Prise en charge d un patient infecté par le VIH : une … · • 200 000 patients ont une maladie...

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3 Prise en charge dun patient infecté par le VIH : une nécessaire approche multidisciplinaire Pr Corinne Isnard Bagnis, Paris Lille janvier 2012

Transcript of Prise en charge d un patient infecté par le VIH : une … · • 200 000 patients ont une maladie...

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Prise en charge d’un patient infecté par le VIH :

une nécessaire approche multidisciplinaire

Pr Corinne Isnard Bagnis, Paris

Lille janvier 2012

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l  Il consulte pour découverte récente d’une séropositivité

Monsieur X....53 ans

à  dernière sérologie négative il y a 6 ans à  130 000 copies, CD4 350/ml, génotype sensible

a tous les ARV à  ATCD familiaux : une mère diabétique de type 2

hypertendue multicompliqué récemment dialysée à  ATCD personnels : une colique néphrétique droite

à 33 ans, une syphilis traitée il y a 9 ans (VDRL neg, TPHA 40)

à  pas de co-infection VHB ou VHC à  créatinine 87 micromôles/L, pas de protéinurie

l Que feriez vous comme examens complémentaires dans le bilan initial ?

1m68, 85 kg, BMI 31

caucasien, MSM, vit avec son compagnon séronégatif

Manager dans la finance

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l Examens complémentaires pour l’infection VIH : à examen clinique complet à pression artérielle à tour de taille à vaccinations à NFS, TGO, TGP, PA, calcémie, phosphatémie, glycémie à jeun, sérologie

toxoplasmose, HAV, bilan lipidique (LDL, HDL, TG), HLA B5701, tropisme

l Examens complémentaires pour la fonction rénale : à bandelette urinaire pour protéinurie, leucocyturie, glycosurie à ECBU (confirmation si hématurie et leucocyturie) à estimation du débit de filtration glomérulaire (créatinine et formules)

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LE RISQUE RENAL

Evaluation du risque rénal chez le patient infecté par le VIH Antécédents familiaux de maladie rénale Origine ethnique Taux des CD4-nadir des CD4 Charge virale Traitement néphrotoxiques ARV ou autres AINS ++++ Comorbidités cardiovasculaires et métaboliques

HTA Diabète

Co infection VIHC

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1 2 4 8

16 32 64

128

> 60 30 -59 < 30

Athe

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Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (mL/min/1.73m2)

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Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (mL/min/1.73m2)

Albuminuria 0 mg/dL 30 mg/dL > 100 mg/dL

A B

Incidence rates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) events (A) and heart failure (B),

stratified by eGFR and dipstick albuminuria level.

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l Protéinurie > 300 mg/24 heures l Albuminurie normale <30 mg/24 heures

l Anomalies du sédiment urinaire : à Hématurie pathologique : GR>10/mm3 ou 10 000/ml à Leucocyturie pathologique : GB>10/mm3 ou 10 000/ml

l Quel que soit le DFG, la persistance pendant plus de 3 mois de marqueurs d’atteinte rénale témoigne d’une maladie rénale qui impose un diagnostic étiologique et/ou une surveillance néphrologique (stade 1 classification NKF).

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l La mesure d’une protéinurie à 0.3 g/L équivaut à une excrétion protéique de 600 mg par 24hsi la diurèse est de 2L

Bandelettes

Trace < 0.3 g/L

+ 0.3-1 g/L

++ 1-3 g/L

+++ 3-10 g/L

++++ >10 g/L

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Ratio protéine/ créatinine

Protéine (mg/L)/créatinine (g/L) sur échantillon

Proteine (mg/L)/créatinine (mmol/L)

Urines 24 h (mg/24 h)

Normal <30 mg/g < 2mg/mmol < 30 mg/J

Microalbuminurie 30-300 mg/g 2-22 mg/mmol 30-300

mg/J

Protéinurie ≥ 300 mg/g ≥ 22 mg/mmol ≥ 300 mg/J

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l  Il vous apporte un bilan biologique

Monsieur X....55 ans

à CD4 330, CV 70 000 copies/ml à  créatinine : 105 micromôles/L, protéinurie 0,4

gr/L, MDRD 72 ml/min/1.73 m2

à hématurie microscopique à la bandelette à glycémie à jeun normale, LDL 1.8 gr/L, HDL 0,45

gr/L, TG 2 gr/L, CH Tot 2.6 gr/L à pas de co-infection VHB ou VHC

l Que faites vous pour explorer l’hématurie microscopique ?

1m78, 83 kg, BMI 26

moins 5 kg

PA 145/95 mmHG assis à droite

Hématies à l’ECBU

Echographie anormale Echographie normale

Lithiase è ASP

Tumeur è scanner

Kystes

Hématome

Malformation(+ autre cause ?)

Thrombose veine rénale(nouveau-né,maladie

thrombogène)

Infection urinaire

Bactérienne : cystite, urétrite…(+ autre cause)

Bilharziose ?Pays d’endémie oeufs dans les

urines

Protéinurie ou microalbuminurie Hématies dysmorphiques

Pas de protéinurie Hématies normales

Syndrome “néphrétique”(HTA, oedème, oligurie…)

C3 bas, évolutionbrève : GN aiguë

C3 nul ou bas, évolution prolongée è PBR

ATCD familiaux, surdité : Alport è biopsie cutanée, PBR

Contexte cliniqueè purpura rhumatoïde è LED, SHU

Hématuries récidivantes è GN à IgA ? è PBR

Protéinurie-hématurie isolée permanemie è PBR

Lithiase ? : cristallurie calciurie, oxalurie

échographie répétées

Drépanocytose ? Ethnie électrophorèse Hb

Coagulopathie ? (+ autre cause) è hémostase

Pas de cause probable Hématurie abondante ou répétée sang rouge ou caillots è cystoscopie

Saignement vésical ou urétral

Saignement urétéral unilatéral : cause

vasculaire ? è scanner artériographie 20

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l une HTA confirmée par l’automesure tensionnelle l un rapport P/C à 1.15 mg/g l une échographie rénale normale l une calcification se projetant dans l’aire rénale droite à l’ASP l une lithiase de 3 mm dans le calice inférieur droit à

l’uroscanner l une cytologie urinaire normale l les urologues consultés pensent que la cystoscopie n’est pas

utile

Pensez vous qu’il soit nécessaire de réaliser une

biopsie rénale chez ce patient et pourquoi ?

Lithiases et VIH

Lithiases dans la population générale

•  10% de la population française adulte a fait ou fera une colique néphrétique au cours de sa vie - taux de récidive 50%

•  augmentation de la prévalence depuis 30 ans •  Deux hommes pour une femme (10 à 15% de hommes et

3 à 5% des femmes) •  1 à 2% des entrées d’un service d’urgence - 120 000

épisodes par an (interventions urologiques, arrêts de travail)

•  5.3 billions de dollars/an aux USA •  200 000 patients ont une maladie lithiasique sévère •  2% des dialysés ont perdu leur fonction rénale à cause

d’une maladie lithiasique

•  douleur brutale intense lombaire ou lomboabdominale à type de colique intermittente, irradiation vers les OGE •  hématurie •  nausées, vomissements •  dysurie, pollakiurie, impériosité, brulûres

urinaires (calcul ureteral, sable) •  anxiété, agitation •  pas de fièvre

la colique «frénétique»

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Recommandations de prise en charge de la CN

•  bandelettes +/- ECBU •  créatininémie, hémogramme •  traitement antalgique : AINS IV +/- paracétamol ou morphiniques

(morphine titrée intraveineuse) •  ketoprofène 100 mg dans 100 ml de SG5% ou de serum

physiologique en 20 minutes trois fois par jour •  si la douleur persiste à 20 mins, refaire un bolus si elle persiste à

40 mins 5 mg de morphine •  boissons libres •  femmes enceinte (AINS CI au 3eme trim, morphiniques sauf si

travail) •  IRC pas d’AINS •  antispasmodiques non conseillés •  avis urologique surtout si CN hyperalgique, fébrile, anurique,

rupture de la voie excrétrice ... Recommandations de la Société Française de Médecine d’Urgence

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CAT devant une lithiase

• découverte en consultation – Uroscanner basse dose +++ – pas de symptômes et calcul < 5 mm :

surveillance, exploration métabolique et diététique – pas de symptômes et calcul > 5 mm : traitement

urologique du calcul – symptômes : traitement urologique du calcul

PIerre Conort et Isabelle Tostivint, La revue du Praticien, 2011

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CAT devant une lithiase • Découverte aux urgences (CN)

– pyélonéphrite aigue obstructive ou anurie : TDM basse dose non injecté • drainage en urgence • traitement urologique

– CN simple • AINS morphine • ASP/écho ou TDM basse dose non injecté

– douleur OK : élimination – douleur OK calcul persistant : traitement urologique – persistance de la douleur : drainage en urgence :

traitement urologique du calcul

19 PIerre Conort et Isabelle Tostivint, La revue du Praticien, 2011

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Que devient le calcul ? •  l’avenir du calcul est déterminé par sa taille et sa localisation •  taux d’évacuation du calcul :

–  12, 22 et 445% pour un calcul situé dans la partie proximale, médiane ou distale de l’uretère

–  55, 35 et 8% pour des calculs de <4, 4-6 et >6 mm de diamètre •  traitement favorisant l’évacuation du calcul : AINS, stéroides, inhibiteurs

calciques (diminue la contraction musculaire et le spasme urétéral), alpha bloquants (tamsulosine Josir, terazosin, Dysalfa, doxazosine Zoxan) (diminue le tonus musculaire urétéral et la force/fréquence du péristaltisme)

•  métanalyse 9 essais randomisés : recevoir un ICC ou A- (avec ou sans stéroides et contre rien ou placebo) augmente de 65% de risque d’émission du calcul

•  en France pas d’AMM pour la tamsulosine dans cette indication •  si le calcul est < 10 mm et que la douleur est contrôlée, le traitement

«vasodilatateur» est conseillé par les recommandations américaines (surtout si calcul «distal»)

Moe et al, Pharmacotherapy of Urolithiasis, Kidney Int 2011.

Composition des lithiases

•  lithiases oxalo calciques – Wedellite : oxalate de calcium dihydraté

(hypercalciurie++) oxalate dependant – Whewellite : oxalate de calcium monohydraté

forme oxalodépendante (hyperoxalurie++) • Phosphate • Phosphoammoniacomagnésien - struvite • Cystine • Acide urique

Prévalence relative des lithiases en fonction de leur composition

• Oxalate de calcium pur ou avec un faible composant de phosphate de calcium 59% • Phosphate de calcium prédominant 10% • Acide urique 17% • Struvite 12% • Cystine ou autres 2% • plaques de Randall* 22%

Johri et al, Nephron Clin Pract, 2010 * plaque de Randall dépôts de phosphate dans la médulllaire profonde mais peuvent s’étendre jusqu’à la papille ou ils servent de support de cristallisation

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homme femme

jeune whedellite : 45% des calculs

whewellite ++ et phosphocalciques,

wedellite+

moyen whewellite 59% entre 50-59 ans

whewellite 54% entre 40 et 49 ans

agé acide urique 31% après 70 ans

acide urique 20% après 70 ans

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Facteurs de risque

•  multifactoriel nutritionnels •  augmentation de la concentration des urines •  apports en protéine •  apports en sel •  excès de sucres raffinés •  aliments riches en oxalate •  hyperparathyroidie secondaire (femme âgée) •  tubulopathies •  infections à répétitions •  malformations de l’appareil urinaires •  maladies inflammatoires du tube digestif •  ileostomie •  immobilisation prolongée

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Pourquoi des lithiases ? •  Facteurs génétiques (Dent, bartter, acidose tubulaire distale,

cystinurie, polymorphismes de CFEX, biochimiques, diététiques, sociétaux

•  Déséquilibre entre facteur lithogènes (calcium, oxalate, acide urique dans les urines) et facteurs protecteurs (magnésium, citrate dans les urines)

•  Facteurs de risque : – âge (hypercalciurie et sujet jeune, diabète et

hyperparathyroïdie primaire et sujet âgé), – obésité (40% des hommes obèses ont une lithiase urique)

par insulinoresistance et diminution de l’ammoniogénèse rénale conduisant à un abaissement du pH urinaire – ATCD familiaux x par 3 ou 4 le risque

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Bilan métabolique des lithiases

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Bilan métabolique des lithiases

B40

la présence d’une anomalie biologique n’est pas la preuve qu’elle est responsable de la lithiase...

La présence d’une anomalie biologique n’est pas la preuve qu’elle est la cause de la lithiase…

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Zone de risque cristallogène

• CaU > 3.8 mmol/L • CaU> 1 mmol/10 kg de poids sur 24H • PhU > 24 mmol/L •  oxalurie > 0.3 mmol/L • Citraturie < 1 mmol/L • magnesurie< 1.5 mmol/L •  densité urinaire > 1012

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Lithiases médicamenteuses

1% des lithiases en France

calculs constitués en tout ou en partie d’un médicament ou de ses

métabolites urinaires

calculs métaboliques induits par les effets des médicaments sur l’excrétion de solutés lithogènes

ou sur le pH urinaire (médicament absent de la lithiase)

0.4% IP+++++ 0.25% ?

découverte tardive parfois à distance de l’arrêt du traitement

Nature et fréquence des constituants lithiasiques identifiés dans les calculs urinaires (laboratoire Cristal, Necker)

Famille de médicaments Nombre de cas (%) Constituants identifiés dans les calculs

Antiprotéases Indinavir Atazanavir

64 (49.2%) 36 28

Indinavir monohydraté Atazanavir

Antinucléosidiques Efavirenz

2 (1.5%) 2

Métabolites de l’Efavirenz

Antihypertenseur Triamtérène

21 (16.2%) 21

Triamtérène et métabolites

Sulfamides Sulfadiazine

18 (13.3%) 18

N-acétylsulfadiazine

Antibiotiques Ceftriaxone Amoxicilline Ciprofloxacine

9 (6.9%) 6 2 1

Ceftriaxone de calcium Amixicilline trihydratée Ciprofloxacine, sel de magnésium

Trisilicate de magnésium (antiacides) 15 (11.2%) Silice opaline

Allopurinol 1 (0.8%) Oxypurinol (+ xanthine)

Total 130 (100%)

Daudon M et Knebelmann B, Dossier lithiase de la Revue du Praticien, mars 2011, vol 31, 374.

Facteurs de risque de lithiase médicamenteuse

•  Lié au patient : –  Notion de lithiase antérieure

•  Lié au médicament : –  Surdosage

• Présence d’un calcul in situ •  Faibles apports hydriques

Facteurs de risque liés au patient

Daudon et al, Drug-induced renal calculi, Drugs 64(3), 245-275, 2004.

Facteurs de risque liés au médicament

Facteur de risque lié au médicament : Exemple de l’indinavir

•  Fréquence des lithiases : 9 à 36% •  Présentation clinique : colique néphrotique, douleur

lombaire, dysurie •  Calcul pur d’indinavir = radiotransparent à la RX et au

scanner sans injection (échographie, UIV, scanner injecté)

•  Élimination spontanée du calcul ou intervention urologique mais pas de traitement par ultrasons (nature protéique du calcul) sauf si lithiase mixte contenant du calcium

•  Complications : IRA (néphropathie interstitielle avec cristaux dans les tubes collecteurs corticaux et médullaires (reversible à l’arrêt du traitement)

•  Le calcul est beige, irrégulier, 2-6 mm •  Contiennent de l’indinavir monohydrate de 3 à 97% •  2/3 des calculs sont purement constitués d’indinavir

•  L’indinavir est présent dans 97% des cas dans le noyau •  30% des calculs contiennent de l’oxalate/phosphate de Ca

•  L’indinavir est absorbé rapidement et 20% de la dose est éliminée dans les urines dans les 24h (11% sous forme inchangée)

•  La solubilité de l’indinavir dans les urines est très dépendante du pH (10 fois supérieure à pH 5 qu’à pH 6 en solution aqueuse)

•  Pour une administration de 800 mg chez un patient dont le volume urinaire est de 1500 ml/jour, la concentration urinaire d’indinavir attendue est d’environ 200-300 mg/L ce qui est à la limite de la solubilité

•  Les principaux facteurs de risque de lithiase à l’indinavir sont : –  pH>5.5 –  Les épisodes de déshydratation (chaleur, diarrhée) –  Prise concomitante d’acyclovir ou de cotrimoxazole –  Co infection VHC (diminution du catabolisme hépatique de l’indinavir et augmentation de l’excretion rénale) –  Concentrations plasmatiques élevées d’indinavir

•  Prévention : –  acidification des urines (difficile à réaliser à long terme et favorise les lithiases uriques) –  Augmentation des apports hydriques (150 ml après chaque prise et chaque heure pendent deux heures) –  Coca cola®, acide phosphorique

Exemple de l’indinavir

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Nelfinavir et amprénavir

•  1er cas en 2002 •  lithiase 99% constituée de médicament •  1 à 2% de la dose ingérée est retrouvée dans

les urines •  la même patiente en 2008 expulse une lithiase

composée d’amprénavir 95% et ritonavir 5%

37 Engeler et al, J of Urology, 2002. Feicke et al, Antiviral Therapy, 2008

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Lopinavir

•  4 cas cliniques peu documentés

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ATAZANAVIR •  premier cas français ! •  cirrhose B •  ATCD de lithiases oxalocalciques en 1988 et 2000 •  sept 2003 DDI, TNF, EFV •  Sept 2004 EMT, TNF, ATZr •  CN une fois par mois à partir d’oct 2005 et tous les

15 jours à partir de mars 2006 •  non calmées par les AINS et l’alcalinisation •  calculs à droite - urétéroscopie et JJ en juin 2006 •  lithiases d’ATZ pur

Pacanowski et al, AIDS 2006

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ATAZANAVIR

•  11 cas français •  étude rétrospective dans 7 centres •  entre 2004 et 2007 •  1134 patients traités - 11 lithiases (0.97%) •  4 patients avaient un ATCD de lithiase •  23 mois en moyenne après le début du

traitement •  taux résiduels d’ATZ normaux •  8 calculs pur d’ATZ et 4 mélangés (oxalate de

Ca) •  radiotransparents, friables, beiges 40

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Couzigou et al CID 2007

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ATAZANAVIR

•  très lié aux protéines • métabolisée par le CYP 3A4 en dérivés libres et

glucuroconjugués dans la bile •  7% de la dose est excrétée inchangée dans les

urines •  la solubilité de l’ATZ est augmenté à pH acide

Atazanavir Exposure is Associated With Increased Rate of Renal Stones Compared With Efavirenz, Lopinavir and Darunavir

•  étude monocentrique, 45 mois •  comparaison de la prévalence des calculs rénaux

chez les patients infectés par le VIH traités par une combinaison associant ATZ/r versus EFV,LPV/r et DRV/r •  diagnostic de calcul radiologique même si pas de

lithiase visualisée (echo, Rx, CT, UIV en excluant ou non les patients ayant reçu antérieurement un traitement par IDV ou ATZ)

•  As ARV-associated renal stones are often radiolucent, abnormalities in the collecting systems compatible with obstruction or dilation secondary to a recently passed stone, were included as evidence of stones in the context of an appropriate clinical history

Rockwood et al, IAS 2011

44

Atazanavir Exposure is Associated With Increased Rate of Renal Stones Compared With Efavirenz, Lopinavir and Darunavir

•  les patients exposés à l’ATZ et ayant eu une lithiase avaient un taux de bilirubine moyen supérieur à celui des patients n’ayant pas de lithiase et traités par ATZ : prédisposition génétique pour les métaboliseurs lents ?

37

45

Atazanavir Exposure is Associated With Increased Rate of Renal Stones Compared With Efavirenz, Lopinavir and Darunavir

Analysis de la cohorte totale Sousanalyse excluant les traitements antérieurs par IND/r ou ATV/r

ATV/r n = 1206

EFV; DRV/r; LPV/r

n = 4449

p

ATV/r n = 1000

EFV; DRV/r; LPV/r

n = 3293

p

nombre de patients ayant un calcul (RX, écho, CT, UIV) 24 24 15 15

Prevalence des calculs pour 1000 patients (95% CI)

20 (13–30)

5.4 (3.2–7.6) < 0.001 15

(8.4–24.6) 4.6

(2.5–7.5) < 0.001

Taux des calculs pour 1000 années patient d’exposition aux ARV exposition (95% CI)

7.3 (4.7–10.8)

1.9 (1.2–2.8) < 0.001 5.67

(3.18–9.36) 1.51

(0.85–2.49) < 0.001

46

ATAZANAVIR

•  lithiase du cholédoque •  lithiase des

canaux semicirculaires •  nephropathie

cristalline avec cristallurie et dépôts de cristaux dans les tubules et l’interstitium

Jacques et al, Annals Pharmacother, 2010. Pastori et al, AIDS 2009, Izzedine et al, AIDS 2007

Lien entre cristallurie et calculs

•  L’analyse de la cristallurie est un examen non standardisé •  Les résultats rendus par les laboratoires

habituels sont peu fiables •  3 cristalluries sur 6 mois (urines fraîches,

transport immédiat au labo, lecture par quelqu’un qui connait...)

Le patient infecté par le VIH est-il à haut risque de lithiase ?

• Etude rétrospective (Chicago, Illinois): tous les patients infectés par le VIH sous IP ayant une colique néphrétique entre juin 1996 et janvier 2001 •  24 patients 22 hommes/2 femmes

–  Indinavir 14 âge moyen 29.2

–  Ritonavir 3 durée exp IP 14 mois (2-40)

–  Nelfinavir 2

–  Indeterminée :5 (essai aveugle)

Nadler et al J of Urol 2003

49

•  Présentation clinique habituelle •  Hydratation, antalgique, arrêt transitoire de l’IP •  41.6% des patients ont eu besoin d’une urétéroscopie

+extraction du calcul (n=4), lithotripsie (n=4), nephrolithotomie percutanée (n=1), cystoscopie avec stent (n=1)

•  Sur 14 patients sous Indinavir (11 calculs analysables): 36% seulement avaient un calcul contenant de l’indinavir

•  Pour les autres (sous indinavir ou non) : – oxalate de calcium mono et dihydraté – Urate d’Ammonium (diarrhée chronique/dénutrition) – Acide urique

Le patient infecté par le VIH est-il à haut risque de lithiase ?

Nadler et al J of Urol 2003

50

•  10 patients ont eu une exploration métabolique •  80% avaient des anomalies

– Hypocitraturie 5 (3 sous indinavir) – Hyperoxalurie 4 ( 2 sous indinavir) – Hypomagnesurie 4 (2 sous indinavir) – Hypercalciurie 3 (1 sous indinavir) – Sursaturation en oxalate de Ca 3 (1 sous indinavir) – augmentation de la calciurie par Kg et par créatinine – Hyperuricosurie 2 – Anomalies de l’excrétion des phosphates et du sodium

4

Le patient infecté par le VIH est-il à haut risque de lithiase ?

Nadler et al J of Urol 2003

51

therapy were retrieved. Serum electrolytes, urinalysis withmicroscopy, urine culture, stone analysis, and 24-hour urinecollections were documented. The primary insurance carrierwas used for purposes of analysis, because the company(Dianon Systems, Shelton, CT) that processes our 24-hoururine collections only bills the primary insurance carrier.Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used withstatistical significance set at P < 0.05.

Results

A total of 436 HIV-positive patients were identified and 46(11%, 95% confidence interval 9–15%) of these demonstratedimage-proven kidney and/or ureteral urolithiasis. Mean agewas 54 years (range 34–78 y), and mean body mass index was27 (range 22–35). Patient demographics are shown in Table 2.None of the patients were instructed to stop HAART afterdiagnosis of nephrolithiasis. In the vast majority of cases, CTurography was the imaging modality (n = 39, 85%), whereasultrasonography alone (n = 5, 11%) and plain kidneys-ureters-bladder radiography alone (n = 2, 4%) were less commonlyused. Mean time of patients with a HIV diagnosis was 24months (range 12–36 mos), and mean time to nephrolithiasisdiagnosis while receiving HAART was 13.5 months (range 9–18 mos) (P < 0.05).

The characteristics of the stones, including their treatment,are listed in Table 3. Mean stone size was 8 mm (range 2–24 mm – 2.8 standard deviation). Seven subjects had multiplekidney calculi ( ‡ 2), and only one had bilateral kidney calculi.Ureteral obstruction secondary to obstructive ureteral calculideveloped in 30 patients. A total of 23 patients had kidneycalculi, 28 had ureteral calculi, and 42/46 were symptomatic—among these, 10 patients underwent shockwave lithotripsy(SWL), 13 underwent ureteroscopy/lithotripsy, and 23 weretreated with medical expulsive therapy with spontaneouspassage of stones. Two patients needed repeated surgery,including one SWL and one ureteroscopy/lithotripsy. Despitethe immunocompromised status of these HIV-positive pa-tients, there were limited complications as a result of treat-ment for nephrolithiasis. These complications includedurinary tract infection (3) and cystitis (2) that was treated withoutpatient oral antibiotics. The third patient had sepsis afterureteroscopy/lithotripsy despite a preoperative negative ur-ine culture. He recovered without sequelae.

Only eleven (24%) patients underwent 24-hour urine col-lections. Among these 11 patients, 10 had urinary abnormal-ities detected in their 24-hour urine collection includinghypocitraturia, hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hyperpho-sphaturia, or hypernatriuria (Fig. 1). Hypercalciuria (35%)and hypocitraturia (29%) were the two most common urinaryabnormalities identified, followed by hypernatriuria (18%),hyperuricosuria (12%), and hyperphosphaturia (6%). Themean urinary pH among this group of patients was 6.2. Thesepatients had varied insurance coverage: five had Medicare,three had private, two had Medi-Cal, and one was uninsured.The insurance coverage among the 35 patients who did notundergo 24-hour urine collections also varied: 16 had Medi-care, 12 had Medi-Cal, 6 had private, and 2 had Ryan White.Twenty-four patients had a history of recurrent ne-phrolithiasis, but only four of these patients underwent acomprehensive metabolic evaluation.

Seven (14%) patients underwent chemical analysis of theurinary calculi: Four had calcium oxalate monohydrate, one

Table 2. Demographics of Patients

No. of patients 46Mean age, y (range) 54 (34–78)Sex

- Male 41Body mass index (range) 27 (22–35)Race

- Caucasian 36- Hispanic 9- African-American 1

Insurances*- Medicare 21- Medi-Cal 12- Private 10- Ryan White 3

*Only the primary insurance is listed and used for the purposes ofthis study.

Table 1. Frequency of Nephrolithiasis in OurHighly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort

Antiretroviral Rx n

Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir 9Abacavir/emtricitabine/lopinavir/ritonavir/tenofovir 8Raltegravir/ritonavir/darunavir/tenofovir 6Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine 4Lopinavir/zidovudine/tenofovir 4Ritonavir/atazanavir/emtricitabine/tenofovir 4Darunavir/ritonavir/emtricitabine/tenofovir 3Combivir/lamivudine/zidovudine/efavirenz 2Nevirapine/tenofovir 2Ritonavir/emtricitabine/tenofovir 2Norvir/ritonavir/atazanavir/tenofovir 1Nelfinavir/emtrictabine/tenofovir 1

Table 3. Details of Stone Characteristics

No. of subjects 46Mean stone size, mm (range) 8 (2–24 – 2.8 SD)Stone location

- Kidney 23- Ureter 28

Imaging modality- CT 39- Ultrasonography 5- Plain radiography (KUB) 2

Nonsurgical management(medical expulsive therapy)

23

Surgical management 23- Shockwave lithotripsy 10- Ureteroscopy/lithotripsy 13

Repeated surgery- Shockwave lithotripsy 1- Ureteroscopy/lithotripsy 1

Family history of urolithiasis 6Recurrence of urolithiasis 24

SD = standard deviation; CT = computed tomography; KUB = kid-neys, ureters, and bladder.

2 RAHEEM ET AL.

Prevalence of Nephrolithisis in HIV patient with ART Rahem, Journal of Endo Urology 2012

52

therapy were retrieved. Serum electrolytes, urinalysis withmicroscopy, urine culture, stone analysis, and 24-hour urinecollections were documented. The primary insurance carrierwas used for purposes of analysis, because the company(Dianon Systems, Shelton, CT) that processes our 24-hoururine collections only bills the primary insurance carrier.Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used withstatistical significance set at P < 0.05.

Results

A total of 436 HIV-positive patients were identified and 46(11%, 95% confidence interval 9–15%) of these demonstratedimage-proven kidney and/or ureteral urolithiasis. Mean agewas 54 years (range 34–78 y), and mean body mass index was27 (range 22–35). Patient demographics are shown in Table 2.None of the patients were instructed to stop HAART afterdiagnosis of nephrolithiasis. In the vast majority of cases, CTurography was the imaging modality (n = 39, 85%), whereasultrasonography alone (n = 5, 11%) and plain kidneys-ureters-bladder radiography alone (n = 2, 4%) were less commonlyused. Mean time of patients with a HIV diagnosis was 24months (range 12–36 mos), and mean time to nephrolithiasisdiagnosis while receiving HAART was 13.5 months (range 9–18 mos) (P < 0.05).

The characteristics of the stones, including their treatment,are listed in Table 3. Mean stone size was 8 mm (range 2–24 mm – 2.8 standard deviation). Seven subjects had multiplekidney calculi ( ‡ 2), and only one had bilateral kidney calculi.Ureteral obstruction secondary to obstructive ureteral calculideveloped in 30 patients. A total of 23 patients had kidneycalculi, 28 had ureteral calculi, and 42/46 were symptomatic—among these, 10 patients underwent shockwave lithotripsy(SWL), 13 underwent ureteroscopy/lithotripsy, and 23 weretreated with medical expulsive therapy with spontaneouspassage of stones. Two patients needed repeated surgery,including one SWL and one ureteroscopy/lithotripsy. Despitethe immunocompromised status of these HIV-positive pa-tients, there were limited complications as a result of treat-ment for nephrolithiasis. These complications includedurinary tract infection (3) and cystitis (2) that was treated withoutpatient oral antibiotics. The third patient had sepsis afterureteroscopy/lithotripsy despite a preoperative negative ur-ine culture. He recovered without sequelae.

Only eleven (24%) patients underwent 24-hour urine col-lections. Among these 11 patients, 10 had urinary abnormal-ities detected in their 24-hour urine collection includinghypocitraturia, hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hyperpho-sphaturia, or hypernatriuria (Fig. 1). Hypercalciuria (35%)and hypocitraturia (29%) were the two most common urinaryabnormalities identified, followed by hypernatriuria (18%),hyperuricosuria (12%), and hyperphosphaturia (6%). Themean urinary pH among this group of patients was 6.2. Thesepatients had varied insurance coverage: five had Medicare,three had private, two had Medi-Cal, and one was uninsured.The insurance coverage among the 35 patients who did notundergo 24-hour urine collections also varied: 16 had Medi-care, 12 had Medi-Cal, 6 had private, and 2 had Ryan White.Twenty-four patients had a history of recurrent ne-phrolithiasis, but only four of these patients underwent acomprehensive metabolic evaluation.

Seven (14%) patients underwent chemical analysis of theurinary calculi: Four had calcium oxalate monohydrate, one

Table 2. Demographics of Patients

No. of patients 46Mean age, y (range) 54 (34–78)Sex

- Male 41Body mass index (range) 27 (22–35)Race

- Caucasian 36- Hispanic 9- African-American 1

Insurances*- Medicare 21- Medi-Cal 12- Private 10- Ryan White 3

*Only the primary insurance is listed and used for the purposes ofthis study.

Table 1. Frequency of Nephrolithiasis in OurHighly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort

Antiretroviral Rx n

Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir 9Abacavir/emtricitabine/lopinavir/ritonavir/tenofovir 8Raltegravir/ritonavir/darunavir/tenofovir 6Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine 4Lopinavir/zidovudine/tenofovir 4Ritonavir/atazanavir/emtricitabine/tenofovir 4Darunavir/ritonavir/emtricitabine/tenofovir 3Combivir/lamivudine/zidovudine/efavirenz 2Nevirapine/tenofovir 2Ritonavir/emtricitabine/tenofovir 2Norvir/ritonavir/atazanavir/tenofovir 1Nelfinavir/emtrictabine/tenofovir 1

Table 3. Details of Stone Characteristics

No. of subjects 46Mean stone size, mm (range) 8 (2–24 – 2.8 SD)Stone location

- Kidney 23- Ureter 28

Imaging modality- CT 39- Ultrasonography 5- Plain radiography (KUB) 2

Nonsurgical management(medical expulsive therapy)

23

Surgical management 23- Shockwave lithotripsy 10- Ureteroscopy/lithotripsy 13

Repeated surgery- Shockwave lithotripsy 1- Ureteroscopy/lithotripsy 1

Family history of urolithiasis 6Recurrence of urolithiasis 24

SD = standard deviation; CT = computed tomography; KUB = kid-neys, ureters, and bladder.

2 RAHEEM ET AL.

Prevalence of Nephrolithisis in HIV patient with ART Rahem, Journal of Endo Urology 2012

53

Prevalence of Nephrolithisis in HIV patient with ART Rahem, Journal of Endo Urology 2012

therapy were retrieved. Serum electrolytes, urinalysis withmicroscopy, urine culture, stone analysis, and 24-hour urinecollections were documented. The primary insurance carrierwas used for purposes of analysis, because the company(Dianon Systems, Shelton, CT) that processes our 24-hoururine collections only bills the primary insurance carrier.Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used withstatistical significance set at P < 0.05.

Results

A total of 436 HIV-positive patients were identified and 46(11%, 95% confidence interval 9–15%) of these demonstratedimage-proven kidney and/or ureteral urolithiasis. Mean agewas 54 years (range 34–78 y), and mean body mass index was27 (range 22–35). Patient demographics are shown in Table 2.None of the patients were instructed to stop HAART afterdiagnosis of nephrolithiasis. In the vast majority of cases, CTurography was the imaging modality (n = 39, 85%), whereasultrasonography alone (n = 5, 11%) and plain kidneys-ureters-bladder radiography alone (n = 2, 4%) were less commonlyused. Mean time of patients with a HIV diagnosis was 24months (range 12–36 mos), and mean time to nephrolithiasisdiagnosis while receiving HAART was 13.5 months (range 9–18 mos) (P < 0.05).

The characteristics of the stones, including their treatment,are listed in Table 3. Mean stone size was 8 mm (range 2–24 mm – 2.8 standard deviation). Seven subjects had multiplekidney calculi ( ‡ 2), and only one had bilateral kidney calculi.Ureteral obstruction secondary to obstructive ureteral calculideveloped in 30 patients. A total of 23 patients had kidneycalculi, 28 had ureteral calculi, and 42/46 were symptomatic—among these, 10 patients underwent shockwave lithotripsy(SWL), 13 underwent ureteroscopy/lithotripsy, and 23 weretreated with medical expulsive therapy with spontaneouspassage of stones. Two patients needed repeated surgery,including one SWL and one ureteroscopy/lithotripsy. Despitethe immunocompromised status of these HIV-positive pa-tients, there were limited complications as a result of treat-ment for nephrolithiasis. These complications includedurinary tract infection (3) and cystitis (2) that was treated withoutpatient oral antibiotics. The third patient had sepsis afterureteroscopy/lithotripsy despite a preoperative negative ur-ine culture. He recovered without sequelae.

Only eleven (24%) patients underwent 24-hour urine col-lections. Among these 11 patients, 10 had urinary abnormal-ities detected in their 24-hour urine collection includinghypocitraturia, hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hyperpho-sphaturia, or hypernatriuria (Fig. 1). Hypercalciuria (35%)and hypocitraturia (29%) were the two most common urinaryabnormalities identified, followed by hypernatriuria (18%),hyperuricosuria (12%), and hyperphosphaturia (6%). Themean urinary pH among this group of patients was 6.2. Thesepatients had varied insurance coverage: five had Medicare,three had private, two had Medi-Cal, and one was uninsured.The insurance coverage among the 35 patients who did notundergo 24-hour urine collections also varied: 16 had Medi-care, 12 had Medi-Cal, 6 had private, and 2 had Ryan White.Twenty-four patients had a history of recurrent ne-phrolithiasis, but only four of these patients underwent acomprehensive metabolic evaluation.

Seven (14%) patients underwent chemical analysis of theurinary calculi: Four had calcium oxalate monohydrate, one

Table 2. Demographics of Patients

No. of patients 46Mean age, y (range) 54 (34–78)Sex

- Male 41Body mass index (range) 27 (22–35)Race

- Caucasian 36- Hispanic 9- African-American 1

Insurances*- Medicare 21- Medi-Cal 12- Private 10- Ryan White 3

*Only the primary insurance is listed and used for the purposes ofthis study.

Table 1. Frequency of Nephrolithiasis in OurHighly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort

Antiretroviral Rx n

Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir 9Abacavir/emtricitabine/lopinavir/ritonavir/tenofovir 8Raltegravir/ritonavir/darunavir/tenofovir 6Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine 4Lopinavir/zidovudine/tenofovir 4Ritonavir/atazanavir/emtricitabine/tenofovir 4Darunavir/ritonavir/emtricitabine/tenofovir 3Combivir/lamivudine/zidovudine/efavirenz 2Nevirapine/tenofovir 2Ritonavir/emtricitabine/tenofovir 2Norvir/ritonavir/atazanavir/tenofovir 1Nelfinavir/emtrictabine/tenofovir 1

Table 3. Details of Stone Characteristics

No. of subjects 46Mean stone size, mm (range) 8 (2–24 – 2.8 SD)Stone location

- Kidney 23- Ureter 28

Imaging modality- CT 39- Ultrasonography 5- Plain radiography (KUB) 2

Nonsurgical management(medical expulsive therapy)

23

Surgical management 23- Shockwave lithotripsy 10- Ureteroscopy/lithotripsy 13

Repeated surgery- Shockwave lithotripsy 1- Ureteroscopy/lithotripsy 1

Family history of urolithiasis 6Recurrence of urolithiasis 24

SD = standard deviation; CT = computed tomography; KUB = kid-neys, ureters, and bladder.

2 RAHEEM ET AL.

54

had cystine, one had uric acid, and one had an atazanavirmetabolite stone. In addition, six patients had a family historyof urolithiasis.

Discussion

We believe this is the first article to report both the preva-lence and etiology of nephrolithiasis in an HIV-positive cohortof patients taking no indinavir in the HAART era. Despite therecent shift toward less lithogenic HIV therapy, the 11%prevalence of nephrolithiasis in our cohort still exceeded thatof the non-HIV population (5.2%).2,3 Similar to previous re-ports, our study confirms that HIV patients share an equalrisk of nephrolithiasis that is not necessarily related toindinavir-based therapy.4 The medications in this study in-cluded PIs, but only one stone analysis demonstrated evi-dence of a PI-contained calculi. These findings are of criticalimportance, because it demonstrates that HIV-infected pa-tients are at an equal risk for nephrolithiasis, which ultimatelysignificantly contributes to the annual United States health-care expenditures.5

Medical management is the foundation of kidney and/orureteral calculi prevention, with algorithms dependent onboth serum studies and 24-hour urine studies as the corner-stone of a comprehensive metabolic evaluation. Un-fortunately, both previous reports and our current studydocument low utilization of the 24-hour urine study in theevaluation of nephrolithiasis. Recurrence rates in non-HIVpatients are 50% over 5 to 10 years, while medical manage-ment can identify specific urinary abnormalities in approxi-mately 97% of analyses, potentially reducing recurrencerates.6

More than half of our patients had recurrent nephrolithiasisand may well have benefited from medical intervention as apreventative measure. Furthermore, more than half of ourcohort needed surgical intervention with its attendant risksand financial burden to an already diseased population. Thesefindings add credence to performance of a comprehensivemetabolic evaluation as a means of reducing risk of recurrentnephrolithiasis. Generally, the evaluation for nephrolithiasisin the HIV patient should be no different from that of the non-HIV patient. Stone analysis, however, is particularly useful,because it discriminates metabolic stone from drug-inducedstone and subsequently reinforces the utility of a metabolicevaluation when a metabolic component exists in the stoneanalysis. A metabolic evaluation should also be considered,especially if a stone analysis is not available or if there is ahistory of recurrent metabolic stone disease.

We suspect that poor utilization of 24-hour urine studies ismost likely because of one of four possibilities: (1) provider

decision to recommend nonoperative therapy (increase fluidintake, decrease salt and protein) in low-risk nephrolithiasisformers or first-time nephrolithiasis formers; (2) providerdisbelief in the utility of the comprehensive metabolic testingand evaluation; (3) poor patient compliance in undergoingthis testing; or (4) insurance obstacles. Regarding the latter,we discovered a proportion (6%) of HIV patients were noteligible for 24-hour urine studies because of their specificfederal insurance, the Ryan White program, which only re-imburses this specific test on a case by case basis. Our data,however, do not support the supposition that insurance is anobstacle to metabolic evaluation.

The prevalence of nephrolithiasis is estimated to be 3% to22% for HIV-positive patients receiving indinavir.2,4,7–10 In-dinavir is a PI of which approximately 20% is not metabolizedand is excreted by the kidneys. Indinavir is most soluble atpH < 5, and therefore it tends to precipitate in alkaline urine.Hence, indinavir calculi typically tend to be radiolucent butmay act as a nidus for the formation of kidney and/or ureteralcalculi containing calcium oxalate and phosphate, which areradiopaque.2,11–13

The newer antiretroviral therapies in the form of HAARThave made a significant impact on the morbidity and mor-tality of patients with HIV infection. Antiretroviral drug re-sistance can develop rapidly through mutations; therefore, acombination of at least three drugs from at least two differentclasses is now used, coined HAART. Two NRTIs are usuallycombined with either NNRTIs or a PI. The primary aim ofHAART is to suppress a viral load below detectable levels,and thereby increase the CD4 cell count and decrease mor-bidity and mortality.9,10 Reports of kidney calculi made of adegraded PI other than indinavir exist with atazanavir,however.14–18 In addition, nephrolithiasis case reports asso-ciated with nonindinavir-based HAART exist (Table 4).

Notwithstanding the risk of PI composed stones, we reporta risk of nephrolithiasis in HIV patients that mimics the non-HIV population. We acknowledge the limitations/bias of thisretrospective study, which limits data collection, such asmissing data. In addition, we acknowledge that certainmedications such as thiazide diuretics may affect kidneystone formation, and therefore our analysis may

FIG. 1. Details of the etiology of nephrolithiasis amongpatients who underwent 24-hour urine collection.

Table 4. Current Literature Reports of HighlyActive Antiretroviral Therapy Associated

With Nephrolithiasis14–30

Stoneformation

Stonecharacteristics

Drug (Yes/No) (radiopaque)

NRTIsZidovudine No NoLamivudine Emtricitabine No NoStavudine No NoTenofovir Yes Yes

PisNelfinavir Yes YesAmprenavir Yes YesSaquinavir Yes YesLopinavir/ritonavir Yes YesAtazanavir Yes No

NRTIs = nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; PIs = proteaseinhibitors.

NEPHROLITHIASIS AMONG HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS 3

Prevalence of Nephrolithisis in HIV patient with ART Rahem, Journal of Endo Urology 2012

55

Prevalence of Nephrolithisis in HIV patient with ART Rahem, Journal of Endo Urology 2012

had cystine, one had uric acid, and one had an atazanavirmetabolite stone. In addition, six patients had a family historyof urolithiasis.

Discussion

We believe this is the first article to report both the preva-lence and etiology of nephrolithiasis in an HIV-positive cohortof patients taking no indinavir in the HAART era. Despite therecent shift toward less lithogenic HIV therapy, the 11%prevalence of nephrolithiasis in our cohort still exceeded thatof the non-HIV population (5.2%).2,3 Similar to previous re-ports, our study confirms that HIV patients share an equalrisk of nephrolithiasis that is not necessarily related toindinavir-based therapy.4 The medications in this study in-cluded PIs, but only one stone analysis demonstrated evi-dence of a PI-contained calculi. These findings are of criticalimportance, because it demonstrates that HIV-infected pa-tients are at an equal risk for nephrolithiasis, which ultimatelysignificantly contributes to the annual United States health-care expenditures.5

Medical management is the foundation of kidney and/orureteral calculi prevention, with algorithms dependent onboth serum studies and 24-hour urine studies as the corner-stone of a comprehensive metabolic evaluation. Un-fortunately, both previous reports and our current studydocument low utilization of the 24-hour urine study in theevaluation of nephrolithiasis. Recurrence rates in non-HIVpatients are 50% over 5 to 10 years, while medical manage-ment can identify specific urinary abnormalities in approxi-mately 97% of analyses, potentially reducing recurrencerates.6

More than half of our patients had recurrent nephrolithiasisand may well have benefited from medical intervention as apreventative measure. Furthermore, more than half of ourcohort needed surgical intervention with its attendant risksand financial burden to an already diseased population. Thesefindings add credence to performance of a comprehensivemetabolic evaluation as a means of reducing risk of recurrentnephrolithiasis. Generally, the evaluation for nephrolithiasisin the HIV patient should be no different from that of the non-HIV patient. Stone analysis, however, is particularly useful,because it discriminates metabolic stone from drug-inducedstone and subsequently reinforces the utility of a metabolicevaluation when a metabolic component exists in the stoneanalysis. A metabolic evaluation should also be considered,especially if a stone analysis is not available or if there is ahistory of recurrent metabolic stone disease.

We suspect that poor utilization of 24-hour urine studies ismost likely because of one of four possibilities: (1) provider

decision to recommend nonoperative therapy (increase fluidintake, decrease salt and protein) in low-risk nephrolithiasisformers or first-time nephrolithiasis formers; (2) providerdisbelief in the utility of the comprehensive metabolic testingand evaluation; (3) poor patient compliance in undergoingthis testing; or (4) insurance obstacles. Regarding the latter,we discovered a proportion (6%) of HIV patients were noteligible for 24-hour urine studies because of their specificfederal insurance, the Ryan White program, which only re-imburses this specific test on a case by case basis. Our data,however, do not support the supposition that insurance is anobstacle to metabolic evaluation.

The prevalence of nephrolithiasis is estimated to be 3% to22% for HIV-positive patients receiving indinavir.2,4,7–10 In-dinavir is a PI of which approximately 20% is not metabolizedand is excreted by the kidneys. Indinavir is most soluble atpH < 5, and therefore it tends to precipitate in alkaline urine.Hence, indinavir calculi typically tend to be radiolucent butmay act as a nidus for the formation of kidney and/or ureteralcalculi containing calcium oxalate and phosphate, which areradiopaque.2,11–13

The newer antiretroviral therapies in the form of HAARThave made a significant impact on the morbidity and mor-tality of patients with HIV infection. Antiretroviral drug re-sistance can develop rapidly through mutations; therefore, acombination of at least three drugs from at least two differentclasses is now used, coined HAART. Two NRTIs are usuallycombined with either NNRTIs or a PI. The primary aim ofHAART is to suppress a viral load below detectable levels,and thereby increase the CD4 cell count and decrease mor-bidity and mortality.9,10 Reports of kidney calculi made of adegraded PI other than indinavir exist with atazanavir,however.14–18 In addition, nephrolithiasis case reports asso-ciated with nonindinavir-based HAART exist (Table 4).

Notwithstanding the risk of PI composed stones, we reporta risk of nephrolithiasis in HIV patients that mimics the non-HIV population. We acknowledge the limitations/bias of thisretrospective study, which limits data collection, such asmissing data. In addition, we acknowledge that certainmedications such as thiazide diuretics may affect kidneystone formation, and therefore our analysis may

FIG. 1. Details of the etiology of nephrolithiasis amongpatients who underwent 24-hour urine collection.

Table 4. Current Literature Reports of HighlyActive Antiretroviral Therapy Associated

With Nephrolithiasis14–30

Stoneformation

Stonecharacteristics

Drug (Yes/No) (radiopaque)

NRTIsZidovudine No NoLamivudine Emtricitabine No NoStavudine No NoTenofovir Yes Yes

PisNelfinavir Yes YesAmprenavir Yes YesSaquinavir Yes YesLopinavir/ritonavir Yes YesAtazanavir Yes No

NRTIs = nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; PIs = proteaseinhibitors.

NEPHROLITHIASIS AMONG HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS 3

Prévention des récidives : moyens spécifiques aux lithiases médicamenteuses

• Adaptation de la dose du médicament •  ????? •  adaptation de la dose si atteinte et hépatique

et modification du métabolisme rénal?

Adaptation du pH urinaire en fonction du médicament

Médicaments cristallisant préférentiellement à pH

alcalin acide

Antiprotéases Ciprofloxacine Ceftriaxone Silice opaline

Aminopenicillines (amoxicilline) Sulfamides+++ Triamtérène

58

Conclusions

•  Lithiase fréquent – mal pris en charge – diagnostics non faits • Chez le patient infecté par le VIH, augmentation

du risque métabolique de lithiase • Augmentation du risque avec les IP ?

Atazanavir ? •  Importance de bien documenter les épisodes de

lithiase/prévenir la récidive

Etude CALVI : facteur de risque de CAlcul chez le patient infecté par le VIh

• Exploration prospective clinique, radiologique, métabolique des patients ayant fait un épisode de lithiase • Comparaison des données entre patients traités

par ATZ et sans ATZ

60

INFECTION PAR LE VIH ET MALADIE RENALE CHRONIQUE

61

Texte

MALADIE RENALE CHRONIQUE ET VIH

22

l Cohorte ANRS CO3 Aquitaine l Cockcroft et Gault l 2588 patients (3 hommes pour 1 femme) l Age moyen : 42 l CD4 moyen : 430 /µL et 60% de CV< 50 copies/ml l 39% CL/Cr < 90 ml/min

Patient infecté par le VIH : à risque rénal

à 34.2%< 90 à 4.4%< 60 à 0.3%< 30 à 0.2% <15

l Facteurs de risque : sexe feminin OR 3.3 (2.6-4.3), age>50 ans OR 9.8 (7.1-13), BMI<22 OR 3.3 (27-4.3) et tenofovir OR 1.4 (1.0-1.9)

Incidence of CRF The average incidence rate of CRF was 12.7 casesfor 1000 persons-years (95% CI : 10.2 -15.2). The estimated probability of CRF was 1.9% at 1 year, 3.3% at 2 years, 4% at 3 years, and 4.4% at 4 years.

63

64 64

•  Cohorte Eurosida: Follow-up: 21,482 person-years; median 3.7 (IQR 2.8–5.7) years 225 (3.3%) progressed to CKD; overall incidence: 1.05 × 100 PYFU (0.91–1.18) ARV associated with risk of CKD: TDF, LPV/r, ATV/r •  Cohorte Aquitaine: 2693 pts > 60 ml/mn; Mean follow-up (2004–2008): 3.4 years

86 pts progressed to CKD (defined as 2 consecutive CC < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 ≥ 3 months apart) during 8477 PYFU

Average incidence rate of CKD: 1.01% PYFU

ARV associated with risk of CKD: TDF

•  Cohorte Nadis: 7378 pts

N= 349 CKD; 4,7%

ARV associated with risk of CKD: TDF, ABC, IDV

1.  Mocroft A, et al., for the EuroSIDA Study Group. AIDS. 2010 Jul 17;24(11);1667-1678. 2.  Flandre P, et al. The New AIDS Data Group. Clin J AM SOC Nephrol. 2011 Jul;6(7):1700-1707.

3.  Morlat P, et al IAS 2011; Poster WEPDB0104

CKD and HIV

66

Infection par le VIH et atteinte rénale : LE VIRUS

67

Texte

Bigé et al, 2011

68

69

Infection par le VIH et atteinte rénale : LE VIRUS

70

71

25

La seule meta analyse

Cooper et al, CID, 2010

- 20 - 10 0 10 20 Nephrotoxicity more likely Nephrotoxicity less likely

MD [95% CI], mL/ min Study or subcategory RCT

Total MD [95% CI], mL/ min

ART naive BICOMBO 2009 De Jesus 2009

333 300

- 0.70 [-2.73, 1.33] - 0.60 [-1.71, 0.51]

ART experienced HEAT 2009 Arribas 2008 Gallant 2004

672 458 600

- 3.00 [-9.06, 3.06] -3.00 [-6.77, 0.77]

-5.00 [-8.80, -1.20] Subtotal -1.50 [2.96, -0.005]

Cohort ART naive

Kinai 2009 Goicoechea 2008 NNRTI Goicoechea 2008 RPI HOPS 2007 Winston 2006

63 62 84 736 948

- 17.00 [-31.35, -2.65] -0.22 [-11.18, 10.74]

-7.88 [-18.66, 2.90] -4.40 [-6.97, -1.83] -6.33 [-14.85, 2.19]

ART experienced Fux 2007 Fux 2007 N Gallant 2005

284 569 658

-4.90 [-8.58, -1.22] -8.20 [-13.13, -3.27]

-5.80 [-8.70, -2.90] Subtotal -5.45 [-7.02, -3.89] Total -3.90 [-5.66, -2.14]

73

74

IP boostés et atteinte rénale Rockwood N, et al Poster TUPE250

BUT DE L’ETUDE •  comparer la fonction rénale de patients débutant un traitement par IP boostés vs EFV

METHODES •  monocentrique – Chelsea and Westminster Hospital •  Identification des patients débutant une HAART avec 2 NRTIs et soit

EFV, ATV/r, LPV/r or DRV/r, ayant un eGFR > 60 mL/min pour1.73 m2 au départ •  La maladie rénale chronique est définie par un DFG estimé en MDRD < 60 mL/min pour 1.73 m2 •  2115 personnes eGFR > 60 mL/min pour 1.73 m2 au départ et débutent la HAART •  386 (18%) developpent une MRC durant 2680 années-personnes de suivi •  pas de différences dans les facteurs de risque traditionels rénaux entre EFV et PI chez les 160 personnes ayant développé une

MRC •  Les patients sous ATV/r ou LPV/r avaient un risque supérieur significativement de voir apparaitre une MRC que

ceux sous EFV. Bien que le hazard ratio de voir apparaitre une MRC était plus élevé avec DRV/r vs EFV, ceci n’était pas significatif

Total duration of follow-up (patient years)

Hazard ratio* (95% CI)

p

LPV/r 267 1.69 (1.1–2.6) 0.017

ATV/r 562 1.52 (1.14–2.03 0.004

DRV/r 451 1.31 (0.94–1.81) 0.108

EFV 1400 1

75

•  une proportion non négligeable de patients débutant la HAART voient leur fonction rénale diminuer.

•  LPV/r et ATV/r, sont associés à un risque augmenté quelquesoit la fonction rénale de base, l’âge, l’exposition préalable au TDF ou la durée totale d’exposition au TDF

•  le DRV/r n’est pas significativement associé à une atteinte rénale • La fonction rénale des patients sous HAART peut

rester stable, s’aggraver ou s’améliorer •  49% de ceux qui s’aggravent, améliorent leur fonction rénale en 12

mois.

IP boostés et atteinte rénale Rockwood N, et al Poster TUPE250

76

77

78

79

80

81

0.5 1 2

0.5 1 2

Background and Objective

• Background –  Tenofovir (TDF), atazanavir (ATV), and other ARVs have been associated with

renal impairment,1-5 but the extent of such adverse drug reactions in HIV+ persons with normal baseline renal function is unknown

• Objective –  Evaluate and compare the exposure to antiretrovirals and the risk of renal

impairment among HIV+ persons with normal baseline renal function

Ryom L, et al. Poster 865

1.  Mocroft A, et al., for the EuroSIDA Study Group. AIDS. 2010 Jul 17;24(11);1667-1678. 2.  Flandre P, et al. The New AIDS Data Group. Clin J AM SOC Nephrol. 2011 Jul;6(7):1700-1707. 3.  Campo R, et al. The SWIFT Study, Abstract H2-786. 51st ICAAC, 2011. 4.  Scherzer R, et al. AIDS. 2012 Feb 4. [Epub ahead of print] 5.  Rockwood N, et al. AIDS. 2011;25:1671-1673.

Baseline Characteristics N, All Included (%) [IQR] N, ceGFR ≤70 (%) [IQR] N, CKD (%) [IQR]

All 22,603 (100) 468 (2) 131 (0.6)

Gender Male 16,438 (73) 340 (73) 89 (68)

Race White Unknown

10,573 (47) 9714 (43)

309 (66) 129 (28)

88 (67) 37 (28)

Median age (years) 39 [33-44] 46 [41-52] 46 [40-51]

HIV risk homosex. 10,006 (44) 176 (38) 39 (30)

Prior AIDS 4553 (20) 154 (33) 48 (37)

cART exposed 14,263 (63) 346 (74) 94 (72)

CD4 (count/mm3) 440 [290-624] 380 [217-568] 380 [221-585]

HIV-RNA (log10 copies/mL) 2.1 [1.7-4.2] 1.8 [1.7-4.0] 2.3 [1.7-4.0]

Years HIV+ 5.2 [1.2-11.1] 10.0 [5.3-14.9] 10.8 [4.5-15.5]

HBV (HBsAg or HBeAg or DNA pos./anti-HBe pos.) 2773 (12) 64 (14) 17 (13)

HCV (seropos. & RNA pos./unknown) 2765 (12) 93 (20) 37 (28)

Hypertension 1761 (8) 53 (11) 20 (15)

Diabetes 664 (3) 43 (9) 14 (11)

Prior CV event 336 (2) 17 (4) 6 (5)

Ryom L, et al. Poster 865

Results

Of 22,603 persons included with a normal baseline renal function:

•  468 (2.1%) progressed to ceGFR ≤70 (incidence rate [IR] 4.78/1000 PY [95% CI 4.35-5.22])

•  131 (0.6%) to CKD (1.33/1000 PY [1.10-1.56]) during a median follow-up (FU) of 4.5 years (IQR 2.7-6.1).

•  eGFR decline of at least 20 mL/min (from eGFR >90 to ≤70) during 4.5 years equals an annual decline of at least 4-5 mL/min

Ryom L, et al. Poster 865

ARV Discontinuation Rates and eGFR Levels

Ryom L, et al. Poster 865

Adjusted for baseline eGFR, age, gender, race, HIV risk group, CD4 nadir, enrollment cohort and baseline date. AIDS, HBV/HCV status, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, CV event, CD4, VL and cumulative exposure (per year) to indinavir, unboosted atazanavir and other boosted PIs (darunavir, tipranavir, [fos]amprenavir) (included as time-updated variables)

Persons with eGFR levels between 60 and 70 had significantly higher rates of discontinuing TDF (adjusted IR ratio [aIRR] 1.72 [1.38-2.14]), but not of other ARVs tested, compared to persons with eGFR >90

Dis

cont

inua

tion

IRR

(9

5% C

l)

>90

80.1

-90

70.1

-80

60.1

-70

<60 0.5

1

2

4

Tenofovir

Dis

cont

inua

tion

IRR

(9

5% C

l)

>90

80.1

-90

70.1

-80

60.1

-70

<60 0.5

1

2

4

Atazanavir/r

Dis

cont

inua

tion

IRR

(9

5% C

l)

>90

80.1

-90

70.1

-80

60.1

-70

<60 0.5

1

2

4

Lopinavir/r

Dis

cont

inua

tion

IRR

(9

5% C

l)

>90

80.1

-90

70.1

-80

60.1

-70

<60 0.5

1

2

4

Abacavir

eGFR

eGFR

eGFR

eGFR

Univariate Multivariate

ARV Exposure (Per Year) and Incidence Rate Ratios of ceGFR ≤70 and CKD From eGFR >90 Ryom L, et al.

Poster 865

Adjusted for baseline eGFR, age, gender, race, HIV risk group, CD4 nadir, enrollment cohort, and baseline date. AIDS, HBV/HCV status, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, CV event, CD4, VL and cumulative exposure (per year) to indinavir included as time-updated variables. Other PI/r include darunavir, tipranavir, and (fos)amprenavir.

•  Cumulative TDF (aIRR 1.18 [1.12-1.25] per year) and ATV/r (1.19 [1.09-1.32]) use were independently associated with increased rates of ceGFR ≤70 from eGFR >90, but not with CKD, whereas lopinavir/r (LPV/r) use was associated with both endpoints (1.11 [1.05-1.17]) and 1.22 [1.16-1.28] respectively. Inconsistent trends were seen with abacavir use

ceGFR ≤70 IRR (95% Cl) 0.5 1 2

Tenofovir

Lopinavir/r

Atazanavir/r

Atazanavir

Other Pl/r

Abacavir

Multivariate Univariate

CKD IRR (95% Cl) 0.5 1 2

1.18

1.11

1.19

1.22

Investigators’ Conclusions •  In HIV+ persons with normal baseline renal function, cumulative use of TDF, ATV/r, and

LPV/r were each associated with a fast eGFR decline, as more traditional renal risk factors and HIV-related factors in adjusted models

•  Rates of ARV-associated deteriorations in renal function from normal function were low over the 4.5 years of FU available, but may represent significant issues for lifelong use should the rates remain constant or even increase with age. For instance, after 5 years of TDF use, the incidence rate of progression to ceGFR ≤70 from levels >90 will be twice as high in TDF-exposed compared to unexposed persons

•  Increased discontinuation rates of TDF, but not of other ARVs in persons with decreasing eGFR, suggest that drug switches are occurring more commonly for certain ARVs in relation to declining eGFR, and the switches may have prevented further deterioration to CKD. Closer monitoring of renal function may be appropriate for persons also on ATV/r and LPV/r

Ryom L, et al. Poster 865

88

89

Recommandations 2011 EACS http://www.europeanaidsclinicalsociety.org/guidelines.asp

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