References on Cystlcercosis from the aspect of

MEAT INSPECTION*

CLARENBURG* A ., 1932 0 - "Untersuchungen taber dieLebensfghigkeit von Cygticercus inernls »n ZeltSc f= Inf e kt i onslronlclie'i t en»}XL (2/3) j, 172-190 o

COUSI, Do, 1933» = "La Cysticercose bovine en Tunisie-’9 Bull. Acad» Veto Frances VI, 40-41=

LEEB, Fo 9 & BERNGRTTBER, R», 1932 c - "Der Stand d@rRinderfinne in Bayern«" MUnch <> tier Wschr0j IXXXIII (5), 49=-54 o

OSTERTAG s v ., 1933. = ’’Las Verfahren von Prof.. Iwanizky zur Prtifung der Ubertragungsfahigkeit gesund~ heitssch&dlicher Finnen ara Menschen0" Zeits» f . Fleisch- u = Milchhyg., XLIII (10), 188-190=

PORTER, Ao, 1931o *» "On the effects of cold on the vitality of certain cystieerci and echlnocooci in neat kept under commercial conditions of freezing in Johannesburg." Publo So Africa Inst® Med. Res., Ho. 16, 49 pp0

STENGEL, 1932* - "Zur BekSmpfung der Rinderfinne.«Zeits. to Fleisch" u« Milchhyg., XLII (13)g 858-S59o

STILES8 CoWcs 1898o <- "The flukes and tapeworms of cattle, sheep and swine with especial reference to the inspection of meats *" Bullo Bur<> Animal Indust«,

. UoSo Dept0 A griCc , No<> 19, 11-136o

Physics in Relation to Hygiene.

First Lecture: Climate and Civilisation: Thermometry.

It is necessary to have some knowledge of physics in order to realise how the physiological functions of man are affected by environment,

©ie interchange of energy, in the form of heat, which is always taking place

between the body and its surroundings.

The average man, resting as whilst sitting, as in a theatre, loses about 400 British Thermal Unite por hour • much more if he is doing hard work. Were he not able to lose this amount of heat his body temperature would rise.

A British Thermal Unit (B.Th.U.) is the amount of heat required to raise one pound of water,through one degree Fahrenheit. One B.Th.U. = 252*0 small calories.

Heat is transferred in three waya:-

Conduction e.g. Holding a cold iron bar.

Convection Moving air or water particles touching the warm surface and carrying heat away.

Radiation Heat, in the form of invisible rays of comparatively low ̂frequency can pass through the air without warming it to cold solid surrounding (e.g. a cold wall in winter time)

or to the unclouded night sky.

Huntington found a close connection between the average temperatures obtaining in different parts of the world and the characteristics (degree of civilisation)

of the inhabitants.

There is also a marked seasonal variation in the incidence of some epidemics

which may well be accounted for by the temperature changes.

The output of factories is found to vary with the time of year. In the tinplate industry Vernon found that the falling off of output that takes place in the summer can to some extent be obviated by good ventilation.

THERMOMETRY.

The chief precaution in taking the temperature of the outside air is to protect the thermometer from radiation (either plus or minus).

In this country the Stevenson screen is used. It usually contains mercurial dry and wet bulb thermometers, a mercurial maximum thermometer and an

alcohol minimum thermometer,o

In this country meterological thermometers are graduated between -15 F, and

115°F,

Six’s mercurial combined maximum and minimum thermometer: not very accurate.

Black Bulb Radiation thermometers -* intended to measure the radiation

received from sun and sky.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

"Synopsis of Hygiene” . Jameson and Parkinson."Civilization and Climate". E, Huntington, yj "Climate". W.G. Kendrew."Meteorological Instruments and Weather Forecasts". Model Engineer Series,

No. 16.

Department of Industrial Physiology,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION

Effects of Heat and Cold.

, , . ®ody temperature is maintained practically constant bvf production and heat loss, Heat production

rest. 75 Calories or 400 British Thermal Units per adult per hour.

. pr,f n temperature 59°F ., Relative Humidity 50 perfho sodenoary individual loses heat in approximately ^the following proportions:- by radiation 45 per cent., by coivStion 31 per cent. by evaporation 24 per cent. This fiactional proportionate loss of heat is affected by air temperature humiditv and movement and by radiation from the surroundings. hym^ it y ,

•if fhr> -t- Loss of heat by radiation and convection can only occur temporature°ra of thG air surroundings is loss than body

nrvi °f h?at by evaporation depends on the humidity of theair and its temperature and movement0

Reactions to hoat: Physiological: (i) dilatation of cutaneous arterioles with result that more blood circulatcs through skin^and hoat loss by convection, radiation and evaporation ^s^crcascd* (ii) Sweating: on evaporation, l gramme of water absorbs 585 small calories.Artificial: Clothing: shelter: use of fans,

J^-£Cirl0nS CQl-- Physiological: (i) constriction of peripheral vessels and reduction in hoat loss by convection

^ , ,( i i ) , docroascd sweating; (iii) ujicrcased heat activity shivering, internal secretions; muscular

ctc«f'1Clal: Clothing; shelter: protection igainst wind, rain,

PAIIURE IN ADAPTATION TO HEAT.

radiant h o S ^ n ^ SphCrlC tcmPcraturos, high humidities, intense*mpos° cxcossivc strain or tho temperature

egulatmg mechanism of tho body particularly if the individual is performing muscular work with associated fncreased internal heat production. Unsuitable clothing and pathological conditions predispose to failure of adaptation to heat & conditions

rapid at onsot-Dyspnoeas, J

Nervous symptoms: oxcSfcement: struggling: delirium: convulsions.

Thirst.

Body temperature must be rcducod by artificial moans:- dronchmg skin, exposure to cool air, fanning.

^0lva?'S°* Q̂ h-ausjbionj, hoat prostration or heat svnconn*This condition is due to cardio vascular insufficiency.

9 ^ , m a 1 or normal untoss condition ofdisease present.

Pulse weak.Sweating profuso. Skin cold and moist.

✓

Blood prossurc roduccd.Giddinoss, fainting, fatigue, sonso of exhaustion, collapse.

Strain on heart and circulation must be relieved by lying patient down, and if necessary massage of limbs and body to improve venous return. Clothing should be loosened and patient moved to coolest place available and given access to fresh air.

References to Literature on Body Temperature Regulation. Heat Stroke. Effects of Cold; Protection against Heat and Cold: Clothing and Housing,

Cl) Tho Thermal Adjustment of Man and Animals to ExternalConditions: Sir Charles Martin, 1930, Lancet, Sept,13th, p#561, Sept. 20th p .617, Sept. 27th p .673.

(2) Aetiology of heat-stroke and sun traumatism. Marsh, P .1930. Transactions of Royal Socioty of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. XXIV, p .257.

(3) Tho Human Mechanism and Hot Environments, Lee, D .H .K . 1935.Transactions of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. XXIX, No. 1* p .7.

(4) Climate and the Native, Dreosti, A .O ., Orenstoin, A .J ., andWeiner, J .S . , S . African Medical Journal 1936, Vol.10, p *11.

(5) Problems arising out of Temperature and Humidity in DeepMining in the Witwatersrand. Dreosti, A .O ., Journ. of Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of S . Africa, November 1935.

(6) Comfort Standards in tho Tropics. Reddy, D .V .S . 1935,Journ, India Medical Association, Vol. 4, p .593.

(7) Health and Environment, Sir Leonard Hill and A. Campbell,1925. Edward Arnold & Co.

(8) Insulation against Heat and Cold for Human Comfort,Crowden, G .P ., Lancet, Jan. 6th, 1934,

Measurement of oxygen Cost and Efficiency of Muscular Work.

Time of commencement; Place;

Wt.

Date:

Subject.

Detail

Foreperiod

posture or Work

Time of collection

pressure

Ht. Last Meal, Nature:

Time;

Temperature

Bag Volume

Corrected Bag Volume dry N.T.P.

Ventilation per min.

Sample Ho* $Vol. of Sample

co2o0

Vol. COg

vol. Og

$ CO

j> Ng

. . $ Og inspired

C02 expired

j> Og used

Respiratory Quotient

02 used per min.

Total 0S used work and recovery

Resting Og

Og Cost of work

(X) Cal. equivalent of 0*

Work done Kgoa. metres

(Y) Cal. equivalent of work

Efficiency

/ A ^ ~ * cf' . tfuJ QfrU, fc>,//£S

Admiral Fitzroy’ s Weather Rules.

YThether clear or cloudy, a rosy sky at sunset foretells fine weather. A

sickly grayish hue, wind and rain. Tawny or coppery clouds wind. Dark or indian red, rain.

Red sky in morning, bad weather or much wind; grey - fine weather. A

'high dawn*, wind; a ’low dawn*, fair weather. A ’high dawn' when first indications of daylight are seen above a bank of clouds, a ’low dawn’ when the day breaks on or near the horizon, the first streaks of light being very low down. soft looking or delicate clouds foretell fine weather with moderate or light breezes. Hard-edged oily looking clouds foretell wind.

A dark gloomy blue sky is windy but a bright light blue sky indicates fine weather. Generally speaking, the softer clouds look, the less wind, but perhaps more rain may be ejected, and the harder, greasier, roils*, tufted or ragged they appear the stronger the coining wind will prove. Also, a aright yellow sky at sunset foretells wind; a pale yellow, wet. Orange or copper coloured, wind,and rain, and thus by the prevalence of red, yellow, green or other tints the coming weath6r may be foretold very nearly, indeed, if aided by instruments, almost exactly.

light, delicate, quiet tints or colours with soft forms of clouds indicate and accompany fine weather. But gaudy cr unusual vie s with hard definitely outlined clouds foretell rain and probably strong wind*.

Small inky looking clouds foretell rain, Light scud clouds driving across heavy masses show wind and rain; if -lone they indicate wind only, proportionate to their motion. High upper clouds crossing sun, moon or stars in a direction different from that of the lower clouds, or the wind then felt below, foretell a change of wind towards their direction, in middle latitudes these upper currents ore not so very frequent except before a change of weather.

After fine clear weather, the first signs in a sky of a coming change are usually light streaks, curls, whisps or mottled patches of white distant cloud, which increase and are followed by an overcasting by a murky vapour that grows in cloudiness. This appearance more or less oily or watery as wind or rain will prevail is an infallible sign.

Usually, the lighter and more distant such clouds seem to be, the more gradual but general the coming change of weather will prove. Misty clouds forming or hanging on heights show wind and rain coming if they remain, increaee or descend; if they rise or disperse the weather will improve or beccme fine.

Dew is indication of coming fine weather. Its formation never begins under an overcast sky or when there is much wind.

Remarkable clearness of atmosphere, especially near the horizon, distant objeets such as hills unusually visible or well defined or raised by refraction, and what is called a good ’hearing day’ may be mentioned among signs of wet if not wind to be expected in a short tima. Much refraction is a sign of easterly wind. Unusual twinkling of stars or apparent size of the stars, indistinctness or apparent duplication of the moon’ s Horns, are more or less significant of increasing wind if not approaching rain, with or without wind.

lighting in the N.W. in the North Atlc. tic never fails to be followed by a heavy gale from the same quarter.

Metabolism by Indirect Calorimetry,

(Douglas Haldane Method, )

t / * / * y

Observations.Detail.

I. II. III.

Subject.

Fore period.

Posture or work.

Time of Collection.

pressure.

Temperature.

Bag volume.

Corrected Bag volume

Ventilation per min.

Sample No.

Vol. of Sample.

- C0S

- Os

Vol. C02

Vol. 02

I CO 2

i 0S

N2

$ 02 inspiredICOp expired.

Respiratory Quotient

O2 used per min.

Cals. per litre 02

| Surface Area.

j Cals. per sq. meter per hr.

02 used.

! Metabolic Rate.

BEAUFORT SCALE.

BeaufortNumber.

General Limits of Velocities.

Description of wind.

For Coast use. For use on Land. Miles/hr.(Statute)

Metres/sec.

0 Calm. Calm. Calm. Smoke rises vertically.

Less than one

Less than

0*3

1 Light air. Fishing smack just has steerage way.

Direotion of wind shown by smoke drift but not by vanes.

1 - 3 0*3-1* 5

2 SlightBreeze.

Wind fills sails of Smacks which move from 1 - 3 M.P.H.

Wind felt on face; leaves rustle. Ordinary Vane moved by wind.

4 - 7 1*6-3*3

3 GentleBreeze.

Smacks begin to ■ heel over; travel

3 - 4 M.P.H.

Leaves and small twigs in constant motion. Wind extends a light flag.

8 - 1 2 3*4-5*4

4 ModerateBreeze.

Good working breeze. Smacks carry all coursee with good list.

Halses dust end loose paper; small branches are moved.

13 - 18 g.5-8*0

5 FreshBreeze.

Smacks shorten sail •

Small trees in leaf begin to sway, crested wavelets form on inland waters.

1 9 - 2 4 8*1-10*7

6 StrongBreeze,

Smacks double reel mainsail.

Large branches in motionWhistling in telegraph- wires. . « r

. to U> 1 P 10*8-13*8

7 High wind. Smacks remain in harbour.

Whole trees in motion. Inconvenience felt when walking against wind.

32-38 13*9-17*1

8 Gale. All Smacks make for harbour.

Breaks twigs off trees. Generally inpedes progress.

39 - 46 17*2-20*7

9 StrongGale.

Slight structional damage occurs.

47 -5 4 20*8-24*4

Trees uprooted. Considerable structiona damage.

X U tflfUOXO

Gale. L 55-63 24*5-28*4

i i Widespread damage. 64 - 75 28*5-33*5O U U ilU *

12 Hurricane. flmep 7 5 33-68 and abcre,

EXAMINATION FOR PHYSIC L FITNESS.

Measurements.

Record the foil’" details for each subject:-

Name;- Plane:-

Nationality:-

Occupation:-

Age: Date of birth:-(Give age in years and months - the latter a fraction of 12, e.g. 9 f 6/12 = 9 years 6 months).

Height

S itting H eight:-

W eight;-

Chest Measurement

Height:- Measured according to the following method:-Select a door or wooden wall. Take the tape measure provided, and with the

zero end touching the floor pin the tape to the bottom of the door by means of a drawing pin. Stand the child in stockinged feet with the heels together and touching the wall immediately under the tape measure. The buttocks, shoulder blades and occiput should then be allowed to touch the door. The head should be balanced evenly on the shoulders so that the eyes look straight forward. Then take the right angle piece provided and place it on the tape so that the shorter edge lies flat against the vertical tape and pointing upwards. The longer edge will then project outwards horizontally. By means of the fingers run the right angle piece up and dcTT. the surface of the tape until the lower surface of the longer edge just touches the pcalp of the child. This only requires a light but firm pressure, just sufficient to ionrpress the hair on the crown of the head. The hair should not be bunched up on the crown by means of a hair ribbon or similar appliance.

The reading of the tape at the point where it is obscured by the angle of thfc right angle piece is then carefully noted. Thus the correct height of the child is obtained. The child and the right angle piece should then be moved slightly away from the tape and thenreplaced for another reading. The same procedure should be carried out for a third time.

Three readings are thus obtained, Record each reading before proceeding to the next reading. Enter the height in inches, not in feet and inches.

Sitting HeightSit the child on the floor against the door so that the sacrum, shoulder

blades and occiput touch the door and the legs stretch out along the floor at right angles to the door. Take tho readings in the same way as described for stature*

WeightThe question of the suitability of the weighing machine which it is proposed

to use, is of fundamental importance. As w ighing machines vary so much in type and efficiency, it is felt impracticable to 1 >.y down rules for each type. The selection of the machine to be used is therefore left to the discretion of the examiner. It is suggested that he should consult the Inspector of weights and measures employed by his Authority. The Ins~^ .or will probably be ready to teat the machine for general efficiency and to check the register against a known accurate register so that a factor of error (if any) can be ascertained. This factor should then be applied to all weights taken. The machine should be re-teeted periodically.

T»o records of weight are asked for in order that the second record may be used as a check on the accuracy of the first. If any serious discrepancy is found, then a third record should be taken, and of the three records the two which are the most similar should be the ones selected.

It is sufficient to take the weight to the nearest 4 ounces.TBie amount of clothing worn by the child will obviously have a marked

influence on the accuracy of the measurement. The child should be wearing as little as is practicable, but not less than:-

Boys — Trousers and stockings.Girls — Knickers or drawers, together with ohemise or vest or combinations,

and stockings.A series of factors for this amount of olothing will be calculated by the

Committee and applied by them to each recorded weight.If, however, on grounds of expediency or for any other reason the

investigator permits the child to wear any garments additional to the above, he should enter the name of the additional garment '.n the space allocated for the purpose. In no case, however, should the child be weighed while wearing boots or jacket or frocks or similar heavy articles with wide variations in weight.

Chest Measurement:-The measurement should be taken by means of the tape provided. The

procedure is as follows:-The chest having been completely laid bare to the waist, both back and frcirt

the child is made to stand at "attention". With the examiner facing the child, the tape is then passed round the chest so that the tape passes over the lower angle of each scapula and across the 4th Intercostal space in front. This space will correspond to the nipples in boys, but may not in girls.

The tension of the tape should be firm, but not so firm as to pucker theskin.

The child is then asked to hold the arms straight up over the head and to count twenty aloud guifckly - all in the same breath. The measurement should be taken at the end of this period of expiratioh,

Ciree such measurements should be taken.

Note:-Record any abnormality or disease likely to influence the findings, e.g.

defects, defonnalities, or diseases which have been noted or mentioned by subject or parents.

Height and Weight Table

from Annual Report of Chief Medical Officer of the Board of

Education for the Year 1927.

Height (inches) Weight (pounds).

Ai5S.t _________________________________________________________________

Boys. Girls. Boys• Girls•

3 36.9 36.6 32.9 31.54 39.2 38.4 35.9 33.75 41.4 41.1 38.7 37.56 43.0 42.8 41.3 40.17 45.4 45.1 45.4 44.48 47.8 47.5 51.0 49.49 49.2 48.9 54.8 52.6

10 51.3 51.2 59.6 59.811 52.7 52.8 64.6 63.912 55.0 55.6 71.6 73.913 56.2 56.9 76.5 79.014 58.0 58.9 86. 1 88.215 61.8 62.5 99.3 106.816 66.0 62.2 118.0 106.517 66.4 63.4 122.6 112.318 68.5 63.3 128.8 118.4

Notes

’’There are a number of factors, racial, developmental, social and hygienic, which play an important part in determining the growth of the child and these factors cannot be disregarded when comparing the figures for one locality with those of another* Nevertheless, the norms for height and weight will at once be of value to School Medical Officers, School Nurses and Teachers in roughly estimating, for instance, the difference in weight between the normal healthy child and an individual child who appears to be undernourished."

London School of Hygiene and

Tropical Medicine. NQRTH ISLINGT0N INFANT WELFARE CENTRE

HOW TO KEEP HOUSE ON £3 PER WEEK FOR

HUSBAND, WIFE AND THREE CHILDREN. (8 , 6 , 3 years_)_^

CONCLUSIONS COME TO BY THE MOTHERS * COMMITTEE^_JULY 1929

£ s d 1 3 0

House rent and rates. 2 rooms......................... g QCoal, 1 cwt................................................ x 6Light ...... ................................................ .........1Firewood and matches ...... .......... ................... ^ ^Insurance. Death .... ................... .......

Sick Club......................... ........ * , 4National Health. Man...................... £ JTrade Union ................................ 5 Q

Clothes, renovations, tapes, cottons, etc.............. ^ QDoctors ............................................................oFares.................................. *.................. ........ 7Odds and ends and saving ........................ ....... x QSoap and soda ................. ...........................Blacking, black lead, shoe polish .................... .......... |Hearthstone................................. *...... *.............gS1 lb. Suet................... * • • .......................... ........ 53 lbs . Fish (white and herrings ) ................................. Q26 lbs . Bread and 3 lbs . flour c........*...... .................^f lb. Cheese ............................................. x 36 Eggs , f lb............................................... 5 e22 pints M i l k ............. • •••...................... d

s d Meat ® ^T“Tb Butter 1 3 3 lbs. beef roll at 9d. 2 3i lb! Lard H 2 . jewing beef. 1 0^.... 4 g1 lbe Dripping 8 2 lbs. Rabbit. ......"7777 ...... 2 3ir

Groceries Yeg_e t ab_les__B a k i n s P o w d e r 1 C a b b a g e s , 3 lbs.Custard Powder, i lb. 3^ Turnips, carrots, 1 lUeach 33 lbs. Oatmeal 9 Lettuces, 4 lb ---- ^ ^1 lb.Rice and Ground 0

r ice 3 P o t a t o e s , 9 .Lbs # • • • • • • • • • • ♦

I'p' lbs. Peas, beans ZE^lt . oand pearl barley 4 2 lbs. apples

rz *|“Uq 9 1 lb* o r a n g e s *T e a 6 S t e w i n g fruit, (taken as

fcLb. Cocoa 6 1 lb. prunes). --- 1 ......1 gSalt, pepper, etc. 22 lbs. jam. ___ 9^................................... 4g

£3 0 0

PERCENTAGES.Food.... . •••••••••••Rent«....... ......... .............................Fuel and Light••••••••••0Other itemsn........

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

MRS. W'S BUDGET FOR ONE WEEK.

Unemployment money 27/3.

Husband and wife and 2 children aged 6 and 8 .

RENT.

COALS

INSURANCES

GROCERIES

1 tin milk •| lb, tea1 lb. margarinex lb. Fry's Cocoa f lb. butter2 lbs. sugar5 eggs|r lb. dripping •g lb. currants OatmealGravy thickening

lb. butter6 Eggsx lb * butter 1 lb. flour •§■ lb. margarine

d.

356 64

53|3 1 14641—X2

HARDWARE

BREAD8 loaves at 3^d,

at 3d,MILK 7^ pintsFISH haddock1 lb, herring

November 1931

£ s . d.

10 01 0

2 7

s . d.

3 boxes matches 21 pkt, washing powder 2blue 1bar sunlight soap %bootpolish lg-floorpolish 3blacklead _____ 1

33

• 1 4

2 4

1 io¥

6O k

GREENGROCER

1 lb. onions 1 lb. carrot 1 lb. parsnips 1 lb e turnip 21b s * potatoes1 lb. cabbage2 lbs. potatoes 2 lbs. potatoes2 lbs. onions and

carrots

1“ii2 1| 2 2

BUTCHER

Veal bones ) Calf's foot) mince1 lb. rabbit Sausages

take as §lb veal

SUNDAY PAPER ...CAT■S MEAT.....CHICK'S FOOD CAMPHORATED OIL

335

3

253ir24-5-

£1 8 10|

PERCENTAGESPOOd........R e n t ••• •«C 1 O • # • « © » ! > $

PUO 1* •

"Other Items’®.** * -«*•«o

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

TABLE OP

A IXB II

POOD VALUES

Item

(from Pllmmer)

Weight

in grams.

C.H.O. Pro^ Pat Calories

Bread ( white )Custard Powder (cornflour)FlourOatmeal (medium)Rice (whole)Peas (split)CocoaSugar (white)JamPrunesApples (fresh)OrangesCabbageCarrotsLettucePotatoesTurnipsLard, Dripping Suet (beef)BeefRabbitPish (mean, white and herrings) EggsMilk (fresh)CheeseButterEvap. MilkMargarineCurrantsVealSausages (beef)ParsnipsHaddockHerring (fresh)

l b . 218.2 32.7 0.9 103711 397.3 3.6 0.4 1648ii 335.7 57.6 6.3 167211 317.5 54.0 39.0 1886ii 362.9 30.8 2.7 1640it 285.8 92.1 3.2 1579ii 182.8 82.1 121.6 2215ii 453.6 - mm 1860ii 314.8 1.4 mm 1296it 153.8 11.3 0.9 685ti 44.4 1.3 0.9 196ii 29.9 2 .7 0.4 137ti 28.6 6.6 0.45 149it 43.6 5.4 0.45 205ii 9.1 4.5 0.9 64ii 86.2 9.5 0.2 395ii 20.0 5.4 0.45 108ti

- 453.6 4219n - 5.4 423.2 3958ii mm 66.7 88.5 1096ti 0.4 56.7 20.4 424ii 64,8 23.4 484ti 6.3 50.3 45.8 659

p t . 27.2 18.7 20.4 378l b . 14.1 116.6 158.8 2011

ii- 0.9 376.5 3503

a 54.4 40.8 39.9 762N 0.9 384.7 3579ti 190.5 7.7 1.4 826n

. . 74.4 15.4 449ii 68.9 50.8 80.3 1238n 83.0 6.8 1.8 385ii M 54.4 0.9 232ii — 65.8 47.2 709

Collection Number: AD843

XUMA, A.B., Papers

PUBLISHER:

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Location:- Johannesburg

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