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FRAME BUFFER

A frame buffer is a video output device that drives a video display from amemory buffer containing a complete frame of data. The information in the

memory buffer typically consists of color values for every pixel (point that can bedisplayed) on the screen.

Color values are commonly stored in 1-bit binary (monochrome), 4-bit palettized,

8-bit palettized, 16-bit highcolor and 24-bit truecolor formats.

The total amount of the memory required to drive the frame buffer depends on

the resolution of the output signal, and on the color depth and palette size.

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Frame-buffer array is addressed in row-major order

Pixel screen positions stored linearly in row-major order within the frame buffer

For 1 bit per pixel, the frame buffer address

for pixel position (x,y) is calculated as

addr(x,y)=addr(0,0)+y(xmax+1)+x

addr(x+1,y)=addr(x,y)+1

addr(x+1,y+1)=addr(x,y)+xmax+2

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SOFTWARE STANDARDS

! The primary goal is portability among the graphics softwares.! Without standards, programs designed for one hardware system can not be

transferred to another system without extensive rewriting of programs.

! Several Int. & national standards planning organizations have cooperatedand developed Graphical Kernel System (GKS). The is adopted by Int.Standards organisation (ISO) and American National Standards Institute

(ANSI).

! Other system is PHIGS (Programmers Hierarchial Interactive GraphicsStandard), which is extension of GKS.

! PHIGS+ is developed to provide 3D surface-shading.! Standard graphics functions are defined as a set of specifications that is in-

dependent to any programming language.

PHIGS

Fortran

C

polyline(n,x,y)call gpl(n,x,y)

ppolyline (n,pts)