115

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

8tIc-f-∏p-Xpa

s\Sp-\mƒ _n´ojv B[n-]-Xy-Øn≥Iogn¬ Ign-tb-≠n-h-∂-h-cmWv C¥y-°m¿. sshtZ-in-I-`-cWw ASn-t®¬∏n® Iqc-X-Iƒ t\cn-´-\p-`-hn-®-h-cmWv \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I¿. bmX-\-Ifpw Zpcn-X-ßfpw t]dn Ah¿ \mSns‚kzmX-¥y-Øn-\mbn s]mcp-Xn. sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb Ht´sd ]Xn-tj-[-߃, sNdp-Øp\n¬∏p-Iƒ. HSp-hn¬ kzX¥`mc-X-Øns‚ ]nd-hn.

hS°v Iivao¿ apX¬ sX°v tIcfwhsc \o≠p-In-S-°p∂ `q]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-h-scms° Cu XymtKm-÷z-e-amb kw -h-ß-fn¬ ]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn-´p-≠v.

CuÃn¥ym Iº\n tIc-f-Øn¬Ft∏m-gmWv _n´o-jp-Im¿ tIc-f-Øns‚ q`m-KØv ]nSn-ap-dp-°nbXv? AXn-\-h¿°v kuI-cy-߃ e`n-®-sX-ßs\? _n´ojv `cWw tIc-fo-bscFß-s\-sb√mw ]bm-k-s∏-SpØn? CØ-c-Ønep≈ Ht´sd Imcy-߃At\z-jn-®-dn-tb≠-Xp-≠v.

\mSphm-gn-Ifpw cmPm-°-∑mcpw Xß-fpsS Iogn-ep≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ cWw\S-Øn-t∏m∂Ime-Øm-Wt√m ssakqcv \n∂v sslZ-cm-enbpw Sn∏phpwtIc-f-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-h-∂-Xv. ]mtZ-inIcmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw \mSp-hm-gn-I-fp-sSbpw A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn-cp∂ ae-_m-dns‚ \nb-¥Ww Sn∏pkp¬Øm≥ Gs‰-Sp-Øp. sIm®n-bnsebpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnse-bpw cmPm-°-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS ]tZ-i-ßsf Sn∏p-hns‚ ]S-tbm-´-Øn¬\n∂vImØpkwc£n°m≥ _n´o-jp-Im-cpsS klmbw tXSn. ]ns∂ Cw•ojvCuÃn¥ym Iº-\n-bn-embn \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS ]Xo-£. sIm®n,Xncphn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPm-°-∑mcpw CuÃn-¥ym -I-º-\nsb c£-I-cmbn I≠p.sh√…n ]`p Bhn-jvI-cn® ssk\n-I-k-lm-b-hy-hÿ ]Imcw _n´o-jp-Im¿°v \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Xß-fpsS Bin-X-cm-°m≥Ign™p. Sn∏p-hp-ambn D≠m-°nb iocw-K-]-´Ww HØp-Xo¿∏n-s\-Øp-S¿∂v ae-_m-dn¬ CuÃn¥ym Iº\n t\cn´p`cWw XpS-ßn. _n´ojvta¬t°mbva AwKo-I-cn® sIm®nbpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw Iº-\n-`c-W-Øn-emhpIbpw sNbvXp.

116

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

Sn∏p-hn¬\n∂v kz¥w ]tZ-i-߃ kwc-£n-®p-In-´n-bm¬ ]gb ]Xm-]-Øn¬A[n-ImcØn¬ XpS-cm -\m-hp -sa∂v\mSphmgn-Ifpw \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑mcpwtamln®p-. F∂m¬ F√m-h-scbpwhcpXn-bn-em°n _n´o-jp-Im¿ k¿hm-[n-Im-cn -I-fmbn. ae-bm-f-°-cbmsICuÃn¥ym -I-º-\n°v Io-gn-ep-am-bn.

cmjvSo-b-amb Xe-Øn¬ amX-a√tImtfm-Wn-b¬ ta¬t°mbva \ne-\n∂Xv. kmº-ØnI Nqj-Whpw _p≤n-]-camb B[n-]-Xyhpw CXns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXns\ms°-]p-dsa km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ D]-Po-h-\-cw-KØpw hen-b-tXm-Xn¬ NqjWw \ne-\n-∂p.

ssk\nI klm-b-hy-hÿC¥y≥ \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf _n´ojv A[o-\-X-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm-\p≈ ka¿∞-amb Hcp \b-ambncp∂p CXv. _n´ojvKh¿W¿ P\-dem-bn-cp∂ sh√-…n-bmWv CXns‚D]⁄m-Xmhv. Cu hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Dƒs∏´ \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS kwc-£W®pa-Xe _n´ojv ssk\y-Øn-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ssk\nIs®ehv \n¿∆-lnt°≠Xv AXXp \m´p-cm -Py -ß-fpw. amX-a√ \m´p -cm -Py -߃°v kz¥wssk\ysØ \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw C√m-Xm-bn.\m´pcmPy-ß-fpsS hntZi\bw Xocp-am-\n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw _n´ojv k¿°m-cn-\p-am-X-am-bn. Icm-dp-Iƒ ]men-°p-∂p-s≠∂v Dd∏p hcp-Øm≥ \m´pcmPy-ß-fn¬ dkn-U≠v F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp _n´ojv DtZym-K-ÿ-s\bpw\nb-an-®p. ]c-kv]cw t]mc-Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ C¥y≥\m´pcmPm-°-∑m¿°v Cu hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Gsd BI¿j-I-ambn tXm∂n.

ssk\nIklm-b-hy-h-ÿ-bpw iocw-K-]-´Ww k‘nbpw tIc-f-°-csbbmsI _n´ojv `c-W-Øn≥Iogn-em-°n. Cu ]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\wsNøp-I.

`c-W-Øn-s\-XnscC¥y≥ ]tZ-i-ßsf ]h-niy-I-fm°nØncn-®mWvCuÃn¥ym Iº\n `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.InkvXp 1800 hsc t_mws_ ]kn-U≥kn-bpsSIogn -em -bn -cp∂ ae-_m¿ ]n∂oS v aZmkv]hniybnem-bn.

ae-_mdn¬ _n´o-jv c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ P\-hn-cp≤\S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈m≥ XpS-ßn. cmPm-°-∑mcpw ]P-I-fp-sa√mw Iº-\n-bpsS A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂v Iº\n ]Jym-]\w \S-Øn.h¿≤n-®- tXm-Xn-ep≈ \nIp-Xn -\¬Im≥ F√m-hcpw _m[y-ÿ-cm-sW∂pw \¬Im-Ø-h¿s°-Xnsc I¿i-\-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-sa∂pw ap∂-dn-bn-∏p- \¬In. ae-_m-dn-em-I-am\w _n´ojv hncp≤-a-t\m-`mhw Ffp∏w hf-cm≥ CXp-Im-c-W-am-bn.\nIp -Xn -]n -c n -hn\ v ]pXnb DtZym -K -ÿsc\nban®tXmsS \nc-¥cw X¿°-߃ D≠m-bn.

cmPm-[n-Im-cw- sh´n-°p-d-®-Xn-s\bpw \nIp-Xn-]n-cn-h-[n-Imcw FSp-Øp-am-‰n-b-Xn-s\bpw tNmZywsNbvXcmPm-hm-bn-cp-∂p ]g-»n-bnse tI-c-f-h¿Ω. ]g-»n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ae-_m-dn¬ \S∂ Iem-]wIº\n ta[m-hn-Isf IW-°n-tesd Ipg°n. BZy-

Im-eØv Iº\n ]ncn-hnepw a‰pw ]n¥p-W-tb-In-bn -cp∂hcn¬ Hcm-fm-bn -cp∂p -tI-c-f -h¿Ω.F∂m¬ _n´ojpIm-cpsS bYm¿∞Xm¬∏cywXncn-®-dn-bm≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS Ah¿s°Xn-sc-bp≈ -I-em-]-߃°v At±lw t\XrXzw \¬In.Iº-\n-tbmSv t]mc-Sn-®p-\n¬°m≥ X߃°v Ign-bn-s√∂p tIc-f-h¿Ωbv°v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p.cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Ønse A¥xOnZßfn¬ Iº\nXt∂m-sSm∏w \n¬°p-sa∂pw At±lw ]Xo-£n®p. Ch c≠pw D≠m-bn-√. Cu L´-Øn-emWvAt±lw Iº-\n-s°-Xnsc ]S IqSn-b-Xv.

FXn¿∏p-Iƒ IqSp∂p_n´ojv kulr-Zhpw XpS¿∂p≈ DS-º-Sn-Ifpw hgnsIm®n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ \m´p-cm-Py-߃ CuÃn-¥ym-I-º-\n-bpsS ta[m-hnXzw AwKo-I-cn-®p-. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse B`y-¥-c-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥XpSßnb Iº-\n-s°-Xnsc Znhm≥ thepغn-Z-fh kzX-¥-amb Nne \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®p.`fim-c-Øn¬\n∂v h≥XpI ssI∏-‰m-\p≈_n´ojv ]≤Xn-I-sf-bmWv Znhm≥ FXn¿Ø-Xv.Znhm≥ ]Zhn \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v t]mepw CXv Imc-W-ambn. _n´ojv hncp-≤-a-t\-m`mhw i‡-am°n

117

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

sNdp-Øp -\n¬∏p-\-S-Øm-≥ ]n∂oSv At±-lwian®p. 1809˛se "Ip≠d hnfw-_cw' AXn-s‚`mKam-bn-cp-∂p. _n´ojv A[n-\n-th-i-Øn-s\-XnscsIm®n cmPyØv Znhm-\m-bn-cp∂ ]men-b-Ø-®\pwIem-]-ap-b¿Øn.

_n´ojp-Im¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb \nIpXn]cn-jvIm-c-߃s°-Xnscbp≈ ]Xn-I-c -W-am -bn -cp∂phb\m- nse Ipdn-Ny-°-em]w. \nIp-Xn-bmbn km[-\-߃ sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cp -∂-h-cmbn-cp∂pIpdnNy¿. F∂m¬ km[-\-߃°p]Icw h¿≤n-∏n®- \nIpXn ]W-ambn amXta kzoI-cn°q F∂

]Jym-]\w D≠m-bn. CXv henb FXn¿∏n\vImcW-am-bn. \nIpXn IpSn-»nI hcp-Øn-b-h-cpsSkzØv ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-I, IpSnep-Iƒ BI-an-°p-I,ho´p-]-I-c-W-߃ FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]m-IpI, IpSn-sbm-gn-∏n-°pI F∂nh \S-∏n-em-°n. CtXmsS_n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc kzm`m-hn-I-amb FXn¿∏vcq]-s∏-´p. AsXmcp Xpd∂ Iem-]-ambn amdn-._n´ojv ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s\-Xnsc km[m-cW P\-ß-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ Hcp P\-Iobapt∂‰-am-bn-cp∂p IpdnNy°em-]w.

_n´ojv hncp-≤-I-em-]-߃°v ASn-Ø-d-bm-bXv ][m-\-ambpw Ah-cpsS \nIpXn]ncn-hn-se am‰-ß-fpw \mSns\ kmº-Øn-I-ambn NqjWw sNøm-\p≈ iaßfp-am-Wv. thep-Ø-ºn, tIc-f-h¿Ω F∂n-h-cpsS sNdpØp\nev]p-I-fpwIpdnNy°em-]hpw hne-bn-cpØn Cu ]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-°pI.

_n´ojv `cWw hcp-∂-Xn\p-apºv Kma-߃GXm≠v kzbw ]cym-]vX-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \nXy-hrØn-°p≈ hI-Ifpw DSp-Xp-Wnbpw a‰m-h-iy-ßsfms°bpw AX-Xp-Km-a-Øn¬Xs∂ e`y-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXXp tZiØp In´m-Ø-Xp-amXw]pdsa-\n∂p hcp-Øn-. Iº\n `cWw h∂-tXmsS\mS≥ Nc-°p-I-fpsS DXv]m-Z\w £oWn®p. AXn-\p-]-Icw Cw•-≠nse DXv]∂-߃ Cd-°p-aXnsNbvXp.

Cw•-≠nse ^mIvS -d n -Iƒ°m-h -iy -ambAkwkvIr-X]-Zm¿∞߃ Npcp-ßnb hnebv°vAh¿ Chn-sS-\n∂pw IS-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]mbn.Cw•-≠n-ep-≠m-°nb hymh-km-bnI DXv]∂-߃IqSnb hnebv°v Chn-S-Øp-Imcn¬ ASn-t®-ev]n®p.Nc-°p-I-fp-sSbpw ssk\y-Øn-s‚bpw \o°-Øn\vthKX Iq´m≥ tdmUp -Ifpw ]me-ßfpwsdbn¬]mf-ßfpw ]Wn-Xp. GXp-Ip-Km-a-Ønepw_n´o -jp -Xv]-∂-߃ e`y-am -Im≥ XpSßn.^etam? Kmao-W-sXm-gn¬ taJe XI¿∂p.IpSpw_-߃ ]´n-Wn-bn-em-bn. Cw•-≠nse apXem-fn-am¿°v h≥tX-mXn¬ em -ap-≠m-°m≥ \Ωp-sS\mSv \s√mcp If-ambn.

P\-Po-hn-XsØ Zp -l-am-°p∂ \S]Sn-bm-bn-cp∂phn -h-ß-fpsS hym]m-c-Ip-ØI ssIb-S-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS CuÃn¥ym I-º\n kzoI-cn-®-Xv. D∏v,

]pIbne, XSn , kpK -‘-hy -RvP -\ -߃-F∂nhbpsS hym]m-cw Iº-\n-bpsS A[o-\-X-bn¬ h∂p. CtXmsS Cu hkvXp-°-ƒ°v hne-°-b‰w D≠mbn. ]mh-s∏´-h¿ CXp-aqew -hfscIjvS-Øn-embn.

ae-_m-dnse tX°p-hy-h-kmbw Iº\n IpØ-I- -bm-°n-b-tXmsS Cu¿®-∏-Wn-°mcpw ac-°-®-h-S-°mcpw Zpcn-X-Øn-em-bn. KpW-ta-∑tbm hen-∏-s®-dp-∏tam IW-°m-°msX ]mh-s∏- -h-c-S-°-ap≈F√m-h-cp-sSbpw hoSp-Iƒ°v \nIpXn NpaØnIº\n hcp-am\w Iq´m≥ ian-®p.

A[n-I-\n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ

`q\n-Ip-Xn°pw D∏v, ]pI-bn-em-Zn-Iƒ°pw CuSm-°nb \nIp-Xn-°p-]p-dsa CuÃn¥ym Iº-\n-bpsS \nIp-Xn-hy-hÿ-bpsS Icm-flkvX-߃a‰p \ntXym-]-tbmK hkvXp-°-fpsS taepw ]nSn-ap-dp-°n. a‰v Aº-tXmfw hyXy-kvXßfmb \nIp-Xn-Iƒ IqSn P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw CuSm-°m≥XpS-ßn. hoSv, IS-Iƒ, I∂p-Im-en, IS-Øv,ao≥he, Xdn-Iƒ, I≈v, Nmcm-bw, sh´p-I-Øn-Iƒ F∂nh CXn¬ ][m-\-s∏- -h-bm-bn-cp-∂p.^e-Øn¬ H∂pw k¿°m-cns‚ ]nSn-bn¬\n∂pw Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´n-´n-√.

118

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

$ P∑n -am -cpsS Nqj-W-hpw Iqc -X -bpwapsº∂tØ°mfpw h¿≤n-®p.

D¬∏-∂-߃°v hne h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ X߃°n-jvS-an-√mØ ]gb IpSn-bm-∑m-sc Hgn-∏n°pw. IqSp-X¬ ]m´w \¬Im≥ Xøm-dmb IpSn-bm-∑m¿°vB qan G¬∏n-®p-sIm-Sp°pw. Hmtcm P∑nbpw ]m -Øn-\p-]p-dsa IpSn-bm-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw ]e-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ amaq-ep-Ifpw ]ncn-s®-Sp-Øp. s]mfn-s®-gp-Øp-t]m-ep≈ G¿∏m-Sp-Iƒ IpSn-bm-∑m-cpsS \neZb\o-b-am-°n.

s]mfn-s®-gpØpw ta¬®m¿Øpw

]¥o-cm-≠p-Iq-Sp-tºmƒ IpSn-bm≥ P∑n-bp-am-bpff Icm¿ ]pXp-°-Ww. CXmWv s]mfn-s®-gpØv. Cu ka-bØv P∑n ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ ]ncn-hp-Ifpw IpSn-bm-\n¬\n∂v CuSm-°pw. IqSp-X¬]m´w \¬Im≥ Xøm-dp≈ IpSn-bm\v ]gb IpSn-bms\ Hgn-hm°n `qan Nm¿Øn-sIm-Sp-°p∂G¿∏m-Sn\v ta¬®m¿Øv F∂p ]d-bp-w. CXp-c≠pw IpSn-bm-∑msc Gsd he®p.

P∑nbpw Abm -fpsS Imcy -ÿ\pw F¥p]d™mepw I¿j-I¿ A\p-k-cn-°p-Itb \nhr-Øn-bp≈q F∂ \neh∂p. C-s√-¶n¬ Gsd `hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ t\cn-tS≠n hcpw. P∑nsbt]-Sn®p Ign-™p-Iq-tS-≠n-h∂-cmWv ]m´°pSn -bm-∑mcpw]m´°m-cpw.

_n´ojv k¿°mcpw P∑n-amcpw t]meokpw tImS-Xnbpw HØp-tN¿∂v Irjn-°msc ]c-am-h[ntZmln-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Akw-Xr-]vX-cmb Irjn-°m¿ ]Xn-tj-[n-®p. Ah-cpsS hntZz-jhpwAXr]vXnbpw P∑n-am¿s°-Xn-scbpw Ahscklm-bn-°p∂ DtZym-K-ÿ¿s°-Xn-scbpw Xncn-™p. CXv kwL-Sn-Xk-a-c-ß-fm-bn- am-dn. FXn¿Ø-hsc amX-a√, Ah-¿ Xmakn®ncp∂ ]tZ-isØP\ßsf apgp-h≥ Iq -∏ng NpaØn in£n-®p. CXvIqSp-X¬ hntZzjw hf¿Øn.

D∏n -s‚bpw ]pI-bn -e -bp -sSbpw IpØ-I-bn¬\n∂p≈ hcp-am\w Im¿jn-Im-Zm-b- \n-Ip-Xn-bp-ambn Xmc-X-ayw sNbvX ]´nI.

h¿jw D∏v ]pI-bne BsI `q\n-IpXn- -

1809˛13 1,30,756 21,426 1,52,182 17,18,782

1819˛23 1,84,517 2,21,267 3,04,784 17,45,587

1829˛33 2,44,363 4,14,125 6,58,488 15,48,839

1839˛43 3,40,121 5,34,006 8,74,127 16,40,098

1849˛53 3,35,870 4,88,270 8,24,140 16,35,574(Ah-ew_w; t]Pv 31, ae-_m¿ Iem]w ]`pXzØn\pw

cmP-hm-gv®bv-°p-sa-Xn-sc sI.F≥. ]Wn-°¿)

\nIpXn Cß-s\bpwsNdp-InS \nIp-Xn-Iƒ hgn k¿°m¿ JP-\m-hn-te°v hºn® XpI kam-l-cn-°m≥ _n´o-jp-Im¿ ian®p-. CXn\m¬ P\-߃ A\p- -hn®]bm-k-ß-fpsS DZm-l-c-W-߃ t\m°p.

h\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hnd-Ip-sIm-≈n-Iƒ tiJ-cn®vD]-Po-h\w \S-Ønb kvXoIƒ°v \nIpXnsImSp-°msX hnd-Ip-sI- p-Iƒ sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥Ign-™ncp-∂n-√.

]pg-I-S∂p t]mtI-≠n-bn-cp-∂-h¿°pw \nIpXnsImSp-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. IS-Øp-\n-Ip-Xn-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-bn-°n- m≥ ]ecpw ]pg-\o-¥n-°-S-°m≥ ian-°sh apßn-acn-°pI-bp-ap-≠m-bn.

NqjWw Ffp-∏-Øn¬_n´o-jpIm¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb q\nb-a-߃ Ht´sdZpcn-X-߃ krjvSn-®Xmbn ImWmw.

$ `q\nIpXn ]W-ambn Npa-Øm≥ XpSßn.

$ `q\n-IpXn Gdn-b-tXm-Xn¬ h¿≤n-∏n-®p.

$ bYm¿∞ Irjn -°m¿°v `qanbn -ep≈AhImiw \ntj-[n-®p.

$ F√m `qan-bp-sSbpw Ah-Imiw P∑n-am¿°p-am-X-am-bn.

$ P∑n-am¿°v IqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.

\ΩpsS \mSns‚ ss]Xr-I-kz-Øv sIm≈-b-Sn-°m≥ th≠n D≠m-°nb_n´ojv˛P∑n Iq´p-sI´pw Ah-cpsS \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Kmao-W-Po-hn-X-Øn\vFs¥√mw ]bm-k-߃ hcp-Øn-h-®p. N¿® sNøp.

119

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

ae-_m-dnse I¿jIIem-]-߃am∏n-f-am-cmb sNdp-In-S-I¿j-I¿, I¿j-IsØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ, ssIsØm-gn-ep-Im¿, sNdp-In-S-I-®-h-S-°m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS hyXy-kvX-Im-e-ß-fn-se]Xn-tj-[-amWv ae-_m-dn¬ _n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnscbp≈ Iem-]-ß-fmbn cq]w-sIm-≠-Xv.kzmX¥y-k-a-c-N-cn-X-Øns‚ mK-ambn \S∂ CuIem-]-ß-fnse km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS ]¶m-fnØwit≤-b-am-Wv. ae-_m-dn¬ Gd-\mSv, h≈p-h-\m-Sv,s]m∂m\n Xmeq-°pIfn-ep≈ I¿j-I-cn¬ hen-sbmcp ]¶v ap…ow hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ am∏n-f-am-cm-bn-cp∂p. Ch-cm-bn-cp∂p I¿j-I-k-a-c-ß-fn¬Dƒs∏- n-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ "am∏n-f-am-cpsS' elf-Iƒ F∂mWv _n´o-jp-Im¿ CXns\ ]cn-l-kn®vhnfn-®-Xv.

ssakq¿ cmPm-°-∑m¿ ae-_m-dn¬ \S-Ønb AI-a-ß-sf-Øp-S¿∂v P∑n-amcpw \mSp-hm-gn-IfpwXncphn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ A`bw ]m]n-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS A[o-\-X-bnembn-cp∂ `qan am∏n-f-IpSn-bm-∑m¿°p e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ah¿ \nIp-Xn-b-S®v`qan kz¥-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂p. ae-_m¿_n´ojv B[n-]-Xy-Øn-embtXmsS Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ A`-bw-]m-]n® P∑n-am¿ Xncn-®p-h-∂p._n´o-jp-Im¿ am∏n-f-am-cn¬ \n∂v qan P∑n-am¿°vXncn-®p-\¬In. I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂v \nIp-Xn -]n-cn-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈ Npa-X-ebpw Ah¿°mbn.

P∑namcpsSbpw \mSp-hm-gn-I-fp-sSbpw kl-I-c-W-tØmsS amXta Xß-fpsS kmam-Py-Xz- Nq-jW`cWw \S-Øm\mhp F∂v _n´o-jp-Im¿ a\- n-em-°n. tIc-f-h¿Ω F∂ Hscm‰ \mSp-hm-gnsbHXp-°m≥ Gsd h¿jw sNe-hn-tS≠n h∂XvAh¿ ad-∂n√. a‰p \mSp-hm-gn-I-sf√mw tN¿∂vel-f-bvs°m-cp-ßn-bm¬ XßfpsS Xm¬∏-cy-߃XS- -s∏-Sp-sa∂v Ah¿ a\- n-em-°n. P∑n-˛-\mSphmgn hn`m-KsØ Iøn-se-SpØv, Ah¿aptJ\ \m´p -Im -cpsS ]n¥pW t\Snbm¬Gsd°mew `cWw XpScmw F∂v _n´o-jp-Im¿IW-°m-°n. Iº-\n-bpsS A[n-Im-csØ tNmZywsNømsX Ign-bp-tºmƒ tXm∂n-b-Xp-t]mse]m´w ]ncn®v \m´n¬ Gsd kzm[o-\-ap-≈-h-cmbnIgn-bm-sa∂v P∑n-amcpw Icp-Xn. _n´o-jp-Im-cpsScmjvSobm[nImc-Øn\p Iogn -¬ Xß-fpsSXmev]cy-߃ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂v P∑n-amcpw

\mSp-hm-gn-I-fpw a\- n-em°n. Ah¿°v kaq-l-Øn¬ Db¿∂ ÿm\hpw kmº-ØnIamb A[n-Im-cmh-Im-ißfpw sImSpØv _n´o-jp-Im¿ \ne-sIm -≠p. F√m cwKØpw Xßsf Bi-bn®p\n¬°p∂ Ht´sd \m´p-]-am-Wn-amsckrjvSn®v Ah-cn-eqsS \m´p-Im-cpsS ta¬ k¿∆m-[n-Imchpw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ ian® _n´ojv X¥-Øns‚ ^e-am-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p kmam-Py-Xz- `-c-W-Ønepw tIc-f-Øn¬ P∑nkº-Zmbw \ne-\n-∂Xv.

P∑hpw ImWhpw`qan-bpsS ta¬ ]e¿°pw ]e Ah-ImißfpwD≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ Ah-Im-i-Øn-\p P∑w F∂p ]d-bpw. P∑m-hImiap≈ Bƒ P∑n. P∑n°p Hcp \n›nXXpI CuSmbn \¬In qan Irjn°v Gs‰-SpØphmßp-∂-Xn\v ImWw F∂p-]-d-bpw. Cßs\Gs‰-Sp-°p∂ Bƒ ImW-°p-Sn-bm≥. ImW-°p-Sn-bm≥ \n›nX kwJy s\√mtbm ]W-amtbmP∑n-°p- sIm-Sp-°Ww CXp ]m´w. CXn¬\n∂vImW-kw-Jy-bpsS ]eni Ingn-°pw. ImWm-h-Im-i-Øns‚ Imemh[n ]¥-≠p-h¿jw.CusSm∂pw sImSp-°msX P∑n-tbmSv qan ]m -Øns\SpØv Irjn-sN-bvX-hsc shdpºm´-IpSnbm-∑m¿ F∂p ]dbpw.

P∑n-am¿ Aan-X-amb ]m´w NpaØn I¿j-IsctZmln®p. _n´o-jv- -P∑n Iq´p-sI- ns‚ e-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. am∏n-f-am-cmb I¿j-I-cn-te-sdbpw sNdp-In-S-Ip-Sn-bm-∑mcpw I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. I\-Ø -]m´w CuSm-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv Ah-cn¬ Aa¿j-Øns‚ hnØp-]m-In. Sn∏p-hns‚klm-bn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂p apZ-IpØn _n´o-jp-Imcpw P∑n-amcpw am∏n-f-am-cmb IpSn-bm-∑m-tcmSpwI¿j-IsØm-gn-em-fn-I-tfmSpw ]tXyIw iXp-X-h-®p-]p-e¿Øn. CXv Iem-]-ß-fn-emWv Iem-in-®Xv.Iem-]-Im-cn-Iƒ am∏n-f-amcpw Iem-]-Øn-\n-c-bm-b-h¿ lnµp-P-∑n-amcpw Ah-cpsS klm-bn-I-fmbDtZym-K-ÿ-∑mcpam-b-Xn-\m¬ Cu I¿j-I-k-a-c-ßsf h¿§ob-I-em-]-ß-fmbn _n´o-jp-Im¿ ]N-cn∏n®p. `n∂n-∏n®p `cn-°pI F∂ X¥w _n´o-jp-Im¿ Chn-sSbpw ]tbmKn®p. h¿Kob th¿Xn-cn-hp-≠m°n kaqlØn¬ hntZzjw hf¿Øn el-f-°msc HXp-°m-\p≈ \nIr-jvS-amb ]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øm≥ P∑n-amcpw a‰pw _n´o-jpIm¿°vIq´p\n∂p.

120

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

]≠m-c-∏m´hnfw-_cw_n´ojv `cWw h∂-tXmsS Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿,sIm®n \m´p -cm -Py-ß-fnepw P∑n\mSp -hm-gn -hn`mKsØ \ne-\n¿Øp∂ kml-Ncyw D≠m-bn.Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ qhp-S-a-m_-‘-ß-fn¬ am‰w hcp-∂Xv ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n-em-Wv. am¿Øm-fi-h¿ΩbpsS ImeØv Irjn-bm-h-iy-߃°mbn]≠mchI (k¿°m¿) `qan InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pwap…o-߃°pw ]m´-Øn\p sImSp-Øn-cp∂p.]n∂oSv Cug-h-¿°pw a‰p ]n∂m-°-°m¿°pw `qan\¬Im≥ XpS-ßn. Irjn h¿≤n-∏n®v \nIp-Xn-]ncnhv\SØn JP-\m -hn -te°v hcp -am\w Iq´pIF∂Xmbn-cp∂p e£yw. _n´o-jp-Im¿°v I∏wsImSp-°m\pw ]´m-fsØ Xo‰n-t∏m-‰m\pw ]WwIs≠-tØ-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXm-Wv hnfw_-c-Øn-\p t]c-W-bm-bXv.

Irjn -bn -eq -sSbpw Ipcp -ap -f -I v , GewXpSßnbhbpsS I®-h-S-Øn-eq-sSbpw kº-∂-cmb Hcp hn`mKw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ hf¿∂p-hcm≥ XpS-ßn. ItaW `qan-bpsS ssIh-im-h-Imiw DS-a-m-h-Im-i-am-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥ C°q- ¿ ian-®p. CXn-\mbn ]t£m- -ß-ƒ \S-Øn. HSp-hn¬Xncp-hnXmw-Iq¿ k¿°m¿ Cu Bhiyw A\p-h-Zn-®p. ]≠m-c-∏m´hnfw-_-c-Øn-eqsS ]≠m-c-hI`qan ssIhiw h®-\p- -hn-°p-∂-h¿°v DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-ihpw ]n¥p-S¿®m-h-Im-ihpw ssIam-‰m-h-Im-ihpw \¬Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu hnfw-_-cw.

]≠m-c-∏m- -hn-fw-_-c-hpw P∑n˛Ip-Sn-bm≥ hnfw-_-chpw `qhp-S-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ hcp-Ønb am‰-߃ Fs¥ms°? I¿j-I¿°v Cu am‰-߃ FX-amXw klm-b-I-am-bn-? N¿® sNøpI.

]≠mc∏m´hnfw_chpw XpS¿∂p-h∂ P∑n-˛-IpSnbm≥ hnfw-_-chpw ]Imcw bYm¿∞-Ir-jn-°m-c\v DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn√.]≠mchItbm tZhkzw hItbm _“kzwhItbm D≈- qan ssIhiw h®n-cp-∂-h¿°v amX-amWv DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw e`n-®Xv. bYm¿∞-I¿j-I¿ CXn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-bn. Ah¿ sImSnb ]oU-\-߃°v hnt[-b-cm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. IpSn-bm-∑m-cn¬ \n∂v IqSp-X¬ ]m´w CuSm-°n. CXp\¬Im≥ Ign-bmØ IpSn-bms\ Hgn-hm°n ]pXnbBƒ°v Irjn \S-Øm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw P∑n-am¿\¬In. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Irjn-sN-øp-∂-hs\ Irjn-`q-an-bn¬ \n∂pw Hgn-hm-°m≥ P∑n-am-¿ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n ]tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ P∑n-am-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßsfklm-bn -°m≥ _n´ojv DtZym -K -ÿcpwt]meokpw tImS-Xnbpw \ne-sIm-≠p.

]m´-°p-Sn-bm-∑m-cpsS ]iv\-߃ Kp-cp-X-c-ambnXpS¿∂p-. Ah-cpsS ]Xn-tj[w ]t£m-`-ambnhf¿∂p. kzmX-¥y-k-a -c -Im -e-L-´ -Ønepw]n∂oSpw Ch-cpsS ]iv\-߃ Gs‰-Sp-°m≥kwL-Sn-X- I¿jI ]-ÿm-\-߃ Xøm-dmbn.

]≠m-c-∏m-´-hn-fw_-c-hpw P∑n-˛Ip-Sn-bm≥ hnfº-chpw I¿j-IcpsS Zpcn-X-߃ s]cp-∏n-s®-¶nepw`qan-bpsS Ib-hn-I-b-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb kml-Ncyw Hcp-°-n. C-tXmsS Irjn- q-an-bpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ hºn-®- am-‰-߃ hcm≥ XpS-ßn.

tXm -hnfs\¬°r-jn-bpsS ÿm\Øv \mWy-hn-f-I-fpsSIrjn ]e-bn-SØpw hym]-I-am-bn. hyh-km-b-taJe-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnfIƒ°v Gsd]Nmcw In´n. AXp-hsc h\-ta-J-e-bm-bn-cp∂ssltd-©p-]-tZ-i-ß-ƒ tXm -hn-f-Iƒ°pw \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ°pw D]-tbm-Kn®p XpSßn. BZy-sams°Cw•o-jp-Im-cpsS DS-a-bn-ep≈ hen-b-tXm-´-߃

D≠m-bn. ]ns∂-∏ns∂ ka-X-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂pIpSntb‰w Bcw- n-®p. a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ \n∂vBZyw ssltd-©n-te°pw ]n∂oSv ae-_m-dnseh\-ta-J-e-bn-te°pw IpSn-tb‰w hym]n-®p. IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cn-te-sdbpw hnkvXr-X-amb tXm -߃°p-S-a-Ifm-bn. Aßs\ tIc-f-Øns‚ ae-tbmcw\mWy-hn-f-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\- q-an-bmbn.

121

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

"... Iptd°me-ambn ae-_m-dn¬ Ipsd ÿewhmßm≥ tZh-ky-®≥ Btem-Nn®p \S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ Ic-bn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ ]tØmAºtXm ho´p-Im¿ CXn-\Iw h≠n tIdn ae_m-dn\p t]mbn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-em-sW-¶n¬ bmsXm∂pw hf-cmØ Duj-c- q-an°pIqSn G°-dn\p \qdpw Ccp-\qdpw Ddp-∏nI hne-bmbn°gn-™p. ae-_m-dn-em-sW-¶n¬ \√ ImSn\v

G°-dn\v \mtem At©m Ddp-∏nI sImSp-Øm¬aXn-bm-Ip-sa-∂mWv tIƒ°p-∂-Xv. P∑ambn-cn-°n√. AºtXm Adp-]tXm sIm√-°m-e-tØ-°p≈ ]m´w. AXp ]pXp-°n-°n- m-\p≈ km[y-Xbpw ]m -kw-Jybpw Xp—-am-bn-cn-°pw. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ \nIp-Xn-bpw. hkvXp-hn¬ \n∂p]d-™-b-bv°p∂ ImeØp \√ tZlfihnebpwIn´pw...' (ImSv C. Fw. tImhq¿)

`qhpS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ h∂ am‰w Im¿jn-I-cw-KØv hcp-Ønb am‰-߃ N¿®sNøp-I. Ch Im¿jnI ]ptcm-K-Xn°v A\p-Kp-W-am-bn-cpt∂m?

aqe-[\\nt£]w19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-tØmsS _n´o-jp-Im¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ aqe[-\-\n-t£-]-am-cw- n-®n-cp-∂p.BZyw ae-\m-´nse tXm´w taJ-e-bn-emWv CXp-≠m-bXv. Im∏n, tXbne apX-emb tXm´-߃°m-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ ]Ww apS-°n-b-Xv. a¿tUm°v_u¨, IÆ≥ tZh≥ Iº-\n, Cu B≥Uv FkvIº-\n, ae-bmfw πmt‚-j≥kv F∂nh CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ H∂-c-e£wslIvSdpw ae-_m-dn¬ Aº-Xn-\m-bncw slIvSdpwsIm®n-bn¬ Ccp-]Øn Aøm-bncw slIvSdpwtXm´-`qan _n´o-jp-Im¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ Ch-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. Xan-gv\m- n¬\n∂pw tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂p-≈-h-cp-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. tXm´w taJ-ebv°p]pdsa I®-h-Sw, _m¶n-ßv F∂o taJ-e-I-fnepw_n´ojpIm¿ aqe-[\w apS-°n-. tXm´w, hym]m-c-ÿm-]-\-߃, _m¶v XpS-ßnb Aº-Xn¬∏cw

ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ apX¬apS-°nb lmcn-k¨B≥Uv tImkv^o¬kv Iº\n D-Zm-l-c-Ww.

]ntbgvkv e…n, Bkv]n≥hmƒ F∂o Iº-\n-Ifpw tIc-f-Øn¬ aqe-[-\-an-d-°n. Cw]o-cn-b¬_m¶v, C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ _m¶v, Nm¿t´Uv _m¶vF∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p ][m\ ]W-an-S-]mSp ÿm]-\-߃. F√m Iº-\n-Ifpw IqSn-t®¿∂v 1857˛¬sIm®n-bn¬ tNº¿ Hm^v tImtagvkv ÿm]n-®p.CXv tIc-fhpw temI-I-tºm-f-hp-ambn _‘wÿm]n-°m≥ CS-tb-In. _n´ojv aqe-[\wAXns\ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ IÆn-bmbn.

CtXmsS sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw Irjn-°mcpw ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn¬taJ-e-hn v HmSv, Ib¿ XpS-ßnb hyh-km-b-ta-J-e-I-fn-te°v \oßn. s]mXp-a-cm-a-Øv,t]meo-kv, ]´m-fw XpS-ßnb tkh\ cwK-ß-fn-te°pw Iptd-t∏sc \nb-an®p. kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-fn¬ ]I-S-amb am‰-߃ D≠m-hm≥ CXp-Im-c-W-am-bn. tIc-f-Ønse hnZym- ym-khym]\-Øn\v t]c-W-bm-bXpw `q_-‘-ß-fn¬ h∂ Cu am‰-am-Wv.

kmam-PyXzhnI-k-\-Øns‚ mK-ambn temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ tImf-\n-I-fn¬ apXem-fnØ cmPy-߃ aqe-[\\nt£]w \S-Øn-bXv \mw I≠p. _n´ojv Iº-\n-IƒtIc-f-Øn¬ \S-Ønb aqe-[\\nt£]w tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnIcwKß-fn¬ GsX√mw Xc-Øn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p≠v? N¿® sNøp.

I¿j-I-kwLwI¿j-I-cp-sS IjvS∏m-Sp-Iƒ°v Adp-Xn-h-cp-Øm≥I¿j-I¿ kwL-S\Iƒ cq]o-I-cn®v ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. I¿j-I-cpsS Bhiyw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ i≤-bn¬ s]Sp-Øm\pw Ah-cpsS Zo\amb Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-bv°v ]cn-lmcap≠m-°m\pw Zo¿LImew

s]mcp-tX-≠n-h-∂p. AJn-e-a-e-_m¿ I¿j-I-kwLw tIc-f-Ønse BZy-Im-esØ I¿j-I-°q´m-bva-bm-Wv.

Dev]m-Z-\-]-In-b-bn¬ CS-s]´v kaq-l-Øns‚]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ \n¿Wm-b-I-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Ønb I¿j-I¿s°-Xnsc D≠mb hne-°p-Iƒ-

122

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

s°Xnsc cq]-s∏´ ]Xn-tj-[-Øns‚ ^e-am-bmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ I¿j-I-]-ÿm\w apf-s]m-´n-b-Xv.

I¿j-I-cpsS A∂sØ Ah-ÿsb kzX¥C¥y-bnse ae-_m-dn¬\n-∂p≈ BZy P\-]-Xn-\n-[n-bmb F. sI. -tKm-]m-e≥ Xs‚ B-fl-I-Y-bn¬ hnh-cn-®Xp t\m°p:

""I¿j-I-cpsS Ahÿ ...Zb-\o-b-amWv; Xmßm-\mhmØ Icw, ISw, ]m´w. P∑n-bpsS CjvS-t°-Sn-\-\p-k-cn®pw ZpxJw, XnSp°w XpS-ßnb at\m-`mhhyXym-k-ß-f-\p-k-cn®pw Ah\v \jvSw kw -hn-°p-∂p. P∑n-bpsS ho´nse Hmtcm P\-\hpwac-Whpw IpSn-bms‚ `mcw Iq´p-∂p. Hmtcm Ah-k-c-Ønepw Ah≥ Iqen-bn-√msX Iptd ]Wn-sb-Sp-°-Ww. Ah≥ P∑n-bpsS I∂p-Im-en-Isf Iqen-bn-√msX t\m°-Ww. hmXn¬ Im°-Ww, Xe-Ip-\n-®p-sIm≠p hgn-am-d-Ww. Ah≥ \√ hkvX-߃ [cn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. Ah≥ DSp-°p∂ ap≠vap´p-hsc FØ-cp-Xv. Ah≥ hÆw hbv°m≥]mSn√. Ahs‚ kvXoIƒ kpµ-cn-I-fm- -I-cp-Xv.hn⁄m-\-Zo]w I¿j-Is‚ a\- ns\ ]Im-in-∏n-°-cpXv. I¿j-I≥ ASpØp hcn-Itbm kv]¿in-°tbm sNø-cp-Xv.

\S¬, hf-an-S¬, Imbn-Im-[zm-\w, ag, Imh¬In-S-°¬- -C-sXm∂pw P∑n kzbw kln-°p-I-bn√. qanAh-t‚-Xm-sW-∂p≈ k¿°m-cns‚ A[n-ImcapZ-am-X-amWv P∑n-bpsS Ah-Im-iw. sImSp-¶m-t‰m,sh≈-s∏m-°-tam, ag-bn-√m-bvatbm a‰p sISp-Xn-Itfmaqew Irjn-∏ng h∂m¬ AXp P∑nsb_m[n-°p-I-bn-√. hne-°p-d-hn-s\bpw Abmƒ IW-°m-°p-I-bn-√. "t\csØ kΩ-Xn-®Xv F\n°pIn´Ww' As√-¶n¬ Abmƒ°-Xp-hm-ßn-sIm-Sp-°m≥ k¿°mcpw \nb-a-hp-ap-≠v. ]t£ I¿j-I\piXpanX-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bpI hnj-a-am-Wv. temIwapgp-h≥ Ah-s\Xn-cm-sW∂v Ah≥ Icp-Xp-∂p.P∑n -Xz -hy -h -ÿn -Xn -bpsS A⁄-X-IfpwA‘hnizm-k-ßfpw Ah≥ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°p-∂p.Cu Pohn-X-Øn¬ AXn-\-∏pdw HcSnhbv°m≥t]mepw Ah\p ss[cy-an-√. "Hcp Xp≈n-°-™n-°m-sb-cn-bp∂ I¿j-I¿ Ccp-Im-en-am-Sp-I-fm-bn-cp∂p' F∂p Ihn ]mSn-bXp I¿j-Isc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]q¿W-k-Xy-am-Wv.'' (Fs‚PohnX IY, t]Pv˛63)

hnZym-`ymkw tIc-f-Øn¬Fgp-Øp-]-≈n-Iƒ, ime-Iƒ, Kpcp-Ip-e-߃, k`m-a -T -߃, If-cn -Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-bn -cp∂p]gbImesØ hnZym- ym-kÿm]-\߃. kaq-l-Ønse `qcn-`mKw hcp∂ P\-߃°pw Cu Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym- ymkÿm]-\-ß-fp-ambn bmsXmcp_‘-hp-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p- -]-tXy-In®v IogvPm-Xn-°m-cmbn th¿Xn -cn -°-s∏´ P\-hn -`m -K -Øn\pwkvXoIƒ°pw. k¶o¿W-amb PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpwhnZym`ymkw kw_-‘n® ImgvN-∏mSpw CuAhÿ XpS-cm≥ ]‰nb kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°n.

anj-\-dn-am¿_n´ojv c-W-Øn-\p-Io-gn¬ aX-]-Nm-cWw apJye£y-ambn tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ anj-\-dn-am-cmWvtIc-f-Øn¬ Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv. PmXn ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-e-√msX s]mXphnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ tIµ-ß-fmWv Ch¿ ÿm]n-®-Xv.hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØp \ne-\n∂ ]nt∂m-°-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ sXs√-¶nepw am‰w D≠m°m≥ CXvCS-bm-°n.

anj-\-dn-am-cpsS hchpw XpS¿∂v Ah¿ ÿm]n®s]mXphnZym-e-b-ßfpw _n´ojv `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\vGsd klm-b-I-am-bn. Xß-fpsS `c-W-\-b-Øn\vA\p-Iq-e-amb ]N-mc-W-hpw Cw•ojv Pohn-X-ssi-en-bpsS hym]-\hpw kpK-a-ambn \S∂p. \m´p-cmPm-°-∑m¿ hgn anj-\-dn-am¿°v Bh-iy-amb klm-b-߃ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ CuÃn¥ym Iº\nDtZymK-ÿ¿ ]tXyIw i≤n-®p.

Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ym Iº-\n°v Xß-fpsS Imcyw\SØm≥ FgpØpw hmb-\bpw Adn-bp-∂-hscBh-iy-ambn h∂p. _n´o-jp-Im¿ t\cn´p `cn®ae-_m-dnepw cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS ta¬ dkn-U-≠n\vkzm[o-\-ap≈ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw sIm®n-bnepwhnZym-`ymkw hym]n-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿ \S-]-Sn-IƒkzoI-cn-®p.

e≠≥ anj≥ skmssk‰n (F¬.-Fw.-F-kv.),N¿®v anj≥ skmssk‰n (kn.Fw. -F-kv.),_mk¬ Chm-RvP-en-°¬ anj≥ (_n.C.-Fw.)F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-Øn¬ hnZym-`ym-k-hym]\-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv.

e≠≥ anj≥ skmssk‰n apJy-ambpw ]h¿Øn-®Xv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-SsØ Xangv

123

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

taJ-e-bnepw ae-bmfw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ Hcphn`m-K-Øn-\n-S-bn-ep-amWv Ah¿ ]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-b-Xv.

sIm®nbpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dp-am-bn-cp-∂p N¿®vanj≥ skmssk-‰n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ta-Je._mk¬ Chm-RvP-en-°¬ anjs‚ ]h¿Ø\cwKw ae-_m-dpw. B[p-\n-I- Cw•ojv hnZym- ymkwhym]-I-am-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu kwL-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃ klm-b-I-am-bn-´p-≠v. aX-]-Nm-c-W-Øn-\p≈ D]m-[n- IqSnbmbmWv anj-\dn kwL-߃hnZym-`ym-k-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏´-Xv.

A[xIrXhn`m-K-߃°n-S-bn-em-bn-cp∂p anj-\-dn-am¿ s]mXpsh Xß-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃\SØnbXv. ]m›m-Xy-am-Xr-I-bn-ep≈ hnZym-e-b-߃ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ah¿ IqSp-X¬ Xmev]-cy -sa -Sp -Øp. s]¨Ip-´n -Iƒ°p amX-ambn]tXyIw hnZym-e-b-߃ ÿm]n-®p. PmXn-aXt`Z-at\y Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]th-i\w \¬Ip∂ kvIqfp-Ifpw tImtfPp-Ifpw ]e-bn-S-ß-fn-embn \ne-hn¬h∂p. \nL-≠phpw hymI-c-Whpw Xøm-dm°n._©-an≥ s_-bven, dh. tPm¿÷v amØ≥,sl¿a≥ Kp≠¿´v F∂n-h-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃Cu Zni-bn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

anj-\dn kwL-߃ kzoI-cn® s]mXphnZym-`ymk]h¿Ø-\-ßsf XpS¿∂mWv Kh¨sa‚ vCu cwKØv ]th-in-°p-∂-Xv. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ k¿°m¿kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnZym-`ymkØn\v Ah-kcw e`n-®Xv kh¿Whn`m -K -°m¿°p -am - X -amWv .Ah¿Wscms°bpw kzIm-cy-kvIq-fp-I-fn-emWv]Tn-®-Xv. BZy-Im-eØv Ahn-SsØ k¿°m¿k¿∆o-kn¬ kh¿Wsc amX-amWv \nb-an-®n-cp-∂-Xv. bqtdm-]y≥ anj-\-dn-am¿ ÿm]n® A®p-IqS-߃ hgn [mcmfw ]pkvX-I-߃ A®-Sn®p ]N-cn-∏n-®p. A®-Snbpw ]pkvX-I-]-Nm-c-Whpw hym]n®-tXmsS kh¿W-c-√mØ P\-hn-`m-K-ßfn¬ \n∂pB[p-\nI hnZym- ymkØn\p≈ Bh-iy-ap-b¿∂p.k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-I-tf-°mƒ Gsd anj\dn DS-aÿ-X-bn-ep≈ kvIqfp-I-fmWv A∂v D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬Im¿jn-I-cw-KØpw hmWn-Py-cwKØp≠mb ]ptcm-KXn Cug-h-cpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ P\-hn-`m-K-߃°vkmº-ØnI hf¿® D≠m-Im-\n-S-bm-°n. CXv

Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ hnZym- ym-kw hf¿Øm≥ klm-b-I-am-bn. ]n∂m-°-hn- m-K-ß-fpsS CS-bn-¬\n∂vhnZym-`ymkØn\pth≠n \S∂ apt∂-‰-߃k¿°m¿ \b-ß-fn¬ am‰w hcp-Øm≥ t]c-W-bm-bn. AtXmsS ]e k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-Ifpw F√mhn`m-K-°m¿°p-ambn Xpd∂p sImSp-Øp. F√mhn`m -K -ß-fnepws]´ Ip´n -Iƒ°v ]mY-anIhnZym`ymkw kuP\yambn \¬Im-\p≈DØc-hmZnØw 1904˛¬ k¿°m¿ Gs‰-Sp-Øp.

hnZym-`ymkw ae-_m-dn¬ae-_m-dn¬ B[p-\nI hnZym- ym-k-cw-KØv anj-\-dn-am-cpsS km∂n[yw ]IS-am-bn-cp-∂p. kvIqƒC≥kvs]-IvS-dmbpw ]pkvX-I-c-N-bn-Xm-hmbpwtUmIvS¿ sl¿a≥Kp-≠-¿´ns\t∏mep-≈h¿]h¿Øn-®p. 1839˛¬ At±lw Xe-t»-cn-bn¬ HcpkvIqƒ ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1848˛¬ I√m-bn-bn¬ (tImgn-t°m-Sv) _mk¬ Chm-RvP-en-°¬anj≥ ÿm]n® Cw•ojv ss]adn kvIqƒ Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ae-_m¿ InkvXy≥ tImtf-Pmbn amdn.Ccp-]-Xmw -\q-‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ ae-_m¿UnkvSnIv‰v t_m¿Uns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°-s∏´tXmsS-bmWv ]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-∂-Xv. F√m hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ Ip´n-Iƒ°pw CØcw ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ ]th-i\w \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. hy‡n-I-fpsSDS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ Bcw- n-®-Xn\v DZm-l-c -W-amWv tImgn -t°mSv `mKØv ÿm]n-®KW-]Xv kvIqfp-Iƒ. \ote-izcw, Nnd-bv°¬,

ÿm]-\-߃

N¿®v anj≥ skmssk‰n 1813˛¬ tIm´-bØvHcp tImtfPpw skan-\m-cnbpw Bcw-`n-®p. dh.aoUns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv CXv ÿm]n-®Xv.Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ dmWnKucn ]m¿∆-Xn-`mbn 1817˛¬ Cd-°nb DØ-c-hp-]-Imcw \m´p- m-jm-hn-Zym-e-b-߃ (sh¿Wm-°p-e¿ kvIqfp-Iƒ) Bcw-`n-®p. hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ sNehp apgp-h≥ k¿°m¿ hln-°m≥XpS-ßn-bXv A°m-ew- sXm- m-Wv. 1836˛¬ kzmXnXncp-\mƒ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv "cmPmkv ^okvIqƒ' Bcw-`n-®p. AtX h¿jwXs∂ Hcpk¿°m¿ A®p-Iq-Shpw Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØvÿm]n-®p.

124

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

ISØ-\mSv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ AXmXnSsØ cmPm-°-∑mcpw tImgn-t°m´pw tIm -bv°epw kmap-Xn-cnbpw kvIqfp-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ XpS¿® F∂ \nebv°v D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-th≠n tImtf-Pp-Ifpw ÿm]n-X-am-bn.Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv ÿm]n® cmPmkv ^o kvIqƒBWv ]n∂oSv hnI-kn -∏n -® v alm-cm -PmkvtImtfPmbn Db¿Ø-s∏-´-Xv (C∂sØ bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv). Fd-Wm-Ip-fsØ alm-cm-PmkvtImtf-Pv, Xe-t»cn _Æ≥ tImtfPv, ]me-°mSvhnIvtSm-dnb tImtfPv F∂nh XpS¿∂p≈ h¿j-

ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn. Ch-sb√mw aZn-cmin k¿∆-Iem-im-e-bpsS Iogn -em-bn -cp -∂p. tIc-f -ØnseBZysØ k¿∆I-em-im-e-bmb Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿k¿∆I-em-ime 1937˛¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØvÿm]n-X-am-bn. \m´-dn-hp-Isf XmgvØn-sI´n]m›m-Xy-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ ta∑ ]N-cn-∏n-°-em-bn-cp∂p _n´ojv `c-W-Im-eØv \S-∏n-em-°nbhnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ e£yw. B[p-\nI hn⁄m\wCtßms´Øn-bXv Cu ]pXn -b -co -Xn -bpsS^e-ambn-´m-Wv.

kmam-PyXz hnI-k-\-Øns‚ mK-am-bp-≠mb ]pXnb sXmgn¬taJ-e-Ifpw kmº-ØnIcwK-Øp-≠mb hf¿®bpw B[p-\nIhnZym- ymk hym]-\-Øn\v t]c-I-am-bn. tIc-f-Øns‚ hnZym- ymkhf¿®-bpsS NcnXw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Cu]kvXmh\ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

BtcmKycwKw]m›mXyNnIn’mcoXn ]N-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºvBbp¿thZw, bq\m\n, kn≤-sshZyw XpS-ßnb\m´pNnIn-’m-co-Xn-Ifm-bn-cp∂p ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv Atem-∏-Xn-bpsS hc-thmsS]mcº-cy-Nn-In-’m-co-Xn-Iƒ Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-´p.\m´psshZyw \ncp-’mls∏Sp-Øp∂ \nb-a-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn. Ah-bpsS ]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°mt\mt]mjn-∏n-°mt\m th≠X Xmev]cyw _n´ojvk¿°m¿ kzoI-cn-®n-√.

CuÃn¥ym Iº-\n-bpsS DtZym-K-ÿ¿, ssk\n-I¿ F∂n-h-cpsS NnIn-’bv-°m-bmWv ]m›m-Xy-NnIn’mcoXn C¥y-bn-se-Øn-bXv. tIc-f-Øn¬Cu NnIn-’m-co-Xn°v Gsd ]m[m\yw In´m-\n-S-bm-°n-bXv kmwI-anItcmK-ß-fpsS hym]-\-am-Wv.At\-Im-bn-c-ß-fpsS Poh≥ Ih¿∂ hkq-cn,tImfd XpSßnb ]I¿®hym[n-Iƒ XS-bp-∂Xn\vGsd e-]-Z-ambncp∂p ""Cw•ojv sshZyw''. CXn\vGsd ]m[m\yw \¬In. hkq-cn-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈IpØn-shbv∏v P\-ß-fn¬ `oXn-]-S¿Ønb Ime-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v hkqcns°Xn-sc-bp≈ IpØn-shbv∏v kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v P\-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-tcm-[-]-h¿Ø-\-߃°-\p-Iqe-amb kml-Ncyw krjvSn-°m≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP IpSpw_w ap∂n- n-d-ßn._n´o-jp-Im-cpsS sNm¬∏-Sn-°p-Io-gn-em-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n cmPm-°-∑m¿ tcmK-

]-Xn-tcm[]h¿Ø-\-߃°v kuIcyw \¬In-s°m≠v _n´ojv `cWw \ne-\n∂ a‰n-S-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb \ne]mSv kzoI-cn-°p-I-bp≠mbn. BXp-cm-e-b-߃ ÿm]n®pw NnIn-’m-

Bcy-ssh-Zy-kamPwsIm√w 1078 I∂n-bn¬ [tIm´-bv°¬] B-cy-ssh-Zy-ime ÿm]n-®-Xn-∂p-tijw _“iosh≈m-\-t»cn hmkp-tZ-h≥ aq v Ah¿IƒBtcm-Ky-Nn-¥m-aWn F∂p t]cmb Hcp sshZy-ime ÿm]n-°p-hm\pw A∂v sshZy-∑msc£Wn®p Hcp k -Iq-Sp-hm\pw Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øn.Cßns\ Hcp sshZy-k` ÿnc-ambn sIm√w-tXmdpw IqtS-W-sa∂v Btem-Nn-°p-Ibpw "Bcy-ssh-Zy-k-amPw' F∂ t]cn¬ Aßs\ \S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øp-IbpwsNbvXp. H∂m-asØ tbmKw 1078 aIcw 12, 13Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ tIm -bv°¬ Bcy-ssh-Zy-im-e-bn¬ IqSn. A∂v taen¬ \S-t°-≠p∂ kº-Zm-b-sØ-∏‰n Btem-Nn®p Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sIm√w-sXmdpw Hmtcm sshZy-]-co£ \S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Im≥ G¿∏mSv sNøp-IbpwsNbvXp. 1079˛¬ c≠m-asØ tbmKw tN¿∂XvtImgn-t°mSv hnZzm≥ G´≥ Xºp-cms‚ ia-Ønepw At±-l-Øns‚ ÿeØpw sh®m-bn-cp-∂p. sIm®n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, ae-_m¿ F∂oÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]e sshZy-∑mcpw lmP-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.(C.-]n. IrjvW-hm-cy¿ jjvTn hm¿jnI Ncn-Xw-˛-

tIm-´-bv°¬, 1929˛]pdw 81)

125

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

ku-I-cy-߃ hym]n-∏n®pw Pt\m-]-Im-c-]Zamb]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn. imkvXo-b-amb s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-\bw cq]o-I-cn-°p-I, Ipd™ sNe-hn¬ sa®-s∏´ BtcmKy kwc-£Ww \S-ØpI, hnZym-`ymkkuIcyw h¿≤n-∏n-°pI XpS-ßnb \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eqsS Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Cu cwKØv hfsc apt∂-dn. sa®-s∏´ s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKytaJe cq]s∏Sm≥CXp ImcW-am-bn.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse BZysØ B[p-\nINnIn-’m-e -b -am -bn -cp∂p Xncp -h -\ -¥-]pcw P\-d¬Bkv]Xn. CXv knhn¬ Bip-]-Xn -bmbnDb¿Ø-s∏- p. Gsd-°psd F√m B[p-\nI kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw AhnsS Hcp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. kvXoIƒ°pwIp´n-Iƒ°p-ambn Hcm-ip]Xn Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØpÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. 1888˛¬ hkqcn hmIvkn≥\n¿ΩmW-ime Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ Bcw-`n-®XvA°m-esØ NnIn-’m-cw-KsØ apt∂-‰ambn-

cp∂p. ssSt^m-bnUv, t]hn-j-_m[ F∂n-h-bvs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ hmIvkn-\p-Ifpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬e`y-am-°n-. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn\p ]pd-Øp-t]mbnsaUn-°¬ hnZym- ymkw t\Sp-∂-Xn\v t]m’m-l-\-ambn kvXoIƒ°v kvtImf¿jn-∏p-Iƒ \¬In-bXv Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bpsS DW¿hn\v ImcW-ambn. BtcmKyw, tcmKw F∂n-h-tbm-Sp≈ P\-ß-fpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ KpW-]-c-amb am‰-߃D≠m-°m≥ \S-Ønb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse BtcmKytaJ-e-bn¬ IpXn®pNm´wD≠m-°nbXv. ]n¬°m-eØv Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn¬Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tamU¬ F∂ hnti-jWwt]mepw ]N-cn®p-.

F∂m¬ _n´o-jp-Im¿ t\cn v cn-®n-cp∂ ae-_m¿]tZ-iØv Btcm-Ky-cwKw ]msS Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏´Ah-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

_n´ojv `c-W-Im-eØv ae-_m-dn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿cmPyØv Btcm-Ky-ta-Je Db¿∂ \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.F¥m-bn-cn°mw CXn\v CS-bm-°n-b-Xv. N¿®- sN-øp.

kmaq-ly-]cn-h¿Ø\wPmXn-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb kaq-l-amWv tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F√m PmXn-Iƒ°p-≈nepw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. AtX-t]m-se-Xs∂Ah¿W-Pm-Xn-bn¬s∏-´-h¿°v hgn-\-S-°m\pwBcm-[n-°m\pw k¿°m-cp-tZymKw hln°p∂-Xn\pw hne-°p-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw Ah-i-X-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pth≠n Db¿∂p-h-∂-XmWv kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-c-W-]-ÿm-\-߃. Ah-i-X-Iƒs°-Xnsc ssk≤m-¥n-I-ambpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambpw t]mcm-Sn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p \thm∞m\\mb-I∑m¿. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ]tZ-isØ Nm∂m¿P\-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ Ah-i-X-Iƒ°v AdpXn hcp-Øm≥ t\XrXzw \¬Inb sshIp-WvT-kzman-bpsS]h¿Ø\w CXn¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-tb≠XmWv.anj\-dn-am-cpsS hnZym-`ymk]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS^e-ambn Xß-fpsS kmaq-lym-hÿ Xncn-®-dn™Nm∂m¿ hn`m-KsØ s]mcp-Xm≥ sI¬∏p≈a\ n-\p-S-a-I-fm-°n-bXv At±-l-am-Wv. amdp-a-d-bv°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-Øn-\mbn kacw \SØnNm∂m¿ kvXoIƒ NcnXw Ipdn®p. 1822 apX¬CXn-\mbn \SØnb Nm∂m¿ Iem]w 1859˛¬

hnP-b-Øn¬ Iem-in-®p. Nm∂m¿ kvXoIƒ°vamdn¬ ta¬ap≠v [cn-°m-sa∂v alm-cm-Pm-hn\vDØ-c-hn-d-t°-≠n-h-∂Xv \o≠-Im-esØ sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏n-s\-Øp-S¿∂m-Wv.

A_m-“WPmXn-I-fpsS Db¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏n\vBi-b-Øns‚ ]S-®´ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p ian-®-h-cn¬]ap-J-\mWv N -ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ. thZ-]-T-\-Øn\pwCuiz -cm -cm -[ -\bv°pw A_m-“Whn`m -K -߃s°m-s°bpw Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂v Xs‚ IrXn-I-fn-eqsS At±lw ]N-cn∏n-®p.N -ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ°v ]mtbmKn-I-cq]w \¬In-bXv io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hm-Wv. sshIp-WvT-kzm-an-I-fpsS Bi-b-ß-fpw Kpcp-hns\ Gsdkzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂-p. tIc-fob\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚apJy-in¬∏n-I-fn-sem-cm-fmWv io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp.k¶o¿W-amb PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw A‘-hnizm-k-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Bcm-[\mIaßfp-sSbpw XS-h-d-bn¬ \n∂v a\p-jys\ tamNn-∏n-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p At±lw ian-®-Xv. kwL-Sn®v i‡-cm-Im\pw hnZy-sIm≠v ]_p≤-cm-Im\pw Kpcp-D]tZin-®p. Ccp-]-Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIcfw ssIh-cn® kmaq -ly˛kmwkvImcnI˛ -km -ln -Xy -˛ -cmjvSob taJ-e-I-fn-sem-s°bpw D≠mb t\´-

126

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

ß-fpsS thcp-Iƒ sNs∂ØpI io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp-hn-emWv. Aø-¶m-fn, h°w A_vZp¬Jm-Z¿auehn, Ipam-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h≥ XpSßn Ht´sd \thm-∞m-\-\m-b-I-cpsS Bi-b-ßfpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpwB[p-\nI tIc-f -k-aqlØns‚ ]nd-hn°v ImcW-ambn.

Hmtcm P\-hn-`m-Kß-fnepw hf¿∂ph∂ sNdp-Øp-\nev]p]ÿm-\-߃ Hcp Xc-Øn¬ kmam-Py-Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb kzmX-¥y-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ `mK-wXs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. PmXn-bpsS Nß-e-s°-´p-IƒXI¿°p-∂-Xn-eqsS a\p-jys‚ kzmX-¥y-]-Jym-]-\-amWv \thm-∞m\ \m-b-I¿ \S-Øn-b-Xv.CØcw ka-c-ß-fn-eqsS D≠mb Xncn-®-dn-hp-I-fmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ tZiobkzmX-¥y-k-ac]ÿm\sØ \bn-®Xv. kap-Zm-b-Ønse A\m-Nm-c-߃°pw A\o-Xn-Iƒ°pw FXn-cmb sNdp-Øp-\n-ev]p-Isf kmam-Py-Xz- -c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn\S∂ kzmX-¥y-k-ac ]ÿm-\-ßfpambn _‘n-∏n-°p-Ibp≠m-bn. Cs√-¶n¬ _n´ojv A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v hfsc Ffp∏w Chn-SsØ sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Isf HXp-°nXo¿°m-am-bn-cp-∂p.

tZio-b-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ ][m-\-e-£y- -ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p kmaq-lnI Ak-aXzw ]cn-l-cn-°pIF∂-Xv. 1923˛se Im°n-\mU tIm¨Kkv ktΩ-f\w Cß-s\ Hcp Xocp-am\w FSp-Øn-cp-∂p. Abn-Øm-N-cWw i‡-am-bn-cp∂ \ΩpsS \m´n¬ AXn-s\-Xn-sc kwL-Sn-X-amb \o°w D≠m-tI-≠-Xns‚bpw a\p-jy-cpsS sFIyw Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xn-s‚bpw ]m[m\yw \thm-∞m\ -\m-b-I¿t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn-. kmam-Py-Xz-Øn-s\-Xnscbp≈t]mcm´Øns‚ `mKw Xs∂-bmWv A\m-Nm-c-߃s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ ]h¿Ø-\hpw F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv hym]-I-am-bn. CXns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂pssh°w kXy-K-lhpw Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXy-K-lhpw.

hgn\S°m\pw hne°vXncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnse ssh°w alm-tZ-ht£X-Øn\pNp‰pap≈ \n-c-Øn-eqsS k©-cn-°m≥kh¿W¿°p-am-Xta A\pa-Xnbp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.F√mh¿°pambn hgn Xpd-∂p-In -´ -W-sa∂Bhiyw i‡-am-bn. 1924 am¿®n¬ CXn-\mbnt£X-]-cn-k-cØv kXyK-l-ka-c-amcw`n-®p.Sn.sI. am[-h≥, sI.]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m≥, _mcnÿtPm¿÷v tPmk-^v , F.sI. ]n≈,kn.hn.Ip™pcm-a≥ XpS-ßn kzmX¥yka-c-]-

ÿm-\-Ønepw ]cn-jvI-cW-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepwt\XrXzw hln®hcm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ ap≥\n-c-bn¬. ka-c-Øn\v hf-sc-tbsd ]Nm-chpw ]n¥p-Wbpw e`n- -®p. ]©m-_n¬\n∂v AIm-en-Zƒ]Xn\n-[n-Ifpw Xan-gv\m- n¬\n∂v C.hn. cma-kzman\mbv°-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ht´-sd-t∏cpw AXp-t]mse cmPyØns‚ \m\m- m-K-Øp-\n∂pw hnhn[P\-hn-`mKßfpw ssh°tØbv°v ]h-ln®p.

alm-flm-Km-‘nbpw io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cphpw ka-csØ ]n¥p-W-®p. kh¿W-ln-µp-°-fpsS kΩX]-X-hp-ambn a∂-Øp-]-Zva-\m- s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬Im¬\-S-PmY ssh°-Øp-\n∂v Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØpsN∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn°v kΩ-X-]Xw ka¿∏n-®p. alm-flm-Km-‘nbpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ K-h¨sa‚p-ambn \S∂ HØp-Xo¿∏ns\ØpS¿∂v ]iv\]-cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-bn. t£X-Øn-te-°p≈ sNdn-sbmcp ]th-i-\- m-K-sam-gnsI as‰√m\nc-Øp-Ifpw s]mXp-P-\-߃°v Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ cmPmhv DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. Hcp-h¿jtØmfw \o≠p-\n∂ kXy-K-l-k-a-c-Øn\vAtXmsS hncm-a-ambn.

Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X-¥y-whgn-\-S-°m-\p≈ kzmX-¥y-Øn-\mbn \S∂kacw kmaq-ly-cw-KØv Ht´sd Ne-\-ß-fp-≠m-°n. lnµp-°-fn¬ IogvPm-Xn-°m-cmbn am‰n-\n¿Ø-s∏´ P\-hn- m-K-Øn\v t£X-ßfn¬ ]th-in-°m-\p≈ kzmX¥yw \ntj-[n-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p. Kpcphm-bq¿ t£X-Øn¬ F√m lnµp-°ƒ°pw ]th-in-°m≥ A\p-hmZw In´Wsa∂ Bh-iyap-b¿Øn-bmWv Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXy-Klw Bcw-`n-®-Xv. 1931

ssh°w kXym-K-ln-Iƒ°v \¬Inb kzoI-cWw

127

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

BK-Ãn¬ tN¿∂ tIcf kwÿm-\ -tIm¨KkvIΩn-‰n-bpsS Xocp-am-\-a-\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cp∂p AtX-h¿jw \hw-_¿ 1˛\v kXy-Klw Bcw-`n-®-Xv.Cu ka-c-Øn\pw tZi-hym-]-I-amb ]n¥pW In´n.ka-c°m¿ D∂-bn® Bhiyw \nd-th-‰n-sIm-Sp°m\m-h-iy-s∏´v \m\m- m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]ta-b-߃ t£X-S-Ãn-bmb kmaq-Xn-cn -∏m-Sn\vAb®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. PmY-Ifpw s]mXp-tbm-K-ßfpw\S∂p. sI. tIf-∏≥, Sn. kp_-“Wy≥ Xncp-apºv, F. sI. tKm]m-e≥, ]n. IrjvW-]n≈ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p kXyK-lw.hf-≠n-b¿ Iym]v‰-\m-bn-cp∂ F.sI. tKm]m-es\bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I¿ `oI-c-ambn a¿±n-®p. CtXmsSt£X-]-cn-kcw kwL¿j-`-cn-X-am-bn. ka-cm-h-iy-ß-tfmSv \ntj-[m-fl-I-amb kao-]\w XpS¿∂t£X- m-c-hm-ln-Iƒ t£Xw AS-®n- p-.

hnhn[ L -ß-fn-¬ s\S-p\mƒ \o≠ kXy-K-l-kacw alm-flPn Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v\n¿Øn-h-bv°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. t£X-]-th-i\-hn-fw-_-c-Øn\v Gsd Xma-kn-®m-sW-¶nepw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°m≥ kXyK-l-k-acw klm-b-I-ambn.t£Xw \ne-\n∂ncp∂ A∂sØ s]m∂m\n

Xmeq -°n¬ PmXn -ln -µp -°-fn¬ \S -ØnbA`n]mb thms´-Sp -∏n¬ Fgp -] -Øn-tb-gp -iXam\w t]¿ t£X-]-th-i-\sØ A\p-Iq-en®p. kmaq-ly-am-‰-߃°pap-ºn¬ apJw Xncn-°p-∂-h¿s°-Xnscbp≈ Xm°o-Xm-bn-cp∂p CØcwkXyK-l-߃°\p-Iq-e-ambn Db¿∂ P\-hnImcw. Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X-¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n \S∂]t£m- ßfpsS kzm[o-\-Øns‚ e-am-bn- m-Wv1936˛¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m¿ t£X-]-th-i\ hnfw-_cw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xv.

\thm-∞m\ \mb-I-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ \S∂ kmap-Zm-bnI \ho-I-cW ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw PmXn- hnth-N-\-߃s°-Xn-cmb ka-cßfpw kmam-Py-Xz-hn-cp≤ ka-c-߃°v ASn-Ø-d-]m-In- - N¿® sNøp-I.

Kpcp-hm-bq¿ t£Xw

tZio-b-]-ÿm\w tIc-f-Øn¬alm-flm-Km‘n C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨K-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-ÿm\Øv h∂-tXmsS cmPy-ØmI-am\w tZio-b-]-ÿm-\-Øn\v DW¿hpwDt∑-jhpw ssIh-∂p. AI-a-c-lnX\n -l-I-c-W-am¿§Øn-eq -sS kI-e-P-\-hn -`m -K -ß-sfbpw_n´ojp-Im¿s°-Xnsc AWn-\n-c-Øm≥ alm-flm-Km-‘n°v km[n-®p. lnµp-°-sfbpw ap…oßsfbpwHtc sImSn-°o-gn¬ AWn-\n-c-Øm≥ Jnem-^Øv]ÿm\whgn At±lw ian-®p. tIc-f-Øn¬ ae-_m-dn¬ amX-am -bn -cp∂p BZy -L-´ -Øn¬tIm¨Kkv ]h¿Ø\w kPo-h-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv.C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨K- ns‚ \mKv]q¿ktΩ-f -\ -Øn¬h®v `mjm -Sn -ÿm-\ -Øn¬kwÿm-\-ßsf ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-∏n-°m\pw \m´p-

cmPy-ß-sf-°qSn kwÿm-\-]-cn-[n-bn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øm\pw FSpØ Xocp-am\w apgph≥ ]tZ-i-ß-sfbpw GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-am-bn.

1921 G]n-en¬ H‰-∏m-eØv AJn-e- tI-cftIm¨Kkv ktΩ-f\w tN¿∂p. ae-_m¿-˛-sIm®n˛Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ]tZ-i-°m¿ tIc-fo-b-sc∂ \nebv°v H∂n-®p-Iq-Sn-bXv ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. tIm¨K- ns‚ \mKv]q¿ ktΩ-f\Øns‚ Xocp-am-\-ßsf tIc-f-Ønse ]h¿Ø-I¿ kzmKXw sNbvXp. _n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v\SØp∂ hnZym-e-b-ß-fntem Kh¨sa‚ v Km‚ vkzoI-cn-°p∂ hnZym-e-b-ß-fntem Ip´n-IsftN¿°-cp -sX∂v c£n -Xm -°-tfm -S -`y¿∞n -°p∂Xmbn-cp∂p \mKv]q¿ ktΩ-f-\-Ønse HcpXocp-am-\w.

128

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

$ h°o-e-∑m¿ ]mIvSokv \n¿ØpI.

$ hntZ-i-hkvXw Dt]-£n-°p-I.

$ kztZin hkvXp-°ƒ amXw D]-tbmKn-°pI.

$ aZy-h¿÷-\-Øn\pw AbntØm-®m-S-\-Øn\pw ]m[m\yw \¬IpI.

XpS-ßn-b-hbmbn-cp∂p a‰p Xocp-am-\-߃.

1928 s^_p-hcnbn¬ sska¨ IΩoj-\nseAwK-߃ t_mws_-bn¬ I∏-en-d-ßn-b-t∏mƒIΩoj≥ _ln-jvI-cn-°m≥ C¥y≥ \mj-W¬tIm¨Kkv Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ap°nepw aqe-bnepw ]Xn-tj-[-tbm-K-ßfpwl¿Øm-ep -Ifpw \S -Øn -s°m≠v P\-߃sska¨ IΩo-j≥ hncp≤]Nm-cWw \S-Øn.

1928 tabv amkw ]ø-∂q-cn¬ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hns‚ A[y-£-X-bn¬ \S∂ \memw tIc-f-kwÿm-\- tIm¨K-kv ktΩ-f\w P\-ßsf GsdBth-i-`-cn-X-cm-°n.

1929˛se temI-km-ºØnIamµyw \ΩpsS \mSn-s\bpw _m[n-®n-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse Im¿jn-tIm¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS hne IpØs\ CSn-™p.F∂m¬ ]m´hpw \nIp-Xn-bp-ambn Irjn-°m-cn¬\n∂pw a‰pw \nIp-Xn-bo-Sm-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp hn´p-hogvNbpw _n´o-jp-Im¿ hcp-Øn-b-Xp-an-√. Irjn-°mcpw sNdp-In-S-P-∑n-amcpw kmº-Øn-I-]-bm-k-Øm¬ he-™p. ]´n-Wnbpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw\mSns\ h√msX `oXn-bn -em-g vØn. \m´n¬AkwXr]vXn ]S¿∂p.

\nb-a-ew-L\w_n´ojv hncp≤-hn-Im-cw hf¿Øn P\-XsbHcpan®p-\n¿Øn AXn-km-l-kn-I-amb kmam-PyXzhncp≤]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂ptZiob-t\-Xm-°ƒ. 1930˛¬ alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsSt\Xr-XzØn¬ \S∂ D∏p-k-Xy-Klw C¥y≥a\ p-Isf Hcp Nc-Sn¬ tIm¿Øp-sI´n-. tIc-f-Ønepw AXn-i-‡-amb ]Nm-c-W-]-cn-]mSn-IƒD∏p -k-Xy - K -l-Øns‚ `mK -ambn \S -∂p.sI.tIf∏s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ hf-≠n-b¿ kwLw1930 G]n¬ amkw D∏p-\n-baw ewLn-°m≥ tImgn-t°m-´p-\n∂v ]ø-∂q-cn -te°v Im¬\-S-bmbn]pds∏-´p. Sn.B¿. IrjvW-kzmanAø-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ as‰mcp kwLhpw ]pd-s∏-´p. hgn-\osf

A_vZp-d-“m≥ kmln_v

kzoI-c-W-߃ G‰p-hmßn PmY-Iƒ \oßn. tabv5˛\v alm-flPn AdÃv sNø-s∏´tXmsS ka-c-Øns‚ coXn-bn¬ am‰w h∂p. tabv 12˛\v tImgn-t°mSv IS-∏p-dØv D∏p-\n-baw ewLn-°m-s\-ØnbkXy-K-ln-Isf t]meokv arKo-b-ambn a¿±n-s®m-Xp-°n. apl-ΩZv A_vZp-d-ln-am≥ kmln-∫v,

]n. IrjvW-]n≈

]n. IrjvW-]n-≈, B¿.-hn. i¿Ω, Sn.B¿. IrjvW-kzmanAø¿, sI.am[-h≥\mb¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ITn-\-X-S-hn\v in£n-°-s∏- p.

ae-_m-dn-seßpw \nb-a-ew-L\w XpS¿-∂p. D∏p-Ip-dp-°¬, tLmj-bm-X, s]mXp-tbm-K-߃,]n°-‰nwKv F∂n-h-bn-eqsS _n´ojv hncp≤ at\m-`mhw i‡am-bn-.

]mtZ-in-I-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ ]iv\-ßfpw tZiobkzmX¥yka-c-hpw XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ 1930ItfmsS iaw XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. Kma-߃ tXmdpwI¿j-I-cpsS ]iv\-߃ Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ ae-_m-dn¬an°ÿe-ß-fnepw I¿j-I-kw-L-߃ cq]-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. sXmgn¬ taJ-e-I-fn-sem-s°bpw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-°-s∏-´p. Ah-Im-i-t_m-[hpw

129

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

kzmX-¥y-t_m-[-hpw Hcp-t]mse hf¿∂p-h-cm≥CXp-Im-c-W-am-bn.

1928 Pqssebn¬ \S∂ sdbn¬th ]Wn-ap-S-°n\p-tI-c-f-Ønepw \√ ]Xn-I-c-W-ap-≠m-bn.

"Cu ]hrØn apS-°-߃ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsSCS-bn¬ ASpØ Ime-Øp-≠m-bn- p≈ DW¿hp-I-fp-sSbpw Bfl-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ ]Xn^e-\amWv'

(1928 Pqsse 31˛se amXr-`qan ]XØns‚ apJ-]-kw-KØn¬

\n∂v)

CØcw ka-c-߃ sNdp-In-S-hy-h-kmb taJ-e-bnse sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Bthiw ]I¿∂p.1930˛32˛se \nb-a-ew-L\ ]ÿm\w sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°n-Sbn¬ DW¿hp-≠m-°n. Iqen sh´n-°p-d-®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v tImgn-t°mSv tIma¨ sh¬Øv

s\bvØv Iº\n sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ 1931 am¿®v 5˛\v]Wn-ap -S -°m-cw-`n -®p. 1935 s^_p-hcnbn¬tImgnt°mSv ^tdm-°nse ssS¬ ^mIvSdnsXmgnem-fn-Iƒ kacw sNbvXp. 1935 \hw-_¿11˛\v tImgn-t°mSv tIm´¨an¬ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ]Wn-ap-S°v \S-Øn.

Ah-Imikac-߃ i‡n-bm¿÷n-®p. kwL-SnXka-c-߃ hym]-I-am-bn. _n´ojv hncp-≤-hnImcw Bfn-∏-S¿∂p. 1942 BKÃv 9. C¥y-hnSpIF∂ apZm -hmIyap -b¿Øn \msSßpw]Xntj[]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ. apsº-ßp-an-√m-Ø-hn[wsXcp-thm-c-ß-fn¬ PmY-Iƒ, s]mXp-tbm-K-߃.\ntcm -[n® eLp -te -JIfpsS hnX-c -Ww,tImSXnIsfbpw hnZym-ebßsfbpw _ln-jvI-cn°¬. ae-_m-dn¬ Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-tj[wAI-a-mk-‡-am-bn. tNa-t©cn cPn-ÿ It®-cnbpw sdbn¬th -tÃ-j\pw Xobn-´p. t_mw_p-≠m°nsb∂ Ip‰w NpaØn Iog-cn-bq¿ t_mw_vtIkp -ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Ht´ -sd -t]¿in£n°s∏-´p.

1941˛¬ Iøq-cnepw 1946˛¬ Icn-h-≈q-cnepw \S∂I¿jIIem-]-߃ P∑n-Xz-Øn\pw kmam-Py-Xz-Øn\pw FXnsc \S∂ P\-Iob ka-c-cq-]-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. sXmgn-em-fn-h¿§-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬kmam-Py-Xz-Øn-s\-Xnsc i‡-amb P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-c-W-]-Inb hf-cp-∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-bm-bn-cp∂p 1946˛¬ Be-∏p-g-bnse ]p∂-]- h-b-emdn¬\S∂ ka-cw.

]ø-∂q¿ D∏p-k-Xym-Kl kvamcIw

sXmgn-em-fn- h¿§-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ ]Wn-ap-S°pka-c-߃ tZiob-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ kmam-PyXzhncp≤ ka-c-hp-ambn Fßs\ _‘s∏Sp∂p?]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

sFIy-tI-cfwtZiob]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-tØm-sS-bmWv sFIy-tI-c -f -sa∂ k¶-ev]-Øns‚]m[m\yw P\-ß-fn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. Htc`mj kwkm-cn-°p∂h¿ `c-W-Iq-S-߃°v Iogn¬ inYn-eo-I-cn-°-s∏´v Ign-™-Xns‚ A\p-`-h-amWv tIc-fo-b¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-¿, sIm®n,ae_m¿ ]tZ-i-߃ thdn- p-\n-∂Xv ae-bm-fn-bpsSsFIy-t_m-[-Øn\v hnLm-X-ambn-cp-∂p.

ae-bm-fn-Iƒs°mcp Iq´mbva F∂ Nn¥ Ft∏m-gm-Wm-hn¿`-hn-®Xv? sFIy-tI-c-f-Øn-\m-bp≈apdhnfn XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\v FXtbm apºv tIc-f-sa∂ Bibw cq]-s∏-´n-cp∂p. tIc-tfm¬∏Ønt]mep≈ KŸ-ß-fnepw Cu hn[w Hcp BibwImWmw. tZiob ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Ae-sbm-en-Iƒ cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ tImWp-I-fn¬\n-∂p-b¿∂t∏mƒ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ hkn-°p∂ tZiØpwsFIy -Øns‚ Bh-iy -IX F√m -h¿°pw

130

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

t_m[ys∏-´p. 1920˛se C¥y≥ \mj-W¬tIm¨K-kns‚ \mKv]q¿ ktΩ-f\ Xocp -am\]Imcw `mjm -Sn -ÿm-\ -Øn¬kwÿm\ßfn¬ tIm¨Kkn\v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ XpSßnb-tXmsS Cu Bi-b-Øn\v]mtbm-KnI cq]w ssIh-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1921˛¬Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n, ae-_m¿ ]tZ-i-ßsfDƒs∏-SpØn tIc-f -]-tZiv tIm¨Kkv IΩn‰n\ne-hn¬ h∂p. AtX-h¿jw H‰-∏m-eØp \S∂tIm¨Kkv ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ aq∂v ]tZ-i-Øp-\n-∂pap≈ ]h¿Ø-I¿ ]s¶-Sp-Øp.

hnhn[ kwL-S-\-I-fpsS tbmK-k-µ¿`-ß-fn¬sFIy-tI-cf ]ta-b-߃ ]m m-°n. kzX-¥- mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S-\bv°v cq]w \¬Ip-tºmƒtIc-fsØ Hcp ]tXyI kwÿm-\-ambn]p\xkwL-Sn-∏n-°-W-sa∂v 1928˛¬ ]ø-∂q-cn¬\S∂ tIm¨Kkv ktΩ-f\w Bh-iy-s∏- p.

]ta-b-߃°-∏p-dØv sFIy-tI-c-f-]-ÿm\wF∂ Bhiyw kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambncq]-s∏- p-. 1924 se ssh°w kXy-K-Ønepw 1931˛32ImeØv Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXy-K-l-Ønepw tIc-f-Øns‚ F√m-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-ap≈ Bfp-Iƒ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn-cp∂ph-t√m. 1945-˛¬ sFIy-tI-c-f-

cq]oI-c-W-Imcyw N¿® sNøm≥ Hcp IΩn-‰ncq]oIcn®p. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 1947˛¬Xr»q-cn¬ h®v sFIytIcf I sh≥j≥ \S-∂p.A≤y-£≥ sI. tIf-∏≥. DZvLm-S-I≥ A∂sØsIm®n cmPm-hv. `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmWk`\nban® [m¿ I-Ωo-j≥ tIc-f-Øn-seØn sXfn-sh-Sp-∏p-\-S-Øn. 1949 Pqsse 1\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqdpwsIm®nbpw kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°-s∏- -tXmsS sFIy-tIcf-]-ÿm-\-Øn\v i‡n-bm¿÷n-®p. C.Fw.-Fkv\ºqXn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ "Ht∂-°m¬tImSn ae-bm-fn-Iƒ'F∂ KŸw sFIy-tI-c-f-Øns‚ km[pX t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn. B‘-bn¬ t]m´n iocm-a-ep-hns‚ Bfl-XymKw `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm\ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v thKX Iq´m-\n-S-bm°n. ae-bmfw kwkm-cn-°p∂ ]tZ-i-߃ tN¿Øv 1956 \hw-_¿ H∂n\vtIc-f- kw-ÿm\w cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-t∏mƒ Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw Pn√-bnse tXmhm-f, AK-kvXo-iz-cw,I¬°p-fw, hnf-h≥tImSv F∂o \mev Xmeq-°p-IƒaZn-cmin kwÿm-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn. sX°≥I¿Wm-SI Pn√-bpsS `mK-am-bn-cp∂ Imk-d-tKm-Uv,tlmkvZp¿Kv Xmeq-°p-Iƒ Iq´n-t®¿°pIbpwsNbvXp. Aßs\ ae-_mdpw sIm®nbpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw Dƒs∏´ tIcf kwÿm\w \ne-hn¬h∂p.

`mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm\w cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏Sp∂Xns‚ ^e-ambn Hcp]tZiØv F¥p am‰-am-Wv D≠m-hpI? tIcf kwÿm\ cq]o-I-c-W-Øns‚NcnXw hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

a¥n-k- -Iƒkwÿm\cq]o-I-c-W-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v 1957˛¬s]mXp-Xn-c-s™-Sp∏v \S-∂p. C.Fw. i¶-c≥\ºqX-ncn-∏m-Sns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ IΩyq-WnÃv]m¿´n a¥n-k` cq]o-I-cn-®p. IpSnHgn-∏n-°¬\ntcm-[\\nb-ahpw ]m´-Ip-Sn-bm\v `qan-bn¬ÿncm-h-Imiw \¬Ip∂ Im¿jn-I-_-‘-_n√pwhnZym-e-b-\-S-Øn-∏n¬ kzIm-cy-am-t\-Pvsa‚n\v \nb-¥Ww G¿s∏-SpØns°m≠p≈ hnZym-`ym-k-_n√pw \nb-a-k` ]m m-°n. qan \jvS-s∏´ P∑n-amcpw A[ym-]-I-\n-b-a-\m-[n-Imcw \jvS-s∏´ amt\-P¿amcpw k¿°m-cn-s\-Xnsc i_vZapb¿Øn.hntam-N-\-k-acw F∂ t]cn¬ \mSns‚ \m\m- m-KØpw CXv Bhn-jvIr-X-am-bn. Cu kµ¿ -Øn¬

kwÿm-\sØ Ia-k-am-[m\w XI¿∂p F∂ImcWw ]d™v c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 356˛mw hIp-∏p-]-tbm-Kn®v cmjvS]Xn 1959˛¬ Cu a¥n-k- ]ncn-®p-hn- p. P\m-[n-]XycoXn-bn¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n-eqsSA[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Ønb Hcp Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]pd-Øm-°nb BZym\p-`-h-am-bn-cp-∂p CXv.

1960˛¬ CS-°me Xnc-s™-Sp∏v \S∂p. tIm¨K n\v `qcn-]-£-ap≈ Iq´p-a¥nk` A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂p. ]´w XmWp-]n-≈ apJy-a-¥n-bmbn.I£n-Iƒ°nSbnse A`n-]m-b-`n-∂X ImcWwa¥n-k` cmPn-sh-®p. ]ns∂ ]mXn-h-gn-bn¬ h®v]m¿´n-Iƒ ap∂-Wn-hn-Sp-∂Xpw a¥n-k- -Iƒ \new-s]m-Øp-∂Xpw km[m-c-W-am-bn.

131

tI-c-f-∏p-Xpa

tIcfw apt∂m vkmaq-ly-\-thm-∞m\]ÿm-\hpw sXmgn-emfnI¿jI]ÿm-\-ßfpw tZiob]ÿm-\hpw Hcp-°nb hf-°q-dp≈ aÆn-emWv tIc-f- kw-ÿm\w\msºSp -ØXv. kwÿm\cq]o -I -c -W-sØ-ØpS¿∂v \S-∏n-em-°nb `q]-cn-jvI-cWw tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ly- -km-º-ØnIafi-e-ßfn¬ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb am‰-߃ D≠m-°m≥ klm-bn-®p.P∑n-k-º-Zmbw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ Ign™BZysØ C¥y≥ kwÿm\w tIc-f-am-Wv.

1969˛¬ ]m m-°nb q]-cn-jvI-cW\nb-a-tØmsStIc-f-Øn¬ P∑n-k-º-Zmbw Ah-km-\n®p.ssIhi- q-an°v ]cn[n G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw IpSn-In-S-∏p-Im¿°v qan \¬In-bXpw Cu \nb-a-Øns‚khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv. Irjn- qan Irjn-°m-c\v F∂I¿j-I-cpsS Bhiyw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Cu \nba-Øn-eqsS Ign-™p. Irjn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\wI¿jI¿ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pw Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-Øn\pw hn\n -tbm-Kn -®p. CXv kmaq -ly-t_m[hpw s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKy kwc-£-W-Øn-\p≈ Ah-t_m-[hpw D≠m-°n. hnZym- ym-k-ÿm-]\-ß-fp-sSbpw Bip]Xn-I-fp-sSbpw h¿≤-\-hn\pCXp Imc-W-am-bn. F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw hnZym- ym-k-Øn\v Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-bn. kvIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-wkuP-\y -am -°n. A¿l-X-bp - -≈-h¿°v

kvtImf¿jn∏v G¿s∏-SpØn. D∂-X-hn-Zym- ym-k-wt\Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ÿm]-\-߃ s]mXp-ta-J-e-bnepw kzImcy taJ-e-bnepw h¿≤n®p.

s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKykwhn-[m-\-߃ hn]p-eo-I-cn®p.hkq-cn, ae-º\n XpS-ßnb ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ\n¿Ωm-¿-÷\w sNøs∏-´p. inipacW\nc°vIpd™p. icm-icn Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw h¿≤n-®p.t£a-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ hn]p-e-ambn. kmaq-ly-kpc£m ÿm]-\-ßfpsS FÆw h¿≤n-®p.t£as]≥j-\p -Iƒ, htbm-P-\-߃°p≈]tXyI]≤-Xn-Iƒ Ch Bcw- n-®p. s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-irw-Je i‡n-bm¿÷n-®p. 1990˛¬ C¥y-bnse CX-c-kw-ÿm-\-߃°p amXr-I-bmbntIcfw kºq¿Wkm£-cX t\Sn. `c-W-L-S\mt`Z-K-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn 1995˛¬ XnXe ]©m-bØv kwhn-[m\w \ne-hn¬ h∂p. A[n-Im-c-hntI-µo-I-cWw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-In-bbv°v thKXIq´n. s]mXp-hn-X-cWcwK-Øpw kmaq-ly-hn-I-k\]≤-Xn-I-fn-epw XnXe ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°pw\K-c-k- -Iƒ°pw hn -h-߃ e`n-®-Xv A[n-ImchntI-µo-I-cW ]In-bbv°v i‡n \¬In. a‰pkwÿm-\-ß-tf°mƒ tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-lyhnI-k-\-Øn\v CXv B°w Iq´n. Ipd™ Btfm-lcnhcp-am-\hpw Db¿∂ kmaq-ly-hn-I-k\ kqNn-I-bp-ap≈ "tIcf hnI-k-\-am-XrI' hniz-hn-Jym-X-am-Wv.

132

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

]h¿Ø-\-߃

$ tIc-f-Øns‚ Ign-™Imew hne-bn-cpØn ]pXnb Hcp tIc-f-kaql-kr-jvSn-°p≈ \n¿t±-i-߃ Xøm-dm-°q.

$ P∑n˛-Ip-Sn-bm≥ hyh-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®pw A°m-esØ I¿j-I-cpsSPohn-Xm-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®pw ]tZ-isØ ]mbw sN∂-h-cn¬ \n∂pwhmb-\-km-a-Kn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p."tIc-f-Ønse Im¿jn-I-ta-Je _n´ojv Ime-L-´-Øn¬' F∂hnjbsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n Hcp ]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p.

$ tZiob kzmX¥yw amX-a√ A\mNm-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN-\hpw tIc-f-Ønse tZio-b-]ÿm\-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cp-∂p. Cu]kvXm-h-\sb hniI-e\w sNøp-I.

$ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-c-W-]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø\^e-ambn tIcf-Ønse kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bn¬ h∂ am‰-߃ A]-K-Yn-°p-I.

$ B[p-\nItIcfw cq]s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bm°nb kml-N-cy-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v hni-Z-am-°pI.

$ Im¿jnI˛hymh-km-bnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]Xo-£n-®X ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-°m≥ km[n-®n-√.Db¿∂-]-Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w F∂ Ahÿ C√. F∂n´pw anI-hp‰ Xc-Øn¬ Btcm-Ky-cwKwhf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ tIc-f-Øn\p Ign-™n- p-≠v. Cu ]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

$ BtcmKycw-KsØ ]ptcm-K-Xn°v kvXokm£-cX IqSntb Ign-bp. kvXokm£-c-X h¿≤n-°p-∂Xpw hnZym- ym-k]p-tcm-K-Xn ssIh-cn-°p-∂Xpw Btcm-Ky-ta-J-ebpsS hf¿®-bpsS kqN-I-amIp∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v hnhcn°p-I.

$ "tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw tZio-b-hn-tamN-\hpw' F∂ hnj-bsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n Hcp N¿® \SØpI.