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Brain DevelopmentBrain Development

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Spina BifidaSpina Bifida

s.b. occulta- mild, often marked by

hair tuft over spinal defect

s.b. cystica- more severe with

protrusion of meninges and / or spinal cord

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4/62

Meninges and Dural ReflectionsMeninges and Dural Reflections

falx cerebri

falx cerebelli

tentorium cerebelli

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5/62

Cerebrospinal FluidCerebrospinal Fluid-- formationformation

8/9/2019 OVCMT, NA- lec. 8, brain

6/62

HydrocephalusHydrocephalus

in infants, open sutures allow for

swelling of the skull

in adults, closed sutures cause

compression of the brain against theskull

in both cases, neuronal damage is

common

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Ventricular SystemVentricular System-- sagittal viewsagittal view

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8/62

Ventricular SystemVentricular System-- frontal viewfrontal view

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9/62

Ventricular SystemVentricular System-- CSF circulationCSF circulation

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Arterial SupplyArterial Supply

primary

arteries are

vertebral and

internal carotid

circle of Willis

ensures

continuous

perfusion in the

event of

unilateralvascular

compromise

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Venous DrainageVenous Drainage

8/9/2019 OVCMT, NA- lec. 8, brain

12/62

BloodBlood Brain BarrierBrain Barrier

endothelial cells bound by

tight junctions

basement membrane

astrocytes

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BrainstemBrainstem

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MedullaMedulla-- features and functionsfeatures and functions

motor decussation- observe as obliteration of anterior fissure

sensory decussation- superior to motor decussation

inferior olivary nucleus- equilibrium / posture, precise movements

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Superior medullaSuperior medulla-- cross sectioncross section

1. 4th ventricle

5. spinal nucleus of CN V

9. inferior olivary nucleus

12. medial lemniscus

13. corticospinal tract (not decussated)

14. spinothalamic tract

15. spinocerebellar tracts (ant & pos)

16. spinal tract of CN V

20. tectospinal tract

21. inferior cerebellar peduncle

21

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Inferior cerebellar peduncleInferior cerebellar peduncle

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17/62

Motor decussationMotor decussation

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Sensory decussationSensory decussation

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CN V nucleiCN V nuclei-- spinal nucleus ofCN Vspinal nucleus ofCN V

1.Mesencephalic nucleus

2.Sensory nucleus

3.Motor nucleus

4.Spinal nucleus

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20/62

Inferior olivary nucleusInferior olivary nucleus

8/9/2019 OVCMT, NA- lec. 8, brain

21/62

MedullaMedulla-- cardiovascular functioncardiovascular function

8/9/2019 OVCMT, NA- lec. 8, brain

22/62

MedullaMedulla-- cardiovascular functioncardiovascular function

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23/62

MedullaMedulla-- respiratory functionrespiratory function

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MedullaMedulla-- associated CNsassociated CNs

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PonsPons-- cross sectioncross section

1. 4th ventricle

7. spinal nucleus of CN V

9. superior olivary nucleus

10. pontine nuclei

11. corticospinal tract

12. medial lemniscus

16. spinal tract of CN V

18. tectospinal / bulbar tracts

19. pontocerebellar fibres

20. trigemino / spinothalamic tract

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PonsPons-- superior & middle cerebellar pedunclessuperior & middle cerebellar peduncles

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PonsPons-- middle cerebellar pedunclemiddle cerebellar peduncle

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PonsPons-- superior cerebellar pedunclesuperior cerebellar peduncle

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PonsPons-- pontine nucleipontine nuclei

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PonsPons-- corticopontocerebellar fibrescorticopontocerebellar fibres

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PonsPons-- superior olivary nucleussuperior olivary nucleus

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PonsPons-- respiratory functionrespiratory function

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MidbrainMidbrain-- cerebral pedunclescerebral peduncles

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35/62

MidbrainMidbrain-- colliculicolliculi

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MidbrainMidbrain-- substantia nigrasubstantia nigra

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MidbrainMidbrain-- red nucleusred nucleus

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MidbrainMidbrain-- associated CNsassociated CNs

CN III

CN IV

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Reticular Formation & ARASReticular Formation & ARAS

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CerebellumCerebellum-- external anatomyexternal anatomy

tonsils

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CerebellumCerebellum-- internal anatomyinternal anatomy

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ThalamusThalamus

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HypothalamusHypothalamus

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Epithalamus & SubthalamusEpithalamus & Subthalamus

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45/62

Cerebral Pyramidal Cells & Projections FibresCerebral Pyramidal Cells & Projections Fibres

8/9/2019 OVCMT, NA- lec. 8, brain

46/62

Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex-- external anatomyexternal anatomy

8/9/2019 OVCMT, NA- lec. 8, brain

47/62

Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex-- external anatomy with insulaexternal anatomy with insula

8/9/2019 OVCMT, NA- lec. 8, brain

48/62

Cerebral White MatterTractsCerebral White MatterTracts

8/9/2019 OVCMT, NA- lec. 8, brain

49/62

Internal Capsule & Basal GangliaInternal Capsule & Basal Ganglia

8/9/2019 OVCMT, NA- lec. 8, brain

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Limbic SystemLimbic System

8/9/2019 OVCMT, NA- lec. 8, brain

51/62

Functional Areas of the Cerebral CortexFunctional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

8/9/2019 OVCMT, NA- lec. 8, brain

52/62

Sensory homunculusSensory homunculus

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Functional Areas of the Cerebral CortexFunctional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

8/9/2019 OVCMT, NA- lec. 8, brain

55/62

Visual PathwayVisual Pathway

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Functional Areas of the Cerebral CortexFunctional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

8/9/2019 OVCMT, NA- lec. 8, brain

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Auditory PathwayAuditory Pathway

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TectoTecto --spinal &spinal & --bulbar tractsbulbar tracts

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59/62

Functional Areas of the Cerebral CortexFunctional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

8/9/2019 OVCMT, NA- lec. 8, brain

60/62

Gustatory PathwayGustatory Pathway

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Primary motor pathwayPrimary motor pathway

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Functional Areas of the Cerebral CortexFunctional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex