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Surface

Phe

na

in

Enhanced

Oil Recovery

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Surtace Phenomena in

Enhanced

Oil

Recovery

Edited

by

Dinesh O Shah

University o Florida

Gainesville Florida

SPRINGER

SCIENCE BUSINESS MEDIA, LL

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Library of

Congress

Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

Surface phenomena in enhanced oil recovery.

Papers presented at the Symposium on Surface Phenomena in Enhanced Oil Recovery

held at Stockholm, Sweden, during August 20-25,

1979

- Pref.

Bibliography: p.

Includes index.

1. Secondary recovery of oil - Congresses. 2. Surface active agents - Congresses. 3.

Surface chemistry - Congresses. 4. Oil field flooding - Congresses. I. Shah,

O.

O. (Oinesh

Ochhavlall, 1938- . II. Symposium on Surface Phenomena in Enhanced Oil Recovery

(1979: Stockholm, Sweden)

TN871.S7678 622'.3382

81-8704

AACR2

Proceedings of a symposium on Surface Phenomena in Enhanced Oil Recovery, organized

as part of the Third International Conference on Surface and Colloid Science, and held

August

20-25,

1979, in Stockholm, Sweden

1981 Springer Scienre Business Media New York

Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1981

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981

A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation

233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013

All

rights reserved

No part

of

this

book

may

be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,

in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,

recording, or otherwise,

without

written permission f rom the Publisher

ISBN 978-1-4757-0339-9

ISBN 978-1-4757-0337-5 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-0337-5

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PREFACE

I t

is with great pleasure

and sat isfact ion

that

I

present to

the international

scient i f ic community

this collection

of

papers

presented at the symposium on

Surface

Phenomena in Enhanced Oil

Recovery held a t Stockholm, Sweden,

during

August 20-25, 1979. I t

has been an exciting

and

exhausting experience to edit the papers

included

in

this volume.

The proceedings

cover

s ix major areas

of

research

related

to

chemical flooding processes

for

enhanced

oi l

recovery, namely, 1

Fundamental aspects of the oi l displacement

process, 2

Micro

structure

of

surfactant

systems, 3 Emulsion

rheology

and

oi l dis

placement mechanisms, 4 Wettabili ty and oi l

displacement

mecha

nisms, 5

Adsorption, clays

and

chemical loss mechanisms,

and 6

Polymer rheology

and surfactant-polymer

interactions. This book

also includes two

invited

review papers, namely, Research on

Enhanced Oil Recovery: Past, Present and Future, and Formation

and Properties of Micelles and Microemulsions by

Professor

J. J.

Taber

and Professor

H.

F.

Eicke respectively.

This symposium volume reflects the current

state-of-art

and

our

understanding

of various surface phenomena in enhanced

oi l

recovery processes. The

participation by

researchers from various

countries

in

this

symposium

ref lects

the

global

in terest

in

this

area of research and the

international

effort to develop

che

science

and technology of enhanced

oi l

recovery processes.

I t

is dif f icul t to summarize a l l

the

phenomena discussed in

this

volume. However, major topics

include

ultralow in terfacial

tension, phase

behavior, microstructure of surfactant

systems,

optimal

sal ini ty

concept,

middle-phase

microemulsions,

in terfacial

rheology,

flow of emulsions in

porous

media, wettabil i ty of rocks,

rock-fluid interactions,

surfactant

loss mechanisms, precipitation

and

redissolution of surfactants, coalescence of drops in emul

sions

and

in

porous

media,

surfactant

mass

transfer

across

inter

faces, equilibrium

vs.

dynamic properties

of

surfactant/oi l /br ine

systems,

mechanisms-of

oi l

displacement in

porous media, ion-

v

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PREF CE

exchange in clays, polymer rheology and surfactant-polymer in ter

actions.

The volume

includes

discussions

of various

phenomena at

the

molecular,

microscopic

and

macroscopic

levels. I hope

that

this

book will

serve

i t s intended objective of reflecting

our

current

understanding of surface phenomena in enhanced oi l recovery

processes.

I t is

also my earnest hope

that

this volume

will be

useful

to researchers in this

area as

a valuable reference source.

Dinesh

O. Shah

Professor

of

Chemical

Engineering,

Anesthesiology

and

Biophysics

University

of Florida,

Gainesville,

Florida

32611, U.S.A.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Symposium on Surface Phenomena in Enhanced

Oil

Recovery

was held at Stockholm, Sweden,

during

August 20-25, 1979. The

Symposium was organized

within the

framework

of

Third

International

Conference

on Surface and Colloid Science. Plenary and main lec

tures presented at the Conference have been published in the May 1980

issue

of

the off ic ia l IUPAC journal Pure and Applied Chemistry,

copies

of which

can

be obtained

from Pergamon

Press, Oxford, UK.

Republication of the

lectures

of J . J . Taber

and

H. F.

Eicke

in

this volume has been carried

out with

the permission

of

IUPAC.

I

wish to

convey

my sincere

thanks and appreciation

to the

chairmen of the

Conference

Scientif ic

Committee,

Professor

Stig

Friberg

and

Professor Per Stenius, for

their

support of the

sympo

sium and Professors J . J . Taber and

H. F.

Eicke for their permis

sion

to republish their

invited lectures in

th is

symposium volume.

I

also wish to

thank

the following session chairmen for their

assistance; Professor T. Fort, Jr . Carnegie-Mellon University,

Professor D.

T. Wasan,

I l l inois Ins t i tu te of Technology, Professor

S. S. Marsden,

Stanford University,

Mr. L.

W.

Holm, Union

Oil Com

pany,

and

Professor

C. L. McCormick,

University of

Southern

Mississippi. Special thanks are extended to

Plenum

Publishing

Company for the

prompt publication

of

the symposium

proceedings.

I am

grateful to

my colleagues, post-doctoral associates and

students for their

assistance throughout

th is project. Specifi

cally, I wish to

thank

Dr. Sunder Ram and Mrs. Anita S. Ram for

their editorial assistance and Mrs.

Jeanne

Ojeda for

the excellent

typing of the manuscripts.

I

also wish to

convey

my

sincere

thanks

and appreciation

to

a l l the

authors

and

co-authors of

the papers,

without

whose assistance and

cooperation this

symposium proceed

ings

would

not

have

been completed.

I wish to convey my sincere thanks and appreciation

to my

colleagues

in

the

Chemical

Engineering

and

Petroleum Engineering

Departments

at

Stanford

University for their

cooperation

and as

sistance

in this endeavor, where

I spent

the ent i re

year

of

1979

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

as a

visi t ing

professor

of

Chemical Engineering, Petroleum Engi

neering

and the Ins t i tute

for Energy Studies.

I

am

very grateful

to

Professor John

C.

Biery,

chairman

of the Chemical

Engineering

Department

and

Professor

J. H.

Modell,

chairman

of the Anesthesiology

Department at

the University

of

Florida,

for their kind assistance

and encouragement. Finally, I wish to convey my sincere thanks

and

appreciation to my

secretary, Mrs. Derbra Scott, for

her

assistance

in

coordinating my

activi t ies

while I was a t Stanford.

Dinesh o.

Shah

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x

CONTENTS

An

Experimental Investigation of Stability of Microemulsions

and Polydispersity Effects Using Light-Scattering Spectros

copy and Small Angle X-Ray

Scattering

E.

Gulari

and

B.

C h u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

181

Dielectric

and Conductive

Properties of

Water-in-Oil

Type Microemulsions

M.

Clausse, C.

Boned, J. Peyrelasse,

B. Lagourette,

V.E.R. McClean and R. J. Sheppard 199

Measurement

of Low Interfacial Tension Between Crude Oil and

Formation

Water with Dissolved

Surfactants

by the

Spinning

Drop Technique: Fact or Fiction?

A. Capel le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

229

III: EMULSION RHEOLOGY AND OIL

DISPLACEMENT

MECHANISMS

The

Effect

of Film-Forming

Materials

on

the

Dynamic

Interfacial

Properties

in Crude Oil-Aqueous Systems

C. H. Pasquarelli and D. T. Wasan . 237

Recovery Mechanisms of

Alkaline Flooding

T. P.

Castor, W

H. Somerton and J.

F.

Kelly

. .

249

The Role

of

Alkaline

Chemicals

in

Oil

Displacement

Mechanisms

T.

C.

Campbell

293

Interfacial Rheological

Properties

of Crude Oil/Water

Systems

E. L.

Neustadter, K.

P. Whittingham and D. E. Graham

307

Porous Media Rheology of Emulsions

in Tertiary Oil

Recovery

S. Vijayan,

C.

Ramachandran,

H.

Doshi and D.

O.

Shah

327

Rheological

Properties

of

Interfacial

Layers

Formed by

Iron

and Aluminum

Soaps,

Used

in Reversible

Emulsions

in Petroleum

Industry

S. Shalyt, L. Mukhin, L. Ogneva, G. Milchakova and

V.

Rybalchenko. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

377

IV: WETTABILITY

AND

OIL

DISPLACEMENT MECHANISMS

Effect

of

Viscous

and Buoyancy Forces on Nonwetting

Phase

Trapping

in Porous Media

N.

R.

Morrow and

B.

Songkran . . 387

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ONTENTS

Dependence of Residual

Oil

Mobilization on

\vetting

and

Roughness

x

J .

P.

B aty ck y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 413

Experimental Investigation of Two-Liquid Relative Perme

abi l i ty

and Dye

Adsorption

Capacity Versus

Saturation

Relationships

in Untreated and

Dri-Fi1m-Treated

Sandstone

Samples

P. K.

Shankar

and F.A.L. Du11ien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

Wettabi1ity

of,

and Oil Film Stabil i ty on

Glass Capillaries

as

Basic

Processes in Tertiary Oil Recovery

J . Pinter and E. Wolfram . . . . . . . . . . . 479

The

Influence of

Interfacial

Properties

on

Immiscible

Displacement Behavior

C.

E. Brown, T. J.

Jones

and E. L. Neustadter

. . . . . . . . . .

495

Effect of

Alcohols

on the

Equilibrium Properties

and

Dynamics of Micellar Solutions

R.

Zana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

521

The Effect of Alcohol on Surfactant Mass Transfer Across

the

Oil/Brine

Interface and Related Phenomena

M. Y. Chiang and D. O. Shah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

Complex Acids and Their

Interaction

with Clays

in

Oil

Sands Slimes

M. A. K es s i c k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

On the Coalescence Characterist ics

of

Low

Tension

Oi1-Water-Surfactant Systems

R. W

F1umerfe1t,

A. B. Catalano and C-H. Tong

. . . . .

571

Thin Films and Fluid Distribution in Porous Media

K. K. Mohanty, H. T.

Davis

and L. E. Scriven . . . . . . . . . 595

On

the Fate

of Oil

Ganglia

During

Immiscible

Displacement

in

Water Wet Granular Porous Media

A.

C.

Payatakes,

G.

Woodham and K.

M.

Ng . . . . . 611

V: ADSORPTION CLAYS

AND

CHEMICAL LOSS

MECHANISMS

Precipitation and Redisso1ution of Su1fonates and Their

Role in

Adsorption

on Minerals

P.

Somasundaran,

M.

Ce1ik

and A. Goyal . . . . . . 641

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xii

The Effect of Microemulsion Composition on

the

Adsorption

of

Petroleum

Sulfonates on

Berea Sand/Montmorillonite

Clay

Adsorbents

CONTENTS

E.

J .

Derderian,

J. E.

Glass

and

G.

M.

Bryant

.

649

Adsorption

of

Pure

Surfactant and Petroleum Sulfonate at

the Solid-Liquid

Interface

J . Novos ad. . . . . . 675

Ion Exchange

on

Mixed Ionic Forms

of

Montmorillonite

at

High Ionic Strengths

W J. Rogers, S. Y. Shiao,

R.

E. Meyer,

C. G. Westmoreland and M. H. Lietzke

.

695

Permeability

Reduction

in

Water

Sensitivity

of

Sandstones

K. C. Khilar and H. S. Fogle r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

VI: POLYMER

RHEOLOGY AND

SURFACTANT-POLYMER INTERACTIONS

Synthetic Random and Graft Copolymers

for Util izat ion

in

Enhanced

Oil Recovery--Synthesis

and Rheology

C.

L. McCormick, R.

D.

Hester,

H. H. Neidlinger

and G.

C.

Wildman . . . . . . . . 741

Response

of Mobility Control

Agents

to

Shear,

Electro

chemical,

and Biological Stress

T. P.

Castor,

J. B. Edwards and F. J. Passman . . . . 773

Factors Influencing Polyacrylamide

Adsorption

in

Porous Media and Their Effect on Flow Behavior

I . Lakatos,

J.

Lakatos-Szabo

and J .

Toth

. . . . . 821

Optimal Salinity

of

Polymer

Solution

in Surfactant-Polymer

Flooding

Process

S. I . Chou and D. O. Shah . . . . . . . . . . 843

Polymer-Surfactant

Interaction

and

I t s

Effect

on

the

Mobilization of Capillary-Trapped Oil

F. Th. Hesselink and M.

J .

Faber . . . . 861

Index 871

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SURFACE PHENOMENA IN ENHANCED

OIL

RECOVERY