Variations Stratégiques et Vieillissement Patrick LEMAIRE Master 1 – EAV.
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Transcript of Variations Stratégiques et Vieillissement Patrick LEMAIRE Master 1 – EAV.
Variations Stratégiques et Vieillissement
Patrick LEMAIRE
Master 1 – EAV
Vieillissement et Stratégies
• Existe-t-il des variations stratégiques au cours du vieillissement? Si oui, lesquelles?
• Ces variations sont-elles déterminantes des différences jeunes-âgés?
• Quels sont les facteurs affectant ces variations stratégiques?
• Quels sont les mécanismes à la base des variations stratégiques?
STRATEGIC VARIATIONS AND COGNITIVE AGING
No Strat. Variations-------------------------------
MemoryGlynn et al.,83; Rankin et al.,84; Rice & Meyer, 85; Wodd & Pratt, 87; Parkinson et al., 82; Hertzog & Dunlosky, 98
LanguageCohen & Faulkner, 83; Stine, 96
Problem solv. Reason., and Decision Making
Salthouse & Prill, 87; Salthouse, 87; Salthouse et al., 90;
Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008
Strategic Variations ------------------------------
MemoryCimbalo & Brink, 82; Thomas, 85; Sanders et al., 80; Verhaeghen & Marcoen, 94
LanguageAdams et al., 90; Reder et al., 86
Problem solv. Reason., and Decision Making
Charness, 81, 82; Salthouse et al., 88; Lemaire et al., 2004; Mata et al., 2007
STRATEGIC VARIATIONS AND COGNITIVE AGING:
Limits of previous works
No appropriate conceptual framework
----------------------------
What are the right questions?
No appropriate methodological
approach
-----------------------------
How to best investigate strategic variations?
Aspects of Strategic Changes
Changes
SelectionExecution
Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.
Repertoire Distribution
Dimensions (Variations) Stratégiques
• Répertoire: Liste des stratégies disponibles pour une tâche donnée
• Distribution: Fréquence d’utilisation des stratégies disponibles
• Exécution: Performances (Vitesse, précision) obtenue avec chaque stratégie
• Sélection: Choix stratégique (sur chaque type de problème, dans chaque type de situation).
Age-related differences in Strategy Repertoire
Do young and older adults use the same strategies to accomplish cognitive tasks?
Strategy identification methods
Direct approach
Indirect approach
Direct approach: Principle
Collecting as many external behavioral
evidence (verbal reports, video-recordings, direct observ°) of strategies as possible
Direct approach: Example of arithmetic
16 - 7 12 - 9 / 4 - 3
Arnaud & Lemaire, 2008 (Cortex)
Finger Counting Direct Retrieval
Two-digit addition problem solving: Use of 9 strategies
StrategiesExample (12+46)
1 - Rounding the first operand down (10 + 46) + 2
2 - Rounding the second operand down (12 + 40) + 6
3 - Rounding both operands down (10 + 40) + (2 + 6)
4 - Columnar retrieval (2 + 6) + (10 + 40)
5 - Rounding the first operand up (20 + 46) - 8
6 - Rounding the second operand up (12 + 50) - 4
7 - Rounding both operands up (20 + 50) - 8 - 4
8 - Borrowing units 18 + 40
9 - Retrieving 58
Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008 (AJP)
Effect of Age on Number of Strat.
3,2
5,5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Young OlderMea
n N
um
ber
of
Str
ateg
ies/
Ind
ivid
ual
*
Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008 (AJP)
Aging, EF, & Strategy Repertoire
8
0,9
3
0,7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Age Stroop TMT Strop+TMT
% V
aria
nce
in
Me
an
Nu
mb
er
of S
tra
teg
ies
-91%
-63%-89%
Hodzik & Lemaire, 2011
Indirect approach: Principle
« The use of multiple strategies is inferred from the patterns of speed and accuracy that arise as a function of the factors that define the stimulus set »
(Lemaire & Reder, 1997, p. 365)
Indirect Approach: Example 1
8x5 < 41 vs. 8x5< 47
RT differences -> Strategy Differences
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
8x5<41 8x5<47
Ver
ifica
tion
times
(in
ms)
Duverne & Lemaire, 2004 (JoG:PS)
Exhaustive verification Approximate verification
Age x Problem
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Young Older
Ver
ific
atio
n T
imes
(in
ms)
8x5<41
8x5<47*
Duverne & Lemaire, 2004 (JoG:PS)
ERP Data
Young Older Fixation First Second operand
Small Large
Second operand
El Yagoubi, Lemaire, & Besson, 2005 (JoCN)
215 ms
Vieillissement et Variations Stratégiques.Recherches actuelles:
Parity-rule violation effects
4x17=64 4x17=67
TR
Lemaire & Reder, 1997
Vieillissement et Variations Stratégiques.Recherches actuelles
Five-rule violation effects
5x17=90 5x17=89
TR
5x17=84
?
Vieillissement et Variations Stratégiques:Recherches actuelles
• Five-rule violation only: 27x5=143
• Parity-rule violation: 26x5=125
• Five-/Parity-rule violation: 29x5=142
• No-rule violation: 67x5=345
Predictions w/ rule violation
29x5=142 27x5=143 26x5=125 67x5=345
RT
FPV FV PV NV
Aspects of Strategic Changes
Changes
Lemaire & Siegler, 95 (JEP:Gen).
Repertoire Distribution
How many dots?
Age effects on % use of Benchmark
68
46
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Young Older
% u
se o
f P
E
Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2009)
Vieillissement et Distributions Strategiques
44
25
6
71
8 6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
ColumnarRetrieval
Rounding Down Direct Retrieval
% U
se S
trate
gies
Young Adults
Older Adults
5650
9183
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Small Problems Large Problems
% U
se o
f Ret
rieva
l
Young Adults
Older Adults
23 - 9 43 + 58
Vieillissement, Distributions Stratégiques en mémoire épisodique
31
15
34
9
31
18
41
2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Imagery Repetition Sentence No Strategy
% U
se o
f S
trat
egie
s
Young AdultsOlder Adults
Aspects of Strategic Changes
Changes
Selection
Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.
Repertoire Distribution
Computational estimation
43 x 59
Rounding – Down
40 x50
Rounding – Up
50 x60
Task: Select the best strategy to find the best estimate
Age-related changes in best strategy selection
65
87
57
77
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Lemaire et al. (2004) Hodzik & Lemaire (2011)
% B
est
Str
ate
gy S
ele
cti
on Young Adults
Older Adults
Aspects of Strategic Changes
Changes
SelectionExecution
Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.
Repertoire Distribution
Comptage et additions répétées: TR
3,92,9
18,8
11,8
0
5
10
15
20
Session 1 Session 2
So
lutio
n T
ime
s (
in s
ec.) Retrieval
Repeated Additions
Aging, EF, Strategy Selection
18
1011 11
02468
101214161820
Age Stroop TMT Strop+TMT
R²
in B
est
Str
ate
gy
Se
lect
ion
-39%-39%-44%
Hodzik & Lemaire, 2011
Aging, Processing Speed, and Strategy Selection
0,208
0,063
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
Age Processing Speed
% o
f var
ianc
e ac
coun
ted
for
in s
plit
effe
cts
-70%
Duverne & Lemaire, 2004
Age
Problem Size Effects
3x4 7x8
4x6 9x7
2x3 6x9
Retrieval Repeated Additions
3.9 sec. 18.8 sec.
Age effects on Strategy Execution: Numerosity Estimation
Benchmark
vs.
Anchoring
CHOICE NO-CHOICE
Benchmark
Anchoring
Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2008)
Age x Strategies (no-choice latencies)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Perceptual Estimation Anchoring
So
luti
on
Lat
enci
es (
in m
s)
Young
Older
Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2009)
Benchmark Strategy in Young Adults
L R
InsulaPostcentral Gyrus
Benchmark strategy
PostcentralGyrus
Retrievaing Memory
representations of numerosities
Insulaselection of one of the potential
candidates
Numerical comparison
tasks
e.g., Chochon, Cohen, van de Moortele, & Dehaene, 1999; Dehaene, 1996
Phonological loop/articulatory
processes
e.g., Paulesu, et al., 1993; Venkatram, et al., 2005
Benchmark strategy in Older Adults
L R
Postcentral Gyrus
Precentral Gyrus
Inferior Parietal Lobule
- Middle Gyrus- Lingual Gyrus
Occipital Areas:
Insula
Aging & Strategic Variations:New Directions
Issue 1: Strategy selection: Strategy repetition effects
Issue 2: Strategy execution: Strategy sequential difficulty effects
Strategy Selection: Strategy Repetition
Lemaire & Leclère, revision
61x37
36x24
52x46
61x37
52x46
36x24
jkmekl jkmekl
One-Prime Two-Prime
Aging & Strategy Repetitions
5855
68
76
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Young Adults Older Adults
Mean %
Str
ate
gy R
epetitions
One-PrimeTwo-Prime
Leclere & Lemaire, submitted
Strategy Repetitions during Normal and Pathological Aging
76
86
39
71
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
HOA AD
Me
an
% S
tra
teg
y R
ep
etitio
ns Repeated Trials
Unrepeated Trials
Leclere & Lemaire, submitted
Strategy Execution: Strategy Sequential Difficulty Effects
52 x 63 RD
47 x 23 MR
56 x 69 RU
47 x 23 MR
Strategy Sequential Difficulty Effects
3370 3751
7708
3647 3931
9299
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Young Adults Older Adults AD Patients
Mean S
olu
tion T
imes
with
MR
S
trate
gy
After RD
After RU
Uittenhove & Lemaire, 2012Uittenhove & Lemaire, in press
277 ms*180 ms*
1591 ms*