THALASSEMIA klp 2.rtf

8/17/2019 THALASSEMIA klp 2.rtf

1/25

KEPERAWATAN ANAK

“THALASSEMIA”

OLEH

KELOMPOK 2

DAVID SATRIA MAULANA 1110321023

PRIMA SANRIA DEWI 1110321025

NOVIA PUTRI NINGSIH 1110321027

IRHAMNA 1110321029

RAFIKA INDAH 1110322001

RAHMAWITA ARMAN 1110322003

LENTRA GEOTIRA SYARA 1110322005

IKHSAN DWI SETYANDI 1110322007

RATIH DERMA KAMSIL 1110322011

WAHYUNI ARIATI SUKMA 1110322013

RAHIMA KHAIRINA 1110322015

FAKULTAS KEPERAWATAN

UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS

2013

1


2/25

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belaa!"

Di Indn!"i#$ 10 d#%i 100 %#n& #d#'#( )#%i!% *(#'#""!+i#$ Ini (#"i' %i"!* ,#n&

+!n)!nn&-#n. 20/*# !ndd- Indn!"i# +!+#4# &!n !n,#-i* *#'#"!+i#$ M!%!-#

!%!'#n& +!4#%i"-#n !n,#-i* -!'#in#n d#%#( i* -!#d# -!*%n#nn,#$ T(#'#"!+i# #d#'#(

!n,#-i* ,#n& "i#*n,# di*%n-#n$ P!n,#-i* ini6 +!%#-#n !n,#-i* -!'#in#n !+!n*-#n

"!' d#%#( +!%#($

T(#'#"!+i# +!%#-#n !n,#-i* #n!+i# (!+'i*i- (!%!di*!% ,#n& di*%n-#n "!)#%#

%!"!"i6 +!n%* (-+ +!nd!'$ P#d# *#(n 19256 di#&n"# !n,#-i* ini !%*#+# -#'i

di++-#n '!( T(+#" '!, 8'!,#n!+i#: ,#n& di d##* di#n*#%# -!'#% -!*%n#n

i*#'i# ,#n& !%+-i+ di USA$ K#*# *(#'#""!+i# !%#"#' d#%i #(#"# ,n#ni ,#n& !%#%*i '#*$

S-%inin& *(#'#""!+i# "#'#( "#* )#%#n,#6 "!*i# %#n& #-#n di)#%i *#( ##-#( di#

)#%i!% #*# -#( n%+#'$ K#%!n# ##i'# "!%#n& )#%i!% +!ni-#( d!nn )#%i!% +#-#n,#

-!+n&-in#nn,# 25; #n#- #-#n +!nd!%i*# *(#'#""!+i# d#n -!+n&-in#n ini #-#n *!*#

"#+# #d# "!*i# -!'#(i%#n$

B. R#$#%a! Ma%ala&

1. A# ,#n& di+#-"d d!nn *(#'#""!+i#<

2. A# !n,!# d#n &!#'# d#%i *(#'#""!+i# ini<

3. =#i+#n# #*i"i'&i d#n -+'i-#"i d#%i !n,#-i* *(#'#""!+i#<

4. =#i+#n# #"-! #d# !nd!%i*# *(#'#""!+i#<

C. T#'#a!

1. Un*- +!n&!*#(i d!ini"i *(#'#""!+i#2. Un*- +!n&!*#(i !n,!# d#n &!#'# d#%i *(#'#""!+i#$

3. Un*- +!n&!*#(i 4) d#n -+'i-#"i !n,#-i* *(#'#""!+i# ini$

4. Un*- +!n&!*#(i #"-! #d# #n#- !nd!%i*# *(#'#""!+i#$

BAB II

2


3/25

PEMBAHASAN

A. A!at($) *a! F)%)(l(") Sel Dara& Mera&

#$ P!+!n*--#n H!+&'in

Sin*!"i" (!+&'in di+'#i d#'#+ !%i*%'#"* d#n *!%" !%'#n&"n& "#+#i *in&-#*

n%+'#"* d#n %!*i-'"i*$ D#%i !n,!'idi-#n d!nn i"* di-!*#(i #(4# #&i#n (!+ d#%i

(!+&'in *!%*#+# di"in*!"i" d#%i #"!*#* d#n &'i"in d#n "!#&i#n !"#% "in*!"i" ini *!%#di

d#'#+ +i*-nd%i#$ L#n&-#( #4#' "in*!"i" #d#'#( !+!n*-#n "!n,#4# i%'$ S!'#n*n,#

!+#* "!n,#4# i%' !%"#* +!+!n*- "!n,#4# %*%i%in ,#n& -!+di#n !%i-#*#n

d!nn +!+!n*- +'!-' (!+$ A-(i%n,# !+#* +'!-' (!+ !%i-#*#n d!nn "#*

+'!-' &'in6 "#* &''in ,#n& di"in*!"i" d#'#+ %i"+ %!*i)'+ !nd'#"+#6

+!+!n*- (!+&'in$ H!+&'in +!+n,#i !%#* +'!-' >?$?5@$

I-#*#n (!+&'in d!nn -"i&!n$ G#+#%#n ,#n& #'in& !n*in& d#%i +'!-'

(!+&'in #d#'#( -!+#+#nn,# +!n&i-#* -"i&!n d!nn '!+#( d#n "!)#%# i%%!!%"i!'$

Fn&"i %i+!% (!+&'in d#'#+ *( *!%n*n& #d# -!+#+#nn,# n*- !%i-#*#n

d!nn -"i&!n d#'#+ #%/#% d#n -!+di#n +d#( +!'!#"-#n -"i&!n ini -! -#i'!%

#%inn *!+#* *!-#n#n " -"i&!n #( '!i( %!nd#( d#'#+ #%/#%$ O-"i&!n *id#- !%i-#*#n d!nn !"i !%% ,#n& !%#'!n"i "i*i d# d#'#+ +'!-' (!+&'in$ T!*#i i#

!%i-#*#n '!+#( d!nn "#'#( "#* !n#+ B-%din#"iB d#%i #*+ !"i$ I-#*#n ini "#n* '!+#(

"!(in& i-#*#n ini +d#( "!-#'i %!!%"i'!$8G,*n61995:

Did#'#+ "+"+ *'#n& di#* %*!in$ H!+&'in6 "#* #(#n ,#n& !n*in&

"!-#'i d#'#+ !%i*%"i* di!n*- d#'#+ "+"+ *'#n&$ H!+&'in ini di!n*- d#%i (!+

d#n &'in$ H!+ "!ndi%i *!%di%i d#%i !+#* "*%-*% i%' d!nn #*+ F! di*n(n,#6

"!d#n&-#n &'in *!%di%i d#%i d# #"#n& %#n*#i 'i!*id#$

C!ni" (!+&'in n%+#' ,#n& di*!+-#n #d# +#n"i# i#'#( H A ,#n& -#d#%n,#

-i%#/-i%# 9@ ; d#%i -!"!'%(#n (!+&'in6 H F ,#n& -#d#%n,# *id#- '!i( d#%i 2; #d#

#n#- !%+% '!i( d#%i 1 *#(n d#n H A2 ,#n& -#d#%n,# *id#- '!i( d#%i 3;$ P#d# #,i

#% '#(i% -#d#% H F +#"i( "#n* *in&&i ,#i* -i%#/-i%# 90; d#%i "!'%( (!+&'in #,i

*!%"!*$ P#d# !%-!+#nn "!'#n*n,# -#d#% H F ini #-#n !%-%#n& (in& #d# +% 1

*#(n -#d#%n,# *id#- '!i( d#%i 2;$

R#n*#i 'i!*id# H A *!%di%i d#%i 2 %#n*#i #'# d#n 2 %#n*#i !*#$ H F *!%di%i d#%i 2

%#n*#i #'# d#n 2 %#n*#i ++#$ H A2 *!%di%i d#%i 2 %#n*#i #'# d#n 2 %#n*#i ++#$ O'!(

3


4/25

-#%!n# i* !ni" (!+&'in *!%"!* di!%i *#nd# " . H A 2 2 H F2 d2 d#n H

A22 d2$ R#n*#i #'# +!+n,#i 1?1 #"#+ #+in "!d#n&-#n %#n*#i !*# d#n ++#

+!+n,#i 1?> #"#+ #+in$ 8I'+ -!"!(#*#n An#-619@5:

$ M!*#'i"+! =!"i

K#%!n# !"i !n*in& #&i !+!n*-#n (!+&'in6 +i&'in d#'#+ **6 d#n #*/#*

ini !%' +!n&!*#(i )#%#/)#%# !"i di&n#-#n d#'#+ *($ C+'#( **#' !"i d#'#+ *(

%#*#/%#*# "!-i*#% ? &%#+6 -i%#/-i%# >5 ; di#n*#%#n,# d#'+ !n*- (!+&'in$ S!-i*#% ?;

*!%d##* d#'#+ !n*- +i&'in6 1; d#'#+ !n*- !%#i "!n,#4# (!+ ,#n& +!n#"i

-"id#"i in*%#"!'6 061; !%i-#*#n d!nn %*!in *%#n"!%in d#'#+ '#"+# d#%#(6 d#n "#+#i

30; *!%*#+# di"i+#n d#'#+ (#*i d#'#+ !n*- !%%i*in$

)$ T%#n"% d#n !n,i+#n#n !"i

=i'# !"i di#"%"i d#%i "" (#'"6 "!&!%# i# !%i-#*#n d!nn &''in6 *%#n"!%in6

d#n di*%#n"% d#'#+ !n* i-#*#n ini did#'#+ '#"+# d#%#($ =!"i !%i-#*#n "#n* '!+#(

d!nn +'!-' &''in d#n #-i#*n,# d##* di'!#"-#n -!"!*i# "!' #%inn d#n #d# "!*i#

*!+#* d#'#+ *($ K!'!i(#n !"i d#'#+ d#%#( di*i+n -(""n,# d#'#+ "!' (#*i6 *!+#*

"!-i*#% >0; !"i ,#n& !%'!i(#n di"i+#n$ Di"ini !"i !%i-#*#n d!nn %*!in #!%%i*in6

n*- +!+!n*- !%%i*in$ A!%%i*in +!+n,#i !%#* +'!-' -i%#/-i%# ?>0 %i d#'#+

!%#i -#n*i*#" !"i6 d#'#+ -!'+--#n %#n*#i !"i d##* !%i-#*#n d!nn +'!-' ,#n&

'!i( !"#%$ O'!( -#%!n# i*6 !%%i*in d##* +!nndn& !"i d#'#+ +'#( "!di-i* #*# d#'#+

+'#( ,#n& %!'#*i !"#%$ =i'# +'#( !"i d#'#+ '#"+# *%n "#n* %!nd#(6 !"i di-!'#%-#n

d#%i !%%i*in d!nn +d#( "!-#'i$ =!"i -!+di#n di*%#n"% -!#&i#n/#&i#n *( ,#n&

+!+!%'-#n$ =i'# "!' d#%#( +!%#( *!'#( +!n)##i +#"# (idn,# d#n di(#n)%-#n6

(!+&'in ,#n& di-!'#%-#n d#%i "!' di)!%n# '!( "!'/"!' %!*i-'!nd*!'$ Di"ini di-!'#%-#n

!"i !#"6 d#n !"i ini -!+di#n d##* di"i+#n d#'#+ #n&-#'#n !%%i*in #*# di#-#i

-!+#'i n*- !+!n*-#n (!+&'in$

d$ A"%"i !"i d#%i "#'%#n !n)!%n##n

=!"i di#"%"i (#+i% "!'%(n,# d#'#+ "" (#'" #&i#n #*#"6*!%*#+# d#'#+

dd!n+$ =!"i di#"%"i d!nn %"!" #"%"i #-*i6 4#'#n +!-#ni"+! #"%"i #-*i

,#n& "!!n#%n,# *id#- di-!*#(i$

!$ P!n*%#n !"i **#' *( d!nn !%#(#n -!)!#*#n #"%"i$

=i'# #d# (#-!-#*n,# "!+# #!%%i*in *( *!'#( +!n#di !n( d!nn !"i6 +#-#

"'i* *%#n"!%%in& d#%#( +!'!#"-#n !"i -!#%inn$ S!#i #-i#*n,#6 *%#n"!%%in& ,#n&

n%+#'n,# (#n,# !n( "!!%*in,# d!nn !"i6 "!-#%#n& (#+i% "!'%(n,# *!%i-#* d!nn

!"i d#n #-#n (#+i% *#- +!n!%i+# !"i #% d#%i "!' +-"# ""$ K!+di#n "!#i

4


5/25

"*#di+ #-(i% %"!" ini6 !+!n*-#n -!'!i(#n !"i d#'#+ "!' +-"# "!ndi%i +!n!-#n

#"%"i !"i #-*i d#%i '+!n "" d#n #d# 4#-* ,#n& "#+# "!di-i* +!nin&-#*-#n !-"-%!"i

!"i d#%i +-"#$ 8G,*n61995:

B. K(!%e+ +e!,a)t T&ala%%e$)a

1. De-)!)%) T&ala%%e$)a

T(#'#"!+i# -!'+- (!*!%&!n #n!+i# (!+'i*i- (!%!di*!% ,#n& di*#nd#i '!(

!n%n#n -!)!#*#n "in*!"i" "#* %#n*#i 'i!*id# (!+&'in #*# '!i( di-'#"ii-#"i-#n

+!n%* %#n*#i ,#n& *!%-!n# 8#'#6 !*#6 ++#: d# -#*!&%i +#,% #d#'#( #'#/d#n !*#/

*(#'#"!+i#$#'#/*6 *(#'#"!+i# ,#n& di"!#-#n '!( !n%n#n -!)!#*#n "in*!"i" %#n*#i #'#

(!+&'in 8K#+" D%'#n62000 :

T(#'#"!+i# #d#'#( "!-!'+- -!'#in#n d#%#( ,#n& di*(-#n '!( &!n!*i-6 ,#n&

di*#nd#i '!( !%-%#n&n,# %d-"i %#n*#i #'# d#n !*# &'in ,#n& +!+!n*-

(!+&'in$ S!+# !n*- *(#'#"!+i# di*%n-#n "!#i "i#* %!"!"i #*"+$#d#

*(#'#"!+i# 6 %#n*#i +!n+- d#n #-(i%n,# +!n&!nd# d#n +!n,#-#n #n!+i# !%#*

8*(#'#"!+i# +#,% d#n #n!+i# )'! :$ 8 D!%!- L'!4!'',n6 20006 (#' 121 :

T(#'#"!+i# . !n,#-i* #4##n ,#n& di*%n-#n '!( "#'#( "#* %#n&*# -!#d#

#n#-n,# "!#- +#"i( d#'#+ -#ndnn$ Ci-# #"#nn "#+i/i"*%i #d#'#( !+#4# &!n

*(#'#"!+i#6 +#-# -!+n&-in#n #n#-n,# #-#n +!nd!%i*# *(#'#"!+i# "!!"#% 25;6 !+#4#

&!n *(#'#""!+i# 850;: d#n n%+#' 825;:

H!+&'in 8H: +!%#-#n "#* #* di d#'#+ "!' d#%#( +!%#( 8!%i*%"i*: ,#n&

!%n&"i +!nn&-* -"i&!n d#%i #% -! "!'%( #%inn *( d#n +!+!%i 4#%n# +!%#(

#d# !%i*%"i*$ D#'#+ -!#d##n n%+#'6 H *#+# *!%di%id#%i &&" H!+! d#n +!+n,#i 2

%#n*#i #'# 8: d#n *#+# %#n*#i !*# 8:$

C!ni" T(#'#""!+i# .

1. T(#'#""!+i# #'#

T!%#di i-# #d#n,# -!'#in#n "in*!"i" %#n*#i &'in #'# 8:$ Ad# ? +#)#+ *(#'#""!+i#

#'# 8: !%d#"#%-#n #n,#-n,# &!n ,#n& *!%n&&6 ,#i* .

a. D!'!"i 1 &!n 8"i'!n* )#%%i!%":

K!'#in#n H "#n* +ini+#' d#n *id#- +!+!%i-#n &!#'#$ K!#d##n ini (#n,#

d##* di'i(#* d#%i !+!%i-"##n '#%#*%i+ "!)#%# +'!-'!%$

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b. D!'!"i 2 &!n 8*(#'#""!+i# *%#i*:

P#d# *#(# ini d!*!+-#n #d#n,# #n!+i# %inn #*#n *id#- #d# #n!+i#$

c. D!'!"i 3 &!n 8P!n,#-i* HH:

=i"# did!*!-"i "!*!'#( -!'#(i%#n6 di"!%*#i #n!+i# !%#* d#n !+!"#%#n 'i+#$

d. D!'!"i ? &!n 8(,d%" !*#'i":

=i#"#n,# #,i #-#n +!nin&' d#'#+ -#ndnn #*# "!*!'#( di'#(i%-#n -#%!n#

-#d#% H n%+#' *id#- +n&-in *!%!n*-$

2. T(#'#""!+i# !*#

P#'in& #n,#- di+#i di Indn!"i# !%d#"#%-#n #n,#-n,# &!n ,#n& !%+*#"i

di-!n#' *(#'#""!+i# (+i&* i'# *!%d##* +*#"i #d# -!d# &!n d#n *(#'#""!+i#

(!*!%i&* i'# *!%d##* +*#"i #d# 1 &!n !%d#"#%-#n +#%#n -'ini- di-!n#' 3

+#)#+ *(#'#""!+i# ,#i* .

a. T(#'#""!+i# +#,%

T!%#di +*#"i #d# -!d# &!n 6 #"i!n +!+!%'-#n *%#n"i d#%#( "!)#%#

!%-#'#6 *!%d##* !+!"#%#n 'i+# ,#n& +#-in '#+# +#-in !"#% "!(in&

+!+!%'-#n *ind#-#n !nn&-#*#n 'i+# ,#n& di"!* "'!n!-*+i$ S!'#in i*

#"i!n +!n'#+i !n+-#n #* !"i di d#'#+ *( #-i#* *%#n"i -%#n& d#n

!n,!%##n !"i ,#n& !%'!i(#n6 "!(in& di!%'-#n !n&#*#n !n&!'#%#n

#* !"i d#%i *( ,#n& di"!* -!'#"i$

b. T(#'#""!+i# +in%M*#"i *!%#di #d# "#'#( "#* d#%i &!n 6 ini di"!* d!nn -!'#in#n

*(#'#""!+i# *%#i*$ P#d# -!#d##n ini -#d#% H n%+#' #*# #n!+i# %inn d#n

#"i!n *id#- +!nn--#n &!#'# -'ini-$

c. T(#'#""!+i# in*!%+!di# 8 #n*#%# *(#'#""!+i# +#,% d#n +in% :

P#"i!n d!nn *(#'#""!+i# ini +!nn--#n -!'#in#n #n*#%# *(#'#""!+i# +#,%

d#n +in%$ P#"i!n i#"#n,# (id n%+#' *!*#i d#'#+ -!#d##n *!%*!n* "!!%*i

in!-"i !%#* #*# -!(#+i'#n +!+!%'-#n *ind#-#n *%#n"i d#%#($

3. H!+&'in #%i#n

Ad#'#( !n,#-i* ,#n& di"!#-#n '!( !%#(#n #"#+ #+in d#%i %#n*#i &''in$

K!'#in#n #d# ""n#n #"#+ #+in %#n*#i &''in di-!n#' (!+&'in E6

(!+&'in S d#n ++in#"in,# d!nn *(#'#""!+i# $ K!'#in#n ini #n,#-

di+#i di Indn!"i#$

2. Et)(l(") T&ala%%e$)a

T(#'#"!+i# *!%#di -#%!n# -!'#in#n #*# !%#(#n #d# &!n &'in #*# ,#n&+!n*% %d-"i %#n*#i #*# $ =!%-%#n& #*# *id#- *!%!n*- "#+# "!-#'i %#n*#i &'in

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7/25

di"!* T(#'#""!+i#$ K!#d##n ini +!n,!#-#n %d-"i (!+&'in *!%n&& d#n +%

!%i*%"i* +!+!nd!-$ D#'#+ -!#d##n n%+#'6 +% !%i*%"i* !%-i"#% 120 (#%i$

T(#'#"!+i# +!%#-#n !n,#-i* #n!+i# (!+'i*i-6 di+#n# *!%#di -!%"#-#n #d# "!'

d#%#( +!%#( di d#'#+ !+'( d#%#( "!(in +% !%i*%"i* !nd!- 8-%#n& d#%i 120 (#%i:$

K!%"#-#n *!%"!* di"!#-#n '!( H= ,#n& *id#- n%+#' "!#i #-i#* d#%i n&&#n

d#'#+ !+!n*-#n %#n*#i &'in #*# "*%-*% H=$ 8A"(#n K!!%#4#*#n =#,i d#n An#-:$

D!!- &!n!*i- ,#n& +!nd#"#%i T(#'#"!+i# +!'i*i d!'!"i **#' #*# #%"i#' &!n %#n*#i

&'in d#n ""*i*"i6 d!'!"i #*# in"!%"i n-'!*id# #-i#* d#%i !%#(#n ini #d#'#(

!n%n#n #*# *id#- #d#n,# +/RNA #&i "#* #*# '!i( %#n*i &'in #*# !+!n*-# +/

RNA ,#n& )#)#* "!)#%# n&"in#' #-i#*n,# #d#'#( !n%n#n #*# "%!"i **#' "in*!"i"

%#n*#i 'i!*id# H= 8I'+ K!"!(#*#n An#-:$

K!*id#-"!i+#nn d#'#+ %#n*#i &'in #'# d#n !*#6 ,#n& di!%'-#n d#'#+

!+!n*-#n H= di"!#-#n '!( "!#( &!n )#)#* ,#n& di*%n-#n "!)#%# %!"!"i d#%i -!d#

%#n& *#$ T(#'#"!+i# *!%+#"- d#'#+ #n!+i# (!+'i*i-6 di+#n# +% !%i*%"i* +!n#di '!i(

!nd!-$ U+% !%i*%"i* #d# ,#n& > +in&& #*# @ +in&&$ =#(-#n d#'#+ -#"" !%#*

+%!%i*%"i* #d# ,#n& (#n,# +#+ !%*#(#n "!'#+# 3 +in&& "##$ C#di *(#'#"!+i# '!*#-

%#n*#i 'i!*id# !%!d# %*#nn,# #*# di*-#% d!nn !ni" #"#+ #+in '#in$

F#-*% &!n!*i- ,#i* !%-#4in#n #n*#%# 2 (!*!%i&* 8)#%i!%: ,#n& +!n&(#"i'-#n

-!*%n#n T(#'#"!+i# 8(+i&*:$

3. Ma!)-e%ta%) Kl)!) T&ala%%e$)a

G!#'# d#%i T(#'#""!+i# .

1. An!+i#

P#d# *(#'#""!+i#6 %d-"i %#n*#i &''in #*# !%-%#n& #*# *id#- #d#6 "!(in&

H ,#n& *!%!n*- "#n* -%#n& d#n +!n,!#-#n #n!+i#$ =!%'!i(n,# %#n*#i

&'in ,#n& *id#- !%#"#nn +!n,!#-#n !%i*%"i* +d#( di!)#(-#n '!( 'i+#$

2. P!+!"#%#n 'i+#

O%n 'i+# !%n&"i n*- +!+!%"i(-#n !%i*%"i* ,#n& %"#- d#n !%!%#n d#'#+

!+!n*-#n !%i*%"i*$ P!+!"#%#n 'i+# #d# *(#'#""!+i# d##* *!%#di #-i#* -!%#

'i+# ,#n& !%'!i(#n$

3. F#")i!" )'!,"

P#d# -!#d##n *(#'#""!+i# ,#n& !%#* d##* *!%#di !%#(#n !n*- 4##( ,#n&

di"!* #")i!" )'!,"$ "+"+ *'#n& ii( +!%#-#n "#'#( "#* *!+#* n*-

+!+%d-"i "!' d#%#( +!%#($ P#d# *(#'#""!+i#6 "+"+ *'#n& ii( +!+%d-"i

7


8/25

"!' d#%#( +!%#( !%'!i(#n6"!(in& %n& "+"+ +!+!"#% ,#n& +!n,!#-#n

!nii"#n *'#n& d#n !nn'#n #d# d#(i$

S!+# !ni" *#'#"!+i# +!+i'i-i &!#'# ,#n& +i%i *!*#i !%#*n,# !%#%i#"i$

S!#i#n !"#% +!n'#+i n&&#n #n!+i# %inn$

a. T(#'#"!+i# +in% 8*#'#"!+i# (!*!%&!n: ++n,# (#n,# +!+i'i-i &!#'# !%#

#n!+i# %inn "#+#i "!d#n& d#n +n&-in !%"i#* #"i+*+#*i- d#n "!%in& *id#-

*!%d!*!-"i$

b. T(#'#"!+i# +#,%6 ++n,# +!n#+#--#n +#ni!"*#"i -'ini" #d# "i# > '#n6

"!*!'#( !!- H 7 +!n&(i'#n&$

1. T#nd# #4#' #d#'#( #4i*#n +!nd#d#-6 #n!+i#6 d!+#+ ,#n& *id#- d##* di!'#"-#n6

)#%# +#-#n ,#n& %-6 !nin&-#*#n == d#n !+!"#%#n 'i+#$

2. T#nd# '#n* #d#'#( (i-"i# -%ni" -!%"#-#n (#*i6 'i+#6 #n*n&6 #n-%!#"6-!'!n#% 'i+(! #-i#* (!+-%+*"i"6 i-*!%" %inn #*# 4#%n# -'i*

+!n&-i'#6 -%#ni#' *!#' d!nn ii +!nn' d#n (idn& d#*#% %!*#%d#"i

!%*+(#n d#n -!*!%'#+#*#n !%-!+#nn "!-"#'$

c. K+'i-#"i #n&-# #n#n& "!#i #-i#* d#%i (!+-%+#*"i" d!nn -!%"#-#n "!'

%!"'*#n ,#n& +!n-i#*-#n .

1. S'!n+!''

2. K+'i-#"i "-!'!*#'6 "!!%*i +!n!#'#n *'#n& -%#ni#'6 !+!"#%#n -!#'#6 *'#n&

4##( +!nn'6 +#'-'"i &i&i6 d#n %!n*#n *!%(#d# %#-*% "n*#n$3. K+'i-#"i #n*n&6 "!!%*i #%i*+#i#6 !%i-#%di*i"6 HF d#n i%"i" "!%#* **

#n*n&$

4. P!n,#-i* -#ndn& !+!d6 *!%+#"- #* !+!d$

5. P!+!"#%#n (!#% d#n !%'#n* +!n#di "i%"i" (!#*i"$

6. P!%#(#n -'i*6 "!!%*i i-%!%" d#n %#&+!n*#"i )-'#* #-i#* d!i"i* #* !"i$

7. R!*#%d#"i !%*+(#n d#n -+'i-#"i !nd-%in$

d. G!#'# '#in #d# !nd!%i*# T(#'#"!+i# #d#'#( #n*n& +d#( !%d!#%/d!#%$ H#' ini

-#%!n# -"i&!n ,#&n di#4#( *!%"!* -%#n&6 +#-# #n*n& #-#n !"#(#

!-!%# '!i( -!%#" "!(in& #n*n& !nd!%i*# #-#n +d#( !%d!#%/d!#%6 '#+#/

-!'#+##n #n*n& #-#n !-!%# '!i( -!%#" "!(in& '!i( )!#* '!'#($ S!(in&

*!%#di '!+#( #n*n&6 'i+# !nd!%i*# i"# +!n#di !"#% -#%!n# !n&(#n)%#n d#%#(

*!%#di di "#n#6 "!'#in i* "+"+ *'#n& !-!%# '!i( -!%#" -#%!n# !%"#(#

+!n&-+!n"#"i -!-%#nn H6 "!(in& *'#n& +!n#di *ii" d#n %#( "!(in&

+d#( %#($ Ci-# ini *!%#di #d# +-# 8*'#n& (idn& +#-# 4##( #-#n !%#(

!n*-6 #*#n& (idn& #-#n (i'#n&J +!'!"#- -! d#'#+ 8 fasise cookey: ini +!%#-#n

"#'#( "#* *#nd# -(#" !nd!%i*# *(#'#"!+i#$

8


9/25

S!)#%# -'ini" T(#'#"!+i# d##* di#&i d#'#+ !!%## *in&-#*#n "!"#i !%#*n,# &!#'# -'ini".

1. +#,%6 in*!%+!di# d#n +in% #*# *%i* 8!+#4# "i#*:$ =#*#" di#n*#%# *in&-#*#n

*!%"!* "!%in& *id#- !'#"$ An!+i# !%#* +!n#di n,#*# #d# +% 3 > '#n "!*!'#(

'#(i% d#n *id#- d##* (id *#n# di*%#n""i$

2. P!+!"#%#n (#*i d#n 'i+# *!%#di -#%!n# !n&(#n)%#n "!' d#%#( +!%#( !%'!i(#n6

(#!+!"i" !-"*%# +d'#% d#n -!'!i(#n !#n !"i$ Li+# ,#n& +!+!"#%

+!nin&-#*-#n -!*(#n d#%#( d!nn +!n#+#( !n&(#n)%#n "!' d#%#( +!%#( d#n

!+"#*#n 8'in&: d#n d!nn +!n,!#-#n !%*#+#(#n '+! '#"+#$

3. P!%#(#n #d# *'#n& -#%!n# (i!%#-*ii*#" "+"+ +!%#( !%# d!%+i*#" d#n

%#-*% "n*#n6 *!%*#+# -#"" ,#n& *id#- #*# -%#n& +!nd##* *%#n""i d#%#($

D!%+i*#" *'#n&6 di"#+in& +!n-i#*-#n +-# +n&'id6 d##* +!n,!#-#n

!%*+(#n !%'!i(#n *'#n& %n*#' d#n i&+#*in "!%*# +#-"i'#$ P!%*+(#n

&i&i i#"#n,# %-$

4. G!#'# '#in ,#n& *#+#- i#'#( #n#- '!+#(6 )#*6 !%-!+#n i"i- *id#- "!"#i

+%6 !%#* #d#n -%#n&6 !%* +!+n)i*$ Ci-# #"i!n *id#- "!%in& +!nd##*

*%#n""i d#%#( -'i* +!n#di -!'# "!%# d!nn !"i #-i#* !ni+n#n !"i

d#'#+ #%inn -'i*$

5. K!#d##n -'ini"n,# '!i( #i- d#n &!#'# '!i( %inn d#%i #d# T(#'#"!+i# +#,%6

#n!+i# "!d#n& 8(!+&'in 7 1060 &Jd':$ G!#'# d!%+i*#" *'#n&6 (!#*+!'i

d#n "'!n+!'i6 !%i*%!"i" !-"*%# +!d'#% d#n +#%#n -!'!i(#n !#n !"i

n#+#- #d# +#"# d!4#"#$6. U++n,# *id#- di+#i &!#'# -'ini" ,#n& -(#"6 di*#nd#i '!( #n!+i# +i-%"i*in6

!n*- (!*!%i&* *!*#i *#n# #n!+i# #*# #n!+i# %inn$

• T(#'#"!+i# +#,% 8T(#'#"!+i# (+i&*:

• T(#'#"!+i# in*!%+!di#

• T(#'#"!+i# +in% #*# *%i* 8 !+#4# "i#*:

7. P#d# (#"#n d#%#( *i di d##*-#n +#%#n (i-%+ +i-%"i*i-6 #ni""i*"i"6

'-'i'"i*"i" d#n #d#n,# "!' *#%&!* 8%#&+!n*#"i d#n #n,#- "!' n%+'#":$

8. K#d#% !"i d#'#+ "!%+ 8SI: +!nin&&i d#n d#,# i-#* "!%+ *!%(#d# !"i 8I=:+!n#di %!nd#( d#n d##* +!n)##i n'$

9. E'!-*%%!"i" (!+&'in +!+!%'i(#*-#n *in&&in,# HF '!i( d#%i 30;6 -#d#n&

di*!+-#n (!+&'in #*'&i-$ Di Indn!"i# -i%#/-i%# ?5; #"i!n T(#'#"!+i#

+!+n,#i HE +#n HS$

10. K#d#% i'i%in d#'#+ "!%+ +!nin&-#*6 SGOT d#n SGPT d##* +!nin&-#* -#%!n#

-!%"#-#n #%#n-i+ (#*i '!( (!+"id!%"i"$

11. P!n,!'idi-#n "in*!"i" #'#J!*# *!%(#d# %!i-'"i* "i%-'#"i +!+!%'i(#*-#n

!nin&-#*#n n,#*# %#*i #'#J!*# ,#-ni !%-%#n&n,# #*# *id#- #d#n,# "in*!*i" %#n*#i

!*#$

9


10/25

4. Pe$er)%aa! La.(rat(r)#$ *a! D)a"!(%t)

Ad# !!%## ,#n& d##* di'i(#* d#%i d#%#( !nd!%i*# T(#'#""!+i# .

1. HP' #-#n +!n,#*#-#n +i-%"i*"i"6 (i-%+i#6 #+""i*"i"6 'i-("i*"i"6 "!' *#%&!*6

d#n !%)#- #"i'6 ni'#i H= d#n (!+#*-%i* +!n%n$

2. Hi*n& %!*i-'"i #-#n +!n%n

3. E'!-*%%!"i" H #-#n +!n,#*#-#n !nin&-#*#n ni'#i H= F d#n H=A$

4. VS #*# #n#'i"# d#%#( #*# "!' #nin #-#n +!n,#%in& *(#'#"!+i# "##* %#n#*#'

#$ T(#'#"!+i# M#,%

D#%#( *!i did##*-#n +#%#n (i-%+ +i-%"ii-6 #ni""i*"i"6 'i-i' "i*"i"

d#n #d#n,# "!' *#%&!*6 +'#( %!*i-'"i* +!nin&-#* "!%*# #d#n,# "!' "!%i !%i*%"i*6 +d#

8n%+'#"*: H= %!nd#(6 %!"i"*!n"i "+*i- #*'&i"6 ni'#i M6 MV6 MFI6 d#n MH

+!n%n6 +'#( '!-"i* n%+#'J+!ni&n-#*6 -#d#% F! d#'#+ "!%+ +!nin&-#*6 i'i%in6

SGOT d#n SGPT +!nin&-#* -#%!n# -!%"#-#n #%!n-i+ (#*i '!( (!+'i"i"$

$ T(#'#"!+i# Min%

K#d#% H= i#%%#"i$ G#+#%#n d#%#( *!i d##* +!n,!%#i *(#'#"!+i# +#,% J (#n,#

"!-!d#% ni'#i M d#n MH i#"#n,# +!n%n6 "!d#n&-#n MH i#"#n,# n%+#'6

%!"i"*!n"i "+*i- +!nin&-#*$

)$ P!+!%i-"##n '!i( +# #d#'#( #n#'i"# DNA6

DNA d%in&6 &!n!'**in&6 d#n !+!%i-"##n PR 8 Poly merase Chain Reaction:$

d$ G#+#%#n %#di'&i"6

T'#n& #-#n +!+!%'i(#*-#n +!d'#n,#$ Ti"i d#n *%#!-'# -#"#%$ T'#n& *!n&-%#-

+!+!%'i(#*-#n di'! d#n #d# #n#- "i# !%+#in -#d#n&/-#d#n& *!%'i(#* %)( #!%#n)!

8+!n,!%#i %#+* !%di%i *nn !nd!-:$ F%#-*% -+%!"i !%*!%# d##* *!%#di$

T'#n& i +!'!#%6 *!%*#+# #d# #&i#n #%*i-'#"i d!nn %"!"i" *%#n"!%""$

P!+!%i-"##n Di#&n"*i- ,#n& '#in.

10


11/25

o D#%#( *!i . -#d#% H %!nd#(6 %!*i-'"i* *in&&i6 +'#( *%+"i* d#'#+ #*#" n%+#'

o H#"#n d#%#( *!i . (i-%+ +i-%"i*!%6#ni"'-i'"i*"i"6 'i-%+#"i# "!' *#%&!*6

n%+'#"$%!&+!n*"i*

o Fn&"i "+ "+ *'#n& . (,!%'#"i# n%+'#"*i-

o K#d#% !"i "!%+ +!nin&-#*

o =i'i%in indi%!)* +!nin&-#*

o K#d#% H F! +!nin&-#* #d# *(#'#""!+i# +#,%

o K#d#% H A2 +!nin&-#* #d# *(#'#""!+i# +in%$

o G#+#%#n %#di'&i" *'#n& #-#n +!+!%'i(#*-#n +!d'# ,#n& '#%6 -%*!-" *ii"

d#n *%#!-'# -#"#%$

o T'#n& *!n&-%#- +!+!%'i(#*-#n (#i%/n/!nd ,#n& di"!#-#n !%'#"#n "+"+

*'#n& -! d#'#+ *'#n& -%*!-"$

o T%#n""i d#%#( !%# "!' d#%#( +!%#( 8SDM: "#+#i -#d#% H 11 &Jd'$ C+'#(

SDM ,#n& di!%i-#n "!#i-n,# 10 20 +'J-& ==$

o A"#+ '#* *!%#*% 8+i"#'n,# 5 +& !%(#%i:6 i-# dii* %-

o P!+!%i#n )(!'!*in& #&!n*" 8d!"!%#': "!)#%# *!%#*% +!+!n*- +!n&%#n&i

(!+"id!%"i"$ O#* di!%i-#n "!)#%# in*%#!n# #*# "-*#n6 d!nn #n*#n +#

-!)i'6 2 & d!nn "!*i# ni* d#%#( *%#n""i$

o Vi*#+in 6 200 +& "!*i#6 +!nin&-#*#n !-"-%!"i !"i di(#"i'-#n '!( D!"!%i-"#+in$

o S'!n!-*+i +n&-in di*(-#n n*- +!n%n-#n -!*(#n d#%#($ Ini di*nd#

"#+#i #"i!n !%+% di #*#" > *#(n -#%!n# %!"i- in!-"i$o T!%#i !nd-%in di!%i-#n #i- "!#i !n&n*i #*#n n*- +!%#n&"#n& (ii"!

i-# !%*#" *!%'#+#*$

o P#d# "!di-i* -#"" *%#n"'#n*"i "+"+ *'#n& *!'#( di'#-"#n#-#n #d# +% 1 #*# 2

*#(n d#%i "#d#%# -#ndn& d!nn H'A ))- 8H'A M#*)(!d Si'in&:$ P#d# "##* ini

-!!%(#"i'#n (#n,# +!n)##i 30; -#""$ 8S!#%+#n6 d-- 199> d#n H%#nd6

199>:

5. Pe!atala%a!aa! T&ala%%e$)a

A. P!n#*#'#-"#n##n M!di"

1. T!%#i di!%i-#n "!)#%# *!%#*% n*- +!+!%*#(#n-#n -#d#% H di #*#" 10 &%Jd'$

R&i+!n (i!%*%#n""i ini +!+n,#i -!n*nn -'ini" ,#n& n,#*#6 +!+&-in-#n

#-*ii*#" n%+#' ,#n& n,#+#n6 +!n)!( #* i+ni"#"i d#n +!n)!( !-"#n"i

"+"+ *'#n& d#n +#"#'#( -"+!*i- %&%!"i ,#n& *!%-#i* d!nn !%#(#n *'#n&/

*'#n +-#6 d#n +!+ini+#'-#n di'#*#"i #n*n& d#n !"*!%"i"$ T%#n""i d!nn d"i"

15/20 +'J-& "!' d#%#( +%#( *!%#+#* 8PR: i#"#n,# di!%'-#n "!*i# ?/5 +in&&$

11


12/25

2. Ui "i'#n& (#%" di-!%#-#n n*- +!n)!( #* i+n"#"i d#n +!n)!( %!#-"i

*%#n""i$

3. M!+ini+#'-#n %!#-"i d!+#+ #-i#* *%#n""i d!nn +!n&&n#-#n !%i*%"i* ,#n&

di%!-n"*%-"i d#%i d#%#( !- #*# !n&&n##n i'*!% '!-"i*6 d!nn !+!i#n

#n*ii%!*i- "!!'+ *%#n""i$

4. M!n%n-#n #*# +!n)!( (!+"id!%"i" d!nn !+!%i#n #%!n*!%#' #* !n&(!'#"i

!"i 8iro chelating drugs:6 d! !%-"#+in di!%i-#n "-*#n d#'#+ #n&-# @/12 #+

d!nn +!n&&n#-#n +# %*#!' -!)i' 8"!'#+#* *id%:6 5/> +#'#+J+in&&$

5. S'!n-*+i #-(i%n,# di!%'-#n -#%!n# -%#n %n *!%"!* #*# -#%!n#

(i!%"'!ni"+! "!-nd!%$

6. #n&-- "+"+ *'#n& 8)"*: #d#'#( -%#*i #d# !nd!%i*# in% d#n *!'#( *!%-*i

-!!%(#"i'#n ,#n& +!nin&-#*$

B. P!n#*#'#-"#n##n P!%#4#*#n

1. P!%#4#*#n ++ . +#-#n#n d!nn &ii "!i+#n&

2. P!%#4#*#n -("" .

a. T%#n""i d#%#( di!%i-#n i'# -#d#% H %!nd#( "!-#'i 8-%#n& d#%i > &%;: #*# #n#-

*!%'i(#* '!+#( d#n *id#- #d# n#" +#-#n$b. S'!n!-*+i$ Di'#--#n #d# #n#- ,#n& !%+% '!i( d#%i 2 *#(n d#n i'# 'i+#

*!%'#' !"#% "!(in& %i"i- *!%#din,# *%#+# ,#n& !%#-i#* !%d#%#(#n )-

!"#%$

c. P!+!%i#n R%#n*i#6 (ind#%i %!#%#* ,#n& +!nndn& #* !"i$

d. P!+!%i#n D!"!%i#+in n*- +!n&(#+#* %"!" (!+"id!%"i" ,#i* +!+#n*

!-"-%!"i F!$ Un*- +!n&%#n&i #"%"i F! +!'#'i "" di#n%-#n +in+ *!($

e. T%#n"'#n*#"i "+"+ *'#n& 8n! +#%%4: n*- #n#- ,#n& "d#( !%+% di#*#"

1> *#(n$ Di Indn!"i#6 (#' ini +#"i( "'i* di'#-"#n#-#n -#%!n# i#,#n,# "#n* +#(#'

d#n "#%#n#n,# !'+ +!+#d#i$

C. P!n#*#'#-"#n##n P!n&#*#n

1. P!nd!%i*# *(#'#""!+i# #-#n +!n'#+i #n!+i# "!(in& "!'#' +!+*(-#n *%#n""i

d#%#( "!+% (idn,#$ Ci-# *id#-6 +#-# #-#n *!%#di -+!n"#"i *( n*-

+!+!n*- "!' d#%#( +!%#($ O%n *( !-!%# '!i( -!%#" "!(in& *!%#di'#(

!+!"#%#n #n*n&6 !+!"#%#n 'i+#6 !+!"#%#n (#*i6 !nii"i#n *'#n&/*'#n&

12


13/25

#n#n&6 ,#n& #-i%n,# d##* +!n-i#-#n ' #n*n&6 !%* +!+n)i*6 d#n !n*-

*'#n& 4##( !%#( d#n "!%in& di"!%*#i #*#( *'#n& di"!%*#i *%#+# %inn$

2. A-i#* *%#n""i ,#n& !%'#n& +!n-i#*-#n !n+-#n !"i #d# %n/%n

*($ Y#n& *!%'i(#* d#%i '#% -'i* +!n#di -!(i*#+#n 6 "!+!n*#%# !n+-#n !"i di

d#'#+ *( ++n,# *!%#di #d# #n*n&6 -!'!n#% !nd-%in6 "!(in& d##*

+!-i#*-#n ' #n*n&6 !%*#" *!%'#+#*6 *id#- +!n"*%#"i6 !%*+(#n !nd!-6

#(-#n *id#- d##* +!+n,#i -!*%n#n$

3. A-i#* *%#n""i ,#n& !%'#n&6 -!+n&-in#n *!%*'#% !n,#-i* (!#*i*i" =6 (!#*i*i" 6

d#n HIV )!nd!%n& !"#%$ Ini ,#n& *!%-#d#n& +!+#* #n#- *(#'#""!+i# +!n#di %!nd#(

di%i$

4. K#%!n# *(#'#""!+i# +!%#-#n !n,#-i* &!n!*i-6 +#-# i-# d# %#n& !+#4# "i#*

*(#'#""!+i# +!ni-#(6 +!%!-# +!+n,#i -!+n&-in#n 25; #n#- n%+#'J "!(#*6 50;

#n#- !+#4# "i#*J *(#'#""!+i# +in%6 d#n 25; #n#- "#-i* *(#'#""!+i# +#,%$

D. P!n#*#'#-"#n##n P!n)!(#n$

a. P!n)!(#n %i+#%

P!n,'(#n "!!'+ !%-#4in#n 8+#%%i#&! )n"!''in&: n*- +!n)!(

!%-#4in#n di#n*#%# #"i!n T(#'#"!+i# #% *id#- +!nd##*-#n -!*%n#n ,#n&

(+i&*$ P!%-#4in#n #n*#%# 2 (!*#%i&* 8)#%%i!%: +!n&(#"i'-#n -!*%n#n . 25 ;

T(#'#"!+i# 8(+i&*:6 50 ; )#%%i!% 8(!*!%i&*: d#n 25 n%+#'$b. P!n)!(#n "!-nd!%

P!n)!(#n -!'#(i%#n #&i (+i&* d#%i #"#nn "#+i i"*%i d!nn

T(#'#"!+i# (!*!%i&* "#'#( "#* #'#n -!'#% #d#'#( in"!+in#"i #*#n d!nn

"!%+# !%#"#' d#%i dn% ,#n& !#" d#n T(#'#"!+i# *%i*$ K!'#(i%#n -#""

(+i&* *!%(ind#%i6 *!*#i 50 ; d#%i #n#- ,#n& '#(i% #d#'#( )#%%i!%6 "!d#n&-#n 50;

'#inn,# n%+#'$

Di#&n"i" %!n#*#' +!'#'i !+!%i-"##n DNA )#i%#n #+nin +!%#-#n "#*

-!+##n d#n di&n#-#n n*- +!ndi#&n"i" -#"" (+i&* in*%#/*!%in "!(in&

d##* di!%*i+#n&-#n *ind#-#n #%*" %-*" 8S!#%+#n d--6 199>:$

6. K($+l)a%)

A-i#* #n!+i# ,#n& !%#* d#n '#+#6 "!%in& *!%#di ' #n*n&$ T%#n""i d#%#(

,#n& !%'#n&/'#n& d#%i %"!" (!+'i"i" +!n,!#-#n -#d#% !"i d#'#+ d#%#( *in&&i6

"!(in& *!%*i+n d#'#+ !%#i #%inn *( "!!%*i (!#%6 'i+#6 -'i*6 #n*n& d#n

'#in/'#in$ H#' ini d##* +!n-i#*-#n n&&#n n&"i #'#* *!%"!* 8(!+-%+*"i":$

13


14/25

Li+# ,#n& !"#% +d#( %*% #-i#* *%#+# ,#n& %inn6 -!+#*i#n *!%*#+# di"!#-#n

'!( in!-"i d#n ' #n*n&$

In!-"i "!%in& *!%#di d#n d##* !%'#n&"n& #*#' #d# +#"# #n#-/#n#-$ P#d# %#n&

d!4#"# +!n%nn,# ##' #% d#n &in#' d##* !%'#n&"n& %&%!"i -'!'i-i#"i" "!%in&

di+#i6 -+'i-#"i '#in .

• In#%- *'#n&

• N!-%"i"

• A"!*i) -#% !+%#'i"

• A"*!+i'i*i" 8*!%*#+# "#'+n!''#:

• H!+#*%i# "!%in& !%'#n&/'#n&

C. A%#&a! Ke+era/ata! Pe!*er)ta T&ala%%e$)a

1. Pe!"a')a!

=!!%## (#' ,#n& !%' di-#i d#n di!%(#*i-#n !%#4#* *!%(#d# !nd!%i*# T(#'#""!+i# ini6

,#i* .

1. A"#' K!*%n#n J K!4#%n!%##n

T(#'#"!+i# #n,#- di+#i #d# #n&"# di "!-i*#% '#* T!n( 8M!di*!%#ni#': "!!%*i

T%-i6 Yn#ni6 d''$ Di Indn!"i# "!ndi%i6 *(#'#"!+i# )- #n,#- di+#i #d# #n#-6

#(-#n +!%#-#n !n,#-i* d#%#( ,#n& #'in& #n,#- did!%i*#$

2. U+%

P#d# !nd!%i*# *(#'#"!+i# +#,% ,#n& &!#'# -'ini"n,# !'#"6 &!#'# *!'#( *!%'i(#*

"!#- #n#- !%+% -%#n& d#%i 1 *#(n6 "!d#n&-#n #d# *(#'#"!+i# +in% i#"#n,#

#n#- #-#n di#4# -! RS "!*!'#( "i# ? *#(n$

3. Ri4#,#* K!"!(#*#n An#-

An#- )!nd!%n& +d#( *!%-!n# in!-"i "#'%#n !%n##"#n #*#" #*# in!-"i '#inn,#$

Ini di-#%!n#-#n %!nd#(n,# H ,#n& !%n&"i "!#i #'#* *%#n"%*$

4. Ri4#,#* K!"!(#*#n K!'#%

T(#'#"!+i# +!%#-#n !n,#-i* -n&!ni*#'6 #di !%' di!%i-"# ##-#( %#n& *#

+!+n,#i &!n *(#'#"!+i#$ Ci-# i,#6 +#-# #n#- !%!"i- *!%-!n# *#'#"!+i#

+#,%$

5. Ri4#,#* I S##* H#+i' 8An*! n#*#' %! AN:

S!'#+# +#"# -!(#+i'#n6 (!nd#-n,# !%' di-#i "!)#%# +!nd#'#+ #d#n,# #-*%

%!"i- *#'#"!+i#$ A#i'# did #d# #-*% %!"i-6 +#-# i !%' di!%i*#(-#n

%!"i- ,#n& +n&-in "!%in& di#'#+i '!( #n#- "!*!'#( '#(i%$

6. P!%*+(#n d#n P!%-!+#nn

14


15/25

S!i%n& did##*-#n d#*# #d#n,# -!)!nd!%nn n&&#n *!%(#d# *+#n& "!#-

+#"i( #,i$ T!%*#+# n*- *(#'#"!+i# +#,%6 !%*+(#n i"i- #n#-6 #d#'#( -!)i'

n*- +%n,# d#n #d#n,# -!*!%'#+#*#n d#'#+ -!+#*#nn "!-"#'6 "!!%*i *id#-

#d# !%*+(#n %#+* i" d#n -!*i#-6 -!)!%d#"#n #n#- +!n'#+i

!n%n#n$ N#+n #d# !ni" *(#'#"!+i# +in%6 "!%in& *!%'i(#* !%*+(#n d#n

!%-!+#nn #n#- n%+#'$

7. P'# M#-#n

T!%#di #n%!-"i# "!(in& #n#- "!%in& ""#( +#-#n6 "!(in& == %!nd#( d#n *id#-

"!"#i "i#$

8. P'# A-*ii*#"

An#- *!%'i(#* '!+#( d#n *id#- "!'in)#( #n#- "!"i#n,#$ An#- '!i( #n,#-

*id%Ji"*i%#(#* -#%!n# #n#- +d#( '!'#($

2. Pe$er)%aa! -)%)

D#*# K!#d##n Fi"i- #d# An#- T(#'#"!+i#6 ,#i* .

a. KU '!+#( d#n -%#n& !%i%#(6 *id#- "!'in)#( #n#- '#in ,#n& "!"i#$

b. K!#'# d#n !n*- +-#

An#- ,#n& !'+ +!nd##*-#n !n&#*#n +!+n,#i !n*- -(#"6 ,#i* -!#'#

+!+!"#% d#n +-# +n&'id 8(idn& !"!- *#n# #n&-#' (idn&:6 #%#- +#*#'!#%6 *'#n& d#(i *!%'i(#* '!#%$

c. M#*# d#n -nn&*i# )#* d#n -!-ninn

d. M'* d#n ii% *!%'i(#* -!(i*#+#n

e. D#d# . P#d# in"!-"i *!%'i(#* d#d# -i%i +!nn' -#%!n# #d#n,# !+!"#%#n #n*n&

d#n di"!#-#n '!( #n!+i# -%ni-$

f. P!%* . T!%'i(#* )#*6 di#'#"i #d# !+!"#%#n 'i+# d#n (#*i 8(!#*"!-

n+!'i:$

g. P!%*+(#n i"i-n,# '!i( -!)i' d#%i#d# n%+#' "!"#i "i#6 == di #4#( n%+#'

h. P!%*+(#n %n "!-" "!-nd!% n*- #n#- #d# "i# !%*#" *id#- *!%)##i

d!nn #i-$ Mi"#' *id#- *+( %#+* -!*i#-6 i" #*#n -+i" #(-#n

+n&-in #n#- *id#- d##* +!n)##i *## d'!n"! -#%!n# #d#n,# #n!+i# -%ni-$

i. K'i* . W#%n# -'i* )#* -!-ninn6 i-# #n#- *!'#( "!%in& +!nd##* *%#n""i 4#%n#

-'i* #-#n +!n#di -!'# "!!%*i !"i$ H#' ini *!%#di -#%!n# #d#n,# !n+-#n #*

!"i d#'#+ #%inn -'i* 8(!+"id!%"i":$

3. D)a"!(%a NANDA NO NI

15


16/25

1. In*'!%#n"i #-*ii*#" !%(nn d!nn -!*id#-"!i+#nn #n*#%# "'#i O2 d#n

-!*(#n$

2. !%#(#n !%"i #%inn !%(nn d!nn !n%n#n -+n!n "!''!% ,#n&

di!%'-#n n*- !n&i%i+#n O2 -! "!'$

3. R!"i- in!-"i !%(nn d!nn !%*#(#n#n "!-nd!% *id#- #d!-#*6 !n%n#n

H6 '!-!ni# #*# !n%n#n &%#n'"i*$

NANDA NO NI

In*'!%#n"i #-*ii*#"

!%(nn d!nn

-!*id#-"!i+#nn

#n*#%# "'#i O2 d#n

-!*(#n$

T(lera!%) at))ta%

Klien diharapkan mampu

untuk menormalkan:

• S#*%#"i -"i&!n -!*i-#

!%#-*ii*#"

• D!n,* n#di -!*i-#

!%#-*ii*#"

• L# !%n##"#n -!*i-#

!%#-*ii*#"

• T!-#n#n d#%#( "i"*'i-

• T!-#n#n d#%#( di#"*'i)

• P!+!%i-"##n EKG

• W#%n# -'i*

• K!-#*#n *( #*#"

• K!-#*#n *( #4#(

Da,a ta&a!


untuk menormalkan:

• Kin!%# d#%i %*ini*#"

• A-*ii*#"

• Kn"!n*%#"i

• K!'i(#n !n!%&, "!*!'#(

!%#-*ii*#"

• Tin&-#* -"i&!n d#%#(

T)!"at e"el)%a&a!


untuk menormalkan:

• N,!%i

• !+#"

• M!n&!%#n&

• S*%!""

• T#-*

• K!&!'i"#(#n

• N,!%i **

• M!%in&i"

Tera+) at))ta%

Intervensi yang dilakukan:

• K'#%#"i d!nn *!%#i" d#'#+

+!%n)#n#-#n d#n +!+ni*%

%&%#+ #-*ii*#"

• M!nin&-#*-#n -+i*+!n #"i!n

d#'#+ !%#-*ii*#"

• M!+#n* +!n&!-'%#"i #-*ii*#"

,#n& !+#n##* #&i #"i!n

• M!+#n* +!n&id!n*ii-#"i

"+!%d#,# ,#n& di+i'i-i d#'#+

!%#-*ii*#"

• M!+#n* #"i!nJ-!'#% d#'#+

!%#d#*#"i d!nn 'in&-nn

• M!+#n* +!n,"n #-*ii*#" i"i-

• P#"*i-#n 'in&-nn #+#n n*- !%&!%#-#n **

• C!'#"-#n #-*ii*#" +*%i- n*-

+!nin&-#*-#n *n" **

• =!%i-#n %!in%)!+!n "i*i "!'#+#

!%#-*ii*#"

• Mni*% %!"n !+"in#'6 i"i-6

""i#' d#n "i%i*#'

Ma!a'e$e! e!er",

Intervensi yang dilakukan• T!n*-#n !+#*#"#n #-*ii*#" i"i-

#"i!n

• C!'#"-#n *#nd# ,#n& +!n,!#-#n

-!'!+#(#n

• C!'#"-#n !n,!# -!'!+#(#n

• C!'#"-#n ## d#n #i+#n#

#-*ii*#" ,#n& di*(-#n n*-

+!+#n&n !n!%&i

• Mni*% in*#-! n*%i"i ,#n& #d!-#*

• Mni*% %!"n -#%di%!"i%#"i

"!'#+# #-*ii*#"

16


17/25

• S!"#- n##"

• M#'

• Mn*#(

• Mni*% '# *id%

• Mni*% '-#"i

-!*id#-n,#+#n#nJn,!%i

• =#*#"i "*i+'" 'in&-nn

• An%-#n !d%!"*

• L#--#n ROM #-*iJ#"i • =#n* #"i!n +!+#* #d4#'

i"*i%#(#*

• Mni*% !!- #* "*i+'#n d#n

d!%!"#n

• Mni*% %!"n -"i&!n#"i #"i!n

P!%#(#n !%"i

#%inn !%(nn

d!nn !n%n#n

-+n!n "!''!% ,#n&

di!%'-#n n*-

!n&i%i+#n O2 -! "!'$

1. P!%"i #%inn .

!%i!%

K%i*!%i# ,#n& di(#"i'-#n .• TTV

• O** %in!

• K!"!i+#nn

!'!-*%'i* #"#+ #"#

• K!"!i+#nn )#i%#n

• =i"in& ""

• N#" +#-#n

• K!(#"#n ,#n&

#n%+#'

•

N,!%i !%* ,#n&#n%+#'

• M#' *id#- di*!+-#n

• Mn*#( *id#-

di*!+-#n

• D!i"i!n"i +#'

#"%"i

• Di"*!n"i #d+in#'

*id#- di*!+-#n

• A"i*!" *id#-

di*!+-#n

• Kn"*i#"i *id#- di*!+-#n

• Di#%! *id#-

di*!+-#n

• K!#*#n "!"ii-

di#%!

• =UN D=N

• K%!#*in! '#"+#

D=N

• Fn&"i (#*i *!"* D=N

•

Eni+ P#n-%!#" D=N

PERAWATAN SIRKULASI

De-e!)%) Tin&-#*-#n "i%-'#"i #%*!%i d#n

!n#

At))ta%

• L#--#n !ni'#i#n d#%i "i%-'#"i

-!"!'%(#n 8! . !%i-"# d!*#-

-!"!'%(#n6 !d!+#6 -#i'!% %!i'6

4#%n#6 d#n "( d#%i !-"*%!+i*#":

• E#'#"i !d!+# d#n d!n,*#n

-!"!'%(#n

• P!%i-"# -'i* n*- "*#"i" '"!%#"i

#*# '-#

• P#'#"i #n&&*# #d#n d!nn *!'i*i• K#i d!%##* -!*id#-n,#+#n#n d#n

n,!%i

• R!nd#(-#n !-"*%!+i*#" n*-

+!nin&-#*-#n "i%-'#"i #%*!%i6 i-#

+!+n&-in-#n

• Gn#-#n "*-in& #n*i!+'i"+! 8!

. !'#"*i" #*# "*-in& ,#n& !%i"i

d#%#:6 i-# +!+n&-in-#n

• =-# "*-in& #n*i!+'i"+! "!'#+#

15/20 +!ni* "!*i# @ (#%i

• An&-#* #d#n 200 #*# '!i( di#*#"

#n*n& n*- +!nin&-#*-#n !n"

%!*%n6 i-# +!+n&-in-#n

• =!%i-#n !n&#*#n #n*i'#*!'!* #*#

#n*i-#&'#n6 i-# +!+n&-in-#n

• U#( "i"i #"i!n #'in& "!di-i*

"!*i# 2 (#%i6 i-# +!+n&-in-#n

• Gn#-#n *!+#* *id%J+#*%#"

*!%#!*i-6 i-# +!+n&-in-#n

• An%-#n '#*i(#n ROM #"i #*#

#-*i "!'#+# i"*i%#(#*6 i-#

17


18/25

2. In*!&%i*#" #%inn .

+!+%#n! -'i* d#n

+-"#

K%i*!%i# ,#n& di(#"i'-#n .

• S( C#%inn• S!n"#"i

• E'#"*i"i*#"

• Hid%#"i

• Pi&+!n*#"i

• R!"i%#"i

• W#%n#

• T!-"*%

• K!*!#'#n

• C#%inn ,#n& *#- '-#

•C#%inn P!%"i

• P!%*+(#n %#+* di

-'i*

• K!'!n&-##n -'i*

+!+n&-in-#n

• An%-#n #"i!n #(4# !n*in&n,#

+!n)!( !n# "*#"i" 8! . *id#-

+!n,i'#n&-#n -#-i6 +!nn&-#*

-#-i *#n# +!'i#* '**6 d#n

'#*i(#n:• A#%-#n #"i!n n*- !%#4#*#n

-#-i ,#n& *!#*

• P!'i(#%#J#*% (id%#"i ,#n& #d!-#*

n*- +!n)!( !nin&-#*#n

-!-!n*#'#n d#%#(

• Mni*% "*#*" )#i%#n6 !+#"-#n

in*#-! d#n **

Ma!a'e$e! Se!%a%) Per)-er

A-*ii*#" .

• P#n*# -!*##+#nJ -!*+'#n #*# #n#" J din&in #&i#n !%i!% #"i!n

8 -'i* :

• P#n*# #d#n,# P#%#"*(!"i# . -!#" 6

-!"!+*#n 6 (i!%#%#"*(!"i# d#n

(i#%#"*(!"i#

• D%n& #"i!n n*- +!n&&n#-#n

#&i#n *( ,#n& +#"i( "!(#*

n*- +!n&id!n*ii-#"i J

+!n!n*-#n "( d#%i +#-#n#n 6

+in+#n 6 #i% n*- +#ndi 6 d''• D%n& #"i!n n*- +!n&&n-#n

#&i#n *( ,#n& "!(#* n*-

+!n&id!n*ii-#"i J +!n!n*-#n

'-#"i #*# *!-"*%! "#* !nd#

• In"*%-"i-#n -!#d# #"i!n J

-!'#%n,# n*- +!+!%(#*i-#n

"i"i #&i#n #&i#n *( -!*i-#

+#ndi 6 dd- 6 #*# !%ind#( J

+!%#( "i"i *(n,#

• In"*%-"i-#n -!d# #"i!n J -!'#%

n*- "!'#' +!+!%i-"# J +!+#n*#in*!&%i*#" -'i* ,#n& +!n'#+i

)!d!%# J n&&#n "!n"#"i "!*i#

(#%i

• Mi!%*+i* d#- ni*%J #n*#

-!+#+#n #"i!n n*-

!%#-#i#n J+!+#-#i # 6 "!#* 6

#'#* #n* #"i!n -#'# #d# 6 d''

• In"*%-"i-#n -!#d# #"i!n J

-!'#% n*- +!n&&n#-#n

*(!%++!*!% n*- +!n&!)!- "(

#i% • Gn#-#n %in"i "*!%i' -!*i-#

18


19/25

+!+!%"i(-#n !%#'#*#n +#-#n

#"i!n

• Gn#-#n "#%n& *#nn #*#

#-#i#n !'indn& '#inn,# #d#

*(-!*i-# *( !%-n*#- d!nn

!- ,#n& !%*!n"i +!nndn&#* #* !%#(#,# 8 +i"#'n,# .

-#%!n# "( 6 *!-"*%!6 #*#

-#%#-*!%i"*i- '#in,#:

• Hind#%i #*# (#*i (#*i d'#+

!n&&n###n #%#n& #%#n& ,#n&

+!+i'i-i "( *!%*!n* 6 "!!%*i

(!#*in& #d6 *!%+" 6 d#n i)! #)-"

• An%-#n d#n ##%i #"i!n )#%#

!%#'#n ,#n& #i- 6 &n#-#n "!#*

,#n& '!+* d#n *id#- !%*+i* #*#

*+i*n,# %!nd#(

• L!*#--#n #*# #"#n& )%#d'! di #*#"

#&i#n *( ,#n& +!n'#+i

n&&#n n*- +!n)!(

*!%"in&&n& '!( #&i#n *!+#*

*id% ,#n& '#in

• !- #*# !%i-"# #d#n,# !nd#

!nd# #"in& di "!#* 6 -#n*n& #

d#n #-#in #"i!n

• In"*%-"i-#n -!#d# #"i!n n*-

+!n&#(/ #( ""i"in,# 8 "!"#id!nn 4#-* 4#-* *!%*!n*:

-!*i-# #d#n,# %#"# *id#- n,#+#n

• K%#n&i !n&&n##n #'#* #'#*

,#n& d##* +!ni+'-#n *!-#n#n

#d# #"i!n "!)#%# *!#* d#n "!"#i

d!nn ndi"i #"i!n

• Gn#-#n #'#* !n&%#n& *i+'n,#

*!-#n#n #d# #"i!n

• Lindn&i #&i#n #&i#n *(

#"i!n d#%i !%#(#n "( ,#n&

!-"*%!+• I++i'i"#"i -!#'# '!(!% 6d#n

*'#n& !'#-#n& #"i!n "!)%# *!#*

• P#n*# -!+#+#n d!!-#"i #"i!n

• K#i !n,!# i-# #"i!n *id#-

+#+ =A=

• S!di#-#n *!+#* =A= #"i!n i-#

#"i!n *id#- +#+ =A= -! -#+#%

+#ndi

• P!%i-"# !+!%i#n #n#'&!"i) d#n

!%i-#n #n#'&!"i) -!#d# #"i!n• Mni*% #*# #n*# #d#n,# &!#'#

19


20/25

*%+('!i*i" #*# *(%+"i"

d#%i !+'( !n#

• Di"-"i-#n d#n id!n*ii-#"i d!nn

*!n# +!di" '#inn,# !n,!# d#%i

##n,# !%#(#n "!n"#"i #*#

"!n"#"i ,#n& #n%+#' #d# #"i!n• In"*%-"i-#n #"i!n n*- +!+#n*#

"!ndi%i "i"i d#%i #&i#n #&i#n

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*#nd# -!%"#-#n #*# n&&#n

Ma!a'e$e! N#tr)%)

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• M!n&n*%' !n,!%##n

+#-#n#nJ)#i%#n d#n +!n&(i*n&

in*#-! -#'%i (#%i#n6 i-# di!%'-#n

• M!+#n*# -!*!#*#n %*#n+#-#n#n n*- +!+!n(i

-!*(#n n*%i"i (#%i#n

• M!n!n*-#n i+'#( -#'%i d#n !ni"

#* +#-#n#n ,#n& di!%'-#n n*-

+!+!n(i -!*(#n n*%i"i6 -!*i-#

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i-# di!%'-#n

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+!+!%*i+#n&-#n d#,# d#n

#+#

• M!n!*-#n -!*(#n +#-#n#n

"#'%#n n#""*%i)

• M!+i'i( +#-#n#n nd+6

+in+#n -)-6 d#n !" -%i+

"!#i "'!+!n n*%i"i

• An%-#n #"i!n n*- +!+i'i(

+#-#n#n %inn6 i-# -!-%#nn #i%

'i% +!n&n&& %"!" +!n!'#n

• An%-#n in*#-! +#-#n#n ,#n&

*in&&i -#'"i+6 i-# di!%'-#n

• An%-#n in*#-! +#-#n#n d#n)#i%#n ,#n& *in&&i -#'i+6 i-#

di!%'-#n

• M!+#"*i-#n #(4# +#-#n#n !%#

+#-#n#n ,#n& *in&&i "!%#* n*-

+!n)!( -n"*i#"i

• M!+!%i #"i!n +#-#n#n d#n

+in+#n *in&&i %*!in6 *in&&i

-#'%i6 d#n !%n*%i"i ,#n& "i#

di-n"+"i6 i-# di!%'-#n

• M!+#n* #"i!n n*- +!+i'i(

+#-#n#n '!+*6 'n#- d#n *id#-

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#"#+6 i-# di!%'-#n

• M!n*% !+#"-#n +#-#n#n6 i-#

di!%'-#n

• M!n&(!n*i-#n !n&&n##n "#'%#n

+#-#n#n6 i-# in*#-! %#' d##*

di+#-'+i• M!n&n*%' )#i%#n !n)!%n##n6 i-#

di!%'-#n

• M!+#"*i-#n -!#d##n *!%#!*i-

*!%(#d# -!+##n +#-#n#n

• M!+!%i !+!'i(#%##n ,#n&

di!%'-#n d#'#+ #*#" +#-#n#n

,#n& di*!n*-#n

• An%-#n +!+#4# +#"#-#n %+#(

-! *!+#* !-!%#6 i-# di!%'-#n

• M!n,#%#n-#n !+!%i-"##n

!'i+in#"i +#-#n#n ,#n&

+!nndn& '#-*"#6 i-#

di!%'-#n

• M!n#4#%-#n *#n#+#n (!%#' d#n

%!+#(/%!+#( "!#i !n&n*i

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• M!n&n*%' -!#d##n 'in&-nn

n*- +!+#* d#%# *!%#"

+!n,!n#n&-#n d#n %!'#-"

• M!+!%i +#-#n#n ,#n& n,# d#,#

*#%i-6 d!nn )#%# ,#n&+!n,!n#n&-#n6 +!+!%

!n#+#(#n 4#%n#6 *!-"*%6 d#n

#%i#"i

• M!'#--#n !%#4#*#n +'*

"!!'+ +#-#n6 i-# di!%'-#n

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dd- ,#n& !n#% "!!'+ +#-#n

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• M!n#%-#n d#n +!%!n)#n#-#n

+#-#n6 i-# di!'-#n

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)n*( *!%*'i" +#-#n#n i'i(#n

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Pe!"etaa!

+e!"e!*al)a! )!-e%)

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• M!n!'#"-#n )#%#

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Pe!"e!*al)a! )!-e%)

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d#n !%"i( *!%*#+# "!*!'#( di&n#-#n

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Gn#-#n #'#*/#'#* ,#n& #% d#n !%!d# "!*i# #-#n +!'#--#n

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• M!n!'#"-#n *#nd# d#n

&!#'#

• M!n!'#"-#n !%#4#*#n

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Pe!"e!*al)a! re%)(

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• M!+#n*# #-*% %!"i-

$d 'in&-nn

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d#n "!"d#( +!+#"-i %#nn

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ni!%"#'

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,#n& diindi-#"i-#n d#n di&n#-#n

n*- *ind#-#n in#"i!6 !%#"i d#n

#* d#%%#*

MANA4EMENT LIN4KUN4AN

AKTIVITAS• C#(i "!n#*# ,#n& *!n"i#' d#%i

'in&-nn -'i!n 8 !nd# *##+ 6

!%#* 6 d#n '#in '#in:

• M!n)#%i 'in&-nn "!)#%# %*in

n*- +!+!'i(#%# -'i!n !#" d#%i

#(#,#

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"!n#*# "!'#+# +#"# !%#4#*#n 6

"!)#%# *!#*

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di#4# !n&nn& -! "!-i*#% -'i!n• In"*%-"i-#n !n&nn& d#n !*"

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-!"!(#*#n ,#n& '#in +!n&!n#i

in%+#"i -!#+#n#n -'i!n

• =#*#"i -'i!n +!n&&n#-#n "!n#*#

,#n& *!n"i#' 8 "!!%*i "!n#*# *##+ 6

!%#* 6 d'':

• P#n*# #"i!n "!'#+# +!n&&n#-#n"!n#*# *!n"i#' 8 "!!%*i . i"#

)-%:

• T!+#*-#n #"i!n -!#d# *!+#*

,#n& n,#+#n #&i -'i!n d!nn

#%+# *!%#i n*- +!n%n-#n

!n"inn d#n -!"!+#*#n n*-

+!'-#i 6 "!)#%# *!#*

• =!%i-#n %#nn "!ndi%i n*- #"i!n

+!n&(ind#%i -!"!+#*#n #d#n,#

!%i'#- -!-!%#"#n -!#d# %#n& '#in

• T!+#*-#n %#nn #"i!n did!-#*

%#n& !%#4#*

• =#*#"i #-"!" #"i!n -! !nd!'#

6-!)#'i i'# -n)i d#n !nd#'# *#(#n

!)#( 6"!)#%# *!#*

• Kn)i -!!%'#n d#n &d#n&

• S!di#-#n !%'!n&-##n +#-#n d#%i

'#"*i)

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,#n& di#*#"i "!(in& *!%(ind#% d#%i

-!+n&-in#n ,#n& #d#• S!di#-#n !n#" #d# #-"!" #%!#

n*- +!+!'i(#%# -!#+#n#n #"i!n

d#n in*!n"i *!%#!*i- 6 -#'#

di!%'-#n

• C#(i indiid d#%i "!-i*#% *!%#din,#

-!-!%#"#n J -!-!%#"#n *!n"i#' #d#

-'i!n

• M!+!'i(#%# !n*- d#!%#( ,#n&

#+#n 8 -#+#% !n"inn : -!#d#

#"i!n -!*i-# i# +!n+-

• T!%#-#n "#%n& 6 *#nn 6 !'#*6

(!'+6 #*# !n#(#n n*- +!+#*#"i

d#n -!+#+#n n*- +!+'#i

!%i'#- -!-!%#"#n di%i "!ndi%i 6

"!)#%# *!#*

• S!di#-#n '#"*i) 6 "!+i !"i 6 #

n*i 6 "!)#%# *!#*

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BAB III

PENUTUP

A. Ke%)$+#la!

T(#'#"!+i# . !n,#-i* #4##n ,#n& di*%n-#n '!( "#'#( "#* %#n&*# -!#d#

#n#-n,# "!#- +#"i( d#'#+ -#ndnn$ Ci-# #"#nn "#+i/i"*%i #d#'#( !+#4# &!n

*(#'#"!+i#6 +#-# -!+n&-in#n #n#-n,# #-#n +!nd!%i*# *(#'#"!+i# "!!"#% 25;6 !+#4#

&!n *(#'#""!+i# 850;: d#n n%+#' 825;:

K#+i +!n+i' 3 "!#i di#&n"! n*- !nd!%i*# *(#'#""!+i# .

1. In*'!%#n"i #-*ii*#" !%(nn d!nn -!*id#-"!i+#nn #n*#%# "'#i O2 d#n

-!*(#n$

2. !%#(#n !%"i #%inn !%(nn d!nn !n%n#n -+n!n "!''!% ,#n&

di!%'-#n n*- !n&i%i+#n O2 -! "!'$

3. R!"i- in!-"i !%(nn d!nn !%*#(#n#n "!-nd!% *id#- #d!-#*6 !n%n#n

H6 '!-!ni# #*# !n%n#n &%#n'"i*$

B. Sara!

D!nn #d#n,# +#-#'#( ini -#+i !%(#%# d##* +!+#n* +!n#+#( 4#4#"#n

!+#)# d#n d##* +!n'i-#"i-#n #"(#n -!!%#4#*#n ,#n& *!'#( di##%-#n$

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA

='!)(!)-6G'%i# d--$ 200@$N%"in& In*!%!n*in" '#""ii)#*in 8NI:6Fi*( Edi*in$Uni*!d

S*#*! . M",

D%'#nd$199@$K#+" S#- K!d-*!%#n$ C#-#%*# . EG

G,*n6 A%*(% 6 82000:6 =- Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran, edisi 6 EG6 C#-#%*#$

H!%d+#n6 T$ H!#*(!%$ 2009$ !anda International, !ursing "iagnosis: "effintion #

Classification $%%&$%''( Sin%!. M#%-n P%in* M!di# P*! L*d

M%(!#d6 S! d--$ 200@$N%"in& O*)+!" '#""ii)#*in 8NO:6F%*( Edi*in$Uni*!d

S*#*!.M",

S%i#di6 Ri*# Y'i#ni6 82001:6 Asuhan Kepera)atan Pada Anak, edisi I, C* $ S#&n& S'6

C#-#%*#$

THALASSEMIA klp 2.rtf

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