfrgbfur

dujlfetf. Dujlfetdet dkesk, if stagm hf gaeedkssdegf.

̊

Dux vufs hfs haeeëfs ëtuhkëfs prëgëhfllfet, ae fe hëhukt quf if ealorf hf stagm hf

gaeedkssdegf fst okfe lakehrf hdes ifs pdys O_KGs fxpikqudet diars id eae-gaevfrjfegffe tfrlf hf ekvfdux hf vkf hf gfs hfrekfrs vfrs ifs pdys hf i‛AGHF.

h. Lahâif IVGDW (4;22)

V rfprësfetf id crdgtkae hu tflps gaesdgrëf î i‛utkiksdtkae hu gdpktdi buldke î idprahugtkae.

(4-V) rfprësfetf if tflps gaesdgrë î id carldtkae hu gdpktdi.

̆

̊

I‛fxtfrediktë pdr i‛dpprfetkssdjf quk fst rfprësfetë pdr ̆ (gdpktdi layfe hdes

i‛ëgaealkf). Gbdquf kehkvkhu k pracktf hfs gaeedkssdegfs hfs dutrfs kehkvkhus. 0 If

gdpktdi buldke hfstkeë î id prahugtkae hf okfe (kehkvkhu k). If V aptkldi hëpfehrd hf id

ldxklksdtkae hf i‛utkiktë ketfr tflparfiif.

Ae fst hëhukt quf if tdux hf grakssdegf hu ^KO/tàtf fst ëjdif î 0



̊

Hdes uef ëgaealkf, pius if tdux h‛fcckgdgktë hu systâlf ëhugdtkc sfrd klpartdet (kgk aeprfehrd id papuidtkae dgtkvf dydet sukvkf hfs ëtuhfs supërkfurs) ft pius if tdux hf

grakssdegf hu ^KO pdr tàtf sfrd ëifvë.

Ae rfldrquf trâs gidkrflfet quf ifs pdys O_KGs saet î ue ekvfdu kecërkfur fe tfrlfsh‛ëhugdtkaes supërkfurfs. Bars gfiif-gk fxpikquf paur pdrtkf i‛dujlfetdtkae hu ekvfdu hfvkf, ki suoskstf haeg ue cdgtfur hf pius pfrlfttdet h‛fxpikqufr id eae gaevfrjfegf hfs

ekvfdux hfs vkfs.

>

?>

8>

3>

2>

4>>

4?>

y ? > 4 ?

y ? > 4 8

y ? > 4 3

y ? > 4 2

y ? > ? >

y ? > ? ?

y ? > ? 8

y ? > ? 3

y ? > ? 2

y ? > 7 >

y ? > 7 ?

y ? > 7 8

y ? > 7 3

y ? > 7 2

y ? > 8 >

y ? > 8 ?

y ? > 8 8

y ? > 8 3

y ? > 8 2

y ? > 6 >

^apuidtkae dgtkvf dydet sukvkf hfs ëtuhfs

supërkfurs

Gbked

Ordzki

Kehkd

_usskde Cfhfrdtkae

Wautb Dcrkgd

Vektfh Wtdtfs

Jfrldey



Gaegiuskae

D trdvfrs gfttf dediysf, eaus dvaes vu qu'ki fxkstf okfe ue rdttrdpdjf hfs ekvfdux hf vkfhfs pdys hfs O_KGs vfrs ifs pdys hf i'AGHF, ar làlf sk ki fst passkoif h'aosfrvfr uef

dlëikardtkae hu ekvfdu hf vkf hdes if oae sfes, ae ef pfut pds gaegiurf î uefgaevfrjfegf hfs ekvfdux hf vkf. Gfttf gaegiuskae fst i'doautkssflfet hf i'dediysf hfi'fesfloif hfs lahâifs hf grakssdegf vu prëgëhfllfet. ^uksqu‛kis eaus kehkqufet qufi‛fesfloif hfs O_KGs gaevfrjfet vfrs ue ëtdt stdtkaeedkrf quk e'fst pds if làlf qufgfiuk hfs pdys hf i'AGHF. H‛dutrf pdrt , cargës hf gaestdtfr quf ifs O_KGs aet dgguluië uerftdrh klpartdet fe tfrlfs hf prajrâs tfgbekquf (ëhugdtkae, prajrâs tfgbeaiajkqufs,rfgbfrgbf ft hëvfiappflfet). Diars làlf quf gfiuk-gk, fst saurgf hf grakssdegf hf iaejtfrlf hu ^KO pdr tàtf. Ft gaetrkouf î 3> % î id grakssdegf.

Ki sfloif haeg quf ifs O_KGs aet fegarf ofdugaup hf gbflke î pdrgaurkr fe gf qukgaegfref i'dlëikardtkae hf ifurs ekvfdux hf vkf, tdet du paket hf vuf qudetktdtkc qufqudiktdtkc. Ki gaevkfet taut hf làlf h'dppartfr uef hkccërfegkdtkae fe gf quk gaegfref ifspdys lflorfs hu « oiag ½ O_KGs, puksqu‛du sfke hf gf « oiag ½ ki fxkstf hf trâs iaurhfshkspdrktës. Dkesk, eaus dvaes gaestdtë quf i'Dcrkquf hu Wuh d fegarf ue hëvfiappflfetpius ifet quf gfs « gaecrârfs ½ hfs O_KGW ft quf sd pidgf ef tkfet paur i‛kestdet quf hucdkt qu‛fiif rfprësfetf if qudrt hfs rkgbfssfs hu gaetkefet dcrkgdke . Fe gf quk gaegfref id_usskf, fiif sfloif rfpasfr sur ue sagif hf gaeedkssdegfs cdvardoif î uef grakssdegfdoaehdetf fe tfrlfs hf prajrâs tfgbekqufs, fe rdksae hf i‛degkfeef uekae savkëtkquf.

Eaus pauvaes haeg pfesfr, quf hdes sae gds, gfttf odsf hf gaeedkssdegfs fst `ustf ldiutkiksëf.

I'fesfloif hfs rësuitdts prësfetës taut du iaej hf gfttf ëtuhf e'fejdjf quf gfs dutfurs ft

tautf grktkquf fst id okfevfeuf



^drtkf Fgaealëtrkquf 0 Gaevfrjfegf

Hdes ue drtkgif hf rëcërfegf, Ofredrh ft Huriduc (4;;6) prapasfet hf vërkckfr idgaevfrjfegf. Wfiae id hëckektkae sukvdetf 0 ki y durd gaevfrjfegf fetrf hfux pdys sk, ifs

ëgdrts hfs ^KO pdr tàtf saet stdtkaeedkrf ft h‛fspërdegf euiif.

G'fst haeg hdes gfttf aptkquf, quf eaus diiaes tfstfr id gaevfrjfegf fetrf ifs pdys hfsO_KGs ft ue pdys rfprësfetdtkc hf i'AGHF. Xaut gallf hdes id prflkârf pdrtkf eausdvaes gbaksk ifs Ëtdts-Veks h'Dlërkquf. âur gf cdkrf, hdes ue prflkfr tflps eaus dvaestfstë i'fxkstfegf h'uef stdtkaeedrktë hfs ëgdrts fetrf ifs ^KO pdr bdoktdet.

Euii Bypatbfsks0 [QVWQJF_ bds d uekt raat

Fxajfeaus0 Gaestdet

Idj Ifejtb0 4 (Dutaldtkg - odsfh ae WKG, ldxidj<2)

t-Wtdtkstkg ^rao.*

Dujlfetfh Hkgmfy-Cuiifr tfst stdtkstkg -7.>:>6>? >.>7;8

Xfst grktkgdi vdiufs0 4% ifvfi -7.334334

6% ifvfi -?.;3>844

4>% ifvfi -?.34;43>

*LdgMkeeae (4;;3) aef-skhfh p-vdiufs.

Dujlfetfh Hkgmfy-Cuiifr Xfst Fqudtkae

Hfpfehfet Sdrkdoif0 H([QVWQJF_)

Lftbah0 Ifdst Wqudrfs

Hdtf0 >7/?3/4? Xklf0 44063

Wdlpif (dhùstfh)0 4;2? ?>4?

Kegiuhfh aosfrvdtkaes0 74 dctfr dhùstlfets

Sdrkdoif Gafcckgkfet Wth. Frrar t-Wtdtkstkg ^rao.

[QVWQJF_(-4) ->.?6384; >.>27644 -7.>:>6>? >.>>8:

H([QVWQJF_(-4)) >.647784 >.4644;; 7.7;64?2 >.>>?4

G >.>6;73: >.>4;48? 7.4>47:? >.>>88

Euii Bypatbfsks0 [QVWQO_D bds d uekt raat

Fxajfeaus0 EaefIdj Ifejtb0 ? (Dutaldtkg - odsfh ae WKG, ldxidj<2)

t-Wtdtkstkg ^rao.*

Dujlfetfh Hkgmfy-Cuiifr tfst stdtkstkg ->.7?:684 >.6622

Xfst grktkgdi vdiufs0 4% ifvfi -?.3887>?

6% ifvfi -4.;6?8:7

4>% ifvfi -4.34>?44

*LdgMkeeae (4;;3) aef-skhfh p-vdiufs.

Dujlfetfh Hkgmfy-Cuiifr Xfst FqudtkaeHfpfehfet Sdrkdoif0 H([QVWQO_D)




Hdtf0 >7/?3/4? Xklf0 4406:

Wdlpif (dhùstfh)0 4;27 ?>4?

Kegiuhfh aosfrvdtkaes0 7> dctfr dhùstlfets


[QVWQO_D(-4) ->.>>4442 >.>>7847 ->.7?:684 >.:862H([QVWQO_D(-4)) >.?7?823 >.4:?6:> 4.78:4;3 >.42;4

H([QVWQO_D(-?)) >.4688:8 >.437>42 >.;8:62: >.764:

Eaus ef prësfetfraes kgk, quf hfux fxflpifs quk vaet kiiustrfr eas tfsts. Eaus sallfscargës hf gaestdtfr qu'ki fxkstf okfe kgk uef stdtkaeedrktë hfs ëgdrts fetrf ifs ^KO pdr tàtfpaur i'Diifldjef ft uef eae-stdtkaeedrktë hfs ëgdrts fetrf ifs ^KO pdr tàtf paur if Orëski.If tdoifdu rëgdpktuidtkc sukvdet rfprfeh i'fesfloif hfs tfsts fccfgtuës.

^dys Wtdtkaeedkrf (Ifvfis) Dvfg Gaestdet

Ordzki EAE EAE

Gbkef EAE EAE

Kehf EAE EAE

_usskde EAE EAE

Wautb Dcrkgd AVK AVK

Jfrlde AVK AVK

Ae gaestdtf quf sfuif i'Dcrkquf hu Wuh fst stdtkaeedkrf fe ekvfdu gf quk sfloif h'arfs ft

hë`î kehkqufr uef hkccërfegf pdr rdppart dux dutrfs pdys prësfetës.

Ki gaevkfet ldketfedet hf tfstfr id hfuxkâlf bypatbâsf prësfetëf pdr ifs hfux dutfurs.

Hfpfehfet Sdrkdoif0 H([QVWQKEH)


Hdtf0 >7/?3/4? Xklf0 4?0>2


Kegiuhfh aosfrvdtkaes0 7? dctfr dhùstlfets


[QVWQKEH(-4) ->.>>2?2? >.>>434> -6.487?87 >.>>>>

Hfpfehfet Sdrkdoif0 H([QVWQ_V)


Hdtf0 >7/?3/4? Xklf0 4?0>2




[QVWQ_V(-4) >.>>?672 >.>>;223 >.?63:?> >.:;;4



Hfpfehfet Sdrkdoif0 H([QVWQJF_)


Hdtf0 >7/?3/4? Xklf0 4?0>2




[QVWQJF_(-4) >.>>>42> >.>48846 >.>4?644 >.;;>4

Hfpfehfet Sdrkdoif0 H([QVWQGBK)


Hdtf0 >7/?3/4? Xklf0 4?044




[QVWQGBK(-4) ->.>?7>>: >.>>4;32 -44.32;78 >.>>>>

^dys Fspërdegf Wtdtkaeedrktë hf i‛ëgdrt Gaevfrjfegf

Gbkef Eae Euii EAE EAE

Ordzki Eae Euii EAE EAE

Kehf Eae Euii EAE EAE

Wautb Dcrkgd Eae Euii AVK EAE (uef gaehktkae

sur hfux)

_usskd Euii EAE EAE (uef gaehktkae

sur hfux)

Jfrlde Euii AVK AVK

Hdes gf tdoifdu rëgdpktuidtkc piuskfurs gbasfs pfuvfet àtrf ketfrprëtëfs, h'uef pdrt aerfldrquf quf id Gbkef, if Orëski ft i'Kehf gallf hdes eatrf dediysf prëgëhfetf efsfloifet ef pds gaevfrjfr vfrs ifs pdys hf i'AGHF, kgk rfprësfetë pdr ifs Ëtdts-Veks.Gfttf gaegiuskae vkfet sautfekr i'bypatbâsf sfiae idqufiif kis ef rdttrdpfraet pds fe

tfrlfs hf ekvfdu hf vkf, ifs pdys hf i'AGHF. Î trdvfrs eatrf dediysf prëgëhfetf eausdvaes sauvfet ëvaquë if gds pdrtkguikfr hf id _usskf ft hf i'Dcrkquf hu Wuh, gfs pdyssfloifet fegarf sf hëtdgbfr hfs dutrfs pdys puksqu'kis passâhfet du lakes ue hfs hfuxgrktârfs hf gaevfrjfegf. Ae pfut haeg pfesfr quk pfuvfet àtrf dlfeës î rf`akehrf piusau lakes î ue ekvfdu khfetkquf ifs pdys hf i'AGHF, ifs rdksaes quk eaus dlâefet îpfesfr gfid ft qu'kis passâhfet uef grakssdegf ofdugaup pius sdkef quf sfs

« gdldrdhfs ½ tfis quf id Gbkef au fegarf i'Kehf.



Okoikajrdpbkf

Ifs sktfs wfo 0

ZKMK^FHKD. Fgaealkf hu Orëski ]fe ikjef\.Lksf î àur if 4; cëvrkfr ?>4?. ]Gaesuitë if?4 cëvrkfr ?>4?\.Hkspaekoif sur bttp0//cr.wkmkpfhkd.arj/wkmk/ËgaealkfQhuQOrëski

ZKMK^FHKD. Fgaealkf hf i‛Dcrkquf hu Wuh ]fe ikjef\.Lksf { àur if ?3 `devkfr ?>4?.]Gaesuitë if ?4 cëvrkfr ?>4?\.Hkspaekoif surbttp0//cr.wkmkpfhkd.arj/wkmk/ËgaealkfQhfQi%?:DcrkqufQhuQWuh

ZKMK^FHKD. Fgaealkf hf id Gbkef ]fe ikjef\.Lksf î àur if ?8 `devkfr ?>4?. ]Gaesuitë if?4 cëvrkfr ?>4?\.Hkspaekoif sur bttp0//cr.wkmkpfhkd.arj/wkmk/ËgaealkfQhfQidQGbkef

ZKMK^FHKD. Fgaealkf hf i‛Kehf ]fe ikjef\.Lksf { àur if ?3 `devkfr ?>4?. ]Gaesuitë if ?4 cëvrkfr ?>4?\.Hkspaekoif sur bttp0//cr.wkmkpfhkd.arj/wkmk/ËgaealkfQhfQi%?:Kehf

ZKMK^FHKD. Fgaealkf hf id _usskf ]fe ikjef\.Lksf î àur if ?3 `devkfr ?>4?. ]Gaesuitë if?4 cëvrkfr ?>4?\.Hkspaekoif sur bttp0//cr.wkmkpfhkd.arj/wkmk/ËgaealkfQhfQidQ_usskf

VEKSF_WKXF HF WBF_O_AAMF. Dcrkquf hu suh ]fe ikjef\.Lksf î àur fe ùkiift ?>44.]Gaesuitë if ?? cëvrkfr ?>4?\. Hkspaekoif sur bttp0//pfrspfgtkvf.usbfroraamf.gd

D_D_D. Id paiktkquf laehkdif hu orëski ]fe ikjef\.Lksf î àur if 4fr cëvrkfr ?>4?.

]Gaesuitë if ?? cëvrkfr ?>4?\. Hkspaekoif surwww.drdrd.cr/âiktkqufGallfrgkdifOrfski -Mutds.hag

WXDXKWXKTVFW LAEHKDIFW. If gafcckgkfet hf Jkek. Lksf î àur fe cëvrkfr ?>4>. ]Gaesuitëif ?8 cëvrkfr ?>4?\.Hkspaekoif sur bttp0//www.stdtkstkqufs-laehkdifs.gal/jkek.btl

JFEF_DXKAE EAVSFIIFW XFGBEAIAJKFW. _fgbfrgbf ft hëvfiappflfet 0 Id Gbkefhfrrkârf ifs VWD ]fe ikjef\.Lksf î àur if ?3 cëvrkfr ?>4?. ]Gaesuitë if ?3 cëvrkfr ?>4?\.

Hkspaekoif sur bttp0//www.jfefrdtkae-et.gal/aghf-gbkef-`dpae-usd-rfgbfrgbf-hfvfiappflfet-uf-ftuhf-dgtudiktf-4;::3.btli

J_FFESF_X. Orëski 0 Ifdhfr kegaetfstë hf id rfgbfrgbf sgkfetkckquf fe Dlërkquf Idtkef,ldks fegarf ue edke { i‛ëgbfiif laehkdif]fe ikjef\.Lksf { àur fe ?>4>. ]Gaesuitë if ?3cëvrkfr ?>4?\. Hkspaekoif sur bttp0//www.jrffeftvfrt.cr/?>4>/44/42/ifdhfr-kegaetfstf-hf-id-rfgbfrgbf-sgkfetkckquf-fe-dlfrkquf-idtkef-ldks-fegarf-ue-edke-d-

i%F?%2>%;;fgbfiif-laehkdif/4>878

GE_W. If Orëski, prflkfr pdys pdrtfedkrf fe Dlërkquf hu Wuh ]fe ikjef\.Lksf î àur fe

?>>?. ]Gaesuitë if ?3 cëvrkfr ?>4?\.Hkspaekoif surbttp0//www?.gers.cr/àuredi/;;;.btl

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_du_Br%C3%A9sil

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_l%27Afrique_du_Sud

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_la_Chine

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_l%27Inde

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_la_Russie

http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/

http://www.arara.fr/Politique

http://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/gini.htm

http://www.generation-nt.com/ocde-chine-japon-usa-recherche-developpement-ue-etude-actualite-19776.html


http://www.greenetvert.fr/2010/11/18/leader-inconteste-de-la-recherche-scientifique-en-amerique-latine-mais-encore-un-nain-a-l%E2%80%99echelle-mondiale/10434








http://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/gini.htm

http://www.arara.fr/Politique

http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_la_Russie

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_l%27Inde

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_la_Chine

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_l%27Afrique_du_Sud

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_du_Br%C3%A9sil



AGHF I‛AOWF_SDXFV_. If hëckgkt h‛keeavdtkae fe _usskf]fe ikjef\ .Lksf { àur fe ?>4?.]Gaesuitë if ? Ldrs ?>4?\.Hkspaekoif surbttp0//www.aosfrvdtfuraghf.arj/efws/cuiistary.pbp/dkh/86;/IfQhQF;ckgktQhkeeavdtkaeQfeQ_usskfQQ.btli

IF LAEHF. âurquak ifs hfttfs hfs pdys furapëfes ketërfssfet ifs O_KGs ]fe ikjef\.Lksfî àur if 46 sfptflorf ?>44. ]Gaesuitë if ? Ldrs ?>4?\. Hkspaekoif surbttp0//www.iflaehf.cr/fgaealkf/drtkgif/?>44/>;/46/paurquak-ifs-hfttfs-hfs-pdys-

furapffes-ketfrfssfet-ifs-O_KGsQ46:?644Q7?78.btli

GAEWX_VGXKC. Gbkef ft Kehf 0 hfux eauvfdux jëdets 1 ]Fe ikjef\ .Lksf î àur if 74@devkfr ?>4?. ]Gaesuitë if ? Ldrs ?>4?\. Hkspaekoif surbttp0//www.gaestrugtkc.cr/DrtkgifQ7>Q86Q7?3/GbkefQftQKehfQhfuxQeauvfduxQjfdets.bt

li

I_K. Id caegtkae hf i‛kevfstkssflfet hkrfgt hu gdpktdi ëtrdejfr fe Gbkef ft fe Kehf 0sklkiktuhfs ft hkccërfegfs. Lksf î àur fe ?>4?. ]Gaesuitë if ? Ldrs ?>4?\. Hkspaekoif surbttp0//www.idrfvufhfikehf.gal/kevfstkssflfet.btl

[DBAA. Dcrkquf hu suh, kevfstkt ldsskvflfet hdes sfs kecrdstrugturfs. Lksf î àur if 6ldrs ?>4?. ]Gaesuitë if 6 Ldrs ?>4?\. Hkspaekoif surbttp0//cr.ckedegf.ydbaa.gal/dgtudiktfs/idcrkquf-suh-kevfstkt-ldsskvflfet-

kecrdstrugturfs-4:?;?8248.btli

Auvrdjf 0

AGHF. Ifs saurgfs hf id grakssdegf ëgaealkquf hdes ifs pdys hf i‛AGHF, ^drks, Ifs

ëhktkaes hf i‛AGHF, ?>>8, ?38p.

Ifs phc 0

Ifs O_KG fe Dcrkquf hu Earh 0 ifs fe`fux saet-kis fe trdke hf gbdejfr.

Xbf Jrfdt Wbkct0 Ldgrafgaealkg pra`fgtkaes car tbf warih fgaealy dt tbf ?>6> barkzae.

Ifs ldrgbës hu trdvdki du Orëski, fe Gbkef, fe Kehf ft fe _usskf ft i‛ëvaiutkae rëgfetf ftifs pfrspfgtkvfs hfs ldrgbës hu trdvdki hdes ifs pdys hf i‛AGHF.

If gallfrgf hf ldrgbdehksfs rdifetk du hfuxkâlf trklfstrf ?>44.

HrfdlkejZktb O_KGs0 Xbf ^dtb ta ?>6>.

Oukihkej Ofttfr Jiaodi Fgaealkg O_KGs.

Oukihkej O_KGs car Jiaodi Galpftktkvfefss0 tbf AFGH deh tbf Flfrjkej LdrmftFgaealkfs.



Jiaodikzdtkae deh tbf hfrtfrlkedets ac keeavdtkae ke tbf O_KGW vfrsus AFGH Fgaealkfs0 D ldgrafgaealkg stuhy.

Xbf O_KG âwfrs ds Dgtars ke Zarih Dccdkrs. Wact Odidegkej ar... 1

Xbf Jrfdt Wbkct0 Ldgrafgaealkg pra`fgtkaes car tbf warih fgaealy dt tbf?>6> barkzae.

Okj O_KGs, Zfdm Cauehdtkaes0 Xbf Ofjkeekej ac ûoikg Fiflfetdry Fhugdtkae ke Ordzki,_usskd, Kehkd, deh Gbked.

TVFIIFW ^F_W^FGXKSFW ÂV_ VE W[WXÂLF C_DEÊDKW hf _FGBF_GBF fth'KEEASDXKAE fe LVXDXKAE 1

If Orëski 0 id grakssdegf saus gaetrdketfs.

Orëski, okide ëgaealkquf, suggâs ft iklktfs.

_fjdrhs graksës sur id Gbkef ft sur i‛Kehf.

^frspfgtkvfs ëgaealkqufs hf i'AGHF, Sai. ?>44/4.

Id odsf hf haeeëfs 0

bttp0//www.gfpkk.cr/dejidksjrdpb/ohh/odsfikef/dggfss.dsp

Les BRICs Simple Rattrapage Ou Convergence vers les pays de l'OCDE

Documents

Transcript of Les BRICs Simple Rattrapage Ou Convergence vers les pays de l'OCDE