Aménagement du territoire - Conseil d'Analyse Économique - 2001

7/29/2019 Amnagement du territoire - Conseil d'Analyse conomique - 2001

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Mdomhgdgotlu tgrritairg

Umpparts

Bgmo$Jauis Huihau gt Ladioiqug PmrtngomyJauis$Molr Hrmrl$Vmrgt gt Dikngj DauhgatMjmio Jipigtz

KaddgotmirgsBgmo$Dikngj Knmrpio

Baj Dmurikg

KadpjdgotsPigrrg$Pnijippg Kadegs* Jmurgot Lmvgzigs* Huy Hijegrt*Mjmio Hugohmot* Vraoiqug Ngspgj* Dirgo Jmfaurkmlg*

Frmoaisg Dmurgj* Gj Daunaue Daunaulgt Bgmo$Frmoais Uaygr


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Jm Lakudgotmtiao frmomisg/ Pmris* 500= $ I[EO 2 5$==$009$7 Go mppjikmtiao lg jm jai lu == dmrs =978 .mrtikjg


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Jm krmtiao lu Kaosgij lMomjysg kaoadiqug rpaol jm okgssitpaur uo hauvgrogdgot trap sauvgot kaofraot jurhgokg* lg pauvair sg

rfrgr uog strukturg lg rfjgxiao qui jui pgrdgttg lkjmirgr sgs knaixlmos jg ladmiog kaoadiqug/ Bmi saunmit mussi krgr uo jigo gotrg lguxdaolgs qui trap sauvgot sihoargot* kgjui lg jm lkisiao kaoadiqug pueji$qug gt kgjui lg jm rfjgxiao kaoadiqug* uoivgrsitmirg au oao/

Bmi pris saio lg kadpasgr kg Kaosgij lg fmao tgoir kadptg lg tautgsjgs sgosieijits/ Jg Kaosgij lMomjysg kaoadiqug gst pjurmjistg/ Kgst juo lg sgs mtauts priokipmux* muqugj bg suis trs mttmkn/ Ij lait trg uo jigulg kaofraotmtiaos smos m priari gt jgs pgrsaoogs qui jg kadpasgot laivgot

pauvair sgxpridgr go tautg iolpgolmokg/ Kgttg iolpgolmokg bg jgsmis vaus y tgogz* dmis surtaut bg jm saunmitg dai$ddg/

Kgs ljiermtiaos omeautiraot pms taubaurs lgs kaokjusiaos pmrtm$hgs pmr taus jgs dgdergs 3 jgssgotigj dgs ygux gst qug taus jgs mvispuissgot sgxpridgr* smos quij y mit okgssmirgdgot kaosgosus/

///

Jm dissiao lg kg Kaosgij gst gssgotigjjg 2 ij smhit* pmr vas lemts* lmom$jysgr jgs praejdgs kaoadiqugs lu pmys gt lgxpasgr jgs liffrgotgs ap$

tiaos govismhgmejgs/

Jiaogj Baspio* Prgdigr DioistrgLiskaurs lauvgrturg lg jm smokg liostmjjmtiaolu Kaosgij lMomjysg kaoadiqug* jg 5< buijjgt =998/[mjjg lu Kaosgij* Ntgj lg Dmtihoao/


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Kgt auvrmhg gst lli jm ddairglg Jauis$Molr Hrmrl$Vmrgt


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MDOMHGDGO\ LW \GUUI\AIUG 7

Iotraluktiao /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 8Pigrrg$Mjmio Dugt

Lg jm Frmokg kjmtg jm Frmokg dmijjg 2 jm okgssmirgdalgroismtiao lg oas kmlrgs tgrritarimux lmktiao puejiqug ////////////////// ==

Bgmo$Jauis Huihau gt Ladioiqug Pmrtngomy

Jtmt gt jmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg //////////////////////////////////////////////// 5 gt =999 ////////////////////////////////////=7;

Bgmo$Frmoais Uaygr

K/ Ugvgou gt tgrritairgs ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////=8;Jmurgot Lmvgzigs

L/ Lvgjappgdgot lgs tgrritairgs gt fiomokgdgotlgs kajjgktivits jakmjgs /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =9;Huy Hijegrt* Mjmio Hugohmot gt Vraoiqug Ngspgj

[addmirg


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KAO[GIJ LMOMJY[G KAOADI]WG6

G/ Listrieutiao spmtimjg lgs mktivits gt pajitiqugs liofrmstrukturgslg trmosparts 2 jkaoadig hahrmpniqug*

uo oauvgj autij lvmjumtiao1 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 5=9Pigrrg$Pnijippg Kadegs gt Dirgo Jmfaurkmlg

Usud //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////5;8

[uddmry////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////5


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Iotraluktiao

Go uo qumrt lg sikjg* jg tgrritairg frmomis sgst prafaoldgot trmos$fard gt jgs hrmolgs dtrapajgs rhiaomjgs prahrgssgot lsardmis uorytndg pjus rmpilg qug jm rhiao pmrisigoog/ Dmis* mvgk jm daolimjismtiao*jg lvgjappgdgot luo gspmkg kaoadiqug gurapgo prafaoldgot iothrmu sgio lg jWoiao daotmirg gt jdgrhgokg luo oauvgmu pmrmlihdg ka$oadiqug* a jgffikmkit rsujtg lmvmotmhg lg jarhmoismtiao qug lg jm pra$luktiao lg dmssg* jmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg lait trg rgpgos/

Fmkg uog pajmrismtiao iovitmejg lgs mktivits* ij fmut rgkaoomtrg* sgjaoBgmo$Jauis Huihau gt Ladioiqug Pmrtngomy* jgs pnoadogs lmhhjad$rmtiao oao kaddg aestmkjgs* dmis kaddg kaolitiaos lu prakgssus hormjlg kraissmokg/ Pmys fmiejg lgosit ldahrmpniqug* jg praejdg lg jmFrmokg ogst pjus lg rpmrtir dmis lg rgofarkgr/ Puisqug jm kaokgotrmtiaogst iovitmejg* ijs prkaoisgot lg dujtipjigr jgs jigux lmhhjadrmtiaomu$lgj lg jm sgujg rhiao kmpitmjg taut go jgs strukturmot go rsgmu2 kgst jgskomria lu pajykgotrisdg dmijj/ Jm rmjismtiao lg kg skomria rgquigrtuo mpprafaolissgdgot lg jm lkgotrmjismtiao* rgdlimot jm dujtipjikmtiao

lgs oivgmux iostitutiaoogjs gt rgkadpasmot lgs tgrritairgs pgrtiogots mutaurlg jm oatiao lmirg lg prabgt* mvgk uo pauvair ju mu suffrmhg uoivgrsgj/Jg prakgssus iotgrkadduomj go kaurs pgrdgttrmit miosi jdgrhgokg luooaderg rluit lg kajjgktivits lg emsg/ Jg rmppart suhhrg lg rgkaoomtrguo lrait jgxpridgotmtiao pjus jmrhg* vairg jgxgrkikg lg prrahmtivgs


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KAO[GIJ LMOMJY[G KAOADI]WG>

rhjgdgotmirgs paur jgs kajjgktivits tgrritarimjgs/ Lmos kg skomria* jtmtlgvrmit sg rgkgotrgr sur sgs vakmtiaos strmthiqugs gt rgofarkgr sidujtm$odgot jgs lispasitifs lg prqumtiao vismot karrihgr jgs iohmjits lg

patgotigj fiskmj gt lg knmrhgs rsujtmot lg jm kaokgotrmtiao/Jg rmppart lg Jauis$Molr Hrmrl$Vmrgt gt Dikngj Dauhgat iosistg hm$

jgdgot sur jm kaotrieutiao pasitivg lgs mhhjadrmtiaos jm kraissmokg ka$oadiqug qug jtmt og lait pms kaotrgkmrrgr mu oad luog sajilmrit qui lgtautg fmao sg rmjisg pmr jm rglistrieutiao fiskmjg* sakimjg gt jnadahoitlgs smjmirgs .[DIK oatmddgot)/ Ij kaovigot ls jars lg eigo kirkaoskrirgjgs prakkupmtiaos lg prqumtiao/ Kgjjgs$ki saot pjgiogdgot bustifigs paurmssurgr jhmjismtiao lgs knmokgs* kg qui gst taut pmrtikujirgdgot jg kms

lmos jg ladmiog lg jlukmtiao* lg jm fardmtiao gt lg jm smot puejiqug*miosi qugo dmtirg lg tjkadduoikmtiaos .rmkkarlgdgot mu ogt gt jWD\[)/ Jg kat lgs trmosparts .oatmddgot jg trmospart pmr kmdiaos*mktugjjgdgot saus$tmx) lgvrmit hmjgdgot digux rgfjtgr jgs gxtgromjitslg knmqug dalg .usmhg lgs iofrmstrukturgs* pajjutiao* kaohgstiao uremiog///)/Jg rmppart saujihog jg rjg faolmdgotmj lg jtmt paur jiditgr jgs strmthigslg kaokurrgokg gotrg kajjgktivits jakmjgs gt fmvarisgr jgs kaaprmtiaos.kaddg jiotgrkadduomjit)/

Mjmio Jipigtz saujihog taut lmearl qug jm pajitiqug vajaotmristg lmd$

omhgdgot lu tgrritairg lgs moogs saixmotg sg fixmot paur aebgktif lmd$omhgr jg tgrritairg pjutt qug lg ldomhgr jgs pgrsaoogs fut kauraooglg sukks si jao go buhg pmr jiofjgxiao lg jm kraissmokg lg jm rhiao pmri$sigoog mu prafit lgs liffrgotgs pmrtigs lu tgrritairg/ Momjysmot jgs kaos$qugokgs paur jmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg lu pmssmhg uo dalg past$farlistglg livisiao lu trmvmij* ij listiohug lgux typgs lmhhjadrmtiaos2 juo faolsur jm kaokgotrmtiao* qui gst juvrg lmos jgs hrmolgs dtrapajgs3 jmutrgfaol sur jm rkiprakit* jm qumjifikmtiao gt jm daeijismtiao lu tissu sakimjjakmj* qui m fmit jm oatarit lgs listrikts iolustrigjs itmjigos* dmis qug jao

rgtrauvg mussi go Mjjgdmhog lu sul gt busqugo Kmjifaroig/ Ij pjmilg pauruo lvgjappgdgot golahog lg kg typg qui pgrdgt lg fmirg jkaoadig luogdaeijit laot ij og fmut pms saus$gstidgr jg kat sakimj/

Bgmo$Dikngj Knmrpio* oatg lmos sao kaddgotmirg qug jm Frmokg gst gotrmio lg sgohmhgr lg fmao irrvgrsiejg* pmr jm farkg lgs vajutiaos kaoa$diqugs gt sakimjgs* dmis mussi hrkg jm prgdirg tmpg lg jm lkgotrmji$smtiao* lmos uo skomria lg pajykgotrisdg dmijj/ Ij suhhrg lgsmppuygr pjus fartgdgot sur jgxpridgotmtiao paur lkilgr lg oauvgmux

trmosfgrts lg kadptgokgs/ Baj Dmurikg rgjvg qu pmrtir lmpprakngs gtlg fardujmtiaos liffrgotgs* jgs trais rmpparts kaovgrhgot sur uog visiao lgjmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg qui kaobuhug jm okgssit lg jiergr jgs ioitim$tivgs jakmjgs taut go dmiotgomot jg rjg lg jtmt go tmot qug hmrmot lg jhm$jit lgs knmokgs/


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Jgs rmpparts aot t liskuts jm smokg lu =6 oavgderg 5000lu Kaosgij lMomjysg kaoadiqug gt* go prsgokg lu Prgdigr dioistrg*jg => bmovigr 500=/

Jauis$Molr Hrmrl$Vmrgt* prafgssgur jWoivgrsit lMix$Dmrsgijjg II*gst lkl jg ;= bmovigr 500=/

Jm kadduomut lgs kaoadistgs smit jm pjmkg quij m akkup lmos jgo$sgihogdgot gt lmos jm rgkngrkng go Frmokg/

Kgst mvgk egmukaup ldatiao qug oaus jui lliaos kg oudra/

Pigrrg$Mjmio DugtKaosgijjgr muprs lu Prgdigr Dioistrg

Prafgssgur jkajg Pajytgknoiqug


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MDOMHGDGO\ LW \GUUI\AIUG ==

Lg jm Frmokg kjmtg jm Frmokg dmijjg2jm okgssmirg dalgroismtiao

lg oas kmlrgs tgrritarimux lmktiao puejiqug.")

Bgmo$Jauis Huihau

Ljhu jMdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg gt jMktiao rhiaomjg

Ladioiqug Pmrtngomy

Kaosgijjgr jm LM\MU

Oatrg pmys* pjus qug lmutrgs pgut$trg* m egsaio larhmoisgr sao tgrri$tairg paur mssurgr sm kansiao gt sm kadptitivit/ Jm tmijjg lg jgspmkg frmo$mis* sm fmiejg lgosit mu rghmrl lg kgjjg lg jm pjupmrt lg oas vaisios* jmlispgrsiao rgjmtivgdgot hrmolg lgs zaogs lg pgupjgdgot gt lgs mktivits*jnritmhg nistariqug dmrqu pmr uog fartg kgotrmjismtiao kaoadiqug gtpajitiqug aot taubaurs idpas lgs pajitiqugs puejiqugs paur mdomhgr jgtgrritairg/

Kgs pajitiqugs aot pu mlaptgr lg oadergusgs fardgs gt paursuivrglivgrs aebgktifs* lg jm dalgroismtiao dmrkng farkg luo pmys dmrqu pmrjm rgkaostruktiao* mu kaurs lgs \rgotg hjarigusgs* mux pajitiqugs lg kadpgo$smtiao gt lg rquijiermhg paur mkkadpmhogr jgs dutmtiaos lg jmppmrgijpraluktif gt juremoismtiao dmssivg pmrtir lg jm fio lgs moogs saixmotg$lix/

.") Kadpjdgot rmjis pmrtir2 lgs trmvmux lg jm LM\MU paur Frmokg 5050* luog pmrt*gt jg lakudgot iotraluktif mux oguf skndms lg sgrvikgs kajjgktifs* lmutrg pmrt 3 lg jm oatglg Nuhugs lg Bauvgogj gt Huy Jaiohgr kaokgromot jgs tgolmokgs dmbgurgs lvajutiao lgjm sakit prpmrg lmos jg kmlrg lg jjmearmtiao lgs skndms lg sgrvikgs kajjgktifs 3lg jauvrmhg kajjgktif Mdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg* jgs dats gt jgs knasgs kaddmol paurjm LM\MU uo hraupg luoivgrsitmirgs gt lg kngrkngurs .Mjmio Eaurlio* Bmkqugs Jvy*Bgmo$Hustmvg Pmliajgmu* Bgmo$Dmrk Affogr* Frmokc [kngrrgr gt Bmkqugs \ngys* saus jm lirgk$tiao lg [grhg Xmkntgr)/


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KAO[GIJ LMOMJY[G KAOADI]WG=5

Mprs lgux lkgooigs lg krisg kaoadiqug gt sakimjg* jgs oauvgjjgs mspi$rmtiaos lgs Frmomis* jm okgssmirg iotgromtiaomjismtiao lgs kaoadigs r$

hiaomjgs gt jg rjg qugotgol baugr jm Frmokg lmos jm kaostruktiao gura$pgoog* muxqugjs smbautgot lsardmis jgs idprmtifs lu lvgjappgdgotlurmejg* faot lg jm qugstiao tgrritarimjg uo gobgu dmbgur gt kaoluisgot lgoauvgjjgs arigotmtiaos paur jm pajitiqug lmdomhgdgot gt lg lvgjap$pgdgot lu tgrritairg/

Laromvmot* kgttg pajitiqug lait sg kaokgvair jkngjjg lg jGurapg gtoao pjus sgujgdgot lmos jg kmlrg ngxmhaomj/ Kgjm kaokgrog vilgddgot jmkaotiouit lgs rsgmux gt jm kanrgokg lgs pajitiqugs lg trmosparts* jm rpmr$titiao spmtimjg lgs quipgdgots strukturmots .rgkngrkng) dmis mussi jg

pmrtmhg luog kaokgptiao kadduog lgs pajitiqugs lmdomhgdgot tgjjgqugjjg sgxpridg trmvgrs jg skndm lg lvgjappgdgot lg jgspmkg kaddu$omutmirg .[LGK)/

Pmr sgs gffgts kaoadiqugs* tgknoajahiqugs dmis mussi sakimux gt kujtu$rgjs* jm daolimjismtiao mdpjifig jmrhgdgot kgs pnoadogs liotgrlpgo$lmokg gotrg tgrritairgs/ Lmos uog kaoadig auvgrtg* lg pjus go pjus kaokur$rgotigjjg* jm pajitiqug lmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg gst lgvgoug uo iostrudgotlg jm kadptitivit omtiaomjg qugjjg lait pjmkgr mu kur lg sgs priarits/\aus jgs pmys kngrkngot praluirg lgs tgrritairgs mttrmktifs/ Ij y m paur taus

jgs hauvgrogdgots omtiaomux* qui saot saudis lgs kaotrmiotgs iotgromtia$omjgs .mkkarls iotgromtiaomux* lirgktivgs gurapgoogs)* ltaoomots lghrslg jiegrt kaoqurir go pradauvmot lgs pajitiqugs nmrligs lmdom$hgdgot gt lg lvgjappgdgot lg jgurs tgrritairgs/

Mvgk jm lkgotrmjismtiao* jtmt ogst pjus jg sguj mktgur lg jmdom$hgdgot lu tgrritairg/ Jmktiao puejiqug lait mubaurlnui trg kaokgrtggotrg livgrs pmrtgomirgs jm jhitidit gt mux rgssaurkgs liffrgotgs* jgskajjgktivits tgrritarimjgs eigo sr* dmis mussi jgs mktgurs kaoadiqugs gtsakimux/ jvilgokg* jgs Frmomis saunmitgot trg lmvmotmhg mssakis mux

lkisiaos qui jgs kaokgrogot gt gotgolgot pmrtikipgr pjus kaokrtgdgot jmkaostruktiao lg jgur kmlrg lg vig gt lg trmvmij/

Gofio* jm daotg lgs prakkupmtiaos goviraoogdgotmjgs gohgolrg lgsknmohgdgots prafaols lg pgrkgptiao gt lg kadpartgdgot/ Jm sakit kaotgd$parmiog horg lgs pnoadogs lg risqugs qui og pguvgot pms sg smtisfmirglg rhujmtiaos iolivilugjjgs* privmtivgs au dmrknmolgs gt qui mppgjjgot uogvajutiao lmos jg rjg lg jtmt/

Kg oauvgmu kaotgxtg kaoluit rgpgosgr jg eigo$faol lgs priokipgs arhm$

oismtgurs lg jm pajitiqug lmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg tgjs quijs stmigotpjus au daios dmiotgous/

Fmkg uog pajmrismtiao iojuktmejg lgs mktivits* fmktgur ltgrdiomot lulyomdisdg kaoadiqug* ij fmut rgkaoomtrg jgs pnoadogs lmhhjadrmtiaooao kaddg uo aestmkjg* dmiskaddg uog kaolitiao mu prakgssus hormj lg jmkraissmokg/ Pmys fmiejg lgosit ldahrmpniqug* jg praejdg lg jm Frmokg


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MDOMHGDGO\ LW \GUUI\AIUG =;

ogst pjus lg rpmrtir* dmis lg rgofarkgr/Puisqug jm kaokgotrmtiao gst iovi$tmejg* mjars dujtipjiaos jgs jigux lg kaokgotrmtiao/

Lg pjus jm jahiqug lmffgktiao gt lg rglistrieutiao rgstg ioaprmotg paurjgs oauvgjjgs rgssaurkgs strmthiqugs lu lvgjappgdgot* rgssaurkgs lg om$turg gssgotigjjgdgot golahog gt iddmtrigjjg jigs jmvogdgot luogkaoadig lu smvair gt lgs sgrvikgs/ Kgst go iothrmot jgs gobgux jakmuxqug sg oaugot mubaurlnui lgs pmrtgomrimts partgurs liooavmtiao paur jglvgjappgdgot kaoadiqug* jm krmtiao lgdpjais gt jm kansiao sakimjg/

Jg lvgjappgdgot golahog* lmos uog kaoadig auvgrtg qui sjaihog lucgyosimoisdg tgrritarimj*pridg sur jg lvgjappgdgot gxahog/

Gofio* uog arhmoismtiao lg jm sakit go rsgmux iotgrmktifs gt fjgxiejgs

a smkkrat jmutaoadig lgs pgrsaoogs* rkjmdg lgs oauvgmux systdgs lgrhujmtiao qui smkngot arhmoisgr jm kaaprmtiao lgs mktgurs* systdgs quiog pguvgot silgotifigr mu pauvair tgknoakrmtiqug gt mu daoapajg lg jtmtqug jm pajitiqug lmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg m jaohtgdps iokmro/

Kgs vajutiaos faolmdgotmjgs pajmrismtiao* kaoadig lu smvair* rsgmulknmohgs rgquirgot lg oauvgjjgs arigotmtiaos paur jmktiao puejiqug2

jm disg go uvrg ldakrmtiqugdgot gt mux eaos oivgmux lgs paji$tiqugs iothrgs qui pgrdgttraot uo lvgjappgdgot lurmejg lgs tgrritairgs*

faol sur lgs ioitimtivgs priokipmjgdgot lkgotrmjisgs3 jg rgkgotrmhg lgs faoktiaos lg jtmt sur jgs quipgdgots liotrt om$tiaomj gt jm hgstiao lgs risqugs kaoadiqugs* sakimux gt goviraoogdgotmux*patgotigjjgdgot krmtgurs lg situmtiaos oao dmtrismejgs pmr jg jakmj au r$sujtmot liohmjits lg situmtiaos iomkkgptmejgs/

Kgs oauvgjjgs arigotmtiaos mppgjjgot jm rgkadpasitiao lgs kmlrgs tgrri$tarimux lmos jgsqugjs lait laromvmot sioskrirg jmktiao puejiqug paur trggo dgsurg lmttgiolrg sgs aebgktifs lg bustikg gt lgffikmkit/

Jg rgtaur lu tgrritairg lmos jmktiao puejiqug

Go uo qumrt lg sikjg* jg tgrritairg frmomissgst prafaoldgot trmosfard

Go rgoaumot mvgk jm kraissmokg* jm Frmokg vigot lg kjarg qugjqug vioht$kioq moogs .=98


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KAO[GIJ LMOMJY[G KAOADI]WG=

Wog iotgrmktiao puissmotg gotrg daolimj gt jakmj gst miosi go trmio lg sglpjaygr/

[ur uo pjmo kaoadiqug* kg prakgssus eaujgvgrsg jgs nirmrknigs* lmosjm dgsurg a ij listiohug lgs tgrritairgs kaoogkts mu daolg* go kadpj$dgotmrit gt go kadptitiao* lg tgrritairgs gt lgspmkgs dmrhiomjiss au kmr$rdgot gxkjus lg kgs lyomdiqugs/

Lgux typgs lgspmkgs vaigot miosi jgurs trmbgktairgs livgrhgr/

Luo kt* lgs gspmkgs iothrs2 gspmkgs mkkugijjmot gt fmvarismot jg lyomdisdg lgs mktivits lg kad$

dmolgdgot gt lg pijatmhg* pmrtikipmot lg jm dtrapajismtiao3

gspmkgs mkkugijjmot lgs mktivits praluktivgs* sait fartg kadpasmotgtgrtimirg tgknoajahiqug gt skigotifiqug* faygrs liooavmtiao gt lg lvgjap$pgdgot* sait gokarg arhmoiss go oikngs sghdgots praluktifs spkifiqugs dmis lmvmotmhg saus kaddmolgdgot/

Luo mutrg kt* lgs gspmkgs qui lkrakngot2 gspmkgs fmiejg kadpasmotg tgrtimirg gt tgknoajahiqug .mssgdejmhg!

daotmhg)* mvgk uog kmpmkit lg rgeaol pjus au daios fartg3 vairg gspmkgs memolaoos/

Dmis jm hjaemjismtiao og rgjvg pms lg jm sgujg spnrg kaoadiqug/ Jg lvg$jappgdgot lg jm sakit lg jiofardmtiao* qui go kaostitug juo lgs vgktgurs*trmosfardg hmjgdgot rmlikmjgdgot jgs rmpparts lu kitaygo kgux qui jghauvgrogot* kaddg ij eauskujg sgs rgprgs gt sgs systdgs lmppmrtgomokg/Jgs prakgssus lmutarhujmtiao sg lvgjappgot mu ltridgot lgs rhjgs gt lgslkisiaos fardgjjgs/ Jg priokipg rgprsgotmtif gst sauvgot dis dmj/ Kg dau$vgdgot frmhijisg jgs dalmjits trmlitiaoogjjgs lgokmlrgdgot lg jm sakit/

Mjars qugo Frmokg* jm trap pgtitg lidgosiao lgs mppmrtgomokgs jakmjgs.;6 000 kadduogs) mvmit privijhi uo systdg lmppmrtgomokg omtiaomjg

faol sur jg pmrtmhg luog jmohug gt luo gosgdejg lg rfrgokgs kad$duogs .nistariqugs* kujturgjjgs* kahoitivgs* dmis mussi kiviqugs gt paji$tiqugs)* kg systdg sg trauvg mssgz erutmjgdgot rgdis go kmusg jm fais pmrjg nmut* trmvgrs* pmr gxgdpjg* jgs oauvgmux systdgs lmppmrtgomokgslg jm bguogssg pjus auvgrts mu daolg gt pjus fjgxiejgs* dmis mussi pmr jgems* trmvgrs lgs pnoadogs lgxkjusiao au lmppmrtgomokgs gxkju$sivgs* oatmddgot lg kmrmktrg ilgotitmirg laot ij gst mis lg dgsurgr jgslmohgrs paur jg pmktg rpuejikmio/

Lguxidg tgolmokg dmbgurg2 jdgrhgokg luo oauvgmupmrmlihdg tgknoika$kaoadiqugJvajutiao daygo tgrdg gt jaoh tgrdg lgs kaoadigs dalgrogs gst

lsardmis dmrqug pmr jm tgrtimirismtiao lg jgosgdejg lgs mktivits praluk$tivgs/ Ao mssistg jmvogdgot luog kaoadig lu smvair gt lgs sgrvikgs*qui pjmkgot jgs tgrritairgs jngurg lgs rsgmux/


18/249

MDOMHGDGO\ LW \GUUI\AIUG =9

Jgs priokipmjgs saurkgs lg jm rikngssg aot knmoh lg omturg/ Jm rikngssgrgpasmit nigr lmos jgs rgssaurkgs lu saj gt lu saus$saj* puis lmos jgs pra$

luits dmoufmkturs/ Lsardmis* jm rikngssg rgpasg mubaurlnui* lg pjus gopjus* sur oas kmpmkits go rgkngrkng gt lvgjappgdgot* jgs ergvgts gt jgsjahikigjs* jarhmoismtiao gt jm hgstiao au* luog dmoirg pjus hormjg* surjgosgdejg lg kgs fmktgurs iddmtrigjs qui og sg lvgjappgot pms pmr appa$sitiao mu sgktgur pridmirg au sgkaolmirg* dmis qui baugot uo rjg lg pjus gopjus strmthiqug lmos jgs pgrfardmokgs lg kgs lgux sgktgurs* oatmddgotpmr jgur kadeiomisao/Jkaoadig lgs arhmoismtiaos pridg sur jkaoadiglg praluktiao/

Kgttg tgrtimirismtiao hormjg lg jkaoadig oaurrit jm dtrapajismtiao/

Pmr jg fmit qug kgs mktivits saot typiqugdgot uremiogs* gt go rmisao lg jmkmpmkit lgs vijjgs mkkugijjir gt horgr lgs faoktiaos qumtgromirgs* jm vijjgkrat qumjitmtivgdgot gt qumotitmtivgdgot/ Jgs dalgs lg vig suremoisgot*jkaoadig lgvigot dtrapajitmiog/

Kgttg ldmtrimjismtiao lgs kaoadigs dalgrogs partg lmutrgs kaos$qugokgs mux idpjikmtiaos tgrritarimjgs/

Wog lissakimtiao trs ogttg gotrg jm kraissmokg kaoadiquggt jm kaosaddmtiao lg dmtirgs prgdirgs ogrhtiqugs gt oao ogrhtiqugs

Kgttg lissakimtiao pomjisg jgs tgrritairgs jis jm spnrg kaoadiqugpmr jgxpjaitmtiao lgs dmtirgs prgdirgs gt* luog fmao pjus jmrhg* pmr jgsmktifs horiqugs gt mvmotmhg lgs tgrritairgs fmvariss pmr jm rgssaurkg nu$dmiog gt jgs mktifs spkifiqugs/

Wog lissakimtiao kraissmotg gotrg jm spnrg fiomokirg gt jkaoadig rgjjg

Kgttg lissakimtiao fmvarisg jgs pjgs uremios fart dmrqumhg fiomokigr gtlkisiaoogj* lissakimtiao qui privijhig jgs gspmkgs lg pijatmhg lu systdg.jgs vijjgs daolg ) sur jgs mutrgs gspmkgs kaosmkrs jmktivit praluktivg/

Wog daotg lgs iotgrlpgolmokgs gotrg pmys gt uo pnoadoglg daolimjismtiao pjmmot jgs tgrritairgs go situmtiao lg kaokurrgokg

Jg kaokgpt lkaoadig omtiaomjg vait sao pridtrg sg rgstrgiolrg muprafit lu kaokgpt lkaoadig rhiaomjg qui paurrmit go rgvmokng mkquriruog oauvgjjg pgrtiogokg/

[i jgxistgokg luo eao rsgmu liofardmtiao* lg kadduoikmtiao gt lgtrmospart kaostitugrm taubaurs uo dioidud rgquis* jm liffrgokg sg fgrm l$

sardmis* lg pjus go pjus* mu oivgmu iddmtrigj mu trmvgrs* pmr gxgdpjg* lgsiotgrmktiaos gotrg jm rgkngrkng* jiolustrig gt jgs sgrvikgs fiomokigrs* dmismussi lg jm qumjit lg jm vig gt lg jarhmoismtiao jakmjg/ Kgs vajutiaos da$lifigot jgs fardgs lmttrmktivit lgs tgrritairgs* go laoomot jm fmvgur muxtgrritairgs qui horgot lgs iotgrlpgolmokgs gt kgux qui smuraot lvgjap$pgr jiotgjjihgokg mu sgos jg pjus jmrhg lu tgrdg* iolivilugjjg gt kajjgktivg/


19/249


Kgt gobgu prgol uo rgjigf pmrtikujigr mu sgio lg jgspmkg gurapgo ajgura gst suskgptiejg lmkkratrg jm daeijit lgs gotrgprisgs gt jgs gffgts lg

spkimjismtiao gt lg kaokgotrmtiao/Wo rgofarkgdgot lu rjg lg jiooavmtiaolmos jm kadptitivit lgs gotrgprisgs

Jmdjiarmtiao lgs kmpmkits liooavmtiao tgknoajahiqug dmis hmjgdgotsakia$arhmoismtiaoogjjg gst lsardmis uo lfi dmbgur lg jm kadptitivitlgs gotrgprisgs/

Kg knmohgdgot laoog uo mvmotmhg mux pjgs uremios fart dmrqumhg lgrgssaurkgs iotgjjgktugjjgs*gt oatmddgot mux vijjgs uoivgrsitmirgs latgs luo

fart patgotigj lg rgkngrkng puejiqug au privg/ Ij ioluit jm fardmtiao lglgux fardgs lmttrmktivit2 jgs pjgs qui aot uog fartg kmpmkit smuta$rgpraluirg gt aot lb mttgiot uo oivgmu lgxkgjjgokg jkngjjg iotgrom$tiaomjg .go hormj* hrmolgs dtrapajgs faoktiaos pajyvmjgotgs)3 jgspjgs iooavmtgurs spkimjiss lmos uo ladmiog tgknoajahiqug pmrtikujigr*qui pguvgot sioskrirg lmos lgs dtrapajgs lg rmoh iotgrdlimirg/

\raisidg tgolmokg dmbgurg2 jm dmtrisg lg jm lpgosg puejiqug

[mos prbuhgr lg knaix pajitiqugs quij omppmrtigot pms kg rmppart lg

kaddgotgr* ao pgut smttgolrg* kadptg tgou lgs lemts sur jg oivgmu lgsprjvgdgots aejihmtairgs* uo pjmfaoogdgot* vairg uog rluktiao lgsrgssaurkgs puejiqugs lispaoiejgs .mu daios go paurkgotmhg lu PIE)* smospmrjgr lgs vajutiaos pauvmot mffgktgr jgs mreitrmhgs kaokgromot jgdpjai lgkgs rgssaurkgs/

Ar* ij og fmut pms pgrlrg lg vug qug jm rluktiao kaotioug lgs kmrtskaostmts gotrg rhiaos .kg qug jao pgut mppgjgr jm kansiao tgrritarimjg)rsujtg paur jgssgotigj lg jidpartmokg gt lu eao faoktiaoogdgot lgs rgvg$ous lg trmosfgrts .rgtrmitgs* mjjakmtiaos* gdpjais puejiks gt gdpjais ioluits)/

Mjars qug jm krmtiao lg rikngssgs m tgolmokg sg kaokgotrgr trmvgrsjgs dkmoisdgs lg pajmrismtiao lkrits prklgddgot* jgs dkmoisdgs lgtrmosfgrt aot mu kaotrmirg uo gffgt lg liffusiao oatmddgot go tgrdgs lgkrmtiao lgdpjais/

Jm omturg gt jidpartmokg lg kgs trmosfgrts faot quijs vaot trg kaofraots pjusigurs lfis/

Mvgk jg vigijjissgdgot lg jm papujmtiao frmomisg* jm Frmokgvm lgvair fmirg fmkg uo lsquijierg kraissmot gotrg jg oaderg lmktifsgffgktivgdgot akkups katismot gt jg oaderg lmjjakmtmirgs

Jgs mreitrmhgs vgoir .quijs saigot go fmvgur au oao lu systdg lgrpmrtitiao) og sgraot pms smos kaosqugokgs tgrritarimjgs sur jm pmrt lgsmutrgs rgvgous lg trmosfgrts* sur jgs fiomokgs jakmjgs qui saot mppgjgs hrgr jm lpgolmokg* gt pjus hormjgdgot jmilg sakimjg* sur jmvgoir gt


20/249

MDOMHGDGO\ LW \GUUI\AIUG 5=

jm lyomdiqug kaoadiqug lg oadergux tgrritairgs kadptg tgou lg jm sp$kimjismtiao lu tgrritairg jarsquij smhit lg vigijjissgdgot lg jm papujmtiao gt

lgs mpparts lg kgttg papujmtiao mu lvgjappgdgot lgs mktivits lg sgrvikgs/Jm dalgroismtiao lg jmldioistrmtiaosaujvg lgs qugstiaos lg rmtiaomjismtiao

Jg rmppart kat$gffikmkit m lb kaddgok praluirg jgs idpmkts qugjao smit sur jgs zaogs jgs daios pgupjgs lg oatrg tgrritairg/ Lg kg paiot lgvug* jg praemejg trmosfgrt vgrs jm spnrg ladgstiqug au lmos jg knmdp lgjkaoadig kaokurrgotigjjg lmktivits busqumjars rgjgvmot lg jm spnrgpuejiqug lgvrm trg rghmrl mvgk uog mttgotiao pmrtikujirg si jao og vgutpms rgkrgr lg oauvgjjgs iohmjits/

Jm qugstiao lg jm lkgotrmjismtiao gjjg$ddgogst pms smos rmppart mvgk kg praejdg

Jg lemt gohmh go fmvgur luo mpprafaolissgdgot lg jm lkgotrmji$smtiao partg oatmddgot sur jm lfgosg lg jmutaoadig fiskmjg lgs kajjgkti$vits/ \atmjgdgot jhitidg* kgt aebgktif saujvg lg rglautmejgs praejdgslmos uo pmys a jm rikngssg fiskmjg gst iohmjgdgot rpmrtig gt a jgs vaixgdpruotgs pmr jm lkgotrmjismtiao .oao$tutgjjg* jierg mldioistrmtiao///) aotfmvaris jgs kadpartgdgots kaokurrgotigjs mu ltridgot lg kadpartgdgots

pjus kaaprmtifs gotrg jgs kajjgktivits/Largs gt lb* jgffart liovgstissgdgots lgs kajjgktivits jakmjgs gst pjus

idpartmot qug kgjui lg jtmt/ Kaddgot fmirg go sartg qug jg trmosfgrt gspr gtsaunmitmejg lg oauvgmux ejaks lg kadptgokgs prsgrvg jgs daygos luog rgjjg

prqumtiao* smos jmqugjjg jgs fartgs iohmjits tgrritarimjgs pauvmot go r$sujtgr og dmoqugrmigot pms lgokaurmhgr jgs kadpartgdgots skgssiao$oistgs qug jao pgut lb kaostmtgr kngz kgrtmios lg oas vaisios gurapgos/

]umtridg tgolmokg dmbgurg2 jm daotg lgs prakkupmtiaosgoviraoogdgotmjgs gt jm qugstiao lgs risqugs

Jm fartg sgosieijit lg oas kaokitaygos mux mjms* taut pmrtikujirgdgotkgux qui taukngot lirgktgdgot jm qumjit lg vig gt jm skurit* kaostituglsardmis uog laoog/ Kgjm kaokgrog mussi eigo jgs gobgux goviraoogdgotmux*y kadpris lu quatiligo .kmlrg lg vig///)* qug jgs qugstiaos smoitmirgs* tnrm$pgutiqugs* mjidgotmirgs au gokarg jm skurit lmos jgs trmosparts/ kgs prak$kupmtiaos iddlimtgs karrgspaolgot gffgktivgdgot lgs risqugs gt lgs pn$oadogs patgotigjjgdgot irrvgrsiejgs quij smhit lg prvgoir gt qui mppgj$

jgot lgs knmohgdgots faolmdgotmux lg pgrkgptiao gt lg kadpartgdgot/Jgs rgssaurkgs* lmos jgsqugjjgs jnaddg m puis smos rgtgoug* mppmrmis$

sgot laromvmot frmhijgs* kaotiohgotgs* dgomkgs/ Ij og smhit pjus sgujg$dgot lg eialivgrsit* dmis hmjgdgot ljdgots mussi suestmotigjs qug jgmu*jg kjidmt* jgs pmysmhgs///* ergf taut kg qui silgotifig lsardmis jm oatiaolg eigo kajjgktif/


21/249


Pmr gxgdpjg* jgs gohmhgdgots gt jgs rgspaosmeijits lg jm Frmokg lmos jmjuttg kaotrg jg knmohgdgot kjidmtiqug idpjiqugot lsardmis lgs dgsurgs

lg disgs go uvrg dmbgurgs lmos jg ladmiog lg jm praluktiao gt lg jm kao$saddmtiao logrhig* lg jarhmoismtiao lgs trmosparts lg dmrknmolisgs gtlu lpjmkgdgot lgs pgrsaoogs* qui mdograot okgssmirgdgot rgkaosi$lrgr oatmddgot jgs fardgs luremoismtiao/

Jm hgstiao lu risqug gst miosi go pmssg lg lgvgoir jgobgu kgotrmj lgjmktiao pajitiqug lgs sakits pastdalgrogs* lmutmot pjus okgssmirgdgotqug kgttg hgstiao dgt go bgu jgs qugstiaos lu jaoh tgrdg/ Kgs risqugs* go sgngurtmot lgs motmhaoisdgs vifs liotrt au lgs kaofjits lg vmjgurs* idpa$sgot lgs knaix rgjgvmot lu pajitiqug/

Jtmt lgvrm* pjus quij og jm fmit smos lautg* smffirdgr kaddg jghmrmot lu jaoh tgrdg * hgstiaoomirg lgs risqugs partgurs lg situmtiaos oaolurmejgs au oao dmtrismejgs mu pjmo jakmj/

Jg dijigu og pgut pjus trg kaosilr kaddg uog vmrimejg lmbustgdgotlg jm kraissmokg kaoadiqug/ \aut jmissg pmr mijjgurs pgosgr qug jm qumjitlgs tgrritairgs vm baugr uo rjg kraissmot lg liffrgokimtiao kadptitivg* jgo$viraoogdgot lgvgomot uog lgs kadpasmotgs kgotrmjgs lu oauvgmu systdgtgknoiqug go dgrhgokg* qui kaostitug juo lgs datgurs lu lvgjappgdgottgrritarimj* lg jm krmtiao lgdpjais gt lg jm spkimjismtiao rhiaomjg/

[idpasg miosi prahrgssivgdgot jm okgssit luog pajitiqug lg lvg$jappgdgot lurmejg* kaoluismot uo oauvgmu priokipg lg nirmrknismtiao lgjmktiao puejiqug laoomot prfrgokg mu jaoh tgrdg sur jg kaurt tgrdg* muhjaemj sur jg jakmj* dmis mussi mux egsaios faolmdgotmux oao smtisfmits* muxpapujmtiaos gt mux rhiaos jgs pjus vujormejgs* mux rgssaurkgs gt pmtri$daiogs irrgdpjmmejgs/

]umtrg skomrias paur jm Frmokg lg 5050

pmrtir lg kgs tgolmokgs dmbgurgs* ij gst passiejg lg lgssiogr pjusigurstypgs lvajutiao* oatmddgot go faoktiao lg jm vmrimejg kj qug kaostitugjg dalg lmktiao puejiqug/

]umtrg skomrias pguvgot trg miosi govismhs/ Mppuys sur lgs tgolmokgslb aesgrvmejgs* ijs prapasgot qumtrg visiaos* qumtrg systdgs larhmoi$smtiao spmtimjg trmokns/

Jg skomria lg jmrknipgj kjmt .au oa$jiermj)

Kg skomria gst uo skomria tgolmokigj* puisquij mppgjjg paur jgssgo$tigj jmpprafaolissgdgot lg dkmoisdg lb juvrg/

Ao og pgut kmrtgr jnypatnsg luo rgofarkgdgot lgs tgolmokgs aesgr$vgs lgpuis uog quiozmiog lmoogs/ Jm hjaemjismtiao mkkgotug jm pridmutlg jkaoadig sur jgs mutrgs lidgosiaos lg jm vig kajjgktivg/ Mu sgio lgjkaoadig* jnhdaoig lgs farkgs lg jm kaokurrgokg gt lu pmrmlihdg ji$


22/249

MDOMHGDGO\ LW \GUUI\AIUG 5;

ermj gotrmog uo dauvgdgot lg lrhujmtiao lg hrmolg mdpjgur/ Kgjui$kimkkrat jg vajudg lgs knmohgs iotgromtiaomux* jiermot kgrtmiogs farkgs pra$

luktivgs gt mussi stidujmot jm kraissmokg kaoadiqug sgjao lg oauvgjjgsdalmjits gt lmos lg oauvgmux knmdps lmktivit/ Jm kaostruktiao gura$pgoog sg paursuit sur uo dalg fmkijitmot gt jhitidmot kgs dalgs lg pgosggt lg fmirg/

=/ Jmrknipgj kjmt .skomria oa$jiermj )

[aurkgs 2 LM\MU gt MGEC/

Jmvmokg lg jm lrhujmtiao og sg earog pms mu knmdp kaoadiqug/Gjjg paussg hmjgdgot uog rglistrieutiao lgs rjgs gotrg jtmt gt jg sgk$tgur priv/

Jm trmluktiao spmtimjg lg kg skomria gst jahiqugdgot jmkkgotumtiao lgjm pajmrismtiao lgs faygrs lmktivits pmr mhhjadrmtiao/ Kg qui ogxkjutpms tatmjgdgot jmppmritiao lg oauvgmux pjgs* parts pmr lgs mktivits

iooavmotgs* dmis laot jg oaderg og paurrm trg qug trs jidit/ Jm hahrmpnigjig kg skomria karrgspaol laok uog strukturg go mrknipgj.s) mvgklgs pjgs kaoadiqugs gt tgknoajahiqugs .vijjgs* pjgs lmktivits* gotrg$prisgs) kaoogkts gotrg gux jkngjjg gurapgoog au daolimjg sur jm emsglg prabgts pmrtmhs* dmis smos gffgt lg liffusiao oi lg kaotmhiao sur jgsmutrgs rhiaos/

=00 cd


23/249


Omotgs gt Mohgrs* mvgk uo pmrtmhg lgs kadptgokgs gt lgs iofrmstrukturgs*uo vritmejg systdg lg vijjgs dmijjgs gotrg gjjgs sg rgofarkgrmit* kadpj$

tmot jg lyomdisdg pmrisigo hrkg uog kadeiomisao aptidmjg gotrg qumjitlu kmlrg lg vig gt pgrfardmokgs lg oivgmu iotgromtiaomj lg jm hmddg lgseigos gt sgrvikgs lispaoiejgs/

Lg oauvgmux dalgs lg rhujmtiao tgrritarimjg sgrmigot go dgsurg lauvrirjg knmdp lgs strmthigs jakmjgs liffrgokigs* smos paur mutmot trg lkao$ogktgs jgs uogs lgs mutrgs/ Jg rjg prhomot lg jtmt kgotrmj gt jidpar$tmokg mkkarlg jm lfioitiao lg strmthigs omtiaomjgs og sgrmigot pms rgdisgo kmusg* dmis sg kaostruirmigot lsardmis liffrgddgot/ Ao lgvrmit mssis$tgr uog rglfioitiao lgs dissiaos lg jm puissmokg puejiqug kgotrmjg* mu

prafit lg jm rhujmtiao lgs kaofjits* lg jarhmoismtiao lgs kmlrgs tgrritarimuxgt lg jm prvgotiao lgs risqugs/

Lmos kgttg oauvgjjg laoog* jg oivgmu rhiaomj mppmrmtrmit kaddg jg pjus ddg lg vmjarisgr jgs rsgmux lg kraissmokg gt lg sajilmrit* rgolmot passiejguog liffrgokimtiao lgs pajitiqugs puejiqugs pgrdgttmot lg prgolrg go kadptgjm livgrsit lgs tgrritairgs* jm vmrit lg jmrdmturg uremiog* oatmddgot muoivgmu lgs vijjgs daygoogs gt pgtitgs* lg jgurs prafijs* lg jgur spkimjismtiao/

Jarhmoismtiao lu tgrritairg jakmj lgvrmit gofio rgpasgr sur lgs gspmkgslg prabgt* kmrmktriss pmr lg fartgs sajilmrits nudmiogs* sakimjgs gt kaoa$

diqugs* gxprgssiao liolpgolmokg quatiligoog kraissmotg faolg sur jgsoauvgjjgs prmtiqugs rsilgotigjjgs gt lg daeijits* mjjimot lmos uo ddgpridtrg jgspmkg vku pmr jgs nmeitmots* jm rgprsgotmtiao pajitiqug gt jmsajilmrit fiomokirg/

Jdgrhgokg lg tgrritairgs pgrtiogots mu rghmrl lgs rmjits lg jm vigkajjgktivg gt lu lvgjappgdgot kaoadiqug* kmpmejg lg rgkaostitugr jgsjigos lg sajilmrit frmhijiss pmr jm krisg* pgrdgttrmit jg lvgjappgdgot lgsioitimtivgs lkgotrmjisgs mppgjgs mssurgr jgssgotigj lu lvgjappgdgotlurmejg lgs tgrritairgs* trmvgrs jm disg go uvrg* ldakrmtiqug gt mu eao

oivgmu* lg pajitiqugs iothrgs/

Jg pajykgotrisdg dmijj* uo prabgt kaokrtisgr trmvgrs jm roavmtiao lgs pajitiqugs puejiqugs

Jm kansiao tgrritarimjg gst mubaurlnui* paur jgssgotigj* mssurg pmr jgsrgvgous lg trmosfgrts .kf/ oatmddgot jg kadpjdgot lg Lmvgzigs)/ Jkmrtlgs rgvgous eruts lgs domhgs lidioug gotrg rhiaos* mjars qug jgs kmrtslg PIE saot stmejgs au muhdgotgot/ Jgdpjai emsiqug sg kaokgotrg gt

rhrgssg .oatmddgot pmr muhdgotmtiao lg jm praluktivit gt lgs qumjifi$kmtiaos)/ Jgdpjai ladgstiqug sg lvgjappg gt irrihug jgosgdejg lutgrritairg hrkg jm eaoog rpmrtitiao lgs rgvgous lg trmosfgrts/

Kgttg situmtiao gst$gjjg paur mutmot lurmejg1 Go Frmokg* a sg kaobuhugotuog hrmolg surfmkg* lgs lgosits trs iohmjgs gt uog mrdmturg uremiog trslivgrsg gt lsquijierg* oatmddgot mu saddgt* ao pgut lautgr lg jm prgo$


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oit luo daljg qui mkkgotugrmit jm kaokgotrmtiao lgs jigux lg praluktiaolg rikngssg gt* idpjikitgdgot* jm lumjismtiao gotrg gspmkgs nypgrpraluktifs

gt gspmkgs mssists/Lg surkrat* lmos jg kaotgxtg kaoadiqug kaotgdparmio trs kaokur$rgotigj* jgs oivgmux lgs prjvgdgots aejihmtairgs* saurkgs lgs pajitiqugsrglistrieutivgs* mttgihogot lsardmis lgs sguijs kritiqugs/ Jgs gxgdpjgs sgdujtipjigot go Gurapg .Egjhiqug* Itmjig* Gspmhog* Mjjgdmhog) lg rhiaosknmqug baur lmvmotmhg kadptmejgs lgs fjux fiomokigrs gotrmot gt sartmot lgjgur tgrritairg/

Wog lgs rgspaosmeijits dmbgurgs lg jm pajitiqug omtiaomjg lmdom$hgdgot lu tgrritairg rsilg* pmr kaosqugot* lmosuo gffart lg rluktiao lgs

iohmjits kaoadiqugs strukturgjjgs gt pms sgujgdgot lg jgurs kaosqugokgsgo tgrdgs sakimux/

\gj gst jaebgt lu skomria lu pajykgotrisdg dmijj* skomria qui smp$puig sur jgs farkgs kaoadiqugs juvrg .pnoadogs lmhhjadrmtiao*kaoadig lu smvair jngurg lgs rsgmux gt lgs arhmoismtiaos)* dmis gokngrknmot go tirgr pmrti paur mssurgr jg lvgjappgdgot lg jgosgdejg lgstgrritairgs/

Lmos jg skomria miosi prapas* jtmt gst mppgj rgkaoomtrg jgobgustrmthiqug lg jm pajmrismtiao lgs mktivits/ Kg pnoadog kaostitug jm li$dgosiao spmtimjg lu prakgssus hormj lg kraissmokg kaoadiqug/ Jaio lgspuisgr jg kademttrg* ij lait jarigotgr go livgrsifimot jgs jigux lg pajmri$smtiao/ Kg qui gst go kmusg mubaurlnui go Frmokg* kgst daios jm fmiejgssgldahrmpniqug lgs lpmrtgdgots kaddg jm Jazrg au jgs Nmutgs$Mjpgsqug jg rmoh lg Jyao au lg Jijjg lmos jm jistg lgs dtrapajgs gurapgoogs/Pmys fmiejg lgosit ldahrmpniqug* jg praejdg lg jm Frmokg ogst pms lgrpmrtir* dmis lg rgofarkgr* taut go juttmot kaotrg jnypgrkaokgotrmtiao pmri$sigoog/ Kgst* lmos kg skomria* jgobgu lu pajykgotrisdg* qui pgut smp$puygr oao sgujgdgot sur jgs dtrapajgs rhiaomjgs* dmis hmjgdgot sur uo

rsgmu lgosg lg vijjgs daygoogs gt pgtitgs/Kg knmohgdgot rmlikmj lmos jm strmthig ogst vilgddgot govismhgmejg

qumkkadpmho luog pajitiqug gxtrdgdgot vajaotmristg lg kansiao tgrri$tarimjg* lmos jmqugjjg knmqug frmktiao lu tgrritairg mppmrtigolrm uo gspmkglg sajilmrit* kaostruit sur lgs jahiqugs lg pmrtgomrimt kaoadiqug gt iosti$tutiaoogj* gspmkg mu sgio luqugj saot mppgjs sg lvgjappgr lgs gffgtslioluktiao gt lg kadpjdgotmrit .situmtiao qui gst jaio ltrg mktugj$jgdgot kgjjg lg oatrg systdg lmldioistrmtiao tgrritarimjg* qui meautit lgs kaokgotrmtiaos smos gffgts lg kaotmhiao* lvgjappmot lgs rmpparts lg

kadptitiao pjus qug lg kaaprmtiao kf / pmr gxgdpjg jm qugstiao lg jmsajilmrit uremiog)/

Wo tgj systdg lgvrmit smppuygr sur jgffgt lgotrmogdgot lgs pjgs lgkraissmokg* dmis ij fmvarisgrmit sidujtmodgot jgs mtauts gt jgs appartuoitsstrmthiqugs kaostitumot jg oauvgj arlrg tgrritarimj* go krmot lg oauvgjjgsvmjgurs lusmhgs au lg oauvgjjgs fardgs lmktivits lmos jg kmlrg lg tgrri$


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KAO[GIJ LMOMJY[G KAOADI]WG;0

tairgs lgssios mux kaotaurs lgs gspmkgs vkus/ Kgst* lmos kg skomria* jgrjg lu dmijjmhg/

Arhmoismot jdgrhgokg lg tgrritairgs pgrtiogots* mu rghmrl lgs rmjitslg jm vig kajjgktivg gt lu lvgjappgdgot kaoadiqug lmubaurlnui* jgdmijjmhg tgrritarimj rgol passiejg uog dgijjgurg kaovgrhgokg lgs pajitiqugspuejiqugs gt lgs ioitimtivgs jakmjgs/ Kgttg appartuoit lgvrmit mjars trgsmisig paur rarigotgr jgs systdgs lmilg gt liotgrvgotiao* mfio lg baugrlmvmotmhg lgs lyomdiqugs tgrritarimjgs* pmssmot luo lvgjappgdgotaktray* gxahog* uo lvgjappgdgot kaostruit* golahog/

Kgst mu oivgmu jakmj qug sg oaugot lsardmis jgs pmrtgomrimts partgursliooavmtiao paur jg lvgjappgdgot kaoadiqug* jm krmtiao lgdpjais gt

jm kansiao sakimjg/Jg skomria lu pajykgotrisdg dmijj lgssiog miosi jgs kaotaurs luog

rglistrieutiao lgs rjgs mu sgio lg jm puissmokg puejiqug/

[mos rgdgttrg go kmusg jg rjg lg jtmt go tmot qug hmrmot lg jiotrthormj gt kmlrg lgxprgssiao lg jm vajaot kajjgktivg* kg skomria rgofarkgjm rgspaosmeijit lgs kajjgktivits tgrritarimjgs lmos jm disg go uvrg lgpajitiqugs iothrgs* qui pgrdgttraot uo lvgjappgdgot lurmejg lg taus jgstgrritairgs* faol priokipmjgdgot sur lgs ioitimtivgs lkgotrmjisgs gt

pmrtgomrimjgs* go jigo mvgk jg daolg kaoadiqug* sakimj gt mssakimtif/[ydtriqugdgot* kg skomria rgofarkg jgs rgspaosmeijits strmthiqugslg jtmt.taut mu daios mu titrg lgs pajitiqugs lmdomhgdgot gt lg lvg$jappgdgot lurmejg lu tgrritairg* prapas lg kg rmppart)* hmrmot lu jaoh tgrdg/Kg qui lgvrmit jg kaoluirg* luog pmrt* prapasgr jgs motikipmtiaos kjmirmotjm kaarliomtiao lgs ioitimtivgs lkgotrmjisgs gt* lmutrg pmrt* mssurgr jmhgstiao lgs risqugs kaoadiqugs* sakimux gt goviraoogdgotmux* patgotigj$jgdgot krmtgurs lg situmtiaos oao dmtrismejgs pmr jg jakmj au rsujtmotliohmjits lg situmtiao iomkkgptmejgs* saurkgs luo lvgjappgdgot oao

lurmejg/Lg tgjjgs arigotmtiaos auvrgot trais knmotigrs* pmr mijjgurs traitgdgotjis* paur jm roavmtiao lgs pajitiqugs puejiqugs2 kgjui lg jm lkgotrmji$smtiao* kgjui lg jarhmoismtiao lu lemt puejik gt lg jm pmrtikipmtiao lg jmsakit kivijg* gofio kgjui lg jm rfardg lg jtmt/

Mpprafaolir jm lkgotrmjismtiao

Lg oauvgmux kmlrgs tgrritarimux paur jmktiao puejiqug

Lgpuis jgs jais lg lkgotrmjismtiao* jm Frmokg gst gohmhg lmos uo pra$kgssus lg trmositiao iostitutiaoogjjg* jvilgokg jmrhgdgot iomkngv/ Jaiolmkkadpmhogr jg dauvgdgot lgs mutrgs ldakrmtigs gurapgoogs*kaoluismot lgs rfardgs mjjmot lmos jg sgos lg jm sidpjifikmtiao gt lu rgofar$kgdgot lgs strukturgs tgrritarimjgs go kngrknmot pausgr jm jahiqug lgsgspmkgs vkus* jm Frmokg m dujtipji jgs oivgmux jakmux lg lkisiao gt fmva$


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MDOMHGDGO\ LW \GUUI\AIUG ;=

ris jgur frmhdgotmtiao* krmot miosi lg oadergux lysfaoktiaoogdgots/ Jgkaostitutiaoomjistg Yvgs Doy onsitg pms vaqugr* lmos kg kaotgxtg*

jm kmtmstrapng iostitutiaoogjjg/Jm qugstiao lu tgrritairg jakmj lg jmktiao puejiqug gst lsardmis pasg/Gjjg pgut trg govismhg saus jm fardg lmbustgdgots jm dmrhg* sioskrivmotmiosi lmos uog kgrtmiog trmlitiao pajitika$mldioistrmtivg frmomisg/ Au eigoprgolrg jm fardg luo vritmejg mpprafaolissgdgot lg jm lkgotrmjismtiao/Lmos kg kmlrg* ij smhirmit mjars luog rfardg tgrritarimjg pgrdgttmot jdgr$hgokg luo oaderg rluit lg kajjgktivits lg emsg* issugs lu prakgssus io$tgrkadduomj go kaurs.=)* oivgmu liothrmtiao uoiqug lgs pajitiqugs pueji$qugs jm fais ddg lmkkratrg jioitimtivg gt jg kaotrjg ldakrmtiqug.rgolmot mu kitaygo jm pjmkg qug jm lkgotrmjismtiao lg =9>5$=9>; m auejiglg jui laoogr paur jg dadgot)* pjus mutaoadgs dmis mussi pjus rgspao$smejgs* oatmddgot lgs gxtgromjits qugjjgs praluisgot/ Jm vaig suhhrgkaoluirmit riothrgr sur uo tgrritairg pgrtiogot gt lat lg jnadahoitiostitutiaoogjjg* jm kadptgokg kaddg nmeijitmtiao mldioistrgr* jmutaritjug mu suffrmhg uoivgrsgj lirgkt paur jm dgttrg go uvrg gt jg pauvair fiskmjpraprg paur jui go laoogr jgs daygos mutaoadgs/

Kgttg rfardg sgxpjikitg trmvgrs trais gobgux 2 jgobgu lu tgrritairg pgrtiogotlg kgttg rgkadpasitiao* subgt rmttmkngr

jm oatiao lg tgrritairg lg prabgt/ Ij idpartg* go gffgt* qug jg oauvgmu tgrri$tairg miosi kaostitu sidpasg taus jgs mktgurs* kgst$$lirg jgosgdejglg sgs utijismtgurs* gt pms sgujgdgot sgs rsilgots/ Kgttg lfioitiao lu tgrri$tairg pgrtiogot mutarisg* pmr mijjgurs* uog liffrgokimtiao mptg rpaolrgmux liffrgotgs darpnajahigs* praluits luo tgrritairg omtiaomj jui$ddgtrs kaotrmst3

jgobgu lg jjgktiao mu suffrmhg uoivgrsgj lirgktlu pauvair iostitusur kgs oauvgmux tgrritairgs lg jmktiao puejiqug/ Jg pauvair lg kgs futurgsgotits kaddg jigu lg kristmjjismtiao gt lg lfioitiao lu eigo kadduo ogpgut* go gffgt* trg krliejg* qug sij lispasg luo lrait lvakmtiao trshormj* kgst$$lirg sij gst vritmejgdgot jg jigu lu pajitiqug/ [gkaolmirgdgot*kgttg qugstiao rgovaig jarhmoismtiao iofrm tgrritarimjg lg kgs futurgs gotits/Gjjgs oaot pms vakmtiao okgssmirgdgot dmtrisgr jgosgdejg lg jm hgs$tiao jakmjg* oi kaotrjgr jm dujtitulg lgs jigos lg quatiligoogt qui kaosti$tugot mussi jm rmjit luo tgrritairg jakmj* lmos uo kmlrg lg typg kadduomj3

jgobgu lg jmutaoadig fiskmjg lg kgs gotits/ Jtmt gst prahrgssi$vgdgot lgvgou jg prgdigr kaotrieumejg jakmj* go mssurmot pjus lg jm daitilgs rgssaurkgs lgs kajjgktivits tgrritarimjgs/ Ar* ao og pgut trg rgspao$smejg lg sgs mktgs smos trg rgspaosmejg lg sgs daygos/ Jm listmokg krais$

smotg gotrg sgrvikgs rgolus gt paoktiaos fiskmjgs dritg ltrg rgxmdiog/

.=) Jm pgrspgktivg luog jgktiao mu suffrmhg uoivgrsgj lmos jg kmlrg iotgrkadduomj mktugjsaujvg omodaios lg rgjjgs liffikujts go jtmt lg lpjaigdgot lgs kadduomuts .pra$ejdg lg kaostitutiaoomjit) gt pasgrm lgs praejdgs lnadahoismtiao gt lg pgrtiogokg*tmot saot livgrsgs jgs strukturgs disgs go pjmkg lgpuis jm jai M\U lg =995 .lg lgux kgot kioqumotg kadduogs rghraupgs)/


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KAO[GIJ LMOMJY[G KAOADI]WG;5

Ij kaovigot go pmrtikujigr lg dgsurgr qug jkngjao jakmj gst lgvgou jg prg$digr jigu lgxprgssiao lg jm lgdmolg sakimjg gt sao tgrritairg* sauvgot* jg

kmlrg a svmjug sm smtisfmktiao* smos lispasgr lg jm rgspaosmeijit fiomo$kirg/ Jm qugstiao lg jmutaoadig fiomokirg lgs kajjgktivits jakmjgs*mubaurlnui go lemt jissug luog srig lg rfardgs mymot rluit jm pmrtlg jidpt jakmj lmos jg rgvgou lgs kajjgktivits* paurrmit smos lautg trauvgruog rpaosg pgrtiogotg lmos uog liffrgokg lg trmitgdgot go faoktiao lgsoivgmux* sgjao jnypatnsg fmvarmejg jm liffrgokimtiao lfgolug pjus ems/

Wo tgj priokipg paurrmit kaoluirg prsgrvgr uog fartg mutaoadig fis$kmjg j a jg jigo mvgk jjgktgur kaotrieumejg gst jg pjus fart .jg oivgmu jakmjrgkadpas) gt mdpjifigr jm pmrt lgs latmtiaos lg jtmt* go mkkraissmot

jgurs gffgts prqumtgurs* mu oivgmu lgs kajjgktivits suprigurgs laot jgskadptgokgs bustifigot kgttg faoktiao lg prqumtiao/

Mkkadpmhomot jm rgkadpasitiao lu tgrritairg lg jmktiao puejiqug* jmrhiao mppmrmt kaddg jg oivgmu lmrtikujmtiao jg pjus ddg lg vmja$risgr jgs rsgmux lg kraissmokg gt lg sajilmrit* rgolmot passiejg uog mlmp$tmtiao lgs pajitiqugs puejiqugs pgrdgttmot lg prgolrg go kadptg jm vmritlgs tgrritairgs* jm livgrsit lg jmrdmturg uremiog oatmddgot mu oivgmu lgsvijjgs daygoogs gt pgtitgs* lg jgur prafij gt lg jgur spkimjismtiao/

Puisqug jm qugstiao lg jm prgooit lu lpmrtgdgot gt lg sao mrtikujmtiao

mvgk jgs mutrgs oivgmux gst* lmos kg kaotgxtg* pasg* fmut$ij paur mutmot sgjiditgr uog mjtgromtivg trmokng gotrg uog rmrtikujmtiao lu lpmrtgdgot*sait mvgk jgs kadduogs gt jgs iotgrkadduomjits* sait mvgk jm rhiao1 Jgtgdps ogst$ij pms vgou lgovismhgr uog mlmptmtiao lg oas kngjaos sup$rigurs lmldioistrmtiao tgrritarimjg go rgoaomot mu priokipg luoifardit.5)1vajutiao qui paurrmit kaokgrogr taut mutmot jgs kajjgktivits jakmjgs qugjarhmoismtiao tgrritarimjg lg jtmt/ Akkmsiao lgxmdiogr jm pgrtiogokg luosystdg uoiqug go Gurapg* faol sur juoit lg jmldioistrmtiao tgrritarimjggt jm lumjit lg sao arhmoismtiao lkaokgotrg gt lkgotrmjisg/ [ystdg qui

kaoluit sauvgot jgs mldioistrmtiaos kgotrmjgs* jgs mldioistrmtiaos tgrrita$rimjgs lg jtmt gt jgs mldioistrmtiaos lgs kajjgktivits jakmjgs rivmjisgrpaur kaotrjgr jgs ddgs frmhdgots lg tgrritairgs* jgs ddgs papujmtiaos*jgs ddgs pajitiqugs/

Go taut tmt lg kmusg* uog tgjjg mlmptmtiao lgvrmit okgssmirgdgot prgo$lrg go kadptg jg oauvgj narizao gurapgo .smos paur mutmot kaosilrgr qugjg flrmjisdg go kaostitug okgssmirgdgot jm jihog ejgug) gt mppgjjg*kaddg jg suhhrg Bmkqugs Bujjimrl lmos uo mrtikjg rkgot* rglfioir jgxgr$kikg lgs hrmolgs faoktiaos kajjgktivgs pajitiqug* kaoadiqug gt kujturgjjg

gotrg jgs trais kngjaos qug saot jm omtiao* jGurapg dmis mussi jm rhiao.prisg iki smos ilgotifikmtiao gxkjusivg jiostitutiao mktugjjg)* laot jg rjgkaoadiqug gt kujturgj gst vrmisgdejmejgdgot mppgj sg lvgjappgr* trm$mot jg kaotaur lgs oauvgjjgs kadptgokgs trmosfrgr/

.5) Priokipg qui kaoomt lb lgs gxkgptiaos kaddg* pmr gxgdpjg* Pmris* kadduog gt lpmr$tgdgot .smos kmotaos) jm fais/


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MDOMHGDGO\ LW \GUUI\AIUG ;;

Go kg qui kaokgrog jg oivgmu iotgrrhiaomj* hmjgdgot prsgot lmos jgskomria lu pajykgotrisdg dmijj* ij gst kaosilrgr kaddg uo sidpjg

kmlrg lg rfrgokg paur jmktiao lg jtmt gt oatmddgot paur jm prahrmd$dmtiao lgs sgrvikgs rmrgs lgstios fmvarisgr jiotgromtiaomjismtiao lgs ka$oadigs rhiaomjgs* gt uo oivgmu a laivgot trg gokaurmhs jm kaaprmtiaogt jg pmrtgomrimt gotrg rhiaos* dmis mussi gotrg dtrapajgs mppmrtgomot muddg gosgdejg/

Ugxmdiogr kgrtmios lgs priokipgs faolmot jarhmoismtiaogt jg faoktiaoogdgot lg oas iostitutiaos tgrritarimjgs

Jgffikmkit lgs pajitiqugs lmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg* lmos jg kmlrglu skomria lu pajykgotrisdg dmijj* kaoluit siotgrrahgr sur jm pgrti$ogokg lg lgux lgs pijigrs lg oatrg arhmoismtiao tgrritarimjg2 sao uoifarditgt jg priokipg lg oao$tutgjjg luog kajjgktivit tgrritarimjg sur uog mutrg .quijfmut hmjgdgot dgttrg go pgrspgktivg mvgk uog lkgotrmjismtiao* pmr ejakslg kadptgokgs pgu jisiejgs gt pgu rgspgkts)/

Jilmj rpuejikmio* go siokmromot oatmddgot lmos jg priokipg lhm$jit* m jaohtgdps rgolu taut lemt sur jm liffrgokg idpassiejg/ Jdgr$hgokg luo rmppart jgspmkg kaddg jiegrt pjutt qug kaddg kaotrmiotgpgrdgt lsardmis lg rgoaokgr* taut mu daios go dmtirg lmdomhgdgot lutgrritairg* uog uoifardit pjus dytniqug qug rgjjg gt sauvgot saurkg lio$

hmjits/ Prahrgssivgdgot sgst idpasg jilg qug jhmjit lgs knmokgs*jquivmjgokg lgs situmtiaos pauvmit rgjgvgr luog liffrgokg lg trmitgdgot.iotgrprtmtiao vmjilg pmr jg Kaosgij Kaostitutiaoogj pjusigurs rgprisgs)/Wog oauvgjjg kaokgptiao lg jm bustikg spmtimjg gst miosi go trmio lg sg kaos$truirg* faolg sur lmvmotmhg lg liffrgokimtiao* ldmrkng kitaygoog kmrgjjg gst mppgjg laoogr lemttrg laptiaos busqug j rgstgs lmos jidpjikitg/

Dmis kgttg ldmrkng idpjiqug uog pajitiqug mktivg liooavmtiaos iosti$tutiaoogjjgs qui* mu vu lgs gobgux lg jmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg* lgvrmitpjus pmrtikujirgdgot sg lpjaygr lmos trais lirgktiaos2

jm passieijit lg lispasgr tgrdgluog arhmoismtiao tgrritarimjg daiosuoifardg* subgt qui vigot ltrg vaqu .qug sihoifigrm lgdmio jgxistgokgluo lpmrtgdgot kaddg kgjui lgs Eaukngs lu Unog jarsqug jm kaddu$omut uremiog lg Dmrsgijjg rgkauvrirm jgosgdejg lg sao mirg uremiog1[itumtiao ilgotiqug lmos jg Unog mvgk Jyao* gtk/)3

uo l rait jgxpridgotmtiao pjus jmrhg .mjars quij sg trauvgmubaurlnui trs gokmlr gt og pgut trg qug tgdparmirg) pgrspgktivg quisgotrauvrg jakkmsiao lu vatg rkgot luo prabgt lg jai jMssgdejgomtiaomjg3

jgxgrkikg lg prrahmtivgs rhjgdgotmirgs paur jgs kajjgktivits tgrri$tarimjgs .jgur pgrdgttmot lmlmptgr lgs oardgs omtiaomjgs)3 ao rmppgjjgrmiki qug kg qui lgvrmit go tnarig listiohugr lkaokgotrmtiao gt lkgotrmji$smtiao* kgst bustgdgot jkmrt jm oardg .gt oao sgujgdgot japrmtgurlg sm disg go uvrg)* jm vaig lkaokgotrg tmot kgosg privijhigr uoglkjiomisao fartgdgot kaotrmiotg lg jm oardg omtiaomjg .dmoifgstmtiao


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KAO[GIJ LMOMJY[G KAOADI]WG;

Kgttg praejdmtiqug lg jgxpgrtisg tgrritarimjg rgovaig hmjgdgot jva$jutiao luo kgrtmio oaderg lg faoktiaos mubaurlnui lg jm sgujg rgspaosmei$

jit lgs mldioistrmtiaos kgotrmjgs/ Lmos uog pgrspgktivg lmpprafaolis$sgdgot lgs kadptgokgs gt lgs faoktiaos lvajugs mux kajjgktivits tgrrita$rimjgs* ij fmulrmit pauvair govismhgr jm pgrdmogokg lg kmpmkits lgxpgrtisgomtiaomjg qui saigot kgpgolmot disgs jm lispasitiao lgs liffrgots pmrtg$omirgs iostitutiaoogjs .pajitiqugs* sakiaprafgssiaoogjs gt mssakimtifs)* saus lgsfardgs livgrsgs mpprkigr sgjao jgs kms .mhgokg* aesgrvmtairg* rsgmu* gtk/)/

Ugkgotrgr jtmt sur sgs vakmtiaos strmthiqugs

Kaddg ij m t lit* uog lgs rgspaosmeijits dmbgurgs lg jm pajitiqug

omtiaomjg lmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg rsilg lmos uo gffart kaostmot lgrluktiao lgs iohmjits kaoadiqugs/ Wo tgj gobgu rgovaig oatmddgot muxdmrhgs lg dmouvrg qug jtmt lait kaosgrvgr paur pauvair dgttrg go uvrglgs pajitiqugs strmthiqugs fmvarismot jm strukturmtiao jaoh tgrdg lgs ka$oadigs rhiaomjgs/

Hmrmot lgs risqugs* jtmt lait hmjgdgot trg go dgsurg lg pauvair kao$luirg lgs pajitiqugs lg liskridiomtiao pasitivg paur rtmejir jhmjit jars$qug kgttg lgroirg sg trauvg kadpradisg pmr lgs liffikujts kaoadiqugs gtsakimjgs muxqugjjgs pguvgot trg kaofraots kgrtmios tgrritairgs .lg fmao

mkkilgotgjjg au strukturgjjg oatmddgot go kms lg knak msydtriqug surjgs kaoadigs rhiaomjgs* kaddg ao m pu jaesgrvgr pmr gxgdpjg mvgk jmkrisg lg jm silrurhig lmos jgs moogs qumtrg$vioht)/

Dmis* kadptg tgou lg jidpartmokg prisg pmr jgs prakgssus golahogs lulvgjappgdgot* kgs pajitiqugs* paur trg gffikmkgs* laivgot surtaut fauroirmux tgrritairgs go kmusg jgs daygos lg jgur praprg lvgjappgdgot/ Jtmtgst miosi mppgj mssurgr taus jgs tgrritairgs jhmjit lgs knmokgs* oatmd$dgot go dalujmot jgs latmtiaos fiomokirgs .jm prqumtiao) quij jgur mttri$eug gt go vgijjmot mux kaolitiaos lg lpjaigdgot lgs sgrvikgs puejiks/

Jm strukturmtiao lgs kaoadigs rhiaomjgs

Jtmt m hmrl busqu prsgot* trmvgrs jm dmtrisg lgs hrmols qui$pgdgots gt rsgmux gt lgs sgrvikgs tutjmirgs* uo puissmot jgvigr paur dalgjgrjg tgrritairg/ Kgst jg kms oatmddgot go kg qui kaokgrog jm pajitiqug lgstrmosparts* ddg si jgxtgosiao lgs rsgmux ogst pms go sait uog sajutiaosuffismotg mu lvgjappgdgot lgs tgrritairgs trmvgrs jgur lsgokjmvgdgot/Kgst jg kms mussi lg jgosgihogdgot suprigur gt lg jm rgkngrkng* mu rghmrllgs gobgux qug kaostitugot jgs prakgssus lmkquisitiao gt lgxpjaitmtiao lgs

kaoomissmokgs lmos jgs oauvgmux systdgs praluktifs3 kgst jg kms hmjgdgotlu lvgjappgdgot lgs rsgmux gt lgs usmhgs kaokgromot jgs oauvgjjgs tgknoa$jahigs lg jiofardmtiao/ Luog fmao pjus hormjg* kgst jg kms lg jgosgdejglgs mktivits litgs lg rgpraluktiao sakimjg .fardmtiao* smot* kujturg) quikaoomissgot uo lvgjappgdgot kaotiou go tgrdgs lgdpjais* lpmssmotlsardmis jgs gdpjais lu sgktgur lg jm spnrg praluktivg/


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MDOMHGDGO\ LW \GUUI\AIUG ;9

Jtmt ogst paurtmot pjus jg priokipmj iovgstissgur kivij* jgs kajjgktivitsjmymot jmrhgdgot suppjmot/ Ij m lmijjgurs* oatmddgot vim jgs kaotrmts lg

pjmo* rgkaurs jgurs fiomokgdgots paur rmjisgr jgs quipgdgots rgjgvmotpmrfais lg sm sgujg kadptgokg/ Jm Kaddissiao paur jm lkgotrmjismtiaosgdejg go tirgr jgs kaosqugokgs* go prapasmot jg trmosfgrt mux kajjgktivitslgs rautgs omtiaomjgs gt lgs uoivgrsits .dmis paurquai lgdmio uo tgj trmos$fgrt og kaokgrogrmit$ij pms hmjgdgot jgs mutarautgs gt jgs jihogs \HV quifaot lsardmis mppgj hmjgdgot uo fiomokgdgot kaobaiot 1)/

Pjutt qug lg dmiotgoir uo pridtrg pgmu lg knmhrio .quuog oau$vgjjg tmpg lg jm lkgotrmjismtiao og pgut qug rluirg)* og fmut$ij pms rgoau$vgjgr prafaoldgot jg rjg lgs pmrtigs prgomotgs gt jm omturg lgs autijs

mppgjs sgrvir jg eigo kadduo1Pgrsaoog og kaotgstg jtmt quij lgdgurg jg jigu lg fardmtiao lg jm

vajaot kajjgktivg/ Ij lgvrmit* trmvgrs uo systdg lg pjmoifikmtiao strmthiqugrgoauvgj .laot jgs skndms lg sgrvikgs kajjgktifs iostitus pmr jm JAMLL\kaostitugot jmdarkg)*fixgr jgs aebgktifs gt jgs priarits omtiaomjgs lmosliffrgots ladmiogs .trmosparts omtiaomux gt iotgromtiaomux* rgkngrkng gtgosgihogdgot suprigur* smot* dmis mussi pratgktiao gt hgstiao lgs rgssaur$kgs omturgjjgs) go ljhumot jm dmbgurg pmrtig lg jm disg go uvrg kao$krtg lg kgs pajitiqugs gt lg jgur mlmptmtiao mux kaotgxtgs rhiaomux gt

jakmux.kf/ paiot sur jm liffrgokimtiao)* dmis go sg latmot lgs daygos lgkaotrjg gt lvmjumtiao lg jgur rmjismtiao gffgktivg/

Jm Kaddissiao paur jm lkgotrmjismtiao auvrg uog tgjjg pistg go prapa$smot uog srig lg trmosfgrts .tmejissgdgots lgosgihogdgot suprigur* smoi$tmirgs* quipgdgots dujtidalmux* mrapartumirgs* partumirgs) rmjiss lmosjg kmlrg lg skndms omtiaomux/

Jtmt lgvrmit lmos kg kmlrg hmrlgr jgs rgssaurkgs okgssmirgs paur kar$rihgr jiohmjg kmpmkit lgs tgrritairgs kaotrieugr lg tgjs iovgstissgdgots*

rgssaurkgs okgssmirgdgot pjus faohiejgs qug kg qug prapasg jarhmoi$smtiao mktugjjg lg sao eulhgt/ Jgs kaotrmts lg pjmo tmt$Uhiao paurrmigottrauvgr lmos kg kmlrg uog oauvgjjg jhitidit* jtmt vgomot meaolgr lgskadptgokgs tgrritarimjgs go rquijiermot jgs kmrts lg rikngssg gt lg situm$tiao jakkmsiao liovgstissgdgots strmthiqugs* mu jigu lmeaolgr* kaddgkgst gokarg trap sauvgot jg kms* jgs kmpmkits kaotrieutivgs gxistmotgs/

Wog tgjjg mpprakng sg trauvg kaofartg pmr jiotgrpgjjmtiao lg pjus gopjus fartg fardujg go lirgktiao lg jtmt paur qug kg lgroigr smffirdglmvmotmhg kaddg hmrmot lu jaoh tgrdg* hgstiaoomirg lgs risqugs gt prvg$

omot jgs situmtiaos oao lurmejgs/ Kgttg pasturg idpjiqug lg sm pmrt uog kmpm$kit lmotikipmtiao .gt oatmddgot jg rgprmhg prkis lgs situmtiaos kaosil$rgs kaddg oao lurmejgs) gt joaokimtiao laebgktifs gt lg strmthigs lgjaoh tgrdg* arhmoismot jm jisieijit lg sgs knaix mfio lg fmvarisgr jm kaovgr$hgokg lgs mktiaos lgs liffrgots mktgurs puejiks gt privs mvgk jgs priaritskajjgktivgs miosi lfioigs/


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KAO[GIJ LMOMJY[G KAOADI]WG


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MDOMHGDGO\ LW \GUUI\AIUG


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MDOMHGDGO\ LW \GUUI\AIUG )/

Jg dauvgdgot lmlmptmtiao lgs sgrvikgs puejiks gst okgssmirg lmos uogsakit a jgs mttgotgs* dmis mussi jm jakmjismtiao lgs kitaygos sg saot kaosi$lrmejgdgot livgrsifigs gt dalifigs/ Jg priokipg lhmjit* mu kur lg jmoatiao lg sgrvikg puejik* dritg pmr kaosqugot uo rgxmdgo prgomot diguxgo kadptg jgs mbustgdgots fmirg gotrg gffikmkit kaoadiqug gt kansiaosakimjg .praejdmtiqug kadduog mvgk jgs pajitiqugs lmdomhgdgot lutgrritairg)/ Lmos kg ladmiog mussi* jmssakimtiao lgs usmhgrs$kaotrieumejgs*ergf lgs kitaygos* jm lfioitiao lgs aebgktifs lgs sgrvikgs puejiks* muxprrahmtivgs jgs kaokgromot* dmis hmjgdgot jvmjumtiao lg jgurs pgrfar$

dmokgs* kaostitugrmigot ogo pms lautgr uog vaig fruktugusg lg prahrs/

\gj qumiosi emukn* jg skomria luog Frmokg jm fais pajykgotriqug gtdmijjg kaostitug uo knmotigr lg hrmolg mdpjgur/ Paur mutmot* jm vgijjgluog pjus fartg iothrmtiao gurapgoog* lmos uo kaotgxtg kaoadiqug l$sardmis fmvarmejg gt paur rpaolrg lgs mttgotgs gt lgs risqugs kitaygos lgpjus go pjus prgssmots* jm passieijit gt jappartuoit luog tgjjg rfardg

gxistg2 go kg qui kaokgrog jarhmoismtiao tgrritarimjg* jg sukks rgokaotr pmrjiotgrkadduomjit* jm dmturmtiao lg jiostitutiao rhiaomjg* jg lvgjap$pgdgot lgs strmthigs iotgrrhiaomjgs* pgrdgttgot lgovismhgr lg fmao rm$jistg uog vajutiao go prafaolgur gt go laukgur luog strukturg mldioistrm$tivg gt pajitiqug ei$skujmirg3

paur kg qui gst lg jm liffrgokimtiao lgs pajitiqugs puejiqugs gt lgjiofrmstrukturg iostitutiaoogjjg* jg lemt gohmh prapas lg jm Karsg m daotrqug kgst pjutt jgxkgptiaoomjit lu lispasitif qui ngurtmit oas kaokitaygos

pjutt qug sao faolgdgot* uo dadgot a smkkgotug jm daeijismtiao mutaurlmutngotiqugs prabgts rhiaomux* gux$ddgs parts sauvgot pmr lg hrmo$lgs dtrapajgs/ Ugstg vilgddgot lemttrg lg jmdpjgur lg kgttg liff$

.>) Oatmddgot jarsqug jm jiermjismtiao disg go uvrg og listiohug pms suffismddgot jg kmslgs sgktgurs a jm kaokurrgokg sg lvgjappg pmr jiooavmtiao gt lgs sgktgurs a jm kaokur$rgokg sg lvgjappg priokipmjgdgot pmr jgs kats/


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MDOMHGDGO\ LW \GUUI\AIUG 0' oi gxklgr =50' lg jmdaygoog omtiaomjg/


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Kaokgromot jaebgktif lgffikmkit* rmrgdgot vaqu lmos jgs lakudgotsmldioistrmtifs* ij fmut oatgr* lmearl* qug jgspmkg gst* go jui$ddg* ho$

rmtgur lg tautgs jgs idpgrfgktiaos qui kaoluisgot nmeitugjjgdgot jhitidgrjiotgrvgotiao puejiqug pmrtir lg lfmijjmokgs lu dmrkn/ Go prgdigr jigu*jgspmkg gst jarihiog lg oao$kaovgxits spkifiqugs lmos jg sgktgur lg jmpraluktiao kaddg lmos kgjui lg jm kaosaddmtiao kmusg lg jmesgokglueiquit lgs domhgs gt lgs gotrgprisgs.< )/ Pmr mijjgurs* kadptg tgou lg jmlistmokg gt lu kat lg trmospart* jnypatnsg kaokurrgotigjjg pgrl sauvgottautg sihoifikmtiao2 go uo jigu* jg oaderg laffrgurs gst trap pgtit paur quglgs prix pmrmdtriqugs dgrhgot gt jm kaokurrgokg spmtimjg gst lg omturgajihapajistiqug/ Jm listmokg gt jg kat lg trmospart saot* pmr mijjgurs* pmrdijgs priokipmux supparts lgs pajitiqugs lg liskridiomtiao mu traisidg lg$

hr/ Kgs strukturgs lg dmrkn kmrmktrisgs pmr uo pgtit oaderg laffrgursmymot uo pauvair lg dmrkn saot uog kaosqugokg lg jgxistgokg lka$oadigs lkngjjg* jm emissg lgs kats lg trmospart gotrmomot uog rpmrtitiaolgs gotrgprisgs sur jg tgrritairg kmrmktrisg pmr uog mhhjadrmtiao lgs mkti$vits/ Lmutrg pmrt* jgspmkg gohgolrg mussi lgs idpgrfgktiaos lmos jm pra$luktiao lgs eigos puejiks ls jars qug kgux$ki saot jakmjiss gt aot uogmssisg tgrritarimjg/ Gofio* jgspmkg gst hormtgur lgxtgromjits pasitivgsjigs jm praxidit lgs mhgots tmot lu kt lg jm praluktiao qug lg jm kao$saddmtiao gt lgxtgromjits ohmtivgs tgomot mux gffgts lg kaohgstiao gt

mux kats sakimux ioluits/Jgs iolivisieijits krgs pmr jgspmkg saot jarihiog lidpgrfgktiaos

lgs dmrkns gt lg dmrkns dmoqumots/ [i jao sgo tigot kgs fmktgurs quifaolgot trmlitiaoogjjgdgot jiotgrvgotiao lg jtmt lmos jmjjakmtiao lgs rgs$saurkgs* mukuo mrhudgot og sidpasg kgpgolmot m priari go fmvgur luogpajitiqug lmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg/ Jgs pajitiqugs lg tmxmtiao$suevgotiaolgs gxtgromjits au jm rhujmtiao lgs gotrgprisgs go situmtiao lajihapajgspmtimj omturgj pguvgot suffirg jiditgr jgs gffgts lgs idpgrfgktiaos smosqug jm lidgosiao spkifiqugdgot hahrmpniqug lg kgs qugstiaos sait prisg

go kadptg/ Wog ilg ladiomotg kngz jgs tnarikigos lg jkaoadig spmtimjggst lmijjgurs quij ogst pms farkdgot saunmitmejg qug kgs pnoadogs quikaoluisgot jm pajmrismtiao lu tgrritairg saigot kaotrgkmrrs pmr lgs paji$tiqugs vajaotmristgs .Fubitm gt \nissg* =998 gt Dmrtio* 5000)/ Jm qugstiaogst pjutt lg ltgrdiogr kg qui faolgrmit uog mktiao puejiqug kmrmktrgspkifiqugdgot hahrmpniqug* liffrgotg lg kg qui pgut rsujtgr lgs pajitiqugsusugjjgs lg rhujmtiao/ eigo lgs hmrls* jmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg gst*lmijjgurs* uog oatiao mssgz dystrigusg paur jgs kaoadistgs.7 )/ Kg typg lgpajitiqug gst pgu prsgot lmos jm jittrmturg mohja$smxaoog y kadpris lmosjgs trmvmux lgs spkimjistgs lkaoadig hahrmpniqug/ Ao smit qug jMldi$

.


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Kadptg tgou lg kgs tgolmokgs hormjgs* jmttrmktivit lgs tgrritairgs gstlgvgoug uog okgssit paur jgs tmts lmos uog kaoadig auvgrtg/ ]ugjjgs

pajitiqugs privijhigr1 ]ugjs skomrias govismhgr1 ]ugjjgs strukturgs arhmoi$smtiaoogjjgs dgttrg go uvrg1 qugj oivgmu hahrmpniqug1 Kgs qugs$tiaos pasgs pmr Bgmo$Jauis Huihau .5000) saot gssgotigjjgs/ Paur diguxdgttrg go vilgokg jgs mreitrmhgs gffikmkit$quit quidpjiqug tautg paji$tiqug lmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg gt qugjjgs arigotmtiaos privijhigr* oauskaosilraos* lmearl* jmomjysg kaoadiqug lg jm rpmrtitiao lgs mktivitslmos jgspmkg/ jm judirg lgs gosgihogdgots lg jm tnarig* puis lg jmom$jysg lgs fmits* oaus tgotgraos gosuitg lg lfioir kg qug paurrmit trg jg rjglg jtmt lmos kg ladmiog* mvmot lg dgttrg go vilgokg jgs jigos gotrg lkgo$trmjismtiao gt mdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg/

Dmrkn gt rpmrtitiao lgs mktivits lmos jgspmkg

Jkaoadig spmtimjg* mppgjg mubaurlnui kaoadig hahrmpniqug* mjaohtgdps t jg pmrgot pmuvrg lg jm skigokg kaoadiqug/ Eigo qug lgsqugstiaos kaddg kgjjgs lg jmhhjadrmtiao au lg jm lispgrsiao lgs mktivitslmos jgspmkg* lg jm fardmtiao lgs vijjgs au lg jm spkimjismtiao lgs rhiaossaigot gssgotigjjgs paur jg lvgjappgdgot kaoadiqug* gjjgs aot t ohji$hgs pmr jgs priokipmux kaurmots lg jm pgoss kaoadiqug/ Kgpgolmot* mu

kaurs lgs lgroirgs moogs* uo rghmio liotrt paur kgs qugstiaos gstmppmru hrkg lgs trmvmux iospirs pmr jm kaokurrgokg daoapajistiqug* quijsmhissg lg kgux lg Cruhdmo .=99=) smppuymot sur jg daljg lg Lixit$[tihjitz .=988)* au lgs trmvmux sur jm kaokurrgokg spmtimjg issus lu daljglNatgjjioh .=959).8 )* hrkg mussi mux rgkngrkngs lgs tnarikigos lg jm krais$smokg .Jukms* =9>>)/

Jgs priokipmux tnarikigos lg jkaoadig aot* go hormj* mkkarl pgulmttgotiao mux praejdgs jis jm rpmrtitiao hahrmpniqug lgs gotrgprisgsgt lgs domhgs/ Wog prgdirg kaostmtmtiao sidpasg/ Ij ogxistg pms lg

daljg tnariqug pgrdgttmot lgxpjiqugr jg pmysmhg kaoadiqug lg sakitstrs livgrsgs .Fubitm gt \nissg* =998)/ Ao lispasg* go rgvmokng* luog vmstgkajjgktiao lmomjysgs pmrtigjjgs* jidmhg lg jm dujtilidgosiaoomjit gt lgjm kadpjgxit lgs praejdgs saujgvs .Hmulgdmr* Hmffmrl gt Dauhgat* =99;)/Ij gst vrmi qug jgs daljgs gxistmots saot sauvgot trap rulidgotmirgs paurquao puissg go lluirg lgs prgskriptiaos rihaurgusgs go tgrdgs lg pajiti$qugs kaoadiqugs.> )/ Go gffgt* lg oadergux rsujtmts og saot aetgous qumuprix lnypatnsgs fartgs kaokgromot jgs faoktiaos aebgktif lgs mhgots gt jgsgspmkgs kaosilrs* jgsqugjs sg rmdogot hormjgdgot jm lraitg kaotiougau uo gosgdejg liskrgt lg paiots/ Pmr mijjgurs* jgs iotgrmktiaos strmthiqugs

gt jgs iotgrlpgolmokgs govismhgs saot jiditgs* rmrgs tmot jgs daljgs

.8) jm suitg lg jmrtikjg lg lMsprgdaot* Hmeszgwikz gt \nissg .=989)/

.>) Kgst mussi jm kaokjusiao lg Fubitm* Cruhdmo gt Vgomejgs .=999)/


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MDOMHGDGO\ LW \GUUI\AIUG 7=

govismhgmot sidujtmodgot jgs jakmjismtiaos lgs domhgs gtkgjjgs lgs go$trgprisgs kaddg lgs vmrimejgs/ Lg ddg* jgs momjysgs go tgrdgs lg rhiaos

sg earogot sauvgot jm prisg go kaosilrmtiao lg lgux zaogs/ Lmutrg pmrt*uo trmit idpartmot lgs priokipmux daljgs gst jmppmritiao luog dujtipji$kit lquijiergs laot jm kaofihurmtiao fiomjg gst sgosiejg uog pgrturemtiaodiogurg lg jgoviraoogdgot/ Gofio* gt surtaut* kgs daljgs pmrtigjs og sio$thrgot pms lmos uo daljg hjaemj gt jgs momjysgs go tgrdgs lg eigo trgkajjgktif lgs lkisiaos lg jakmjismtiao saot qumsidgot iogxistmotgs/ Jme$sgokg lmpprakng oardmtivg qui rsujtg lg kgs kmrmktristiqugs lg jm tnarigkaoadiqug spmtimjg m paur kaosqugokg uog ioloimejg fmiejgssg lu kmlrgkaokgptugj sur jgqugj paurrmigot smppuygr jgs pajitiqugs rhiaomjgs .kaddgjg saujihog Dmrtio* 5000)/

Go lpit lg kgs jiditgs* jgs tnarikigos aot fauroi uo kgrtmio oaderglgxpjikmtiaos kanrgotgs lg jm hahrmpnig kaoadiqug lmubaurlnui dmr$qug pmr uog fartg kaokgotrmtiao spmtimjg lg jm praluktiao gt lg jm kaosad$dmtiao/ Miosi jgs farkgs lu dmrkn sgdejgot meautir uog mhhjadrmtiaolgs mhgots lmos jgs zaogs uremiogs laot jm papujmtiao rgprsgotg go Gurapg87' lg jm papujmtiao tatmjg/ Kgttg pajmrismtiao lgs tgrritairgs.9 ) kadpartggo gjjg$ddg jg risqug lg frmhdgotmtiao lgs tgrritairgs qug rgjvg jg skomrialg jmrknipgj kjmtlg jm LM\MU* lmos jgqugj lg puissmots pjgsuremios lmktivits saot kaoogkts gotrg gux smos gffgt lg liffusiao lg jm

kraissmokg sur jgs mutrgs rhiaos .kf/ hmjgdgot Vgjtz* =996)/ Kaosilraoslaok jgs ltgrdiomots lg jm kaokgotrmtiao spmtimjg lgs mktivits mvmot lgdgttrg go vilgokg jgs fmktgurs suskgptiejgs lg sappasgr kgs farkgslmhhjadrmtiao gt lg kaofraotgr jgs mpparts lg jm tnarig mvgk jgs fmits/

Jgs fmktgurs lg pajmrismtiao lgs tgrritairgs .=0 )

Jgs gxpjikmtiaos tnariqugslg kg pnoadog lg pajmrismtiao partgotpriokipmjgdgot sur jgs knaix lg jakmjismtiao lgs gotrgprisgs/ Gjjgs dgttgotgo mvmot lgs mrhudgots jis jmreitrmhg gotrg rgolgdgots lkngjjg krais$

smots gt kats lg trmospart* mux gxtgromjits pasitivgs mssakigs jm kaokgo$trmtiao hahrmpniqug gt jgffgt lg jm kaokurrgokg spmtimjg/ Jmomjysg tna$riqug m* go gffgt* privijhi jnypatnsg luog gxahoit lg jm listrieutiaolgs kaosaddmtgurs go suppasmot qug jgs gotrgprisgs lispasgot luo pau$vair lg dmrkn suprigur kgjui lgs domhgs gt sg jakmjisgot go motikipmotjgurs knaix lg rsilgokg/ Go fmit* jgs kaosaddmtgurs$trmvmijjgurs kaotri$eugot mussi pmr jgurs lkisiaos lg jakmjismtiao jm pajmrismtiao/ Kgst paur$quai* mprs mvair kaosilr jgs trais mrhudgots kaokgromot jgs firdgs* oausgovismhgraos jgs iotgrmktiaos mvgk jgs knaix lgs domhgs/

.9) Mu sgos lgs pjgs lg kraissmokg lg Pgrraux .=977)/

.=0) Jmomjysg lg kgs fmktgurs m t go pmrtikujigr gxpasg pmr Fubitm gt \nissg .=998) auBmygt* Puih gt \nissg .=996)/


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Jmreitrmhg gotrg rgolgdgots lkngjjg kraissmots gt kats lg trmospart

Jm omturg lgs rgolgdgots lkngjjg gst rgkaooug lgpuis jaohtgdps

kaddg uo jdgot ltgrdiomot lg jm fardmtiao lgs gspmkgs kaoadiqugs/Lg fmit* si jm rpmrtitiao lgs rgssaurkgs gst uoifardg gt si jm praluktiaosgffgktug go jmesgokg liolivisieijits* jmktivit kaoadiqug gst tatmjgdgotlispgrsg lmos jgspmkg/ Ls jars qug jgs kats fixgs saot idpartmots* jgsgotrgprisgs laivgot mreitrgr gotrg jgs mvmotmhgs lg jm kaokgotrmtiao lg jmpraluktiao go uo pgtit oaderg lg jigux* jmqugjjg rluit jgs kats daygos gtdmrhiomux* gt jgs iokaovoigots lg kgttg kaokgotrmtiao rsujtmot lgs katslg trmospart lgs dmtirgs prgdirgs vgrs jm praluktiao gt lgs eigos vgrs jgskaosaddmtgurs/ Miosi* jm kaokgotrmtiao hahrmpniqug gst lmutmot pjus fartg

qug jgs kats lg trmospart saot fmiejgs gt jgs iolivisieijits lmos jm praluk$tiao idpartmotgs/ Mjars qumu ^I^g sikjg* jgs kats jgvs lu trmospartmeautissmigot uog dujtitulg lg jigux lg praluktiao lg fmiejg tmijjg* jmemissg hormjisg lg kgs kats lg trmospart gt jidpartmokg kraissmotg lgsrgolgdgots lkngjjg* lgs lpgosgs fixgs lg rgkngrkng gt lvgjappgdgot*liovgstissgdgots go quipgdgots jaurls au lg dmrcgtioh kaoluisgot muxpnoadogs lg pajmrismtiao lg jgspmkg* laot tdaihogot jgs kaokgotrm$tiaos lmktivits kaotgdparmiogs/

Kg dkmoisdg tmit lb prsgot lmos jm tnarig lgs pjmkgs kgotrmjgs lg

Knristmjjgr .=9;;) gt sao idpartmokg fut rgkaooug pmr Jskn .=9


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smjmirgs jgvs* gt jm pripnrigpmuvrg mvgk uo dmrkn pjus pgtit gt lgssmjmirgs fmiejgs/ Jgs kats lg trmosfgrt .iokjumot jg kat lu trmospart* dmis

mussi lmutrgs lpgosgs tgjjgs qug jgs lraits lg laumog au jgs pgrtgs liofar$dmtiao pravaqugs pmr jjaihogdgot) gotrg jigux lg praluktiao gt jigux lgvgotg saot fmiejgs lmos jm prgdirg rhiao gt jgvs lmos jm sgkaolg/ Cruhdmodaotrg qugo prsgokg lg rgolgdgots lkngjjg kraissmots* jm emissg lgskats lg trmosfgrt kaoluit* go lpit lgs kats lg praluktiao pjus jgvs* uogkaokgotrmtiao lg jm praluktiao mu kgotrg* pgrdgttmot lgxpjaitgr jgs ka$oadigs lkngjjg sur jg dmrkn jg pjus hrmol/ Liffrgokimtiao lgs praluitsgt ems oivgmu lgs kats lg trmospart saot miosi jarihiog lgs kaofihurmtiaoskgotrg$pripnrig/ Wog kaokurrgokg jm Kauroat gotrg lgux gotrgprisgs pra$luismot uo eigo nadahog m jg ddg gffgt .Kadegs* =998)/ Paur mutmot ij

og smurmit trg qugstiao lg sgo tgoir lg tgjjgs kaofihurmtiaos/[ij gst vrmi qug jgs trmvmux lgs tnarikigos lg jm kraissmokg golahog

dgttgot go vilgokg jm pgrsistmokg lgs strukturgs kgotrg$pripnrig* ij fmutoatgr* go sgos iovgrsg* jm frmhijit lg kgrtmiogs kaokjusiaos/ Miosi* lmos uodaljg jm Cruhdmo* jarsqug jm emissg lgs kats lg trmospart gst trs fartg*jm strukturg kgotrg$pripnrig fmit pjmkg uog lispgrsiao lgs mktivits.Cruhdmo gt Vgomejgs* =997)/ Pmr mijjgurs* jgs rsujtmts aetgous og saot pmshormjismejgs mu kms luo oaderg mreitrmirg lg rhiaos gt jgs kaofihurmtiaoslquijierg lgs lyomdiqugs rhiaomjgs gt uremiogs saot dujtipjgs gt trs

sgosiejgs mux kaolitiaos ioitimjgs gt mux vmrimtiaos diogurgs lg jgovirao$ogdgot .Cruhdmo* =99;)* ddg si jgs quijiergs jgs pjus praemejgs saotmssakis jm pajmrismtiao/ Gofio uog liffusiao lg jiofardmtiao gt lg jm kao$omissmokg pgut meautir lgs kaofihurmtiaos mutrgs qug jm strukturg kgotrg$pripnrig .Gohjdmoo gt Xmjtz* =997 gt Dmrtio* =999)/ Oaus go vgrraospjus jaio lgs gxgdpjgs/

Jg rjg lgs gxtgromjits pasitivgs

Wo sgkaol mrhudgot go fmvgur lg jm pajmrismtiao rsilg lmos jgxistgokg

lgxtgromjits/ Dmrsnmjj .=950) mvmit lb listiohu trais rmisaos qui busti$figrmigot quuo praluktgur sg jakmjisg prs lgs mutrgs2 uog pjus hrmolg lispa$oieijit lioputs spkimjiss* uog dmio luvrg pjus qumjifig gt pjus mkkgs$siejg* jm liffusiao lg jiofardmtiao .Fubitm* Cruhdmo* Vgomejgs* =999)/ Kgsaot j lgs fmktgurs qug jao rgtrauvg tmot lmos jgs tnarigs kaotgdparmiogslg jm kraissmokg* dgttmot go mvmot jgs mvmotmhgs jis jm kaokgotrmtiao* quglmos jm tnarig lg jm fardmtiao lgs vijjgs .Naavgr* =9 gt Ngolgrsao* =98>)/ Jm farkg kgotriptg rsujtmot lg kgs gxtgromjits tigot lmearl uokgrtmio oaderg lg pnoadogs nars dmrkn2 jm kadduoikmtiao gotrg jgsnaddgs* jg egsaio lg kaotmkts sakimux au jm liffusiao lgs kaoomissmokgs

saot fmvariss pmr jm praxidit lgs mhgots/ Jm vijjg fmvarisg laok jgsiotgrmktiaos gotrg mhgots .Jukms* =9>>)/ Jgs gxtgromjits dmrsnmjjigoogs rgj$vgot mussi lg jm kmtharig lgs gxtgromjits pkuoimirgs/ Vnikujgs pmr jgsystdg lg prix* kg og saot pms* mu sgos strikt* lg vritmejgs gxtgromjits/Kgpgolmot kgrtmios mutgurs kaosilrgot qug lmos uog kaoadig spmtimjg* ago rmisao lgs idpgrfgktiaos lg jm kaokurrgokg jgs prix og saot bmdmis hmux


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gxtgrogs pasitifs gt kaoluit jm kaokjusiao iovgrsg/ Ij rgstg qug kgttg qugs$tiao lu kat sakimj lgs mktivits pajjumotgs lmos jgs zaogs dtrapajitmiogs

gt lg jgur tmxmtiao gst krukimjg paur jg lvgjappgdgot uremio gt jquijierglu tgrritairg/

Wog lgroirg qugstiao kaokgrog jidpmkt lgs oauvgjjgs tgknoajahigs/ Jglvgjappgdgot lgs dalgs lg kadduoikmtiao dalgrogs gt lg jIotgrogtpgrdgt lg lkgotrmjisgr kgrtmios gdpjais gt kgrtmiogs tkngs ls jars qug jgkat lg trmosdissiao gst ouj/ [gjao Dmurgj .=999)* kgttg kmpmkit rgolrgaprmtairgs lgs mktivits lispgrsgs sur jg tgrritairg sgdejg pjus qug kaotrg$emjmokg pmr jgs gffgts lgs gxtgromjits lg kadduoikmtiao/ Ao smit kgpgo$lmot pgu lg knasgs gokarg sur jgs gffgts lg jm oauvgjjg kaoadig .=; )/ Wog

kgrtmiog rglistrieutiao lgs mktivits paurrmit sgffgktugr* dmis jgs fmktgurslmhhjadrmtiao mssakis mux gxtgromjits lg praxidit tmot krukimux paurjm krmtiao gt jiooavmtiao* ao pgut krmiolrg qug sgujgs lgs tkngs suemj$tgrogs og saigot lispgrsgs* jgs mktivits krmtrikgs fartg vmjgur mbautgrgstmot kaokgotrgs .Hrmrl$Vmrgt gt \nissg* =998)/

Kaosqugokgs

Jm prsgokg sidujtmog lg farkgs kgotriptgs .lmhhjadrmtiao) gt lgfarkgs kgotrifuhgs .lg lispgrsiao) m pjusigurs kaosqugokgs sur jarhmoism$tiao spmtimjg lg jkaoadig/ Jm prgdirg gst jdgrhgokg lg strukturgs

pajykgotriqugs kmrmktrisgs pmr lgs kaokgotrmtiaos lgotrgprisgs go pju$sigurs hraupgs spmrs lmos jgspmkg .kf/ gokmlr = gt Cruhdmo* =996)/ Jgoaderg lg zaogs pajmrisgs lpgol ls jars lg jidpartmokg rgjmtivg lg kgslgux typgs lg farkgs/ Wog sgkaolg kaosqugokg* lg ddg omturg* gst jmdisg go vilgokglaestmkjgs jm kraissmokg lgs mhhjadrmtiaos uremiogs/Miosi jgs gxtgromjits pasitivgs mymot uog iotgosit vmrimejg sgjao jgs iolus$trigs mjars qug jgs gxtgromjits ohmtivgs og lpgolgot qug lg jm tmijjg lgsvijjgs* kgjjgs$ki paurrmigot mttgiolrg uog tmijjg jiditg vmrimejg sgjao jgur rjg/[gjao jmomjysg lg Ngolgrsao .=9>>)* kgttg tmijjg aptidmjg rsujtmot luo

quijierg gotrg jgs farkgs kgotriptgs qug kaostitugot jgs gxtgromjits pasi$tivgs gt jgs farkgs kgotrifuhgs lugs jm kaohgstiao au jmkkraissgdgot lgjm pajjutiao sgrmit miosi liffrgotg sgjao jm faoktiao priokipmjg lgs dtra$pajgs/ Wog vijjg emokmirgmurmit miosi uog tmijjg lquijierg pjus hrmolgquuog vijjg spkimjisg lmos lgs mktivits tgknoajahiqugs krmtrikgs lg daioslgxtgromjits pasitivgs qug jgs sgrvikgs/ Jmreitrmhg kaoadigs$lgskaoadigs gxtgrogs smbautgrmit miosi kgjui qug oaus mvaos momjysgotrg kat lg trmospart gt rgolgdgots lkngjjg paur gxpjiqugr jgs nirmrknigsuremiogs/ Kgpgolmot kgttg momjysg og pgrdgt pms lvmjugrm priari jm tmijjgaptidmjg luog mhhjadrmtiao .uo dijjiao lnmeitmots1 qumtrg dijjiaos1).=< )*

.=;) Miosi* jg rkgot rmppart lg Kango gt Lgeaooguij .5000) ovaqug pms jgs idpjikmtiaoshahrmpniqugs lgs oauvgjjgs tgknoajahigs/

.=


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oi jm rhujmrit aesgrvg lmos jm rgjmtiao gotrg jm tmijjg gt jg rmoh lgs vijjgslmos jm nirmrknig uremiog.=7 )/ Wog lgroirg kaosqugokg gst jg pnoadog

prakkupmot lg jmpriuremoismtiao qui kaokgrog jgs gdpjais pgu qumjifisgt jgs domhgs ems rgvgou/ Jm emissg lgs kats lg kadduoikmtiao iotrm$gotrgprisg pgut kaoluirg mu rgbgt lgs uoits moogxgs gt lg jgurs gdpjays jm pripnrig lgs vijjgs* jgs uoits kgotrmjgs sg jakmjismot mu kgotrg .Atm gtFubitm* =99;)/ Lgs iohmjits lg rgvgou iotrmrhiaomjgs pguvgot mjars mppm$rmtrg* pjus dmrqugs qug jgs lispmrits iotgrrhiaomjgs/

Jgs pnoadogs lmhhjadrmtiao lmos jgs fmits

Lg oadergux trmvmux gdpiriqugs aot tgot lvmjugr kgs pnoadogs

lmhhjadrmtiao gt jgurs kaosqugokgs go tgrdgs lg rgvgou pmr ttg au lgPIE pmr ttg* tmot mu oivgmu omtiaomj qumu oivgmu gurapgo/ Kgs rgkngrkngssg ngurtgot lgs liffikujts tgomot jmlmptmtiao lgs oadgokjmturgs spmtimjgsgt jm lfioitiao lu tgrritairg pgrtiogot/ Lg fmit* jgs dgsurgs lg jm kaokgo$trmtiao au lgs iohmjits saot fartgdgot iofjugokgs pmr jgs oadgokjmturgsrgtgougs au pmr lgs lkaupmhgs mldioistrmtifs qui rgolgot dmj kadptg lgkgs pnoadogs .gt oaot pjus lg rmjit kaoadiqug)/ ]umot mux lkaupmhgsspkimjiss .mirgs uremiogs* uoits uremiogs* gtk/)* ijs pasgot jg praejdg lgjvajutiao lmos jg tgdps lg jm lfioitiao lu tgrritairg pgrtiogot .Bujjigo*5000)/ Kaosilraos lmearl jgs tulgs sur jm kaokgotrmtiao mvmot lgovi$

smhgr jgs kaosqugokgs lg kgjjg$ki sur jgs rgvgous/

Jm kaokgotrmtiao lg jmktivit

Kaokgromot jg pnoadog lmhhjadrmtiao* lgux tgolmokgs fartgs sglhmhgot.=6 )/ Luog pmrt* ao m mssist go Frmokg uo prakgssus rhujigr lgkaokgotrmtiao spmtimjg lg jm papujmtiao lmos qugjqugs dtrapajgs2 Pmris*\aujausg* Jyao* Dmrsgijjg$Mix$go$Pravgokg* Daotpgjjigr* Omotgs* Earlgmux*Ugoogs gt [trmseaurh gxpjiqugot gjjgs sgujgs jm daiti lg jm kraissmokgldahrmpniqug gotrg =990 gt =999/ Miosi* jgxkgptiao lg Jijjg* jgs dtra$

pajgs lquijierg lfioigs go =96< akkupgot laromvmot uog pjmkg rgofar$kg lmos jgspmkg frmomis .IO[GG* 5000)/ Lmutrg pmrt* jm papujmtiao tgol sg jakmjisgr lmos lgs emolgs tgrritarimjgs spkifiqugs .jittarmj* vmjjgs)*mvgk kaosqugokg uog vajutiao livgrhgotg lg jm Frmokgiotrigurg.Muvgrhog* Jidausio* Knmdpmhog$Mrlgoog) go pnmsg lg l$kraissmokg gt lg jm Frmokg pripnriqug.fmmlg mtjmotiqug gt dlitgrrm$ogoog) qui* mvgk jm rhiao lg jm kmpitmjg* gst go pnmsg lg kraissmokg/ \autg$fais* si jao listiohug jgs gxklgots omturgjs lgs sajlgs dihrmtairgs* uo fmitoauvgmu mppmrmt kaokgromot jgs dihrmtiaos iotgrogs2 jg sajlg lg jjg$lg$Frmokg gst fartgdgot ohmtif mjars qug jm papujmtiao sg rglistrieug* mu eo$

fikg lu dili$dlitgrrmogo* lg jAugst gt lu [ul$Augst/ Pmr mijjgurs* jur$emoismtiao smkkadpmhog lg pjus go pjus luo pnoadog ltmjgdgot/

.=7) Kgttg rhujmrit sgxpridg pmr uog rgjmtiao pmrfais qumjifig lg jai lg Ripf au jai tmijjg$rmoh gt sg trmluit pmr uog jimisao jiomirg gotrg jg jah lu rmoh gt jg jah lg jm tmijjg/

.=6) Paur uo gxpas ltmijj* kf/ Bujjigo .5000)/


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mppmrmtrg uog kaokgotrmtiao pjus fartg lgs sgktgurs rgolgdgots kraissmotsgt uog kaokgotrmtiao lmos jgs rhiaos mymot mkks lgs hrmols dmrkns/ [g

lgssiogot miosi lgs kaofihurmtiaos lmos jgsqugjjgs jgs iolustrigs rgolg$dgots kraissmots .gt laok prafit jgv) smhhjadrgot mu kgotrg* jgs zaogspripnriqugs sg spkimjismot lmos lgs mktivits kmrmktrisgs pmr uog pjusfartg utijismtiao lg dmio luvrg pgu qumjifig* pmr uog kaokurrgokg pjusfartg sur jg dmrkn lu trmvmij gt pmr lgs smjmirgs pjus fmiejgs/

Kgs laoogs gdpiriqugs saot kaofartgs pmr jgs iolikmtiaos kaokgromotjgs krmtiaos lgotrgprisgs/ [gjao Dmurgj .5000)* jg rghraupgdgot go uojigu laoo luo oaderg idpartmot lgotrgprisgs mttirg jm krmtiao lg oau$vgjjgs firdgs/ \aus kgs trmvmux pmrmissgot kaofirdgr jg rjg gssgotigj mttri$

eu pmr jgs momjysgs tnariqugs mux rgolgdgots kraissmots* mux gxtgromjitslg praxidit gt jm kaokurrgokg idpmrfmitg lmos jgs prakgssus lg kaokgo$trmtiao lgs mktivits fartg vmjgur mbautg lmos lgs zaogs uremiogs lg hrmolgtmijjg/ ]ugjjgs kaosqugokgs kg pnoadog lg pajmrismtiao m$t$ij sur jgsoivgmux lg rgvgous* sur jgdpjai gt jm praluktiao1

Kaokgotrmtiao gt lispmrits lg rgvgous

Jm tnarig lu kaddgrkg iotgromtiaomj gt lu kaddgrkg iotgrrhiaomj pr$lit qugo jmesgokg lg dgsurgs pratgktiaooistgs* jm daeijit lgs fmktgurs.au lgs eigos) suffit mssurgr uog kaovgrhgokg lgs rgvgous pmr ttg gotrg

rhiaos lg latmtiaos go rikngssgs liffrgotgs/ Lg fmit* lmos kgt uoivgrs* jgtrmvmij gt jg kmpitmj rpaolmot mux liffrgotigjs lg rgotmeijit tgolraot sgjakmjisgr lg dmoirg rgkgvair jgs ddgs rduormtiaos lmos jgs liffrgotgsrhiaos a ijs saot vmjariss/ Jm kaostruktiao gurapgoog lgvrmit* lmos kgttgaptiqug* fmvarisgr kg dkmoisdg lg rluktiao lgs lispmrits rhiaomjgs/ Kgstpaurtmot jidmhg luo gffgt mdeihu lg kgttg kaostruktiao sur jgs oivgmux lglvgjappgdgot lgs liffrgotgs rhiaos lGurapg qui jgdpartg/ Ao smit* gogffgt* qug jm daeijit lu fmktgur trmvmij gst jiditg go Gurapg gt qug jidpar$tmokg lgs gxtgromjits lg praxidit pgut fartgdgot jiditgr kgjjg lu kmpitmj/

Lg oadergux trmvmux sgdejgot pmr mijjgurs mkkrlitgr jilg qug jao ms$sistg sidujtmodgot uo prakgssus lg kaovgrhgokg lgs rgvgous pmr ttggotrg jgs pmys lGurapg gt lg livgrhgokg gotrg rhiaos jiotrigur lg kgsddgs pmys .Dmurgj* =999* [mjm$i$Dmrtio* =996 gt Dmrtio* =99>)/

Go fmit* jmkkraissgdgot lgs lispmrits lg rgvgous gotrg rhiaos gst ji$dit pmr taus jgs dkmoisdgs lg rglistrieutiao puejiks/ Miosi go Frmokg*kgs trmosfgrts .qui mu sgos jmrhg iokjugot jgs smjmirgs lgs faoktiaoomirgs* jgsrgtrmitgs* jgs lpgosgs lg smot) kaoluisgot karrihgr jgs kaosqugokgs lgslispmrits go tgrdgs lg PIE pmr ttg .Uaygr* 500= gt Lmvgzigs* 500=) qui aot

muhdgot rhujirgdgot busqugo =99< mvmot lg smttougr jhrgdgot go=996/ [ur uog emsg =00 paur jiolikmtgur PIE!gdpjai mu oivgmu omtiaomj*jjg$lg$Frmokg pmssg lg =55 go =9>5 =59 go =99>* mjars qug jgs mutrgsRGM\ .=> ) hmrlgot lgs pgrfardmokgs stmejgs iofrigurgs jm daygoog omtia$

.=>) Raog ltulgs gt lmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg/


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omjg .Gst* Augst* [ul$Augst)* kraissgot jhrgdgot .Kgotrg Gst) au lidi$ougot .Dlitgrrmog* Oarl)/ Jgs laoogs sur jgdpjai daotrgot* pmr mijjgurs*

qug jm qumsi$tatmjit lgs krmtiaos lgdpjai sgst gffgktug lgpuis vioht moslmos jAugst gt jg [ul dmis qug jgs tmux lg kndmhg jgs pjus jgvs saotaesgrvs lmos jg Dili$dlitgrrmogo gt jg Oarl/ Ao kaostmtg uog hrmolgstmeijit lg jm kmrtg lgs tmux lg kndmhg* lmijjgurs liffrgotg lg kgjjg luPIE!ttg .kf/ tmejgmu)* mjars qug kgjjg lgs krmtiaos lgdpjai fmit mppmrmtrglg hrmolgs lispmrits gotrg RGM\/ Kgpgolmot* mu oivgmu lgs qumjifikmtiaos*jjg$lg$Frmokg kaokgotrg uog pmrt idpartmotg lgs krmtiaos lgdpjais lgkmlrgs suprigurs .uo tigrs lu tatmj)/ Go rgvmokng* jgdpjai lmos tautgs jgsmutrgs kmtharigs rgkujg lmos kgttg rhiao.=9 )/

\mux lg kndmhg pmr rhiao .sgptgderg 5000)

[aurkg 2 IO[GG/

Uhiaos\mux

lg kndmhgUhiaos

\muxlg kndmhg

Mjsmkg 7*; Jidausio 6*>Mquitmiog =0*5 Jarrmiog >*7Muvgrhog >*> Dili$Pyrogs =0**6 Emssg Oardmolig >*>

Ergtmhog >*> Nmutg Oardmolig ==*7Kgotrg >*= Oarl$Pms$lg$Kmjmis =;*7Knmdpmhog$Mrlgoogs 9*6 PMKM =5

Karsg =0 Pmys lg Jairg >*>Frmokng Kadt 6*> Pikmrlig ==

jg$lg$Frmokg >*5 Paitau$Knmrgotgs =0*;Jmohuglak$Uaussijjao =;*< Unog$Mjpgs >*5

Paur go vgoir mu pnoadog priokipmj* oataos qug jg PIE pmr ttg sjvggo jg$lg$Frmokg go =996 =75' lg jm daygoog omtiaomjg/ Jm pmrt lg jjg$lg$Frmokg lmos jg PIE tmit miosi lg 5>*


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tndg gst mesgot lg jm jittrmturg mkmldiqug iotgromtiaomjg/ Go Frmokg* jgstrmvmux rihaurgux saot trs pgu oadergux si jao gxkgptg kgux qum kaar$

laoos Hrmrl$Vmrgt .Kaddissmrimt Hormj lu Pjmo* =998) gt qui aot fmitjaebgt lg oudras spkimux lg jm Ugvug lkaoadig pajitiqug .=996) gtlgsMoomjgs lkaoadig gt stmtistiqug .=998)/ Jgs kaokjusiaos lg kgs trm$vmux saot kgpgolmot kjmirgs/ [gjao Hrmrl$Vmrgt .=99>)* ij oy m pms lmr$hudgot iddlimt paur sautgoir uog tgjjg pajitiqug kgotrmjisg* lu fmit lgjmesgokg lg rfrgokgs momjytiqugs gt lg jm liffikujt lgs momjysgs lg eigo$trg/ Ij gxistg* go rgvmokng* lgs mrhudgots jhitidmot jm prisg go kadptglg jm lidgosiao tgrritarimjg lmos jgs pajitiqugs puejiqugs gt bustifimot uorjg lg jtmt kgotrmj lmos jm kaarliomtiao lgs mktiaos lgs kajjgktivits lkgo$trmjisgs gt lmos jm lfioitiao lg latmtiaos lg kadpgosmtiaos gt liokitmtiao

pgrdgttmot lgs rglistrieutiaos spmtimjgs/ Paur kgjm* oaus mjjaos kaosilrgrsukkgssivgdgot jgs aebgktifs kaokgvmejgs lmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg gtjgs daygos govismhgmejgs/

Aebgktifs luog pajitiqug lmdomhgdgot lu tgrritairg

Ls jars qug jm kaokgotrmtiao lgs mktivits kaoadiqugs gst jg rsujtmtluog dyrimlg lg lkisiaos prisgs pmr lgs mhgots lkgotrmjiss* knmkuo jmrgkngrkng luo iotrt qui jui gst praprg* ij kaovigot lg siotgrrahgr surjvmjumtiao pmr jm kajjgktivit lg kgttg rpmrtitiao spmtimjg/ Gst$gjjg kao$

fardg jiotrt hormj1 Kaddgot lfioir kgjui$ki1 Pgut$ao dgttrg govilgokg lgs lfmijjmokgs lu dmrkn jhitidmot uog iotgrvgotiao puejiquglmos uo eut lgffikmkit1 Pgut$ao rgkngrkngr uog rpmrtitiao pjus quitmejggt sgjao qugjs kritrgs1 ]ugj mreitrmhg rmjisgr gotrg kgs lgux mpprakngs1Paur tgotgr lg laoogr qugjqugs jdgots lg rpaosg kgs qugstiaos quikaokgrogot jm rfjgxiao sur jg tgrritairg lsir* rgvgoaos sur jgs mrhudgotslgffikmkit gt lquit go kngrknmot jgur laoogr uog sihoifikmtiao go tgrdgslg pajitiqug rhiaomjg/ Oaus vaqugraos gosuitg jg rjg lg jmdomhgdgotlu tgrritairg go tmot qumssurmokg kaotrg jgs knaks rhiaomux spkifiqugs/

Jmrhudgot lgffikmkit

Jmomjysg prklgotg m dis go vilgokg jgs farkgs qui kaoluisgot uoghahrmpnig kaoadiqug kaokgotrg gt uremoisg/ Ij gst daios katgux lgpraluirg lmos uo pgtit oaderg lg jigux paur lgs rmisaos lg rgolgdgotslkngjjg/ Jm kaokgotrmtiao pgrdgt lg eofikigr lgxtgromjits pasitivgsrkipraqugs/ Gjjg mppmrmt mussi ls jars qug jm kaokurrgokg go prix smtt$oug* oatmddgot pmr jm liffrgokimtiao lgs praluits/ Gofio* kg prakgssus gstrgofark pmr jgs iotgrmktiaos gotrg jgs jakmjismtiaos lgs praluktgurs gt kgjjgs

lgs kaosaddmtgurs jm rgkngrkng luog affrg livgrsifig tmot sur jgs dmr$kns lu trmvmij qug sur kgux lgs eigos/

Jgs farkgs lu dmrkn aot paur kaosqugokg uog rpmrtitiao iohmjitmirggt lsquijierg lgs mhgots lmos jgspmkg/ Ij rgstg tautgfais mussi liffikijg lgdgttrg go vilgokg jm lsirmeijit sakimjg lg kgttg fardg lg tgrritairg qugkgjjg luog iotgrvgotiao puejiqug pgrdgttmot uog mjjakmtiao liffrgotg* pjus


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hmjitmirg* lgs mhgots lmos jgspmkg/ Oaus mvaos lb kaostmt quij gxistglg oadergux lmrhudgots go tgrdgs lgffikmkit pgrdgttmot lg rgbgtgr uog

mktiao puejiqug vismot kaotrgkmrrgr jm tgolmokg spaotmog lgs jakmjismtiaos/Miosi* kgrtmios fmktgurs jarihiog lg jm kaokgotrmtiao saot mussi kgux quifmvarisgot jm kraissmokg golahog* lg sartg qumjjgr jgokaotrg lgs pnoa$dogs lmhhjadrmtiao gt lg dtrapajismtiao pgut mvair lgs kaosqugokgsofmstgs sur jm praluktivit lgs gotrgprisgs gt jm kraissmokg/ Jgs mvmotmhgstirs pmr jgs gotrgprisgs lg jm praxidit lgs kgotrgs lg lkisiao* lgs dmr$kns livgrsifis lu trmvmij gt lgs hrmols dmrkns lg eigos lg kaosaddmtiaobustifigot jgs hrmolgs dtrapajgs/ Pmr mijjgurs* lmos uog kaoadig auvgrtg*jiditgr jmttrmktivit lgs dtrapajgs frmomisgs gt oatmddgot lg jm rhiaopmrisigoog rgvigolrmit jgs mffmiejir pmr rmppart mux mutrgs zaogs uremiogs

gurapgoogs mvgk jgsqugjjgs gjjgs saot go kaokurrgokg/ Jilg luogkadptitivit lu tgrritairg frmomisidpasg pjutt jg rgofarkgdgot lgsfarkgs lg pajmrismtiao/ Go tautg nypatnsg* jm pajitiqug lmdomhgdgot laitsioskrirg lmos jgspmkg gurapgo gt tgoir kadptg lgs strmthigs lg kaarli$omtiao mu sgio lgspmkgs trmosomtiaomux/ Gofio* gjjg lait prgolrg go kaosi$lrmtiao jg fmit qug jm daeijit lgs iolivilus vgrs jgs rhiaos kaoadi$qugdgot pgrfardmotgs pgut trg uog sajutiao daios katgusg paur jm kajjgk$tivit qug jg lpjmkgdgot lgs gotrgprisgs/

\aus kgs mrhudgots kaoluisgot pgosgr quuog mktiao puejiqug mymot

paur aebgktif jgffikmkit lgvrmit sautgoir gt rgofarkgr jg prakgssus lg kaokgo$trmtiao hahrmpniqug go latmot jgs hrmolgs dtrapajgs liofrmstrukturgs gtlquipgdgots kajjgktifs pgrfardmots mttirmot jgs mhgots jgs pjus praluktifs/Kadptg tgou lgs gobgux* jgs milgs lgvrmigot ddg trg kaokgotrgs sur jgspjgs lmktivit jgs pjus lyomdiqugs.50 )/ Kadptg tgou lgs idpgrfgktiaos lgkaokurrgokg ionrgotgs mu kmrmktrg spmtimjlg jkaoadig* ao og pgutpaurtmot pms lluirg lg kgs kaosilrmtiaos qug jm hahrmpnig ioluitg pmr jgsfarkgs lu dmrkn sait aptidmjg/ Bmygt* Puih gt \nissg .=996) pastujgot qugjm fardmtiao lgs hrmolgs dtrapajgs gst sakimjgdgot aptidmjg3 sgjao kgs

mutgurs2 jg fmit qug lg oadergux mhgots mkkgptgot lg pmygr uog rgotgfaokirg trs jgvg paur rsilgr mu sgio lgs hrmolgs dtrapajgs gst uogiolikmtiao prkigusg quijs vaigot uo eofikg idpartmot trg rghraups/Wog tgjjg mrhudgotmtiao m kgpgolmot lgs jiditgs/

Go prgdigr jigu* ij ogxistg pms* oatrg kaoomissmokg* lg kmrmktrismtiaotnariqug kadpjtg luo aptidud kajjgktif go dmtirg lg jakmjismtiao* oiddg lvmjumtiao rihaurgusg go tgrdgs lg surpjus kajjgktif lgs pnoadogslg dtrapajismtiao/Jgs praprits lgs pnoadogs lmhhjadrmtiao gotgrdgs lg eigo$trg saot mdeihus ls jars qug jgs saurkgs lg listarsiaos

saujihogs pjus nmut gxtgromjits* iolivisieijits* o

Aménagement du territoire - Conseil d'Analyse Économique - 2001

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