SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

irma ratiani

fabula da siuJeti

Pro Et Contra

seria: literaturismcodneoba

2011

UDC(uak) 821.353.1.09 r-262

momzadebulia samecniero sagranto proeqtis `lite-

raturismcodneobiTi diskursi. Tanamedrove kvlevebi~ farglebSi.

donori organizacia: SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondi

saredaqcio kolegia: gaga lomiZe (redaqtori)

solomon tabucaZe rusudan canava

© SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

ISBN 978-9941-0-3905-8

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ISSN 1987-7331

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`mefe mokvda~, magram ra bedi ewia defofals?

winasityva

irma ratianis naSromi -

fabula da siuJeti Pro Et Contra

literaturismcodneoba filologiur disciplinebs So-

ris yvelaze dinamikuri dargia. erTi mxriv, TiTqos yvelafe-ri ukve dadgenilia, meore mxriv, yvelaferi, rac ukve dadge-nilia, xelaxal gaazrebas da koreqtirebas moiTxovs. es su-lac ar aris axireba, es obieqturi realobaa. am, rbilad rom vTqvaT, aramdgradobis erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi terminis bunebaSi unda veZioT. literaturismcodneoba ki, upirvele-sad, swored terminis warmoSobas, mis formacvalebas da `tevadobas~ ikvlevs.

fabula da siuJeti Zalian `nacnobi~ terminebia, magram saqme saqmeze rom midgeba, maTi erTmaneTisgan gamijnva da TiToeulis `sazRvrebis~ dadgena sakmaod rTulia. swored am sakiTxis analizs eZRvneba profesor irma ratianis naSro-mi `fabula da siuJeti (pro et contra)~. naSromi oTxi monakve-Tisgan Sedgeba: pirvel nawilSi ganxilulia antikuri Tval-sazrisebi fabulisa da siuJetis Sesaxeb (platoni da aris-totele); meoreSi _ periodi postantikurobidan romantiz-mis CaTvliT; mesameSi _ rusuli formalisturi skolis war-momadgenelTa Sexedulebebi; meoTxeSi _ Jenetis Teoria.

is, rom yvela ZiriTadi literaturuli Janri antikuro-baSi Camoyalibda da `moinaTla~, sayovelTaod aris aRiare-buli. cnobilia isic, rom antikurobaSive daiwyo filolo-giis, rogorc mecnieruli disciplinis Seqmna. ZvelberZnul-ma literaturam pirvelad gaacnobiera Tavi, rogorc lite-raturam, amas ki xeli Seuwyo literaturis specialuri Te-oriis _ poetikis _ warmoSobam. literatura, romelic uS-vebs am tipis refleqsias Tavis sakuTar rezultatebze, sav-

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sebiT sxva rigis movlenaa.∗ srul simwifes literaturis Te-oriam aristoteles `poetikaSi~ miaRwia. berZnuli litera-tura mTeli Tavisi arsiT, TiTqos, moiTxovs, rom igi gaiaz-ron, rogorc Teoriuli poetikis sagani. potenciuri Tana-fardoba Teoriuli poetikis SesaZleblobasTan mTeli ber-Znuli literaturisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, im nawarmo-ebebis CaTvliT, romlebic poetikis dabadebamde Seiqmnen. ase rom, Tu sakiTxs am kuTxiT SevxedavT, kerZod: rom ber-Znuli literatura Signidan gamoeyo ara-literaturas da amiT, garkveuli azriT, pirvelad gaxda TavisTavadi, SeiZle-ba arc Tu yavlgasulad mogveCvenos is mosazreba, rom li-teratura `daibada~ saberZneTSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom antikuri poetika ganixilavs mxat-vruli teqstis sabaziso komponentebs, fabulisa da siuJe-tis terminologiuri gamijvnis sakiTxi sakmaod rTulia. marTalia, Tavad terminebi `fabula~ da `siuJeti~ litera-turismcodneobaSi mogvianebiT mkvidrdeba, magram am termi-nebis fardi cneba-terminebi, rasakvirvelia, ufro adreul epoqebSia mosaZiebeli. i. ratiani ganixilavs jer platonis, Semdgom ki aristoteles mosazrebebs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

platonisTvis poezia (da saerTod xelovnebis yvela dar-gi) aris baZva, Sesabamisad, yvelaferi, rac poetis mier iTx-zveba cru da gamonagonia; raki poetur Txzulebebs ara aqvT mTavari faseuloba _ WeSmariteba, maT SeiZleba mxolod es-Tetikuri funqcia daekisros. konkretulad fabulasa da si-uJetze platoni ar msjelobs. aristotele upirispirdeba platonis Tvalsazriss poeziis arsis, mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb da aviTarebs axal xedvas. `poeziis umTavresi damsaxureba aris SemoqmedebiTi baZvis unari, romlis meSveobiTac re-

∗ jer kidev demokrite werda Txzulebebs `poeziis Sesaxeb~ (romelSic sa-ubaria SemdgomSi friad popularul poetur `sigiJeze~), `homerosis Sesa-xeb~, `iSviaTi gamonaTqvamebs sworad gamoTqmis Sesaxeb~, `sityvebis sila-mazis Sesaxeb~, `lamazad da uSnod JRerad bgerebze metyvelebaSi~, `simRe-ris Sesaxeb~ (Frgm. B 16a-25 Diels). demokrite sainteresod werda kulturaze, misi xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi traqtatebia: `musikis Sesaxeb~, `mxatvrobis Sesaxeb~; igi msjelobs civilizaciis geneziszec.

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aluri ambebi, ganzavdebian ra avtoris SemoqmedebiT warmo-saxvasTan, teqstualizebuli ambebis saxes iZenen da gardaiq-mnebian mxatvrul movlenaTa logikur qargad. terminolo-giuri TvalsazrisiT, aristotele ganasxvavebs realur qme-debebsa da miToss; sadac realuri qmedebebi, rogorc re-aluri xdomilebebi, safuZvlad edeba ambavs, xolo miTosi gaigivebulia miTisqmnadobis procesTan, romelic mowesri-gebuli da erTmaneTTan Sejerebuli teqstualizebuli qme-

debebis mTlianobas warmoadgens~ (gv. 25).∗ am sakvanZo pozi-ciis garkvevis Semdgom warmodgenilia teqstis struqtu-ruli analizis aristoteleseuli Tvalsazrisi. swored am momentidan i. ratiani gamoyofs da detalurad aanalizebs terminebis _ fabulisa da siuJetis _ diad `winapars~ _ mu`qo~-s. Mu`qo~-is sxvadasxva gageba, da Sesabamisad, ganmarte-ba arsebobs. Tu mas ganvixilavT, rogorc uZvelesi antikuri rwmena-warmodgenebis asaxvas, miTosi religiur-sakraluri fenomenia. am aspeqtiT miTosis 500-mde gamartebaa cnobili. aristotele am sityvas sxvadasxva konteqstiT iyenebs: rig SemTxvevebSi `miTosi~ sworedac tradiciul ambavs _ miTs aRniSnavs, rig SemTxvevebSi ki ambavs, romelsac efuZneba esa Tu is mxatvruli teqsti. swored es ukanaskneli konteqsti aris i. ratianis kvlevis sagani.

aristotele gamoyofs tragediis nawilebs: ambavi, xasi-aTi, gansja, samzeri, saTqmeli da sagalobeli. `ambavi~, sava-raudod, unda Seesabamebodes imas, rasac dRes fabulas an siuJets vuwodebT. maS, ras moiazrebs aristotele termin `miTosSi~? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad i. ratiani moixmobs aristoteles `poetikis~ qarTul, rusul da inglisurenovan Targmanebs, imowmebs mecnierul gamokvlevebs da askvnis: `aristoteles formis struqturuli Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgens miTosi _ ambavi, romelic ar gulisxmobs mar-tivad movlenebis mibaZvas anu faqtebis krebsiT da Tanmim-devrul simravles, romelic Tanamedrove specialur lite-raturaSi iwodeba `fabulad~ da arc miTs, romelsac efuZne-

∗ aqac da SemdgomSic damowmebulia irma ratianis winamdebare naSromi `fabula da siuJeti (Pro Et Contra)~.

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ba antikuri tragedia, aramed _ ufro mets, faqtze agebul da miTis safuZvelze mimdinare axali miTisqmnadobis pro-cessa da Sedegs, rogorc moqmedebaTa saerTo-mxatvrul qargas, romelic met-naklebad uaxlovdeba literaturaT-mcodneebis mier dResdReobiT `siuJetis~ terminiT gansaz-Rvrul elements da romelic erTdroulad moicavs da efuZneba pirvel ors~ (gv. 36).

Tu sworad gavige, i. ratianis azriT, aristoteleseuli miTosi-ambavi (am konteqstSi muqo~-is `ambavad~ Targmans sav-sebiT viziareb _ r.c.) SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc is, rac fa-bulasa da siuJets Sorisaa _ erTdroulad erTicaa da me-orec (ufro siuJetia, vidre fabula). albaT, rTulia aris-toteles (terminTa formirebis gariJraJze) movTxovoT fabulis mkafio gamijvna siuJetisgan (es xom dResac Wirs). am azris sailustraciod movixmob amonarids aristoteles `poetikidan~; me-17 TavSi igi msjelobs teqstis Sinaarsob-riv safuZvelze, ZiriTadad, dramas exeba, magram bolos `odiseazec~ wers: `odiseas~ Sinaarsi (ambavi) vrceli ar aris: viRac kaci mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi daxetialobs ucxo mxareebSi; mas emtereba poseidoni, is martoa. saxlSi ki saq-mroebi uCanageben qonebas da gansacdels umzadeben mis vaJs. da ai, is brundeba Tavs daaRwevs ra qariSxals; zogierTs ga-andobs Tavis vinaobas; Tavs esxmis mtrebs, anadgurebs maT, TviTon ki gadarCeba. principSi, ai, es aris `odiseas~ Sinaar-si, sxva yvelaferi CarTulia~ (17.1455b). is, rasac am amona-ridSi aristotele gvTavazobs, rogorc homerosis `odise-as~ Sinaarss, fabula ufroa, vidre siuJeti. saqme is aris, rom Cven ar gvaqvs `odiseas~ tipis sxva teqsti, rom SevZloT maTi Sedareba. tragediaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa. aq Cven SegviZ-lia erT ambavze (miTze) SeTxzuli ramdenime tragikosis teqstebis Sedareba; magaliTad aviRoT atridebis miTi: troas omis erT-erTi mTavari gmiri, berZenTa jaris mTavar-sardali _ agamemnoni gamarjvebuli brundeba argosSi. Sin mas klavs Tavisi coli _ klitemnestra. Svidi wlis Semdeg mamis mkvlelobisTvis Surs iZiebs oreste da klavs dedas. es aris miTi-ambavi. am ambavze tragediebi daweres esqilem

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(trilogia `orestea~), sofoklem (`eleqtra~), evripidem (`oreste~, `eleqtra~). am tragediebis Rrma analizi saSuale-bas gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom saerTo jamSi saqme gvaqvs fabulas-Tan, romelic TiToeul mweralTan (erTi mxriv, miTisqmna-dobis principidan gamomdinare, meore mxriv, konkretuli tragikosis esTetikis gaTvaliswinebiT) axlebur konteqsts gvTavazobs da damoukidebel siuJetur qargas qmnis.

i. ratianis naSromis meore nawilSi `antifiqciidan fiq-ciisken~ warmodgenilia fabulisa da siuJetis sakiTxis kvlevis ZiriTadi tendenciebi sakmaod vrceli periodis ganmavlobaSi _ antikurobidan adreul Suasaukuneebamde, renesansis, klasicizmis, ganmanaTleblobis, romantizmis CaTvliT. mkvlevari savsebiT marTebulad miuTiTebs adre-uli Suasaukuneebis poetikis ZiriTad gansxvavebaze antiku-robasTan mimarTebiT: `adreuli Sua saukuneebis poetika qristianuli msoflmxedvelobrivi principebis danergva-qa-dagebaSi da bibliis teqstis interpretaciaSi mdgomareobs, uars ambobs SeTxzul fabulaze, riTac emijneba Semoqmede-biTad gardasaxuli ambavis, anu gamonagonis antikur kon-cefcias~ (gv. 47).

am periodis literaturuli procesi mokled da martivad ase SeiZleba davaxasiaToT: qristianobaSi RmerTi aris er-TaderTi WeSmariteba, sxva yvelaferi simboloa. warmarTul azrovnebaSi ki RmerTebic simboloebia (rom araferi vTqvaT sxva yvelaferze). aqedan gamomdinare, `WeSmaritebaze wera~ sul sxva esTetikas da kanonebs moiTxovs, rac arafriT jde-ba warmarTuli periodis poetikaSi. i. ratianis naSromSi es sirTule kargad aris warmodgenili: `an unda vaRiaroT, rom adreuli Sua saukuneebis teqstebi scdeba mxatvruli teq-stis formis struqturuli Teoriis dadgenil normebs da, Sesabamisad, ver CaiTvleba srulfasovan literaturul ni-muSebad, anac unda davsvaT sakiTxi: aris ki gamonagoni Se-moqmedebiTi procesisa da teqstis mxatvrulobis erTader-Ti msazRvreli?~ (gv. 48). dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad i. ratiani mimoixilavs am dargis qarTvel mkvlevarTa naSro-mebs da eTanxmeba mosazrebas: “miuxedavad imisa, rom adre-

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uli Sua saukuneebis poetika uars ambobs gamonagonis esTe-tikaze anu fiqciur teqstze, is sruliadac ar ambobs uars mxatvrul teqstze... idea-mizanTan Serwymuli struqtu-rul-poetikuri elementebi da ara gamonagoni unda miviC-nioT mxatvruli qsovilis msazRvrelebad adreuli Sua sa-ukuneebis mwerlobaSi~ (gv. 50-51).

literaturuli procesi, nebsiT Tu uneblied, epoqebis majiscemas asaxavs. SuasaukuneebSi damkvidrebuli struq-turuli modeli (romelic, rogorc ar unda SevalamazoT, mkacri xelovnurobiT gamoirCeoda _ r.c.) droebis Sec-vlasTan erTad `gaTavisuflda~ da `mxatvruli teqsti kvlav ubrundeba misTvis bunebriv liminarul pozicias, ganfenils realurisa da warmosaxulis zonebs Soris~ (gv. 52). renesan-sis epoqis, romantikosebis `teqstebi gajerebulia struq-turuli opoziciebis _ realuri ambavi/gamonagoni, arafiq-ciuri/fiqciuri _ virtuozuli TamaSiTa da monacvle-obiT~ (gv. 53). savsebiT viziareb mosazrebas, rom es opozi-ciebi renesansis epoqis kritikosebis mier gaiazreba, erTi mxriv, rogorc dabruneba mxatvrulobis antikur modelTan da gamonagonis esTetikasTan, meore mxriv, rogorc axali literaturuli Janrebis formirebis perspeqtiva (gv. 53).

i. ratianis naSromis III Tavi `fabula da siuJeti eZRvneba cnobili literaturaTmcodneobiTi mimarTulebis rusuli formalizmis warmomadgenelTa Tvalsazrisebis mimoxilvas. aq warmodgenilia r. iakobsonis, v. Sklovskis, b.tomaSevskis, b. engelgartis, i. tinianovis, b. eixenbaumis, v. propis, v. Jir-munskis mwyobri poziciebi fabulisa da siuJetis Sesaxeb.

rusi formalistebis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca gaucna-urebis (defamilarizaciis) meTodi (Sklovski). es meTodi maT daakavSires literaturis struqturebTan da scades teqstis Tvisebrivi, lingvisturi, Janruli da struqturu-li kanonzomierebebis dadgena. teqstis struqturis kvlevi-sas ki, bunebrivia, wina planze gamodis forma/Sinaarsi, fa-bula/siuJeti. rusi formalistebi fabulis fard terminad xSirad iyenebdnen `masalas~, anu: `fabula ganixileba ro-gorc siuJetis CamoyalibebisTvis saWiro masala~ (gv. 60).

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gansaxilvel problematikaSi bunebrivad Semodis: motivis, Txrobis, Tqmis, gamomsaxvelobiTi Txrobis sakiTxebi. vrce-li masalis analizis safuZvelze i. ratiani askvnis: `...for-malistebisTvis siuJeti struqturulad mowesrigebuli mo-delia, romlis meSveobiTac avtori martivad amuSavebs dad-genil literaturul sqemebsa da normebs, fabula ki _ ma-salis sulac statikuri mTlianobaa, romelic rusuli sko-lis TeoriaSi arnaxuli pasiurobiT gamoirCeva~ (gv. 67). amave TavSi aSkarad Cans mkvlevaris keTilganwyoba edvard for-steris poziciisadmi.

naSromis meoTxe TavSi `siuJetologia + naratologia~ warmodgenilia poststruqturalistebis (todorovi, bre-moni, barti, greimasi, kristeva, Jeneti) Tvalsazrisebi; Ziri-Tadad, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia Jerar Jenetis Teoriaze. aRniSnulia, rom Jenetis Teoriis meTodologiur siaxles warmoadgens siuJetis gaazreba naratologiis WrilSi. kvle-va iwyeba Jenetis SemoTavazebuli triadis: ambavi/narati-vi/naracia anu _ istoria(Sinaarsi)/Txroba/naracia analiziT.

Jenetis Teoriis safuZvliani kvleva kargad warmoaCens, ra miiRo man antikuri Teoriebidan da ra _ rusi forma-listebisgan; amasTan ikveTeba inovaciebic: `kerZod: narato-logebis mier SemoTavazebuli `ambavi~-s cneba ufro viwroa, vidre antikuri `ambavi~ da uaxlovdeba formalistur `fabu-las~, xolo `narativis~ cneba ufro farToa, vidre forma-listuri `siuJeti~ da uaxlovdeba antikur `ambavs~ (gv. 73).

naSromis bolos i. ratiani ubrundeba wignis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvas:

`mefe mokvda da dedofalic mokvda~. `mefe mokvda da Semdeg dardisagan mokvda dedofali~. ra qmnis gansxvavebas am or martiv frazas Soris? `axla danamdvilebiT viciT, rom gansxvavebas am or, erTi

SexedviT martiv frazas Soris bevri ram SeiZleba qmnides: warmosaxva, romelic miTisqmnadobis procesSi frTiandeba, dama[u]jereli, romelic gamonagonis ukufenas warmoadgens, mizez-Sedegobrioba, romelic warmoaCens kavSirebs, anac _ Txrobis xelovneba, romelic qmnis gansxvavebebs~... (gv. 79).

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es aris mSvenieri dasasruli mecnieruli naSromisa, ro-

melic mkiTxvels sTavazobs erT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavmoyril mecnierul mosazrebebs, am mosazrebebis ana-lizs, maTi urTierTmimarTebis dadgenas. aseve gansakuT-rebiT mniSvnelovania, rom mkvlevari `ar svams wertils~ _ es ki imas niSnavs, rom sakiTxi jer kidev Riaa, araviTari im-perativi, mxolod varaudebi, magram es is varaudebia, rom-lebic `TavSekavebuli sijiutiT~ ikvleven gzas mkiTxvelis-ken. irma ratianis `fabula da siuJeti (pro et contra)~ seri-ozuli SenaZenia qarTul mecnierebaSi.

rusudan canava

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fabula da siuJeti Pro Et Contra

∗ ∗ ∗

`mefe mokvda da dedofalic mokvda ~. `mefe mokvda da Semdeg dardisagan mokvda dedofali~.

ra qmnis gansxvavebas am or martiv frazas Soris? mxo-

lod erTi sityva _ `dardisagan~, Tumca gansxvaveba gaci-lebiT siRrmiseulia: is scdeba oden leqsikuri opozici-is CarCoebs da struqturul opoziciad gardaiqmneba _ Tu pirveli fraza gadmogvcems ambavs, meore gadmogvcems ambavs da emocias erTad; Tu pirveli fraza movlenaTa obieqturi CamonaTvalia, meore subieqturi dakvirvebis Sedegs warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, askvnis ingliseli mwera-li da literaturaTmcodne edvard morgan forsteri, erT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs fabulasTan, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ siuJetTan, romelic warmosaxvis meSve-obiT grZnobadsa da fleqsiurs xdis fabulis faqtebis simyifes (forsteri: 1927). warmosaxva _ CamonaTvalis wi-naaRmdeg, fantazia _ movlenaTa interpretaciis preten-ziiT. sad iwyeba fabulisa da siuJetis opozicia an ramde-nad arsebiTia igi? rogoria misi gaazreba literaturuli procesebis Teoriuli Sefasebis rTulsa da xangrZliv pa-radigmaSi? SevecdebiT, pasuxi gavceT am mniSvnelovan ki-Txvebs, Tumca, vidre SevudgebodeT problemis Teoriul analizs, kvlav forsters davimowmebT: `mwerlebi, rom-lebsac mdidari warmosaxva aqvT, gacilebiT ufro didi movlenaa, vidre is pirvelmizezebi, romlebsac isini emsa-xurebian~ (forsteri: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/ e/e_m_forster.html).

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nawili pirveli - miTi da miTisqmnadoba

Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobiTi ganmartebis

Tanaxmad, fabula da siuJeti mxatvruli teqstis sabazi-so struqturul komponentebs warmoadgens, romlebic uzrunvelyofs teqstis zogadi struqturuli ierarqiis Camoyalibebas. magram, SemoTavazebuli ganmartebis sim-wyobrisda miuxedavad, daZleuli misi arc sirTulea da arc winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi: ra funqciiTaa datvirTu-li teqstSi fabulis struqturuli rgoli? rogori amba-via fabula _ namdvili Tu gamogonili? Tu namdvilia, maS, raRa qmnis mxatvrul fiqcias? Tu gamogonilia, maS, sad veZioT mxatvruli simarTle? rogor gardaiqmneba am-bavi siuJetur movlenaTa struqturul bmulad? ramde-nad erTgvarovania siuJetis ganmarteba? an ra mimarTeba arsebobs fabulasa da siuJets Soris? am principulad mniSvnelovan kiTxvebze pasuxebis Zieba, moiTxovs, erTi mxriv, fabulisa da siuJetis problemaTa kvlevis istori-is kompleqsurad gaazrebasa da gadaazrebas, xolo, meore mxriv, Tanamedrove kvleviT meTodologiebze dafuZne-buli poziciis SemuSavebas da praqtikulad dasabuTebas.

`fabulisa~ da `siuJetis~ cnebebi literaturaTmcod-neobiT mimoqcevaSi me-20 saukunis erT-erTi pirveli Te-oriuli skolis, rusuli formaluri skolis warmomad-genlebma, kerZod, viqtor Sklovskim (Sklovski: http://www. opojaz.ru/manifests/kakpriem.htm) da vladimir propma (propi: 1984) daamkvidres. maTi ganmartebiT, fabula warmoadgens qronologiurad dawyobil ambavs, xolo siuJeti _ mov-lenaTa logikur gadmocemasa da aRdgenas erTian Txro-biT qargaSi. Sesabamisad, fabula ganixileba rogorc si-

uJetis CamoyalibebisaTvis saWiro masala∗. magram meTo-

∗ detaluri msjeloba fabulisa da siuJetis formalistur Teoriaze ixi-leT amave naSromis mesame nawilSi.

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dologiuri Ziebani ambavze da teqstSi aRweril movlena-Ta mTlianobaze rusi formalistebis gamokvlevebSi ar dawyebula. msjeloba teqstis ZiriTad struqturul kom-ponentTa Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb, agreTve, mxatvrul teqstSi maTi funqciis analizi, gacilebiT adre, jer ki-dev antikur epoqaSi, platonisa da aristoteles Sromebi-dan iRebs saTaves. pirvelive seriozuli dakvirveba mxat-vruli teqstis raobasa da mniSvnelobaze, romlis avtori da Semoqmedi iyo platoni, logikuri da Cinebulad dasa-buTebuli TeoriiT dagvirgvinda. Teoria swored ambavi-sa da movlenaTa qargis winaaRmdegobriv interpretacias daefuZna im CasworebiT, rom cnebaTa aparatica da sta-tusic ramdenadme gansxvavdeboda Tanamedrove interpre-tatorebis versiebisgan. Tu amerikel literaturaT-mcodnes, v. hols, davimowmebT, `berZnebi SesaniSnavi mosa-ubreebi iyvnen, da, sxva mraval sakiTxTan erTad, poezi-azec xSirad saubrobdnen. magram maTi sityvebi, xmelTa-Sua zRvis qars mihqonda. Tuar CavTvliT erT-or poetur xazs da ramdenime fragments filosofiuri traqtatebi-dan, platonamde ar arsebobda literaturis Teoriul kvlevaze agebuli saliteraturo kritika. aristofanes komediebSi gabneuli brwyinvale literaturuli Ziebanic ki ufro praqtikul xasiaTs atarebda, vidre Teoriuls. amdenad, Tuki gvsurs, Tavidan daviwyoT literaturis Sesaxeb fundamenturi mosazrebebis gacnoba, unda davi-wyoT platoniT~ (holi 1963: 1).

platoni (427-347 ww.) marTlac rom Seucvlel avtori-

tetad mosCans aramarto filosofiuri azrovnebis, ara-med _ literaturuli da poetikuri kvlevebis msoflio sivrceSi. mis fundamentur SromebSi, romlebic azrovne-bis uCveulo masStaburobiTa da problemaTa speqtruli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs literaturaTmcodneobiT Ziebebs. platoni sa-marTlianad miiCneva siRrmiseuli literaturul-Teori-

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uli kvlevebis iniciatorad, Tumca, misi literaturaT-mcodneobiTi Sexedulebani, iseve rogorc cnobierebis nebismier sxva sferosTan dakavSirebuli mosazrebebi, myarad Camoyalibebul filosofiur koncefcias efuZne-ba da filosofosis metafizikuri da socio-politikuri

principebidan gamomdinareobs∗. aTenis moqalaqe, genialuri berZeni namdvilad aRar

Tvlida Tavis qveyanas momxibvlel miTosur samoTxed. me-tic, wuxda, rom aTenis didebis mze Caesvena, xolo Tana-moqalaqeni uprincipo demagogebis mier imarTebodnen. momravldnen codvilni, flidebi da aramzadebi. WeSmari-tebis gzidan gadacdenil sazogadoebas mtkice xeli esa-Wiroeboda, disciplina da goniereba, rasac platonis rwmeniT, mxolod misi rangis avtoritetuli moazrovne Tu uzrunvelyofda. sazogadoebis xsnisa da idealuri saxelmwifos Senebis ideiT STagonebuli platoni mtki-ced daupirispirda moralur da zneobriv antinormebs da maT kanonmdeblebs, romelTa Sorisac upirvelesad po-etebi miiCnia! Tavis umniSvnelovanes naSromSi `saxelmwi-fo~ platonma strategiuli omi gamoucxada poetebs da wamoayena genialuri braldeba poeziis winaaRmdeg, rome-lic ramdenime arsebiT mizezze daafuZna.

platonis braldebis amosaval wertilad baZvis cneba iqca.

poezia aris baZva, acxadebda platoni, poetebi ki arian mimbaZvelebi, vinaidan swored maTi ZalisxmeviT xorci-eldeba baZva, magram, rogor moviqceT, `mivceT poetebs mibaZvis neba Tu ar unda mivceT? anda, Tu mivcemT, maSin ras SeiZleba baZavdnen da ras ara? an, iqneb, sulac agvek-rZala maTTvis yovelgvari mibaZva?~ (platoni 2003: 97).

∗ CvenTvis saintereso cnebebis gaazrebac platonis filosofiuri modelis esTetikur implikacias ufro warmoadgens, vidre _ pirdapir samiznes (miT ufro, rom terminTa dazusteba sulac ar Seadgens filosofosis amocanas), TumcaRa platonis Sexdulebebis gaanalizebis gareSe SeuZlebelia fabuli-sa da siuJetis literaturaTmcodneobiTi cnebebis genezisisa da meTodo-logiuri specifikis dazusteba.

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arsebiT mniSvnelobas aq Tavad baZvis cnebis interpre-tacia iZens. platonis azriT, `mimbaZvelobiTi poezia adamians gvixatavs rogorc iZulebiT an nebsiT moqmeds, am moqmedebis safuZvelze ki is fiqrobs, rom an kargad moiqca, an cudad, da yvela am viTarebaSi an wuxs, an xa-robs~ (platoni 2003: 368). sayuradRebo baZvis cnebis am-dagvar gaazrebaSi, erTi mxriv, procesis konceptualuri dafuZnebaa, xolo meore mxriv _ Sedegis Tvisebrivi Sefaseba.

konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT, poeturi baZva plato-nisaTvis meqanikuri procesia, romelic ver uTavsdeba missave metafizikas. platonis filosofiuri xedvis Ta-naxmad, realuri samyaro arsebobs ideebis da ara materi-aluri sagnebis sferoSi. igi dabejiTebiT miiCnevs, rom `saganTa yovel simravles~ moepoveba erTi aRniSvna _ er-Ti idea, romlis mibaZvasac, aslsac warmoadgens esa Tu is materialuri sagani. xelosani yoveli sagnis damzadebi-sas jer kargad akvirdeba am sagnis ideas da misi mixedviT qmnis Tavad sagans: magaliTad, sawolis Sesaqmnelad igi akvirdeba sawolis ideas, karadis Sesaqmnelad _ karadis ideas, magidis Sesaqmnelad _ magidis ideas da a.S. `magram arc erT xelosans ar SeuZlia sakuTriv ideis Seqmna~ (platoni 2003: 357), ideebis generatori mxolod RmerTia, RmerTi da sxva `aravin, mxolod is” (platoni 2003: 357). amrigad, RmerTi qmnis ideebs, romlebsac Semdgom materi-alur saxes aZlevs ostati: ostati ideis kvaldakval axorcielebs mis ganivTebas, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qmnis nivTs ideis yalibze. am gziT iRebs materialur saxes yo-veli idea, Sesabamisad, am gziT mimdinareobs realuri sam-yaros materialuri dovlaTis dagrovebis procesi. raRa misia ekisreba mxatvars, romelsac surs, daxatos nivTi? is baZavs ostatis mier Seqmnil nivTs da, Sesabamisad, ba-Zavs nivTis Semqmnelebs _ RmerTsa da ostats. maSasadame, mxatvari uxeSi mimbaZvelia: is sami safexuriTaa daSore-buli namdvili arsisagan. asevea tragediis Semqmnelic da

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poetic, romlebic, mxatvris msgavsad, mesame adgils ika-veben RvTaebisa da WeSmaritebis Semdeg. amasTan, mxatva-rica da poetic cdilobs, mibaZos sagans ara iseTs, rogo-ric is aris sinamdvileSi, aramed _ iseTs, rogoradac is mas eCveneba, anu baZavs ara realurs, aramed _ lands. sruliad cxadia, rom amgvarad konstruirebuli mimbaZve-lobiTi xelovneba platonisaTvis Sorsaa sinamdvilisgan, is ufro optikur TamaSs waagavs, romlis meSveobiTac av-tori cdilobs, mayurebelTa da msmenelTa motyuebas. platoni homerosis kritikasac ar erideba: `homeross rom marTlac SesZleboda adamianebis aRzrda da maTi srulyofa, xolo am saqmeSi mibaZva ki ar gamoeyenebina, aramed codna, nuTu uamrav mimdevarsa da Tayvanismce-mels ver SeiZenda?~ (platoni 2003: 363).

codna platonisaTvis WeSmaritebisa da azrovnebis si-zustis upirvelesi sazomia. poetebi ki uars amboben cod-naze: gana meetleze ukeT icis homerosma, rogor unda imarTos etli? arada, xom ar erideba amis aRweras Tavis teqstebSi?! gana eqimze ukeT icis, rogor umkurnalos daWrils? arada, arc amis aRweras erideba! poetebis `cod-na~ zedapiruli da araqmediTia. `ar vkiTxavT, eqimebi iy-vnen Tu eqimTa enis ubralo mimbaZvelebi. . . magram roca homerosi yvelaze diadsa da mniSvnelovans exeba, roca omebze, mxedarTmaTavarTa xelovnebaze, saxelmwifos mar-Tvasa Tu axalgazrdobis aRzrdaze laparakobs, maSin ki marTebuli iqneba vkiTxoT: `Zvirfaso homeroso, Tu siq-velisa da srulqmnilebis TvalsazrisiT namdvili arsi-dan mesame adgilze ki ar dgaxar da martooden aslsa da msgavss ki ar qmni, rac Cveni gansazRvrebisamebr, mibaZva iqneboda, aramed meore adgili giWiravs da, amrigad, Se-giZlia, icode, ras akeTeben adamianebi ukeT da ras _ uaresad, rogorc kerZo, ise sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi-ac, keTil-inebe da gviTxari, romelma saxelmwifom miaR-wia Seni wyalobiT ukeTes mmarTvelobas, rogorc lakede-monma _ likurges meoxebiT, an bevrma sxva didma Tu pa-

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tara polisma _ bevri sxva kanonmdeblis meSveobiT? ita-lia da sicilia amnair kanonmdeblad qarondas miiCneven, Cven _ solons, Sen ki _ vis?~ SesZlebda Tu ara homerosi romelime saxelmwifos dasaxelebas? _ ara mgonia~ (platoni 2003: 362). sruliad cxadia, rom poetebis erT-erT upirates codvad platoni WeSmariti da qmediTi codnis arqonas miiCnevs, Tavisi azris uSualo argumen-tad ki codnis gadacemis procesis aucilebloba mohyavs: arseboben piTagorelebi, anu piTagoras mimdevrebi, mag-ram ar arseboben homeroselebi, anu _ homerosis mimdev-rebi: `iqneb imas mainc amboben, rom kerZo cxovrebaSi vi-Racis aRzdas mainc xelmZRvanelobda (homerosi _ i.r.), ris gamoc ise Seiyvares aRzrdilebma, rom STamomavlobas gadasces cxovrebis homerosuli gza, rogorc piTagore-lebma _ TavianTi moZRvris, rasac dRemde cxovrebis pi-Tagorul wess uwodeben da riTac mkveTrad ganirCevian sxvebisagan. arafers msgavss homerosze ar gadmogvcemen~ (platoni 2003:363). `maS, ra vqnaT, _ kiTxulobs platoni, _ xom ar vaRiaroT, rom yvela poeti, homerosidan moyo-lebuli, siqvelis moCvenebiTi xatebisa da sxva misTanaTa ubralo mimbaZvelia, magram verasodes ver aRwevs WeSma-ritebas?. . . ra Tqma unda. . . sityvebisa da xatovani gamoT-qmebis meSveobiT garkveuli feradovnebiT rom warmogvi-Cenen (poetebi _ i. r.) ama Tu im xelovnebas an xelosnobas, Tumca arcerTis ara gaegebaT ra da mxolod mibaZviT ga-dian fons~ (platoni 2003:364). samwuxarod, askvnis pla-toni, mimbaZvels araTu codna, aramed swori warmodgenac ki ara aqvs im sagnebze, romelsac baZavs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom platoni ar axdens poetikuri terminologiis dazustebas, Tuki yuradRebiT gavadev-nebT Tvals mis msjelobas, davaskvniT, rom platonis principuli braldeba poeziis winaaRmdeg efuZneba diqo-tomias simarTle/tyuili, sadac simarTle warmoadgens originals, avTenturs, pirvelwyaros, xolo tyuili _ asls, gamonagons, SeTxzuls. Sesabamisad, poeziis umTav-

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resi codva tyuilze agebuli ambavia, romelic teqstSi logikurad gadaizrdeba naklebadsarwmuno movlenaTa qargaSi.

magram, sainteresoa, ra meqanizmiT axorcielebs poeti baZvas? anu, rogor warmoidgens da asabuTebs am process platoni? baZvis teqnikuri realizaciis procesis plato-niseuli analizi baZvis cnebis ramdenadme viwro gagebas efuZneba. baZvis procesSi is ganasxvavebs, erTi mxriv, mimesiss, rogorc personaJis mier pirdapir warmoTqmul sityvas da, meore mxriv, diegesiss, rogorc avtoriseul Txrobas. am modelis Tanaxmad, drama aris calsaxad mime-turi, xolo eposi mimeturia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dialogi uSualod personaJebis piriT warmoebs da diegeturia, Tu ambavs Tavad poeti yveba. poetikis principebze agebuli literaturuli Txrobis pirveli Teoriuli modeli Ca-moyalibebulia `saxelmwifo~-s mesame wignSi, sadac di-alogi warmoebs sokratesa* da adimantes Soris. sokrate gamoyofs Txrobis sam saxeobas: pirvelia `wminda Txro-ba~, anu Txroba avtoris piriT, meorea `wminda mibaZva~, anu Txroba `sxva mTxrobelis~ piriT da mesame _ Txrobis am ori meTodis kombinaciaa. sokrate ar kmayofildeba, cxadia, Txrobis meTodebis mxolod aRweriT, aramed gana-zogadebs informacias literaturis Janruli klasifika-ciis mimarTulebiT: `poeziisa da miTisqmnadobis erT dargs wminda mibaZva udevs safuZvlad; es, Seni Tqmisa ar iyos tragedia da komediaa [e.i. dramatuli Janrebi _ i.r.]. meore dargis safuZvlad sakuTriv poetis sityva gvevli-neba; es upiratesad diTirambosebi gaxlavT da bolos, epiuri poezia da sityvierebis bevri sxva dargic, Tu kar-gad gesmis Cemi, orive zemoxsenebul safuZvels emyareba~ (platoni 2003: 97). naTelia, rom platonis azriT, lite-raturis Janruli klasifikaciis safuZvels Txrobis ma-

* berZnuli filosofiuri skolis genialuri wamomadgeneli, platonis maswavlebeli.

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nera, anu narativis modeli warmoadgens. narativi aris baZvis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi meqanizmi, romelic zus-tad axdens literaturuli Janrebis diferenciacias. Tumca, platonisaTvis miuRebelia mibaZvis nebismieri sa-xeoba, vinaidan yoveli maTgani yalbi kopirebis sxvadasxva formas emsaxureba: `_ Cvens Soris darCes da, _ wers platoni, _ imedia, ar damasmenT tragediebis mTxzvele-bisa da sxva mimbaZvelebis winaSe, _ mTeli maTi Semoqme-deba namdvili ubedurebaa msmenelTa sulisaTvis, radga-nac maT SxamsawinaaRmdego saSualeba ar gaaCniaT, rom ga-igon, ra aris es~ (platoni 2003: 356).

aris ki poetis saqcieli zneobrivi an eTikuri? cxadia, ara: zneobisa da eTikis saZebnelad moqalaqeeb-

ma araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda mimarTon poetebs, brZa-nebs platoni, vinaidan isini tyuian, xolo tyuilis Sede-gi Tvisebrivad sagangaSoa. gansakuTrebul safrTxes pla-toni im xasiaTebSi Wvrets, romlebsac poetebi dramati-zebis obieqtebad irCeven: platonisaTvis Rirebulia go-nis filosofiuri mdgomareoba, romelic Wvrets yvelaze realur realobas da miuRebelia emociiT dabrmavebuli gonis iracionaluri mdgomareoba, romelic axasiaTebs poezias. `sulis agznebadi sawyisi xSirad eqvemdebareba mravalferovan mibaZvas, _ wers filosofosi, _ xolo Tvinieri da gonieri zne adamianisa, romelic yovelTvis inarCunebs TviTigiveobas, Zneli misabaZia. . . cxadia, mim-baZvel poets cota rama aqvs saerTo sulis gonivrul sawyisTan. . . is mxolod agznebad da cvalebad znes mimar-Tavs, romelic advilad eqvemdebareba mibaZvas~ (platoni 2003: 370). platonis Rrma rwmeniT, poetebi baZaven imgvar movlenas, romelic umokles droSi gamoiwvevs Zlier emo-ciebs da, masTan erTad, globalur dabneulobas: adamiani (igulisxmeba mkiTxveli an mayurebeli auditoria _ i. r.) eqceva sxvisi gancdis gavlenis qveS da, Sesabamisad, ukon-trolo emociis msxverpli xdeba. platoni eWvqveS ayenebs mimesisis perceptualur datvirTvas: emociis falsifi-

20

,cirebuli wyaro (poeturi baZva _ i. r.) gansazRvravs Ta-vad emociis falsificirebul xasiaTs da Sors dgas simar-Tlisagan, romelsac ase dabejiTebiT iTxovs platoni. rogor unda aswavlos poeziam sibrZne, wuxs platoni, Tu-ki poetebi araTu adamianebis, RmerTebis mimarTac ki tyu-ils ar eridebian _ maT TxzulebebSi gmirebi da RmerTebi xSirad Cadian zneobrivad gaumarTlebel qmedebebs. maga-liTad, qalRmerTis Ze aqilevsi xan `mxar-TeZoze wevs mgloviare~, xan `pirqve gdia~, priamosi mtverSi goravs da `saxeldebiT~ evedreba TiToeul vaJkacs, hepestos `Cla-xa-CluxuniT~ moaqvs neqtariT savse Tasi, Tesevsi Tavze-xelaRebuli mtacebeliviT iqceva, zevsi da hera ki Tavda-viwyebiT eZlevian vnebaatanil da Jindauokebel siyva-ruls. `amnairi uazrobisTvis yuris gdebac ki mavnea~ (platoni 2003: 93), askvnis platoni, _ poetebi mkrexelo-ben, maSin rodesac RmerTebis Tayvaniscema adamianebis va-

lia. gana SeiZleba hadesis∗ sauflos ise SemaZrwuneblad warmoCena, rom meomarma brZolis velze saxelovan sik-vdils damarcxeba an monoba amjobinos? es xom pirdapiri gzaa simxdalisaken! eTika da politika ar SeiZleba iyos aRviraxsnili, miiCnevs platoni, poezia, Tuki is maincada-mainc unda iqmnebodes, valdebulia, daemorCilos kon-trols. poezia, romelic ar eqvemdebareba araviTar kon-trols imdenad miuRebelia platonisaTvis, rom igi ver xe-davs poetebis adgils mis mier Teoriulad agebul idealur saxelmwifoSi. `saxelmwifo~-s meaTe wignSi vkiTxulobT:

`da marTlac, _ ganvagrZe me, _ bevri sxva niSnis mixed-viTac vrwmundebi, rom yvelaze ukeT davafuZneT es Cveni saxelmwifo (idealuri saxelmwifo _ i.r.); amas rom vam-bob, me, uwinares yovlisa, poezias vgulisxmob.

_ mainc? _ [poezias _ i.r.] verasdidebiT ver davuSvebT saxel-

mwifoSi, radganac is mimbaZvelobiTia. axla, roca cal-

∗ hadesi, ZvelberZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, aris qvesknelis RvTaeba.

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calke ganvixileT sulis yoveli saxe, es kidev ufro aS-kara gaxda~ (platoni 2003: 356).

platonis damokidebuleba poeziasTan negatiuri, xis-ti da mkacria, Tumca... T. doiaSvilis statiaSi `sibrZne sicruisa~ da `sibrZne sicruisa~ motanilia saintereso amonaridi platonis `saxelmwifodan~:

`_sityviereba orgvaria _ WeSmariti da yalbi. _ diax. _ patara bavSvebs yvelaze umal Tqmulebebi unda vu-

amboT. Tqmuleba ki, arsebiTad, yalbia, Tumca is WeSmari-tebasac Seicavs. bavSvebis aRsazrdelad Cven umal Tqmu-lebebs mivmarTavT, vidre gimnastikas” (platoni 2003: 74).

`am dialogidan Cans, _ samarTlianad SeniSnavs mkvle-vari, _ rom platoni pirveli iyo, vinc mimeturi xelov-nebis mis mierve mxilebul `sicrues~ (iluzorulobas) ne-gatiuri aura Camoacala da esTetikur pirobiTobas arse-bobis ufleba misca, radgan igi `WeSmaritebasac Seicavs~. TqmulebaSi platonma normad gamoacxada Sinaarsi: poeti `kargad cruobs~, Tu misi gmirebi zneobrivi qcevis maga-liTebs iZlevian da `cudad cruobs~ Tu mis gamonagonSi eTikis sawinaaRmdego situaciebia. amrigad, mimeturi sic-ruis SefasebaSi gaCnda zneobis kriteriumi~ (doiaSvili 2010: 25).

platonis am erTgvari kompromisis miuxedavad, misi po-etikuri Sexedulebebis zogadi sistema xazgasmul sixis-tes inarCunebs da garkveul dazustebas moiTxovs. sul male barieris meore mxares dadgeba kaci, romelic xe-lovnebisa da literaturis analizis (Tu cnebiTi dad-genis) procesSi normad platonis arc `esTetikur natu-ralizms~ miiRebs da arc `zneobrivi kriteriumis~ miseul models. es kaci iqneba aristotele, platonisave akademi-is aRzrdili, misi mowafe da umcrosi kolega.

scdeboda ki platoni, rodesac poetebs gamomgoneblo-baSi sdebda brals? cxadia, ar scdeboda. gulisxmobda ki mibaZva misabaZi obieqtis subieqtur interpretacias?

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cxadia, gulisxmobda. efuZneboda ki movlenaTa qarga Se-Txzul ambavs? cxadia, efuZneboda. maS, ra argumentebiT SeiZleboda dapirispireba platonis braldebasTan?

genialuri braldeba, romelic poezias platonma wa-uyena, aseTsave genialur dacvas saWiroebda.

aristotele (384-322 ww), berZnuli filosofiuri sko-

lis kidev erTi diadi warmomadgeneli, platonis mowafe da aleqsandre makedonelis aRmzrdeli, Cv.wT.aR-mde IV saukuneSi moRvaweobda. misi filosofiuri interesebi platonis akademiaSi Camoyalibda da uprecendento mra-valferovnebiT gamoirCa. aristotelem Seqmna saetapo naSromebi eTikis, logikis, politikis, fizikis, metafizi-kis, poetikis sferoebSi, romelTa Sedegebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda Sua saukuneebis, renesansis, neoklasiciz-mis, realizmisa da mravali sxva epoqis moazrovneebis mi-er. aristoteles moZRvreba aseve mniSvnelobs Tanamed-rove samecniero wreebSi, Tumca, Cveni amJamindeli inte-resis sagans warmoadgens misi traqtati `poeturi xelov-nebis Sesaxeb~ anu `poetika~, sadac Tavmoyrilia filoso-fosis Sexedulebebi literaturasa da poeziaze, Zire-ulad gansxvavebuli platonis poziciisgan.

aristotele imTaviTve ver iziarebda platonis enTu-ziazms, exsna aTeni demagogiisa da uprincipobis klanWe-bidan. aristoteles moRvaweobis dasawyisisTvis aTenis momavali bedi ukve gadawyvetili iyo: aTens dakarguli hqonda politikuri Zlevamosileba da, masTan erTad, Zveli didebis dabrunebis realuri perspeqtiva. Sesabami-sad, aristoteles ganwyoba sazogadoebrivi Segnebisa Tu zneobrivi normebis mimarT liberalurobiT gamoirCeoda da meti yuradReba sakuTari filosofiuri da samecniero eqsperementebisaken hqonda mimarTuli. erT-erT aseT eq-speriments literaturis kvleva warmoadgenda, ufro sworad, mecnieruli daTvaliereba, romelsac Sedegad unda mohyoloda moqnili modelebisa da kanonebis Seqmna.

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r. harlandis marTebuli SeniSvniT, `gansxvavebiT plato-nisagan, aristotele absolutizmisaken naklebad midre-kili moazrovne iyo, mas ufro sagnebis aRwera da klasi-fikacia ainteresebda im saxiT, rogoriTac isini realu-rad arsebobdnen~ (harlandi 1999: 10). aristotele ar upi-rispirebda Tavis metafizikur ganzogadebas sakvlev sa-gans, aramed, piriqiT, sakvlevi obieqtidan miemarTeboda ganzogadebisaken, daskvnebisa da wesebisaken. Sesabamisad, Zireul gansxvavebas aristotelesa da platonis pozicias Soris qmnida ara maTi temperamenti an poeziis siyvaruli-ar/siyvaruli, aramed konceptualuri sayrdenebis sxva-oba: aristotele principulad ver eTanxmeboda maT, vinc winaswar adgenda absolutur standarts da cdilobda, moergo misTvis xelovnebis nimuSi.

`poetikis~ pirvelive gverdebi cxadyofs, rom aristo-teles mizans ar warmoadgens platonis debulebebis ak-viatebulad uaryofa _ is Tanamimdevruli da logikuri meTodologiuri oponirebis gzas irCevs: erTi mxriv, eTanxmeba platonis msjelobas poeziis rogorc baZvis gaazrebis Sesaxeb, magram, meore mxriv, principulad ver iziarebs baZvis cnebis platoniseul interpretacias.

xelovneba, maT Soris, poezia, musika, mxatvroba WeSma-ritad aris realobis baZva, miiCnevs aristotele, magram, rogor ganvsazRvroT Tavad realoba? Tu platonisaTvis realuri samyaro abstrahirebuli ideebis sferoSi arse-bobs, aristotele mas materialuri sagnebis sferos mi-akuTvnebs. Sesabamisad, Tu platonisaTvis realuri samya-ro abstrahirebuli ideebis mibaZvaa, aristotelesTvis igi materialur mocemulobas warmoadgens. aristoteles debuleba imTaviTve axdens baZvis platoniseuli safexu-rebis demontaJs: materialuri samyaro aRar gaiazreba ideis aslad, xelovani ki aRar aris daSorebuli WeSmari-tebidan sami grZeli safexuriT _ baZvis procesi aristo-teles moZRvrebaSi kargavs optikuri TamaSis funqcias. magram, ramdenad kargavs igi meqanikur xasiaTs? aristo-

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teles mtkicebiT, xelovani, poeti baZavs realobas, raTa Seqmnas axali, potenciuri realoba (rasac, mogvianebiT, nikolai berdiaevi `mesame realobas~ uwodebs), vinaidan swrafva potenciurisaken da potenciuri TviTrealizebi-saken yoveli cocxali individis Tvisebaa. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aristoteleseuli baZva erTmaneTisagan mijnavs iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa `realoba~ da `realisturoba~: poeti baZavs realobas, magram misi mizani sulac ar aris realisturi suraTis Seqmna, aramed pirobiTobisa, rome-lic verasodes gautoldeba istoriul faqts (iseve, ro-gorc filosofiur WeSmaritebas): `poetis saqmea Tqvas ara is, Tura moxda, _ wers aristotele, _ aramed is, Tu ra moxdeboda da ra aris albaTobisa an aucileblobis mi-xedviT SesaZlebeli~ (aristotele 1944: 20). vixilavdiT ra aristoteles aRniSnul Tezas monografiaSi `qrono-topi antiutopiur romanSi. esqatologiuri antiutopiis interpretaciisaTvis~, aRvniSnavdiT, rom elini brZenis pozicia miuTiTebs poeziisa da literaturis liminalur bunebaze: `aristoteles `poetikaSi~ poeziis liminaluri xasiaTi mimesisis anu baZvis makoordinebel cnebaSia kon-centrirebuli. poeturi baZva TamaSis, erTgvari ambiva-lenturi qmedebis mniSvnelobas iZens, sadac poeturi diskursi baZavs realurad arsebul diskursebs da qmnis pirobiTobas, romelic verasodes gautoldeba verc fi-losofiur WeSmaritebas da verc istoriul realobas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aristotele aTavsebs poezias liminalur sivrceSi, romelic erTmaneTisagan mijnavs filosofiasa da istorias. . . gamomdinare aqedan, SeiZle-ba vivaraudoT, rom poezia baZavs ara mxolod filosofi-as, aramed istoriasac, anu warmoadgens Sualedur for-mas SesaZleblobasa da aucileblobas Soris. Sesabamisad, literaturuli diskursi gvevlineba gansxvavebuli tipis diskursebis Rirebul mediatorad. `Rirebulebas~ ganapi-robebs literaturuli diskursis ara meqanikuri, aramed SemoqmedebiTi baZvis unikaluri unari~ (ratiani 2005: 167-

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168). poeturi baZvis procesi ar aris realobis meqanikuri kopireba, aramed _ misi SemoqmedebiTi gardasaxvis auci-lebeli winapirobaa: SemoqmedebiTi baZvis unikaluri una-ri saSualebas aZlevs poezias, Secvalos realuri masala radikalurad sapirispiro mimarTulebiT (mag., satiris an parodiis meSevobiT), an sulac _ Zirfesvianad gadaamu-Saos igi.

amrigad, aristoteles principuli dacva poeziis sa-sargeblod efuZneba diqotomias realuri/Semoqmedebi-Tad gardasaxuli, sadac realuri warmoadgens materi-aluri samyaros sinonims, xolo SemoqmedebiTad gardasa-xuli _ poeturi qmnilebisa. Sesabamisad, poeziis umTav-resi damsaxureba aris SemoqmedebiTi baZvis unari, rom-lis meSveobiTac realuri ambebi, ganzavdebian ra avto-ris SemoqmedebiT warmosaxvasTan, teqstualizebuli am-bebis saxes iZenen da gardaiqmnebian mxatvrul movlenaTa logikur qargad. terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, aris-totele ganasxvavebs realur qmedebebsa da miToss, sadac realuri qmedebebi, rogorc realuri xdomilobebi, sa-fuZvlad edeba ambavs, xolo miTosi gaigivebulia miTis-qmnadobis procesTan, romelic mowesrigebuli da erTma-neTTan Sejerebuli teqstualizebuli qmedebebis mTli-anobas warmoadgens.

am daskvniT, aristotele, aramarto ayalibebs princi-pulad gansxvavebul models poeziis gagebisa, aramed pa-suxs scems platonis mZime braldebebs poetebis ucodin-robisa da flidobis Sesaxeb: poetis Rirsebad aristo-teles miaCnia ara Zirfesviani codna im yvelafrisa, ris Sesaxebac igi wers, aramed mibaZvis niWi da masStabi. Sesa-bamisad, poetis mier daSvebuli Secdoma mxolod maSin aris sabediswero, rodesac igi Ralatobs mibaZvis xelov-nebis ara sizustes, aramed _ siRrmiseul principebs, ro-melTa Soris erT-erTi upirvelesi siamovnebis gancdaa.

baZvis procesi aristoteles `poetikaSi~ mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli siamovnebis gancdasTan. `rogorc Cans, po-

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ezia Seqmna, sazogadod, orma mizezma, _ wers igi, _ orive _ bunebrivi mizezia: jer erTi, mibaZva Tandayolili aqvs kacs bavSvobidanve, da kacic imiT gansxvavdeba sxva cxo-velTagan, rom igi yvelaze ufro wambaZavia da Tavis pir-vel swavlas mibaZvis saSualebiT iZens. garda amisa, mibaZ-vis Sedegi yovel kacs axarebs. amis sabuTia yoveldRiuri Cveni gamocdileba. rasac sinamdvileSi usiamovnebiT Sev-xedavT, imis Zalian zust suraTs siamovnebiT vucqerT _ ai, magaliTad, usaZaglesi cxovelebisa da mkvdrebis su-raTebs~ (aristotele 1944: 8). Tu platonisaTvis siamov-neba warmoadgens emociur saSiSroebas, vinaidan emsaxu-reba `sazogadoebrivi saTnoebebis ganaRmvas~, aristote-le, piriqiT, miiCnevs, rom baZva bunebrivi procesia da poeziac, harmoniisa da riTmis meSveobiT, sruliad bu-nebrivad hgvris siamovnebas mkiTxvels (an mayurebels). magram siamovnebis cnebis definicias aristotele mWid-rod ukavSirebs baZvis procesis konceptualur da struq-turul analizs, romelsac `poetikis~ avtori upiratesad tragediis magaliTze ganixilavs. `tragedia aris asaxva diadi da dasrulebuli moqmedebisa, romelsac garkveuli sidide aqvs, _ asaxva Semkobili eniT~ (aristotele 1944 : 13), sadac mibaZva prioritetulad xorcieldeba moqmede-bis formiT, xolo aRiqmeba SiSisa da sibralulis meSve-obiT. sruliad cxadia, rom baZvis procesis aristotele-seuli modeli, platoniseuli modelisagan gansxvavebiT, efuZneba baZvis aramarto obieqtisa an Txrobis, aramed _ recefciis procesis Zalze farTo gagebasac : SiSisa da sibralulis gancdebis aqcentireba uSualod ukavSirde-ba mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblis mier kaTarsisis karibWis daZlevas, mis gadanacvlebas gansakuTrebul kondiciaSi, romelic saSulebas aZlevs recipients, ganiwmindos da sruliad gansxvavebul emociur talRaze daasrulos tragediis aRqma. amrigad, tragedia garkveul formas sZens damkvirveblis emociebs da amave formis farglebSi akontrolebs maT. sruliad cxadia, rom platoniseul

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braldebas poeziis ukontrolobisa da aRviraxsnilobis Taobaze aristotelem alternatiuli sistema daupiris-pira. aristoteles mier warmodgenilma sqemam: a) safuZve-li gamoacala platonis racionalur meTodologias da upiratesad emociuri datvirTva SesZina literaturis-qmnadobis process ; b) mowesrigebuli emociuri formis meSveobiT gamokveTa poeziis eTikuroba.

formis Teoria Tamamad SeiZleba miviCnioT aristote-les `poetikis~ umniSvnelovanes damsaxurebad. arsebiTi gansxvaveba aristoteleseul `cxovrebasa~ da `trage-dias~ Soris swored is aris, rom tragedias gaaCnia dasa-wyisi, Sua adgili da dasasruli, sistematizebuli da lo-gikuri forma, romlis yoveli nawili mWidrod ukavSir-deba erTmaneTs. magram, formis logikurobis idea aris-toteles moZRvrebaSi mudmivad ikveTeba formis eTiku-robis ideasTan: tragediis gmiri aris `is, vinc dids pati-viscemaSi da bednierebaSi myofTagan ganirCeva ara saTno-ebiTa da simarTliT, da vinc ubedurebaSi vardeba ara si-avisa da simdablisaTvis, aramed raRac Secdomis gamo, rogorc, magaliTad, oidipusi da Tiestesi da amdagvari gamoCenili mamakacebi~ (aristotele 1944: 27). tragediis gmirs imTaviTve aqvs bzari (marTalia, misi nebisgan damo-ukideblad), romelic iwvevs, erTi mxriv, gmiris gaubedu-rebas, meore mxriv ki _ damkvirveblis (mkiTxvelis, mayu-reblis) swor reaqcias: ara aRSfoTebas an imedgacruebas, aramed _ SiSsa da sibraluls, rogorc marTuli, trage-diis logikur formasTan koordinirebuli emociur-eTi-kuri formis gamovlinebebs.

formis logikuri da eTikuri Teoriebis kvladakval, aristoteles mier ganxorcielebul warmatebul poeti-kur eqsperimentad unda miviCnioT formis struqturuli Teoriis Camoyalibebac, rasac `poetikis~ avtori isev da isev tragediis magaliTze ganixilavs.

tragediis struqturuli standartis idea aristote-lem tragediis ganmartebaSive Cado: `maS, aucilebelia,

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rom tragediis nawilebi iyos eqvsi, ris mixedviTad tra-gedias aqvs raime garkveuli buneba. es nawilebia: ambavi, xasiaTi, gansja, samzeri, saTqmeli da sagalobeli~ (aristotele 1944: 15).

aRniSnuli Targmani ekuTvnis profesor sergi daneli-as. sayuradReboa, rom igive fragmentis baCana bregvaZise-uli, agreTve, rusulenovani da inglisurenovani Targma-nebi garkveul gansxvavebebs iZleva.

b. bregvaZis mier SemoTavazebuli interpretacia amgvaria:

`tragedias aucileblad unda hqondes eqvsi nawili, romlebic gansazRvraven mTels mis raobas. es nawilebia : fabula, xasiaTebi, azrovneba, speqtaklis mxatvruli ga-formeba, stili da musikaluri kompozicia~ (aristotele 1976: 83).

m. gasparovis TargmanSi vkiTxulobT: „[a8] Итак, во всякой трагедии необходимо должно быть шесть

частей, соответственно которым она бывает какова-нибудь: это сказание (μΰθος), характеры (’ήθη), речь (λέξις), мысль (διάνοια), зрелище (ǒφις) и музыкальная часть (μέλος)“∗.

maSin rodesac v. apelrotis TargmanSi naTqvamia: „Итак, необходимо, чтобы в каждой трагедии было шесть час-

тей, на основании чего трагедия бывает какою-нибудь. Части эти суть: фабула, характеры, разумность, сценическая обстановка, сло-весное выражение и музыкальная композиция“.

inglisur enaze v. h. faifis TargmanSi fragmenti Sem-degi saxiT ikiTxeba:

“Necessarily then every tragedy has six constituent parts, and on the-se its quality depends. These are plot, character, diction, thought, spec-tacle, and song”.

aseve, inglisur enaze s. h. buCeri Targmnis:

∗ poetikis~ teqstis Targmanebi rusul da inglisur enebze ixileT veb-gver-debze: www.nevmenenadr.net/poetica/aristotle.php, www.aristotel-poetika.allphilosophers.ru

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“Every Tragedy, therefore, must have six parts, which parts deter-mine its quality — namely, Plot, Character, Diction, Thought, Spectac-le, Song”.

xolo i. biveiTeri wers: „There are six parts consequently of every tragedy, as a whole, that

is, of such or such quality, viz. a Fable or Plot, Characters, Diction, Thought, Spectacle and Melody“;

zemoT moyvanil TargmanebSi warmodgenilia gansxvave-buli interpretaciebi sabaziso cnebisa μΰθος. gamoiyofa xuTi jgufi. cnebas μΰθος 1) b. bregvaZe da v. apelroti Targmnian, rogorc rogorc `fabulas~; 2) s. danelia Tar-gmnis rogorc `ambavs~; 3) m. gasparovi Targmnis rogorc `Tqmulebas~ (сказание); 4) v. h. faifi da s. h. buCeri Tar-gmnian rogorc `siuJets~ (plot); 5) biveTeri Targmnis ro-gorc `fabulas~ an `siuJets~.

sruliad cxadia, rom am terminis swori interpetacia aristoteleseuli formis struqturuli Teoriis gasa-Rebs unda warmoadgendes. berZnulidan pirdapiri Tar-gmanis gziT, cneba μΰθος niSnavs `ambavs~*. magram ras gu-lisxmobs aristotele aRniSnul terminSi _ ambavs, ro-gorc faqtebis krebsiT mTlianobas, Tu ambavs, rogorc moqmedebaTa da movlenaTa saerTo qargas? miTs Tu mi-Tisqmnadobas? fabulas Tu siuJets? an iqneb orives er-Tad? aq gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens cnebis swori axsna da maqsimaluri TavdaWeriloba misi terminad for-mirebis saqmeSi. Tavisi Targmanis sqolioSi s. danelia mi-uTiTebs: `ambavi, e.i. is, rasac dRes zogi eZaxis fabulas, zogi _ siuJets~ (aristotele 1944: 15). komentari Tavad metyvelebs Seqmnil terminologiur bundovanebaze, rac, rogor zemoT davinaxeT, inerciiT grZeldeba `poetikis~ Targmanis araerT versiaSi (am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTre-bul yuradRebas iqcevs biveTeriseuli versia). 1958 wels

* saWiro masalis mowodebisa da daxmarebisaTvis madlobas movaxsenebT profesor rusudan canavas.

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gamocemul ZvelberZnul-rusul leqsikonSi (t. II) cnebis μΰθος ganmartebis me-10 punqtad miTiTebulia _ сказание, предание, миф, xolo me-12 punqtad _ сюжет, фабула.

aseT viTarebaSi rTulia, daadanaSaulo mTargmneli araswor terminologiur poziciaSi, Tumca, savsebiT Se-saZlebelia, Seedavo mas terminologiur siTamameSi. aana-lizebs ra sityvis terminad qcevis process antikur epo-qaSi, s. averincevi wers: `Tanamedrove filosofiuri teq-stebisagan gansxvavebiT, antikur avtorebTan TiToeul mniSvnelovan sityvasTan mimarTebiT ismis kiTxva: termi-nia igi Tu ara. es ki Zalian mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, radgan Tu ar gvesmis termini _ romelic specifikuria epoqis, avtorisa da teqstisaTvis _ teqstis analizs ver Sevud-gebiT. klasikuri berZnuli teqstebis terminologia Tvi-sebrivad gansxvavdeba Semdgomi periodis teqstebisagan. klasikuri periodis teqtebis terminebi TiTqmis mkiTxve-lis Tvalwin `ibadebian~. am epoqis filosofiur termi-nebs jer ara aqvT mravalsaukunovani tradiciebi da fun-qcionirebis specifikuri areali. es sityvebi ufro xSi-rad `Sinauri~, `is, rac pirvelad mohyva xels~ sityvebia~ (canava 2009: 126). aristotele swored is filosofosia, romelic dabejiTebiT iwyebs sityvebis `terminebad qce-vis~ process (mag., `kaTarsisi~), Tumca, procesis dawyeba sulac ar niSnavs mis imTaviTve srulyofas. marTebulad SeniSnavs averincevi: `Cveulebrivi sityva, rogorc wesi, filosofiur terminad uSualod ar gardaisaxeba, man unda gaiaros Sualeduri rgoli. terminis dabadebisaT-vis saWiroa Zvra. . . yoveldRiur mimoqcvaSi arsebul si-tyvasa da filosofiur termins Soris unda iyos zona, romelSic sityvebi Tavisufldebian mtkice (mkacri) kav-Sirebisgan, maTTvis miCneuli `adgilisgan~ da iZvrian am adgilidan. es aris metaforis zona. . . Cveulebrivi sity-visaTvis terminad qceva aris `gardasaxva sxva gvarad~, e.i. avantiura. imisaTvis, rom erTi leqsikuri rigidan meore-Si gadavides, man unda gaiaros gadataniTi sityvis, e.i me-

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taforis `mdgomareoba~. am dros sityvis SesaZleblobebi moulodnelad farTovdeba, igi Rebulobs Tavisuflebas (romelsac dakargavs terminad gardasaxvis Semdgom)” (canava 2009: 128). vfiqrobT, aristoteleuli μΰθος swo-red amgvar sityvaTa rigs ganekuTvneba: `poetikis~ avto-ri mas metaforuli Tavisuflebis zonaSi ganaTavsebs, aq-cevs gaxsnil konstruqciad, romelic Riaa intrpretaci-uli saxesxvaobebisaTvis da ara terminologiuri Sez-RudvisaTvis. antikuri μΰθος–is moTavseba `fabulis~ an `siuJetis~ Tanamedrove terminologiur CarCoSi imde-nadve gaumarTlebelia, ramdenadac dRevandeli filo-logiuri kvlevebis procesSi aprobirebuli `fabulisa~ da `siuJetis~ terminTa Canacvleba antikuri μΰθος-iT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi es sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis tolfasia, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ gadaWarbebuli termi-nologiuri sifrTxilisa. am TvalsazrisiT, zemoT moyva-nili Targmanebidan CvenTvis misaRebi da sarwmunoa sergi daneliaseuli ambavi da gasparoviseuli сказание (Tqmu-leba), rac gamoxatavs mTargmnelTa koreqtul damokide-

bulebas aristoteleseuli sityvisadmi. ∗ Tumca, me-8 Tav-Si qarTveli mTargmneli mainc ver izRvevs Tavs misi dro-is terminologiuri tendenciebisagan da `ambavs~ xsnis rogorc `fabulas~ (aristotele 1944: 19) da SemdgomSic araerTgzis axdens sityvis Canacvlebas am terminiT. rac Seexeba gasparovs, is uars ambobs nebismier terminolo-giur dakonkretebaze da bolomde inarCunebs Tavisufal interpretaciul pozicias.

ambavi _ interpretaciuli dazusteba:

∗ naSromSi gamoviyenebT arsitoteles sityvis Targmanis sergi daneliaseul versias _ `ambavi~, ukumSvelad, mxolod garkveuli interpretaciuli da-zustebiT. rac Seexeba gasparoviseul `Tqmulebas~, aq, Targmanis mizanSewo-nilobisda miuxedavad, garkveul sifrTxiles gamoviCenT _ Tavad sityvis `Tqmulebis~ momcvelobidan gamomdinare, moveridebiT mis gamoyenebas.

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migvaCnia, rom sityvis μΰθος–is danergvisas aristote-le gulisxmobda ara ambavs, rogorc realobis mibaZvas anu faqtebis krebsiT mTlianobas, aramed ambavs, rogorc miTisqmnadobis Sedegs anu moqmedebaTa da movlenaTa sa-erTo qargas. aristoteleseuli μΰθος Tavisi struqtu-riT ierarqiulia, vinaidan moicavs pirvelad faqtebsa da miTebze dafuZnebul movlenaTa ganviTarebas _ miTis-qmnadobas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ayalibebs moqmedebaTa saerTo-mxatvrul sistemas.

Cveni poziciis metad argumentirebisTvis, Tvali gava-devnoT igive fragmentis momdevno nawilebis inter-pretacias:

s. daneliaseuli interpretacia: `amaT Soris (igulisxmeba tragediis eqvsi niSani _ i.r.)

yvelaze umniSvnelovanesia moqmedebaTa sistema. trage-dia xom aris asaxva ara adamianTa, aramed moqmedebisa da cxovrebisa bednierebaSi da ubedurebaSi. xolo bedniere-ba da ubedureba moqmedebaSia mocemuli, da Cveni mizanic aris raime moqmedeba da ara uqmi Tviseba. adamianebi ama Tu im Tvisebis mqone arian Tavisi xasiaTis gamo; moqmede-baTa gamo ki isini an bednierni arian, an amis sawinaaRmde-go. amitom poetebi cdiloben ara imaze, raTa xasiaTebi asaxon, aramed isini moqmedebaTa asaxvis saSualebiT Ta-nac xasiaTebsac iWeren xolme. ase rom, moqmedebebi da am-bavi _ ai ra aris mizani tragediisa, mizani ki yvelaferze ufro didia. garda amisa, moqmedebis gareSe tragedia ver Seiqmneboda, xasiaTebis gareSe ki Seiqmneboda. . . garda amisa, rom vinmem mwyobrad daalagos zneobrivi sentenci-ebi da kargad Camoqnili sityvebi da azrebi, igi amiT ver Seqmnis WeSmarit tragedias, aramed amaze ufro ukeTesi iqneba is tragedia, romelsac es yvelaferi aklia, magram aqvs ambavi da moqmedebaTa sistema. . . maS, tragediis sawyi-si da ase vTqvaT, suli aris ambavi, mere ki _ xasiaTebi~ (aristotele 1944: 16).

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b. bregvaZiseuli versia: `am nawilTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania moqmedebaTa

saerTo qarga, radgan tragedia ara marto kacTa mibaZvaa, aramed maTi qmediTobisa da sicocxlis, maTi bednierebisa da ubedurebis mibaZvac aris. xolo bednierebac da ube-durebac moqmedebaSi vlindeba. amitom tragediis mizani sakuTriv moqmedebis raobaa da ara moqmedebis ubralo unaris Cveneba. . . ase rom, tragediis mizani sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara moqmedeba da fabula, xolo mizani yvelaze ufro arsebiTia. egec ar iyos, moqmedebis gareSe trage-dia ukve aRar iqneboda tragedia. maSin rodesac xasiaTe-bis gareSe is mainc inarCunebs Tavis raobas. . . isic unda iTqvas, rom eTikuri Segonebebisa da natifi sityvebisa Tu gamoTqmebis mwyobri kavSiriT gadmocema sulac ar niSnavs tragediis winaSe dasaxuli miznis miRwevas. piri-qiT, Tavis mizans ufro umal miaRwevs tragedia, romelic gacilebiT mets scodavs am mxriv, magram amasTan, fabu-lisa Tu moqmedebis saerTo qargis srulqmnilebiT gamo-irCeva. . . amrigad, tragediis sawyisi da, Tu SeiZleba, ase iTqvas, misi suli aris fabula, meore adgili ekuTvnis xasiaTebs, vinaidan tragedia moqmedebis mibaZvaa” (aristotele 1976: 83).

m. gasparoviseuli versia: „Но самая важная из <этих частей> — склад событий. [a16]

В самом деле, трагедия есть подражание не <пассивным> людям, но действию, жизни, счастью: <а счастье и> несчастье состоят в де-йствии. [a18] И цель <трагедии — изобразить> какое-то дейс-твие, а не качество, между тем как характеры придают людям именно качества, а счастливыми и несчастливыми они бывают <только> в результате действия. . . таким образом, цель траге-дии составляют события, сказание, а цель важнее всего. [а23] Кроме того, без действия трагедия не возможна, а без характеров возможна. . . Далее: если кто расположит подряд характерные речи (ρήσεις ήθικαι), отлично сделанные и по словам и по мыслям, то <все же> не выполнит задачу трагедии; а трагедия, хоть и меньше

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пользующаяся всем этим, но содержащая сказание и склад собы-тий, <достигнет этого> куда лучше. . . Стало быть, начало и как бы душа трагедии — именно сказание, и <только> во вторую очередь — характеры“.

v. apelrotiseuli versia: „Но самое важное в этом — состав происшествий, так как

трагедия есть подражание не людям, но действию и жизни, счастью и злосчастью, а счастье и злосчастье заключаются в действии; и цель [трагедии — изобразить] какое-нибудь действие, а не ка-чество; люди же бывают какими-нибудь по своему характеру, а по действиям — счастливыми или наоборот. . . следователь-но, действия и фабула составляют цель трагедии, а цель важнее всего. Кроме того, без действия не могла бы существовать траге-дия, а без характеров могла бы. . . Далее, если кто составит подряд характерные изречения, превосходные выражения и мысли, тот не достигнет того, что составляет задачу трагедии, но гораздо скорее достигнет этого трагедия, пользующаяся всем этим в меньшей сте-пени, но имеющая фабулу и сочетание действий. . . Итак, фабула есть основа и как бы душа трагедии, а за нею уже следуют харак-теры, ибо трагедия есть подражание действию, а поэтому особенно действующим лицам“.

v. h. faifiseuli versia: „The most important of these is the arrangement of the incidents, for

tragedy is not a representation of men but of a piece of action, of life, of happiness and unhappiness, which come under the head of action, and the end aimed at is the representation not of qualities of character but of some action; and while character makes men what they are, [20] it’s their actions and experiences that make them happy or the opposite. They do not therefore act to represent character, but character-study is included for the sake of the action. It follows that the incidents and the plot are the end at which tragedy aims, and in everything the end aimed at is of prime importance. Moreover, you could not have a tragedy without action, but you can have one with out character-study... A further argument is that if a man writes a series of speeches full of

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character and excellent in point of diction and thought, he will not achi-eve the proper function of tragedy nearly so well as a tragedy which, while inferior in these qualities, has a plot or arrangement of inci-dents. . . The plot then is the first principle and as it were the soul of tragedy: character comes second“.

s. h. buCeriseuli versia: „But most important of all is the structure of the incidents. For

Tragedy is an imitation, not of men, but of an action and of life, and life consists in action, and its end is a mode of action, not a quality. Now character determines men’s qualities, but it is by their actions that they are happy or the reverse. Dramatic action, therefore, is not with a view to the representation of character: character comes in as subsidiary to the actions. Hence the incidents and the plot are the end of a tragedy; and the end is the chief thing of all. Again, without action there cannot be a tragedy; there may be without character. . . Again, if you string to-gether a set of speeches expressive of character, and well finished in point of diction and thought, you will not produce the essential tragic ef-fect nearly so well as with a play which, however deficient in these res-pects, yet has a plot and artistically constructed incidents. . . The plot, then, is the first principle, and, as it were, the soul of a tragedy; Character holds the second place“.

i. biveiTeriseuli versia: „Tragedy i.e.sentially an imitation not of persons but of action and

life, of happiness and misery. All human happiness or misery takes the form of action; the end for which we live is a certain kind of activity, not a quality. Characte.g.ves us qualities, but it is in our actions — what we do — that we are happy or the reverse. In a play accordingly they do not act in order to portray the Characters; they include the Characters for the sake of the action. So that it is the action in it, i.e. its Fable or Plot, that is the end and purpose of the tragedy; and the end i.e.erywhere the chief thing. Besides this, a tragedy is impossible without action, but there may be one without Character. . . And again: one may string to-gether a series of characteristic speeches of the utmost finish as regards Diction and Thought, and yet fail to produce the true tragi.e.fect; but one

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will have much better success with a tragedy which, however inferior in these respects, has a Plot, a combination of incidents, in it. . . We mai-ntain, therefore, that the first essential, the life and soul, so to speak, of Tragedy is the Plot; and that the Characters come second “.

im interpretaciebidan gamomdinare, romelsac aristo-tele Tan aaxlebs Tavis μΰθος —s (ixileT zemoT moyvanili citatebi, agreTve, `poetikis~ teqstis me-6, me-7, me-8, me-9 Tavebi), vfiqrobT, sruliad cxadia, rom aristoteles formis struqturuli Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgens miTosi _ ambavi, romelic ar gulisxmobs martivad mov-lenebis mibaZvas anu faqtebis krebsiT da Tanamimdevrul simravles, rac Tanamedrove specialur literaturaSi iwodeba `fabulad~, da arc miTs, romelsac efuZneba an-tikuri tragedia, aramed _ ufro mets, faqtebze agebul da miTis safuZvelze mimdinare axali miTisqmnadobis processa da Sedegs, rogorc moqmedebaTa saerTo-mxat-

vrul qargas, romelic met-naklebad uaxlovdeba∗ lite-raturaTmcodneebis mier dResdReobiT `siuJetis~ ter-miniT gansazRvrul elements da romelic erTdroulad moicavs da efuZneba pirvel ors (faqtebsa da miTs). magram, aristoteleseuli μΰθος—is daSla calkeul ter-minebad, meTodologiur doneze, mxolod me-20 saukuneSi ganxorcielda da iqac Zalze winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi SeiZina (rusuli formaluri skola, inglisuri kritika, franguli poststruqturalizmi, naratologia da sxva). miT umetes, naCqarevi da gaumarTlebelia specialuri terminebis Semotana antikuri epoqis teqstSi. `miTosi gansakuTrebuli tipia azrovnebisa, _ aRniSnavs z. kikna-Ze, _ romelic gansxvavdeba sinamdvilis mxatvruli asax-visagan, ramdenadac mas surs sagnebisa da movlenebis igi-veoba dainaxos da xedavs kidec~ (kiknaZe 2008: 55). rodesac saqme gvaqvs aseTi sirTulis sistemis erT-erTi yvelaze

∗ am distanciis naratologiur dasabuTebas warmogidgenT amave narkvevis meoTxe nawilSi.

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adreuli CarTvisa literaturul diskursSi, kerZod, an-tikur literaturul diskursSi, romelmac `Tavisi Ziri-Tadi saTqmeli Semofargla miTiT~ (lou 2007: 24), proce-sis morgeba Tanamedrove terminologiur aparatze kon-ceptualur uzustobas warmoadgens. amgvari praqtika, Se-iZleba, terminologiurad ufro moqnils xdis `poetikis~ teqsts, magram azianebs mis Sinaarsobriv mxares. sasurve-lia, Targmani srulad icavdes im distanciasa da bundo-vanebas (an Tundac metaforulobasa da enigmaturobas), romelsac Tavad aristotele icavs ambavs, miTsa da mi-Tisqmnadobas Soris da aaxlovebs gamonagonis missave koncefciasTan.

pirveli antikuri poetikis SemqmnelisaTvis mxatvru-li ambavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes ganmasxvavebel ni-Sans (nebismieri sxva tipis werilobiTi teqstebisagan) swored gamonagoni warmoadgens: `ara is, Tu ra moxda, aramed is, Tu ra moxdeboda da ra aris albaTobisa an aucileblobis mixedviT SesaZlebeli. . . istorikosi da poeti urTierTisagan gansxvavdebian imiT, rom pirveli laparakobs imis Sesaxeb, rac moxda, meore ki laparakobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeiZleboda momxdariyo~ (aristotele 1944: 20). Sesabamisad, `poezia ufro filosofiuria da ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre istoria. poezias ufro metad mxedvelobaSi aqvs zogadi, istorias ki ufro metad mxed-velobaSi aqvs calkeuli~ (aristotele 1944: 20). aristo-teles mier SemoTavazebuli `zogadze~ orientirebuloba universalur SesaZleblobebs sZens poezias, saSualebas aZlevs, araTu daSordes ideals (rogorc amas platoni acxadebda), aramed metadre miuaxlovdes mas. es procesi aireklavs aristoteles azrovnebis stilisaTvis damaxa-siaTebel `teleologiur svlas~ (r. harlandis termini) dasaxuli miznidan Sesrulebis manerisaken, anu Sedegidan _ ukan, xerxisaken. xerxi, am SemTxvevaSi, mimarTulia: a) am-bavis struqturuli agebulebis dadgenisaken; b) ambavis eTikur-emociuri intenciisken. `poetikis~ avtori mudmi-

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vad eswrafvis im normatiuli sqemebis dadgenas, romel-mac unda daakmayofilos Janri struqturuli da eTikur-emociuri TvalsazrisiT.

struqturul normaTa rigs ganekuTvneba aristoteles vrceli msjeloba teqstSi moTxrobili ambavis (miTosis) formalur aspeqtze, romlis Tanaxmadac ambavi, erTi mxriv, tragediis struqturis nawilia, xolo meore mxriv _ damoukidebeli struqtura sakuTari elementebiTa da kanonebiT, `poetikis~ avtoris mier:

1. ambavi CarTulia tragediis eqvsi ZiriTadi elemen-tis nusxaSi da gansazRvrulia rogorc tragediis `suli~ da `umTavresi principi~ (aristotele 1944: 16);

2. aRniSnulia, rom, misi klasikuri gagebiT, ambavi aris moqmedebis mibaZva da warmoadgens mTels (mTlianobas), romelsac aqvs logikurad mowesrigebuli dasawyisi, Sua da dasasruli. struqturuli mTlianobis darRveva _ ga-daadgileba an amoReba _ ganxilulia rogorc monoli-Turi mTelis daSlisa da darRvevis realuri saSiSroeba (aristotele 1944: 19-20);

3. calkea gamomijnuli epizoduri ambavi, romelSic moqmedebaTa Tanamimdevroba `arc damajerebelia da arc aucilebeli~, rac aristoteles azriT, bevrad amcirebs teqstis xarisxs (aristotele 1944: 22);

4. diferencirebulia ambavis martivi da rTuli (dax-larTuli) qargebi: pirvel SemTxvevaSi bedis cvlileba ar

ukavSirdeba peripetiasa∗ da anagnorisiss∗∗, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi aucileblad gamoiyeneba an erTi, an _ meore, anac _ orive xerxi (aristotele 1944: 23). saukeTeso Sem-Txvevad miCneulia anagnorisisa da peripetiis Tanxvedra.

∗ peripetia niSnavs `uecar cvlilebas~, rasac antikur tragediaSi aristo-tele bedisweris moulodnel cvlilebas ukavSirebs, ZiriTadad _ dacemas, daRmasvlas. cxadia, sxva Janris teqstebSi mas sxvagvari daniSnuleba, sapi-rispiroc ki, SeiZleba hqondes. ∗∗ anagnorisisi niSnavs `gamocnobas~, rasac antikur tragediaSi aristote-le ukavSirebs gadasvlas arcodnis fazidan codnis fazaSi.

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5. Sejerebulia ambavis `moculobiTi~∗ elementebi: `moculobis mixedviT da imis mixedviT, Tu ra nawilebad ganiyofeba tragedia, es nawilebi aseTebia: prologi, epi-zodioni, eqsodosi da xoros samReri, xolo am ukanas-knels aqvs Tavisi nawilebi _ parodosi da stasimoni. es nawilebi saerToa yvela tragediisaTvis, xolo komosebi da simRerebi scenidan zogierTi tragediis Tavisebure-baa~ (aristotele 1944: 25).

aristoteles mier SemoTavazebuli preparireba amba-visa calkeul nawilebad, romelTa kompetencia teqstSi scdeba realobis farglebs, vfiqrobT, ganamtkicebs ndo-bas ambavis cnebis zemoT SemoTavazebuli interpretaci-isadmi: sruliad cxadia, rom aristoteleseuli ambavi ar sjerdeba mxolod realuri moqmedebis mibaZvas anu ar asrulebs mxolod meqanikur operacias (gansxvavebiT platonis mosazrebisgan), aramed gaigivebulia moqmede-bis qmnadobisa da ganviTarebis SemoqmedebiT procesTan, rac, prioritetulad efuZneba gamonagonis esTetikas. `poetikis~ 24-e TavSi aristotele garkveviT wers: `saWi-roa, raTa SeuZlebeli dasajerebeli umal varCioT SesaZ-lebel daujerebels~ (aristotele 1944: 54). Tuki cita-tis interpretacias movaxdenT, davaskvniT, rom aristo-teleseul gamonagonSi upiratesoba eniWeba savaraudod SesaZlebels, romelic ar warmoadgens realur aucileb-lobas, magram aris sarwmuno (SesaZlebeli SeuZlebloba); naklebad Rirebulia saWiroebisamebr SesaZlebeli, rome-lic realuria, magram ar aris sarwmuno (SeuZlebeli Se-saZlebloba). `poetikis~ teqsti cxadyofs, rom misi avto-ris TvalsazrisiT, poeziisaTvis ufro metad mniSvne-lobs SesaZlebeli SeuZlebloba, vidre _ SeuZlebeli Se-saZlebloba (aristotele 1944: 54), vinaidan am ganwyobiT poeti ufro metad uaxlovdeba ideals, xolo literatu-

∗ sergi daneliaseuli komentaris Tanaxmad, aq aristotele gulisxmobs tragediis ara Tvisebriv, aramed meqanikur nawilebs.

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ra _ universalizmis im kondicias, romelsac ase mtkiced icavs aristotele. aristoteleseuli gamonagoni Sreob-rivi sistemaa, sadac, i. Stalis marTebuli mosazrebiT: `SeuZlebeli SesaZleblobis adgili umniSvneloa. da rode-sac aristotele saubrobs warmatebul gamonagonze, mas TiTqmis yovelTvis, mxedvelobaSi aqvs gamonagoni, rogorc SesaZlebloba, varaudis an saWiroebis Tanaxmad, da TiTqmis arasodros ar gulisxmobs gamonagons, rogorc SeuZleblo-bas. . . damajerebloba, sarwmunooba _ warmoadgens homero-sisSemdgomi poeziis ZiriTad princips~ (Stali 1975: 45).

rogor miiRweva gamonagonis sarwmunooba? damajerebeli gamonagoni realuri moqmedebisadmi mi-

baZvis safuZvelze iqmneba (vinaidan poezia, Tavisi arsiT, aris realobis baZva), Tumca, `poetis saqmea Tqvas ara is, Tu ra moxda, aramed is, Tu ra moxdeboda da ra aris albaTobisa an aucileblobis mixedviT SesaZlebeli~ (aristotele 1944: 20). anu, `poets evaleba ara realuri, namdvilad momxdari faqtebis fiqsireba, romlebsac sru-liad gamokveTili azri da mniSvneloba aqvT _ `momxdar-ni arian~, _ aramed, evaleba Tavad Seqmnas axali faqtebi, is, rac `SesaZloa momxdariyo~, Seqmnas ise, rom gamoigo-nos maTi SesaZlebloba varaudis an saWiroebis mixedviT~ (Stali 1975: 39). `poetikis~ me-9 TavSi vkiTxulobT: `. . .mas Semdeg, rac Sedgenilia fabula albaTobis mixedviT, ko-mediis avtorebs SeaqvT fabulaSi SemTxveviTi saxelebi da, iambografebisagan gansxvavebiT, isini ar aZleven gmi-rebs saxelebs namdvil pirovnebaTa mixedviT~ (aristotele 1944 : 21). am frazis vrcel komentarSi sergi danelia wers: `aristoteles aseTi ram dauSveblad miaCnia rogorc sa-zogadod poeziisaTvis, ise kerZod, komediisaTvisac, ro-melic poeziis erT-erTi sxeobaa. poezia unda Seicavdes ganzogadebas. igi unda iZleodes tips da ara degerotips, _ ase SegveZlo gamogveTqva Cvens enaze aristoteles az-ri~ (aristotele 1944: 21). realoba SeiZleba iyos pirvel-safuZveli, magram ver iqneba yvelaferi _ winaaRmdeg Sem-

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TxvevaSi ambavi, miT umetes tragikuli, dakargavs mo-ulodnelis, sakvirvelisa da gansacvifrebelis emociur muxts, xolo ambavis struqturuli agebuleba ver ganzav-deba ambavisave eTikur-emociur intenciasTan.

swored moulodnelis, sakvirvelisa da gansacvifrebe-lis efeqtiT gamowveuli emociuri fonis Seqmna Seadgens aristoteleseuli gamonagonis, anu poetis (mwerlis) Se-moqmedebiTi fantaziis umTavres funqcias teqstSi. Sesa-bamisad, antikuri epoqis dramaturgi sworad unda operi-rebdes tragediis ganmsazRvreli rogorc faqtobrivi elementiT _ bedisweriT, ise emociuri elementiT _ konfliqtiT.

berZnul tragediebSi warmodgenili konfliqtebis mra-

valferovanebisa da gansxvavebulobis miuxedavad∗, savse-biT SesaZlebelia saerTo metateqsturi maxasiaTeblebis dadgena, rac, Tavis mxriv, garkveuli klasifikaciis sa-Sualebas iZleva. antikuri tragediisaTvis niSandoblivi konfliqti: a) arsobrivad sagangebo da ukiduresia, ar eq-vemdebareba kompromiss an Serigebas; b) viTardeba dagvi-anebiT, rodesac ZiriTadi krizisi ukve damdgaria da mo-rigebis araviTari saSualeba aRar arsebobs; g) aris ara Tavisufali arCevani, aramed _ ganviTarebul movlenaTa logikuri Sedegi, mimarTuli sayovelTao katastrofisa-ken; d) moicavs gacilebiT met sferoebs, vidre calkeul personaJTa Seurigebeli poziciaa _ vrceldeba praqti-kulad mTel teqstze, yovel qmedebasa da detalze, riTac scdeba personaliebis sivrces da iZens masStabur, siR-rmiseul xasiaTs.

konfliqtis ganviTareba antikur tragediaSi mWidrod ukavSirdeba bedisweris elements, xolo maTi rTuli ur-TierTmimarTebis Sesafaseblad davimowmebT peter buri-anis Zalze sayuradRebo mosazrebas: `bediswera yvelgan-

∗ antikuri tragediis xasiaTTa konfliqtis problemas mogvianebiT gaaaq-tiurebs da axali interpretaciiT datvirTavs hegeli Tavis `esTetikaSi~.

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myofia, Tundac im TvalsazrisiT, rom ambavis dasasruli windawinvea cnobili, farTo gagebiT, nebismier WrilSi, da mayurebelma icis, rogor ganviTardeba movlenebi, ro-melTac bolomde gaurbian personaJebi. bediswera moxa-zavs ambavis, rogorc mTelis SesaZlebelis limitebs, vi-naidan is moqmedebs rogorc `utyuari kontroli~ mayu-reblisaTvis, romelmac icis, rom troas omi namdvilad moxda, rom klitemnestram namdvilad mokla agamemnoni, roca is Sin dabrunda da a.S. dramaturgi, arsebiTad, ga-Tavisuflebulia saWiroebisagan, Seqmnas siuJeturi in-triga, Tumca, nacvlad amisa, valdebulia, amuSaos bedis-wera Tavis sasargeblod, rogorc dramatuli daZabulo-bis agebis iaraRi. metic, bedisweris aRsruleba SeiZleba CaiTvalos mayurebelTa rogorc moraluri, ise esTeti-kuri dakamyofilebis procesis ganuyrel nawilad” (buriani 1997: 182-183).

maS, antikuri tragediid avtors isRa darCenoda, rom Teatris sulganabuli mayurebeli dramatuli gancdebis gziT mieyvana winaswar gansazRvruli dasasrulisaken. repertuaris mravalferovnebas, am SemTxvevaSi, arc didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda da arc maincdamainc moiTxovebo-da. antikuri Teatris repertuari, Tematurad, miTebis sakmaod SezRudul wres efuZneboda: Tavad aristoteles TqmiT, `rigi ojaxebis~ ambebs, dakavSirebuls troasa da Tebes legendarul istoriebTan (aristotele 1944: 27-28). metic, xSirad zogierT uZveles Tqmulebas xelovnurad aTavsebdnen tragediis dadgenil Tematur da struqtu-rul yalibSi da am gziT rTavdnen saerTodramatul pro-cesSi. antikuri tragediis ambebi, igive piter burianis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba ramdenime Sinaarsobriv mode-lad dajgufdes: `damsaxurebuli sasjelis” modeli, da-fuZnebuli warsul danaSaulze, romelmac, amasTanave, Se-iZleba moicvas konfliqti RmerTebsa da mokvdavebs So-ris, sadac mokvdavis mier RvTiuris gamowveva misi des-truqciiT mTavrdeba; `msxverplSewirvis~ modeli, rome-

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lic efuZneba krizisis pirobebSi, personaJisa da sazoga-doebis saWiroebebsa da survilebs Soris aRmocenebul konfliqts da msxverplis nebayoflobiTi Tavganwirvis Se-degad wydeba sazogadoebis sasargeblod; `vedrebis” mo-deli, dafuZnebuli sammag konfrontaciaze, rodesac ma-vedrebeli an mavedrebelTa jgufi, romelsac devnis ul-mobeli mteri, iTxovs mfarvelobas mmarTvelisagan da isic valdebulia, Seasrulos Tavisi misia, Tundac Zalis gamoyenebiT; `xsnis~ modeli, romelic efuZneba princi-pebis moulodnel gaerTianebas saerTo mtris damarcxe-bisa da sakuTari gadarCenis mizniT; `dabruneba-cnobis~ modeli, romelic efuZneba mTavari personaJis mier misi WeSmariti identobis arcodnas _ rodesac personaJma ar icis Tavisi namdvili vinaoba, magram urTulesi Sinagani da garegani winaaRmdegobebis daZlevis Sedegad Seicnobs mas. xSirad antikuri tragedia ramdenime modelis kombi-nirebasac axdens (buriani 1997: 187-189). Tuki gaviziarebT mkvlevris mier SemoTavazebul klasifikacias, mivalT daskvnamde, rom antikur epoqaSi Seqmnili tragediebis recefciias mTavaria ara is, Tu ras mogviTxrobs tragi-kosi, aramed is, Tu rogor mogviTxrobs da rogor iTrevs mayurebels warmodgenis procesSi.

`tragedia aris asaxva ara mxolod dasrulebulis, ara-med agreTve SiSisa da sibralulis aRmZvreli movlenebi-sa, _ wers aristotele, _ xolo es grZnobebi Zalian ad-vilad ibadebian maSin, rodesac movlenebi molodinis ga-reSe Cndebian, ufro advilad ki maSin, rodesac es movle-nebi molodinis gareSe Cndebian erTmaneTis gamo*. amgvari movlenebi ufro sakvirveli iqneba, vidre iseTi, romelic xdeba TavisTavad da ucabedad, vinaidan ucabedad mom-xdar movlenaTa Soris yvelaze sakvirvelni arian isini, romlebic TiTqo ganzrax moxdnen~ (aristotele 1944: 23). ambavi, gajerebuli moulodneli peripetiebiT, sakvirve-

* igulisxmeba movlenaTa logikuri urTierTganpirobebuloba.

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li gamocnoba/ver-gamocnobiT da gansacvifrebeli cod-na/ucodinarobiT pirdapiri gzaa aristoteles `poeti-kis~ mTavari eTikuri da emociuri samiznis _ SiSisa da

sibralulisaken∗: `tragedia unda iyos ara martivi, ara-med rTuli, xolo tragediis es rTuli Sedgeniloba unda iyos SiSisa da sibralulis aRmZvrel saqmeTa asaxva~ (aristotele 1944: 26), acxadebs elini brZeni.

aristoteleseuli SiSisa da sibralulis aRZvra mxo-lod rigianad daweril tragedias ZaluZs da rogorc er-Ti, ise meore emociuri mdgomareoba mayurebelze an msme-nelzea gaTvlili: `saWiroa, raTa fabula ise iyos Sed-genili, rom is, vinc ismens momxdar ambavs, SemTxvevebis daunaxavadac caxcaxebdes da sibraluliT ivsebodes~ (aristotele 1944: 29). formula naTelia: avtorma imgva-rad unda SeTxzas ambavi, rom SeZras mayurebelica da msmenelic. aq, cxadia, logikuri iqneboda saubari stilis principebze, romelsac mxatvruli teqstis avtors uwe-sebs aristotele da romelsac didi mniSvneloba eniWeba SiSisa da sibralulis aRZvris meTodologiuri safuZ-vlis Sesaqmnelad, magram, vfiqrobT, amgvari msjeloba ramdenadme dagvacilebs sakvlev problemas. Semovifar-glebiT mxolod tragikuli ambavis agebis ZiriTadi kom-ponentiT, romelsac aristotele xasiaTebis sworad age-bis xerxSi Wvrets. problemis sirTule ki imaSi mdgomare-obs, rom aristoteleseuli sibraluli gulisxmobs ara iaffasian sentimentebs, aramed _ SiSnarev TanagrZnobas, xolo SiSi _ ara agresiul terors, aramed _ TanagrZno-banarev safrTxes. teqstis emociuri Sreebis garTulebi-Ta da, rac mTavaria, aqcentirebiT, aristotele aqar-wylebs platonis msjelobis sakmaod principul nawils: moemarTeba ra kvlav ukan _ Sedegidan xerxisken, aristo-tele adgens normas, romlis Tanaxmadac SiSisa da sibra-

∗ dawvrilebiTi kvleva am mimarTulebiT ixileT g. koplataZis wignSi `lite-raturismcodneoba aristoteles moZRvrebaSi~. Tb., 1986.

45

lulis, rogorc mayureblis/msmenelis kaTarsisis miRwe-vis winapirobas teqstSi emociuri SegrZnebebis dabalan-seba da regulireba warmoadgens. anu, kaTarsisi, rogorc antikuri tragediis eTikuri samizne, aris ara `aRvirax-nili~ da `ukontrolo~, aramed kontrolirebuli emoci-ebis Sedegi: nayofi inteleqtualurad gadamuSavebuli, anac _ proporciulad gadanawilebuli emociebisa. emo-ciebis regulirebis garantias, `poetikis~ avtoris az-riT, tragediis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTebi qmnian, tragi-kuli ambavis personaJebi, romlebic gamoirCevian xazgas-muli individualobiTa da ganwirulobis gansakuTrebu-li energiiT. Tuki platoni akritikebda poetebs imisaT-vis, rom maT teqstebSi usamarTlo adamiani xSirad bedni-eri iyo, xolo samarTliani _ ratomRac ubeduri, rac, filosofosis azriT, ar Seesabameboda eTikur stan-darts, aristotele axerxebs, Caanacvlos platonis mkac-ri eTikuri standartis idea konkretuli poetikuri gan-martebiT: tragediis gmiri ver iqneba verc kargi kaci, romelic ubedurebas gadaeyreba _ `vinaidan es arc SiSis aRmZvrelia da arc sibralulis aRmZvreli, aramed aRmaS-foTebelia~ (aristotele 1944: 24), da verc cudi kaci, romelic imsaxurebs ubedurebas _ `vinaidan fabulis aseTi Sedgeniloba gamoiwvevda kacisadmi saiyvaruls, magram ver gamoiwvevda verc sibraluls da verc SiSs: sibraluli xom aris grZnoba daumsaxurebel ubedureba-Ta mimarT, xolo SiSi aris grZnoba Cvens msgavsTa mimarT~ (aristotele 1944: 24), aramed _ `kaci, romelsac uWiravs saSualo adgili maT Soris. aseTia kaci, vinc did pa-tiviscemaSi da bednierebaSi myofTagan ganirCeva ara saTnoebiTa da simarTliT, da vinc ubedurebaSi vardeba ara siavisa da simdablisaTvis, aramed raRac Secdomis gamo~ (aristotele 1944: 25). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, tra-gikuli ambebi, romlebic, maTi alogikurobisa Tu zneob-rivi gaumarTaobis gamo, platonis azriT, warmoadgen-dnen inteleqtualur da moralur saSiSroebas sazogado-

46

ebisaTvis, aristoteles mier gansazRvrul iqnen rogorc tragikuli emociebisaTvis arasakmarisi gamaRizianeble-bi, vinaidan isin ver iwvevdnen verc SiSis da verc sibra-lulis grZnobas! WeSmariti tragediis epicentrSi, aris-toteles dabejiTebuli rwmeniT, moqceulia `udanaSa-ulod damnaSave~ adamiani, romelic bedisweris ganCine-biT aRmoCndeba gamouvalad ubedur mdgomareobaSi da sakuTari qmedebiT gamoimuSavebs mkiTxvelis/mayureblis Zlier emociur reaqcias, gamoxatuls SiSisa da sibralu-lis formiT. Sesabamisad, moqmedebis ganviTarebas, rac emsaxureba ambavis Semdgom gaSlas, gadamwyveti mniSvne-loba eniWeba tragediis eTikuri misiis SesrulebaSi: `yo-veli tragediis erTi nawilia gaskvna (moqmedebis _ i. r.), xolo meore nawilia gaxsna (moqmedebis _ i. r.)*. . . Ses-kvnas vuwodeb imas, rac dramis dasawyisidan modis im uki-dures nawilamde, saidanac xdeba gadasvla bednierebaSi ubedurebidan an ubedurebaSi bednierebidan. xolo gax-snas vuwodeb im nawils, romelic am gadasvlis dasawyi-sidan grZeldeba dasasrulamde~ (aristotele 1944: 37). `gaskvnidan~ `gaxsnamde~ dramatul epizodTa mTeli jaW-via gabmuli, romelTa `Sesaferisoba~ (arsitoteleseuli termini _ i.r.) asabuTebs tragediis gmiris eTikur tran-sformacias. aristoteles azriT, tragediis gmiris eTi-kuri transformaciis procesi srul SesabamisobaSia am-bavis, rogorc moqmedebaTa saerTo sistemis struqtu-rul modelTan _ winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, tragikuli mi-Tisqmnadobis procesi kargavs struqturul orientirebs da dausabuTebel qmedebaTa alogikur qaosad iqceva.

platonis genialur braldebas poeziis winaaRmdeg aristotelem aseTive genialuri dacva daupirispira: po-eti SemoqmedebiTad moazrovne mediumad, xolo teqsti emociurad dasabuTebul ambavad aqcia.

* aristoteleseuli saxeldebebi, cxadia, mogvagonebs siuJetis Tanamed-rove cnebasTan dakavSirebul terminebs _ `kvanZis Sekvrasa~ da `kvanZis gaxsnas~.

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nawili meore - antifiqciidan fiqciisaken teqstis struqturuli ierarqiis Sesaxeb msjeloba im

saxiT, rogorc es platonisa da aristoteles poetikur modelebSi ganxorcielda, saukuneebis manZilze aRar qceula gansjis sagnad. miTisa da miTisqmnadobis proce-sis aristoteleseuli dasabuTeba, marTalia, garkveuli koreqtivebiT, magram mainc utyuar argumentad ganixile-boda gviani Sua saukuneebis, renesansisa da, miT umetes, neoklasikuri epoqis literaturul-Teoriul azrovne-baSi. misi WeSmariteba arc romantikuli da postromanti-kuli kritikisaTvis iyo miuRebeli. erTaderT meTodo-logiur gamonakliss adreuli Sua saukuneebis gamocdi-leba warmoadgens, romelic araerT mniSvnelovan kontr-arguments wauyenebs antikuri epoqis poetikur stan-darts da mniSvnelovan zegavlenas moaxdens problemis

Tanamedrove interpretaciaze.∗ adreul Sua saukuneebSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar Seq-

mnila specialuri poetikuri traqtati teqstis struq-turuli Tu eTikuri formis Sesaxeb, Zireul konceptu-alur gansxvavebaze Tavad literaturuli produqcia me-tyvelebs. adreuli Sua saukuneebis poetika, gamomdinare misi konceptualuri amocanidan, rac qristianuli mso-flmxedvelobrivi principebis danergva-qadagebaSi da bibliis teqstis interpretaciaSi mdgomareobs, uars am-bobs SeTxzul fabulaze, riTac emijneba SemoqmedebiTad gardasaxuli ambavis, anu gamonagonis antikur koncef-cias. msgavsi procesi rTuli amocanis winaSe gvayenebs: an unda vaRiaroT, rom adreuli Sua saukuneebis teqstebi scdeba mxtvruli teqstis formis sturqturuli Teoriis

∗ vgulisxmobT Jenetis Teorias, romelic winamdebare narkvevis meoTxe nawilSia ganxiluli.

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dadgenil normebs da, Sesabamisad, ver CaiTvleba srul-fasovan literaturul nimuSebad, anac, unda davsvaT sakiTxi: aris ki gamonagoni SemoqmedebiTi procesisa da teqstis mxatvrulobis erTaderTi msazRvreli?

qristianobam bevri ram miiRo memkvidreobiT berZnul-romauli kulturisagan, Tumca, ucvleli formiT arafe-ri dautovebia: rac ar miiRo, TavisTavad daiviwya, xolo rac miiRo _ gardaqmna da sakuTar interesebs moargo. Seicvala azrovnebis modelebi da CarCoebi: kacobriobis RirebulebaTa sistemam axal etapze gadainacvla. im cne-bebs Soris, romelTa miRebac ewinaaRmdegeboda qristi-anuli azrovnebis principebs, aRmoCnda klasikuri mimesi-si da masTan erTad _ drama: dramisaTvis niSandoblivi emociuri uSualoba da pirdapiroba, agreTve, miswrafeba siamovnebis aRZvrisaken ver Tavsdeboda saeklesio mame-bis mier dadgenil normebTan, rac, pirvel yovlisa, gu-lisxmobda Janris arasakmarisad SemecnebiT Rirebulebas: sityvis SemecnebiTma mniSvnelobam specifikur stilis-tur da lingvistur modelebze gadainacvla da qristi-anuli ritorikis damkvidrebaSi gamoixata. qristianuli ritorika arsobrivad gansxvavda antikuri ritorikisgan, Tumca, oratoruli pragmatikis antikuri xerxi warmate-biT iqna danergili qristianuli ritorikis praqtikaSic.

`oratoruli pragmatikis safuZvlebi jer kidev anti-kur epoqaSi Camoayaliba aristotelem, rodesac maRali ritorikis mraval mniSvnelovan funqciaTa Soris, sagan-gebod gamohyo misi stilisturi funqcia: msmenelze ze-moqmedebis oratoruli berketebis, sityvaTa logikuri ganlagebisa da saubrisaTvis Sesaferisi gamometyvelebis SerCeva. stilisturi funqciis samive z.C. komponenti Ta-nabrad saWiroa oratorisaTvis, Tumca, maTi xvedriTi wili bevradaa damokidebuli oratoris konkretul miz-nebsa da amocanebze. aseT SemTxvevaSi, romeli stilistu-ri komponentis gaaqtiurebas unda elodes msmeneli maSin, rodesac oratorad mxatvruli teqstis avtori gvevli-

49

neba? literaturuli teqstis avtori mxolod maSin ir-gebs oratoris niRabs, Tu mkiTxvelis recefciisaTvis misTvis sasurveli gezis micemas cdilobs da mTavar iara-Rad, cxadia, sityvas aqcevs, sityvaTa ganlagebas _ kav-Sirsa da intonacias. sityvis es ritorikuli funqcia gan-sakuTrebuli efeqturobiT gamoiyenes Sua saukuneebis moRvaweebma. aristoteleseuli Segoneba _ `sityva Sed-geba ori nawilisagan, radgan aucilebelia daadgino is sa-gani, razedac msjelob da daamtkico kidec~ (aristotele 1981: 195), amasTan, `sabuTebi damajerebeli unda iyos~ (aristotele 1981: 206) _ adreuli Sua saukeneebis moaz-rovneebma ostaturad gadmoanacvles mxatvruli teqstis sibrtyeze da alegoriuli egzegetikis umTavres orna-mentad gardaqmnes. alegoriuli egzegetikis meTodis Se-sabamisad, avtoris pozicia (ZiriTadad, bibliur teq-stebTan mimarTebaSi), rogorc utyuari WeSmariteba, mo-xerxebulad ganTavsda `sxvagvarad Tqmis~ stilisturi xerxis yalibSi . . . am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovan warma-tebebs miaRwies porfiriusma, proklem, netarma avgusti-nem, mogvianebiT _ dantem~ (ratiani 2007: 100-101). orato-ruli pragmatika saukeTeso dasayrdeni aRmoCnda maT-Tvis, vinc miznad isaxavda rogorc qristianuli Teolo-giis tradiciis, ise _ teqstis interpretaciuli mraval-ferovnebis kulturis Camoyalibebas.

bibliuri teqstebis inerpretaciis aRniSnuli tenden-cia Zalze aqtiurad iqna adaptirebuli qarTul salite-raturo sivrceSic. statiaSi `bibliis ganmartebis meTo-debi~ eliso kalandariSvili miuTiTebs: `axali aRTqmis~ (am SemTxvevaSi pavles epistoleTa) Zvel qarTul Targma-nebSi daculia is terminologiuri niuansebi, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tvali vadevnoT qristianuli RvTis-metyvelebis Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze mimdinare mniS-vnelovan procesebs _ Teologiuri terminologiis Se-muSavebas, egzegetikis, rogorc saRvTo werilis teqstis intepretaciis safuZvlebis Seqmnas~ (kalandariSvili 2009:

50

101). mkvlevari SeniSnavs, rom Tavad Sua saukuneebis laTineli mamebi mkveTrad ganasxvavebdnen bibliis `sity-vasityviT~ da `arapirdapir~ ganmartebebs, xolo qarTu-li sasuliero mwerlobis warmomadgenlebi am procesis aRsaniSnad mouxmobdnen terminebs `ganmartebiTi~ da `sa-xismetyvelebiTi~ (kalandariSvili 2009: 103). cneba `saxisme-tyvelebiTi~ inergeboda `Sinaganis~, sulieris mniSvnelo-biT, romelsac unda warmoeCina saRvTo werilis dafaruli azri, cxadia, teqstis realuri modelis gaTvaliswinebiT.

interpretacia eyrdnoboda wminda teqstebis utyu-arobas: oratoruli pragmatika warmatebiT dainerga po-etikur sistemaSi da aseTive warmatebiT Caenacvla aris-toteleseul `gamonagons~. niSnavda Tuara es `mxatvru-lobis~ koncefciis uaryofas? adreuli Sua saukuneebis teqstebis, gansakuTrebiT, hagiografiis Janris nimuSebis analizi, gvafiqrebinebs: miuxedavad imisa, rom adreuli Sua saukuneebis poetika uars ambobs gamonagonis esTeti-kaze anu fiqciur teqstze, is sruliadac ar ambobs uars mxatvrul teqstze, vinaidan iyenebs mxatvrulobis iseT mniSvnelovan struqturul-poetikur msazRvrelebs, ro-goricaa farTo speqtruli saxismetyvelebiTi sistema, personaJebisa da xasiaTebis mravalferovani galerea da stilistikuri modelebi _ Txrobis principebi, mxatvru-li metyveleba, metaforuli azrovneba da sxva, rasac Ta-vad aristotelec Zalian did mxatvrul datvirTvas ani-Webs `poetikaSi~. sagulisxmoa, rom statiaSi `agiografia da istoriis kompozicia~ ivane amirxanaSvili agiografi-is, rogorc literaturuli Janris erT-erT mTavar msaz-Rvrelad, struqturul-poetikuri elementebis parale-lurad, mxtvrul ideasac miiCnevs: `rogorc istoria ar aris marto qronika da faqtebis grova, ise literatura ar aris marto siuJeti da metaforebi. gadamwyveti mniS-vneloba aqvs imas, Tu Sinaganad ra ideas atarebs Janri, ra intencia, ra Canafiqri devs mis TviTganviTarebaSi, rad-gan, rogorc cnobilia, sul sxvaa istoriis idea da sul sxva

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_ literaturisa. . . agiografiaSi obieqtur istoriaze me-tad ideis istoriaa saZiebeli, vinaidan aq faqti sulieri dokumentis statuss atarebs. idea rogorc istoriuli kliSe!~ (amirxanaSvili, 2006: 17-18). swored idea-mizanTan Serwymuli struqturul-poetikuri elementebi da ara gamonagoni unda miviCnioT mxatvruli qsovilis msaz-Rvrelebad adreuli Suasaukuneebis mwerlobaSi.

Sesabamisad, adreuli Suasaukuneebis poetikur kano-nebs mniSvnelovani koreqtiva Seaqvs aristoteles Teori-aSi: adreuli Suasukuneebis mwerlobaSi SemoqmedebiTi procesisa da teqstis mxatvrulobis msazRvrelad ver mi-viCnevT oden opozicias namdvili ambavi/gamonagoni, ara-fiqciuri/fiqciuri an fabula/siuJeti, aramed gasaTva-liswinebelia teqstis specifikuri ideuri datvirTva da struqturul-poetikuri elementebis organizacia, rac prioritetulad gansazRvravs am epoqis literaturuli teqstebis mxatvrulobas•.

msgavsi daskvna, erTi mxriv, cxadyofs adreuli Suasa-ukuneebis esTetikis nakleb Tavsebadobas antikur esTe-tikasTan, gamoxatuls (am konkretul SemTxvevaSi) `mxat-vrulobisa~ da `gamonagonis~ cnebaTa gamijvnis tenden-ciaSi, magram, meore mxriv, mivyavarT saintereso SekiTx-vamde: aris Tu ara `gamonagoni~ mxtvrulobis miRwevis ufro komfortuli, Tundac, ufro bunebrivi gza lite-raturisaTvis, vidre mxolod ideur-poetikuri modeliT operireba?

literaturis ganviTarebis Semdgomi istoria (gviani Suasaukuneebidan me-20 saukunemde) calsaxad cxadyofs: adreul SuasaukuneebSi SemuSavebuli gansxvavebuli po-etikuri standarti aRniSnuli epoqis specifikuri esTe-

• adreuli Sua saukuneebis diqotomia sxva esTetikur modelebTan udavod gvafiqrebinebs, rom `mxatvruli teqsti~ da `fiqciuri teqsti~ ver CaiT-vleba identur cnebebad da saWiroa maTi Teoriuli gamijvna.

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tikuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi amocanebidan gamomdina-reobs da rogorc ki amocana daZleulia, mxatvruli teq-sti kvlav ubrundeba misTvis bunebriv liminalur pozi-cias, ganfenils realurisa da warmosaxulis zonebs So-ris, anu ubrundeba gamonagonis esTetikas. rusTvelolo-gi maka elbaqiZe aRniSnavs: `gviandeli Suasaukuneebis mwerlobis erT-erT Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos istoriz-mis principis ugulebelyofa, ramac biZgi misca axali Jan-rebisa Tu Temebis Ziebis xangrZliv process. kacobriobis sulier cxovrebaSi momxdarma Zvrebma, e.w. `kulturulma afeTqebam~, romelmac me-12 saukunis SuaxanebisaTvis TiTqmis mTeli civilizebuli msoflio moicva, Tavisi Rrma kvali literaturul processac daamCnia~ (elbaqiZe 2007: 158-159). mkiTxvelma `meti dinamika, meti avantiura, meti romantika~ moiTxova da literaturac gamoemijna utyuarobis princips: `yovelive zemoTqmuli mZlavr biZ-gad iqca mxatvruli sinamdvilis axali koncefciis Camo-sayalibeblad, romlis ZiriTad principsac istorizmis uaryofa da gamonagonis wina planze wamoweva warmoad-gens~ (elbaqiZe 2007: 159). realurisa da gamonagonis diqo-tomia kvlavac TvalsaCino faqtad gadaiqca.

cxadia, am kardinaluri cvlilebis erT-erT angariSga-sawev mizezad (an iqneb Sedegad? _ i.r.) evropuli lite-raturis sekularizaciis procesi unda miviCnioT: gviani Suasaukuneebis epoqa sekularizaciis epoqaa da miuxeda-vad imisa, rom rigi sekularuli teqstebi jer kidev eq-ceva alegoriuli interpretaciis arealSi (magaliTad vergiliusisa), ZiriTadi literaturuli tendencia cxad-yofs, rom laTinuri ena adgils uTmobs adgilobriv enebs, xolo literatura inacvlebs saero sibrtyze da axal Temebsa da miznebs eWideba: gviani Suasaukuneebis rainduli eposisa da adreuli renesansis epoqis satiru-li romanebis, novelebisa da sonetebis avtorebi siamov-nebiT ubrundebian SeTxzuli personaJebisa da ambebis es-

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Tetikas, gajerebuls heroizmiT, romantizmiT, saTavga-dasavlo avantiuriTa da sxva fiqciuri elementebiT.

pozicia realuri ambavi/gamonagoni, romelic bunebri-vi wesiT aqtiurdeba gviani Suaseukuneebis literaturis konteqstSi, mtkicdeba da myardeba renesansuli kultu-ris wiaRSi. rables, servantesisa da renesansis epoqis sxva prozaikosebis SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis simdidre eWvs ar badebs: maTi teqstebi gajerebulia struqturuli opoziciebis _ realuri ambavi/gamonagoni, arafiqciuri/ fiqciuri _ virtuozuli TamaSiTa da monacvleobiT. Tumca, isic cxadia, rom maTi Semoqmedeba sruliadac ver Tavsdeba antikur epoqaSi aristoteles mier gansazRvru-li Janruli sistemis farglebSi da axal Teoriul amoca-nad yalibdeba. Sedegad, renesansis epoqaSi aRorZinebuli literaturuli praqtika ganzogadebuli Teoriuli msje-lobis obieqtad iqceva. 1554 wels, jovan[m]batista jiral-dis, sxva gza aRar aqvs, Tu ara amtkicos, rom gviani Suasa-ukeneebrivi da renesansuli `romanse~ Tavisi `mravalfe-rovnebiT, moqmedebis masStaburobiT, peripetiulobiT~ Seesabameba antikuri tragediisa da eposis standarts, Tumca, `formis simciriTa da wyvetadobiT~ aris sruliad axali literaturuli Janri, romelic scdeba aristote-leseuli Janruli sqemis sazRvrebs da analizis gansxva-

vebul kriteriumebs saWiroebs (jiraldi 1986: 135)∗. maSa-sadame, opozicia realuri ambavi/gamonagoni, arafiqci-uri/fiqciuri renesansis epoqis kritikosebis mier gaiaz-reba, erTi mxriv, rogorc dabruneba mxatvrulobis anti-kur modelTan da gamonagonis esTetikasTan, xolo meore mxriv, _ rogorc axali literaturuli Janrebis formi-rebis perspeqtiva.

∗rasakvirvelia, jiraldis romanis Teoria mniSvnelovan Teoriul Sevsebas saWiroebs, magram winamdebare naSromis formati ar iTvaliswinebs vrcel msjelobas literaturul Janrebze.

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aRorZinebisave epoqis TvalsaCino moazrovne ser filip sidnei naSromSi `The Defense of Poesie~ principulad icavs mxatvruli warmosaxvis interesebs _ `poeti unda miiltvodes alternatiuli samyaros Seqmnisaken~. ey-rdnoba ra aristoteles `poetikis~ gamonagonis koncef-cias, kritikosi ganavrcobs mas literaturis mediatoru-li funqciis aqcentirebis mimarTulebiT. `filosofosi gvTavazobs cnebas, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ istorikosi _ ma-galiTs, poeti ki _ orives... maS, vis vuwodoT mediatori? rasakvirvelia, poets~ (sidnei 1962: 419). sidneis azriT, poeti warmoadgens Suamavals istoriul simarTlesa da filosofiur abstraqcias Soris, mediums, romelic re-alobisa da warmosaxvis `TamaSiT~ adgens simarTlisa da abstraqciis sazRvrebs da Tanabrad atarebs rogorc er-Tis, ise meorisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs. sxvagva-rad rom vTqvaT, aRorZinebis epoqaSi poezia liminalu-rad Sualeduri neitralitetis funqciiT iRWurveba da amis naTel dadasturebas dante alegieris `RvTaberivi komedia~ warmoadgens.

meTodologiurad saintereso aqcents `marTalsa~ da `abstraqtuls~ Soris dasvamen gviani aRorZinebis epoqis evropeli dramaturgebi da mwerlebi. Seqspiri, miuxeda-vad imisa, rom `dRis wesrigidan~ moxsnis antikuri trage-diisaTvis principulad mniSvnelovan bedisweris faq-tors, srulad SeinarCunebs mxatvruli gamonagonisaTvis niSandobliv im distancias, romelic arsebobs tragediis faqtobriv da emociur elementebs Soris. tirso de mo-linas, lope de vegasa da kalderonis piesebi ki siRrmise-ulad gaamwvaveben opozicias realuri/warmosaxuli. ma-galiTad, kalderonis `cxovreba sizmaria~ SeiZleba miviC-nioT filosofiuri abstrahirebiTa da mistikuri topo-siT uxvad datvirTul erT-erT saetapo teqstad.

axali tendencia Camoyalibebuli Teoriuli modelis saxes iZens klasicizmisa da ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi: neoklasikuri literaturuli mimdinareobis warmomad-

55

genlebis keTilganwyoba antikuri xanis SemoqmedebiTi principebis mimarT, pirvel yovlisa, antikuri litera-turuli Janrebis aRorZinebis tendenciaSi gamoixata. dramis (tragedia, rogorc `umaRlesi Janri~) aRorZinebas ki, Tavis mxriv, aristoteleseuli miTisqmnadobis aRor-Zineba mohyva. gordon pokoki SeniSnavs, rom neoklasiciz-mis ZiriTad poetikur principebTan erTad, angariSgasa-wevad unda miviCnioT maTi doqtrinis esTetikuri kredo _ poeziam unda imsjelos imaze, rac bunebrivia da SesaZ-lebelia/mosalodnelia (pokoki 1980: 13). rasinis, korne-lis, molieris, la fontenisa da neoklasikuri epoqis sxva TvalsaCino mwerlebis Semoqmedeba, albaT, klasicizmis am poetikur Tezas ufro eqvemdebareba, vidre _ poeti-kur SezRudvebsa da limitebs. afasebs ra amave epoqis qarTveli Semoqmedis, sulxan-saba orbelianis Semoqmede-bas, T. doiaSvili samarTlianad SeniSnavs: `gemovneba da kriteriumebi, romelic sabas esTetikur STabeWdilebeb-Si airekleba, antikuri da renesansuli epoqebis esTeti-kur normas, bunebisadmi mibaZvis princips _ mimesiss ukavSirdeba~ (doiaSvili 2010: 17). warmosaxvis sazRvrebi-ca da efeqtic gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia ganmanaTleb-lobis epoqis romanebSi, ris saukeTeso magaliTs jonaTan sviftis `guliveris mogzauroba~ warmoadgens misi sru-liad ararealisturi realizmiT.

mxatvruli teqstis liminaluri bunebis ideas icaven romantizmis epoqis moazrovnenic, Tumca, gansxvavebul niuansebs sZenen problemas. Sileri Tavis cnobil weril-Ta seriaSi xelovnebas miiCnevs `mesame realobad~, esTe-tikur fenomenad, romelic asrulebs Suamavlis funqcias aucileblobasa (mizezsa) da Tavisuflebas (suls) Soris. Sileri wers: `gardasvla SegrZnebis pasiuri kondiciidan fiqris da survilis aqtiur kondiciaSi SeuZlebelia Via-s, esTetikuri Tavisuflebis Sualeduri kondiciis gareSe~ SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom xelovneba da, cxadia, litera-turac SilerisaTvis warmoadgens esTetikur iluzias,

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anu msgavsebas, romelic wyvets kacobriobas misi SegrZne-badi garemosgan da sulierebis Tavisufal garemoSi ga-dahyavs igi. Sileris pozicias kidev ufro metad amwvavebs persi Seli, romelic gansazRvravs xelovnebasa da poezi-as, rogorc sinamdvilis miRwevebze amozrdil Sualedur kondicias realobasa da miRmier samyaros Soris. `poezia, _ aRniSnavs Seli, _ aRviZebs da aRrmavebs gonebas, vina-idan Targmnis mis aTasobiT miuwvdomel fiqrTa kombina-ciebs. igi asazrdoebs warmosaxvas axal-axali fiqrebiT, romlebic izidaven da asimilirdebian sxva fiqrebTan da ayalibeben axal intervalebsa da Sualedebs, romelTa si-carielec mudmivad iTxovs sazrdos~ vfiqrobT, Selis brwyinvale idea poeturi azrovnebis Sedegad warmoqmni-li `intervalebisa~ da `Sualedebis~ mudmivad qmnadi, ga-naxlebadi da cvalebadi bunebis Sesaxeb mTeli seriozu-lobiT ayenebs literaturis rogorc TviTtranscenden-turi liminaluri fleqsiurobis gansazRvris sakiTxs: poezia Selis naazrevSi warmoadgens fiqris paradigmas, liminalur kondicias, romelic ganTavsebulia istori-ul realobasa da fiqrismier irealobas Soris da rome-lic realobis arsebuli modelisagan mudmivad awarmoebs alternatiul irealur models~ (ratiani 2005: 168-169).

Sesabamisad, Tuki vixelmZRvanelebT liminalobis an-Tropologiuri TeoriiT, mivalT daskvnamde: `gamonago-ni~ mxtvrulobis miRwevis gacilebiT bunebrivi gzaa li-teraturisaTvis, vidre struqturul-poetikuri elemen-tebis aqtiuri organizacia.

literaturuli liminalobis gaazrebis samive formam araerTgvarovani, magram farTo interpretacia pova Ta-namedrove literaturaTmcodneobaSi (ratiani 2005: 169-171), Tumca, Seitana arsebiTi siaxlec: gafarTovda struq-turuli analizis mimarTulebiT. msjeloba faqtsa da am-bavze, realobasa da gamonagonze, miTsa da miTisqmnadoba-ze me-20 saukunis dasawyisSive iqca evropuli literatu-raTmcodneobiTi diskursis erT-erT strategiul samizned.

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nawili mesame - fabula da siuJeti

me-20 saukunis 10-20-ian wlebSi ruseTSi Camoyalibda

uaRresad gavleniani literaturaTmcodneobiTi mimar-Tuleba, romelic rusuli formalizmis saxeliTaa cnobi-li da romelsac saTaveSi edgnen axalgazrda mecnierebi _ roman iakobsoni, viqtor Sklovski, boris tomaSevski, boris engelgardti, iuri tinianovi, boris eixenbaumi, vladimir propi, vladimir Jirmunski. rusuli formaliz-mis umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda mxatvruli teqstis mecnieruli analizis principebis danergva interdiscip-linuri kvleviTi meTodologiebis gamoyenebiT, xolo me-Todologiur siaxles _ mxatvruli teqstis literatu-rul-RirebulebiTi modelis dadgena literaturis for-maluri aspeqtebis, ama Tu im literaturuli teqstisaT-vis specifikuri mxatvruli da enobrivi formebis maqsi-maluri aqcentirebis fonze.

rusuli formalizmis erT-erTi lideri, viqtor

Sklovski werda: `literaturuli nawarmoebi wminda for-maa, ara sagani, ara masala, aramed masalebis urTierTqme-deba~ (Sklovski: http://www/opojaz.ru/shklovsky/vne_sujeta.htm). formalur aspeqtebze yuradRebis koncentrireba, cxa-dia, ar niSnavda literaturis moraluri an socialuri funqciebis ignorirebas, Tumca, am TvalsazrisiTac for-malistebs sakmaod originaluri pozicia ekavaT: maTi azriT, literaturas axasiaTebda samyaros kvlav da xe-laxla aRmoCenis unari, dadgenilis, nacnobis gaucnaure-bis, familarulis gaucxoebis, anu defamilarizaciis niWi (Sklovski: http://www.opojaz.ru/manifests/kakpriem.htm). defami-larizaciis procesi, formalisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, Semoqmeds saSualebas aZlevda, gadaesinja erTxel ukve Sefasebuli realiebi da poziciebi da samyaro aReqva ara

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rogorc mocemuli piroba, aramed _ rogorc SegrZne-buli siaxle. `xelovnebis mizans, _ aRniSnavda v. Sklov-ski, _ warmoadgens sagnis SegrZneba da ara misi amocnoba~ (Sklovski: http://www.opojaz.ru/manifests/kakpriem.htm). `gaucna-urebis~ (остранение) cneba gulisxmobda konkretuli sag-nis an movlenis ganxilvisa da refleqsiis konkretul principebs (lomiZe 2008: 15), kerZod, sagnisa Tu movlenis gamoyvanas avtomatizebuli mdgomareobidan da mis uCve-ulo, axlebur aRqmas, anu — deavtomatizacias. `gaqvave-buli~, avtomatizebuli aRqma gaucnaurebis (deavtomati-zaciis) Sedegad gardaisaxeba `axlebur TvalTaxedvad~, romelic ikavebs `msoflmxedvelobis~ ideologiuri cne-bis adgils, xelovneba aRaraa samyaros Semecnebis saSu-aleba, is `samyaros SegrZnebis ganaxlebis~ meTodia~ (lomiZe 2008: 16). xelovnebis samiznes, Sklovskis Tanax-mad, warmoadgens sagnis rogorc xilvadi SegrZnebis da ara rogorc nacnobi obieqtis warmoCena: `xelovnebis mTavari xerxia sagnebis `gaucnaureba~ da formis garTu-leba, rac arTulebs da axangrZlivebs aRqmas, vinaidan aRqmis procesi xelovnebaSi TviTmiznuria da SeiZleba mi-si gaxangrZliveba; xelovneba sagnebis qmnadobis (деланье) saSualebaa, xolo Tavad Seqmnili naklebad mniSvnelova-nia~ (Sklovski: http://www.opojaz.ru/manifests/kakpriem.htm). aq rTuli ar aris aristoteleanuri principis amokiTxva: msgavsad `poetikis~ avtorisa, SklovskisaTvis mniSvnelo-vania ara asaxvis sizuste, damyarebuli tradiciul cod-nasa da gamocdilebaze, aramed, piriqiT, tradiciulis axladaRmoCenis niWi interpretaciis aratradiciuli xer-xebis gamoyenebiT, anu process calsaxad gansazRvravs mibaZvis manera da masStabi. rusuli formalisturi sko-lis erT-erTi lideris mier SemoTavazebuli gaucnaure-bis xerxi aSkarad ganicdis aristoteles mier SemoTava-zebuli miTisqmnadobis meTodologiur zegavlenas: iseve rogorc aristotelesaTvis, SklovskisTvis xelovnebasa

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da literaturaSi mniSvnelobs qmnadoba, rogorc Semoq-medebiTi mibaZva, romelmac unda gamoimuSaos mxatvruli

qmnileba, rogorc axali modeli∗. lev tolstois Semoqme-debiT warmatebas Sklovski swored gaucnaurebis poeti-kuri xerxis marTebulad moxmarebiT xsnis: `gaucnaurebis tolstoiseuli xerxi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mwerali ar uwodebs sagans marto mis saxels, aramed aRwers, rogorc pirvelad danaxuls, xolo situacias _ rogorc pirve-lad momxdars. amasTan, sagnis aRwerisas tolstoi iyenebs ara sagnis nawilTa sayovelTaod gavrcelebul saxelwo-debebs, aramed arqmevs maT sxva saganTa Sesabamisi nawile-bis saxelebs~ (Sklovski 2010: 110); gaucnaurebis am sainte-reso procesis Sedegad, Cveuli sagnebidan da movlenebi-dan TiTqos axali sagnebi da movlenebi ibadeba da iqmneba mxatvrul saxeTa sistema, damaxasiaTebeli mxolod da mxolod am erTi, konkretuli mwerlisTvis, am SemTxveva-Si, tolstoisaTvis.

winamdebare narkvevis mizans ar Seadgens rusuli for-malisturi skolis mier damkvidrebuli gaucnaurebis principis zogadTeoriuli Sefaseba (dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. lomiZe 2008, ratiani 2008), aramed gaucnaure-bis, igive _ defamilarizaciis meTodis gamoyenebis kon-kretuli SemTxveva: defamilarizaciis meTodi forma-listebma literaturis Zireul struqturebTan daakav-Sires da misi meSveobiT scades literaturuli teqstis Tvisebriv, lingvistur, Janrul da struqturul kanon-zomierebaTa dadgena. swored am ukanasknels miekuTvneba formalistebis mier Semotanili ZiriTadi struqturuli opoziciebis forma/Sinaarsi da fabula/siuJeti analizi.

erT-erTi ZiriTadi cneba, romelic CvenTvis saintere-so opoziciis _ fabula/siuJeti _ farglebSi daamkvid-res rusma formalistebma aris masala. rusuli forma-

∗ vinZlo amiT aixsneba mTargmnelebis xSirad Tamami gadawyvetileba, Caanac-vlon aristeoteleseuli sityva formalisturi terminologiiT.

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lizmis TeoriiT, fabula ganixileba rogorc siuJetis CamoyalibebisaTvis saWiro masala, pirveladi struqtu-ra, romelzec unda daSendes misive gaucnaurebuli ver-

sia, anu _ siuJeti∗. `siuJetis gamaucnaurebeli funqcia mdgomareobs fabulis Tematuri erTeulebisa da maTi kompleqsebis xelaxal montaJSi~ (lomiZe 2008: 19). mimo-ixilavs ra viqtor Sklovskis naSromebs fabulisa da si-uJetis Sesaxeb, narkvevSi `formaluri meTodis~ Teoria~ boris eixenbaumi axdens Tavisi kolegis mier SemoTavaze-buli samecniero inovaciebis reziumirebas. Sklovskim: a) siuJetis rogorc rigi motivebis mTlianobis tradici-uli gageba Tematuri Wrilidan gadaitana konstruqciis WrilSi; b) `siuJetis~ cnebis interpretacia gaafarTova `fabulis~ cnebis CarCoebs miRma da gadaanacvla teqstis damoukidebeli struqturuli erTeulebis nusxaSi; g) daam-kvidra `siuJeturi qargis~ cneba; d) daadgina analogiebi siuJetur qargasa da stilistur xerxebs Soris; e) saku-Tari mosazrebebi gaamyara konkretuli literaturuli masaliT (`don kixoti~, `tristram Sendi~ da sxva).

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba fabulisa da siuJetis cnebebis damkvidrebisa da maTi urTierTmimarTebebis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT iqonia motivis cnebis gadaazre-bamac: Sklovskis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva motivis principuli kavSiri stilistur xerxTan. Sesabamisad, teqstebis analizi xorcieldeba ara literaturis isto-riis tradiciuli problematikis, aramed specifikuri meTodologiuri modelis _ fabula (masala), rogorc si-uJetis (konstruqcia) Seswavlisa da dadgenis pirvelwya-ro _ WrilSi. magaliTad, `don kixoti ganixileba ro-gorc gardamavali momenti novelebis krebulidan (`deka-meronis~ tipis) erTi gmiris romanamde, romelic agebu-lia akinZvis, awyobis (нанизывание) xerxze, ris motivaci-asac, Tavis mxriv, mogzauroba warmoadgens~ (eixenbaumi:

∗ transformirebis xerxs narativis principebi gansazRvravs.

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http://www.opojaz.ru/method/method_intro.htm). modelis meqaniz-mi: mogzaurobis motivi, romelsac efuZneba fabula (ma-sala), akinZvis stilisturi xerxis meSveobiT transfor-mirdeba siuJetis (konstruqciis) struqturul qargaSi; teqstis agebis procesSi masala (fabula) sul ufro meti aqtivobiT intensificirdeba konstruqciis (siuJetis) agebulebaSi; siuJeti, mowesrigebuli struqturuli sqe-mis meSveobiT asabuTebs teqstis pirvelad motivs (am SemTxvevaSi, don kixotis mogzaurobis `meryev xasiaTs~), riTac adasturebs sakuTar aRmatebulobas fabulis modelze.

ayalibebs ra fabulisa da siuJetis gansazRvrebas, viqtor Sklovski miuTiTebs: `siuJetis gageba Zalze xSi-rad erevaT movlenaTa aRweraSi _ imaSi, rasac me gTava-zobT vuwodoT fabula. sinamdvileSi fabula mxolod masalaa siuJeturi gaformebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, `evgeni oneginis~ siuJeti aris ara gmiris romani tati-anasTan, aramed am fabulis siuJeturi gadamuSaveba, da-fuZnebuli wyvetadi gadaxvevebis Semotanaze. . . xelovne-bis formebi gansazRvrulia misi mxatvruli kanonzomi-erebebiT da ara yofiTi motivaciebiT. Semoqmedi, Tuki amuxruWebs romanis moqmedebas misi nawilebis martivi ga-daadgilebebiT da ara moRalateebis (igulisxmeba perso-naJebi _ i.r.) SemoyvaniT, gviCvenebs esTetikur kanonebs, romlebic safuZvlad udevs kompoziciis orive xerxs~ (eixenbaumi: http://www.opojaz.ru/method/method_intro.htm).

am klasikuri formalisturi gansazRvrebis kidev erTi meTodologiuri dadasturebaa vladimer propis naSromi `zRapris morfologia~, sadac avtori fabulisa da siuJe-tis formalisturi Teoriis WrilSi ganixilavs zRapris struqturas (propi: 1984), da boris eixenbaumis saetapo werili `rogor aris gakeTebuli gogolis `Sineli~. eixen-baumi warmarTavs msjelobas lingvisturi Teoriis mimar-TulebiT da siuJetis problemas akavSirebs Txrobis

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(сказ) formalistur cnebasa da problemasTan _ siuJetu-ri konstruqcia efuZneba mTxrobelis naraciul maneras da yalibdeba narativis cocxali da emociuri formebi-sagan: `siuJeti gogolTan naklebmniSvnelovania da, ami-tom statikuric, _ wers eixenbaumi, _ SemTxveviTi araa, rom `revizori~ mTavrdeba munji sceniT, romlis mimarT winamorbedi moqmedeba mxolod Sesavals warmoadgens. mi-si qmnilebebis reluri dinamika (da, maSasadame, kompozi-ciac) mdgomareobs Tqmis struqturaSi, enis Tavisebure-bebSi. gogolis personaJebi gaqvavebuli pozebia. maT ga-nagebs (reJisorisa da WeSmariti gmiris saxiT) TviT av-toris mxiaruli, xalisiani aCrdili~ (eixenbaumi 2010: 118). gogoliseuli sityvebi da frazebi erTmaneTTan da-kavSirebulia gamomsaxvelobiTi Txrobis principiT, sa-dac gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens gamoTqma (artiku-lacia), mimika, bgeriTi Jestikulacia; komikur Txrobas (anekdoti, xumroba) enacvleba sentimentaluri Txroba (melodramatiuli deklamacia), rac hbadebs groteskis gancdas da gansazRvravs kidevac teqstis finals.

migvaCnia, rom TxrobisaTvis siuJeturi msazRvrelis funqciis miniWeba kvlav abrunebs formalistur skolas antikuri epoqis poetikur standartTan, rodesac mniS-vnelovan rols tragediaSi swored sityva da narativi asrulebda. `berZnuli tragedia, _ aRniSnavs buriani, _ sityvebis dramaa. personaJebi Semodian, subroben, gadian. Zalian cota ram `xdeba~ scenaze _ araviTari brZolebi da sisxlisRvrebi, rogorc es SeqspirTan aris. . . nebis-mieri ZalmomreobiTi qmedeba aRwerilia sityva-saubre-biT. . . tragediis konfrontaciebic arsobrivad verbalu-ria~ (buriani 1997: 200). Tuki davubrundebiT `miTosi~-s cnebis aristoteleseul analizs, aRmovaCenT, rom `aris-toteles `poetikis~ pirvelive striqtonebSi sityva `mi-Tos~-i damatebaa zmnisa, romelic `Txzvas~ aRniSnavs, ri-kioris azriT ki es yvelaferi imisTvis keTdeba, raTa po-etika miTosis (rikiori am cnebas Targmnis rogorc in-

63

trigas) Txzvis xelovnebasTan gaigivdes~ (xarbedia 2008: 198). tragikuli diskursis, rogorc Janris msazRvrelis antikuri mniSvneloba formalistebma warmatebulad mo-arges fabulisa da siuJetis sakuTar Teorias.

aRsaniSnavia, rom rusuli formalisturi skolis wiaR-Si fabulisa da siuJetis aramarto struqturuli urTi-erTmimaerTebebis sakiTxi damuSavda, aramed siuJetis struqturuli mowyobis problemac, rac, konceptula-urad, aranakleb neoaristoteleanuria. formalistebma gaiziares siuJetis struqturuli mowyobis aristotele-seuli principi, Tumca, daxvewes igi, SeuTavses Tanamed-rove literaturul-Teoriul moTxovnilebebs da gaafar-Toves funqciuri mimarTulebiT. formalistebis mier `klasikuri siuJeti~ ganisazRvra, rogorc sxvadasxva fun-qciebis mqone struqturuli qvedanayofebisagan Semdgari mTlianoba. es qvedanayofebia: prologi, eqspozicia, moq-medebis ganviTareba, kvanZis Sekvra, kulminacia, moqmede-bis daRmasvla, kvanZis gaxsna, epilogi. aqedan, gansxva-vebiT aristotelesagan, formalistebi miiCnevdnen, rom siuJetma Tavisuflad SeiZleba iarsebos prologisa da epilogis gareSe, yvela sxva elementi ki, Tundac met-nak-lebi simsubuqiT gamovlenili, aucilebelia misi srulfa-

sovani funqcionirebisaTvis.∗

formalisturi cnebebis ganmartebani (Zalze mokled):

eqspozicia _ pirvandeli masala, romelic qmnis saer-To fons, warmogvidgens personaJebs, portretebs, gare-mos (interieri, eqsterieri) da ZiriTad (realurad an pi-robiTad utyuar) faqtebs, romlebsac efuZneba moqmedeba;

∗ formalistebis mier SemoTavazebul sqemas mogvianebiT Secvlis Jerar Jeneti (amis Sesaxeb ixileT amave naSromis meoTxe nawilSi).

moqmedebis ganviTareba (aRmasvla) _ moqmedebaTa jaW-vi, romelic emociaTa mzardi muxtiTaa aRniSnuli da mi-marTulia teqstis mTavari konfliqtisaken;

kvanZis Sekvra _ moqmedebaTa wiaRSi gamokveTili kon-fliqtis fonze momwifebuli ZiriTadi intriga;

kulminacia _ konfliqtis ukiduresi zRvari, teqstis birTvi-movlena, sadac teqstis daZabulobaca da mkiTxve-lis interesic Tavis zenits aRwevs;

moqmedebis daRmasvla _ moqmedebaTa jaWvi, romelic ganmartebiTi daniSnulebisaa da mimarTulia teqstis mTavari intrigis gaxsnisaken;

kvanZis gaxsna _ amTavrebs, asrulebs teqstSi ganviTa-

rebul moqmedebebs (yovelgvars)∗. aRsaniSnavia, rom rusi formalistebis mier SemoTava-

zebul sqemas win uZRoda 1863 wels gustav freitagis mi-er Sedgenili sqema, romelic `freitagis piramidis~ saxe-liTaa cnobili.

∗ klasikuri siuJetis magaliTebad movitanT ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebebs `oTaraanT qvrivi~, `kacia-adamiani?!~ da `glaxis naambobi~, sadac, marTalia, met-naklebi proporciulobiT, magram mainc daculia siuJetis rvave ele-menti. zogadadac, realizmis epoqa xazgasmul koreqtulobas iCens teqstis struqturuli formisa da misi funqciuri datvirTvisadmi.

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germaneli mwerlisa da dramaturgis mier warmoebuli kvleva mimarTuli iyo xuTaqtiani piesis siuJetis anali-zisken da miznad isaxavda mis moTavsebas garkveuli sqemis CarCoebSi. freitagis piramida TaRiseburi formisaa da Sedgeba xuTi nawilisagan, romlebic Tanmimdevrulad Se-esabameba piesis xuT aqts: eqspozicia (situaciisa, _ I aq-ti), moqmedebis ganviTareba (CaxlarTvisa da konfliqtis meSveobiT, _ II aqti), klimaqsi (Semobrunebis wertili, _ III aqti), moqmedebis daRmasvla (IV aqti) da mxileba (sabo-loo gadawyvetileba, _ V aqti). miuxedavad imisa, rom freitagis sqema kiTxulobs siuJets, rogorc naratiul struqturas, misi mibma piesis aqtebze ukve sruliad gamousadegari praqtika aRmoCnda `axali talRis~ drama-turgebisaTvis (ibseni da misi Semdgomi Taobaa). am teqni-kurma SezRudulobam gamoiwvia meTodologiuri SezRu-dulobac, rac gamoixata `Txrobis~, `konfliqtisa~ da `personaJebis~ zedapirul interpretaciaSi. freitagis statias `dramatuli struqtura~ avtoris Semdgomi Te-oriuli xasiaTis naSromebi aRar mohyolia, Tumca garkve-uli kvali, rogorc Cans, literaturis TeoriaSi namdvi-lad datova _ formalistebi daesesxnen freitagiseul terminologias, Tumca, am TvalsazrisiTac gaafarToves sqema da daamates iseTi mniSvnelovani cnebebi, rogori-caa `kvanZis Sekvra~ da `kvanZis gaxsna~.

`Tu Cven ara gvaqvs kvanZis gaxsna, maSin arc siuJetis SegrZneba gvaqvs~, werda Sklovski (http://www/opojaz.ru/ shklovsky/strojenie_rasskaza.htm), vinaidan yoveli teqsti misi Sinagani logikiTa da siuJeturi specifikiT miemarTeba Tavisi dasasrulisaken. Sklovskis am ideis saintereso interpretacias warmoadgens 1921 wels gamoqveynebuli narkvevi `moTxrobisa da romanis struqtura~. amjerad Cven ar SevexebiT narkvevis paToss novelisa da romanis Janruli urTierTmimarTebebis Sesaxeb, rac maleve iqca mixail baxtinis umwvavesi kritikis sagnad (ratiani : 2008), aramed SemovifarglebiT mkvlevaris daskvnebiT siuJetis

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wyobisa da struqturis Taobaze. Sklovski Tvlis, rom siuJeturi qargis calkeuli struqturuli nawilebi uSualo kavSirSia stilistur xerxebTan, kerZod, motive-bis safexureobriv mzardobasTan (нарастание). aseTi mzar-doba, Tvisebrivad, usasruloa, iseve rogorc usasruloa am principiT gawyobili avantiuruli romanebis ricxvi (sailustraciod: al. diumas `sami muSketeri~, `aTi wlis Semdeg~, `oci wlis Semdeg~). motivTa gaSlis masStabi, Sklovskis dakvirvebiT, ganapirobebs teqstis finals, anu siuJetis im nawils, romelsac `kvanZis gaxsnas~ vuwodebT _ teqsti mTavrdeba imdagvarad, ris saSualebasac mo-tivTa sistema iZleva (sailustraciod: mark tvenma ver daasrula `tom soieris Tavgdasavali~ `ufrosebis roma-nis~ JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qorwinebiT, vinaidan tom soieris asakma amis saSualeba ar misca. Sesabamisad, mweralma iq gawyvita Txroba, sadac pirveli didi pauza Camovarda da mere, ukve sruliad sxva motivebze day-rdnobiT, ganagrZo `heklberi finis TavgadasavalSi~). no-velis Janrze saubrisas Sklovski teqstis dasasrulis, igive `finalis~ sxvadasxva modelebsac ki gamoyofs. es modelebia: a) `cru dasasruli~, rodesac Zalze koncep-tualur teqsts avtori amTavrebs bunebis aRweriT, amin-dis SefasebiT, weliwadis drois daxasiaTebiT, anac _ ri-

torikuli SeZaxiliT; b) `uaryofiTi dasasruli~∗, rode-sac finali daumTavrebelis, gawyvetilis STabeWdilebas axdens (mkvlevaris dakvirvebiT aseT dasasruls xSirad mi-marTavs mopasani) da, cxadia, met sivrces tovebs mkiTxvelis

recefciuli fantaziisaTvis∗∗.

∗ Sklovskis mier gamoyenebuli termini `uaryofiTi dasasruli~ ekuTvnis fortunatovs, xolo boduen-de-kurtenesTan is JRers rogorc `nulovani dasasruli~. ∗∗ marTalia, Sklovski novelaze saubrobs, magram me-20 saukuneSi igive ten-dencia ikveTeba romanistikaSic, gansakuTrebiT modernizmis epoqis roman-Si. saukeTeso nimuSs amisa warmoadgens henri jeimsis romanis `ledis por-treti~ dasasruli, sadac finali gawyvetili azris STabeWdilebas ufro tovebs, vidre dasrulebulisas.

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siuJeturi qargisa da motivTa sistemis urTierTmi-marTebebis dadgenis procesSi Sklovski siuJetis agebis or xerxs gamokveTs: safexurebrivsa da wriuls. Tu pir-veli movlenaTa Tanamimdevruli agebis sqemas efuZneba (magaliTad, `tom soieris Tavgadasavali~), meore gulis-xmobs mudmiv mimoqcevas moqmedebebsa da winaRobebs So-ris (rTul sasiyvarulo an fsiqologiur motivebze age-buli teqstebi), sadac `winaRoba~, TavisTavad, eyrdnoba specifikur motivTa monacvleobas (SeuZlebloba, tyu-ili, Ralati da sxva). garda motivebisa, Sklovskis azriT, siuJetis mravalferovnebas ganapirobebs paralelizmis xerxi, romelic tropebis gamoyenebiT miiRweva da uzrun-velyofs sagnebis asaxvas sxva sagnebTan an movlenebTan maTi paraleluri Sedarebis gziT, rac, saboloo jamSi, iwvevs fabulis defamilarizaciis process. vfiqrobT, aq rTuli ar aris narativis Teoriis formalisturi princi-pis amocnoba: Tuki fabula movlenaTa qronologiuri Ta-namimdevrobaa, siuJeti movlenaTa logikuri ganlagebisa

da gadmocemis maneris mTlianobas warmoadgens∗. sruliad cxadia, rom formalistebisaTvis siuJeti

struqturulad mowesrigebuli modelia, romlis meSve-obiTac avtori martivad amuSavebs dadgenil literatu-rul sqemebsa da normebs, fabula ki _ masalis sulac statikuri mTlianobaa, romelic rusuli skolis Teori-aSi arnaxuli pasiurobiT gamoirCeva. avtoris roli mini-malizebulia, xolo warmmarTveli funqcia Tavad teqstis formalur sqemebsa da normebs ekisreba.

siuJetis ganmarteba gacilebiT met siRrmesa da fleq-siurobas iZens edvard morgan forsteris 1927 wels gamo-qveynebul narkvevSi `romanis aspeqtebi~. forsterma si-

∗ Tuki safexurebriobisa da wriulobis niSniT ganvixilavT ilia WavWavaZis rigi Txzulebebis siuJetebs, aRmovaCenT, rom `kacia-adamiani?!~ safexureb-rivi struqturis nimuSia, xolo `oTaraanT qvrivi~ da `glaxis naambobi~ _ wriulisa. wriuli siuJetis paralelizmis xerxTan Sejerebis brwyinvale nimuSad ki davasaxelebdiT mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebs~, rac vlindeba kidevac siuJetis gamorCeul mravalferovnebaSi.

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uJetis SedarebiT martivi, magram Zalze saintereso de-finicia Semoitana: `Cven ganvsazRvreT ambavi, rogorc droSi Tanamimdevrulad ganlagebul movlenaTa narati-vi. siuJetic movlenaTa narativia, mxolod aqcenti das-mulia mizezobriobaze: ``mefe mokvda da dedofalic mok-vda~ _ es ambavia. `mefe mokvda da Semdeg dardisagan mok-vda dedofali~ _ es ukve siuJetia. Tanamimdevroba dacu-lia, magram daCrdilulia mizezobriobiT. an: `dedofali mokvda, magram veravin gaigo ratom, sanam ar mixvdnen, rom is mokvda mefeze dardis gamo~. es aris siuJeti misteriis elementebiT, forma, romelsac ZaluZs kidev metad ganvi-Tareba. is ukve nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs Tanamimdevro-bas, aramed scdeba ambavis CarCoebs imdenad, ramdenadac amis saSualebas iZleva dadgenili normebi~ (qadoni: 677).

vfiqrobT, forsteris ganmarteba aramarto dasabuTe-buli, aramed meTodologiurad gaxsnili Teoriuli mo-delia, romelic gacilebiT met SesaZleblobebs sZens si-uJets, vidre formalisturi Teoria, romlis saboloo mizani mainc Sinaarsobrivi elementebis formalur ele-mentebze damokidebulobis damtkicebaa. forsteris Te-oria kargad ergeba aramarto im siuJetebs, romlebSic gansakuTrebiT ikveTeba mizez-SedegobriobiTi urTier-Tdamokidebuleba (magaliTad, ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebi~, `sarCobelazed~, niko lorTqifaniZis `trage-dia ugmirod~), aramed im siuJetebsac, sadac msgavsi ten-dencia saZiebelia, magram arsebobs pasiuri formiT (maga-liTad, konstantine gamsaxurdias `dionisos Rimili~,

mixeil javaxiSvilis `kurdReli~).∗ forsteris Teoriam, erTi mxriv, gazarda siuJetis Se-

saZleblobebi, xolo, meore mxriv, eWvqveS daayena fabu-lis rolisa da funqciis pasiuri statusi, romelic mas

∗ aq, cxadia, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs Janris Teoria da is specifikuri standartebi, romlebsac moiTxovs esa Tu is literaturuli Janri.

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formalistebma daudgines: Tuki SesaZlebelia, rom si-uJeti iyos met-naklebad mizez-Sedegobriobrivi, maSasa-dame, fabulac, rogorc `movlenaTa narativi~ SesaZlebe-lia iyos met-naklebad pasiuri? amis naTeli dadasture-baa, Tundac, anton Cexovisa da daviT kldiaSvilis proza, sadac fabula TavisTavad saintereso da qmediTia da bev-

rad ganapirobebs siuJetis dramatulobas.∗ maS, forma-listebis mier SemoTavazebuli Teoriuli modeli SeiZ-leba ganvixiloT, rogorc problemis interpretaciis erT-erTi versia da davuSvaT sxva Teoriuli alternati-vebis arsebobac? me-20 saukunis meore naxevris litera-turis Teoriam am SekiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxa. fabulisa da siuJetis Teoriulma Pro et Contra-m axal etapze gada-inacvla da am etaps pirobiTad naratologiis etapi SeiZ-leba ewodos. sakiTxis intepretacia mizanmimarTulad ga-farTovda naratologiis mimarTulebiT. `meoce saukune-Si dadginda sabolood naratologiis ZiriTadi analiti-kuri komponentebi _ siuJeti, xma, dro, TvalTaxedva, personaJi, roli~ (xarbedia 2008: 198), ramac, sul mcire, ori ram gaxada cxadi: a) Tanamedrove literaturis Te-oriam aRiara gamonagonis esTetika; da b) siuJeti Txro-bis umTavres komponentad iqna miCneuli.

∗ analogiuri mosazreba d. kldiaSvilis Txzulebebis fabulis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia Tamaz vasaZis mier (ix. krebuli `oTar CxeiZe 90~).

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nawili meoTxe - siuJetologia + naratologia fabulisa da siuJetis problemis analizma inovaciuri

saxe miiRo struqturalisturi da poststruqturalis-turi literaturaTmcodneobiTi skolebis farglebSi _ todorovi, bremoni, barti, greimasi, kristeva, Jeneti da sxvani. am moazrovneTa uaRresad mniSvnelovani kvlevebis fonze gansakuTrebul yuradRebas mivaqcevT Jerar Jene-tis siuJetis Teorias, Camoyalibebuls naSromSi `narati-vis diskursis gadasinjva~ (Narrative Discouce Reviseted). arCe-vani ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom Jenetis Teoria, erTi mxriv, axdens struqturalisturi da poststruq-turalisturi skolebis mier gamomuSavebuli poziciis akumulirebas, xolo, meore mxriv, warmoadgens narativis originalur interpretacias siuJetisa da fabulis ze-moT ganxilul formalistur diqotomiasTan mimarTebaSi.

Jerar Jenetis Teoriis meTodologiur siaxles, ro-

gorc aRvniSneT, warmoadgens siuJetis gaazreba narato-logiis WrilSi, rasac seimor CeTmenma `ambavis drosa da diskursis dros Soris arsebuli droiTi urTierTobebis eleganturi analizi~ (CeTmeni 1978: 63) uwoda da rac ram-denime, uaRresad saintereso etaps iTvaliswinebs.

Tavisi meTodologiis specifikurobas Jeneti wignis Sesaval nawilSive adasturebs da asabuTebs: `me ar da-vubrundebi im gansxvavebebs, romelTa gaziarebac dRes

miRebulia ambavis∗ (moTxrobili movlenebis erTobli-oba), narativisa (zepiri an werilobiTi diskursi, sxvagva-rad _ Txroba) da naraciis (realuri an fiqciuri aqti, romelic qmnis diskurss _ sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Tavad Txrobis procesi) cnebaTa gaazrebisas, mxolod davadas-tureb, rom xSirad paralels avleben iseT opoziciebs

∗ igive _ istoriis, Sinaarsis;

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Soris, rogoricaa: ambavi/narativi [historiere/recit] da for-malisturi opozicia _ fabula/siuJeti [story/plot]. dava-dastureb, magram ori mokrZalebuli protestiT. vfiq-rob, terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, pirveli wyvili uf-ro meti mniSvnelobiTaa datvirTuli da metadac gamWvir-valea, vidre formalisturi wyvili (an, yovel SemTxveva-Si, misi franguli Targmani), romelic imdenad Seuferebe-lia, rom mudmivad meryev da gaubedav STabeWdilebas to-vebs. TumcaRa, meCveneba, rom, konceptualuri Tvalsaz-risiT, Cveneuli sruli triada (zemoT moxseniebuli — i.r.) gacilebiT angariSgasawevia narativis mTlian faq-tTan mimarTebaSi. . . diferenciacia _ ambavi/narativi ad-vilad warmoqmnis dRes ukve farTod gavrcelebul ga-ugebrobas rogorc Tavad am wyvils, ise benvenistis mier SemoTavazebul wyvils _ ambavi/diskursi [histoire/discours] Soris, romelic, droTa ganmavlobaSi, marTalia uSecdo-mod, magram Cemda samwuxarod, gadavnaTle opoziciad _ narativi/diskursi [recit/discours] sxva miznebisda gamo~ (Jeneti 1988: 13-14). dualuri struqturebis _ iqneba es ambavi/diskursi, narativi/diskursi Tu ambavi/naracia _ umTavres nakls Jeneti maT funqciur arasrulyofile-baSi xedavs: verc erTi maTgani ver akmayofilebs narato-logiuri procesis masStabur gegmebs da ufro narato-logiis `preistoriul etaps~ Seefereba, vidre Tanamed-rove mdgomareobas. am TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT srul-yofilad gamoiyureba triada _ ambavi/narativi/naracia, sxvagvarad _ istoria (Sinaarsi)/Txroba/naracia, Tumca, Jenetis azriT, arc is aris uxarvezo: `triadis mTavari defeqti prezentaciis procesis Tanamimdevrobaa, rac Se-sabamisobaSi modis mis ararealur anu mxatvrul genezis-Tan~ (Jeneti 1988: 14). aramxatvruli, magaliTad, istori-uli narativis SemTxvevaSi Tanamimdevrobis sakiTxi imTa-viTve mogvarebulia: ambavi (dasrulebuli movlenebi) _ naracia (istorikosis Txroba) _ narativi (teqsti, ro-

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gorc azrovnebis aqtis Sedegi), sadac narativi warmoad-gens naraciis ukufenas, magram xorcieldeba masTan er-Tad _ Tanadroulad _ da gansxvavebas qmnis Txrobis ara imdenad dro, ramdenadac _ aspeqti: narativi aRniSnavs moTxrobil diskurss, romelic yalibdeba naraciis wiaR-Si. gansxvavebuli viTarebaa mxatvrul teqstebSi, sadac

narativi gamogonili anu simulirebulia∗. icvleba Tana-mimdevroba: naracia erTdroulad axdens rogorc amba-vis, ise narativis inicirebas, xolo es ukanaskneli ori (ambavi da narativi _ i.r.) warmoadgens ganuyofel mTli-anobas. magram Jeneti aRrmavebs msjelobas gamonagonis mimarTulebiT da gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom cnebebi pirobiTia _ ar arsebobs wmindad realisturi an wmindad mxatvrul-gamonagoni teqsti: `literaturulma narato-logiam brmad SemoizRuda Tavi, rodesac misi analizi mxatvrul narativze daiyvana, TiTqosda yvela litera-turuli narativi apriorulad mxolod mxatvruli gamo-

nagoni iyos~ (Jeneti 1988: 15)∗∗. maT Soris arsebiT gansxva-vebas, Jenetis azriT, qmnis avtoris mimarTeba teqstTan: Tu `aramxatvruli teqstis~ avtori Tavis msjelobas do-kumenturi masaliTa da faqtebiT asabuTebs, `mxatvruli teqstis~ avtori mkvidrdeba rogorc ambebis mTxzveli. daskvna, romelic msjelobis am fragmentidan gamoaqvs Jenets, amarTlebs mis dabejiTebul rwmenas `sufTa gamo-nagonis~ ararsebobaSi: mxatvruli teqstis normaluri da kanonikuri sistema, askvnis mkvlevari, avtors moiazrebs ara mTxzvelad, aramed _ mTxrobelad; Sesabamisad, mxat-vruli narativi ver iqneba wminda saxis simulacia anu aristoteleseuli mimesisi, aramed _ sistema, romelic

∗ termins `simulacia~ Jeneti xmarobs antikuri `mimesisis~ sinonimad. ∗∗ aq mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, daveTanxmoT mkvlevars da mkiTxvels Se-vaxsenoT Sua saukuneebis epoqis literaturul teqstebze zemoT warmar-Tuli msjeloba. Jenetis Teoriuli modeli amomwurav pasuxs iZleva Seki-Txvaze _ aris Tu ara mxatvruli teqsti da fiqcionaluri teqsti identu-ri cnebebi? pasuxi, cxadia, uaryofiTia.

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Tavis TavSi moicavs simulacias (mimesiss) rogorc na-wils. fabula da siuJeti, rogorc mxatvruli narativis sakvanZo cnebebi, or sxvadasxva naratiul safexurs Seesa-bameba: fabula asaxavs movlenaTa iseT Tanamimdevrobas, rogorc sinamdvileSi moxda yvelaferi, xolo siuJeti _ iseT Tanamimdevrobas, rogorsac gvTavazobs mTxrobeli. amrigad, mniSvnelobs ara mxolod is, Tu ras yveba mTxro-beli, aramed _ rogor yveba da ra mizniT.

siuJetologiis es etapi sruliad cxadad aireklavs rogorc antikur, ise _ formalistur gamocdilebas, Tumca, ganaaxlebs maT meTodologiuri inovaciebiT. ker-Zod: naratologebis mier SemoaTavazebuli `ambavi~-s cneba ufro viwroa, vidre antikuri `ambavi~ da uaxlov-deba formalistur `fabulas~, xolo `narativi~-s cneba _ ufro farToa, vidre formalisturi `siuJeti~ da uax-lovdeba antikur `ambavs~. literaturuli narativis in-terpretacias Jeneti axdens ambavis drosa da narativis (diskursis) dros Soris urTierTmimarTebebis dadgeniT, agreTve, aspeqtis, rogorc mTxrobelis mier ambavis aR-qmis xerxis, da modalobis, rogorc diskursis mTxrobe-liseuli modelis, dadgeniT. Tumca, ZiriTadi cnebebi, romelTac Jeneti amkvidrebs mxatvrul narativTan da si-uJetTan mimarTebaSi, Semdegi rigiT SeiZleba daewyos: Tanamimdevroba, xangrZlivoba, sixSire.

TiToeuli am cnebis analizi naTels mohfens Jenetis

Teoriis CvenTvis saintereso aspeqts∗.

ra aris Tanamimdevroba?

ganmarteba: diskurss aqvs unari, gadaanacvlos ambavis calkeuli

movlenebi imdagvarad, rogoradac mas es surs (gamomdi-nare konkretuli miznebidan). am procesis TvalsaCino

∗ veyrdnobiT CeTmenis sqemas.

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magaliTs warmoadgens kinoxelovneba, romelic sargeb-lobs montaJis teqnikiT.

mxatvrul teqstSi Jeneti Tanamimdevrobis or tips ga-

nasxvavebs: normalursa da anaqroniuls. pirvel SemTxve-vaSi ambavsa da Txrobis diskurss erTi da igive Tanamim-devroba aqvT, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ori sxvadasxva tipis `darRveva~ ikveTeba: ukangadaxveva (analefsisi) da wingadaxveva (prolefsisi). analefsisis dros Txrobis diskursi wyvets ambavis normalur Tanamimdevrobas, raTa daubrundes ufro adre momxdar movlenebs; prolefsisi dros Txrobis diskursi kvlavac wyvets ambavis norma-lur Tanamimdevrobas, mxolod, am SemTxvevaSi, win us-wrebs mas, raTa gadainacvlos momavali movlenebisaken. aRsaniSnavia, rom prolefsisis gaaqtiurebisas ambavis mimdinare movlenebi iZens Sualeduri movlenebis sta-tuss, romlebic aucileblad unda iyos retrospeqtire-

buli teqstis momaval pasaJebSi∗. anaqroniul TanamimdevrobaSi Jeneti ganasxvavebs anaq-

roniis manZilsa da amplitudas. manZili aris drois is sinkopa, romelic ganfenilia `axla~-dan `ukan~, anac _ `win~ SualedebSi anaqroniis dawyebamde; amplituda, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens anaqroniuli movlenebis xangrZli-vobas. anaqronia, Jenetis TeoriiT, SeiZleba iyos garegani, Sinagani, anac _ maTi nazavi, anu sinTezuri. garegani anaq-ronia iwyeba da mTavrdeba `axla~-mde; Sinagani anqronia iwyeba `axla~-s Semdeg; sinTezuri anaqronia ki iwyeba `ax-la~-mde da mTavrdeba `axla~-s Semdeg. Sinagani anaqronia SeiZleba iyos heterodiegeturi an homeodiegeturi. pir-vel SemTxvevaSi `axla~-s Semdgomi movlenebi ikveTeba `ax-

∗ analeptikuri Tanamimdevrobis magaliTebi mravlad daiZebneba qarTul da msoflio literaturaSi, proleptikuri Tanamimdevrobis saukeTeso nimu-Sebad ki SeiZleba davasaxeloT ilia WavWavaZis `sarCobelazed~ da mixail bulgakovis `ostati da margarita”.

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la~-s farglebSi mimdinare movlenebTan, meore SemTxve-vaSi _ ara. homeodiegeturi anaqronia SeiZleba atareb-des dasrulebul an ganmeorebad xasiaTs: is an erTje-radad avsebs teqstualur napralebs, anac _ mravalje-radi da TviTganmeorebadia.

anaqroniuli Tanamimdevroba, Jenetis TeoriiT, warmo-Sobs `araqrono-logikur~ urTierTmimarTebas ambavsa da Txrobis diskurss Soris. am damokidebulebis saTaves Jeneti ambavis organizebis TaviseburebaSi eZebs: erTi mxriv, roca ambavi gamoirCeva erTi Tematuri xazis Tan-wyobiT, is wamoadgens droebiTi mizidulobis centrs, romelTan mimarTebaSic yalibdeba anaqronizmi; meore mxriv, ambavi SeiZleba Seicavdes (da tradiciulad, asec aris) or, sam an met Tematur xazs: TiToeul maTgans Tavi-si gravitaciis centri aqvs, Tavisi `axla~, da damokidebu-leba am Tematur xazebs Soris SeiZleba uamrav sxvadasxva variantad daiSalos (gadakveTa, gamijvna, erTdrouloba da sxva). aseT SemTxvevaSi anaqronizmis procentuli wili

teqstSi sagrZnoblad izrdeba∗. sainteresoa, rom anaqronizmis erT-erT yvelaze Tval-

saCino models siuJetSi _ eqspozicias _ Jeneti miiCnevs analefsisisa da prolefsisis ufro funqciad, vidre saxeobad. Tuki eqspoziciis tradiciuli ganmarteba mas Semajameblur xasiaTs sZens (ix. zemoT) da analefsisis funqcias aniWebs, Jenetiseuli xedva sruliad gansxvave-bulia: misi azriT, me-20 saukunis literaturam daZlia aRweriTi damokidebuleba eqspoziciisadmi da gadaanac-vla igi `momxdari movlenebis gamJRavnebis~ sibrtyeze: umetes SemTxvevaSi eqspozicia gadanawilebulia teqstSi da emsaxureba personaJis (an teqstis sxva modelis) eta-

∗ anaqronizmis mravalferovani formebiT gamoirCeva guram doCanaSvilisa da oTar WilaZis proza. romanebSi `samoseli pirveli~, `lodi nasaydrali~, `gzaze erTi kaci midioda~, `yovelman Cemman mpovnelman~ anaqronizmis praq-tikulad yvelanairi SesaZleblobebia warmodgenili. anaqronizmis demon-strirebas virtuozuli ostatobiT axdenen markesi, liosa, kortasari.

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pobriv wardginebas aramarto `pirveli efeqtis~, aramed teqstSi uxvad gabneuli siRrmiseuli wiaRsvlebis gziT, rogorc analefsisis, ise _ prolefsisis modelSi.

Tanamimdevroba uSualo kavSirSia xangrZlivobis kategoriasTan.

ra aris xangrZlivoba?

ganmarteba: xangrZlivoba∗ adgens urTierTmimarTebas, romelic

arsebobs Txrobis drosa (diskursis drosa) da siuJeturi movlenebis xdomilobis dros Soris.

gamomdinare Tavisi daniSnulebidan, xangrZlivoba,

Jenetis azriT, SeiZleba iyos xuTi tipis: 1. reziumirebuli _ rodesac diskursis dro ufro

moklea, vidre siuJeturi dro. diskursi mokled aRwers siuJetur movlenebs maTi reducirebis gziT. saukeTeso magaliTs amisaTvis warmoadgens personaJTa Soris di-alogis Sinaarsis gadmocema Tavad dialogis detalize-bis gareSe. am meTods aqtiurad iyenebs kinematografi-uli xelovnebac (amgvari xangrZlivobiT datvirTulia `vefxistyaosnis~ teqsti);

2. elifsisturi _ rodesac diskursis dro ara marto ufro moklea, vidre siuJeturi dro, aramed nulovania. diskursi SeCerebulia, maSin rodesac siuJeturi dro, sa-varaudod, gaedineba. es aris diskursuli pauza, rodesac xdeba Txrobis wyveta, xolo aRdgena aRiniSneba mxolo garkveuli (savaraudo) siuJeturi drois gasvlis Semdeg

∗ sagulisxmoa, rom ramdenime gamocemaSi `xangrZlivobis~cneba Jenetma Ca-anacvla terminiT `siCqare~, rac axsna siCqaris mniSvnelobiT diskursis, si-uJetisa da, damatebiT, kiTxvis droTa xangrZlivobiTi urTierTmimarTebis dadgenis procesSi.

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(amis magaliTad gamodgeba Teimuraz xevisTavis xetialis araRwerili detalebi romanSi `jayos xiznebi~);

1. sceniuri _ rodesac diskursis dro da siuJeturi dro erTmaneTs emTxveva. es aris universaluri mdgoma-reoba teqstSi, rac Txrobis klasikuri manerisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli (saukeTeso magaliTs aq kvlavac me-19 saukunis klasikuri realizmis teqstebi warmoadgens) ;

2. gawelili _ rodesac diskursis dro ufro grZelia, vidre siuJeturi. amgvari SemTxvevebi teqstSi ukavSirde-ba siuJeturi drois xelovnurad gawelvas movlenaTa mier erTmaneTis gadafarvis an gameorebis gziT, rodesac siuJeti Tvisebrivad axals arafers gvTavazobs, diskur-si ki grZeldeba. gansakuTrebuli gamoyeneba am xerxs aqvs kinematografSi: Senelebuli kadrebi, anac erTi da igive movlenebis (moZraobebis, qmedebebis) gameoreba erT adgi-las tkepnis siuJetur dros, samagierod ki _ axangrZli-vebs diskursuls; movlenaTa verbaluri aRwera ufro xangrZlivia, vidre Tavad movlenaTa xangrZlivoba (am TvalsazrisiT saintereso magaliTebs gvTavazobs post-modernistuli proza);

3. deskriptiuli _ rodesac diskursis dro ara marto ufro grZelia, vidre siuJeturi, aramed siuJeturi dro aris nulovani. amgvari suraTi, ZiriTadad, teqstis aRwe-riT pasaJebSi fiqsirdeba: portretis, interieris, eqste-rieris, landSaftis aRwerisas, rodesac siuJeturi mov-lenebi gawyvetilia, SeCerebulia da asparezi eTmoba diskurss.

xangrZlivobis mniSvnelovani mekavSirea sixSire.

ra aris sixSire?

ganmarteba: sixSire adgens Sesabamisobas narativis (diskursis)

drosa da siuJeturi movlenebis xdomilobaTa dros Soris.

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sixSire SeiZleba iyos: 1. erTjeradi _ rodesac erTi konkretuli movlenis

reprezentacia xorcieldeba erTi konkretuli diskursiT; 2. mravaljeradi _ rodesac mravaljeradi movlenis

reprezentacia xorcieldeba mravaljeradi diskursiT; 3. ganmeorebadi _ rodesac ganmeorebadi (erTi da

igive) movlenis reprezentacia xorcieldeba ganmeoreba-di (erTi da imave) diskursiT;

4. ganmeorebadi da mravaljeradi _ rodesac ganmeore-badi da mrvaljeradi movlenis reprezentacia xorciel-deba erTi konkretuli diskursiT.

Tuki SevajamebT warmodgenil informacias, davas-

kvniT, rom ambavisa da siuJetis winaaRmdegobrivi wyvilis problema JenetTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Txrobis sistemasTan da drois kategoriasTan (Tanamimdevroba, xangrZlivoba, sixSire) da, rac mTavaria, arsobrivad tri-adulia (ambavi, narativi, naracia) da ara _ dualuri (fa-bula/siuJeti). poststruqturalisturi poetika ar uar-yofs winamorbed Teoriul modelebs, magram afarToebs narativis siRrmiseuli analizis mimarTulebiT. am Tval-sazrisiT, Jenetis TeoriaSi bevri ram aris sagulisxmo:

1. Jeneti Slis tradiciulad dadgenil sazRvrebs wmin-dad realistur da wmindad mxatvrul-gamonagon teqsts Soris. am gadawyvetilebiT mecnieri: a) afarTovebs lite-raturuli narativis cnebas; b) aaqtiurebs fabulisa da siuJetis tradiciul urTierTmimarTebas; g) sicocxlis-unarianobas sZens fabulas rogorc avtoriseuli Txro-bis ganmapirobebel formasa da mTliani mxatvruli sis-temis umniSvnelovanes nawils;

2. Jeneti axdens literaturuli narativis interpre-tacias ambavis drosa da diskursis dros Soris urTierT-mimarTebebis analizis gziT. Semoaqvs axali cnebebi: Tana-mimdevroba, xangrZlivoba, sixSire. am cnebaTa damkvidre-ba mas saSualebas aZlevs, daadginos: a) Txrobis procesis

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(mimdinareobis) gansxvavebuli formebi; b) mimarTebis yve-la SesaZlo forma diskursis drosa da siuJetur dros Soris; g) reprezentaciis gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi; d) literaturuli narativis Se[u]sabamisobas kinematog-rafiul narativTan.

Jenetis Teoria kompleqsuri sistemaa, romelic iTva-liswinebs rogorc aristoteles mimesisis Teorias, ise _ rusuli formalisturi skolisa da struqturalisturi poetikis midgomebs ambavisa da Txrobis problemebTan. aris Tu ara srulyofili naratologebis, kerZod, Jene-tis Teoria? srulyofileba, swored is cnebaa, romelzec didi xania uari Tqva literaturis Teoriam im `martivi~ mizezis gamo, rom literaturuli teqsti mudmivi inter-pretaciis obieqtia da misi kvleva sruliad gansxvavebul da axal-axal meTodebs SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros.

∗ ∗ ∗

`mefe mokvda da dedofalic mokvda ~. `mefe mokvda da Semdeg dardisagan mokvda dedofali~.

axla danamdvilebiT viciT, rom gansxvavebas am or,

erTi SexedviT martiv frazas Soris bevri ram SeiZleba qmnides: warmosaxva, romelic miTisqmnadobis procesSi frTiandeba, dama[u]jerebeli, romelic gamonagonis uku-fenas warmoadgens, mizez-Sedegobrioba, romelic warmo-aCens kavSirebs, anac _ Txrobis xelovneba, romelic qmnis gansxvavebebs. . . yovel mosazrebas Tavisi argumen-tebi da kontr-argumentebi gaaCnia, utyuari pasuxi arc arsebobs da, miT umetes, arc zedapirze Zevs, pasuxi am Se-kiTxvaze meTodologiuri mniSvnelobisaa, xolo dava _ diskursuli xasiaTis, vinaidan problema teqstis Teori-is sferos ganekuTvneba, swored im sferos, sadac nebismi-eri saxis winaaRmdegoba meTodologiur varaudebsa da SesaZleblobebzea dafuZnebuli.

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sarCevi winasityvaoba......................................................................................3 nawili pirveli -

miTi da miTisqmnadoba............................................................12 nawili meore -

antifiqciidan fiqciisaken...................................................47 nawili mesame -

fabula da siuJeti...................................................................57 nawili meoTxe -

siuJetologia + naratologia............................................70 damowmebuli literatura...........................................................80