Intoxications aux cardiotoxiques et pédiatrie travail en ... · D. Goldgran-Tolédano, NEJM,...

42
1 Intoxication aux cardiotoxiques de l’enfant : prise en charge en réseau C. Bragança - M. Thicoïpe - SAMU 33 J. Naud - SMUR pédiatrique P.Chanseau - Centre Antipoison et de Toxicovigilance

Transcript of Intoxications aux cardiotoxiques et pédiatrie travail en ... · D. Goldgran-Tolédano, NEJM,...

1

Intoxication aux cardiotoxiques de l’enfant :

prise en charge en réseau C. Bragança - M. Thicoïpe - SAMU 33 J. Naud - SMUR pédiatriqueP.Chanseau - Centre Antipoison et de Toxicovigilance

2

GGéénnééralitralitééss• Substance cardiotoxique ≠ cardiotrope

– Substance pouvant être dépourvue d’indication cardiologique

– Ayant un tropisme cardiaque– Effet stabilisant de membrane ou toxicité cardiaque directe

• Mortalité élevée– 20 % vs < 2 % pour l’ensemble des intoxications

• Rare• Intoxication accidentelle du jeune enfant (10 %)• Intoxication volontaire de l’adolescent (90%)

Kremlin-Bicêtre 1997-2003: motif hospitalisation en réanimation pour intox = 2% des enfants du service10% >> jeunes enfants intox accidentelles (2/3 d’origine médicamenteuse)90% >> adolescents, intox volontaires 90% toxiques médicamenteux dans 50% cas poly-intoxications

3

PharmacologiePharmacologie

• Propriétés :– Toxicité dose dépendante– Délai d’apparition : 1 à 3 heures

(max 6h sauf LP et digitaliques)

• Médicaments :– Stabilisants de membrane– Inhibiteurs calciques– Digitaliques– Carbamates

4

Médicaments à effet stabilisant de membrane

(ESM) et inhibiteurs calciques

5

MMéédicaments dicaments àà ESMESM

Quinidine (quinomax®, serecor®)Flecaïnide (flécaine®)Lidocaïne (xylocaïne®)Phénytoïne (dihydan®, dilantin®)Disopyramide (rythmodan®)Propafénone (rythmol®)Nadoxolol (Corgard®)

Cibenzoline (cipralan®)

Anti-arythmiques de classe I

Propanolol (avlocardyl®)Acebutolol (sectral®)Pindolol (visken®)Labetalol (trandate®)Oxprenolol (trasicor®)Sotalol (sotalex®)

β-bloquants

Carbamazépine (tegretol®)Phénothiazines (melleril®)

DextropropoxyphèneCocaïne

Autres

Chloroquine, quinine

Antipaludéens

Amitriptyline (laroxyl®)Imipramine (tofranil®)Dosulepine (prothiaden®)Clomipramine (anafranil®)Desipramine (pertrofan®)Trimipramine (surmontil®)

Venlaflaxine (effexor®)Citalopram (seropram®)

ISRS

Antidépresseurs polycycliques

DSI toxiques :Béta bloquants: 2 études incluant 208 et 378 enfants < 7 ans ayant ingéré 1 à 2 cp de BB >> 80% ASSYMPTOMATQUES, aucune hypoglycémie, aucun TDR grave MAIS réserves émises sur Sotalol oùl’on conseille une surveillance de 12 à 24h en raison de risque de survenue de TDR au décours de bradycardies minimesINTOX SEVERES A GRAVES > 10 cpADPC: DSI ≤5 mg/kg assymptomatiques, 5 <doses toxiques≤20 mg , pronostic vital en jeu DSI ≥15 mg/kg

6

ESM : physiopathologieESM : physiopathologie

• « quinidine like »• Interaction de molécules

lipophiles avec les lipoprotéines de la bicouche phospholipidique des cellules excitables

• Blocage du flux sodique entrant lors de la phase 0 du potentiel d’action

• maxima d’ascension• PA

Effet inotrope, chronotrope, bathmotrope négatif, vasodilatation, arythmie

Blocage du flux sodique entrant par inhibition AMPc

ESM : clinique

• Délai d’apparition des troubles < 6h– Troubles de la conscience– Troubles respiratoires– Collapsus et troubles du rythme / de la conduction

• Association de toxidromes– ESM + Encéphalopathie anticholinergique :

Antidépresseurs polycycliques– ESM + Syndrome adrénergique : cocaïne– ESM + Syndrome opioïde : dextropropoxyphène

• ESM + signes neurosensoriels :– Antipaludéens de synthèse

Sd anticholinergique : tachycardie sinusale, mydriase, rétention urinaire, confusion, délire, hallucinations, ileus intestinal, sécheresse muqueuse, TDRSyndrome sympathicomimétique ou adrénergique : Fièvre, flush Tachycardie HTA, mydriase, sueurs, TDR

7

8

Aspects ECG de lAspects ECG de l’’ESMESM

Aplatissement ondes T

Allongement QT

Élargissement QRS

BAV

ESV, TSV ,tachycardie

jonctionnelleTorsade de pointe,TVBradyarythmie, asystole

9

Syndrome de Syndrome de BrugadaBrugada

D. Goldgran-Tolédano, NEJM, 2002;346:1591-2

A la découverte: Après perfusion de bicarbonates molaires:

Incidence : 15% parmi 98 intoxications graves aux ADTDisparition lorsque [ADT] < 1 µmol/l

10

Inhibiteurs calciquesInhibiteurs calciques

Amlodipine (amlor®)Nicardipine (loxen® et LP)Nifédipine (adalate® et LP, chronadalate® LP)Lercanidipine (lercan®, zanidip®)Felodipine (flodil® LP, logimax®)Isradipine (icaz® LP)Lacidipine (caldine®)Nitrendipine (baypress®,nidrel®)

Di-hydropyridines

Béta-adalate®

tenordate®

Aténolol + nifédipine

Tildiem®, bitildiem®, monotildiem® LPDiltiazem® LPDiacor® et LP

Diltiazem

Unicordium®

Bépridil

Isoptine® et LPOcadrik® LP et Tarka® LP+ Trandolapril

Vérapamil

Ingestion IC chez enfant < 6 ans = surveillance en milieu hospitalier0,5 h < symptômes < 3h , 1 h < formes LP < 14h ,4,5h en moyennesPlus faibles doses toxiques rapportées dans la littérature : nifédipine2,7 mg/kg, vérapamil 12 mg/kg, nicardipine 1,25 mg/kg , amlodipine , 0,4 mg/kg Effet cardiaques: vérapamil et diltiazem effets vasculaires : nifédipine et amlodipine

Inhibiteurs calciques : physiopathologie

• Mécanisme– Blocage entrée Ca2+

• phase 0 du PA dans les cellules cardiaques pace maker• Phase 2 pour les cellules contractiles

– Choc cardiogénique par effet inotrope, chronotrope, dromotrope négatif

– Vasoplégiant• Mortalité :

– précoce : 10%– Retardée par SDRA vers J3 (toxicité pulmonaire

des IC?)Sauder, Kopferschmitt, Kempf et Jaeger. Intoxications par les inhibiteurs calciques. Réanimation des intoxications aïgues. Paris, Masson 1995:140-9

11

12

MMéédicaments dicaments CadiotoxiquesCadiotoxiquesThThéérapeutique :rapeutique :

traitements conventionnels traitements conventionnels ththéérapeutiques drapeutiques d’’exceptionexception

13

Traitements conventionnelsTraitements conventionnels• Monitorage, O2, VVP

• Intubation et ventilation d’indications larges– Coma, convulsions– Collapsus même si sujet conscient, détresse respiratoire

• Remplissage vasculaire

• Alcalinisation : bicarbonate ou lactate de Na molaire– 1-2 ml/kg, max 350 ml– Systématique en cas de choc et/ou bloc de conduction

• Catécholamines– Adrénaline ++ si choc d’emblée sévère– Dobutrex, noradrénaline, Isuprel en fonction de la clinique

• Entrainement Electro Systolique– Bradycardie prédominante sans hypoTA

Epuration, dEpuration, déécontamination, contamination, antidotesantidotes

• Lavage gastrique :– Peu d’intérêt si toxiques carbo adsorbables

• Charbon :– Ingestion < 1 h sauf cas particuliers– Doses répétés si formes LP

• Antidotes :– Béta bloquants :

• Isuprel, dobutamine, glucagon– APS :

• Valium– Inhibiteurs calciques :

• Glucagon, sels de calcium• Insuline euglycémique

Insuline euglycémiqueQq cas d’utilisation en pédiatrie concomittente aux amines sels de ca et glucagon (Boyer, Duic,Evans. Hyperinsulinemia euglycemia therapy for IC; Pediatric emergency Care 2002 Feb; 18 (1), 36-7)

14

15

BBééta Bloquantsta Bloquants• Bradycardie sans chute TA :

– Atropine 20 μg/kg, Isuprel 0,1 μg/kg/min , EES

• Hypo TA + bradycardie :– Atropine 20 μg/kg– Remplissage– Echec :

• Dobutamine 10 μg/kg/min– Résistance à la dobutamine :

• Intubation et ventilation assistée• Glucagon 100 μg/kg IVL (2 à 3 min) en bolus renouvelable

puis entretien 70 μg/kg/h IVSE• Alcalinisation• Adrénaline (0,5 μg/kg/min) ou d’emblée si état de choc

majeur

16

APS : une stratAPS : une stratéégie validgie validééee

DSI PAS QRS CAT

Grave >25mg/kgou

< 70+(2xâge)ou

>0,10s

•REMPLISSAGE, BiNa, ADRÉNALINE•I/V/S•DIAZEPAM (0,5-1 mg/kg IVL 30 min puis 0,5-1 mg/kg/j

Modérée≥25mg/kget

≥70+(2xâge)et

≤0,10s

•DIAZEPAM (0,5 mg/kg IVL 30 min puis 0,5-1 mg/kg/j)

•Surveillance en réa

Bénigne <25mg/kget

≥70+(2xâge)et

≤0,10s•Surveillance en réa

• prise en charge maximaliste et préventive

Riou B, Rimailho A, Galliot M, Bourdon R, Huet Y. Protective caediovascular effects of diazepam in experimental acute chloroquine poisoning. Intensive Care Med 1988;14:610-6.Clemessy JL, Angel G, Borron SW, Ndiaye M, Le Brun F, Julien H, Galliot M, Vicaut E, Baud FJ. Thrapeutic trail of diazepam vrsus placebo in acute chloroquine intoxications of moderate gravity. Intensive Care med 2008;34:1448-53

Quinine, méfloquine et quinidine : même toxicitéHalofantrine : arythmie, TDR auriculaires et ventriculairesQT allongé >> torsades de pointesArthémisine : aucun cas de surdosage rapportésProguanil : troubles digestifs et hématuriePrimaquine : troubles du rythmeAmodiaquine : rares cas d’hépatite fulminante et agrabulocytose

Inhibiteurs calciques

• Bradycardie sans chute TA – Atropine,Isuprel, EES

• HypoTA + bradycardie– Intubation précoce – Remplissage– Amines

• Noradrénaline si vasoplégie prédominante• Dobutamine si choc cardiogénique prédominant• Adrénaline si incertitudes ou explorations impossibles

– Sels de calcium• CaCl2 10% (0,2 ml/kg IVL sur 10 min puis 0,2 ml/kg/h)

– Glucagon,Insuline euglycémique

Insuline euglycémique :1 UI/kg en bolus + 25 g de glucose IV bolus, en entretien : 0,5 à 1 UI/kg/h et 15 à 30 g/h de glucose en fonction des dextro

17

18

1. Arrêt cardiaque persistant2. État de choc réfractaire : hypoTA, malgré remplissage + bicarbonates

M ≥350 mL + adrénaline ≥0,5 μg/kg/min (3mg/h chez l’adolescent) + glucagon ≥70 μg/kg/h (pour béta-bloquants)

3. Défaillance respiratoire : PaO2/FiO2≤150 mmHg en VC + sédaté

4. Défaillance rénale : diurèse ≤0,5 ml/kg/h ou 20 ml/h chez l’adolescent ou insuffisance rénale biologique

5. Choc cardiogénique : échocardiographie (FRS < 30%) ou KT (IC ≤2,5 l/min/m2 et PAPO ≥18 mm Hg).

Critères prédictifs de décès malgrétraitement bien conduit

Si 1 ou 2+3 ou 2+4 … + 5 si réalisable

ACR et toxique à ESM-IC

• Cas particulier de l’ACR devant une équipe médicale

– Réanimation cardio pulmonaire– Alcalinisation précoce– Dispositif de massage cardiaque automatique– Transport médicalisé en ACR– Assistance circulatoire périphérique

• Limites:– Géographiques– Dispositif MCE

19

Assistance circulatoire

• Pour qui ?– Choc cardiogénique réfractaire– ACR survenant devant une équipe médicale débutant

immédiatement une réanimation cardio pulmonaire

• Où ?– Service rompu à la technique de l’assistance circulatoire

(chirurgie cardiaque)

• Comment ?– Mise en place de procédures– Coopération inter-services

20

Massage cardiaque externe automatisé

• Autopulse® Zoll– Massage cardiaque externe par striction

• Limitations d’utilisation chez l ’enfant : poids > 35 kg• 2 études françaises• Faible population des échantillons

21

22

MCE par striction

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

23

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

MCE par striction

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

24

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

MCE par striction

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

25

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

MCE par striction

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

26

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

MCE par striction

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

27

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

MCE par striction

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

28

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

MCE par striction

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

29

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

MCE par striction

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

30

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

MCE par striction

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

31

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

MCE par striction

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

32

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

MCE par striction

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

33

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

MCE par striction

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

34

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

MCE par striction

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

35

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

MCE par striction

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

36

Compressions

mécaniques

circonférentielles

Compressions

manuelles

uni-directionnelles

MCE par striction

What is the optimal manual compression rate?A quote from the AHA Guidelines:“There is insufficient evidence from human studies to identify a single optimal chest compression rate. Animal and

human studies support a chest compression rate of >80 compressions per minute to achieve optimal forwardblood flow during CPR.” (IV-25)

• The AHA and ERC set the compression rate for manual chest compressions to 100 cpm in order to compensate for the need to achieve a 50% duty cycle (the percent of time the heart is under active compression versus relaxation).

Why does the AutoPulse® run at 80 compressions/minute? Cardiac Pump Thoracic Pump Compresses mainly the heart Compresses the entire chest

It is all based on optimizing blood flow and being within guidelines. The important overview is that the AutoPulse delivers circumferential chest compressions as opposed to a single point of compression.

• The AutoPulse technique of compressions has shown to improve blood flow with a key element being enough chest relaxation time to enhance venous return.

• Here are the important points on why AutoPulse improves blood flow. The references are listed below. • The AutoPulse compression rate is within the guidelines of 80 – 100 per minute.• The AutoPulse will automatically size the chest and deliver 20% circumferential chest compressions.• Instead of the heart being compressed between the sternum and the spine, the entire chest is compressed.

During thoracic compression the intrathoracic volume is reduced, increasing intrathoracic pressure therefore, compressing the heart, collapsing the thoracic arteries, veins and atria driving blood forward.

• With a duty cycle of 50% and 80 compressions per minute, it allows time for good venous return resulting in improved blood flow.

Important studies that show improved blood flow with AutoPulse are:Halperin HR et al. JACC. 2004;44(11):2214-20 Ikeno F et al. Resuscitation. 2006;68:109-118 Timerman S et al. Resuscitation. 2004;61:273-280

Monitorage, 02 , VVP, ECGCharbon activé 1g/kg/LG si non carbo-adsorbable

Traitements spécifiques du toxique

Bradycardie / BAV isolé HypoTA ACR devant médecin

Atropine:Adulte: 3 mg max

Enfant 20µg/kgIsuprel:

Adulte:adapter à la FCEnfant:0.1 µg/kg/min

EES

Vasoplégie prédominante:Noradrénaline

Baisse de l’inotropismeDobutamine

Remplissage HEAadulte: 500 à 1000 ml

Enfant 20 ml/kg

Assistance circulatoire périphérique

RCP (±autopulse)I / V

Adrénaline± CEE

Bicar molaires

Choc Cardiogénique

Choc Cardiogénique Réfractaire

Evaluation hémodynamique(en milieu spécialisée: USI)

ISR/IOTAdrénaline SE, Bicarbonates molaires (adulte 375 ml, enfant 1 ml/kg max 350 ml)

37

Digitaliques

• Physiopathologie– Inhibition pompe Na+/K+- ATPase membranaire

• Augmentation de l’automaticité des fibres de Purkinje• Baisse de la conduction et de la periode réfractaire des cellules

atriales et ventriculaires• Déplétion potassique intracellulaire

• Délai apparition anomalies cardiovasculaires > 6è

heure après l’ingestion– Anomalies ondes T– Cupule digitalique, raccourcissement QT– Bradycardie sinusale– Troubles de conduction sino auriculaire et auriculo

ventriculaire– Troubles du rythme ventriculaire

38

39

Antidotes

Quantité de digitalique à neutraliser = quantité supposée ingérée en mg x 0,6

1 flacon de Digidot® neutralise 1 mg de digoxine1 flacon de Digibind® neutralise 0,5 mg de digoxine

• neutralisation prophylactique ou semi molaire

•Devant 3 facteurs :• Sexe masculin• Antécédents cardio vasculaires• BAV >1 er degré ou bradycardie < 50 résistante àl’atropine• K+ > 4,5 mmol/l

• neutralisation curative ou équimolaire• devant un seul facteur

• Arythmies ventriculaires (TV, FV)

• Bradycardie résistante àl’atropine:

• K+ > 5 mmol/l• Infarctus mésentérique• Choc cardiogénique

Bradycardie résistante à l’atropine: < 75 bpm avant 1 an; < 60 bpm avant 6 ans; < 40 bpm après 6 ans

Pau

Bordeaux

Périgueux

Villeneuve/Lot

2 fl.

36 fl.

1 fl.

6 fl.

Disponibilité des AC antidigitaliques en Aquitaine

In thèse de médecine G Jammes 2007

40

41

• Coma calme hypotonique :Parfois: coma hypertonique (10%), mydriase, syndrome pyramidal

• Collapsus dose-dépendant à QRS fins :- hypovolémique- vasoplégique- cardiogénique

•Traitement :- Décontamination digestive par charbon activé- Remplissage modéré- Catécholamines: dobutamine voire adrénaline - Hémodialyse - Assistance circulatoire (exceptionnelle)

Intoxication aux carbamates

Conclusion

• Intoxications rares mais graves• Augmentation incidence prévisible• Procédures de prise en charge et d’orientation

- Information- Concertation- Travail en réseau

Série Bordelaise: 7 patients, 6 ECLS, 4 récupération ad integretum, 2 décès (une patiente en mort cérébrale, avait fait ACR avant arrivée des secours, l’autre en défaillance multiviscérale MCE automatisé > 1h)

42