'ni,,, Dji'''6',/II. KI, /IIM-ud,J. D. - Cirad · 2015. 5. 29. · crop e>tablishment; (ii)-cva...
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BlllllOTlIECA FRA(;\OENTA AGRONOMIeA 1112006 PIIOSPECT COSSEIIYATION AGIIICULTURE 1)', i'iOIlTlU:IL'I1 ASD l::Asn:lL'I1 EUROPEAN COUNTIIIES, U:SSO)',S OF KASSA R. Uhmg,J,.s: Tt>I"do1l1ld'. P. Bg.,} : R.-A. Dji'''"6', /II. R. Kollt, J, K"""I, V. /IIM-ud, J. "'ni",,", D. Pi""ni. 'Cira<!. UMR G-EAU, Montpell;er, f·34000 fraJKe; 'INRA. UMR Agronomle. Th""",.J· G.igoon. f-7gg5Q fran<e; 'ENL, UK: 'Uni"ersily Giessen. Germony: 'ZALf e.V, Gennony ; "EAU. Estonioo; 'VURV. C.""k Republic ; 'NSC·SISSAR. Ukraine; "Biofonk. NOfWlIY. SYNOPSIS. Jo E...-ope. agricullure (CA) li les. adopled lhAn in the otha world lldopItng regl""" and. reduced ulloge li more osed thon OO-llllage. U... of cava crop i. not common. JI i. c,"",mly les. re5eaI'Ched lhan il WU bef"", lhe 1 \l9Oo. One of the "",;n featu"," of CA i. t"" reduclion of t"" produetion cos" which OCI. a. a pov .. erful dri'ing force foo- the dissern,,,,,,;on of CA tochnol<>gJes. 10 Europe, con,ersion from 000"",,';"""1 agn<ulture 10 CA lead$ to a rninor change ill yi.eld$; I()% d<-pendm& on the couotries; and, this i. tIOl <leci.ive foo- farme .... far .. CA mee1S their ma,n eXpec1a1JOIl: i.e. feÔllChon ,n COSl. offueJ. machincry and labour saviog. T1>c: adoplion proces. responds to a step-by-step $lr1l"'IY and. large .iud fanno are the main adoplers. The i""rease in COmpelillvenesoat the global and al European Ievel brings lhe genenl trend of the i"" ..... , of CA e"," ...... ge world· wide and the currcn' Ievel of fuel cos" togetber w,th the trend of the enlargement of the fann .,>e in Europe w,1I probably eontribute 10 the adoph(ln of CA m Europe. The i. Iihly already ongoing in some European countnes; it bas to he $u'tainM. Ko,. w'ordo: coo... rvation "8ricullUre. redU«d tiIIoge, oo-tillage. impacts, Europe. IIIo'TIIODUCTION Conservat,on agrieullure (CA) refers to the .imullaneou, u'" oflhree pract,ee,,, (i)- reduoced lillage or oo-tillage and d;rec1 seeding for 1= di.turbance of the soil and proper crop e>tablishment; (ii)- c<>va crop$ 10 mil'I'''O soil eroeion and 10 ,mprove 0",1 fenihly and soil funct,,,,,,, and; (ii')- erop IOUItioo 10 control wttds. peSI$ and discoses (Detpoch. 2001). Terms ,ueb a. conservalion tillage, uro-tillale and direct dnlhng also apply 10 CA, De'l'ite the very early intcres1 of the European reoean:h commun;ly in CA practoca, there .. ill are kw syntheti<: reviews of the n:-searth finding. (Cannel. 1985; Soanc and Bali. 1998; Rasmu."""" 1999; Tebrùgge and DUnng, 1999; HolJand, 2004. Deumlieh et al.• 20(6) and, the adoptiOIl of conservation agriculture by European farme .. i. ,1,11 vel)' weal: compared to otber region. of the wotld (Derpsch. 2005). The nsc of eoncem. alool wllh the questioon,ng of the ...... il'lllb,hly of agriCIIlture III Europe in the pa" dc<:a<lc le<! the European Commi"ioo (EC) to .uppott many rescarob initiative, one of which w., an oppn; ..1 of the appheabihly of oo-lill '""hnology in the weslom European eounlrie$ (T.orugge and Bôllrensen, 1997a·b). Mon: «<enll,.. the EC ha< funded a spee,f", ... pport action calle<! MSSA -Knowle<!ge A...,,,menl and SharlIIg on SU.talllable Agriculture. which oin>ed alt-oeking stock ofpast fcsearoh re ... '" on .ustainablc agrieuilure (bllD'/l!J.l»I.cirad fi ).KASSA f<>eus.se<l on conserva,;on "8riculture; thi$ pape.- deol. with the maln tindings and lessons of KASSA relaled to Nonhem and wlom European countries. Il presents the di"ene practices of CA in Europ<: and the current oXlcnsiOll of lhe$e pracliccs in sorne European countrics. Then, the main dri"crs Iikely 10 00051 thc oxpan.ion of CA in Europe will be prnented and discussed, This may help 10 apprecia1e the future of agro-ecology in Europe "
Transcript of 'ni,,, Dji'''6',/II. KI, /IIM-ud,J. D. - Cirad · 2015. 5. 29. · crop e>tablishment; (ii)-cva...
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BlllllOTlIECA FRA(;\ŒNTA AGRONOMIeA 1112006
PIIOSPECT ~'Oll COSSEIIYATION AGIIICULTURE 1)', i'iOIlTlU:IL'I1ASD l::Asn:lL'I1 EUROPEAN COUNTIIIES, U:SSO)',S OF KASSA
R. Uhmg,J,.s: d~ Tt>I"do1l1ld'. P. Bg.,} : R.-A. Dji'''"6', /II. Frid""l1.lt,,~/, R. Kollt, J,K"""I, V. /IIM-ud, J. "'ni",,", D. Pi""ni.
'Cira
Gennony ;"EAU. Estonioo; 'VURV. C.""k Republic ; 'NSC·SISSAR. Ukraine; "Biofonk.NOfWlIY.
SYNOPSIS. Jo E...-ope. eon...rv.~oo agricullure (CA) li les. adopled lhAn in the othaworld lldopItng regl""" and. reduced ulloge li more osed thon OO-llllage. U... of cava cropi. not common. JI i. c,"",mly les. re5eaI'Ched lhan il WU bef"", lhe 1\l9Oo. One of the "",;nfeatu"," of CA i. t"" reduclion of t"" produetion cos" which OCI. a. a pov..erful dri'ingforce foo- the dissern,,,,,,;on of CA tochnolgJes. 10 Europe, con,ersion from 000"",,';"""1agntablishment; (ii)- cva crop$ 10 mil'I'''O soil erœion and 10 ,mprove 0",1 fenihlyand soil funct,,,,,,, and; (ii')- erop IOUItioo 10 control wttds. peSI$ and discoses (Detpoch.2001). Terms ,ueb a. conservalion tillage, uro-tillale and direct dnlhng also apply 10 CA,De'l'ite the very early intcres1 of the European reoean:h commun;ly in CA practoca, there..ill are kw syntheti
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IIII1LIOTllEC~ fRAGMENT~ ~GRONO!
"pIOlfunn
DOod _
RESUL-TSConSUYllion Alri-do","in.
No ploullhing No til''"ll"_ • ~....., ... ToIII9t.00,,-_..
f,lIage
aOllcovsr ------+---------t-------,no ,""Ich,--...- ·!··........······..······....r·_·_·__·_·- -.----CfOp lulduu
::h'cro~.._·..·..· M ••..•••••••..RT· ···· ..---·N-T ·..·,__-"ml.~d
1"I~rcloppinu............................. '---__"----_...JJ
Figure 1. DescnpllOll of the vandy Of_'",es ofsoil management ln Europe RT: redocedIIIl.ge; NT: oo-li111ge
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1I111L10THIiCA FRAGMENTA AGRONOMlCA 111".!OO6
Fig. 1 illu,'",'" failhfully lhe .i'ua'ion in Europe. Indeed. European farTnl:'l'S adapllheir prac1lcn to lh~ man:.. pport\UI"i5Oil comf"'Ction (Munkholm rI al"2003). HiUnssoo (1994) mentiQn whcre CA (lQC'icn ha.~bc
Currently. lhtre IS no SUl'\'''Y It EU or country Ir...l of CA c""orage in Europe. Data,,,"labl~ are scarc~ and may nOl apply 10 the ",IIoI~ cropping sy.tem (T.bl~ 1). Fo.-in'lance, ma" or the areas listed •• '"no.lillage·· ""'Y c figu," ln Table (Il show ,ha' CA prac1lCos on: lco.adopt«lln Europe and lbat RT i. mon: con"""" than NT. Al.." there i. a larg~ d"'CTSlty of.i,,,,,lion. bclween the coonlrico which c'tllails di"CTSily in lhe (lQCli«'S us«!. This di\'crsityrcwllS from dnvmll f"",co and
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IlIIlLlOTHECA FRAG\IENTA AGROIW\\JCA 1112006
1l1llLlOTilECA FRAGMENTA AGRONO~ICA IlnOO6
Profilabllily of CACA provide. a ,horH'flTl b
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BllIuonlECA FItAGMENTA AGIlONOMICA Ill200li
T..... 3 Rct_ of cœlS EURiIIa f.... conxrvabOiII hl...... oddJllonal upenoa lOtpl-..~ ""lJ*cd ""t11 """"---..1 ...... p"""oc6m in dilfemu f..... ofw fedoralSUIe lS u>cn:ase(T~ and SkulClUd, 2002) ln Iona,tcnn S...-isstnals. Vulhood ... al (2006) obsctve:! lIw """ ..il sced bank il.... " more under RThUlblc'iÜ. The ",fesaation risI< ... be mJutcd by _ of~ crop Sl'0CCS51Oft, bul..,enIPy r..-n' ........... OS 00 ..., loc:tbicidc. In !he {;K .... Scandmn pHICip
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1l1llLlOTHECA fRAGMENTA AGRONOMICA Ilf1OO6
BlBLlOTHECA FRAGMENTA AGRO~O\lll;A 1112006
resid",,! 0< oroP! proteel lhe soil surface and deliv"," food for soil org'Di'ms (Frid", andHenke, 1991; Denni. el 01.,1994). The muleh favours proliferalio" ofolugo. mailo andm", (Tebrugge, 2001); il has geoerally posilive cff""" on densny and diversily ofCorabidae, spiders and nematodes (Andersen, 1999; Roognn el al., 200!). Studies alsocTearly indieale lh.t .bundanee .nd fre$h biomass of eanhwrm, is highe-r when till.geintensity i, reduced (Friebc & Henke. 1991; Emme.ling. 2001; H.ngC1l el al.. 2002;B.I.bane el al., 2005).Soil o
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BIBLlOTllECA fRAGMENTA AGRO~OMICA 111200li
Erosion aOO "m-ff measurcm
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BIBLlOTllECA FRAGMENTA AnROIW~IJCA 1112006
involved in inoo'-alion and learnlng processes. Aller years of CA pr.>CT$ pereei ..ethe efTeclivenes. of CA syslem. in iocre..ing SOl.1 ar.d earthwonns' aetivity, reduclng ..,ilorosion, and ilnproving w.lO' infiltnltion ar.d produetivily in dry areas which rcinf""", the..choi""
CA is 001 equally s"iuble for lhe whole European agro-eœsyslems: this confinns lheScandinavi.n viewpoim (HAkans""" 1994). The developmcnl of CA .ystems and thei,soci--ecooomic ar.d ccological su.tainabilily are highly SIte .pecific. "The fine nmlng of CA'yslems ..!quire a conlinual adjusuncnl wh,ch con. for conlinual knowledge gcneratlon and.h.ring among the .takeooldcrs. ln Europe. the usc of COVer crop and diversified croprotalion' IS 'lill hordly pra< i. replaced by a chemic.1 control in CA.y.tems., which is made casier by the ovoilobihly of afTordoble and efTee'ive chem..al•. Aso resull, in CA system< the number of herbicides 1fCatmcnl. ill anlicipale ilS fUNre CA i. being ...hievod lhrough a "CJ>'hy-.lCp S\tlltegy; ond Iarge.izedfarros are lhe mo.l adopters, probably duc 10 lheir obility le> absorb lhe ".k and also 10 lhejack of I.bour, "The ohort lenn socio-ecnnom.. benefil' lh'l CA p,ovides through lheroduclion of coslS of produclion, the ncod 10 improve fanns' competItive......, marketglobali:c alm of the..
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Il!8UOTHECA FRAGMENTA AGRONOMICA 1112006
$hId... shoolld be pm:uc IOlop:al, ~"",I. po/JtM;al ...-titions;4'P...we lOOls 00
RJ:FER.:"CESL Aadcrsc'Il. A" 19'1'9 P_ proc«t..., III $pr'lJIlI c...-..J prodUCbOol ....l!I rwlucd b.i•.
11 PcsIUnd bener....1inlCClS. Crop l'roi. 1S. 6S 1-657,2. ArTOUlIYI. D" Bolcsdcnt. J" Gcnnn. J.C.• byet. P.A .• Sotuana. Jf.• SlcI\gcl. P.• 2002
(ctI.). Stocker du c.rt>onc daM 1.. ",lI IKncoln en Fra....? Coo'ribuhoo i la luneconlre l'etTcl de foC"'. ExpcM'SC lCtcnllr.q... collcel",'e. ISBN 2·7380·1054·7. J34pp.
3. Ilal.bone. M. Il"reau. f .. [)ccllClI$. T" AXIII. M.. IIcddc. M., Lo~.I. K.• ,,"gCl. P.•p.",lak. Il .. Ilam.y. S.. Clnuau. 1).• LobrcUl'M. J.. BOOet. J.M. lA Il'5flIe ""'~ & lMIc ndch syotmL BIOi. A&f'C HM.. 16. 291·)09
S Brebnl T.A _1995, G=u" .....llII cklver -'~ eMdI avps 1Iüdct..,..1Ion "l'"'C"!laI EItem ......._. Sool li..-~ Il. 163-167.
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6. 8orresen, T., Nj..., A., 1990. The Eff«", of three lill.ge Systcms combmed withdifferent compact ion and mulching lre.lmen", on soli lemperatu,e and soi1 ~1properlies. Norwegi.n J. Ag,ic. Sei. 4, 363-372.
7. Carmel R.Q., 1985. Reduced till.ge in nonb-we'l Europe. A ",view. Soil Till. Res.. 5,129-177.
8. CUPA, L 2000. The effect ofprev,,,,,, crop soil culi,valion on the yield of g,.in mai"".nd wm'., wheat in lhe d,ie, area ofsoothem Moravia. RoslimnA v)'roba. 46. 113·117(InC=h).
9. OenIll$. P.. 11>omas, M.R" and Sothcnon, N.W., 1994. SlnlcruraJ feaNle' of fieldboundari.. wbicb infl""nce lhe ovcrwintering Oe",ili.. of be"eficial arthropodprcda«>rs. J. AppL Ecol. 31, 361-370.
10. De!psch, R., 2001. Constrvalion lilloge, no-till.ge and ,el.l.d te
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25. JaVl1rel.. M.. V..,h. M . 2002. Produclion and pedolocical effcet of"",1 prol""'l_ Sl&ndeslabliohmenl of field eropI. l'loc. New ChollenF in Field Crop Produet-. Zreee.Sloven....~.
26. Kl
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On .illy clay loam and sandy loam soils in Ille cool, v,e1chmate of central Nor"'ay SoilTill. Res. 80. 79.93
43 Rougon, D., Ilriot, S.. Cadou~. F.. Drouet. J" Pincau. X.• Rougon, c., 2001B,odivers;lé des carabidae de. grande. euhu.e. en région """ln:. Symbioses 4. 27·31 .
44. Schmidl, W.. Nit=lIe. O.. Zimmcrling. B.• Ktùtk, S.. 2003. Implementalion of""nSCrvallon liIIage as ffl,>Sion oonlrol .Imtogy on cropland in Sa>:ony. Sa>:on Sta'OAgency for Agricullure. u'l"',g, Germany. 9pp.
45. Soano, B.D., Bali, B.e.. 1998. Rev;cw of management and conduct of 10ng_Ierm Iillageslod,es wilh .peeial n:reronce 10 a 25')'T e~pcriment on barley in SOC>1land. So,I Tin.Re•. 45. 17-37.
46. Sienred, M" Charnay. M. P" Benoit. P. and Eklo. O.M .. 2006. Spalial variabili!)' ofsoil microl:>ial charac'eri
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PllSSN 0860 - 4088
EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR AGRONOMY
POLISH SOCIETY FOR AGRONOMY
UA
~
PUt.AWY - WARSZAWA 2006
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IX [SA CONGRI::SS - BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS
EDiTORSMARIllSZ FOlYMABARBARA KAMIXSKA
1" EDITION 2_ Il 02
IX ESA CONGRESSEUROPEAN EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
IN AGRONOMY
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND 81OLOGY
AGRJCULTURAL UNIVERSITY IN \VARSAW
WARSAW - POl.Aa~D
4 - 7 SEPTD1BER 2006
AU ricbu ~-ed
No panoflhis book ma)' bc rcprodoced or U2nImltted ln an)' formOl" by an)' means.cleclTOOK: or mccllanical, mdudmll pt>olocopying, rttording or br an)' informauOCl,slOfl1gc Of rclneval syslem, wlthout pcnnission in wn1lng from the publisber.
Adtas Exeeuh, < Edll< and PIIbhsberInsmule of Soil Soi
