GUI2005 déchetteries & évaluation du risque sanitaire _FR

8/2/2019 GUI2005 dchetteries & valuation du risque sanitaire _FR

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Bttadhb|hak tdhjk|hehrzj j| |jdokhrzj

~azv cjbz j| cjkuhvakkj`jk|

?4 bujkzj Eado F^ 4825 7:752 bvht Djljx 25

GZH LJ AZV CJUBCZB\H AK LZ VH TRZJ TBKH \BH VJ

LBKT CJ DBLVJ LJ CJ\ZLJ LH @^BD\

LZKJ H KT\BCCB\H AK LJ T\ADIBGJ LJ LJDOJ\T

@JKBGJVT J\ BTTH @H CJT

EJUVHJV 6>>:


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Ta``bhvj

2 DAK\J_\J++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7

2+2 AFMJD\HET++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?

2+6 T\VZD\ZVJ LZ LADZ@JK\ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++ 2>

2+4 DAK\J_\J VJGCJ@JK\BHVJ LJT HTL@B++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2>

2+4+2 Lht~ath|hakt jk uhgzjzv+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2>

2+4+6 Juacz|hakt vgcj`jk|bhvjt+++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 26

2+


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4+4+6 Tzft|bkdjt vj|jkzjt ~bv cj gvaz~j lj |vbubhc ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 52

4+


6/124

Cht|j ljt |bfcjbzx

\bfcjbz 2 =Tzft|bkdjt dakkzjt lbkt cjt `htthakt lj |avdovjt fhagb} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + 28

\bfcjbz 6 = Dakdjk|vb|hakt lbkt cj fhagb} j| jk tav|hj lj |avdovj ~azv cjt tzft|bkdjt tcjd|hakkjt ++++++++++++++ 6>

\bfcjbz 4 = Ubcjzv ch`h|j l`htthak ~azv cjt dobzlhvjt lak| cb ~zhttbkdj jt| ; 6> j| 3 :> @W|o +++++++++++++++++++++ 64

\bfcjbz @W ~azv cjt DAUK@ hklhuhlzbchtt ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 64

\bfcjbz : = Ubcjzv ch`h|j l`htthak ljt dobzlhvjt ; 6> @W ~azv cjt `|bzx hklhuhlzbchtt+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6 @W|o+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6 j| 3 :> @W|o+++++++++ 65

\bfcjbz ?= Ubcjzv ch`h|j l`htthak ljt à|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt lak| cb ~zhttbkdj jt| ; 6> j| 3 :> @W|o++++++++++++++++ 65

\bfcjbz 8 = Ubcjzv ch`h|j l`htthak ljt à|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt ; 6> @W ~azv cjt `|bzx hklhuhlzbchtt ++++++++++++++++ 67

\bfcjbz 2>= Ubcjzv ch`h|j l`htthak ~azv cjt à|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt lak| cb ~zhttbkdj jt| 3 6> @W|o+++++++++++++++++++ 67

\bfcjbz 22= Ebd|jzvt l`htthak ljt ~acczbk|t `bmjzvt ~azv cjt uohdzcjt lhjtjc ; 4#:|+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 46\bfcjbz 26= ^va~av|hak ljt DAUK@ hklhuhlzbchtt lbkt cjt `htthakt ljt uohdzcjt lhjtjc ; 4#: |+ +++++++++++++++++++ 44

\bfcjbz 24 = Eczx `btthrzjt ljt OB^ ~azv cjt uohdzcjt lhjtjc ;4#: |++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 44

\bfcjbz 2< = Eczx `btthrzj ljt `|bzx j| lz TA6 ~bv ig lj ehazc dakta`` ~azv cjt uohdzcjt lhjtjc ;4#: |+ + 4> do( jk ~at|j ehxj+++++++++++++++++++ 4:

\bfcjbz 25= Eczx `btthrzjt lj DAUK@ j| lj OB^ cdob~~j`jk| ljt à|jzvt lhjtjc jk ~at|j ehxj++++++++++++++ 45

\bfcjbz 27= ^valzd|hak lj chxhuhb|t lzkj HTL@B jk eakd|hak lj cb ~czuha`|vhj++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4(+++++++++++++ 58

\bfcjbz 67 = U\V avbcjt ljt tzft|bkdjt vj|jkzjt ~azv cj da`~bv|h`jk| Jbz /kauj`fvj 6>>4(+++++++++++++++++++++ 58

\bfcjbz 6? = \bfcjbz ljt dhfcjt ~a|jk|hjccjt ljt htthakt lj chkt|bccb|hak++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 72

\bfcjbz 68 = Tk|otj ljt dakdjk|vb|hakt lbkt cjt lheevjk|t `lhbt dakthlvt +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7?

\bfcjbz 4>= Dcbttj`jk| j| ~ahlt ljt ~vhkdh~bzx ebd|jzvt lhkdjv|h|zlj+ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?5



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2 DAK\J_\J

Cjt ~vamj|t lj dvb|hak az ljx|jkthak-2 lzkj Hkt|bccb|hak Dcbttj /HD( tazcujk| fhjk tazujk| ljt

rzjt|hakt vjcb|hujt bzx daktrzjkdjt tzv cb tbk| ljt ~a~zcb|hakt+ Cjt |zljt l'h`~bd|6# vbchtjtlbkt cj dblvj ljt lj`bkljt l'bz|avhtb|hak ljx~cah|jv zkj HD ak| ka|b``jk| ~azv afmjd|he lj

v~aklvj djt hk|jvvagb|hakt+ Cjzv dak|jkz jt| lehkh ~bv cb vgcj`jk|b|hak4+

Cbv|hdcj 28 lj cb cah tzv cbhv j| cz|hchtb|hak vb|hakkjccj lj ckjvghj /k 852645 lz 4> ldj`fvj 2885(

j| tjt |jx|jt lb~~chdb|hak taz`j||jk| cjt `b|vjt lazuvbgjt cb vbchtb|hak l|zljt ~bv|hdzchvjt tzv

cb tbk| lt cavt rzzk ~vamj| kdjtth|j zkj bz|avhtb|hak ljx~cah|jv+

Cb dhvdzcbhvj lz 28 mzhk 6>>># dakdjvkbk| cjt |zljt lh`~bd|t vbchtjt lbkt cj dblvj lj lj`bkljt

lbz|avhtb|hakt ljx~cah|jv jk dakeav`h| bujd cb cghtcb|hak tzv cjt HD# ~vdhtj cj dblvj j| cjt gvbklt

~vhkdh~jt lj cb l`bvdoj uhtbk| vjkeavdjv cb ~va|jd|hak lj cb tbk| ~zfchrzj+

Cj dak|jkz ljt |zljt lh`~bd| ~azv cjt HD jt| lehkh ~bv cj ldvj| lz 62 tj~|j`fvj 2877 /àlheh cj

6> `bvt 6>>>(+ Jccjt lahujk| ~jv`j||vj lj ~va|gjv cjt hk|v|t uhtt cbv|hdcj 2 lj cb cah lz 28 mzhccj|

2875# bv|hdcj rzh ebh| `jk|hak lj cb tbk| ~zfchrzj+ âzv cjt hkt|bccb|hakt dcbttjt# cb àlhehdb|hak

hk|valzh|j ~bv cbv|hdcj 28 lj cb Cah tzv cbhv lj 2885 b lakd daklzh| `j||vj jk cz`hvj zkj jxhgjkdj

rzh jxht|bh| lm# bht rzh |bh| hktzeehtb``jk| ~vhtj jk da`~|j+

Cj dak|jkz lj cubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt lzkj |zlj lh`~bd| b | lehkh ~bv cHKJVHT lbkt

cj gzhlj gkvhrzj lubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt cht bzx tzft|bkdjt doh`hrzjt lbkt c|zlj ljt h`~bd|t

ljt HD< Y6P+ CHkUT b gbcj`jk| lheezt zk gzhlj lj cjd|zvj lz uacj| tbkh|bhvj ljt |zljt lh`~bd|t ~bv

cb dhvdzcbhvj LGT!UT4!6>>> k 52 lz 4 euvhjv 6>>>:+ Cbkkjxj lj cb dhvdzcbhvj LGT k 6>>2!2?: lz

22 buvhc 6>>25 lehkh| cjt c`jk|t vj|vazujv cavt lzkj ubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt lbkt zkj

|zlj lh`~bd|+

Lbkt dj dak|jx|j# cb Lhvjd|hak lj cb ^vujk|hak lj cb âccz|hak j| ljt Vhtrzjt /@hkht|vj lj cJdacaghj

j| lz lujca~~j`jk| Lzvbfcj( b lj`bkl cBttadhb|hak Tdhjk|hehrzj j| \jdokhrzj ~azv cJbz j|

cJkuhvakkj`jk| /BT\JJ( lj vlhgjv ljt gzhljt `|oalacaghrzjt ~azv cjt |vaht gvbkljt ehchvjt lj

|vbh|j`jk| -7 j| lch`hkb|hak ljt ldoj|t `kbgjvt j| btth`hct = chkdhkvb|hak# cj da`~at|bgj j| cjt

2 Cjt |jv`jt tzhuht lzkj |ahcj tak| djzx lehkht lbkt cj gcattbhvj th|z


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hkt|bccb|hakt lj t|adibgj+ Hct lahujk| |az| cb eaht ~jv`j||vj zkj obvàkhtb|hak ljt ubczb|hakt lj

vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt lbkt cj dak|jx|j evbkbht j| ldchkjv t~dhehrzj`jk| ~azv dobdzkj ljt ehchvjt lj

|vbh|j`jk|# cjt ~vjtdvh~|hakt gkvbcjt ehgzvbk| lbkt cjt gzhljt lj cHkt|h|z| lj Ujhccj Tbkh|bhvj /HkUT(

Y2P j| lj cHkt|h|z| Kb|hakbc lj cJkuhvakkj`jk| Hklzt|vhjc j| ljt Vhtrzjt /HKJVHT( Y6P+

Cj ~vtjk| ladz`jk| dakdjvkj zkhrzj`jk| cjt Hkt|bccb|hakt lj T|adibgj lj Ldoj|t @kbgjvt j|

btth`hct-? /HTL@B(+

Dakeav``jk| bzx ~vb|hrzjt lj cBT\JJ# zk gvaz~j lj |vbubhc b | dakt|h|z behk lj vzkhv

cjktj`fcj ljt bd|jzvt h`~chrzt tzv cj |jvvbhk+ Dj gvaz~j jt| dakt|h|z lj vj~vtjk|bk|t lz `hkht|vj

dobvg lj cjkuhvakkj`jk|# lz `hkht|vj dobvg lj cb tbk|# lj cBLJ@J# lj cb EKBLJ# lj cJKT^#

lz FVG@# lj cHkUT# lj TH\B# lAKX_# lj Tdo Jkuhvakkj`jk|# lj EKJ# lj EJLJVJD j| lj

cHKJVHT+ Lj~zht mzhk 6>>2 cj gvaz~j tj vzkh| vgzchvj`jk| ~azv lehkhv cb t|vzd|zvj j| cj dak|jkz lz

gzhlj `|oalacaghrzj+ Cb vlbd|hak lz gzhlj b | dakehj Uhkdjk| Kjljccjd Daktzc|bk| tazt cj

dak|vcj j| tjcak cjt ~vjtdvh~|hakt lz gvaz~j lj |vbubhc+

^bvbcccj`jk|# cb Lhvjd|hak Gkvbcj lj cb Tbk| /@hkht|vj dobvg lj cb tbk|( j| cBLJ@J ak| dakeh

cHkUT# jkdblv ~bv zk daktjhc tdhjk|hehrzj# zk |vbubhc lubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt cht bzx

hkt|bccb|hakt lj t|adibgj ljt ldoj|t `kbgjvt jxht|bk|jt /jk dazvt ljx~cah|b|hak az lm ejv`jt(

jk Evbkdj Y4P+ Cj ~vtjk| gzhlj `|oalacaghrzj thkt~hvj ljt `|oaljt tdhjk|hehrzjt doahthjt ~bv

cHkUT j| ljt vtzc|b|t lj cubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt ka|b``jk| ~azv ohvbvdohtjv cjt tazvdjt lj

lbkgjv-# `bht hc tj ~cbdj lbkt zkj l`bvdoj ~vat~jd|huj /hkt|bccb|hakt ez|zvjt# jx|jkthaktlhkt|bccb|hakt jxht|bk|jt az `htj mazv ldjkkbcj(# bcavt rzj cj |vbubhc lj cHkUT jt| lj kb|zvj

v|vat~jd|huj /hkt|bccb|hakt jk dazvt ljx~cah|b|hak az jk ~at| jx~cah|b|hak(+

2+2 AFMJD\HET

Cb ~ohcata~ohj lj dj ladz`jk| kjt| ~bt lh`~atjv zkj `|oalj# ljt |jdokhrzjt az ljt àlcjt

`b|o`b|hrzjt jk ~bv|hdzchjv+ Hc tbgh| lj lehkhv# dobrzj |b~j lj cubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt#cjt afmjd|het j| cjt àjkt `b|vhjct j| `|oalacaghrzjt dakkzt bhkth rzj cjt dvh|vjt tzv cjtrzjct

eakljv cjt doahx cavtrzj ~czthjzvt ~atthfhch|t taeevjk| cubczb|jzv+ Cavtrzj cjt dakkbhttbkdjt fhjk

|bfchjt eak| lebz|# dj ladz`jk| ljuvb bztth bhljv eav`zcjv ljt o~a|otjt ~jv`j||bk| lj

l~bttjv djt cbdzkjt+ Cb `htthak gkvbcj lz gzhlj jt| lj lehkhv cjktj`fcj ljt bt~jd|t ~vjklvj

jk da`~|j lbkt zkj ubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt lbkt c|zlj lh`~bd| lzkj HTL@B+

? B~~jccb|hak lehkhj lbkt cbv|hdcj 2 lj cbvv| `hkht|vhjc lz 8 tj~|j`fvj 2887 àlheh vjcb|he bzx hkt|bccb|hakt lj t|adibgj ljldoj|t `kbgjvt j| btth`hct /MA ljt 6 ad|afvj 2887# 6 `bvt 6>>6 j| 28 buvhc 6>>6(

BT\JJ Gzhlj ~azv cJVT lzkj HTL@B# euvhjv 6>>: ?!26:


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Lbkt cj dbt ljt HTL@B# djt| ~vhkdh~bcj`jk| cb |axhdh| cakg |jv`j lzj bzx jx~ath|hakt- ebhfcjt

latjt lj lhujvt ~acczbk|t# rzh jt| ~av|jztj ljkmjzx lj tbk| ~zfchrzj h`~av|bk|t+ Jk jeej|# cjt

lht~ath|hakt vgcj`jk|bhvjt ch`h|bk| cjt vjmj|t cb|`at~ovj az lbkt cjt jbzx tak| tztdj~|hfcjt

luh|jv cjt jx~ath|hakt lj eav|jt latjt# ``j ~jklbk| zkj dazv|j lzvj+ Tbze lteakd|hakkj`jk|

lj chkt|bccb|hak# cjt vjmj|t lzkj HTL@B vjt~jd|bk| cjt vgcjt ljx~cah|b|hak ehxjt ~bv cjt |jx|jtvgcj`jk|bhvjt bd|zjct tak| lakd ebhfcj`jk| dakdjk|vt jk |axhrzjt `bmjzvt+ Hct tak| lakd ~czt

~av|jzvt lhk|jvvagb|hakt tzv cj cakg |jv`j /jeej|t dovakhrzjt( rzj tzv cj dazv| |jv`j /jeej|t bhgzt(+

Bz ~cbk ~vb|hrzj# cj doahx ljt `|oaljt# ljt lakkjt j| o~a|otjt vj|jkzjt vjt|j mzt|hehjv j|

jx~chrzjv t~dhehrzj`jk| lbkt dobrzj latthjv lj lj`bklj lbz|avhtb|hak da`~av|bk| zkj ubczb|hak

ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt+

Cafmjd|he gkvbc lz gzhlj jt| lj ~vtjk|jv cjktj`fcj ljt `ajkt dakkzt ~jv`j||bk| lj

rzbk|hehjv cjt `htthakt ljt tazvdjt lbgjk|t doh`hrzjt# ~othrzjt az fhacaghrzjt ~vtjk|jt tzv zkj

HTL@B# ljt|h`jv cjt |vbktejv|t ujvt cjt }akjt lobfh|b|hakt j| lubczjv cjt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt

jkgjklvt ~bv cjt jx~ath|hakt ~a|jk|hjccjt ljt vhujvbhkt+

Cjt afmjd|het t~dhehrzjt lz gzhlj |oalacaghrzj tak| =

2+ Vjdjktjv cjktj`fcj ljt tazvdjt l`htthakt ~a|jk|hjccjt lbgjk|t doh`hrzjt j|# lbkt cb jtzvj

lz ~atthfcj# ~othrzjt j| fhacaghrzjt#

6+ ^va~atjv ljt c`jk|t lb~~vdhb|hak ~jv`j||bk| lj tcjd|hakkjv cjt tazvdjt lj lbkgjvt# cjt

uahjt j| lhbt ljx~ath|hak j| cjt ~acczbk|t ~vjklvj jk da`~|j lbkt dobrzj |zlj#

4+ Cht|jv cjt b|vhjct j| `|oaljt kdjttbhvjt cubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt /JVT(#

>: 8!26:


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2+6 T\VZD\ZVJ LZ LADZ@JK\

Cb ~vj`hvj ~bv|hj lz gzhlj bfavlj cb dbvbd|vhtb|hak ljt tazvdjt `j||vhdjt lbgjk|t

lbkgjvjzx /bbk| zk ~a|jk|hjc ljeej|t hklthvbfcjt tzv cb tbk|( hkdczvj lbkt c|zlj lzkj HTL@B+

Cubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt lah| |vj eaklj tzv cb fbtj ljt lakkjt j| hkeav`b|hakt|jdokhrzjt ~vtjk|jt lbkt cjt bz|vjt dob~h|vjt lj c|zlj lh`~bd| Y2P+ Ak ~vdhtjvb lakd cavhghkj

ljt lakkjt tjcak rzj cb lj`bklj lbz|avhtb|hak ljx~cah|jv dakdjvkj zkj jx|jkthak az fhjk zkj

kazujccj HTL@B+ Cb ljtdvh~|hak ljt ~ahk|t lj ~bttbgj jk|vj djt lheevjk|t dob~h|vjt lj c|zlj

lh`~bd| ljuvb ~jv`j||vj dobdzk lhljk|hehjv cjt vjttazvdjt kdjttbhvjt ~azv ubczjv cjt vhtrzjt

tbkh|bhvjt+

B cb ehk lj dj||j ~bv|hj# cubczb|jzv lah| buahv tb lht~ath|hak zk tdo`b dakdj~|zjc lz th|j ehgzvbk|

cjt tazvdjt l`htthakt ~a|jk|hjccj`jk| lbkgjvjztjt ~azv cb tbk| oz`bhkj j| cjt hkeav`b|hakt

dbvbd|vhtbk| cjzv lfh| l`htthak+

Cb tjdaklj ~bv|hj |vbh|j lj cb l`bvdoj lubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt j| lj tak b~~chdb|hak ~bv|hdzchvj

lbkt cj dak|jx|j ljt HTL@B+Jccj bfavlj cb rzjt|hak lj cb tcjd|hak ljt bgjk|t lbkgjvjzx hkdczvj

lbkt c|zlj+ Ak |vbh|j bztth ljt |vbktejv|t jk|vj cb tazvdj /d'jt|lhvj cHTL@B( j| cb dhfcj /d'jt|

lhvj cb ~a~zcb|hak gkvbcj( |vbujvt cjt `hchjzx lj cjkuhvakkj`jk| /jbz# bhv( ljt lheevjk|t bgjk|t

tcjd|hakkt+ Cjt bz|vjt ~bvb`|vjt ~vjklvj jk da`~|j lbkt cjt|h`b|hak ljt jx~ath|hakt tak|

bztth ~vtjk|t lbkt dj||j ~bv|hj lz ladz`jk|+ Jkehk zk dob~h|vj jt| daktbdv cb `|oalj lj dbcdzc

ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt+

Cb |vahth`j ~bv|hj vjgvaz~j cjt dob~h|vjt lhkeav`b|hakt ~vb|hrzjt j| cjt bkkjxjt |jdokhrzjt =

lehkh|hak ljt thgcjt z|hchtt# gcattbhvj ljt |jv`jt |jdokhrzjt# vevjkdjt fhfchagvb~ohrzjt# th|jt

Hk|jvkj| j| fbtjt lj lakkjt daktzc|jv+

2+4 DAK\J_\J VJGCJ@JK\BHVJ LJT HTL@B

2+4+2 Lht~ath|hakt jk uhgzjzv

Cj ~vtjk| dob~h|vj kb ~bt ~azv uadb|hak lj tk|o|htjv cjktj`fcj lj cb vgcj`jk|b|hak b~~chdbfcj

bzx HTL@B `bht lhljk|hehjv cjt ~vhkdh~bcjt lht~ath|hakt rzhc jt| z|hcj lj vb~~jcjv lbkt cj dblvj lj

cubczb|hak lz vhtrzj tbkh|bhvj lj djt hkt|bccb|hakt+ Dakdjvkbk| cjt HTL@B# cjt ladz`jk|t tzhubk|t

dakt|h|zjk| cjt ~vhkdh~bcjt vevjkdjt =

Lhvjd|huj 2888!42!DJ lz 65 buvhc 2888 vjcb|huj cb `htj jk ldobvgj lj ldoj|t /MADJ lz 25mzhccj| 2888(#

BT\JJ Gzhlj ~azv cJVT lzkj HTL@B# euvhjv 6>>: 2>!26:


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Ldhthak lz Daktjhc lz 28 ldj`fvj 6>>6 |bfchttbk| ljt dvh|vjt j| ljt ~vadlzvjt lbl`htthak

ljt ldoj|t lbkt cjt ldobvgjt# dakeav``jk| cbv|hdcj 25 j| cbkkjxj HH lj cb lhvjd|huj

2888!42!DJ /MADJ lz 25 mbkuhjv 6>>4(#

Bvv| lz 8 tj~|j`fvj 2887 àlheh vjcb|he bzx hkt|bccb|hakt lj t|adibgj lj ldoj|t `kbgjvt j|

btth`hct /MA ljt 6 ad|afvj# 6 `bvt j| 28 buvhc 6>>6(#

Bvv| lz 6> mzhk 6>>6 vjcb|he bzx dobzlhvjt ~vtjk|jt lbkt zkj hkt|bccb|hak kazujccj az àlhehj

l'zkj ~zhttbkdj tz~vhjzvj 6>@W|o8# bfvagjbk| cbvv| lz 67 mzhk 288>#

Bvv| lz 6< ldj`fvj 6>>6 vjcb|he cb ldcbvb|hak bkkzjccj ljt `htthakt ~acczbk|jt ljt

hkt|bccb|hakt dcbttjt taz`htjt bz|avhtb|hak /MA lz 7 bvt 6>>4(#

Bvv| lz 22 ba| 2888 vjcb|he bzx |zvfhkjt j| à|jzvt# àlheh ~bv cbvv| lz 4> mzhccj| 6>>4#

Dhvdzcbhvj lz < mzhccj| 6>>6 vjcb|huj bzx hkt|bccb|hakt lj t|adibgj lj ldoj|t `kbgjvt j|

btth`hct#

Dhvdzcbhvj lz 2> ldj`fvj 6>>4 vjcb|huj bz dcbttj`jk| ljt hkt|bccb|hakt fvcbk| lz fhagb}

bfvagjbk| j| vj`~cbbk| cb dhvdzcbhvj lz 5 ldj`fvj 6>>>#

Cjt ~vjtdvh~|hakt |jdokhrzjt ljt hkt|bccb|hakt lj t|adibgj lj ldoj|t tak| lehkhjt ~bv cbvv| lz

8 tj~|j`fvj 2887 àlheh# rzh vj~vjkl jk lvah| kb|hakbc j| ~azv cjt ldoj|t kak lbkgjvjzx# cjt

lht~ath|hakt cb lhvjd|huj 2888!42!DJ ~azv cb htj jk ldobvgj ljt ldoj|t+

Dj| bvv| h`~atj ka|b``jk| bzx hkt|bccb|hakt kazujccjt ljt lht~ath|hakt jk `b|hvj lh`~cbk|b|hak =

Cb }akj jx~cah|jv lah| |vj h`~cbk|j j| b`kbgj lj |jccj tav|j rzj tak jx~cah|b|hak tah|

da`~b|hfcj bujd cjt bz|vjt bd|huh|t j| addz~b|hakt lz tac jkuhvakkbk|jt j| lah| |vj ~czt lj

6>> ` lj cb ch`h|j lj ~va~vh| lz th|j tbze th c'jx~cah|bk| b~~av|j ljt gbvbk|hjt rzhubcjk|jt jk

|jv`j l'htacj`jk| ~bv vb~~av| bzx |hjvt tazt eav`j lj dak|vb|t# lj dakujk|hakt az tjvuh|zljt

dazuvbk| cb |a|bch| lj cb lzvj lj c'jx~cah|b|hak j| lj cb ~vhalj lj tzhuh lz th|j /bv|+ 8(+

Cj tazttac lah| dakt|h|zjv zkj fbvvhvj lj tdzvh| ~btthuj bujd ljt dbvbd|vht|hrzjt ~vdhtjt lj

~jv`bfhch| /bv|+ 2> j| 22(+ Zk gzhlj lj vjda``bklb|hakt cztbgj ljt |hjvt jx~jv|t b |

cbfav ~azv ubczjv crzhubcjkdj jk |bkdoh| ~btthuj # cavtrzj cb ~jv`bfhch| kb|zvjccj kj

v~akl ~bt bzx jxhgjkdjt j| rzj ljt `jtzvjt da`~jktb|vhdjt tak| ~va~atjt ~bv cj lj`bkljzvY: 22!26:


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2887+ Cavtrzj cjt daklh|hakt cadbcjt lz `hchjz vdj~|jzv cjxhgjk|# ljt tjzhct ~czt tuvjt ~jzujk|

|vj ehxt lbkt cbvv| ~vejd|avbc /bv|+ 45(+

Tbghttbk| lz fhagb}# hc lah| |vj db~| j| l|vzh| bz ~czt |bvl zk bk b~vt cj da`fcj`jk| lz dbthjv-

/bv|+ 28(+ Cjt |avdovjt- tak| ljt rzh~j`jk|t dakkjxjt bz djk|vj lj t|adibgj# kdjttbhvjt ~azv l|vzhvj cj fhagb} ~bv da`fzt|hak+ Cjt ~vjtdvh~|hakt `hkh`bcjt b~~chdbfcjt tak| ehxjt cbv|hdcj >4 rzh ~vdhtj cjt vgcjt lj dcbttj`jk| j| lj vgcj`jk|b|hak lj djt hkt|bccb|hakt+

Djt hkt|bccb|hakt vjcujk| lj cb vzfvhrzj 682> F j|# dj |h|vj# ~jzujk| |vj taz`htjt# jk eakd|hak lj

cjzv kb|zvj j| lj cjzv ~zhttbkdj ljt ~vjtdvh~|hakt t~dhehrzjt+ Cjt hkt|bccb|hakt /dobzlhvjt-#

à|jzvt az |zvfhkjt( lj ~zhttbkdj tz~vhjzvj 6> @W|o j| z|hchtbk| lz fhagb} tak| taz`htjt bzx

bvv|t `hkht|vhjct beevbk| =

bvv| lz 6> mzhk 6>>6 ~azv cjt dobzlhvjt kazujccjt#

bvv| lz 67 mzhk 288> ~azv cjt dobzlhvjt jxht|bk|jt# bfvag

bvv| lz 22 ba| 2888 vjcb|he bzx |zvfhkjt j| à|jzvt# àlheh ~bv cbvv| lz 4> mzhccj| 6>>4+

âzv cjt hkt|bccb|hakt lj ~zhttbkdj hkevhjzvj 6> @W|o# hc dakuhjk| lj tj vevjv cb dhvdzcbhvj lz

2> ldj`fvj 6>>4+

Dj~jklbk| cavtrzj cjx~cah|bk| lz djk|vj lj t|adibgj ubcavhtj cj fhagb} chk|vhjzv lz ~vh`|vj

bz|avht# chkt|bccb|hak lj da`fzt|hak ~jz| |vj dakthlvj da``j dakkjxj bz djk|vj lj t|adibgj lj

ldoj|t+

Lheevjk|jt lht~ath|hakt tak| ~vuzjt jk `b|hvj lj tzvujhccbkdj ljt jbzx# ljt chxhuhb|t 2> j| ljt gb}

lak| cjt ~bvb`|vjt lj tzhuh tak| ~vdhtt lbkt cjt bvv|t ~vejd|avbzx lbz|avhtb|hak+

Jkehk# hc ebz| vb~~jcjv rzj cjt djk|vjt lj t|adibgj lj ldoj|t tak| taz`ht cbvv| `hkht|vhjc lz

6< ldj`fvj 6>>6 vjcb|he cb ldcbvb|hak bkkzjccj ljt `htthakt ~acczbk|jt = th cjzvt `htthakt

~acczbk|jt lbkt cjbz az lbkt cbhv l~bttjk| zk djv|bhk tjzhc lehkh ~azv dobrzj ~acczbk|# cjt

jx~cah|bk|t lahujk| ldcbvjv cjt `htthakt davvjt~aklbk|jt+ Zk ~vj`hjv gzhlj lj dbcdzc b | |bfch

lbkt dj dblvj ~azv < ~acczbk|t b|àt~ovhrzjt /DO>6 |bfchttbk| ljt

8 @W|o 0 gb Wb|| |ojv`hrzj2> \jv`j lehkh lbkt cbv|hdcj 2 lj cbvv| `hkht|vhjc lz 8 tj~|j`fvj 2887 àlheh vjcb|he bzx hkt|bccb|hakt lj t|adibgj ljldoj|t `kbgjvt j| btth`hct /MA ljt 6 ad|afvj 2887# 6 `bvt 6>>6 j| 28 buvhc 6>>6(



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dvh|vjt j| ljt ~vadlzvjt lbl`htthak ljt ldoj|t lbkt cjt ldobvgjt# dakeav``jk| cbv|hdcj 25

j| cbkkjxj HH lj cb lhvjd|huj 2888!42!DJ+ Czkj ljt àlhehdb|hakt h`~av|bk|jt dakdjvkjvb cjt

ldoj|t lj ~c|vj rzh ljuvak| h`~vb|huj`jk| |vj bl`ht jk djk|vj lj t|adibgj ~azv ldoj|t kak

lbkgjvjzx# lbkt ljt bcuacjt- kj dak|jkbk| ~bt lj ldoj|t ejv`jk|jtdhfcjt+

2+< @J\OALJ LJUBCZB\HAK LJT VHTRZJT TBKH\BHVJT

Dj gzhlj tb~~chrzj bzx HTL@B ebhtbk| cafmj| lzkj kazujccj lj`bklj lbz|avhtb|hak

ljx~cah|b|hak j| lakd lzkj jkrz|j ~zfchrzj+ Rzhc tbghttj lzkj hkt|bccb|hak kazujccj-22 az lzkj

jx|jkthak lhkt|bccb|hak jxht|bk|j- cj ~vamj| lak| hc ebz| ubczjv cjt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt ~a|jk|hjct kjxht|j

~bt jkdavj `b|vhjccj`jk|+ Lbkt cj dblvj lj dj |vbubhc# hc k b ~bt chjz lj `j||vj jk ~cbdj ljt

jkrz|jt ~hl`hacaghrzjt ~azv `jtzvjv cjt jeej|t lz ~vamj| tzv cb ~a~zcb|hak+ Hc tbgh| lakd ljvbttj`fcjv j| lj |vbkt~atjv bz `hjzx cjt dakkbhttbkdjt |bfchjt ~bv bhccjzvt+ Da``j ~vdakht ~bv

cjt ladz`jk|t |jdokhrzjt lj cHkUT Y2P j| lj cHKJVHT Y6P# hc jt| lakd ebh| b~~jc cb l`bvdoj

lubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt /JVT( |jccj rzjccj b | dalhehj ~bv cBdbl`hj ljt Tdhjkdjt

Kavl B`vhdbhkj Y:P# j| cAvgbkhtb|hak @aklhbcj lj cb Tbk| Y5# 7P+ Dj~jklbk|# c~hl`hacaghj kjt|

~bt da`~c|j`jk| dbv|j ~zhtrzjccj eazvkh|# jk gvbklj ~bv|hj# cjt dakkbhttbkdjt tzv cjt jeej|t

kebt|jt ~azv cb tbk| oz`bhkj ljt bgjk|t doh`hrzjt# ~othrzjt az fhacaghrzjt+

Tjcak cb lehkh|hak lakkj ~bv cj KVD jk 28?4# c'ubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt jt| +++c'z|hchtb|hak

lj ebh|t tdhjk|hehrzjt ~azv lehkhv cjt jeej|t tzv cb tbk| l'zkj jx~ath|hak l'hklhuhlzt az lj ~a~zcb|hakt

ljt `b|vhbzx az ljt th|zb|hakt lbkgjvjztjt+

Dj||j lhtdh~chkj b | `htj jk ~cbdj ~azv lujca~~jv zk dblvj `|oalacaghrzj ~jv`j||bk| c'ztbgj lj

vtzc|b|t lj vjdojvdoj lbkt ljt t|vb|ghjt lj gjt|hak lz vhtrzj tbkh|bhvj tdhjk|hehrzj`jk| eakljt =

lehkh|hak lj ubcjzvt ch`h|jt l'jx~ath|hak oz`bhkj# lj kav`jt l'`htthak az lj l~accz|hak# `bht bztth

|bfchttj`jk| lj ~vhavh|t lbkt cj dbcjklvhjv ljt vgcj`jk|b|hakt j| ljt ~vagvb``jt lj vjdojvdoj+

Dj |~j lbkbctj ~jv`j| lj |vbh|jv |bk| ljt th|zb|hakt gkvhrzjt# cdojccj lzkj ~a~zcb|hak jk|hvj

hklehkhj /~bv jxj`~cj ~azv l|jv`hkjv ljt dakdjk|vb|hakt `bxh`bcjt bz|avhtjt lj djv|bhkjttzft|bkdjt lbkt ljt ~valzh|t lj dakta``b|hak(# rzj ljt th|zb|hakt t~dhehrzjt ljx~ath|hak lzkj

~a~zcb|hak cadbcj /zk hkdhkvb|jzv# zkj vaz|j# j|d+ (+

Lbkt cj fz| lj eazvkhv ljt jt|h`b|hakt ljt vhtrzjt ~azv cb tbk|# ljt `|oaljt lj |vbkt~ath|hak j|

l'jx|vb~acb|hak lj lakkjt j| ljt àlcjt lj `hgvb|hak j| lj |vbktejv| c'oa``j ljt tzft|bkdjt

|axhrzjt ~vtjk|jt lbkt c'jkuhvakkj`jk| ak| | lujca~~t+ C'ubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt b

~azv cb ~vj`hvj eaht | b~~chrzj bzx vbakkj`jk|t hakhtbk|t j| tak dob`~ l'b~~chdb|hak t'jt|

vb~hlj`jk| |jklz bzx tzft|bkdjt doh`hrzjt+ Jccj kj dakdjvkj |az|jeaht rzj cjt tzft|bkdjt lak| cjt

22 \jv`j lehkh lbkt cbv|hdcj 2 lj cbvv| `hkht|vhjc lz 8 tj~|j`fvj 2887 àlheh vjcb|he bzx hkt|bccb|hakt lj t|adibgj ljldoj|t `kbgjvt j| btth`hct /MA ljt 6 ad|afvj 2887# 6 `bvt 6>>6 j| 28 buvhc 6>>6(



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6 HLJK\HEHDB\HAK LJT TZFT\BKDJT VJMJ\JJT

6+2 ^VJTJK\B\HAK J\ AFMJD\HET

Zkj cht|j ljt bd|huh|t lz th|j ~azubk| vjmj|jv ljt ~acczbk|t lbkt cjt lheevjk|t da`~bv|h`jk|t jt|

kdjttbhvj ~azv l`bvvjv cubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt+ Jccj jt| |bfchj ~bv|hv ljt hkeav`b|hakt

ehgzvbk| lbkt cj latthjv lj lj`bklj lbz|avhtb|hak ljx~cah|b|hak ka|b``jk| bzx dob~h|vjt Kb|zvj j|

uacz`j ljt bd|huh|t # ^vadlt lj eakd|hakkj`jk| # Ljtdvh~|hak ljt hkt|bccb|hakt # Vzfvhrzj lj

cb ka`jkdcb|zvj ljt HD 24 j| lbkt cj dob~h|vj H`~bd| tzv cjkuhvakkj`jk| + Hc jt| h`~av|bk| lj ujhccjv

dj rzj cjt hkeav`b|hakt eazvkhjt lbkt cjt lheevjk|t dob~h|vjt lj c|zlj lh`~bd| tahjk| ~bvebh|j`jk|

daovjk|jt bujd djccjt z|hchtjt ~azv cubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt+

Cjt vjmj|t b|àt~ovhrzjt# cjt `htthakt lj ~acczbk|t ujvt cjt jbzx lj tzvebdj j| cjt ezh|jt

ujk|zjccjt ujvt cjt jbzx taz|jvvbhkjt# cj fvzh|# cjt aljzvt# cjkuac ljt ldoj|t# cjt `hdvaavgbkht`jt

az cb ~vtjkdj lbkh`bzx tak| bz|bk| lj tazvdjt lj lbkgjvt ~atthfcjt+ Jccjt tak| bfavljt lbkt dj

gzhlj+

Cj dob~h|vj dhb~vt lvjttj c|b| ljt dakkbhttbkdjt tzv cjt tazvdjt lj lbkgjvt ~a|jk|hjccjt

jxht|bk| tzv zkj HTL@B j| ~vtjk|j cjt az|hct lht~akhfcjt ~azv dbvbd|vhtjv rzbk|h|b|huj`jk| cjt

vjmj|t lj dobrzj tazvdj jk |jv`j lj eczx `btthrzj+ Cjt jx|jkthakt lj th|jt j| cjt kazujccjt HTL@B

tak| lht|hkgzjt# jk ~bv|hdzchjv jk dj rzh dakdjvkj cavhghkj j| cj àlj lj ~valzd|hak ljt lakkjt

z|hchtjt ~azv dbvbd|vhtjv cjt vjmj|t# rzh ~jzujk| |vj lheevjk|t lbkt cjt ljzx dbt+

âzv ~vadljv cb rzbk|hehdb|hak ljt `htthakt# hc dakuhjk| ljt|h`jv cjt eczx `ht /eczx mazvkbchjv# eczx

bkkzjc( jk dakthlvbk| lzkj ~bv|# cjt eczx jk eakd|hakkj`jk| kav`bc lj cHTL@B /hkdczbk| cj

l`bvvbgj j| cbvv| ljt lheevjk|t rzh~j`jk|t( j| lbz|vj ~bv|# cjt eczx ljt ~obtjt lj

eakd|hakkj`jk| lgvbl /ezh|jt lj fhagb}# `htthakt kak dak|vcjt l'zkj ebhfcj ~bv|hj ljt chxhuhb|t#(+ Kj tak| lakd# b ~vhavh# ~bt hk|gvt cjt ujk|zjct hkdhljk|t `bmjzvt az bddhljk|t tztdj~|hfcjt lj

tzvujkhv tzv zkj HTL@B+

24 \az|jt cjt bd|huh|t vbchtjt tzv cj th|j lahujk| |vj dcbttjt ~bv vevjkdj bzx vzfvhrzjt lj cb ka`jkdcb|zvj ljt HD^J+



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6+6 CJT VJMJ\T B\@ATÔJVHRZJT

Ak lht|hkgzj ljzx db|gavhjt lj tazvdjt l`htthakt =

2( cjt tazvdjt dbkbchtjt da``j cjt |avdovjt ~azv cb ljt|vzd|hak lz fhagb}# cjt dobzlhvjt#

à|jzvt az |zvfhkjt ~azv tb ubcavhtb|hak kjvg|hrzj#

6( cjt tazvdjt lheeztjt ka|b``jk| cjt bcuacjt lj t|adibgj /jk dazvt az jk ~at| jx~cah|b|hak(# cjt

db`hakt j| jkghkt lj dobk|hjv# cjt rzbht lj ldobvgj`jk| j| cj |vbh|j`jk| ljt chxhuhb|t+

Cjt `|oaljt j| àlcjt# ~jv`j||bk| lj dbvbd|vhtjv cj eczx `btthrzj oavbhvj l`htthak ~zht cb

lht~jvthak b|àt~ovhrzj# lheevjk| tjcak rzj cb tazvdj jt| dbkbchtj az lheeztj+ Cjt uohdzcjt

dhvdzcbk| j| zuvbk| tzv cj th|j tak| zkj db|gavhj hk|jv`lhbhvj lbkt cb `jtzvj az cjt gb}

ldob~~j`jk| tak| dbkbchtt `bht cj l~cbdj`jk| ljt uohdzcjt kj ~jv`j| ~bt l|bfchv zkj

~ath|hak gagvb~ohrzj ~vdhtj lbkt zk àlcj lj lht~jvthak b|àt~ovhrzj+ Cjt `htthakt ljtuohdzcjt tjvak| lakd |vbh|jt bz dob~h|vj ljt tazvdjt lheeztjt+

6+6+2 Cjt tazvdjt dbkbchtjt

Lbkt zkj HTL@B# cj fhagb}2< lah| |vj daccjd| ~bv zk vtjbz lj dbkbchtb|hakt lj db~|bgj |vbujvtbk|

oavh}ak|bcj`jk| j|!az ujv|hdbcj`jk| cj btthe lj ldoj|t+ Zkj eaht daccjd|# cj fhagb} ~jz| |vj =

2( fvc lbkt zkj |avdovj#

6( z|hcht lbkt zkj dobzlhvj# zkj |zvfhkj az zk à|jzv ~azv tb ubcavhtb|hak kjvg|hrzj#

4( t|adi j| |vbktev ~azv zk ztbgj jk ljoavt lz th|j /bvv| lz 8 tj~|j`fvj 2887(+

Zkj ~bv|hj ljt gb} eav`t lbkt cj `btthe ~jz| dob~~jv bz tt|`j lj db~|bgj+ Cjt `htthakt lj

fhagb} kak dbkbchtjt tjvak| bfavljt bz dob~h|vj ljt `htthakt b|àt~ovhrzjt lheeztjt

/de+ = 6+6+6(+

6+6+2+2 Cjt |avdovjt

Cbvv| `hkht|vhjc lz 8 tj~|j`fvj 2887 j| tjt àlhehdb|hakt kj eazvkhttjk| ~bt lj ubcjzvt ch`h|jt

l`htthak ~azv cjt vjmj|t b|àt~ovhrzjt ljt |avdovjt+ Hc ehxj# lbkt tak bv|hdcj >: 27!26:


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cbvv| ~vejd|avbc lbz|avhtb|hak ljx~cah|jv# lj lehkhv cjt ubcjzvt lj ch`h|jt lj vjmj|t jk ~vdhtbk| rzj

djccj lz DA ljuvb |vj da`~b|hfcj bujd cj tjzhc lj 2:> `g!K`4+

Dhkr lj djt gb} ~vtjk|jk| zk hk|v| lz ~ahk| lj uzj tbkh|bhvj= cj DA# cj TA6# cODc# cOE j| cj O6T+

Tjcak cjt lakkjt lj cb ch||vb|zvj# hc jxht|j lbz|vjt da`~att lbkt cjt `htthakt ljt |avdovjt

fhagb} ka|b``jk| = ljt ~aztthvjt# ljt `|bzx j| lhujvt da`~att avgbkhrzjt uacb|hct kak`|obkhrzjt Y?P+ Cjt DAUK@ vj~vtjk|jvbhjk| 2 * lz uacz`j lj fhagb}+ Cbvv| lj 2887 ehxj zkj

|j`~vb|zvj lj da`fzt|hak /8>>D ~jklbk| >#4 tjdakljt( uhtbk| ch`h|jv cjt `htthakt lj da`~att

hklthvbfcjt /DAU(+

Fhjk rzj cjt lakkjt kj tahjk| ~bt ka`fvjztjt tzv cb rzjt|hak# cjt |avdovjt tj`fcjk| kj ~bt

`j||vj ljt rzbk|h|t thgkhehdb|hujt2: lj lhaxhkjt j| ezvbkkjt /cjt dakdjk|vb|hakt lbkt cjt gb} jk

tav|hj lj 4 |avdovjt `jtzvjt ~bv cHKJVHT tak| hkevhjzvjt cb ubcjzv ch`h|j l`htthak b~~chdbfcj

bzx hkdhkvb|jzvt lavlzvjt kbgvjt = 6> ~g H\JR!K`4 tjd 22* lA6 Y?P(+

Lbz|vjt |zljt# jk Evbkdj da``j c|vbkgjv# àk|vjk| cb ~vtjkdj# jk tav|hj lj |avdovj# lj

ka`fvjzx da`~att avgbkhrzjt j| hkavgbkhrzjt hkh|hbcj`jk| ~vtjk|t lbkt cj fhagb} Y8 9 22P+

Zk daktjhc tdhjk|hehrzj daavlakk ~bv cHkUT b vbcht zk |vbubhc lj tk|otj j| lj tcjd|hak ljt

bgjk|t lbkgjvjzx ~vtjk|t lbkt cjt vjmj|t ljt hkt|bccb|hakt lj t|adibgj ljt ldoj|t jk ~bv|bk| lzkj

vjuzj lj cb ch||vb|zvj hk|jvkb|hakbcj Y4P+ Cjt tzft|bkdjt tcjd|hakkjt ~azv cubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt

tbkh|bhvjt tak| ~vtjk|jt lbkt cj \bfcjbz 2+ Dj||j cht|j# |bfchj ~bv cHkUT# jt| eaklj tzv ljt

vtzc|b|t l|zljt bbk| hljk|heh cjt ~vhavh|t tbkh|bhvjt ~azv cjt vjmj|t ljt hkt|bccb|hakt lj t|adibgj lj

ldoj|t jk ~bv|bk| ljt tzft|bkdjt ~vhavh|bhvjt lj cB\TLV25 Y4P+

Cj \bfcjbz 2 dakevak|j cb cht|j lj cHkUT bzx vtzc|b|t l|zljt evbkbhtjt j| |vbkgvjt bbk| lat

cjt tzft|bkdjt lbkt cjt fhagb}+ Hc dakt|h|zj cb cht|j /rzhc ebzlvb bd|zbchtjv lbkt cjt bkkjt ujkhv(

ljt tzft|bkdjt dakkzjt lbkt cjt `htthakt ljt |avdovjt+

2: Tjcak cj vb~~av| lj cHKJVHT# cjt dakdjk|vb|hakt jk lhaxhkjt j| ezvbkkjt `jtzvjt jk tav|hj lj |avdovj tak| gbcjt bzxdakdjk|vb|hakt jtzvjt lbkt cbhv lz th|j+25 CB\TLV# avgbkht`j elvbc bzx |b|tZkht# gvj zkj cht|j lj th|jt ~vhavh|bhvjt uhtuht ljt vhtrzjt rzhct vj~vtjk|jk| bzkhujbz jkuhvakkj`jk|bc j| tbkh|bhvj = cb Kb|hakbc ^vhavh| Cht| /K^C( + ~bv|hv ljt lakkjt `|vacaghrzjt ~vaujkbk| lj djtth|jt# cB\TLV b cbfav zkj cht|j lj tzft|bkdjt ~vhavh|bhvjt = cb cht| ae ~vhavh| ob}bvlazt tzft|bkdjt /DJVDCB( + DJVDCBdcbttj ~bv avlvj ldvahttbk| cjt àcdzcjt bbk| cj ~czt eav| ~a|jk|hjc lh`~bd| tzv cb tbk| oz`bhkj bz khujbz ljt th|jt lj cbK^C+ Dj dcbttj`jk| vj~atj tzv c'|bfchttj`jk|# ~azv dobrzj tzft|bkdj# l'zk tdavj da`~at lj |vaht dvh|vjt YB\TLV# 2888P = Evrzjkdj lj ~vtjkdj lj cb tzft|bkdj lbkt cjt th|jt lj cb K^C 9 Lbkgjvath| ! |axhdh| lj cb tzft|bkdj 9

â|jk|hjc l'jx~ath|hak /rzbk|h| vjmj|jt# àfhch| jkuhvakkj`jk|bcj(+Cb cht|j kj ~vjkl ~bt jk da`~|j cjt olvadbvfzvjt# rzh |a`fjk| tazt zkj bz|vj vgcj`jk|b|hak+ Cj dcbttj`jk| da`~vjklbd|zjccj`jk| 67: tzft|bkdjt j| cb ljvkhvj `htj mazv lb|j lj 6>>2+Dj |vbubhc lj c'B\TLV jt| hk|vjttbk| ``j thc l~bttjcjt tjzcjt hkt|bccb|hakt lj t|adibgj lj ldoj|t kbgjvt /cbklehcc(# da`~vjkbk| jk|vj bz|vjt ljt th|jt hklzt|vhjct+

BT\JJ Gzhlj ~azv cJVT lzkj HTL@B# euvhjv 6>>: 2?!26:


19/124

Cjt eczx btthrzjt oavbhvjt lj ~acczbk|t vjmj|t cb|`at~ovj ~bv cb |avdovj lj chkt|bccb|hak

tjvak| jt|h`t bz `ajk lz dalj lj dbcdzc tzhubk| =

E@x 0 Dx - LE

Bujd =E@x = Eczx `btthrzj oavbhvj lz ~acczbk| x /`g!o(Dx 0 Dakdjk|vb|hak lz ~acczbk| x jk vjmj| lj |avdovj /`g!K`

4 tzv gb} tjd 22 * lj A6(LE 0 Lfh| lj ez`j |a|bc lj cb |avdovj /K`4!o tzv gb} tjd 22 * lj A6(

27

\bfcjbz 2 =Tzft|bkdjt dakkzjt lbkt cjt `htthakt lj |avdovjt fhagb}

Da`~at /dcbttj`jk| B\TLV-( HkUT

Y2P

VTL

Y8P

ZTJ^B

Y22P

HKJVHT

Y?P

Bvv|`hkht|vhjclz >8>887

2#6 lhdocava|obkj /?6( Azh Azh Azh

Bd|akj /2?2( Azh Azh AzhBdhlj docavolvhrzj /kd( Azh Azh Azh

Bdhlj eczavolvhrzj /6


20/124

\bfcjbz 6 = Dakdjk|vb|hakt lbkt cj fhagb} j| jk tav|hj lj |avdovj

Da`~at ZTJ^BY22P

Evbkdj# VTL--Y8P

HKJVHT 6>>6---Y2>P

HKJVHT 2888----Y?P

Fhagb}

/`g!`

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Tav|hj lj |avdovj

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4

vb~~av| 22* lA6 tjd(

2#6 lhdocava|obkj 2#58 >#>4< >#>: ?#28

Bd|akj 25#84 >#>:2 24#:7 >#657 67#>>

Bdhlj docavolvhrzj ># :#7

Bdhlj eczavolvhrzj >#5?> 2#6?

Bvtjkhd >#>>?: >#>>? >#>256 >#>464:

Fjk}kj 5#6> >#>28 2#>? >#>>8 4#: 42#>?

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Dova`j |a|bc >#>>:5: >#>2< >#>#>82

Lhaxlj lj tazevj >#45> 27

J|ocfjk}kj 6>#4: >#>52 #>>4 :#7 2

@bkgbktj >#>>22 >#?2> >#>>27

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@akaxlj dbvfakj >#>22 >#>22 :?4#:

Kb~o|bckj >#26 >#>>6 >#>57: >##>>7 >#>2< >#>>68

Axljt lb}a|j >#46>^ca`f >#>>8: >#>68 >#>>#>76

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\|vbdocava|ockj 6:#76 >#:2< 2#:8 >#>>>5 6>#? 52#?5

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\vhdocava|ockj 2:##4>? 6#>: >#>>>7 2:#4 #864: 6#>>6

- dbcdzc ~bv|hv ljt dakdjk|vb|hakt lz fhagb} lakkjt ~bv cZTJ^B j| lzk |bzx lbfb||j`jk| lj 8? * ~azv cjt da`~atjtobcagkt j| lj 88#7* ~azv cjt bz|vjt da`~att avgbkhrzjt+

-- @ajkkjt ljt vtzc|b|t tzv cjt th|jt 2 j| 6 lj c|zlj vbchtj jk 6>>> ~bv @+ Oazvt lbkt cj dblvj lz vtjbz tbk|ldoj|t Y8P+ Cjt dbcdzct jeejd|zt ehgzvjk| jk Bkkjxj 2# |bfcjbzx 2 j| 6+ Dakdjvkbk| cjt c`jk|t hkavgbkhrzjt# cjt vb~~av|tdakdjk|vb|hak jk tav|hj lj |avdovj ! dakdjk|vb|hak lbkt cj fhagb} /btth`hcbfcj ljt |bzx lbfb||j`jk|(# ubvhjk| lj >#62/dbl`hz`( 7#2 j| >#2< /`cbkgj t|doha`|vhrzj bhvfhagb} 7 2>( th cbhv |bh|~zv+ Cjt dbv|t aftjvut tak| lzt bzx eczd|zb|hakt lj `jtzvj j| bz ~atthfcj ldbcbgj |j`~avjc jk|vj cjt ljzx `jtzvjt /fhagb}

! tav|hj |avdovj(+ Cb ta``j ljt DAUK@ lz |bfcjbz# vj~vtjk|j 67 4: * ljt DAUK@ |a|bzx `jtzvt+ Cjt DAUK@ |a|bzxvj~vtjk|jvbhjk| lj cavlvj lj 2 * lz fhagb}+ Cjt db|gavhjt lj DAUK@ cjt ~czt bfaklbk|jt lbkt cj fhagb} tak| =olvadbvfzvjt bch~ob|hrzjt / 4> *(# bva`b|hrzjt / 4> * ljt DAUK@(# d|akjt / 6> * ljt DAUK@(# olvadbvfzvjtddchrzjt / 26* ljt DAUK@( j| da`~att obcagkt / 4* ljt DAUK@( 9 jk tav|hj lj |avdovjt jccjt tak| = d|akjt / 5:* ljt DAU(# olvadbvfzvjt bch~ob|hrzjt / 2< * ljt DAUK@(# bva`b|hrzjt / 8 * ljt DAUK@(# bcdaact / 6* ljt DAUK@(#bcloljt / 6* ljt DAUK@(# ddchrzjt / 2#5 * ljt DAUK@( j| da`~att obcagkt / >#4 * ljt DAUK@( Y8P+

--- Ubcjzvt httzjt lz vb~~av| lj cHKJVHT lj 6>>6 Y2>P bbk| da`~bv ljt vtzc|b|t lj `jtzvjt tzv th|j jk Evbkdj bujdljt lakkjt |vazujt lbkt cjt ~zfchdb|hakt hk|jvkb|hakbcjt+ Lbkt cb dacakkj ch||vb|zvj ehgzvj cb àjkkj ljt ubcjzvtkz`vhrzjt ~vtjk|jt lbkt cj |bfcjbz lz vb~~av| lj cHKJVHT /jk|vj |vaht j| ozh| ubcjzvt ~bv àjkkj tjcak cjt tzft|bkdjt(+

---- Dj vb~~av| lj cHKJVHT lj 2888 Y?P ~vtjk|j ljt ubcjzvt lj dakdjk|vb|hak jk tav|hj lj |avdovj jx~vh`jt jk `g!K` 4

oz`hlj# tjd az vb~~av| 4 * az 22 * lA6 tjd+ Cjt dakdjk|vb|hakt ~vtjk|jt tak| ljt àjkkjt tzv 4 th|jt jk `g!`4

vb~~av| 22* lj A6 tjd+ Cjt dbcdzct jeejd|zt ehgzvjk| jk Bkkjxj 2# |bfcjbz 4+

Avhghkj ljt hkeav`b|hakt lbkt cj dbt lzkj hkt|bccb|hak kazujccj+



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Cjt eczx oavbhvjt l`htthak jk tav|hj lj |avdovj lahujk| ehgzvjv# lbkt c|zlj lh`~bd|# bz dob~h|vj

ljt vjmj|t b|àt~ovhrzjt+ Thct k tak| ~bt az tak| hkda`~cj|t# ~azv cjt tzft|bkdjt vj|jkzjt ~azv

cubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt# ak z|hchtjvb cjt lakkjt lz \bfcjbz 6 /az zk bz|vj mjz lj

lakkjt( daklh|hak rzj dj doahx bc|jvkb|he tah| l`jk| mzt|heh ~bv cj ~|h|hakkbhvj# ka|b``jk| tzv

cjt dvh|vjt lj ubchlh| tdhjk|hehrzj j| lj jhccjzvj blb~|b|hak chkt|bccb|hak ~vuzj+

Avhghkj ljt hkeav`b|hakt lbkt cj dbt lzkj jx|jkthak- lhkt|bccb|hak jxht|bk|j

Cjt eczx oavbhvjt l`htthak ~azvvak| |vj l|jv`hkt ~bv|hv ljt lakkjt jxht|bk|jt tzv cj th|j+

Gkvbcj`jk|# ak lht~atj lj `jtzvjt lhvjd|j`jk| jk tav|hj lj |avdovj /ka|b``jk| ~azv cj DA# cj

TA6# cj O6T# cj ODc# cj OE j| cjt ~aztthvjt( j| lj `jtzvjt lj da`~ath|hak lz fhagb}+ Cavtrzj cjt

dakdjk|vb|hakt jk tav|hj lj |avdovj `bkrzjk| ~azv zk ljt da`~att# ak z|hchtjvb cb dakdjk|vb|hak

lbkt cj fhagb} cbrzjccj ak b~~chrzjvb cj |bzx lbfb||j`jk|2? /\B( lj cZTJ^B Y22P ~azv cjt

|avdovjt rzh~jt lj e|t = da`~att avgbkhrzjt obcagkt \B 0 8?*# da`~att avgbkhrzjt kak

obcagkt \B 0 88#7 *+ Cavtrzhc kjxht|j ~bt lj lakkjt lj dakdjk|vb|hak lbkt cj fhagb} ~azv zk

da`~at ~bv|hdzchjv vj|jkz ~azv cubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt ak doahthvb# jk mzt|hehbk| dj doahx#

zkj ljt ubcjzvt lz \bfcjbz 6+

6+6+2+6 Cjt dobzlhvjt

Cj fhagb} ~jz| |vj ubcavht lbkt zkj dobzlhvj ub~jzv+ Cj dbt ljt dobzlhvjt lj ubcavhtb|hak

kjvg|hrzj lheevj dbv hc jxht|j zk |jx|j vgcj`jk|bhvj ch`h|bk| cjt vjmj|t b|àt~ovhrzjt+ Cbvv| lz6> mzhk 6>>6 vjcb|he bzx dobzlhvjt ~vtjk|jt lbkt zkj hkt|bccb|hak kazujccj az àlhehj lzkj

~zhttbkdj tz~vhjzvj 6> @W|o# ~vjtdvh| ljt ubcjzvt ch`h|jt l`htthakt /UCJ-( rzh ~azvvbhjk|

tb~~chrzjv bzx dobzlhvjt lj ubcavhtb|hak kjvg|hrzj lz gb} lj ldobvgj tjcak cb ~zhttbkdj

|ojv`hrzj lj cb dobzlhvj /de+ dob~h|vj Dak|jx|j vgcj`jk|bhvj ljt HTL@B (+

Lbkt cj dbt lzkj jx|jkthak lhkt|bccb|hak jxht|bk|j# cj ~|h|hakkbhvj ~azvvb z|hchtjv tjt ~va~vjt

lakkjt vjcb|hujt bzx tzft|bkdjt lz \bfcjbz 2 ~azv dbvbd|vhtjv cjt eczx lj ~acczbk|t `ht ~bv cb

dobzlhvj+ Thc kj cjt dakkb| ~bt# hc z|hchtjvb bcavt cjt UCJ28lj cbvv| dobzlhvj vb~~av|jt lbkt cj

\bfcjbz 4+ Ka|akt rzhc tbgh| ljt UCJ- ~azv cj gb} kb|zvjc j| cj gb} lj ~|vacj chrzeh dbv cj fhagb}kj ebh| ~bt ~bv|hj ljt da`fzt|hfcjt ~vuzt lbkt cbvv|6>+ Cjt UCJ tak| th`hcbhvjt ~azv |azt cjt

~acczbk|t tbze cj TA6 j| cj KA6 ~azv cjtrzjct cj ~|h|hakkbhvj doahthvb cb ubcjzv bxh`bcj62/4: `g!K`4

2? Cj |bzx lbfb||j`jk| jt| cj da`~c`jk| 2 lz vb~~av| jk|vj cb dakdjk|vb|hak `jtzvj jk tav|hj lj |avdovj j| djccj lbkt cjfhagb}+ Cjt \B dbcdzct ~bv|hv ljt lakkjt VTL tak| |vt ~vadojt lj djzx lj cZTJ^B# hct uak| lj 87#87 * ~azv cj fjk}kj 88#88 * ~azv cj tzcezvj lolvagkj+ ^bv vjt~jd| lz ~vhkdh~j lj |vbkt~bvjkdj# cjt |bzx lbfb||j`jk| lj cZTJ^B ak| |doahtht dbv hct tak| |bfcht tzv cb fbtj lj lakkjt l`jk| vevjkdjt j| bddjtthfcjt |azt uhb Hk|jvkj|+28 UCJ 0 Ubcjzv ch`h|jt l`htthak /kj ~bt dakeaklvj bujd cjt UCJ lz dalj lz |vbubhc rzh tak| ljt ubcjzvt ch`h|jt ljx~ath|hak

ljt |vbubhccjzvt(+6> Gb} kb|zvjc# G^C# gb} lj daijvhj# gb} lj obz|t eazvkjbzx# ehazc la`jt|hrzj# bz|vjt da`fzt|hfcjt chrzhljt# da`fzt|hfcjtachlj# fha`bttj+62 O~a|otj bxh`htbk|j



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~azv cj TA6 j| 6>> `g!K`4 ~azv cj KA6( àhkt rzhc kj ~zhttj l`jk| mzt|hehjv cz|hchtb|hak lzkj

bz|vj ubcjzv+

Lbkt cj dbt ljt hkt|bccb|hakt kazujccjt# cj ~|h|hakkbhvj ~va~atjvb ljt lakkjt l`htthak

blb~|jt bzx dbvbd|vht|hrzjt lj cb ez|zvj hkt|bccb|hak az fhjk hc ejvb b~~jc bzx lakkjt ljt |bfcjbzx4 5+ Cjt eczx btthrzjt oavbhvjt lj ~acczbk|t vjmj|t cb|àt~ovj ~bv cb dobzlhvj lj chkt|bccb|hak

tjvak| jt|h`t bz àjk lz dalj lj dbcdzc tzhubk| =

E@x 0 UCJx - LE

Bujd =

E@x = Eczx `btthrzj oavbhvj lz ~acczbk| x /`g!o(

UCJx 0 Ubcjzvt ch`h|jt l`htthakt hklhuhlzbchtjt ~azv cj ~acczbk| x /`g!K`4 tzv gb} tjd 4 * lj A6(

LE 0 Lfh| lj ez`j |a|bc lj cb dobzlhvj /K`4!o tzv gb} tjd 4 * lj A6(

Djv|bhkt ~acczbk|t |vbdjzvt lz vhtrzj /\bfcjbz 2( kak| ~bt lj UCJ hklhuhlzjccj+ Cj ~|h|hakkbhvj ljuvb

~va~atjv zkj l`bvdoj lj tzft|h|z|hak jk cb mzt|hehbk| az# lebz|# z|hchtjv cb l`bvdoj tzhubk|j =

âzv cjt OB^# cb UCJ ~azvvb |vj v~bv|hj :> * ~azv cj fjk}a/b(~vkj /OB^ cazvl bujd zkj

U\V dbkdvhgkj dakkzj( j| :> * ~azv cj kb~o|bckj /OB^ cgjv bujd zkj U\V kak dbkdvhgkj

dakkzj(+

âzv cjt ? DAUK@66# ak dakthlvjvb rzhct addz~jk| zkj ~bv|hj lj cb UCJ ljt DAUK@ bz ~vavb|b

lj cjzv ~vtjkdj lbkt cjt fhagb} jk Evbkdj behk lj lehkhv zkj UCJ t~dhehrzj dobdzk ljk|vj

jzx /de+ \bfcjbz >: 66!26:


23/124

\bfcjbz 4 = Ubcjzv ch`h|j l`htthak ~azv cjt dobzlhvjt lak| cb ~zhttbkdj jt| ; 6> j| 3 :> @W|o

Da`fzt|hfcjt

Da`~at UCJ

Gb} kb|zvjc

/`g!K`4 tzv gb} tjd 4 * lj A6(

UCJ

Gb} lj |vacj Chrzeh

/`g!K`4 tzv gb} tjd 4 * lj A6(

Lhaxlj tazevj /TA6( 4: g!K`4 : `g!K`4

Axljt lb}a|j jx~vh` jk KA6 26> `g!K`4

6>> g!K`4

âztthvjt : `g!K`4 : `g!K`4

@akaxlj lj dbvfakj 2>> `g!K`4 2>> `g!K`4

Olvadbvfzvj bva`b|hrzj ~acddchrzj- >#2 `g!K`4 >#2 g!K`4

Da`~att Avgbkhrzjt Uacb|hct-- 22> `g!K`4 22> `g!K`4

Dbl`hz` >#>: `g!K`4 >#>: g!K`4

@jvdzvj >#>: `g!K`4 >#>: g!K`4

\obcchz` >#>: `g!K`4 >#>: g!K`4

Bvtjkhd ) Tckhz` ) \jcczvj 2 `g!K`4 2 `g!K`4

^ca`f 2 `g!K`4 2 `g!K`4

Tf)Dv)Da)Dz)Tk)@k)Kh)U)]k 2> `g!K`4 2> g!K`4

B`àkhbd--- 6> `g!K`4 6> g!K`4

- OB^ `jtzvt tjcak cb kav`j KE _#7> 25+8 * 28

\aczkj 25#4? 6:+8 * 6?

\vhdocava|ockj ?#46 24+2 * 2>#> * 22>

- Dbcdzc jk `zc|h~chbk| cj * lj dobrzj da`~at ~bv cb UCJ ljt DAUK@ tah| 22> `g!K`4+

-- Cj 2#6 lhdocava|obkj |bk| bftjk| ljt lakkjt evbkbhtjt lht~akhfcjt# cb àjkkj ljt lakkjt lj cb ch||vb|zvj ~vtjk|jbz |bfcjbz 6 /Y2#58 `g!`4 ) ?#28 `g!`4P ! 6 0 >: 64!26:


24/124

\bfcjbz : = Ubcjzv ch`h|j l`htthak ljt dobzlhvjt ; 6> @W ~azv cjt |bzx hklhuhlzbchtt

Da`~at @ajkkj fhagb} Evbkdj

/`g!`4(

* lz |a|bc UCJ t~dhehrzj-

/`g!K`4(

Dova`j >#>64 6#4 * >#6#>>2 >#2 * >#>2

Khdijc >#>>: >#: * >#>:

]hkd >#86< 85#8 * 8#7

\a|bc >#8:4 2>>#> * 2>#>

- Dbcdzc jk `zc|h~chbk| cj * lj dobrzj da`~at ~bv cb UCJ lz gvaz~j ljt `|bzx tah| 2> `g!K`4+

^bv bhccjzvt# cb dhvdzcbhvj lz 2> ldj`fvj 6>>4 ehxj lbkt tak bkkjxj cjt UCJ ljt TA 6# KAx#

~aztthvjt# DAUK@ j| DA ~azv cjt dobzlhvjt lj ~zhttbkdj hkevhjzvj 6> @W|o /\bfcjbz 5(+ Cb``j `|oalj rzj djccj bla~|j ~azv cjt dobzlhvjt lj ~zhttbkdj tz~vhjzvj 6> @W|o ~azvvb

lakd |vj bla~|j ~azv cjt dobzlhvjt lj ~zhttbkdj hkevhjzvj 6> @W|o+ Jk vjubkdoj# hc k b ~bt

lj UCJ ~azv cjt dobzlhvjt lj ~zhttbkdj hkevhjzvj 6 @W|o+

\bfcjbz 5 = Ubcjzv ch`h|j l`htthak ~azv cjt dobzlhvjt lak| cb ~zhttbkdj jt| 3 6> @W|o

Da`~at

UCJ

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tzv gb} tjd 4 * lj A6(

Lhaxlj lj tazevj /TA6( ^bt lj UCJ

Axljt lb}a|j /KAx( 66: `g!K`4

âztthvjt :> `g!K`4

@akaxlj lj dbvfakj 6:> `g!K`4

Da`~att Avgbkhrzjt Uacb|hct Kak @|obkhrzjt-- :> `g!K`4

6+6+2+4 Cjt à|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt

Cj fhagb} ~jz| bztth |vj ubcavht bz khujbz kjvg|hrzj lbkt ljt à|jzvt az |zvfhkjt+ Lbkt dj dbt

hc jxht|j zk |jx|j vgcj`jk|bhvj ch`h|bk| cjt vjmj|t b|àt~ovhrzjt+ Cbvv| lz 22 ba| 2888 vjcb|he

cb vlzd|hak ljt `htthakt ~acczbk|jt ljt à|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt da`fzt|hak YP tazt cb vzfvhrzj

682> lj cb ka`jkdcb|zvj ljt HD + Cbvv| tb~~chrzj th cb ta``j ljt ~zhttbkdjt |ojv`hrzjt

dakt|h|zbk| chkt|bccb|hak6< jt| tz~vhjzvj 6> @W|o6:+ Da`~|bk| tzv zk ~azuahv dbcavhehrzj lz fhagb}

6< Cbv|hdcj 6 lehkh zkj Hkt|bccb|hak da``j \az| gvaz~j lb~~bvjhc lj da`fzt|hak jx~cah| ~bv zk ``j a~vb|jzv# th|zt tzvzk ``j th|j 9 j| rzh tak| az ~jzujk| |vj |jdokhrzj`jk| vbddavlt zkj doj`hkj da``zkj+ +



25/124

:> * lj `|obkj lj : iW!o+K`4# dj tjzhc vgcj`jk|bhvj jt| b||jhk| ~azv ljt à|jzvt az |zvfhkjt

fvcbk| = < >>> K`4 lj fhagb} ~bv ojzvj /6> @W|o(+

Lbkt cjt HTL@B rzh~jt lj à|jzvt az |zvfhkjt lak| cjt ~zhttbkdjt |ojv`hrzjt l~bttjk| cjt

6> @W|o# cb dbvbd|vhtb|hak ljt eczx lj ~acczbk|t vjmj|t cb|àt~ovj ~jz| |vj fbtj# lbkt cj dbtlzkj jx|jkthak lhkt|bccb|hak jxht|bk|j# tzv cjt lakkjt ~va~vjt chkt|bccb|hak+ Jccjt lahujk| |vj

hklhuhlzbchtjt ~azv dobdzk ljt ~acczbk|t |vbdjzvt lz vhtrzj+ Cavtrzj cjt lakkjt kj tak| ~bt

lht~akhfcjt az ~bv|hjccjt /zkhrzj`jk| rzjcrzjt ~acczbk|t lj cb cht|j(# cj ~|h|hakkbhvj z|hchtjvb bcavt cjt

UCJ lj cbvv| à|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt vb~~av|jt lbkt cj \bfcjbz 7+ Ka|akt rzhc tbgh| ljt UCJ ~azv cj

gb} kb|zvjc dbv cj fhagb} kj ebh| ~bt ~bv|hj ljt da`fzt|hfcjt ~vuzt lbkt cbvv| 65+

Dakdjvkbk| cjt hkt|bccb|hakt kazujccjt# cj ~|h|hakkbhvj ~va~atjvb ljt lakkjt l`htthak blb~|jt

bzx dbvbd|vht|hrzjt lj cb ez|zvj hkt|bccb|hak az fhjk hc ejvb b~~jc bzx lakkjt ljt |bfcjbzx 7# ? j| 8+

Djv|bhkt ~acczbk|t |vbdjzvt lz vhtrzj kak| ~bt lj UCJ hklhuhlzjccj+ Cj ~|h|hakkbhvj ljuvb ~va~atjv

zkj l`bvdoj lj tzft|h|z|hak jk cb mzt|hehbk| az# lebz|# z|hchtjv cb l`bvdoj tzhubk|j =

âzv cjt OB^ cb UCJ tjvb v~bv|hj :> * ~azv cj fjk}a/b(~vkj j| :> * ~azv cj kb~o|bckj+

âzv cjt ? DAU67# ak v~bv|hvb cb UCJ ljt DAUK@6? bz ~vavb|b lj cjzv ~vtjkdj lbkt cjt fhagb}

/de+ \bfcjbz ?(+ Dj||j b~~vadoj daklzh| zkj jt|h`b|hak b ~vhavh bttj} `bmavbk|j ljt

dakdjk|vb|hakt ljt lhujvt DAUK@ dakthlvt lbkt cjt ez`jt lj à|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt ~zhtrzj

caghrzj`jk| cjt dakdjk|vb|hakt ljuvbhjk| |vj ~czt ebhfcjt lbkt cjt ez`jt rzj lbkt cj fhagb}

/jeej|t lj cb ljt|vzd|hak ljt DAUK@ j| lj c'b~~av| l'bhv(+

âzv cjt `|bzx = bvtjkhd# dbl`hz`# dova`j# `jvdzvj# `bkgbktj# khdijc# ~ca`f j| }hkd ak

v~bv|hvb cb UCJ lz gvaz~j bz ~vavb|b lj cjzv ~vtjkdj lbkt cjt fhagb} jk Evbkdj behk lj lehkhv

zkj UCJ t~dhehrzj dobdzk ljk|vj jzx /de+ \bfcjbz 8(+

Cjt eczx `btthrzjt oavbhvjt lj ~acczbk|t vjmj|t cb|àt~ovj ~bv cjt à|jzvt az |zvfhkjt lj

chkt|bccb|hak tjvak| jt|h`t bz ajk lz dalj lj dbcdzc tzhubk| =

E@x 0 UCJx - LEBujd =

E@x = Eczx `btthrzj oavbhvj lz ~acczbk| x /`g!o(

UCJx 0 Ubcjzvt ch`h|jt l`htthakt hklhuhlzbchtjt ~azv cj ~acczbk| x /`g!K`4 tzv gb} tjd : az 2:* A6(

LE 0 Lfh| lj ez`j |a|bc lz à|jzv az lj cb |zvfhkj /K`4!o tzv gb} tjd : az 2: * lj A6(

6: @W|o 0 gb Wb|| |ojv`hrzj65 Gb} kb|zvjc# ehazc la`jt|hrzj# ehazc cazvl+

67 Cjt ? da`~att avgbkauacb|hct tak| = 2#6 lhdocava|obkj# Bd|akj# Fjk}kj# Docavzvj lj uhkcj# J|ocfjk}kj#\|vbdocava|ockj# \aczkj# \vhdocava|ockj6? Da`~att Avgbkhrzjt Uacb|hct Kak @|obkhrzjt



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Hc kjxht|j ~bt lj UCJ ~azv O6T jk tav|hj lj à|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt+ Lbkt cj dbt ljt hkt|bccb|hakt

kazujccjt# cj ~|h|hakkbhvj ~azvvb lakd z|hchtjv zkj ubcjzv l`htthak blb~|j tak hkt|bccb|hak#

l`jk| mzt|hehj az zkj ljt ubcjzvt lz \bfcjbz 6 jk tz~~atbk| rzj cjt `htthakt ljt à|jzvt j|

|zvfhkjt tak| th`hcbhvjt bzx `htthakt lj |avdovjt+ Cj doahx lj |az|j ubcjzv ljuvb |vj mzt|heh+

\bfcjbz 7= Ubcjzv ch`h|j l`htthak ~azv cjt à|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt lak| cb ~zhttbkdj jt| ; 6> j| 3 :>@W|o

Da`~at \zvfhkjt ; 6> @W|o

/ 2: * lj A6 gb} tjd(

@a|jzvt ; 6> @W|o

/ : * lj A6 gb} tjd(

Lhaxlj lj tazevj /TA6( 2> `g!K`4 4: g!K`4

Axljt lb}a|j jx~vh` jk KA6 ?> g!K`4 4:> g!K`4

âztthvjt 2> `g!K`4 2>> g!K`4

@akaxlj lj dbvfakj ?: `g!K`4 5:> g!K`4

Olvadbvfzvjt Bva`b|hrzjt acddchrzjt- >#2 `g!K`4 >#2 g!K`4

Da`~att Avgbkhrzjt Uacb|hct Kak @|obkhrzjt 2:> `g!K`4 2:> g!K`4

Tf)Dv)Da)Dz)Tk)@k)Kh)^f)U)]k-- 6> `g!K`4 6> g!K`4

B`àkhbd--- 6> `g!K`4 4> g!K`4

- OB^ `jtzvt tjcak cb kav`j KE _#: g!o /tah| zk lfh| lj ez`j tz~vhjzvj : >>> K`4!o(+-- UCJ b~~chdbfcj th cj lfh| `btthrzj lj djzxdh l~bttj 6: g!o /tah| zk lfh| lj ez`j tz~vhjzvj 2 6:> K`4!o(+--- Zkhrzj`jk| th chkt|bccb|hak /à|jzv az |zvfhkj( jt| rzh~j lzk |vbh|j`jk| ljt axljt lb}a|j cb`àkhbd az czvj+

\bfcjbz ?= Ubcjzv ch`h|j l`htthak ljt à|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt lak| cb ~zhttbkdj jt| ; 6> j| 3 :> @W|o~azv cjt DAUK@ hklhuhlzbchtt


Y8# 2>P

/`g!`4(

* lz |a|bc UCJ t~dhehrzj-/`g!`

4(

2#6 lhdocava|obkj 25#8* 6:

\aczkj 25#4? 6:#8* 48

\vhdocava|ockj ?#46 24#2* 6>

\a|bc 54#44 2>>#> * 2:>

- Dbcdzc jk `zc|h~chbk| cj * lj dobrzj da`~at ~bv cb UCJ ljt DAUK@ tah| 2:> `g!K`4+

-- Cj 2#6 lhdocava|obkj |bk| bftjk| ljt lakkjt evbkbhtjt lht~akhfcjt /8# 2>(# cb àjkkj ljt lakkjt lj cb ch||vb|zvj~vtjk|jt bz |bfcjbz 6 /Y2#58 `g!`4 ) ?#28 `g!`4P ! 6 0 >: 65!26:


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\bfcjbz 8 = Ubcjzv ch`h|j l`htthak ljt à|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt ; 6> @W ~azv cjt |bzx hklhuhlzbchtt


Y8# 2>P

/`g!`4(

* lz |a|bc UCJ t~dhehrzj-/`g!K`

4(

Bvtjkhd >#>26 2#6 * >#6:

Dbl`hz` >#>24 2#4 * >#6:

Dova`j |a|bc >#>64 6#4 * >##>>2 >#2 * >#>4

@jvdzvj >#>2< 2#< * >#6?

Khdijc >#>>: >#: * >#2>

^ca`f >#>>7 >#7 * >#2#86< 86#< * 2?##888 2>>#>* 6>#>>- Dbcdzc jk `zc|h~chbk| cj * lj dobrzj da`~at ~bv cb UCJ lz gvaz~j ljt `|bzx tah| 6> `g!K`4+

Da``j ~azv cjt dobzlhvjt# cb dhvdzcbhvj lz 2> ldj`fvj 6>>4 ehxj lbkt tak bkkjxj cjt UCJ ljt

TA6# KAx# ~aztthvjt# DAUK@ j| DA ~azv cjt à|jzvt j| dobzlhvjt lj ~zhttbkdj hkevhjzvj

6> @W|o /\bfcjbz 2>(+ Cb ``j `|oalj rzj djccj bla~|j ~azv cjt à|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt lj

~zhttbkdj tz~vhjzvj 6> @W|o ~azvvb lakd |vj bla~|j ~azv cjt à|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt lj ~zhttbkdj

hkevhjzvj 6> @W|o+ Jk vjubkdoj# hc k b ~bt lj UCJ ~azv cjt à|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt lj ~zhttbkdj

hkevhjzvj 6 @W|o+

\bfcjbz 2>= Ubcjzv ch`h|j l`htthak ~azv cjt a|jzvt j| |zvfhkjt lak| cb ~zhttbkdj jt| 3 6> @W|o

Da`~at \zvfhkjt 3 6> @W|o

/ 2: * lj A6 gb} tjd(

@a|jzvt 3 6> @W|o

/ : * lj A6 gb} tjd(

Lhaxlj lj tazevj /TA6( ^bt lj UCJ ^bt lj UCJ

Axljt lb}a|j /KAx( 66: g!K`4 :6: g!K`4

âztthvjt 2:> g!K`4 2:> g!K`4

@akaxlj lj dbvfakj 4>> `g!K`4 26>> g!K`4

Da`~att Avgbkhrzjt Uacb|hct Kak @|obkhrzjt :> `g!K`4 :> g!K`4



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6+6+6 Cjt tazvdjt lheeztjt

Cjt ~acczbk|t vj|jkzt ~azv cjt `htthakt ljt tazvdjt lheeztjt b|àt~ovhrzjt tjvak| hljk|hrzjt

djzx vj|jkzt ~azv cjt tazvdjt dbkbchtjt+ Dj||j o~a|otj ~jv`j| zkj daovjkdj lbkt cjt ~acczbk|t|zlht+ Jccj davvjt~akl cb vbch| lj cjx~ath|hak ljt obfh|bk|t bcjk|azv# vjt~hvbk| cbhv a tj |vazujk|

`cbkgjt |az|jt cjt `htthakt b|àt~ovhrzjt lz th|j# rzjccjt rzj tahjk| cjzvt tazvdjt l`htthak+

Lj ~czt# cjt ~acczbk|t vjmj|t tak| bttj} da`~bvbfcjt lzkj tazvdj cbz|vj cjxdj~|hak ka|bfcj ljt

~aztthvjt lak| cb da`~ath|hak jt| ~vhkdh~bcj`jk| `hkvbcj cavtrzjccjt ~vauhjkkjk| ljt |vbubzx lj

|jvvbttj`jk| j| ~vhkdh~bcj`jk| avgbkhrzj cavtrzjccjt vtzc|jk| lj cb da`fzt|hak lolvadbvfzvjt+

6+6+6+2 Cjt ezh|jt lj dazujv|zvj j| lz vtjbz lj fhagb}

Cj |bzx lj db~|bgj ljt gb} l~jkl lj ka`fvjzx ebd|jzvt ~va~vjt dobrzj hkt|bccb|hak+ Hc jt| bztth

ubvhbfcj lbkt cj |j`~t+ Cb gjt|hak ljt bcuacjt jk dazvt lj vj`~chttbgj# cb ~atj j| cb ~va|jd|hak ljt

dbkbchtb|hakt lj db~|bgj# cjt daklh|hakt `|avacaghrzjt# cj eakd|hakkj`jk| ljt hkt|bccb|hakt z|hchtbk|

az |vbh|bk| cjt gb} db~|t# cjt ~jveav`bkdjt l|bkdoh| lj cb dazujv|zvj ljt bcuacjt# tak| bz|bk| lj

ebd|jzvt bbk| zkj hkeczjkdj l|jv`hkbk|j tzv cj |bzx lj db~|bgj lz fhagb}+ Dj |bzx lj db~|bgj lah|

|vj jt|h` tzv |az|j cb ~vhalj lj ~valzd|hak rzh da``jkdj bubk| cb ~atj lz vtjbz j| ~jz|

dak|hkzjv b~vt cbvv| lehkh|he ljt |avdovjt+

Hc jxht|j lj ka`fvjzx àlcjt cbfavt ~azv jt|h`jv cb ~valzd|hak lj fhagb} az lj `|obkj httzj lj

cb lgvblb|hak ljt ldoj|t jkeazht jk djk|vj lj t|adibgj Y24P+ Ak |vazuj# lbkt cbkkjxj 6 lz gzhlj

`|oalacaghrzj lj cBLJ@J ~azv jt|h`jv cjt `htthakt lj DO G^G = Gaal ~vbd|hdj Gzhlbkdj bkl Zkdjv|bhk| @bkbgj`jk| hk Gvjjkoaztj Gbt Hkujk|avhjt+42 J^B = Jkuhvak`jk|bc va|jd|hak Bgjkd# ZTB



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chkt|bccb|hak ~zht# dobrzj ~acczbk| lz \bfcjbz 2 b~~chrzjvb cb dakdjk|vb|hak lbkt cj fhagb} tjcak cj

dalj lj dbcdzc tzhubk| =

E@Lx 0 ^F - \E - Dx

Bujd =E@Lx 0 Eczx @btthrzj oavbhvj Lheezt lz ~acczbk| x /`g!o(

^F 0 valzd|hak ajkkj oavbhvj lj fhagb} lbkt cHTL@B /`4!o(46

\E 0 \bzx lj ezh|j lz fhagb} lbkt chkt|bccb|hak /*(

Dx 0 Dakdjk|vb|hak àjkkj lz ~acczbk| x lbkt cj fhagb} /`g!`4(

Lakkjt z|hchtjv~azv cjt hkt|bccb|hakt kazujccjt /de+ bvv| alheh lz 8 tj~|j`fvj 2887(

Cb rzbk|h| lj fhagb} ~valzh|j bkkzjccj`jk| lah| ujkhv lz dob~h|vj ldvhubk| cjt dbvbd|vht|hrzjt lj

cHTL@B+ Cj |bzx lj db~|bgj j| cjt dakdjk|vb|hakt lj ~acczbk|t lbkt cj fhagb} ~jzujk| |vj httzt ljt

lakkjt lj cjx~cah|bk|+ B lebz| lhkeav`b|hakt t~dhehrzjt# zk |bzx lj ?> * jk àjkkj tzv cb

lzvj lj uhj lj chkt|bccb|hak tjvb z|hcht ch`bgj ljt vjda``bklb|hakt lj cBLJ@J Y24P# cjt

dakdjk|vb|hakt lj ~acczbk|t lbkt cj fhagb} vj|jkzt ~azv cubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt tjvak|

djccjt lz \bfcjbz 6 az |az| bz|vj mjz lj lakkjt ubcbfcj ~azv chkt|bccb|hak+

Lakkjt z|hchtjv ~azv cjt jx|jkthakt lhkt|bccb|hakt jxht|bk|jt /de+ bvv| àlheh lz 8

tj~|j`fvj 2887(

Zk |bzx lj db~|bgj |oavhrzj az fbt tzv cjt ~jveav`bkdjt lz vtjbz jxht|bk| ~jz| |vj z|hcht ~azv

lh`jkthakkjv cjt |avdovjt ljt|hkjt cjx|jkthak+ Cj ``j |bzx lj db~|bgj lah| |vj z|hcht lbktcubczb|hak rzbk|h|b|huj ljt vhtrzjt ~azv cb tbk|+ B||jk|hak# cj |bzx lj db~|bgj lj fhagb} z|hcht kj

lah| ~bt |vj doahth da``j |oavhrzj`jk| bz `hjzx ljt db~bdh|t |jdokhrzjt lj chkt|bccb|hak `bht

hc lah| |vj mzt|heh tzv cb fbtj l|zljt j| lj lakkjt lj cjx~cah|bk|+ B lebz| lhkeav`b|hakt

t~dhehrzjt zk |bzx lj ?> * jk àjkkj tzv cb lzvj lj uhj lj chkt|bccb|hak tjvb z|hcht+

6+6+6+6 Cb `bkz|jk|hak ljt ldoj|t

Cjt a~vb|hakt lj lujvtj`jk| lj ldoj|t# bz rzbh lj vz~|zvj az tzv cb ~cb|jeav`j lbddzjhc ~zht bzkhujbz ljt bcuacjt# gkvjk| ljt `htthakt b|àt~ovhrzjt lj ~aztthvjt j| lj gb} da`~att

lbgjk|t lbkgjvjzx da``j djv|bhkt DAU az ljt fbd|vhjt j| ljt hdvadob`~hgkakt Y2>: 68!26:


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da`~vhtjt jk|vj >#>>>5 * >#>2 * lz ~ahlt lavlzvjt lujvtjt44+ Cj ebd|jzv l|jv`hkbk| djt

ubvhb|hakt jt| cj`fbccbgj ljt avlzvjt = ~czt cj`fbccbgj jt| ojv`|hrzj`jk| ejv` /daklh|hak

bkbvafhj( ~czt cj |bzx l`htthak lj ~aztthvjt jt| ebhfcj+ Cj |bzx loz`hlh| ljt avlzvjt ebh| bztth

ubvhjv cjt `htthakt+ \az|jeaht# lbkt cjx~vh`jk|b|hak Y2:P# hc jt| vjt| dakt|bk|+ B lebz|

lhkeav`b|hakt ~czt t~dhehrzjt lj chkt|bccb|hak# dj |bzx l`htthak ~azvvb |vj z|hcht ~azv jt|h`jv cjt`htthakt lj ~aztthvjt gkvjt ~bv cjt lujvtj`jk|t lj ldoj|t+ Zkj eaht cb `bttj lj

~aztthvjt `htjt dbcdzcj ~bv dj ~vhkdh~j# jccj tjvb vb~~av|j bz |j`~t rzj lzvj cj

ldobvgj`jk| ljt A@ behk laf|jkhv zk eczx `btthrzj oavbhvj+

6+6+6+6+6 J`htthak lj DAU

Hc jxht|j ~jz lhkeav`b|hakt tzv cjt lfh|t l`htthak lj da`~att avgbkhrzjt uacb|hct ~bv|hv ljt

a~vb|hakt lj lujvtj`jk| lA@+ Lbkt cjt |zljt bd|zjccj`jk| lht~akhfcjt# dj tak| cjt

dakdjk|vb|hakt b|àt~ovhrzjt bz ~at|j lj |vbubhc /vh~jzv ~jklbk| cb daccjd|j# ~jvtakkjc lbkt cjt

djk|vjt lj |vh# b`fhbkdj tzv th|j HTL@B( rzh tak| vjktjhgkjt+

Hc k b lakd ~bt jkdavj àjk ljt|h`jv cjt eczx `btthrzjt oavbhvjt l`htthak lj DAU

~jklbk| cjt a~vb|hakt lj lujvtj`jk| lA@+ Dj| bt~jd| ljuvb |vj bd|zbcht jk eakd|hak lj

cuacz|hak ljt dakkbhttbkdjt+

6+6+6+4 Cjt |vbubzx lb`kbgj`jk|

Cjt |vbubzx lb`kbgj`jk| dakdjvkjk| |azt cjt |jvvbttj`jk|t tjvubk| = lehkhv ljt uahjt lj

dhvdzcb|hak chk|vhjzv lz th|j# eav`jv ljt dbthjvt j| ljt bcuacjt# hkt|bccjv ljt rzh~j`jk|t lj

|vbh|j`jk|# lj db~|bgj j| lj cbgzkbgj# h`~cbk|jv ljt f|h`jk|t# lhehjv ljt `jvcakt lj ~va|jd|hak+ Hct

~vauarzjk| ljt `htthakt lj ~aztthvjt b|àt~ovhrzjt+ Cjt gb} ldob~~j`jk| httzt ljt à|jzvt

ljkghkt lj |jvvbttj`jk| tak| |vbh|t bz dob~h|vj tzhubk|+ Cjt `htthakt lj ~aztthvjt lzjt bz

fvbttbgj ljt |jvvjt jk ~cbdj az vb~~av|jt tak| lheehdhcj`jk| rzbk|hehbfcjt+ B cb lb|j lj vlbd|hak lj

dj gzhlj# hc kb ~bt | |vazu lj vevjkdjt tdhjk|hehrzjt az |jdokhrzjt jx~atbk| zkj `|oalj

ehbfcj ~jv`j||bk| lj rzbk|hehjv cjt eczx lj ~aztthvjt `ht jk eakd|hak lz uacz`j az lj cb

`bttj lj |jvvj l~cbdj+ Dj| bt~jd| ljuvb |vj bd|zbcht bz ezv j| `jtzvj lj cbubkdj`jk| ljt

dakkbhttbkdjt+ Cjt |vbubzx lb`kbgj`jk| eak| gbcj`jk| hk|jvujkhv cj vazcbgj ljt jkghkt 9 dj dbt

jt| |vbh| bz 6+6+6+:+

6+6+6+< Cjt gb} ldob~~j`jk| ~valzh|t cavt ljt l~cbdj`jk|t

Tjcak cAftjvub|ahvj ljt ~vb|hrzjt ljt ubczb|hakt ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt lbkt cjt |zljt lh`~bd| j|

dakeav``jk| cbv|hdcj 4 lz ldvj| lz 62 tj~|j`fvj 2877 ~vht ~azv c'b~~chdb|hak lj cb cah k 75554

44 Tah| = 5 2>> g lj ~aztthvjt |a|bcjt `ht ~bv |akkj lj ldoj|t lujvtt+ Hc tbgh| lj ~aztthvjt |a|bcjt j| kak lj ^@2>



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lz 28 mzhccj| 2875 vjcb|huj bzx Hkt|bccb|hakt Dcbttjt# cb vaz|j j`~vzk|j ~bv cjt db`hakt ljttjvubk|

zkj HD ~jz| |vj dakthlvj da``j dakkjxj j| c'|zlj l'h`~bd| ~jz| ~vjklvj jk da`~|j cjt

~vafc`jt cht bzx db`hakt ~azv cjt obfh|bk|t uahthkt lj dj||j vaz|j# jk |jv`jt lj tdzvh|#

|vbkrzhcch| j| kzhtbkdjt+ ^czthjzvt ldhthakt lj mzgjt bl`hkht|vb|het dakehv`jk| cb ~atthfhch| ~azv zk

~vej| lj vjeztjv zkj bz|avhtb|hak l'hkt|bccb|hak dcbttj# bz à|he rzj cb uahj lj ljttjv|j jxht|bk|j jt|hktzeehtbk|j ~azv bftavfjv tbkt lbkgjv cj |vbehd tz~~c`jk|bhvj dv ~bv c'hkt|bccb|hak+ Bz dak|vbhvj# th

cjt db`hakt lj c'hklzt|vhjc lfazdojk| tzv zkj uahj rzh jt| ~vuzj ~azv tz~~av|jv cj |vbehd j| rzh k'jt|

~bt tb|zvj# hc kj vjuhjklvb ~bt djczhdh lj `jtzvjv c'h`~bd| tbkh|bhvj lj tak evj|# cb vaz|j bbk| l

jccj``j# bz ~vbcbfcj# ebhvj c'afmj| l'zkj |zlj l'h`~bd| tzv cj |vbehd ~vuhthakkjc Y25P+ Cj

~|h|hakkbhvj ljuvb lakd tbttzvjv rzj cb uahj lj ljttjv|j lj cHTL@B jt| tzeehtbk|j ~azv

tz~~av|jv cj |vbehd tz~~c`jk|bhvj hklzh| ~bv cjt bd|huh|t lj t|adibgj+

Cavtrzj cjt |zljt tak| ebh|jt tzv cjt hkevbt|vzd|zvjt dakkjxjt# cj `b|vj lazuvbgj tj vevjvb cb

`|oalj ljt ubczb|hakt ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt ~azv cjt hkevbt|vzd|zvjt vaz|hvjt Y27P+

Cj dob~h|vj hdh lujca~~ |vbh|j lakd zkhrzj`jk| ljt gb} ldob~~j`jk| ljt uohdzcjt j| jkghkt

z|hchtt vgzchvj`jk| tzv cj th|j+ Hct b~~bv|hjkkjk| |vaht db|gavhjt =

2 cjt ~ahlt cazvlt |vbkt~av|bk| cjt ldoj|t lj~zht cj rzbh lj vz~|zvj az cb ~cb|jeav`j lj

ldobvgj`jk| mztrzj lbkt cjt bcuacjt 9

6 cjt jkghkt lj `bkz|jk|hak j| lj |jvvbttj`jk| tjvubk| dakt|vzhvj cjt uahvhjt# cjt bcuacjt# cjt

`jvcakt# cj lvbhkbgj ljt jbzx `|avhrzjt j| lj vzhttjccj`jk| j| cjt jkghkt lj da`~bd|bgj ljt

ldoj|t tzv cj `btthe 9

4 cjt bz|vjt jkghkt hklzt|vhjct à|jzv lhjtjc /~bv jxj`~cj = cjt dakuajzvt# cjt gkvb|jzvt# cjt

~a`~jt# cjt cub|jzvt# cjt eavjztjt j| bz|vjt(+

6+6+6+

lakkjk| ljt ebd|jzvt l`htthak jk gvb``j ~bv ihca`|vj ~bvdazvz ~azv cj DA# cjt KAx# cjt DAUK@

j| cjt ~aztthvjt jk eakd|hak lj cb uh|jttj àjkkj ljt uohdzcjt+ Cj ~|h|hakkbhvj ljuvb lakd

jt|h`jv cj ka`fvj lj uohdzcjt lhjtjc ; 4#: | uaczbk| tzv cj th|j# cj ka`fvj lj ihca`|vjt

bkkzjct j| cb uh|jttj àjkkj ljt db`hakt dhvdzcbk| tzv cj th|j ~azv dobrzj db|gavhj lj



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ladz`jk| lj vevjkdj(+ Cjt eczx `btthrzjt tak| dbcdzct bz `ajk lj crzb|hak jk z|hchtbk| cjt

ebd|jzvt l`htthak ljt DAUK@ httzt lz \bfcjbz 22 j| cjt ~va~av|hakt vjt~jd|hujt lj dobrzj

DAUK@ lakkjt bz \bfcjbz 26 =

E@DAUK@x 0 E@DAUK@| - ^x!|Bujd =

E@DAUK@x 0 Eczx `btthrzj lz DAUK@ x /jk g!i`(

E@DAUK@| 0 Eczx btthrzj ljt DAUK@ |a|bzx /jk g!i`(

^x!| 0 ~va~av|hak lz DAUK@ x lbkt cjt `htthakt lj DAUK@ |a|bzx /tbkt zkh|(+

\bfcjbz 26= ^va~av|hak ljt DAUK@ hklhuhlzbchtt lbkt cjt `htthakt ljt uohdzcjt lhjtjc ; 4#: |+

Da`~at * lz |a|bc ljt DAU

2#6 lhdocava|obkj kl

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Docavzvj lj uhkcj kl

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\|vbdocava|ockj kl

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kl = kak l|jv`hk- lakkjt ~azv cjt uohdzcjt lhjtjct cgjvt /34#: |( jk cbftjkdj lj lakkjt t~dhehrzjt ~azv cjtuohdzcjt lhjtjct ; 4#:|+

Cjt `htthakt lj OB^ ehgzvjk| vjt~jd|huj`jk| lbkt cj |bfcjbz :+4? j| :+ lz ladz`jk| lj

vevjkdj lj DA^JV\ HHH Y2?P+ Cjt ebd|jzvt l`htthak ljt `|bzx jk `g!ig lj dbvfzvbk| dakta``

ehgzvjk| lbkt cj |bfcjbz :+ lz ``j ladz`jk|+ Kazt vb~~av|akt lbkt cj d\bfcjbz 24# cjt ebd|jzvt

l`htthakt ~azv cjt ljzx OB^ dakkzt lbkt cjt `htthakt ljt HTL@B+ Cj \bfcjbz 2#8 g!i`

Kb~o|bckj :5#55 g!i`



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\bfcjbz 2< = Eczx `btthrzj ljt `|bzx j| lz TA6 ~bv ig lj dbvfzvbk| dakta`` ~azv cjt uohdzcjt lhjtjc ;4#:|+

Da`~at Eczx `btthrzj

Bvtjkhd kl

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kl = kak l|jv`hk- i^f jt| cb ~va~av|hak lj ~ca`f dak|jkzj lbkt cj dbvfzvbk| jk ig!ig lj dbvfzvbk|

47

-- iTA6 jt| cb ~va~av|hak lj tazevj dak|jkzj lbkt cj dbvfzvbk| jk ig !ig ljdbvfzvbk|

6+6+6+>2 4? Y28P rzh

~va~atj rzjcrzjt ebd|jzvt l`htthak jk g!o~ov 48+

6+6+6+> dojubzx+ Cjt ebd|jzvt l`htthak

47 âzv cjt dbvfzvbk|t evbkbht# dj||j hkeav`b|hak jt| ka|b``jk| lht~akhfcj lbkt cj ladz`jk| lj cBLJ@J# J`htthakt lj~acczbk|t j| dakta``b|hak chjt cb dhvdzcb|hak vaz|hvj# Dakkb|vj ~azv bghv# gzhljt j| dbohjvt |jdokhrzjt# 288?# ~vht# 226 ~+4?

Cb ujvthak ehkbchtj lj dj vb~~av| k|bh| ~bt lht~akhfcj bz à`jk| lj cb vlbd|hak lj dj gzhlj48 Cjt g!o~ov tak| ljt gvb``jt ~bv dojubzx /~zhttbkdj `dbkhrzj lz à|jzv( j| ~bv ojzvj lz|hchtb|hak = g!doo + Djtebd|jzvt l`htthak vj~vtjk|jk| ljt ubcjzvt kav`b|hujt ~azv cb ebfvhdb|hak ljt jkghkt+ Cz|hchtb|hak ljt |jct ebd|jzvt l`htthakkdjtth|j lj dakkb|vj cb ~zhttbkdj /jx~vh`j jk dojubzx dbkhrzjt( lj dobrzj jkghk z|hcht tzv cj th|j+



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\bfcjbz 25= Eczx btthrzjt lj DAUK@ j| lj OB^ cdob~~j`jk| ljt a|jzvt lhjtjc jk ~at|j ehxj

^acczbk|t Ebd|jzv lj`htthakb

/kg!M(

Ebd|jzv lj`htthak

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* lz |a|bc lj dobrzjeb`hccj

Fjk}kjf 2+2>2 2# 22 5#44+2>2 5#:2 *

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4#5:+2>6

2#42+2>2

:>#


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6+6+6+: Cb dhvdzcb|hak tzv cj th|j j| cjt `htthakt lj ~aztthvjt lz tac

Cjxht|jkdj tzv cj th|j lj ~ht|jt jk |jvvj fb||zj /kak ~bujt j|!az kak gazlvakkjt( ~azv cb

dhvdzcb|hak ljt db`hakt j| ljt jkghkt lj dobk|hjv# jt| zkj tazvdj ~a|jk|hjccj l`htthak lj

~aztthvjt+ Djt `htthakt lj ~aztthvjt eak| evrzj``jk| cafmj| lj ~cbhk|jt lz uahthkbgj+

Cjt jeej|t tbkh|bhvjt ljt ~bv|hdzcjt b|àt~ovhrzjt l~jkljk| lj cjzv lhb`|vj bvalkb`hrzj /rzh

l|jv`hkj cb db~bdh| lj ~k|vb|hak lbkt cbvfvj fvakdoa~zcàkbhvj( j| lj cjzv da`~ath|hak

~othdadoh`hrzj+ Cjt |zljt tak| cj ~czt tazujk| fbtjt bzmazvlozh tzv zkj `jtzvj ljt ^@2>

l~azvuzj lj dbvbd|vhtb|hak doh`hrzj ljt ~bv|hdzcjt+ Kbkàhkt# lbz|vjt |zljt z|hchtjk|

gbcj`jk| bzmazvlozh cjt ^@6#: 6>> `( j| cj ~ahlt ajk ljt db`hakt dhvdzcbk|+ Tjcak c|zlj lj cZTJ^B#

cb uh|jttj lj l~cbdj`jk| lz db`hak kj dobkgj ~bt thgkhehdb|huj`jk| cj ebd|jzv l`htthak+ ^bv

daktrzjk|# cj àlcj kj |hjk| ~bt da`~|j lj cb uh|jttj ljt db`hakt+ Cjt |jt|t lj ubchlb|hak lz

àlcj lakkjk| zk dajeehdhjk| lj davvcb|hak V 0 >#472 /jk|vj cb ubcjzv ~vlh|j j| cb ubcjzv `jtzvj#

k 0 22:(+ Lj ~czt# 76 * ljt ubcjzvt ~vlh|jt ~bv cj àlcj tak| da`~vhtjt lbkt zk ebd|jzv 4 bz|azv

ljt vtzc|b|t lj `jtzvjt+ Cj ~vhkdh~bc ebd|jzv lj ubvhb|hak jt| cb |jkjzv jk jbz lz tac+ Dj~jklbk|#

dj||j ubvhbfcj kjt| ~bt hkdcztj lbkt cj àlcj lj cZTJ^B+ Hc jk vtzc|j zk fhbht tt|`b|hrzj lj

tzvjt|h`b|hak lz àlcj th cjt tact tak| |vt oz`hljt j| lj taztjt|h`b|hak lz àlcj th cj tac jt|

|vt tjd+ Dj fhbht jt| lb`~cjzv kz`vhrzj vjcb|huj`jk| `hkjzvj ~zhtrzj cj vb~~av| ubcjzv ~vlh|j !

ubcjzv `jtzvj jt| jk àjkkj lj >#58 cavtrzj coz`hlh| lz tac jt| hkevhjzvj az gbcj >#: * j| lj

6 cavtrzj coz`hlh| lz tac l~bttj : * Y62P+

^@2> 0 /2#: - /t!26(>#?7( - /W!4(># 0 rzbk|h| lj ^@2> `htjt ~bv cj vazcj`jk| ljt db`hakt tzv cjt ~ht|jt /cf!`hcj(

t 0 |jkjzv jk chàk lz tac lj cb ~ht|j /*(+

W 0 ~ahlt ajk ljt db`hakt /|akkj(

Ebd|jzvt lj dakujvthak lakkt ~bv cZTJ^B = >##56 `hcj ! i`+

^bv jxj`~cj# zk db`hak ~jtbk| 67#: | / | cbccjv j| 2: | bz vj|azv( j| vazcbk| tzv zkj ~ht|j lak| cb

|jkjzv jk chàk jt| lj 44 * `j||vb 8#48 cf lj ^@2> ! `hcj ~bvdazvz /8#48 0 Y2#: - /44!26(>#?7P -

^bv|hdzcjt b|àt~ovhrzjt lj lhb`|vj bvalkb`hrzj lhbk hkevhjzv 2> `+>: 47!26:


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/67#:!4(># ! i` /6#56 ig!i` 0 8#48 cf!`hcj - >##56 `hcj!i`(+

âzv dakkb|vj cjt `htthakt |a|bcjt lj ^@2> ~bv mazv /az ~bv ojzvj(# hc ebz| `zc|h~chjv cj vtzc|b|

jx~vh` jk ig!i` ~bv cj ka`fvj lj i` ~bvdazvzt ~bv cjt db`hakt j| jkghkt lj dobk|hjv dobrzj mazv

/az dobrzj ojzvj( tzv cj th|j+ Ak af|hjk| bcavt ljt ig!m az ljt ig!o z|hchtbfcjt da``j lakkjt

ljk|vjt lbkt cj àlcj lj lht~jvthak b|àt~ovhrzj z|hcht jktzh|j ~azv cjt tazvdjtlheeztjt+

6+6+6+5 Cj |vbh|j`jk| ljt chxhuhb|t

Cjt lht~ath|het lj |vbh|j`jk| ljt chxhuhb|t ~jzujk| gbcj`jk| dakt|h|zjv ljt tazvdjt l'`htthakt

b|àt~ovhrzjt+ Cjt dbvbd|vht|hrzjt ljt `htthakt tak| tztdj~|hfcjt l'|vj cbvgj`jk| chjt bzx

|jdokhrzjt lj |vbh|j`jk| `htjt jk zuvj+ ^czthjzvt ~vadlt jxht|jk| jk eakd|hak lz uacz`j j| lj cb

da`~ath|hak ljt chxhuhb|t+ Ak lht|hkgzj cjt |vbh|j`jk|t fhacaghrzjt j| cjt |vbh|j`jk|t ~othda

doh`hrzjt /hkt~hvt lj djzx ~vb|hrzt jk t|b|hak l~zvb|hak zvfbhkj( j| cjt ~vadlt lj

dakdjk|vb|hak+

cjt |vbh|j`jk|t fhacaghrzjt ~jv`j||jk| lj vlzhvj cb evbd|hak fhalgvblbfcj lj cb ~accz|hak

dbvfakj# cb`àkhbrzj ~bv kh|vhehdb|hak# j| zkj evbd|hak ljt `|bzx ~bv bftav~|hak tzv cb

fha`bttj-+ Cjt |jdokhrzjt tb~~bvjk|jk| djccjt rzh tak| z|hchtjt ~azv cjt jbzx ztjt =

cbgzkbgj kb|zvjc# cbgzkbgj bv# fazjt bd|hujt# ch|t fbd|vhjkt j| fhaehc|vjt+

cjt |vbh|j`jk|t ~othdadoh`hrzjt dakt|h|zjk| gkvbcj`jk| zk da`~c`jk| hklht~jktbfcj bzx

|vbh|j`jk|t fhacaghrzjt jk ch`hkbk| cb ~accz|hak dbvfakj vthlzjccj kak fhalgvblbfcj /LDA lzvj (# jk ~hgjbk| cjt `|bzx j| jk vj|jkbk| cjt tjct lhttazt+ Cjt ~vhkdh~bzx |vbh|j`jk|t

~othdadoh`hrzjt tak| caxlb|hak ~bv ca}akj# catàtj hkujvtj 9 |az|jeaht# cb ~vdh~h|b|hak# cb

dabgzcb|hakecadzcb|hak j| cbltav~|hak vjt|jk| ljt |jdokhrzjt j`~cajt+

Cjt ~vadlt lj dakdjk|vb|hak = ub~avb|hak# ub~avb|hak eavdj# ub~ahkdhkvb|hak /jk z|hchtbk|

cj fhagb}#( +

Cjt tazvdjt l'`htthakt ~jzujk| lakd |vj =

cjt fbtthkt l'bvb|hak jk ~bv|hdzchjv ~azv cjt ~vadlt lj |vbh|j`jk| fhacaghrzj ~bv cbgzkbgj bv# cjt lht~ath|het l'ub~avb|hak#

ujk|zjccj`jk| cjt dzujt lj vbd|hak az fbtthkt lbkt cjt lht~ath|het ~othdadoh`hrzjt+

Lbkt cjt ~vadlt `j||bk| jk zuvj zk fbtthk l'bvb|hak# cjt `htthakt ~jzujk| |vj dakt|h|zjt lj

gaz||jcj||jt lj chxhuhb| `htjt jk tzt~jkthak lz ebh| lj c'bvb|hak az lj da`~att doh`hrzjt |jct rzj

c'b`àkhbd ~bv jxj`~cj# c'b}a|j b`àkhbdbc ljt chxhuhb|t tzfhttbk| zk t|vh~~hkg cavt lj c'bvb|hak+

Cjt lht~ath|het l'ub~avb|hak ljt chxhuhb|t /ub~avb|hak kb|zvjccj az ~vb|hrzj ~bv hkmjd|hak jk |avdovj

cavt lj cb da`fzt|hak lz fhagb}( ~jzujk| gbcj`jk| |vj tazvdjt l'`htthakt t~dhehrzjt+



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âzv cjt lht~ath|het l'ub~avb|hak &jk|obc~hrzj& /~zcuvhtb|hak tzv zkj tzvebdj l'dobkgj(# cjt

ebd|jzvt l'`htthakt ~azvvak| |vj vjdojvdot bz~vt ljt dakt|vzd|jzvt+ Cjt vtzc|b|t ljt

db`~bgkjt vbchtjt tzv djt |~jt lj lht~ath|het tj`fcjk| ebhvj b~~bvb|vj ljt |vbdjt lj djv|bhkt

DAU# `jvdzvj j| b`àkhbd# cb ~vtjkdj lj dj ljvkhjv da`~at |bk| tjkthfcj`jk| ~czt fbttj th

c'ub~avb|hak jt| ~vdlj l'zkj |b~j l'bvb|hak /de+ dhljttzt(+Cavt lj cb `htj jk zuvj l'zkj ub~avb|hak ~bv hkmjd|hak ljt chxhuhb|t jk |avdovj# cjt `htthakt

hk|jvuhjkkjk| bz khujbz lj dj||j ljvkhvj /de+ 6+6+2+2(+ Hc dakuhjk| lakd# cj dbt dobk|# lj fhjk

hk|gvjv lbkt cj doahx ljt ubcjzvt l'`htthak cb |avdovj# c'hkeczjkdj lj c'hkmjd|hak lj chxhuhb|t+

Cjt bkbctjt jeejd|zjt dj mazv |jkljk| ebhvj b~~bvb|vj djv|bhkjt àlhehdb|hakt lbkt cjt

`htthakt# jk ~bv|hdzchjv ~azv cj DA j| cj DO>: 48!26:


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6+4 CJT J@HTTHAKT KAK DAK\VACJJT UJVT CJT JBZ_ LJ TZVEBDJ J\ CJT JBZ_TAZ\JVVBHKJT

Cjx~ath|hak ljt ~a~zcb|hakt uhb cjbz l~jkl ljt ~atthfhch|t lj |vbktejv| lj chxhuhb|t lj cHTL@B ujvt

cjt jbzx taz|jvvbhkjt az lj tzvebdj j| ljt ztbgjt oz`bhkt jeejd|het# ~vagvb``t az ~a|jk|hjct lj

djt jbzx+ ^azv ubczjv cb kdjtth| az kak lj ~vjklvj jk da`~|j cb uahj jbz lbkt cubczb|hak ljt

vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt# ak tj vevjvb bz ~bvbgvb~oj 4+6+6 j| c Bkkjxj 6

Lbkt cj dbt a cb ez|zvj hkt|bccb|hak kdjtth|jvbh| cb ~vhtj jk da`~|j lj cb uahj jbz lbkt

cubczb|hak ljt vhtrzjt tbkh|bhvjt# ak |vazujvb lbkt cjt dob~h|vjt tzhubk|t zkj ljtdvh~|hak ljt

`|oaljt ~jv`j||bk| lubczjv cb rzbk|h| lj chxhuhb|t ~valzh|t# lj l|jv`hkjv cjt tzft|bkdjt lhk|v|

~azv cb uahj Jbz j| lj dbcdzcjv chkehc|vb|hak ljt ~acczbk|t |vbujvt cjt fbvvhvjt ~btthujt j| bd|hujtlj dakehkj`jk| ljt chxhuhb|t+

6+4+2 Cb ~valzd|hak lj chxhuhb|t

Cb ~valzd|hak lj chxhuhb|t ~bv zk `btthe lj ldoj|t `kbgjvt az btth`hct jt| eakd|hak lj ka`fvjzx

~bvb`|vjt |jct rzj cj uacz`j ljbz lj ~czhj hkehc|vbk| cj `btthe# cjeehdbdh| ljt lht~ath|het ljt|hkt

uh|jv cjt b~~av|t ljbz lj cjx|vhjzv# cb tzvebdj jx~cah|j# cb ~vtjkdj lj dazujv|zvj# cb uh|jttj

lhkehc|vb|hak ljt jbzx |vbujvt cjt ldoj|t# cj ~azuahv lbftav~|hak az lj vjcbvgbgj ljt ldoj|t j|

cjeehdbdh| lz tt|`j lj lvbhkbgj j| lubdzb|hak ljt chxhuhb|t+

Cubczb|hak ljt uacz`jt lj chxhuhb|t ~valzh|t ~jz| ka|b``jk| |vj af|jkzj jk ebhtbk| zk fhcbk

olvhrzj lz th|j# cbhlj lzkj eav`zcj a tak| jk|vt cjt ~bvb`|vjt vjcb|het bzx daklh|hakt

kb|zvjccjt j| cjx~cah|b|hak =

^ ) JL ) V2 0 H ) J ) J\V ) V6

a =

^ jt| cj uacz`j ljt ~vdh~h|b|hakt#

JL jt| cj uacz`j ljbz b~~av| ~bv cjt ldoj|t#

V2 jt| cj uacz`j ljbz b~~av| ~bv vzhttjccj`jk|#

H jt| cj uacz`j lj chxhuhb|t hkehc|vt lbkt cj tazttac |vbujvt cj eakl lj cHTL@B#

J jt| cj uacz`j lj chxhuhb|t daccjd|t#

J\V jt| cj uacz`j ljbz ch`hk ~bv ub~a|vbkt~hvb|hak vjccj#

V6 jt| cj uacz`j ljbz jx~av| lj cHTL@B ~bv vzhttjccj`jk|+

Cj uacz`j ljbz b~~av| ~bv cjt ldoj|t JL jt| |vt ubvhbfcj lbkt cj |j`~t j| l~jkl lj cb kb|zvjljt ldoj|t+ ^bv bhccjzvt# cjt avlzvjt `kbgvjt ak| |jklbkdj bftavfjv cjbz rzh ~k|vj lbkt

BT\JJ Gzhlj ~azv cJVT lzkj HTL@B# euvhjv 6>>: !26:


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cHTL@B+ Cjzv db~bdh| lj v|jk|hak# l|jv`hkj jk cbfavb|ahvj# tj th|zjvbh| jk|vj >#< j| >#7 ig!ig

lavlzvjt `kbgvjt fvz|jt Y64P+ Cj uacz`j ljt jbzx lj vzhttjccj`jk| V2 l~jkl lz fbtthk

ujvtbk| dakdjvk# ljt ~vdh~h|b|hakt# lj cjxht|jkdj j| lj cjeehdbdh| ljt lht~ath|het lj lvhub|hak lj

djt jbzx oavt lz th|j+

Cavt lz vj`~chttbgj l'zkj bcuacj lHTL@B /~jklbk| 2 6 bkt(# cb ~valzd|hak ljt chxhuhb|t lzj bzx

hkehc|vb|hakt ljt jbzx lj ~czhj jt| cb ~czt h`~av|bk|j+ Zkj |zlj `jkj ~bv DGJB Akx# Evbkdj

Ldoj|t# c'BLJ@J j| c'J^B b ~jv`ht l|bfchv rzj dj||j ~valzd|hak jt| ljkuhvak 6> * 4> * lj cb

~czuha`|vhj ^ jk ~obtj lj vj`~chttbgj lj cbcuacj /\bfcjbz 27(+ Cavt lj cb ljzxh`j ~obtj#

l'zkj lzvj àjkkj l'jkuhvak lhx bkt# cjt bcuacjt ~jzujk| ~vtjk|jv zkj dazujv|zvj hk|jv`lhbhvj

az h`~jv`bfcj+ Lbkt cj dbt ljt bcuacjt dazujv|jt# cb ~valzd|hak lj chxhuhb|t jt| lj c'avlvj lj 7 *

lj cb ~czuha`|vhj+ Jkehk# bzljc lj lhx bkt# cb dazujv|zvj lehkh|huj vlzh| cjt hkehc|vb|hakt ljbz j| cb

~valzd|hak lj chxhuhb|t k'jt| ~czt rzj lj >#6 * lj cb ~czuha`|vhj+

Zkj |zlj vbchtj ~bv cjt Bgjkdjt lj cJbz `j| jk uhljkdj zkj davvcb|hak t|b|ht|hrzj thgkhehdb|huj

jk|vj cjt uacz`jt `jktzjct àjkt lj chxhuhb|t ~valzh|t j| cjt tz~jvehdhjt ljt }akjt dak|vhfzbk| bzx

chxhuhb|t+ Dj||j davvcb|hak mzt|hehj cj dbcdzc ljt uacz`jt lj chxhuhb|t ~bv zkh| lj tzvebdj+ C|zlj àk|vj

rzj tzv ? th|jt lj dcbttj HH# lak| cjt eaklt lj dbthjvt tak| davvjd|j`jk| |bkdot# cb rzbk|h|

àjkkj lj chxhuhb|t daccjd|j jt| lj 277 `4!ob+àht bujd zk dbv| |~j lj 266 `4!ob+àht+ Dj||j

ubcjzv àjkkj tjvbh| lj 655 `4!ob+àht ~azv cjt bcuacjt jk|hvj`jk| jx~atjt bzx ~vdh~h|b|hakt

/kak dazujv|jt( Y64P+

Cjt fhcbkt olvhrzjt ~vuhthakkjct hk|gvjk| cj ~obtbgj lj cjx~cah|b|hak# ~jv`j||bk| bhkth lj ~vuahv

cz|hchtb|hak lj cb tz~jvehdhj j| cb tzvebdj a~|h`bcj lj dobrzj bcuacj+ Ak ~jz| bhkth dbcdzcjv cjt lfh|t

àjkt j| cjt lfh|t lj ~ahk|j ~jklbk| |az|j cb lzvj lj cjx~cah|b|hak# `bht gbcj`jk| |az| bz cakg

lj cb ~vhalj lj ~at|jx~cah|b|hak+

\bfcjbz 27= valzd|hak lj chxhuhb|t lzkj HTL@B jk eakd|hak lj cb ~czuha`|vhj Y 6 bkt 6 2> bkt ; 2> bkt

J|b| ljx~cah|b|hak Vj`~chttbgj ât| vj`~chttbgj /bujd#tbkt j| dazujv|zvjhk|jv`lhbhvj(

Ehk l'jx~cah|b|hak/bujd dazujv|zvjehkbcj(

^valzd|hak lj chxhuhb|t jk * ljcb ~czuha`|vhj 6> * 4> * 7 * >#6 *

Dakdjvkbk| cj dbcdzc ljt fhcbkt olvhrzjt t~dhehrzjt bzx HTL@B# cj ~|h|hakkbhvj ~azvvb tj

vevjv bzx ladz`jk|t hklhrzt jk Bkkjxj 6F+

BT\JJ Gzhlj ~azv cJVT lzkj HTL@B# euvhjv 6>>:


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\bfcjbz 2? = Da`~ath|hak ljt chxhuhb|t jk ~acczbk|t dakkzt

Dakdjk|vb|hakt lbkt cjt chxhuhb|t fvz|t /g!c(

Tzft|bkdj HkUT 6>>4- Bgjkdj lj c'jbz 288: JKT^ 6>>6 ÂCLJK ) VTL 6>>4

2#2lhdocava|ockj 22>#>

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>#22#4 0 àjkkj ljt lakkjt eazvkhjt ~bv cjt jx~cah|bk|t evbkbht jk 6>>6 /k 0 7: 2?>(Bgjkdj lj c'jbz 288: 0 ubcjzv `lhbkj lbkt cb eazvdoj||j ljt ubcjzvt httzjt lj cb ch||vb|zvj jk 288: /|bfcjbz < j| 5(JKT^ 6>>6 0 Ubcjzv bx &davvhgj& httzjt l'zkj vjuzj lj ch||vb|zvj tzv cjt HTL@B /62 |zljt vjdjktjt(âcljk ) VTL 6>>40 Ubcjzv `lhbkj lbkt cb eazvdoj||j ljt ubcjzvt httzjt lj cb ch||vb|zvj jk 6>>4 /2 2: |zljt(- cjt ubcjzvt lj dakdjk|vb|hakt jk ~jt|hdhljt lbkt cjt chxhuhb|t vjdjktjt lbkt cj ladz`jk| HkUT 6>>4 tak| djccjt lj âcljk )VTL 6>>4

BT\JJ Gzhlj ~azv cJVT lzkj HTL@B# euvhjv 6>>:

GUI2005 déchetteries & évaluation du risque sanitaire _FR

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