THE INFLUENCE OF REGULATION THEORY ON NORDIC STUDIES …

8
La longueur du texte faisant l'objet du point théorique, et l'importance des références jointes, conduisent à lui accorder exceptionnellement les deux premières pages. En plus de ses rubriques habituelles, le présent numéro de la lettre de la régulation comporte deux pages consacrées à une première présentation de la banque de données bibliographiques BABI-REG. Un supplément, sur l'avenir de la lettre de la régulation, vous est, de plus adressé. La rédaction de la lettre de la régulation THE INFLUENCE OF REGULATION THEORY ON NORDIC STUDIES OF ECONOMIC POLICIES AND SOCIAI. DEVEL OPMENT , Iars Mjoset ln his 1990 survey of regulation theories (published in Economy and Society), Bob Jessop claims that there is a Nordic regulation school. We prefer to put it somewhat more modestly: since the early 1980s, a network of Nordic social scientists mainly economists, but also sociologists and political scientists have conducted comparative research on economic policies and social development. The Parisian regulation school has been one among several sources of inspiration for this work. What follows is a brief survey of our studies, mainly intended as a guide to the literature available in English. The point of departure was 1970s style political economy rooted in the tradition of Western Marxism, but if we should choose a general label for our work, it would be institutionalism. ln fact, we have argued (Mjoset 1985) that the regulation school displays elements of continuity with the most sophisticated contributions to the classical institutionalist tradition: Veblen's evolutionary approach, Polanyi's study of the great transformation, and Akerman' s dualist methodology (causal analysis/economic plans) and emphasis on socio-economic periods (see also Mjoset 1993). Our collaboration as a Nordic group, consisting of Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Swedish and Icelandic researchers, started with a (rather small) research grant for a project comparing economic policy adjustments in the Nordic area since the start of the 1970s crisis in 1980, incomes policies were studied, but in the following years, the whole range of economic policy instruments were included. At that time, the main applied studies within the regulation school had dealt with large countries only (the U.S., France). The regulation approach was, however, relevant to the study of smaller OECD countries in at least two respects. First, it provided a periodisation of the world economic context. The postwar period was subdivided into a Golden Age marked by the spread of Fordism in Western Europe, and a period of crisis starting in the early 1970s. The dynamics of the crisis differed from the interwar and late 19th century crises. Thinking in terms of accumulation regimes, however, was difficult, since the integration of the small open Nordic economies into the world economy was onesided. For this aspect, the staple goods theory of economic development, as pioneered by Harold Innes and elaborated by Albert Hirschman, was a better point of departure. These inspirations later fused with the La lettre de la régulation bénéficie pour son lancement d'une aide du Ministère de la Recherche et de la Technologie, avant qu'elle soit distribuée par abonnement. La lettre de la régulation diffusera toute information concernant les publications, séminaires, colloques ou autres activités de recherche en relation avec l'approche de la théorie de la régulation. Ces informations peuvent être adressées à Robert Boyer ou à Yves Saillard qui assure le secrétariat de rédaction de La lettre de la régulation, au CEPREMAP, 140 rue du Chevaleret 75013 Paris Tél: 33-1 40 77 84 24 -Fax: 33-1 442438 57. Ces informations peuvent aussi être envoyées par le réseau BITNET, code: URHEO06 à FRORS31. La réalisation matérielle de cette lettre bénéficie du concours du CEPREMAP qui ne saurait être tenu pour responsable de son contenu. neo-Schumpeterian studies of national systems of innovation. The development of the Nordic economies was not based on a full-fledged Fordist production system. Their economic structures rather emerged as various manufacturing branches evolved in interaction with the transformation of their dominant export sectors, which originally related to staple exports. Finland, for instance, started off as an exporter of timber, adjusting towards paper/pulp, emerging finally in 1960s/70s as an exporter of turnkey plants for paper processing. As for consumption patterns, however, the small Nordic economies did emulate the American "Fordist" norms of consumption. This was the second aspect of the relevance of the regulation approach to the study of small countries. "The American Way of Life" has played an important role, both for the demand side of the economy, and as a point of ideological identification. This is so, a1though the Nordic political context was very different from that of the V.S., i.e. social democratic dominance rather that two catch-ail parties devoid of party organisations. The comparative study of the Nordic countries supported the trend with regulation studies towards a closer focus on distinct national models, on capitalisms, rather than capitalism as such. ln this respect, the dimensions of regulation -the wage relation, the relation between firms, the domestic financial system and the state -were very useful in defining the peculiarities of Nordic postwar development patterns. Several conceptual discussions have emphasized that the notion of regulation does not primarily refer to economic policy strategies such as "Keynesian interventionist economic policy management". The dimensions of regulation rather trace institutional frameworks that stabilise the expectations of economic actors. ln our Nordic project, however, changes in economic policies was the main dependent variable. Thus, having defined the' dynamics of socio-economic development, relating both to regulation theory, neo- Keynesian growth theory and other institutionalist schools, the project developed a framework for analysing economic policies. It was found that through the stable Golden Age growth period, decision makers got used to a number of standard routines. This set of routines defined the Golden Age economic policy models. In this way, the project approached the notion of an alleged "Nordic model": not only was the quite famous Swedish model redefined within a systematic framework, but it was also possible to contrast this model with four other Golden Age models, found in the four other countries. In Norway, Sweden, and partly in Denmark, the models were varieties of Keynesianism, but Finland and Iceland had non-Keynesian, procyclical models involving devaluation cycles. No homogenous Nordic economic policy model could be traced. (For a more principal development of this point, see Mjoset 1992c, an interpretation that might be contested by other members of the project group). In the earliest phase of the crisis period 197385, the standard routines produced unexpected results, as there was both internal and external pressures on the economic policy models. Through a process of fumbling, a search for new routines took place. This search converged towards neo-liberal routines. In ail the cases, this involved modifications of parts of the Golden Age model, and by 1985, as the project was finished, it was hard to trace coherent new models. Thus, to the extent the "Nordic model" is regarded as an economic policy model, a principal result of the project is the following: for both theoretical and empirical reasons, we reject the highly misleading rhetoric of a "Nordic model" which must currently be saved from various external attacks. Rather, given the new external and internal conditions, the Nordic models had to change, and the present situation is rather marked by incoherent economic policies than by an old model struggling to survive. The result of the study of Nordic economic policies in the 1973-85 period were reported in Pekkarinen 1985, Mjoset 1987a, Andersson/Mjoset 1987, Andersson 1987. Related studies were: Kosonen 1985, Andersson 1988a Pekkarinen 1989. Some of the country case studies, as weil as follow up studies, are alsd available in English: Erixon 1985 (Sweden), Sigurjonsson 1985 (lceland), Mjoset 1987b, 1989 1993b, as weil as Fagerberg, Cappelen, Mjosetn Skarstein 1990 (Norway). Later, a quantitative study of Norwegian wage formation 1840- 1986 (Kiel/Mjoset 1990) provided some evidence (although there were several problems with data for the earliest period) for the long-tem periodisation of economic development proposed by Boyer, but it also demonstrated ambiguities in some of Boyer's arguments. The original project group dissolved after the publication of these results in the mid-1980s. The participants went on to work on their own specialising in various fields: trade integration,

Transcript of THE INFLUENCE OF REGULATION THEORY ON NORDIC STUDIES …

Page 1: THE INFLUENCE OF REGULATION THEORY ON NORDIC STUDIES …

La longueur du texte faisant l'objet du point théorique, et l'importance des références jointes, conduisent à lui accorder exceptionnellement les

deux premières pages. En plus de ses rubriques habituelles, le présent numéro de la lettre de la régulation comporte deux pages consacrées à une

première présentation de la banque de données bibliographiques BABI-REG. Un supplément, sur l'avenir de la lettre de la régulation, vous est, de

plus adressé.

La rédaction de la lettre de la régulation

THE INFLUENCE OF REGULATION THEORY ON NORDIC STUDIES OF ECONOMIC POLICIES AND SOCIAI. DEVEL OPMENT , Iars Mjoset

ln his 1990 survey of regulation theories (published in Economy and Society), Bob Jessop claims that there is a Nordic regulation school. We prefer to put it somewhat more modestly: since the early 1980s, a network of Nordic social scientists mainly economists, but also sociologists and political scientists have conducted comparative research on economic policies and social development. The Parisian regulation school has been one among several sources of inspiration for this work. What follows is a brief survey of our studies, mainly intended as a guide to the literature available in English.

The point of departure was 1970s style political economy rooted in the tradition of Western Marxism, but if we should choose a general label for our work, it would be institutionalism. ln fact, we have argued (Mjoset 1985) that the regulation school displays elements of continuity with the most sophisticated contributions to the classical institutionalist tradition: Veblen's evolutionary approach, Polanyi's study of the great transformation, and Akerman' s dualist methodology (causal analysis/economic plans) and emphasis on socio-economic periods (see also Mjoset 1993).

Our collaboration as a Nordic group, consisting of Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Swedish and Icelandic researchers, started with a (rather small) research grant for a project comparing economic policy adjustments in the Nordic area since the start of the 1970s crisis in 1980, incomes policies were studied, but in the following years, the whole range of economic policy instruments were included.

At that time, the main applied studies within the regulation school had dealt with large countries only (the U.S., France). The regulation approach was, however, relevant to the study of smaller OECD countries in at least two respects. First, it provided a periodisation of the world economic context. The postwar period was subdivided into a Golden Age marked by the spread of Fordism in Western Europe, and a period of crisis starting in the early 1970s. The dynamics of the crisis differed from the interwar and late 19th century crises.

Thinking in terms of accumulation regimes, however, was difficult, since the integration of the small open Nordic economies into the world economy was onesided. For this aspect, the staple goods theory of economic development, as pioneered by Harold Innes and elaborated by Albert Hirschman, was a better point of departure. These inspirations later fused with the

La lettre de la régulation bénéficie pour son lancement d'une aide du Ministère de la Recherche et de la Technologie, avant qu'elle soit distribuée par abonnement. La lettre de la régulation diffusera toute information concernant les publications, séminaires, colloques ou autres activités de recherche en relation avec l'approche de la théorie de la régulation. Ces informations peuvent être adressées à Robert Boyer ou à Yves Saillard qui assure le secrétariat de rédaction de La lettre de la régulation, au CEPREMAP, 140 rue du Chevaleret 75013 Paris Tél: 33-1 40 77 84 24 -Fax: 33-1 442438 57. Ces informations peuvent aussi être envoyées par le réseau BITNET, code: URHEO06 à FRORS31. La réalisation matérielle de cette lettre bénéficie du concours du CEPREMAP qui ne saurait être tenu pour responsable de son contenu.

neo-Schumpeterian studies of national systems of innovation. The development of the Nordic economies was not based on a full-fledged Fordist production system. Their economic structures rather emerged as various manufacturing branches evolved in interaction with the transformation of their dominant export sectors, which originally related to staple exports. Finland, for instance, started off as an exporter of timber, adjusting towards paper/pulp, emerging finally in 1960s/70s as an exporter of turnkey plants for paper processing.

As for consumption patterns, however, the small Nordic economies did emulate the American "Fordist" norms of consumption. This was the second aspect of the relevance of the regulation approach to the study of small countries. "The American Way of Life" has played an important role, both for the demand side of the economy, and as a point of ideological identification. This is so, a1though the Nordic political context was very different from that of the V.S., i.e. social democratic dominance rather that two catch-ail parties devoid of party organisations.

The comparative study of the Nordic countries supported the trend with regulation studies towards a closer focus on distinct national models, on capitalisms, rather than capitalism as such. ln this respect, the dimensions of regulation -the wage relation, the relation between firms, the domestic financial system and the state -were very useful in defining the peculiarities of Nordic postwar development patterns.

Several conceptual discussions have emphasized that the notion of regulation does not primarily refer to economic policy strategies such as "Keynesian interventionist economic policy management". The dimensions of regulation rather trace institutional frameworks that stabilise the expectations of economic actors. ln our Nordic project, however, changes in economic policies was the main dependent variable. Thus, having defined the' dynamics of socio-economic development, relating both to regulation theory, neo-Keynesian growth theory and other institutionalist schools, the project developed a framework for analysing economic policies. It was found that through the stable Golden Age growth period, decision makers got used to a number of standard routines. This set of routines defined the Golden Age economic policy models. In this way, the project approached the notion of an alleged "Nordic model": not only was the quite famous Swedish model redefined within a

systematic framework, but it was also possible to contrast this model with four other Golden Age models, found in the four other countries. In Norway, Sweden, and partly in Denmark, the models were varieties of Keynesianism, but Finland and Iceland had non-Keynesian, procyclical models involving devaluation cycles. No homogenous Nordic economic policy model could be traced. (For a more principal development of this point, see Mjoset 1992c, an interpretation that might be contested by other members of the project group).

In the earliest phase of the crisis period 197385, the standard routines produced unexpected results, as there was both internal and external pressures on the economic policy models. Through a process of fumbling, a search for new routines took place. This search convergedtowards neo-liberal routines. In ail the cases, this involved modifications of parts of the Golden Age model, and by 1985, as the project was finished, it was hard to trace coherent new models. Thus, to the extent the "Nordic model" is regarded as an economic policy model, a principal result of the project is the following: for both theoretical and empirical reasons, we reject the highly misleading rhetoric of a "Nordic model" which must currently be saved from various external attacks. Rather, given the new external and internal conditions, the Nordic models had to change, and the present situation is rather marked by incoherent economic policies than by an old model struggling to survive.

The result of the study of Nordic economic policies in the 1973-85 period were reported in Pekkarinen 1985, Mjoset 1987a, Andersson/Mjoset 1987, Andersson 1987. Related studies were: Kosonen 1985, Andersson 1988a Pekkarinen 1989. Some of the country case studies, as weil as follow up studies, are alsd available in English: Erixon 1985 (Sweden), Sigurjonsson 1985 (lceland), Mjoset 1987b, 1989 1993b, as weil as Fagerberg, Cappelen, Mjosetn Skarstein 1990 (Norway). Later, a quantitative study of Norwegian wage formation 1840-1986 (Kiel/Mjoset 1990) provided some evidence(although there were several problems with data for the earliest period) for the long-tem periodisation of economic development proposed by Boyer, but it also demonstrated ambiguities in some of Boyer's arguments.

The original project group dissolved after the publication of these results in the mid-1980s. The participants went on to work on their own specialising in various fields: trade integration,

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growth theory and technological change (Fagerberg 1987, 1988a/b, 1990a/b, 1991a/c, 1992, 1993); profitability in manufacturing industry (Erixon 1987); international relations (Mjoset 1990), the relation between institutional development and economic growth (Mjoset 1 992a), the history of environmental problems (Mjoset/Kasa 1992); comparative welfare state development (Kosonen 1987, 1991a/b/c, 1992), corporatism (Pekkarinen 1992), basic income (Andersson 1988b) and European integration (Anders son 1993a/b, 1992, Fagerberg 1991b). These various authors would surely resist identification as one Nordic school of regulation theory. But most likely, ail of them accept the common inspiration they earned from close collaborative work throughout the first half of the 1980s, and they aIl share a certain scepticism concerning the recent evolution of economic policies in the Nordic area.

In 1989, the research group on Nordic economic policies was reestablished, with many of the same researchers taking part. Presently, research has started for a new study, this time more generously financed by NOS-S, The Joint Committee of the Nordic Social Science Research Councils. This study partly aims to update the earlier study analysing new developments 198592, a period which has seen explosion of unemployment, financial deregulation, and severe banking crises. But the plan is to pay particular attention to the impact on the Nordic countries of two types of external pressures: internationalisation and European integration. An early result of this project has already been published (Fagerberg, Cappelen, Mjoset 1992), and further publications are due in 1994, including a final report in English. Material from this project -rather brief surveys of the economic development and economic policies in Denmark, Sweden, and Finland -has also been published in a study on Irish economic development (Mjoset 1992a, part V).

The brunt of the study on Ireland, however, focuses on development before the 1970s crisis. It compares Irish development since the industrial revolution with that of five contrast countries (Austria, Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Switzerland). By means of comparative analysis, the study tries to specify the vicious circles at work in blocking Irish economic development, with particular attention to institutional factors. Ireland's industrial development, namely, turns out to be surprisingly weak. It is, for instance, a fact that the Irish economy was not at all able to benefit from the Fordist stimulus which spurred the development of all other Western European economies in the postwar period. In connection with this study, various typologies of economic development was surveyed, particularly the comparative framework developed by German social scientists D. Senghaas and U. Menzel. A separate essay (Mjoset 1992b) critically assessed their analysis of modern European development and their claims as to the relevance of this development experience for underdeveloped countries in the contemporary third world.

The study of Ireland included both Scandinavian and Alpine countries. Given the present state of post-cold war Europe, researchers in the Nordic group are looking for collaborators that might be interested in extending the range of comparative cases, e.g. by including southern and eastern European states.

Lars Mjoset Institutt for samfunnsforskning Institute for Social Research Munthes gate 31 -N-0260 Oslo, Norway

Tel: 4722554510- Fax: 4722431385 References Andersson, Jan Otto (1993a) Economic integration, the Nordic models and unemployment, in Jan Fagerberg & Lars Lundberg, editors, European Economic

Integration -A Nordic Perspective, Avebury; Aldershot (forthcoming).

(1993b) Size, Integration, and Unemployment:The Nordic Countries Facing the SingleEuropean Market, in Sven-Erik Sjostrand, editor, Institutional' Change: Theory and Empirical Findings, Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe (forthcoming) .

(1992) The 1992 Project from a Small Country Perspective, IUI (The Industrial Institute for Economic and Social Research, Stockholm), Working Paper, no 280.

(1989) Controlled Restructuring in Finland?, Scandinavian Political Studies, 12, 4, 1989, pp. 373-389.

(1988a) Scandinavie sans chômage, Projet, Nov. Déc. 1988, pp. 59-70.

(1988b) Basic Income in Three Social Visions, in Anne Glenda Miller, editor, First International Conference on Basic Income, Proceedings 1986, BIEN (Basic Income European Network) , Antwerp, pp. 146-159.

(1987) The economic policy strategies of the Nordic countries, in Hans Keman, Heikki Paloheimo & Paul Whiteley, editors, Coping with economic crisis, London: Sage. Andersson, Jan Otto & Lars Mjoset (1987), The Transformation of the Nordic Models, Cooperation and C,onflict, 22, 4, pp. 227-243. Erixon, Lennart

(1987) Profitability in Swedish Manufacturing, Stockholm: Almquist & Wicksell.

(1985) What's Wrong With the Swedish Model? An Analysis ofits Effects and Changed Conditions 1974-1985, Swedish Institute for Social Research, Meddelande 12/1985, 81 pp. Fagerberg,Jan

(1993) Domestic Demand, Learning and Comparative Advantage, in B. Johansson, C. Karlsson & L. Westin, editors, Patterns in a Network Economy, Berlin: Springer Verlag (forthcoming).

(1992) The Home Market HypothesisReexamined:

The Impact of Domestic User-ProducerInteraction on Export, in Bengt-Ake Lundvall,

editor, National Systems of Innovation, London: Pinter.

(1991a) Technology and regulation in a classical model of economic growth, European Journal of Political Economv, 7,3, pp. 249-434.

(1991b) The Process of Economic Integration in Europe: Consequences for EFTA-countries and Firms, Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 26, 1991. (1991c) Innovation, Catching Up and Growth, pp. 37-46 in OECD, Technology and Productivity: The Challenge for Economic Policy, Paris: OECD.

(1990a) Diffusion, Structural Change and Intra-regional Trade: The Case of The Nordic Countries 1961-1983, pp. 19-35 in B. Johansson & Charlie Karlson, editors, Innovation, Industrial Knowledge and Trade -A Nordic Perspective, Umea: Cerum.

(1990b) Innovation, Competitiveness and Economic Integration, pp. 46-62 in Lise Lyck, editors, The Nordic Countries and the InternalMarket of the EEC, Copenhagen: Nyt Nordic Forlag.

(1988a) International Competitiveness, Economic Journal,Junepp.355-374.

(I988b) Why growth rates differ, in G. Dosi, et. al., editors, Technical Change and Economic Theory, London: Pinter 1988.

(1987) A technology gap approach to why growth rates differ, Research Policy, Vol. 16. Fagerberg Jan, Adne Cappelen & Lars Mjoset(1992) Structural change and economic policy: the NorWegian model under pressure, Norwegian Journal of Geography, Vokl. 46, pp. 95-107. Fagerberg Jan, Adne Cappelen, Lars Mjoset & Rnne Skartein (1990) The Decline of Social Democratic State Capitalism in NorWay, New Left Revlew, May/June 1990, pp. 60-94. Kosonen, Pekka

(1992) National Weifare State Models in the Face of European Integration, Historv of European Ideas, Vol. 15, No. 1-3, pp. 47-54.

(1991a) Convergence of Diversification of the Welfare States? in J. Lehto, editor, Deprivation, Social Welfare and Expertise, Helsinki: National Agency for Welfare & Health, Research Reports,7.

(1991b) Social Dimension in Integration, in

Pekka Alajääskö & Seppo Leppänen, editors, Proceedings of the Workshop on Economic Policy in European Integration, Helsinki, Government Institute for Economic Research, 6.

(1991c) Flexibilization and the Alternatives of the Nordic Welfare States, in Bob Jessop, Hans Kastendiek, Klaus Nielsen & Ove K. Pedersen, editors, The Politics of Flexibility, Aldershot: Edward Elgar.

(1987) From Collectivity to Individualism in the Welfare State? Acta Sociologica, 30, 3/4.

(1985) Public Expenditure in the Nordic Nation-States -The Source of Prosperity or Crisis?, pp. 108-123 in Risto Alapuro, et. al. editors, Small States in Comparative Perspective. Essays for Erik Allardt, Oslo: Norwegian University Press. Mjoset, Lars

(1993a) Johan Akerman, in G. Hodgson, M. Tool & W.J. Samuels, editors, Handbook on Institutional and Evolutionary Economics, Aldershot: Edward Elgar (forthcoming).

(1993b) NorWegian political economy, in Anne Cohen Kiel and Astrid Torud, editors, Continuity and Change. Modem Norway, Oslo: Norwegian University Press (forthcoming).

(1992a) The Irish Economy in a Comparative Institutional perspective, National Economic and Social Council, Report, No 93, Dublin, December l992. 418 pp.

(1992b) Comparative typologies of development patterns: the Menzel/Senghaas framework, pp. 96-162 in Lars Mjoset, editor, Contributions to the Comparative Study of Development, (proceedings from Vilhelm Aubert Memorial Symposium 1990, Vol. 2.), Oslo: Institute for Social Research, Report 92:2.

(1992c) The Nordic Modelnever existed, but does it have afuture? ScandinavianStudies, 64, 4, Fall 1992,pp.652-671.

(1990) The Turn ofTwo Centuries. A Comparison of British and U.S. hegemony, pp. 21-48 in David P. Rapking, ed., World leadership and hegemony, Vol. 5 of International Political Economy Yearbook, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 2l-47.

(1989) Norway's full-employment oil-economyflexible adjustment or paralysing rigidities?, Scandinavian Political Studies, 12, 4, pp. 1-29.

(1987) Nordic economic policies in the 1970s and 1980s, International organization, 4l, 3, (Summer), pp. 403-456.

(1987) Export-led growth with equity. NorWay in the phases of the modem world economy, pp; l23-162 in Kumar Rupesinghe, editor, Development assistance in the year 2000: Political and Social Conditions in Norway, Oslo: Institute for Socia1Research, Report 87:9.

(1985) Regulation and the institutionalist tradition, pp.l-10l in Lars Mjoset & Jan Bohlin, editors, Introduksjon til reguleringskolen, Arbejdspapirer fra Nordisk Sommeruniversitet, nr. 21, Aalbord 1985. Mjoset, Lars & Sjur Kasa (1992) Environmentalproblems and techno-economic paradigms. A contribution to the history of environmental problems, paper to the European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy 1992 Conference: Structural Change and the Regulation of Economic Systems, Paris, France, 4th-6th November l992 (to be published in conference proceedings). Mjoset, Lars & Arne, Kiel (1990) Wage Formation in the Norwegian Industry 1840-1985, Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1, pp. 19-49. Pekkarinen, Jukka (1992) Corporatism and economic performance in Sweden, Norway and Finland, in Jukka Pekkarinen, Matti Pohjola & Bob Rowthom, editors, Social Corporatism: A superior Economic System?, Oxford l992.

(1989) Keynesianism and the Scandinavian Models of Economic Policy, pp. 311-345 in Peter A. Hall, editor, The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism Across Nations, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

(1985) Norden in Katerstimmung -Die Nordischen Modelle unter Druck, in Hajo Riese, ed., Report from seminar on economic policies, Freie Universität, Berlin. Sigurjonsson, Birgir B. (1985) National Sovereignty and Economic Policy. The Case of Iceland, Scandinavian Historv Review, Vol. 33, No.l,p.51.65.

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Rapport salarial

Gerhard Bosch, Peter Dawkins, François Michon, Working time in fourteen industrialised countries: and overview, Institut Arbeit und Technik AM, n° 5, märz 1992. Hervé Guillemin, Martine Moule, Les transformations des procédures d'échange et d'utilisation de la main d'oeuvre dans la crise: bilan, risques et potentialités, Les Cahiers du CERAS n° 4, mai 1992. Robert Boyer, How to promote cooperation within conflicting and divided societies? Some thoughts about the transition of industrial relations in Europe, Contribution to the Conference on "Convergence and Divergence in Economic Growth and Technical Change: Maastricht Revisited", MERIT, University of Limburg, December 10-12, 1992, miméo CEPREMAP. Hervé Guillemin, Martine Moule, Quel rapport salarial pour l'après-crise?, Les Cahiers du CERAS' n°6, juillet 1992. Jean Luciani (sous la direction de), Histoire de l'Office du travail (1890-1914), Syros, 1992. José Rose, Les rapports de travail et d'emploi: une alternative à la notion de relation salariale?, Cahiers du GREE, n° 7,1992. Simon-Pierre Thiery, L'emploi: changer les règles du jeu, Collection Pour l'Emploi, L'Harmattan, 1992. Marie-Claire Villeval, The workforce reconversion in the crisis of fordism: element of break-up or element of transition? International Contributions to Labour Studies, n°2, 1992.

Changement technique

Bruno Amable, Competition among techniques in the presence of increasing returns to scale, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, vol 2, n02, august 1992. Bruno Amable, Radical and incremental innovation: a model of endogenous and unsteady growth, Mimeo MERIT, avril-novembre 1992. Bruno Amable, Catch-up and convergence: a model of cumulative growth, International Review of Applied Economics, vol 7 no1, 1993. Jan Fagerberg, Technology and economic growth. A review of the theoretical and empirical literature, Notat Nupi Paper n° 457 april 1992. Michel Freyssenet, Processus et formes sociales d'automatisation. Le paradigme sociologique, Sociologie du Travail n°4, 1992. Jean Lojkine, La révolution informationnelle, Presses Universitaires de France, collection sociologie d'aujourd'hui, 1992. Philippe Moati, El Mouhoub Mouhoud, Les transports et les télécommunications dans l'arbitrage entre modes d'organisation de la production (Volume 1), Compte rendu de fin d'opération d'une recherche financée par le PREDIT (Ministère de la Recherche et de l'Espace et ministère de l'Equipement, du Logement et des Transports) et FRANCE TELECOM, CRÉDOC, décembre 1992. Philippe Moati, El Mouhoub Mouhoud, Information et organisation de la production: vers une division cognitive du travail, CRÉDOC, décembre 1992.

Commerce international

Georges Giraud, Grandeur et servitude des PME

dans le commerce extérieur, Les Cahiers du CERAS' n°l,janvier 1992. Michael A. Landesmann, Pascal Petit, Trade in producer services international specialization andeuropean integration, Document de travail CEPREMAP, n09217, 1992.

Analvse des crises

Eric Bosserelle, Les fluctuations longues de prix de type Kondratieff. Présentation des principales conclusions d'une thèse pour le Doctorat ès Sciences économiques, Les Cahiers du CERAS, n02, mars 1992.

Ben Dankbaar, Economic crisis and institutional change. The crisis of Fordism from the perspective of the automobile industry, Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation andTechnology, 1992. Résumé This book gathers the results of researchon various aspects of the automobile industrycarried out over a period of almost ten years. Atthe same time, it present the fruits of an even longer period of reflection on the contribution ofeconomics to our understanding of processes ofeconomic crisis and change. The result is a bookabout an industry in crisis that is also a book aboutthe economic crisis of the 1970s and 80s. It deals with upheaval and change in the industry that gaveoff the archetype of Fordism, but it also looks atthe demise of Fordim as a development model foradvanced capitalist economics.

Jacques Mazier, Maurice Basie, Jean-François Vidal, Quand les crises durent..., 2è édition, Economica, 1993. Résumé Depuis près de vingt ans, la crise dure. Dufait de son ampleur et de ses enjeux, elle ne peutêtre comprise sans être replacée dans uneperspective historique. C’est donc une fresque économique de longue période, reposant sur des données détaillées, que les trois auteurs nousproposent. Un rapprochement avec la crise desannées 1930 et avec les modes de croissanceantérieurs permet de bien dégager les ruptures etles mutations qui interviennent au cours d’unegrande crise. Durant les années 1930, deuxalternatives, le fordisme et le fascisme, se sontaffrontées ; la première n’a pu s’affirmer ets’épanouir qu’au terme de multiples errements.Depuis la fin des années 1970 la convergence vers des formes de gestion plus libérales est nettementapparue : le monétarisme, le discours anti-étatiste, la déréglementation et la libéralisation financièreont illustré cette tendance. Mais la vague libéralen’a pas été en mesure d’engendrer un nouveau mode de croissance cohérent au niveau national et,encore moins, au niveau mondial. La relance de laconstruction européenne par l’Acte unique, c’est-à-dire par le marché, et la perspective d’UnionMonétaire s’inscrivent dans cette logique.

Gilles Rasselet, Le procès de reproductionélargie du capital social et des crises de surproduction. Présentation et principales conclusions d'une thèse pour le Doctorat d'Etat ès Sciences économiques, Les Cahiers du CERASn°3, avril 1992.

Monnaie

M. Aglietta, C. Baulant, Le franc: de l’instru-

ment de croissance, à la recherche de l'ancrage nominal, Communication pour le Colloque "Du Franc Poincaré à l'Ecu", organisé par le Comité monétaire et financier de la France, 1992.

Théorie de l'Etat

Robert Delorme, Etat et hétérogénéité. ERIC et le MPPE, Mimeo CEPREMAP, avril 1992. Bruno Théret, Quel avenir pour l'Etat Providence dans un contexte d'intégration des marchés nationaux et de restructuration des territoires politiques?, Communication au Colloque International organisé par l'Association d'Economie Politique et le Groupe de Recherche sur la Continentalisation des économies canadienne et mexicaine, "Amérique du Nord, Communauté Européenne: Intégration économique, intégration sociale?", Université du Québec à Montréal, 22-24 octobre 1992. Bruno Théret, Rhétorique économique et action politique. Du déclin du clivage gauche/droite à un nouveau clivage entre la finance et le social, Contribution au Colloque Centre d'Etudes de la Vie Politique Française (CEVIPOF) et de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, "L'engagement politique: déclin ou mutation?", 4-6 mars 1993.

Alex Demirovlc, Hans-Peter Krebs, Thomas Sablowskl

HEGEMONIE UND STAAT Kapitalistische reguIation

ais projekt und prozess Verlag Westfälisches Dampfboot

4400 Münster 1992

Alain Lipietz, Vom Althusselrismus zur "Theorie der Regulation". Robert Boyer, Neue Richtungen von Managementpraktiken und Arbeitsorganisation. Allgemeine Prinzipien und nationale Entwicklungspfade. Hans-Peter Krebs, Thomas Sablowski, Ökonomie ais soziale Regularisierung. Alex Demirovic, Regulation und Hegemonie. Intellektuelle, Wissenspraktiken und Akkumulation. Robert Delorme, Staat und ökonomische Entwicklung. Alain Lipietz, Allgemeine und konjonkturelleMerkmale der ökonomischen Staatsinteryention. Joachim Hirsch, Regulation, Staat und Hegemonie. Bob Jessop, Regulation und Politik. Roger KeiI, Krümelmonster was nun? Einige Überlegungen zur Restrukturierung fordistischer Handlungsmuster.

Politique économique

André Gauron, Philippe Herzog, Alain Lipietz, Jacques Mistral, (Coordination: Philippe Frémeaux, Dominique Sicot), Changer d'économie, Syros éditeur, 1993. Jacques Mistral, Politique économique. Y a-t-il une alternative?, Note de la Fondation Saint-Simon n° 48, décembre 1992.

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Politique sociale

Christine André, Yves Saillard, La transformation des systèmes de retraite dans les douze pays de la Communauté européenne, Solidarité Santé. Etudes statistiques no3, juillet-septembre 1992. Christine André, Yves Saillard, Prélèvements obligatoires et structure du financement des ressources des personnes âgées dans les états membres de la communauté européenne, Rapport pour la Task Force "Prélèvements obligatoires" de la DG XXI de la Commission des Communautés Européennes, réalisé en collaboration par le CEPREMAP FERE-Consultants, avril 1992. Stephan Leibfried, Paul Pierson, Prospects for Social Europe, Politics & Society, vol 20, n°3 september 1992. Stephan Leibfried, Towards a European Welfare State? On integrating Poverty Regimes into the European Community, from "Social Policy in a Changing Europe", Zsuza Ferge, Jon Eivind Kolberg (Eds), Campus Verlag. Frankfurt' am Main; Westview Press. Boulder, Colorado, 1992. Yves Saillard, Les hypothèses de long terme dans la prospective des systèmes de retraite, Solidarité Santé. Etudes statistiques no3, juillet-septembre 1992.

Espace

Michel Beaud, Un économiste face aux changements globaux, Mimeo CISS ( Conseil international des sciences sociales), Symposium scientitique international sur les dimensions humaines du chanf!ement f!lobal de l'environnement, Paris, 30 novembre -1er décembre 1992. Marie DelapIace, Facteurs de localisation des activités High Tech dans un contexte national ou local: les apports et les insuffisances de la littérature, Les Cahiers du CERAS no5, juin 1992.

Economie du iudiciaire

Christian Barrère, Thierry Corne, Gilles Rouet, Recherches en économie du judiciaire, Les Cahiers du CERAS, no7, septembre 1992.

Allemagne

Matthias Knuth, Trade union strategy, co-determination and the quality ofwork in West Germany: the shaping of work and technology and its industrial relations implications, Institut Arbeit und Technik AM no1, 1992.

Danemark

Allan Noes Gjerding, Björn Johnson, Lars Kallehauge, Lundvall, Poul Thois Madsen, The Productivity Mystery. IndustrialDevelopment in Denmark in the Eighties, DJOF-Publishing, Copenhagen,1992.

Suède

the 1980's: a historical-structural interpretation, Prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Charlottetown, PEI, 31 May-2 June, 1992. Mimeograph, Department of Political Science, York University, Ontario.

Communauté européenne

Pascal Petit, Integration and convergence in the European Community, Communication at the Association for Evolutionary Economics meeting, Anaheim, California, january 5-7 1993.

Europe de l'Est

Urbanos nas Reformas Institucionais e de Politicas em Nivel Local -Tres Estudos de Caso no Rio de Janeiro, Textos para discussao. Instituto de Economia Industrial n° 282, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, julho de 1992.

Amérique du Nord

Daniel Drache, Harry Glasbeek, The changing workplace. Reshaping Canada's industrial relations system, James Lorimer & Company, Publishers, (Egerton Ryerson Memorial Building, 35 Britain Street, Toronto, Ontario, MSA IR7), 1992. Résumé Tremendous economic changes are occurring worldwide. Capital is more mobile than ever before; transnational corporations are supported by a transnational banking system; and new technologies give companies more decision-making choices. What impact will these worldwide changes have on business and labour in Canada ? This is the question Daniel Drache and Harry Glasbeek address in this book. Beginning with an account of how business, labour, and government have organized the production of goods and services in Canada since 1945, the authors examine the way expanding wealth created prosperity until the seventies. Since the eighties, however, the Canadian economy has not yielded the same steady increases, and relations between business, government, and labour have changed as a result. And, according to Drache and Glasbeek, they must change even more dramatically before the Canadian economy generates the wealth Canada needs to main its social programs and standards of living. Résumé Michel Juillard propose une confrontation systématique entre les schémas de la reproduction chez Marx et l’analyse input-output. Il en déduit une grille d’analyse en sections productives qu’il applique ensuite à l’étude de la croissance économique aux États-Unis depuis les années 1950 jusqu’à nos jours. Il met ainsi en évidence la fragilité structurelle de la section des biens de production qui serait un élément d’explication pour la longue période de crise qui s’ouvre au début des années 1970. Dans une troisième partie, Michel Juillard présente un modèle économétrique à deux secteurs qui lui sert à caractériser le régime d’accumulation prévalant aux État-Unis durant cette période. Finalement, une série de tests de stabilitéstructurelle du modèle révèle l’importance de la cassure apparue dès la fin des années 1960 dans les déterminants de la croissance, de la productivité et la formation des salaires. Michel Juillard conclut sur le caractère apparemment durable des difficultés de l’économie américaine et de son régime d’accumulation basé sur une croissance des emplois associée à de faibles gains de productivité et une quasi stagnation duy niveau de vie des salariés.

Michel JuiIIard, Un schéma de reproduction pour l'économie des États-Unis: 1948-1980. Tentative de modélisation et de quantification, Peter Lang, Berne, 1993.

J. Magnus Ryner, The economic "success" andpolitical "jailure" of swedish social democracy in

Bernard Chavance, L'économie mixte de transition post-socialiste (première approche), Texte présenté au Colloque "Transition politique et transition économique dans les Pays d'Europe centrale et orientale", 3-4 décembre 1992, CEFRESS, Prague, Document de travail C.E.M.I. Paris Jacques Sapir, Régulation et transition. Réflexions sur l'approche en terme de régulation àpartir de l'expérience de la transition systémiquedans les Economies de Type Soviétique, Mimeo Centre d'Etudes des Modes d'Industrialisation, juin1992.

Japon

Pascal Petit, Les dimensions tertiaires de la croissance: avantages et limites du modèle japonais, Texte présenté au workshop CEE on "The japanese Labour Market in the Context of a Wider Economic Framework", Paris, 26-27 juin 1992, Miméo CEPREMAP.

Maroc

Noureddine El Aoufi, La régulation du rapportsalarial au Maroc. Tome 1, Editions de la Faculté des Sciences juridiques économiques et sociales de Rabat (nO37 de la collection), 1992. Ce livre est disponible auprès de :

Noureddine El Aoufi, 2 rue Jaafar Assadik Agdal, Rabat, Maroc.

ou de: La Faculté de Droit, avenue des Nations-Unies,

Rabat, Maroc.

Amérique latine

Esthela Gutiérrez Garza, Estilos de desarrolo versus acumulacion. Aportaciones teOricas de dos escuelas de pensamiento: la teoria de la CEPAL y la teoria de la regulaciOn, Investigacion EconOmica, vol LI no202, octubre-diciembre 1992. Joao Saboia, Emprego nos anos oitenta: uma década perdida, Textos para discussao. Instituto de Economia Industrial no258, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, agosto de 1991. Joao Saboia, Distribuiçao de Renda e Pobreza Metropolitana no B'rasil, Textos para discussao. Instituto de Economia Industrial n° 268, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, dezembrode 1991. Joao Saboia, Ricardo Mello, Participaçao das Organizaçoes de Pequenos Commerciantes

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Présentation générale Les fiches bibliographiques correspondent jusqu'au début des années 80 à des références aux textes "fondateurs", puis, notamment grâce à la lettre, à une chronique de l'actualité des recherches proches de la théorie de la régulation (figure 1). Les publications citées dans La lettre de la régulation sont en effet systématiquement enregistrées dans BABI-REG soit, désormais une soixantaine de travaux pour chaque numéro de la lettre. Les recherches signalées dans La lettre de la régulation constituent au total 25 % environ des références contenues dans BABI-REG. Les tendances représentées sur le graphique, qui tiennent en partie à notre méthode de collecte, indiquent qu'après avoir cru de 13 % jusqu'en 1988, les travaux se font plus fréquents et croissent de 46% en moyenne pour chacune des dernières années.

Le tiers environ des références est constitué dedocuments de travail et de textes miméographes (figure 2) publiéspar les centres de recherche ou les universités ou encore derapports destinés à des administrations. Plus de la moitié des fichesbibliographiques concerne cependant des textes ayant fait l'objetd'une publication "définitive" : sous forme d'articles, decontributions à des ouvrages collectifs ou de livres. Enfin, unecinquantaine de thèses ont été recensées.

Plus de la moitié des travaux référencés ont été publiésdans la région parisienne. Cet indicateur ne correspond cependantque partiellement à la répartition régionale des lieux de recherche:les maisons d'édition et les sièges des revues françaises sont leplus souvent localisées à Paris. Les publications se répartissent ensuite en trois lieux d'importance voisine (de 10 à 12 %) : lia province(Grenoble pour les 3/4), les pays européens (y compris l'Europe del'Est) et les Etats-Unis. Viennent ensuite le Canada et l'Amériquelatine.

AVERTISSEMENT

(1) .Nom, prénom(s) et/ou initiale(s) (2) : Les noms multiples sont séparés par"; " (3) : pages de début et fin (articles), nombre total de pages (livres) (4) : Facultatif, une liste de mots clefs étant mise au point progressivement (5) : Facultatif

La présentation qui suit ne fournit qu'un premier état de la banque de données bibliographiques en cours de constitution. Elle contient plus de 1 000 fiches, mais ne prétend pas à l'exhaustivité, ni même à une totale représentativité.

Les lecteurs sont donc invités à : - Signaler les oublis qui, à leurs sens, transparaîtraient, de

façon indirecte, des répartitions et fréquences objet des graphiques ci-après :

- Adresser périodiquement une fiche présentant leurs travaux ou ceux qu'ils peuvent connaître, et qui, d'une façon ou d'une autre, s'inscrivent dans la mouvance des approches de la régulation.

- Utiliser à cet effet les moyens les plus efficaces, en particulier la messagerie électronique, en adressant leur fiche (modèle ci-contre) à l'adresse électronique rappelée à la fin de cette présentation.

Fiche bibliographique

Année de publication: Auteur(1): Autre(s) auteur(s) (2) : Fonction(s) de l'(des) auteur(s): Titre de l'article: Nom de la revue: Volume: Numéro: Jour/mois (ou trim.): Titre du livre: Supplément/Collection: Anthologie: Editeur(s) (2) : Lieu de publication: Maison d'édition: Pages (3) : Mots clefs (4) : Commentaires (5) :

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Première exploitation selon les mots-clefsUne première série de mots-clefs a été établie. Bien qu'elle doive encore être

précisée, elle permet une première caractérisation des travaux liés à la régulation. Un nombre

important de textes, notamment ceux qualifiés de "texte de base", ont des visées méthodologiques

et tentent explicitement de préciser les concepts de la théorie de la régulation (figure 4). Les

travaux critiques, dont le recensement est loin d'être encore exhaustif dans BABI-REG,

appartiennent principalement aux courants marxiste (références de la fin des années 70), aux

classiques (références plus récentes, portant essentiellement sur les travaux de G.Duménil et

D.Lévy). Trois paradigmes théoriques apparaissent le plus proches de la régulation: la théorie

marxiste (travaux fondateurs), la macroéconomie keynésienne (de façon continue) et plus

récemment les analyses en termes de convention et l'institutionnalisme.

Les thèmes abordés par la théorie de la régulation (figure 5) portent d'abord sur le

rapport salarial (organisation du travail, théorie du salaire et mode de vie notamment) qui

représente avec 20%, le thème le plus analysé. Ce n'est pas une surprise, mais une confirmation.

L'analyse des régimes d'accumulation vient ensuite, avec la caractérisation des régimes fordiste et

post-fordiste. S'y ajoutent également des travaux sur les modes de régulation et les modes de

développement. Toute une série de travaux, près de 20% si on les totalisait, portent sur les crises :

crise de 1973 d'abord, crise de 1929 et "crise des années 90", et la notion de crise (crise cyclique

et crise structurelle). Un autre ensemble important de travaux portent sur l'Etat et les politiques

publiques, de façon à peu près égale: les politiques économiques et industrielles, les politiques

sociales et les finances publiques, la théorie de l'Etat. Enfin, un dixième environ des travaux

concernent l'analyse des régimes internationaux (l'insertion internationale, la monnaie,

l'investissement international...). Plusieurs thèmes sont peu traités, ou tout au moins sont peu

présents actuellement dans BABI-REG: l'analyse de la concurrence, de l’espace (sauf l'espace

régional), de l'environnement et à un moindre degré des régimes monétaires nationaux.

La théorie de la régulation apparaît présente sur le terrain des débats économiques

actuels (figure 6): le changement technique et les conséquences des évolutions technologiques

d'abord, mais aussi les stratégies industrielles, la croissance et l’emploi, la transition entre

régimes et l'organisation de la firme et du marché,les questions monétaires. Certaines questions

sont cependant peu abordées par les recherches recensées dans BABI-REG, la Communauté

Européenne et l'Environnement par exemple.

Bien que le repérage précis des méthodologies soit encore nécessaire, quelques

indications partielles sont fournies par BABI-REG (figure 7). L'analyse de longue période (dont

l'importance est sans doute sous-estimée car repérée par la mention explicite de recherches

historiques) est l'une des bases méthodologiques clairement apparente des recherches sur la

régulation. Les comparaisons internationales, bien que fréquentes, sont, elles aussi, sans doute

sous estimées. La formalisation et la modélisation sont davantage présentes dans les travaux

récents.

Les pays qui font le plus souvent l'objet de recherches appliquées sont les États-unis

puis les pays de l'Est, les pays européens, la France et l'Amérique Latine (figure 8). Un nombre

non négligeable de recherches portent cependant sur le Japon, le Canada, les pays nordiques et

scandinaves.

Ces premières exploitations sont à approfondir par des analyses plus fines croisant les divers critères précédents et les références doivent être complétées. Enfin

et surtout, il est prévu qu'à ternie soient possibles des exploitations personnalisées à la demande et/ou en temps réel. Sur toutes ces questions, les suggestions,

critiques et propositions de contributions sont les bienvenues et sont à adresser à : Robert BOYER, Yves SAILLARD Tél. : 33 (1) 407784 12, 33 (1) 40778415; Fax. : 33 (1) 44 2438 57; Bitnet. : URHE,006 à FRORS31

Adresse: CEPREMAP, 140, rue du Chevaleret 75013 Paris

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