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 Text 1: Transport

 The world of business needs a transport system if it is to function

eectively. Raw materials have be brought to the factories for processing. Very

often, those materials need to be imported from other countries. There are so

many dierent materials called for that few countries are able to cater for the

needs of their countries. !ome countries are rich in one commodity" others are

rich in other commodities. The resources of all the countries in the world can be

made available to all, so long as there are the necessary means of transport.#

 Transport by sea is bound to be comparatively slow, but it is also

comparatively cheap. $t can ta%e about six days for a cargo ship to cross the

&tlantic 'cean. 'ne of the problems associated with carriage by sea is that the

cargos can only be landed at ports, so train or lorries may be re(uired as support

transport.

 The great advantage of sea transport is that tens or even hundreds of

thousands of tons can be carried at on time. )ul% oil tan%ers can deliver three orfour hundred thousand tons in a single *ourney. There are considerable economies

of scale in this, for the amount of the fuel re(uired by the vessel and the si+e of

the crew does not increase in proportion to the capacity of the ship. 'ne of the

original defects of long sea voyage was that cargoes would be harmed. or

example meat carcasses would deteriorate, especially when ships have to cross

the topic. -odern refrigeration has changed that. $t allows meat to arrive at

distant ports in prime condition.

ontaineri+ation has also helped in that is reduces the damage li%ely to be

caused in the process of loading and unloading.

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 Text : 8rban transport

'ne of the least recogni+ed but most important demographic

developments to occur in &frica over the next ten years will be the rapid growth

in the number of large cities. This trend will have a great impact upon the

transport sector by placing signi7cant demands upon member states to respond

with urban transport improvements which are coordinated with other action to

improve urban management and designed to meet the corresponding growth and

concentration of travel demand. <hile urban population is to increase rapidly, the

growth in the si+e of the motor vehicle =eet in &frica is not expected to %eep

pace. !ince many new residents of &frica0s larger cities will be low;income

immigrants searching for employment and residing on the fringes of urban areas,

they will not have access to private cars and will see% public transport or wal% to

their destinations.

-any member countries have underdeveloped urban public transport

services which often are inade(uate to meet current travel demands, much less

the forecast growth in passenger transport tra2c associated with theurbani+ation described above. These services are provided by small private bus

operators, a few large bus companies and a number of large publicly;owned bus

systems. <hile the small private operators have generally remained 7nancially

viable, the public sector operations have re(uired increasingly large government

subsidies in order to remain in service. This has been brought about by such

factors as a shortage of s%illed public sector transport managers, government

interference in the management of these services and inappropriate regulatory

environments, which restrict entry to the public transport mar%et and inhibit

necessary fare increases.

&dapted from The transport sector, in &)ocuments.

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 Text >: ?xporting

<hen a company exports goods abroad there are many problems it must

consider, e, f, pac%aging, transportation, insurance and payment. irst the goods

must be pac%ed carefully in containers to protect them from damage. The

containers must be labelled clearly to show where they are going. The label may

also show what the containers contain.

@oods can be transported by sea or by air, by a shipping company or by an

airline. $f the goods are shipped, then transportation must be arranged from the

factory to the doc%s 3or (uay5. This can either be by road in truc%s 3or lorries5 or

by rail. The shipment must be insured against loss or damage in transit 3while it

is being transported5. !ometimes the exporter ta%es on insurance and sometimes

the importer insures the depending on the terms of their agreement.

or instance, goods are either sent .$. 3ost, $nsurance and reight5 when

the loco price includes all the transport cost and insurance to the port of port of

destination, or .'.) 3ree 'n )oard5" when the loco price includes only the costof getting the goods on board the ship" the freight and the insurance costs are

paid by the importer. reight and insurance are also paid by the importer when

goods are sent .&.! 3ree &long !ide !hip5, but the loading charges are not

included.

$f an importer wants his goods sent free of charge the price includes the

customs duty plus the cost of conveying the goods to his warehouse. $f the goods

are damaged in transit the company is covered by the insurance.