RENCONTRES DE L'ECOLE DU LOUVRE

SOLIMAN LE MAGNIFIQUE ETSONTEMPS

SOLEYMAN THE MAGNIFICENT AND HIS TIME

LA DOCUMENTATION FRAN Pr1nc~l o l1 Uruverslty, 1988. whieh is forthcoming efteri propremcnt dits, conserves aux Archives de ~a Pre~idenee du ConseiL (/1a~b{jkanllk ar~ivi) a Isianbul : III (1558-1560), IV (15591560), V (1564), VT (1504) ; d. U I1eyd, op. cit. ; M. Sertoglu, Muhteva bak/llJlnd{1fl Ba'jvekii.let Ar~'ivi, Ankara, 1955, p. 16; A. (etin, lJa~bakanllk Ar.rivi Kllavllw, Istanbll!, 1979, p. 49; M. Berindei, G. Veillstein, VEmpife ottoman et les pays rounwins, 1544-1545. Etrlde cl DOI:umenL10'11, 1921, reed. 1983, p. 61. (28) Naciri, op. cit. , p. 296.

Nutes

~~~h;;ChC;\Se~ec~~i~er~~:I.d: ;~f~f~~ie ~~~:lrCa dea~'I~f~~~~;le;;al~~~: ~)sq~~e~~~~s~~~~~~~~sdd~~l~Ie cadre de t:elte communication. Pour ct lle recherche Jocelyne Dakhlia. a bencficic d'une subvenlio n d u Joillt \ ..nl\lmiuee on (he Compa rative Study of the Social Sciencc Rescarch Coumjl and Ihe Ame rican Council of lxarned Socictics. (2) DaM cc VlI.stc prognl.mmt: de\'mienl ~ t rc pri~ en compte I'architcct\lrc militaire et palatialc commc Ie costume, les armurcs, la monnait: Oll les cmbltmes, mals ~gameriyye) and adxent of the age of Saturn, when the apocalypse proper is to occur. He will therefore live until the year 1000 AH in order to preside, in his eschatological role , over the Mille nnium. IIis ultimate victory and establishment of the universal rule of Islam is ensured by the army of invisible saints (rical ii[ga 'ib) who fight at his side. The ~itin gs of Baydar, his closene~1.m~n, and his longevity as a courtier al mM'cCl~ . e mille.larian and apocalyptiC1hemes and terminology that pervade the e~istonography ofilie-reign represent more-t~ dlOse experiments with .eancgynC'"'Orfe ffeXeSOf"j5Oi)ular" or : unofficial" im pu~ses to magnify and sacra lie~ ~'1..gnihcent sovereign of a new age. Rather, they represent a persistent substra tum of the policital a nd religious culture of the fifteenth a nd sixteenth cent uries that was as strong and signi fica nt in the heart of the Palace as e lsewhere.~eymii n very I~ ~., at least until his last.J"".".'2, in his own messiamc identity The ..:. texts adduced here are remarkable and suggestive in their very polyphony: They combine easily a variety of themes, styles, and concerns that seem often to be at odds with one another - juxtaposing the image of sultan as messiah with paInstaking elaboration of the details of the process of puttingo rder into mililary organization, taxation , and record-keeping that are

Illsturiographical style, no single image of sovereignty sanctIOned by dictate or consensus. 1 he age-;aiiOlts men , ultimately sOllght such an image; but for much of the reign the Palace and its ideologues were content with a he te rogeneity of iconography that reflected .the acquisitive energy and eclec ticism of the Silleymanic regime in its first decades . At the same time that Mev"lnil 'Isa began developing his ~uficschatological vision of the ruler, an anonymous would-be historian, an ~iilim of stcrner exotericist sluff, cuuld praise Siileyman as uncompromising in his enforcement of the strictest er'i standards. (51) For some thirty years Siileymitn could be seen, and was, in many different ways.

The Classicization of an Imperial ImageI have suggested that Siileymiln 's cultivation of the ide(ltity. a sq..IJJb ~tr{jn, Eml!eror o f the Last Ag~,_wi!!ulJLl;>LtQe_~poca lyjlt ic connotatio ns of the title , represented one of the most consisten~d signi!ica nt~ns~of his, and his court's , reformulation o f O ttoman sovere~gntyIII

the fIrst

! hree decade~~ ru le. The q uestion must be as e w y, if this is so, Silleymilll's meSSianism should only be brought to light now, contrastmg as it does with a centuries old image of sobriety and legalistic rectitude. The answer to this question , like that of the reasons for his ostentatious proclamations of the perfection of his regime, lies in important measure in the changing nature of the dynastic self perception. The multivocal, adven ~ocalyjJfic and cxpenmental hlstoT1ogrilj'iny-or-thc-1'it~ttlecacresor the reign wassutm1ergea:Qr drowned, m a self-conscIOusly classlcl z~ hterature that reformulated the im[lenal image and partook oA.~ing ~~~ore integrated, and I~ithic . histOrIcal conSCiOusness. About the year 1550 the cultural and ideological tone of the Siilcy manic regime altered noticeably anll sub. tantially. The excitement ,polyphony , eclecticism , innovation, and universalist dreams of the " first three

among the signs of Siileymiin's sainthood, and evoking the simultaneous awe, peace, and fear that the awaited Millenni um must produce - in such variety a, to show that , for much of the reign, there was no "official"170

decades were re placed , in rema rkably short o rde r, with_a new gravity of tonc and a formalizing impulse to establish consistency of imperial style. Although ~~a n _~D.Uliml.cl..l.o mount camE.'!!gns ,~e seems to have recogruzcd the impossibility of establishing a universal im!,erium when the ~. irza adventure faneil to sccurt! Iran for the Otto~s ; imperi al enterpriscturned increasingly Tnwar , toward~ internal regional co nso lida lion, as evidenced by the Peace of Amasya. This agreement of 1555 established mutually recognized boundaries between the Ottoman and Sata vi dominions, and constituted an Ottoman acknowledgment of the panty of Saiavi dynastic legitimacy and of geographical limitation as a licit political principle. This was also the decade that saw the full develo ment of the bureaucratic and adllw lIstulliYJL ..rumaratus of the "claSSIcal" empire , th JL -'result of thirty ~ars of incremen tal innuvation , and the matuWL2L!!!.e - Chief jurisconsult (~eyb ii[ifJam) Ebussu' ild (d-. 1)74) and Celillzade, who171

CORNELL H. FU::IS(: Ht::Jt

TIm LAWGI VER AS MESSIAH

patienQyJioneered the coml'ilation of a universal im~[iaLlaw based~lly on reco ..!ljk2J~na" .

It is not difficult to extrapolate some of the psychological , structural, and political reasons for this change of tone. By the early 1550's Sti1eyman was, approaching sixty, his health was deteriorating, his dreams of world empire, if he in fact entertained them, were unrealized; and he wa~ Increasingly preoccupied with domestic problems, chief among these belllg the struggles to secure succession that raged between his Suns and their respective constituencies throughout the ruling class. Internal discord, then , dictated that attention be directed inward. It would not be surprising if the sultan came to 4uestion the veracity of hiS geomancer's predictions for his longevity, and perhaps the genuineness of his messianic function. Whether ")because of disillusionment, or hccausc the Millennium having "rrived, the_ re was less need to herald Its lmnunence , the apocalyptic nature of tTieregi;n"e "was by the last decade of the reign deemed an mapE.!'2p.~l~eme for ~phasts ,-It is significant for the lllstory of Ottoman historiography ana ideolugy that Stileymiin acuund 1550 appointed the first court historiographer (~ehnlimeci) , Fetl.lUllah ' Arifi (d. 1562), who was charged to write a history of the Ottoman house in Persian panegyric verse, on the model of Firdaws!'s celehrated work . (52) ~ymtill1uime :c and the works of his successors, are almost entirely free of eschatological imagery. Thi'!., re-presenls the lirst allemp! by the dyna'ty to assert Jirect contr~ofthe ~rary an{ar 449 n. 9 ,>anun (Dynastic Law, Law and Regulations, loi sultanienne, legislation seculiere) 89,91,95,102,103,139,159,164, i67, 172, 175 n. 4, 195,212,349,368 n. 2 I).anilnl (epithete de Soliman) 34,95,118,135,198,212,310,312,313, 315, 316, 321, 322, 323 n. 9, 325 ,>anunname 34, 100, 118, 162, 179, 182, 183, 336 n. 41,415n. 5,416n. 13,452n. 67,453 n. 68, 519 n. 17 '>apt (,>apu) agast 92, 101, 177 n. 47 ,>apudan pacha 138, 139, 478 ,>ara (taxe) 332, 336 n. 48

596

597

kar!:Jana : voir ateliers f!;ariye

393f!;llaba

Loi sultanienne : voir f!;anun Lorraine (maison de) 59

390f!;llfde

252, 300f!;atib (secretaire)

MMahdi, Mehdi : voir Messie mahmal

304,354katib, katibdn-I kiUub : voir ehl-i lJiref-i!:Jf4~a

katibdn-i drvan (Chancery scribes, secreta-

ries) 210, 234, 251 katib-i Slrr (private secretary) 97,238 n. 30 f!;o,?a : voir f!;actf (f!;a'?f), f!;actfltf!; kervansaray : voir !:Jan kem!:JaCllar, keml:Jabdfan : voir ehl-i lJiref-i!:Jf4~a kethUda

309,323 n. 4 maitres (masters) : voir ehl-i lJiref-i !:Jf4~a Mamlouks (Mamluks), mamelouke 152, 161, 309-311, 360, 364, 365, 384 n. 15, 444, 445, 447 manufactories: voir ateliers mascid, mescid : voir mosquee mausolee : voir turbe Mawlid 146, 154, 156medrese

mfrf 98 n. 13, 101, 182, 183 mfrlivti' : voir sancaf!;beg mfrmfrdn : voir beglerbeg monasteres : voir eglises mosquees (mosque, caml, mescid) 46,74,94,111-113,116 nn. 20,21,149, 194, 195, 198, 205, 209, 211, 212, 215 n. 5, 218-224, 225 nn. 32, 37, 38, 231233, 235, 237 n. 8, 243, 244, 265, 268, 271, 276, 284, 287, 289, 300, 328, 372, 373, 376-378, 383 nn. 2, 11, 405, 439 mouvements messianiques 173, 176 n. 24, 186, 187 mouvements d'opposition : voir revoltes, rebellionsmuceddid (mujaddid)

na'ib

317,356,364naf!;f!;a~, naf!;f!;a~an, naf!;k~ blll, naf!;bend, na~bendan : voir ehl-i lJiref-i !:Jf4~a naf!;f!;~ !:Jane: Na~bendi

voir ateliers

220name

29, 456narh

415 n. 5 narratio 129, 130 nasta'lff!; : voir calligraphienazir

359nefes

161, 163, 165mucellid : voir ehl-i lJi ref-i !:Jf4~a muctahid

181mudd, mudd

345, 395 n. 8kile, keyl

331, 336 n. 40, 416 n. 13KlZllbll

31, 112, 220-223, 225 nn. 33, 47, 258, 268, 328, 372, 376-378, 380, 381, 383 n. 2, 428melJalla

131,136 n. 39, 170 n. 45muderris

26, 143 n. 26, 177 n. 47muezzinmufa~~al :

186, 190, 437, 487, 488 Koran : voir Coran Koranic verses: voir sure (surate) IS:ubbet u~-Sa9ra 218f!;ul, f!;ulluf!;

148, 152, 154, 156, 157 nn. 6, 27mehter

354Melamf

26-f n. 24, 221, 300, 354, 370 n. 49 voir registres

304 Nemanja (dynastie serb e) 512 nesi!:J : voir calligraphie n~ancl : 26, 91, 96, 210, 237 n. 3 nomades 186, 187, 331 nomadisme, semi-nomadisme 82nuf!;&:j

232, 237 n. 15

95, 98 n. 10, 101, 102, 131, 336 n. 41 kurekr;i (rameur) 141, 439f!;urultay

161 Melkite (Malikf) : voir ecoles juridiques musulmanesmekteb

mulJaf!;f!;qk : voir calligraphie mukarreb

95, 96, 98 n. 17muf!;a(a'a

oreuvres pieuses : voir vaf!;fof!;f!;a

487

220, 221,225 n. 32 mercenaires grecs 521 n. 36 Merinides 150mer.rfye

333mulk (voir aussi freehold properties)

336 n. 40onda : voir 'or

330, 331, 393, 395 n. 6miiltezim

345munf

Llaboureurs associes : voir ortaf!;r;1lala

300mesnevf

234miidherel:Joran

Ordre de Saint-Jean: voir Chevaliers de Saint-Jean-de-Jerusalem ordres de derviches : voir (arff!;at'orf

124 n. 26 Law Book, Law Codes : voir f!;anunname Law and Regulations : voir f!;anun Law of succession (ver~et f!;anilnu) 122 Lieux saints 35, 218, 319, 371, 382, 487 Ligue, La (SainteLigue, Sainte Union) 51, 53, 55, 61, 65, 516 liva' : voir sancaf!;, sancaf!;beglik Loi canonique : voir ~erl a Loi du fratricide : voir fratricide

26, 262, 263 n. 9, 430 Messie (Messiah, Mahdi, Mehdi) 159, 164-166, 168-170, 176 n. 38, 185, 189, 191 n. 6Mevlevi

211,216 n. 24,234m~alJib

167ortaf!;r;1 (share croppers, laboureurs asso-

95, 96, 98 n. 17miisellem

cies) 98 n. 13, 332, 336 n. 44'or (onda)

141, 330muteferrif!;a

220mezra'a (mazra'a)

183, 331

157 n. 14, 204, 215 n. 13, 216 n. 24

330, 358, 361, 369 n. 32, 393milJrab

198, 221, 222, 231minbar (minber)

Nnadfm

ppad~{jh

221miralay (alaybeg)

95,96nahiye

397 n. 30

328, 390, 392, 395 n. 3, 397 n. 33

35,95, 168, 177 n. 42, 255, 448 paix : voir Traite Palace craftsmen : voir ehl-i lJiref-i

!:Jf4~a

598

599

Palais (Palace, saray) 118, 122, 142, 156, 168, 196, 198,204, 210, 212, 215 n. 14,219, 227, 240-246, 249,328 Pape, Papaute 36, 42, 43, 58, 67 n. 35, 472, 475, 476, 480 n. 2, 483 n. 115,537,538 para 364, 370 n. 50 pa:ja liVa'Sl 388 Patriarcat(s), Patriarche(s) 511-515, 517 Peace, Peace Treaty: voir Traite peJerins de la Mecque : voir Ipled perf 205,230 pilgrimage : voir I}aee pilgrims : voir I}aed pious foundations: voir va~f pirates : voir corsaires politics of succession : voir droit successoral portolan(s) 280, 281, 283-285, 287-289, 292, 296 nn. 14, 18, 20, 27 pastnifn 220 Privy chamber: voir bi4~ ada Protestants : voir Chretiens province: voir beglerbeglik provincial worshops : voir ateliers provincial treasury : voir Tresor

registre(s) (defters) 233,234,238 n. 22,263 n. 13,313,319, 321,344,400,413 - 'avari"? (mufa~~al) 416 n. 7 - cizye 401,406,415 n. 5 - in'amat 231, 234 - recensement (tal}rfr) detaille (mufa:j~al)

sabfl : voir sebfl

ehnameci, ahnameci

RRafi"?f

186, 190 Raidiln (quatre premiers califes) 180 re'aya (ra'iyya) 89,101-103,140,152,153,187,337,345 recensement (tal}rfr) 310-315, 317, 319-321, 323 n.9, 324 n. 22, 325 t., 344, 400, 482 n. 72, 484 n.189 Reconquista 162 Reforme 58 Regence d' Alger 145, 153 Regence de Tripoli 156 n. 1

139, 310, 328, 331, 332, 344, 391, 393, 415 n. 5,416 n. 7, 417 n. 28 - recensement (tahrfr) abrege (iemal) 395 n. 9, 400, 415 n. 5 - ru'as 344, 389, 397 n. 29 - ruznam~e 253,389,391,395 n. 11,396 nn. 25,26 - soldes des ehl-i I}iref-i ba~~a 201, 204, 205, 213 n. 2, 215 n. 20, 216 nn. 24,25, 233, 234, 264 n. 23 - tfmar 91,253,391,395 n. 9 registres de ~a4f : voir sicill registres de tribunal : voir sieill re'fs 30, 294, 450 n. 22, 540 religious patronage, Byzantine 112 reliques chretiennes 46,47 remmlil : voir geomancer Renaissance 51,66 n. 1,236 resm-i berat 398 n. 40 revoltes, rebellions 100, 102, 139, 161, 185, 186, 189, 190 nn. 1,3, 191 n. 22, 320, 347, 444 reyl}anf : voir calligraphie rWa : voir calligraphie ristile 101, 179, 428, 431 royal workshops : voir ateliers ruba'f 254 Rum, Rumf 230,251,384 n. 17 rumf (style decoratif) 257,268,271 ru'as defteri : voir registre(s) n1znamr;e : voir registre(s)

sSaadiens (Sa'diens) 151,155,529

Safavi (Safavides, Safavids, Sefevides) 109, 160-164, 171, 179, 186, 191 n. 6, 198,202,216 n. 21, 250, 263, 371, 374, 444,485,487,489 Safavid Court workshops : voir ateliers Safavid artists 216 n. 28, 230, 252 !jaftf: voir ecoles juridiques musulmanes ah 436 ahname, ehname 26, 29, 177 n. 42 ahnameei : voir ehnameei Saint Barthelemy (massacres de la) 51-55, 60 Saint Marc (Ie lion de) 48 n. 9 Saint-Siege: voir Pape, Papaute Sainte-Union, Sainte-Ligue : voir Ligue, La salariye 415 n. 5 sale of offices 102, 103 Salic Law (Loi salique) 121 salyane 344-346 sanca~, sanea~beglik, !iva', sanea~beg, mfrliva' 29,92, 103, 115 n. 5, 119, 120, 122, 123 n. 15, 124 n. 6, 137, 140, 141, 143-144 (nombreuses notes), 327-331, 333, 334, 334 n. 1, 336 n. 42, 345, 356, 358-360, 379,385,388-392,395 nn. 3,8, 11,396 nn. 20-26, 397 nn. 31,34,407,409,415 n. 5, 430, 443, 444, 507, 509, 513, 514 sanctio (la'net) 135 sanctuaires : voir turbe ari' a, eri' a, arf 91,92,136,164,167,171,172,175 n. 4, 180-183, 198, 349, 360, 368 n. 2, 401, 428 Saru~an Ogullan 327,332 Sawfid lands (in 'Ira~) 182 saz (instrument de musique) 304 ~az (style decoratif) 201, 205, 214 n. 9,265, 271 sebfl, sabfl 223, 350, 372-374, 376, 377, 379, 382, 383 nn. 2, 9, 384 n. 15

25,26,29,66, 172, 177 n. 53, 236, 237 n. 3 ehzade 122,221,253-255,328,332 sema'hilne 220" emse 254, 256, 262, 268 sequin venitien 83,415 n. 5 serail, seray : voir Palais serasker 90, 93, 102, 165, 176 n. 36 serbevvabfn 395 n. 8 serl}add 430 eyl; (cheikh, shaykh) 28,90,186,189,219,428,430,431 eyl; ul-ekber 431 eyl; Ul-I}arem 318 eyb Ul-Islam 91, 92, 112, 150, 171, 179-182, 184 n. 11, 187, 198, 258, 300 eyl!: Ul-tilrbe 430 seyyid 303 share-croppers : voir arta~~l Shariah Law : voir ari' a shaykh : voir eyb Shi'i, Shi'ism : voir Islam sieill (registres de ~a4t) 123 n. 16, 134, 140, 304, 309, 320, 322 n. 2, 328, 330, 349-351, 356, 363, 369 nn. 13, 20, 30 siege de (siege of) - Belgrade 451 n. 40 - Chalkis 410 - Corfu 177 n. 48 - Rhodes 280, 435, 470 - Szigetvar 300 - Vienne (1529 et 1683) 78,83,97 silsile 431

600

601

sipahf (cavaliers de la Porte, Spahi)

77, 101,253sipahf, timarh sipahf (timariotes, cavaliers

provinciaux) 98 n. 13, 101, 102, 140, 186, 187, 191 n. 11,315,331,344,359,360,362,392, 397 n. 31, 437 siya!}at : voir calligraphie soldats de la citadelle : voir h4ar erenleri !iofa (hall) 240,241, 244, 246 sofa (estrade) 241 n. 6 Soufi : voir Sufi soup kitchen: voir