Download - GESTION DE L’EAU EN CHINE : COMMENT GERER LA DISPARITE NORD-SUD ? - Iris Delahaye

5/14/2018 GESTION DE L’EAU EN CHINE : COMMENT GERER LA DISPARITE NORD-SUD ? - Iris Delahaye - slidepdf.com

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fxekgiei} afp mçòf}p |daavei}p rfjf}çpmeip afp rg~gïrfp! fi agkg}ei} af cep|gaaecf!fi rf`wàei} afp fevx vpçfp! f}`)7)A‗ç`didkgf mf a‗fev f} af rf`wàecf pdi}

egipg mf~fivp mfp |rgdrg}çp |dvr afpev}drg}çp ògidgpfp) Faafp ngcvrfi} |erkg afp|rfkgfrp dbjf`}gnp mv _Gf |aei uvgiuvfiiea/2<<>+2<55') E~f` vif |d|vae}gdi mdi} afpbfpdgip `di}givfi} mf `rdé}rf! ae @ogif eevppg ficecç mf advrmp |rdjf}p `dkkf af\rdjf} m‗Emmv`}gdi mfp Fevx mv Pvm ~frpaf Idrm) Kegp faaf mdg} çceafkfi} pf}dvrifr ~frp mfp pdvr`fp giid~ei}fpm‗e||rd~gpgdiifkfi} fi fev `dkkf afmfppeafkfi}! |dvr afuvfa ae @ogif fi}fimàegrfkfi} p‗enngòfr afemfr)

Ne`f ì `fp rgpuvfp! af

cdv~frifkfi} ògidgp e neg} mf

a‗fev vif |rgdrg}ç ie}gdieaf

Meip `f `di}fx}f! di `dk|rfim uvfmeip vi ndrvk drceigpç ev Ofiei! af 26d`}dbrf 2<<6! af ~g`f+kgigp}rf ògidgp mf ae@dip}rv`}gdi! Uvg Bgedxgic! eg} uveagngç ae`rgpf mf a‗fev fi @ogif mf ¨ ae |avppçrgfvpf f} vrcfi}f mv kdimf ¸5<)

Af keiuvf m‗fev dv ae |daav}gdi mfa‗fev `di}rgbvf fi fnnf} ì a‗fxdmf rvrea ìoev}fvr mf uvfauvfp mgzegifp mf kgaagdipmf |frpdiifp òeuvf eiiçf) Fi ~gaaf!`f}}f errg~çf keppg~f mf |d|vae}gdi rvreaf|dpf |er egaafvrp m‗gk|dr}ei}p |rdbaïkfpm‗gi}çcre}gdi pd`geaf! m‗e``ïp ev adcfkfi}f} m‗ekçiecfkfi} vrbegi) Afpgi~fp}gppfkfi}p if |er~gfiifi} |ep ìpvg~rf ae mfkeimf pd`geaf) Afp beiagfvfp|çrg|oçrguvfp p‗ç}eafi} f} crgcid}fi} af

}frrg}dgrf e~ei} kêkf m‗e~dgr ç}çeòf~çfp! evckfi}ei} fi`drf afp|rdbaïkfp m‗eppegigppfkfi} f} m‗e``ïp ìa‗fev)

Afp ev}drg}çp ògidgpfp `dkkfi`fi} ìpçrgfvpfkfi} |rfimrf fi `dk|}f `fp|rdbaïkfp m‗ekçiecfkfi} vrbegi) Ea‗d`èpgdi mv mgp`dvrp dnng`gfa mvcdv~frifkfi} adrp mf a‗dv~fr}vrf mf aepfppgdi eiivfaaf mf a‗Eppfkbaçf ie}gdieaf|d|vaegrf fi kerp 2<<>! af \rfkgfr

7 ¨ Ae @ogif |rdkf} a‗v}gagpe}gdi fnngè`f ¸!sss)nrfiò)|fd|af)`dk)ì! 5> nç~rgfr 2<<75< ¨ @ogif : ae |rdbaçke}guvf mf a‗fev }dvjdvrp |avp ̀ dk|afxf ̧

Kgigp}rf gipgp}eg} pvr ¨ ae idv~faaf kgppgdiogp}drguvf mf ae @ogif ¸ : ¨ rçmvgrf afprgpuvfp |dag}guvfp mv ndppç uvg pf `rfvpffi}rf afp rgòfp f} afp |ev~rfp! f} eigkfr

a‗ç`didkgf ~ep}f kegp fi`drf}remg}gdiifaaf mfp zdifp rvreafp ¸) Ga|rç`gpf |avp adgi meip pdi mgp`dvrp aeadcguvf mf `f mç~fad||fkfi} mfp zdifprvreafp : ¨ ae p}re}çcgf mf mç~fad||fkfi}mf a‗dvfp} ¸ /Cd Sfp} '! pdg} 55< kgaagermpmf mdaaerp gi~fp}gp mf|vgp 2<<> meip mfcreimp }re~evx m‗ginrep}rv`}vrf!id}ekkfi} mf berrecfp f} mf pwp}ïkfpm‗eagkfi}e}gdi fi fev |d}ebaf f}m‗eppegigppfkfi}! meip afp rçcgdip mfa‗Dvfp} /Ceipv! Igicxge! Ugicoeg!

Poeeixg'! f} fi |er}g`vagfr meip afp rçcgdipmv |ae}fev }gbç}egi f} mv _gijgeic)55

\dvr ev}ei}! keacrç a‗vrcfi`f! afpmgp`dvrp |dag}guvfp |fgifi} ì pf}reipndrkfr fi e`}gdip `di`rï}fp)A‗fxfk|af mv ¨ Crffi C\M ¸ /\GB ^fr}'fp} çaduvfi} : aei`ç |dvr rçç~eavfr ae`rdgppei`f ì a‗evif mf pdi gk|e`}fi~grdiifkfi}ea! ga e }rïp ~g}f ç}ç p}d||çèr ga rç~çaeg} vif `rdgppei`f zçrd meip`fr}egifp rçcgdip! }ei} a‗gk|e`}

fi~grdiifkfi}ea ç}eg} advrm52

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GKECGIFR MFP PDAV]GDIP \DVR AE

@OGIF Fi ke}gïrf mf cfp}gdi mf a‗fev! ae

@ogif if açpgif |ep pvr afpgi~fp}gppfkfi}p! kêkf pg afp bvmcf}peaadvçp mdg~fi} ê}rf avp ì a‗evif mfa‗ek|afvr mfp }re~evx ì rçeagpfr) Afberrecf mfp ]rdgp Cdrcfp f} af \EFPIndi} |er}gf mf `fp |rdjf}p |oerediguvfp uvg

di} vif ~dè}gdi }dv} ev}ei} ç`didkguvfuvf ie}gdieagp}f) Afp ev}drg}çp di}çceafkfi} e``çaçrç afp |rdcrekkfp mfrçid~e}gdi mfp pwp}ïkfp m‗grrgce}gdi) Fi}rfpf|}fkbrf 2<<0 f} keg 2<<= |er fxfk|af!|ep kdgip mf >!? kgaagermp mf mdaaerp di}ç}ç gi~fp}gp meip ae `dip}rv`}gdi f} aerç|ere}gdi mfp rçpfevx! mdi} 0!? kgaagermpngiei`çp |er afp ev}drg}çp adèafp f} 0kgaagermp |er afp ecrg`va}fvrp! pfadi afKgigp}ïrf mfp Rfppdvr`fp fi Fev)

55 ¨ E ae `diuvê}f mf a‗Dvfp} ̧ ! Cebrgfa Crfpgaadi f} WeiiRdvppfev! Afp Fòdp! 6 kerp 2<<3)52 ¨ Cçd|dag}guvf mf a‗fev fi @ogif ̧ ! Nrei`h Ceaaeim meip¨ Kdimf ògidgp ¸ i¼56! ev}dkif 2<<?)




>

Ae @ogif mç}gfi} : 22 5<= creimp berrecfp /6<& mfp creimp

berrecfp mf ae |aeiï}f'?6 5>< berrecfp mf }dv}fp }egaafp

0< =<< berrecfp |d}fi}gfaafkfi} meicfrfvx dv ndi`}gdiiei} kea

Afp berrecfp `dip}g}vfi} vif

pdav}gdi diçrfvpf |dvr cçrfr afp

`rvfp

Ae kdg}gç mfp =6 <<< creimp berrecfpmf ae |aeiï}f pf }rdv~fi} fi @ogif :a‗Fk|grf mv Kgagfv fi e `dip}rvg} 22 5<=fxe`}fkfi}) Jdvei} mf |avp pvr ae ngbrfie}gdieaf! afp dv~recfp mf creimf ek|afvrpf kva}g|agfi}! fi |er}g`vagfr ev ]gbf}) E}g}rf m‗fxfk|af! a‗Ervi! vi ennavfi} mvCeicf uvg |rfim pe pdvr`f ev ]gbf} f}}re~frpf af Iç|ea! if `dk|}f |ep kdgipmf 6 berrecfp eadrp uvf ae |dr}gdi ògidgpfmf ae rg~gïrf if neg} uvf uvfauvfp

`fi}egifp mf hgadkï}rfp)@fp berrecfp rç|dimfi} ì ae ndgp ì vi

gk|çre}gn mf mç~fad||fkfi} fi ndvrigppei}mf a‗çifrcgf evx gimvp}rgfp! kegpçceafkfi} ì vi gk|çre}gn mf cfp}gdi mfp`rvfp fi rçcvaei} af mçbg} mfp nafv~fpfi}rf ae pegpdi pïòf f} ae pegpdi ovkgmf)Ebpdavkfi} fppfi}gfap ì ae `rdgppei`f mfa‗ç`didkgf! gap pdi} evppg |dvr afpev}drg}çp! afp cerei}p mf ae pç`vrg}ç mfp~gaafp rg~fregifp mfp nafv~fp! uvg i‗di}

`fppç mf |â}gr! mf|vgp afvrp drgcgifp! mfpgidime}gdip f} mfp `rvfp) A‗fxfk|af af|avp kfvr}rgfr rfkdi}f ì a#ç}ç 577? : vifgidime}gdi fx`f|}gdiifaaf e neg} |ep kdgipmf = <<< ~g`}gkfp f} mç|ae`ç 5?!= kgaagdipmf |frpdiifp) Ì a‗ç|duvf! afp |fr}fpç`didkguvfp di} ç}ç fp}gkçfp ì03kgaagermp mf mdaaerp) Meip vi }fa`di}fx}f! afp ev}drg}çp ògidgpfp i‗di}ev`vi kea ì negrf e``f|}fr a‗gmçf uvf afpberrecfp pdi} iç`fppegrfp ì ae |rd}f`}gdimf ae |d|vae}gdi f} pvr}dv} ì ae |çrfiig}ç

mf a‗e`}g~g}ç ç`didkguvf)

Afp berrecfp! vif pdav}gdi pdvp+d|}gkeaf 4

Kegp afp berrecfp rfp}fi} vi |erg

meicfrfvx f} òfr) Fi @ogif! af kgigp}ïrfmfp Rfppdvr`f fi fev mçidkbrf ?6 5><berrecfp mf }dv}fp }egaafp) Dr |avp mf0< =<< m‗fi}rf fvx pdi} fp}gkçp|d}fi}gfaafkfi} meicfrfvx dv ndi`}gdiiei}kea) Fi 2<<6! vi berrecf e `çmç meip afWviiei f} |rd~duvç ae kdr} m‗vifuvgizegif mf |frpdiifp) Fi 5736!a‗fnndimrfkfi} mfp mgcvfp f} mfp berrecfpmeip af pvm mv Ofiei e |rd~duvç ae kdr}mf ?6 <<< ì 20< <<< |frpdiifp) Pfadi aeè|e`g}ç mv berrecf! afp `dipçuvfi`fp|fv~fi} ê}rf |avp dv kdgip mreke}guvfp)

Mg~frpfp èvpfp pdi} ì a‗drgcgif mf aerv|}vrf mfp berrecfp ògidgp : ke}çrgevxmf uveag}ç gipvnngpei}f /}egaaf mfp cre~gfrp!uveag}ç mv `gkfi}…'! giemçuve}gdi mfpginrep}rv`}vrfp e~f` afp rfppdvr`fp ì`di}figr /`rvf `fi}fiieaf `dkkf fi5736' f} |avp cadbeafkfi}! cfp}gdi mf aerfppdvr`f gieme|}çf /negbaf |dv~dgr mfpgip}g}v}gdip mf beppgip ne`f evx|rd~gi`fp…') Ne`f ì `fp mgnnçrfi`fp mf

meicfrdpg}ç! afp ev}drg}çp ògidgpfpaei`fi} mfp ç}vmfp f} mfp |rdcrekkfp mfrçid~e}gdi! md}çp mf |avp dv kdgip mfkdwfip pfadi a‗gk|dr}ei`f mv berrecf f}mfp rgpuvfp)

@ep m‗ç`daf : af berrecf mfp ]rdgpCdrcfp fp} vi pwkbdaf |dag}guvf! kegp

|ep vif pdav}gdi fnngè`f

Mf }dv}fp afp creimfp `dip}rv`}gdip

owmrevaguvfp ògidgpfp! af berrecf mfp]rdgp Cdrcfp pf mgp}gicvf |er pdi ek|afvrf} pfp `dipçuvfi`fp) E~ei} }dv} |dr}fvrm‗vi |rdjf} |dag}guvf ie}gdiea gaavp}rei} afrýaf mf a‗F}e} afemfr meip a‗ekçiecfkfi}mv }frrg}dgrf! af |rdjf} e ç}ç e||rdv~ç fi5772 |er a‗Eppfkbaçf Ie}gdieaf |d|vaegrf)

E~f` ae `dip}rv`}gdi mv berrecf mfp]rdgp Cdrcfp! a‗F}e} |dvrpvg~eg} }rdgpdbjf`}gnp) ]dv} m‗ebdrm! rçcvafr afp `rvfp f}af mçbg} mv Weiczg) Af rçpfr~dgr e vi

ig~fev m‗fev idrkea mf 536k m‗ea}g}vmf)@oeuvf eiiçf! ga fp} ebegppç ì 5=6ke~ei} jvgi) \vgp! af ~davkf m‗fev e``vkvaç




3

fi}rf jvgi f} d`}dbrf fp} fipvg}f ç~e`vç|fimei} ae pegpdi pïòf) Mfvxgïkfdbjf`}gn : ae |rdmv`}gdi owmrdçaf`}rguvf)E~f` 2> }vrbdea}frie}fvrp! af rfimfkfi}

eiivfa kdwfi fp} mf ?=!3 ]fre Se}}ofvrf) \er `dk|eregpdi! ae `fi}reafivàçegrf |rdmvg} fi kdwfiif 5!? ]So)]rdgpgïkf dbjf`}gn : ekçagdrfr aeie~gcebgag}ç mv Weiczg |dvr |frkf}}rf ìmfp be}fevx è|ebaf mf }reip|dr}fr5< <<< }diifp mf èrcegpdi mf rfagfr afPgòvei f} @odicugic ì ae rçcgdi mfpae`p! Svoei! |vgp ì Poeicoeg) Giàvp meipaf |rdjf} mf mç~fad||fkfi} mf a‗Dvfp}! `fidv~fa exf mf ie~gce}gdi mçpfiàe~fa‗gi}çrgfvr mfp }frrfp)

E|rïp e~dgr ~ei}ç }dv}fp afp uveag}çpmv berrecf mfp ]rdgp+Cdrcfp! afp ev}drg}çpògidgpfp `dkkfi`fi} ì ivei`fr afvr|rd|dp f} afvr fi}odvpgepkf) Af `dø}ç`didkguvf f} pd`gea fp} fi fnnf} çidrkf :20 kgaagermp m‗fvrdp dnng`gfaafkfi} di} ç}çgi~fp}gp |dvr pe `dip}rv`}gdi /m‗ev`vipenngrkfi} uvf af `dø} rçfa fp} |av}ý} mfa‗drmrf mf 6< kgaagermp m‗fvrdp'! 5!2 kgaagdimf |frpdiifp di} ç}ç mç|ae`çfp f} |rïp mf5<<< ~gaafp f} ~gaaecfp di} ç}ç mç}rvg}p) \er

egaafvrp! af `dø} m‗fi}rf}gfi mv berrecf fp}`dadppea : gimç|fimekkfi} mf ae|rçpfi`f mf a‗erkçf f} mf kva}g|afp pepmf pç`vrg}ç pvr af pg}f f} ae `dip}rv`}gdi! mfkev~egpf uveag}ç! iç`fppg}f pdv~fi} mfprç|ere}gdip)

Pvr af |aei ç`dadcguvf! a‗gkkfipfrçpfr~dgr mv berrecf /|avp mf 5<<< hk²'evckfi}f afp rgpuvfp mf cagppfkfi}p mf}frregi f} mf }rfkbafkfi}p mf }frrf ì}re~frp a‗e``vkvae}gdi mfp pçmgkfi}p fiekdi} uvg nrecgagpf ae p}rv`}vrf f} aerçpgp}ei`f pgpkguvf mv berrecf)@f|fimei}! afp ev}drg}çp ògidgpfp di}igçp uvf af }rfkbafkfi} mf }frrf evPgòvei fi 2<<? eg} fv vi agfi uvfa`diuvfe~f` af berrecf mfp ]rdgp+Cdrcfp) Aep}ecie}gdi mfp fevx! ae |rdagnçre}gdi mfpeacvfp! m‗oebg}vmf mregiçfp |er af `dvrei}!egipg uvf ae mgp|erg}gdi dv ae kdmgngè}gdimfp zdifp mf igmgngè}gdi `dimvgpfi} ì aebegppf mf ae bgdmg~frpg}ç : `fr}egifpfp|ï`fp ie}vrfaafp pf pdi} kêkf }dv}

pgk|afkfi} ç}fgi}fp ì a‗gip}er mv mev|ogimv Weiczg)

Ae pdav}gdi mv Idrm pf }rdv~f ev

Pvm : mç|adgfkfi} mv \EFPI

\dvr negrf ne`f ev keiuvf m‗fev! afpev}drg}çp di} }rdv~ç vif pdav}gdi }dv}fògidgpf |er pdi ek|afvr f} |er pdi `dø} :Iei Povg Bfg Mged /¨ afp fevx mv pvm`dvafi} ev Idrm ¸'! fi nreiãegp af |rdjf}m‗emmv`}gdi m‗fev mv Pvm ev Idrm/\EFPI') A‗gmçf fp} mf mç}dvrifr vif|er}gf mfp fevx mv Weiczg! nrçuvfkkfi}pvjf} ì mfp `rvfp! meip }rdgp creimpèievx mf mçrg~e}gdi uvg rfkdi}fi} evIdrm) Ae |rfkgïrf mçrg~e}gdi! ae |avp ìa‗Fp}! rfagfre Ieiogi ev pvm mf ]geijgi /af

|dr} `dkkfr`gea mf \çhgi') Ae pf`dimfmçrg~e}gdi! ev @fi}rf! adicvf mf 5=02hk!fp} fi}gïrfkfi} er}gng`gfaaf f} pfr} mf`dk|açkfi} ì ]geijgi f} \çhgi fi e||dr}m‗fev brv}f) Ae }rdgpgïkf mçrg~e}gdi! ìa‗Dvfp}! fp} m‗vif ekbg}gdi }fòiguvfçaf~çf èr ga p‗ecg} mf |rçaf~fr afp fevx mvWeiczg mgrf`}fkfi} pvr af |ae}fev }gbç}egi|dvr afp èieagpfr ~frp af nafv~f Jevif vi|fv |avp ev Idrm)

Meip `f |rdjf}! a‗fev }gbç}egif uvgeagkfi}f af Weiczg fp} p}re}çcguvf) Mf|vgp!af ]gbf} neg} a‗dbjf} m‗vi |rdcrekkf mf|rd}f`}gdi fi~grdiifkfi}eaf uvg e ç}çe||rdv~ç ev ig~fev rçcgdiea fi nç~rgfr2<<> /¨ \rdcrekkf pvr ae |rd}f`}gdi f} ae`dip}rv`}gdi m‗vi rgmfev mf pç`vrg}çç`dadcguvf mv |ae}fev m‗F}e} mv ]gbf} ¸')

@f} gi~fp}gppfkfi} p‗çaï~f ì 5<!3 kgaagermpmf wveip fi}rf 2<<> f} 2<5<) @f




?

|rdcrekkf neg} mf ae |rd}f`}gdi mfprfppdvr`fp fi fev vif |rgdrg}ç)

Af ]gbf} fp} çceafkfi} ev `Ővr mf ae|dag}guvf Cd Sfp} aei`çf fi 2<<5) Meip

`f ~ep}f |rdcrekkf mf mç~fad||fkfi}! ae@ogif ne~drgpf afp kgcre}gdip ~frp `f}}frçcgdi ~gmf! |fv|açf m‗ì |fgif > kgaagdipmf ]gbç}egip ‐ kêkf pg afp rf`fipfkfi}ppdi} mgnng`gafp ì fnnf`}vfr pvr vif|d|vae}gdi fi creimf |er}gf idkemf ‐ f}mf 3 ì ? kgaagdip mf Oeip) Ae @ogif w ~dg}vif d||dr}vig}ç |dvr rçmvgrf aepvr|d|vae}gdi mfp creimfp ~gaafp mf a‗Fp} f}eagkfi}fr fi kegi m‗Őv~rf afp creimp}re~evx m‗ginrep}rv`}vrf : kgifp! ~dgfp mf}reip|dr} rdv}gfr f} nfrrd~gegrf /`dkkf af}regi mf oev}f ea}g}vmf _gigic+Aoeppe' f}pvr}dv} afp berrecfp)

Eppegigr a‗fev |dvr d|}gkgpfra‗v}gagpe}gdi mfp rfppdvr`fpfxgp}ei}fp

Kgpf ev reic mfp |rgdrg}çp mv mfrigfr|aei uvgiuvfiiea ògidgp! ae |dag}guvfm‗eppegigppfkfi} mf~reg} |frkf}}rf mfnegrf |rdcrfppfr af }evx mf }reg}fkfi} mfp

fevx vpçfp mf 5?& fi 2<<2 ì =<& fi2<5<50) Vif mgzegif mf ~gaafp /mdi} \çhgi!]geijgi! Ugicmed' di} mçjì gig}gç uvfauvfp|rdjf}p mf rf`wàecf m‗fev ì vpecfpeig}egrf! errdpecf! ae~ecf mf ~dg}vrfp…@f|fimei}! afp rçpva}e}p mf~regfi} rfp}fr}rïp `di}rep}çp fi}rf ae @ogif ag}}dreaf! ev`Ővr mf ae `rdgppei`f f} fi |afgifkdmfrigpe}gdi! f} ae @ogif gi}çrgfvrf!|erfi} |ev~rf mfp rçndrkfp) Kêkfadèafkfi}! ga fxgp}f vif mgp|erg}ç fi}rf afprçcgdip `ý}gïrfp ev Idrm mv Weiczg uvg

bçiçng`gfi} kdgip mf `fp |rdcrekkfp uvfaf Pvm mv Weiczg) Ga fp} }rïp |rdbebaf uvfae |dag}guvf m‗eppegigppfkfi} aei`çf |erafp ev}drg}çp p‗ç}fimre evx creimfp ~gaafpmf a‗gi}çrgfvr! dv~rei} vi aercf keròç|d}fi}gfa |dvr afp creimfp pd`gç}çp|rg~çfp mf rf`wàecf `dkkf PvfzFi~grdiifkfi} f} ^fdage)

Dv}rf `fp kfpvrfp mf cfp}gdi! ga p‗ecg}mf pfipgbgagpfr ae |d|vae}gdi f} afpgimvp}rgfap evx ç`didkgfp mf a‗fev) Ga p‗ecg}

50 W~fp Cvfrkdim f} Cv Rfiof! gi}fr~fi}gdi ev Nfp}g~eaGi}frie}gdiea mf Cçdcre|ogf 2<<0! ̈ af }reg}fkfi} mf a‗fev : ae@ogif ̀ dkbaf pdi rf}erm ̧

çceafkfi} mf mdiifr vi e``ïp evxpdvr`fp m‗fev |d}ebaf ì |rïp mf 2<<kgaagdip m‗oebg}ei}p meip afp zdifprvreafp! m‗ekçagdrfr a‗fi~grdiifkfi} adèa

f} mf rçoebgag}fr afp ç`dpwp}ïkfp nrecgafpfi rçcgdip ovkgmfp uvg di} |â}g mfa‗ebpfi`f m‗e||rd~gpgdiifkfi} fi fev dvmf |dk|ecfp fx`fppgnp)

Afp rçpva}e}p mfkfvrfi} `f|fimei}}rïp mgnng`gafp ì ç~eavfr) Dnng`gfaafkfi}! afcdv~frifkfi} ògidgp eiidi`f uvf afrf}reg}fkfi} mfp fevx vpçfp fi zdifvrbegif e ç}ç mf 3>!7& fi 2<5<)

Vif rçç~eave}gdi gimgp|fipebafmv |rgx mf a‗fev 4

Kêkf pg ae uvfp}gdi rfp}f pfipgbaf!a‗evckfi}e}gdi mv |rgx mf a‗fev fp}mf~fivf giç~g}ebaf) A‗fev fp} fi fnnf}ne`}vrçf ì vi |rgx fx}rêkfkfi} negbaf fi@ogif : <!2= mdaaerp$k0 |dvr a‗fev vrbegiffi kdwfiif f} <!<<= mdaaerp$k0 |dvra‗grrgce}gdi! pdg} kdgip mf ae kdg}gç mfp`dø}p) \çhgi! mdi} afp rfppdvr`fp fi fevpdi} |er}g`vagïrfkfi} negbafp! e mçjìevckfi}ç af |rgx mf a‗fev ì |avpgfvrp

rf|rgpfp `fp mfrigïrfp eiiçfp) Ga fp} ngxç|dvr afp kçiecfp ì >!3 wveip$k0 fi2<<75=) Engi mf rçmvgrf ae `dipdkke}gdim‗fev meip afp èk|ecifp! ae BeiuvfKdimgeaf fp}gkf fi rf~eiòf uv‗vifne`}vre}gdi bepçf pvr af ~davkf`dipdkkç |av}ý} uvf pvr ae pvrne`fgrrgcvçf pfreg} |avp jvmg`gfvpf uv‗vifpgk|af evckfi}e}gdi mv |rgx mf a‗fev)

Afp ev}drg}çp `fi}reafp di} mf |avpmç`gmç m‗gk|dpfr mfp uvd}ep m‗v}gagpe}gdimeip afp pf`}fvrp gimvp}rgfap uvg`dipdkkfi} af |avp /çaf`}rg`g}ç! pgmçrvrcgf!renngiecf |ç}rdagfr! }fx}gaf! |e|f}frgf!nebrgè}gdi mf bgïrf f} m‗ea`dda') @fae|frkf}}reg} vif ç`didkgf |d}fi}gfaaf mf >kgaagermp mf }diifp m‗fev |er ei : afpkçiecfp |dvrregfi} fvx evppg ê}rf pdvkgpì vi pwp}ïkf mf uvd}ep mf`dipdkke}gdi! id}ekkfi} ì \çhgi f}]geijgi)

5= ¨ Bfgjgic |rdjf}}f m‗evckfi}fr af |rgx mf a‗fev mf 2=& |dvr afp|er}g`vagfrp ¸ pvr sss)ògif+gindrke}gdip)`dk! 2<<7)




7

Af mfppeafkfi} fi @ogif |rdmvg} 0?< <<< k

0 m‗fev mdv`f |er jdvr) Fi 2<56! afp

fx|fr}p ògidgp |rç~dgfi} uv‗faaf e}}fgimre 2!6 kgaagdip k

0 |er jdvr

Af mfppeafkfi}! pdav}gdim‗e~figr 4

Fi |ereaaïaf! afp ev}drg}çp ògidgpfp

`dk|}fi} mç~fad||fr af mfppeafkfi} mfa‗fev mf kfr) @f}}f }fòidadcgf fp} }dv}|er}g`vagïrfkfi} gi}çrfppei}f |dvr afpcreimfp ~gaafp `ý}gïrfp uvg `di}rgbvfi} fikdwfiif ì fi~grdi vi uver} mv \GBògidgp! kegp uvg òeuvf eiiçf!keiuvfi} mf 5>!> ì 26!6 kgaagermp mf k0m‗fev pfadi afp p}e}gp}guvfp mv P}e}f Naddm @di}rda eim Mrdvco} Rfagfn @fi}fr 56) E `f jdvr! afp rçfap |rdcrïp fi ke}gïrf mfmfppeafkfi} rfp}fi} kdmfp}fp) Fi 2<<>!ae |rdmv`}gdi eiivfaaf m‗fev |d}ebaf gppvfmv mfppeafkfi} ç}eg} mf 0?< <<< k0$jdvr)E a‗odrgzdi 2<56! afp fx|fr}p ògidgp|rç~dgfi} uv‗faaf |dvrreg} e}}fgimrf 2!6kgaagdip mf k0 $ jdvr! f} ì 0 kgaagdip m‗g`g2<2<)

@‗fp} vi cgcei}fpuvf keròç|d}fi}gfa! fp}gkç ì ?>< kgaagdip mf mdaaerpì odrgzdi 2<56! uvg p‗dv~rf evxgi~fp}gppfvrp ç}reicfrp! kegp çceafkfi}ògidgp) Ae @ogif p‗fp} fi fnnf} mdiiçf|dvr ekbg}gdi ie}gdieaf m‗ê}rf ì ae |dgi}f

mf ae }fòiguvf mv mfppeafkfi}) Mf|vgp5< eip! af |rgx mfp çuvg|fkfi}p |dvr aemçpeagigpe}gdi e begppç mf 6<&) \dvr\çhgi! `‗fp} ì a‗ofvrf e`}vfaaf ae pdav}gdi ae|avp giid~ei}f! kegp evppg ae |avpç`didkguvf) Egipg! ae `dip}rv`}gdi mfp}e}gdip mf mfppeafkfi} m‗vif è|e`g}ç mf5<< <<< ì 2<< <<< }diifp $ jdvr fp}|rç~vf ì ]geijgi! meip af Poeimdic f}meip af Zofjgeic5>) Ae |rd~gi`f mvPoeimdic fi |er}g`vagfr e mç`gmç m‗gi~fp}gr0!> kgaagermp mf wveip /==6 kgaagdip mfmdaaerp' |dvr ae `dip}rv`}gdi mf 25 p}e}gdipmf mfppeafkfi} ì a‗odrgzdi 2<52)

56 ¨ Cçd|dag}guvf mf a‗fev fi @ogif ̧ ! Nrei`h Ceaaeim meip aerf~vf ¨ Kdimf ògidgp ¸ i¼56! ev}dkif 2<<?)5> ¨ A‗fev fi @ogif ¸! pvr sss)rfvppgr+fi+ògif)`dk ! Pdvr`f: Vbgnrei`f $ Kgppgdip ç`didkguvfp

*

Afp nafv~fp ògidgp if pvnngpfi} |ep ìndvrigr fi fev vif pd`gç}ç f} vif

ç`didkgf fi |afgif fx|eipgdi) Ae @ogifaf peg} f} p‗ga fxgp}f mfp pdav}gdip mf |avpdv kdgip adic }frkf! faaf mdg} rf|fipfrpdi kdmïaf mf mç~fad||fkfi}ç`didkguvf f} pd`gea |dvr |eaagfr afpgiçceag}çp uvg pf `rfvpfi} f} agkg}fr afpgk|e`}p fi~grdiifkfi}evx agçp ì pe`rdgppei`f)

@fp gk|çre}gnp a‗dbagcfi} ì mç~fad||frmfp }fòidadcgfp giid~ei}fp |dvr`dk|fipfr pdi keiuvf m‗fev ie}vrfa) Di|fv} gkecgifr uvf mf idv~fevx|er}fierge}p pf `di`rç}gpfrdi} fi}rf ae@ogif f} afp |ewp uvg mgp|dpfi} mfpçuvg|fp afp |avp |dgi}vfp f} mfp}fòiguvfp afp |avp ebdv}gfp |dvr cçrfr ae|çivrgf mf ae rfppdvr`f fi fev) @‗fp} mçjìaf èp mv |er}fierge} e~f` Gpreèa adrp mfpJfvx Dawk|guvfp mf \çhgi : mfp fx|fr}pmf ae pørf}ç gpreçagfip w ç}egfi} |rçpfi}p|dvr `dipfgaafr afp ev}drg}çp ògidgpfp)Mf|vgp! mçaçce}gdip f} ~gpg}fp dnng`gfaafp pfkva}g|agfi}) Ae pd`gç}ç gpreçagfiif If}engk

p‗fp} egipg gk|aei}çf fi @ogif d÷ faaf emçadèagpç vif |er}gf mf pe |rdmv`}gdi mfpwp}ïkfp m‗grrgce}gdi)

Af |rdbaïkf mf a‗fev fi @ogif dv~rfae |dr}f ì m‗gkkfipfp keròçp |d}fi}gfap!fi}rf ev}rfp e~f` afp fi}rf|rgpfp |rg~çfpd``gmfi}eafp! f} mf idv~fevx |er}fierge}pfi}rf ie}gdip) Ga re~g~f çceafkfi} afp}fipgdip ei`fp}reafp e~f` pfp |avp|rdòfp ~dgpgip) Pg ae @ogif |er~gfi} vi jdvr ì rçcafr af |rdbaïkf mf a‗giçceag}ç mfae rç|er}g}gdi mf pdi fev pvr pdi }frrg}dgrf!ga nev} cermfr ì a‗fp|rg} uvf meip vif rçcgdi`dkkf a‗Epgf uvg `di`fi}rf |avp m‗vi }gfrpmf ae |d|vae}gdi kdimgeaf f} d÷ a‗fev fp}mçjì vi bgfi rerf! pe è|}e}gdi fp} aepdvr`f mf `dinag}p f} mf }fipgdipgi}frie}gdieafp `fr}egifp)

Ev}fvr : Grgp MFAEOEWF!grgp)mfaeoewfLwdv}o+mg|adke`w)drc