gilgameSiani - Reso Kiknadzereso-kiknadze.de/bua/gilgameSiani.pdf · qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris...

gilgameSiani

gil

gameS

iani

Georgian Book Support Foundation

qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi

GilgameshThe Ancient Mesopotamian Epic

From Akkadian and Sumerian translated by Zurab Kiknadze

TbilisiMemkvidreoba

2009

mxatvarinugzar meZmariaSvili

qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi “memkvidreoba”

fondis saqmianobas nivTierad uzrunvelyofs giorgi leJava

© zurab kiknaZe, 2009 ISBN 978-9941-9106-0-9 © “memkvidreoba”, 2009

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gilgameSis eposi

qalaqi

“gilgameSianis” _ Suamdinaruli eposis asparezi moicavs qalaqs da mis gareT Soreul sivrces, teritorias qveynis kidis miRma. gmi-ris gza qalaqSi iwyeba da qalaqSive, mis galavanTan mTavrdeba. aseve Zveli epikosi Tavis poemas qalaqis qebiT iwyebs da qebiTve amTavre-bs. amitomac, sanam uSualod eposze da mis personaJebze daviwyebdeT saubars, visaubroT Sumeris qalaqze da qalaqebze, sadac namdvilad dairwa civilizaciis, SesaZloa, pirveli akvani.

IV aTaswleulis bolosTvis, roca damwerloba pirvel nabijebs dgamda, Sumeris 2-3 milioniani mosaxleoba TxuTmetiode mcire da mo-zrdil, erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoSi iyo ganawi-lebuli. sakuTar landSaftTan, sakulto da kulturul tradiciebTan erTad, rac maT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebda, maTTvis saerTo iyo:

tipuri sistema qalaq-saxelmwifos Sida mowyobisa; yvelasaTvis saerTo kulti enlilisa nipurSi, romelic warmoadgenda mTeli Sumeris religiur da nacionalur centrs; saerTo saxelwodeba mTe-li mosaxleobisa – “SavTavianebi” (Sum. sang-giga), rac Semdgom se-mituri modgmis xalxzec gavrcelda da, bolos, mTeli kacobriobis saxelwodebad iqca; saerTo ena da saerTo warmoSobis damwerloba,

vuZRvnilamara gvaramaZes

ana aSaTi ina xud libbi

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romelsac, farTo arealze gavrcelebis miuxedavad, identuroba ar daukargavs, masTan erTad saerTo ganaTlebis sistema, skolebis (e-duba) qseliT warmodgenili, cxadia, adgilobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT; bolos, rac mTavaria, erTiani sarwyavi sistema, romelic yvela qalaq-saxelmwifos sazrunavi iyo, radgan am erTia-ni qselis wesrigze da gamarTulobaze iyo damokidebuli TiToeuli maTganis keTildReoba.

qalaqi, romelsac am Cvens narkvevSi movixilavT, zogadic aris da kerZoc, saxeldobr uruqi _ Cveni eposis gmiris samSoblo. igi, rogorc yvela sxva qalaqi, mdinarisa Tu arxis napirzea gaSenebuli, gars akravs daba-soflebi, Ria dasaxlebani, romelTaTvisac qalaqi warmoadgens religiur, ideologiur, ekonomiur da politikur cen-trs. qalaqis struqtura, Tu mas TvalsaCinoebisTvis koncentruli wreebis saxiT warmovidgenT, Semdegi iqneba:

pirveli wre _ es aris sakuTriv qalaqi (uru), romelsac realu-radac daaxloebiT wris forma aqvs: igi SemozRudulia galavniT, romelic misi imedi da siamayea: igi icavs mas momxduri momTabare tomebis Semosevisgan da aZlevs mas xilvad formas, ganasxvavebs ra da gamoyofs mas usazRvro garesamyarosgan. galavani qalaqis Rirs-SesaniSnaobaa, misi SesaZleblobis maqsimumi, rac mas qalaqad aqcevs. galavans SigniT da galavans gareT _ gansxvavebuli sivrceebia. erT-erTi Sumeruli qalaqis uruqis ori epiTeti ori sxvadasxva kuTxiT gansazRvravs mas, rogorc qalaqs: “galavniani uruqi” da “moedniani uruqi”. wre centrs moiTxovs da es centri, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi ara geometriuli, qalaqSi taZris saxiT aris warmodgenili. taZris gar-Semo Tavs ikrebs ara mxolod sakulto-religiuri, aramed sameurneo cxovrebac. arqaul xanaSi yvelaferi, rac qalaqs abadia _ savargu-lebi, saqoneli, baR-venaxebi, saZovrebi, arxebi sataZro sakuTrebaa.

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TiToeul qalaqs Tavisi sakuTari panTeoni aqvs qalaqis mTavari mfarveli RmerTiT saTaveSi, romelic, rogorc wesi, enlilis Zea. yovel qalaqs hyavs mfarveli deda-qalRmerTi, romelic ganasaxie-rebs qalaqs, moqalaqeni ki _ misi Svilebi arian. iseve, rogorc bevr sxva civilizaciaSi, SumerSic qalaqi dedruli saxiT aris warmodge-nili, romelic Tavis kalTaSi ifarebs moqalaqeebs. am aspeqtSi qala-qis qalRmerTis epiTetia “mravali Svilis deda” (ama-dumu-dumu-ne). “Svili” (dumu) SumerSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan, Tavisufali adamianis metaforaa, Tavisuflebas mxolod dedis (resp. qalaqis) wiaRSi hpo-veben. amitomac am enaSi Sesityveba “dedasTan dabruneba” (ama-ar-gi) “Tavisuflebis” aRmniSvnel idiomad iqca. sanam tyveobas Tavdaxsnili dumu ar SeaRwevs qalaqis kedlebs SigniT da simbolurad ar dadebs Tavs dedis (ama) kalTaSi, ar CaiTvleba Tavisuflad. amrigad, yove-li qalaqi dasaxlebulia misi SvilebiT anu Tavisufali moqalaqee-biT da sxvadasxva gradaciis araTavisufali xalxiT, romlebic sxva-Ta da sxvaTa garemoebaTa (gaRatakeba, valis gadauxdeloba, tyveoba, motaceba, ltolvileba...) mizeziT gadadian am kategoriaSi. amrigad, qalaqs hyavs mis wiaRSi, qalRmerTis kalTaze, dabadebulni RviZli Svilebi, mkvidrebi, romlebic floben sakuTrebaSi uZrav qonebas da monawileobas iReben qalaqis politikur cxovrebaSi, da qalaqs hyavs gerebi, xiznebi, monebi Tu moxarkeni, romelTac ar gaaCniaT amgvari memkvidreobiTi sakuTreba, ris gamoc moklebulni arian mkvidro-bis statuss. mkvidroba anu Tavisufleba dabadebiT eniWeba adamians, magram igi SeiZleba ewyalobos mas sagangebo ritualiT, romelic dedis saSodan dabadebis imitaciaSi mdgomareobs (Svilad miRebis ri-tuali aRwerilia “gilgameSianSi”).

Tavdapirvelad, winaredinastiur an damwerlobamdel da Semdgom adredinastiur xanaSi (Zv. w. XIX s.-mde), qalaqs (uru) marTavda

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sakrebulo (unqen), romelic Sedgeboda ori “palatisgan” _ senatis-gan anu uxucesTa (abba) sabWosgan da moymeTagan (guruS). uxucesebi, rogorc saxeli mowmobs (abba Sum. “mamebi”), didi ojaxebisa Tu sa-gvareuloebis meTaurebi anu maTi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. xolo moymeni, guruSebi _ es sityva zogadad axalgazrda mamakacs aRniS-navs _ iaraRis tarebis SemZleni. Tu uxucesebis bageTagan rCeva ga-modioda, guruSebi realurad axorcielebdnen am rCevas. uxucesTa iaraRi sityva iyo, moymeTa ki _ fizikuri Zala. rogorc romaeli patriciebi (mamaTa mcodneni) iyvnen qalaqis mamaTa Svilebi, aseve moymeni qalaqis uxucesTa memkvidreebi iyvnen. moymeobis asakis (anu, socialur planSi: statusis) gasvlis Semdeg isini uxucesTa sabWo-Si TavianTi mamebis adgilebze gadainacvlebdnen. eqstremalur da krizisul viTarebebSi sakrebulo irCevda winamZRols, belads, mxe-darTmTavars, lugals anu “did kacs”, romelic, rogorc wesi, moy-meTa wridan iyo.

lugali qarizmatuli winamZRoli iyo: erTaderTi niSani, risTvi-sac mas xalxi irCevda, mxneoba da siqvele iyo, rac adamianebSi ndobas da darwmunebulobas iwvevda, rom arCeuli adamiani qveyanas krizisi-dan gamoiyvanda. magram amomrCevelma isic icioda, rom es Tvisebebi ara imdenad misi Tandayolili pirovnuli Rirsebebi iyo, ramdenadac qalaqis panTeonis wyaloba mis mimarT. qalaqis RvTaebebi, TiToeuli maTgani Tavis sferoSi, lugals aniWebdnen yvelafer imas, rac auci-lebeli iyo winamZRolisTvis. xarizma am niWTa erTobliobaa, romle-bsac is atarebda, vidre qalaqis panTeoni swyalobda mas.

qalaqis mefes religiuri funqciebic akisria. zogierT qalaqSi es funqciebi win aris wamoweuli anu ar aris mkveTri zRvari samoqala-qo da religiur xelmZRvanelobas Soris. aseTi gamgebeli ensis wode-bas atarebs. en-si(g) SeiZleba niSnavdes etimologiurad “saZirkvlis

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ufals”, igulisxmeba taZris saZirkveli, rac imas niSnavs, rom qalaqis miwieri patroni taZars uyris safuZvels; is principulad taZris mSe-nebelia (uZvelesi romis qurumis saxelwodeba pontifeqs, rac “xidis mSenebels” niSnavs, aseve religiur moRvaweobasTan aris dakavSire-buli: qurumi agebs simbolur xids, romelic amqveyniur da miRmur samyaroebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan).

garda RmerTebis samsaxurisa, mefe-qurums aqvs kidev ori fun-qcia, romelic asaxavs Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa meurneobis saxeebs: igi Tavisi xalxis, romlis patronadac panTeonis mTavarma RmerTma (qalaqis zeciurma patronma) ganawesa, erTdroulad mwyem-sic aris da miwaTmoqmedic. aman asaxva hpova mis titulaturaSi: igi aris, Sesabamisad, sipa da engar. rogorc mwyemsi (sipa), is valde-bulia, saukeTeso sacxovrisi mouZios Tavis samwysos (“SavTaviane-bs”). arqauli xanis sabeWdavebze Zroxebis win gamosaxulia lugali Tu ensi, romelsac maTken TavTavebi aqvs gawvdili. is aris Tavisi xalxis “WeSmariti mwyemsi” (sipa-zi). rogorc engari (miwismuSaki), mefe-qurumi axorcielebs qveynis guTnisdedis movaleobas, am si-tyvis farTo azriT. mas ara mxolod pirveli xnuli gahyavs yana-Si, aramed axali arxis gayvanac an arsebulis ganaxlebac evaleba. arxebze zrunva qveynis keTildReobaze zrunvis realuri da sim-boluri gamoxatulebaa. mefis koronaciis teqstSi prioritetulad swored es saqmianobaa wamoweuli (“vin gaTxris arxs, vin gaTxris arxs?” am ritorikuli sityvebiT iwyeba teqsti, romelic axali me-fis gamefebas auwyebs). mSvidobiani xanis mwyemsi da guTnisdeda omianobis dros samxedro meTaurad evlineba xalxs.

arqaul xanaSi arCeuli lugali, rogorc ki krizisi daiZleoda, rigiT moymeobas ubrundeboda. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi, gamudme-buli saSiSroebis pirobebSi, arCeviTi lugaloba (nam-lugal) memkvi-

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dreobiT mefobaSi gadadis. safuZvlianad icvleba mefobis koncepcia: am dros panTeonis mier arCeuli lugalis xarizma mis memkvidreebzec gadadis da ukve dinastiac xarizmebiT aRWurvili xdeba. dinastiis xa-rizma gadadis mis yovel wevrze TaobebSi. amrigad, yoveli pirmSo dabadebiTve ziarebulia mefobis xarizmas. da isev, sanam panTeoni an misi meTauri swyalobs da keTili TvaliT uyurebs dinastias, misi yo-veli warmomadgenlis warmateba garantirebulia. da rogorc yovel mefes aqvs imTaviTve gansazRvruli bala (zeobis xangrZlovoba), aseve yovel dinastias aqvs sakuTari bala, romlis manZilze is axorciele-bs qveynis patronobas.

mefobis institutma sasaxle (e-gal “saxli didi”) daupirispira ta-Zars (e-dingir “saxli RvTisa”), romelic warmoadgenda qalaqis yvela ganzomilebis centrs, da sabolood misi uzurpacia moaxdina. sataZro meurneobis gverdiT gaCnda samefo meurneoba, ris Sedegadac qalaqis Svilebi (dumu-dumu), romlebic rogorc Tavisufali meTemeni, Cabmu-li iyvnen mis meurneobaSi, mefis uuflebo da umkvidro msaxurebi aR-moCndnen.

droTa viTarebaSi lugali RvTaebrivi auriT imoseba. Suamdina-reTis istoriam icis gaRmerTebuli mefeebi da dinastiebi. gaRmerTe-bulni iyvnen aqadis dinastiis mefeebi _ Sar-qali-Sari (“mefe yvela mefeTa”), naram-sini (“mTvaris RmerTis nandauri”), romelic “aqadis RmerTadac” iwodeba. GgaRvTaebrivebulia uris III dinastiis mefe Sulgi (Zv. w. XXI s.) da yvela misi momdevno mefe am dinastiidan. Tu lagaSis ensis gudeas warweraSi misi xarizmatuloba tradiciis obie-qturi faqtia, romelic misi pirovnuli TvisebebiT ar aris ganpiro-bebuli, RvTaebis rangSi aRzevebuli Sulgi Tavs nebas aZlevs, iamayos am xarizmebiT, rogorc Tandayolili madliT:

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“me mefe var, (dedis) saSoTganve gmiri var, Sulgi var, SobiTganve Zlieri mamri var...brwyinvale anis (cis RmerTis) gulSi arCeuli var, enlilis mier bedgadawyvetili var...”

qalaqis meore wre. galavans gareT qalaqs uSualod ekvris savargu-lebi _ saxnav-saTesi, samiwaTmoqmedo teritoria (a-gar, gana)... qalaqi galavniT aris SemozRudul-daculi, xolo saxnav-saTesi miwebi daucve-lia. isini momTabare urdoebis mudmivi samiznea: isini moiswrafvian yanebisken, vidre miwismuSakebs mosavali ar auRiaT, raTa Serekon Ta-vianTi jogebi yanebSi. Cveulebriv, yanebSi qalaqis an dabebis mkvidrTa saqoneli mosavlis aRebis Semdeg Zovs. am TiTqos simboluri aqtiT qalaq-saxelmwifos farglebSi mSvidobianad Tanaarsebobs meurneobis ori fundamenturi sfero _ mwyemsoba da miwaTmoqmedeba. mwyemsobam didi xania ukan moitova momTabaruli xana da mkvidrobaze gadavida. magram Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifo, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is qveynis ganapi-ras mdebareobs, magaliTisTvis, evfratispira ganTqmuli uri, nomadu-ri tomebis Semosevis mudmivi safrTxis winaSe iyo.

da, rac yvelaze metad aris mosafrTxilebeli da gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagani, es arxebia, Suamdinaruli civilizaciis udidesi, Tumc efemeruli monapovari, romelic seravs qalaq-saxelmwifos mTels te-ritorias da qmnis mis ganumeorebel landSafts, rasac yvelaze metad atyvia adamianis xeli. maTi funqcionirebis saukeTeso xanaSi arxebi Tavisi mravalricxovani ruebis Tu rusxmulebis meSveobiT ara mxo-lod arwyulebdnen marCenal niadags, aramed qalaq-saxelmwifos Sig-niT da qalaq-saxelmwifoTa Soris komunikaciis saukeTeso saSuale-ba iyo. arxebiT ukavSirdebodnen erTmaneTs ara mxolod adamianebi Temidan TemSi, dabidan dabaSi, qalaqidan qalaqSi, aramed RmerTebic

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arxebis meSveobiT stumrobdnen erTmaneTs (am stumrobaTa amsaxveli Janric ki Seiqmna Sumerul literaturaSi).

qalaqis mesame wre. yanebi gadadis saZovrebSi... es udabnos piria, sadac miwas mwiri mcenareuli safarveli mosavs. aq cxovroben mwyem-sebi zustad imgvaradve Tav-TavianT binebSi, rogorc dRes, sadac mwyemsuri kultura jer kidev boginobs.

qalaqis meoTxe wre. saZovrebs iqiT sanadiro sanaxebia: aq Zoven qurcikis, kanjaris jogebi. monadires am adgilebSi gaTxrili aqvs or-moebi, dagebuli aqvs xafangebi... es xelsawyoebi mis samonadireo osta-tobasTan erTad, aris kulturis is minimumi, romliTac qalaqi udabnos pirze amkvidrebs Tavs da ukacriel tramalebs upirispirdeba.

qalaqis mexuTe wre. udabno (eden). sanadiro adgilebi SeumCne-vlad gadadis udabnoSi... es unayofo zonaa, aq mkvdaria sicocxle. qalaqs, mis Semogarens, aqedan moelis xifaTi rogorc adamianTa-gan, ise mxecTagan da stiqiisgan, rogoric aris samxreTis xorSaki qari, romelsac moaqvs mxurvaleba da qviSa. bunebas maTi saxiT ieriSi moaqvs kulturaze, romelsac qalaqi Tavisi zonebiT gana-saxierebs da am zonebiTve icavs Tavs. aq binadroben, Tu miTosSi gadavinacvlebT, demonebi, itimebi da udugebi, romlebic Tavs esx-mian adamianebs da asneuleben.

istoria

Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa istoria SeiZleba ramdenime perio-dad daiyos:

idiliuri warsuli, romelic miTosma Semoinaxa. Sumereli “is-toriosofi” amgvarad uyurebs warsuls: Tavdapirvelad qalaqebi

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erTmaneTTan TanxmobaSi iyvnen, cidan Camosuli mefoba, romelic moicavs kulturis cnebasac, mSvidobianad gadadioda erTi qalaqi-dan meoreSi: eridudan badTibiraSi, badTibiradan larakSi, lara-kidan siparSi, siparidan SurupakSi. Zveli koncepciiT, mefoba er-Tia da amitomac gamoricxulia erTdrouli mefobani. mefobas qa-laq SurupaqSi mouswro warRvnam. warRvnis Semdgom mefoba kvlav cidan Camovida da pirveli qalaqi, sadac aRdga igi miwis pirisagan warxocil civilizaciasTan erTad, iyo qiSi. civilizacia ki aRdga, magram amieridan mefoba brZoliT gadadis erTi qalaqidan meore-Si. morigeobis warRvnamdel saSualebas _ Tanxmobas cvlis iaraRi _ rkina.

metoqeobis periodi. qalaq-saxelmwifoTa urTierTobaSi Cndeba bzari: hegemoniis pretenziiT morigeobiT Tavs wamoyofs xan erTi, xan meore qalaq-saxelmwifo. Tumca damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwi-foTa erTi xelmwifebis qveS moqcevis mcdelobebi warumartebelia. verc erTi qalaqi amas ver axerxebs. erT-erTi dawinaurebuli qa-laqis _ umas mefe mxolod droebiT ipovebs qveynis mefis tituls (lugal-qalama). metoqeoba, urTierTundobloba, gauTavebeli br-Zola yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg, urTierTawiokeba (ris magaliTad ikmarebs teqsti, romelic mogviTxrobs uma-qalaqis mier lagaSis aklebas), sabolood, katastrofis winaSe ayenebs arxebis sistemas, romlis simrTele TiToeul qalaqSi gamaval arxzea damokidebuli. sxva obieqtur da subieqtur faqtorebTan erTad, romlebic saer-Tod iwvevs imperiis warmoSobas, SumadinareTis pirobebSi ara-naklebi iyo faqtori arxebze zrunvisa, rac axal pirobebSi centra-lizebuli xelisuflebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. Sumeris qveyana unda gamoTxoveboda damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoTa mamapapur sistemas. roca damwerlobis meoxebiT istoriis konturebi gamoCn-

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da, werilobiTma dokumentebma aCvena omis mdgomareoba, romelSic Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoebi imyofebodnen.

imperiis periodi. qalaq-saxelmwifoTa erTi xelmwifebis qveS gaerTianeba mxolod gareSe ZaliT moxerxda. pirvelad aqadeli sar-goni (daaxl. Zv. w. 2316-2261) ipyrobs Sumerul qalaqebs da aarsebs pirvel imperias, romelic as wels gastans. meored uris III dinastia (Zv. w. XXII-XXI ss.) itvirTavs am amocanas. mis dros adgilobrivi mefeebi da ensiebi imperators damorCilebuli “gubernatorebi” xde-bian. Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa TavisTavadoba im saxiT, rogora-dac klasikur xanaSi arsebobda, samudamod Cabarda warsuls.

rac ar unda iTqvas qalaq-saxelmwifoTa TviTkmarobis da damou-kideblobis sasargeblod, istoria Zalauflebis erT xelSi moqcevis mxareze iyo. Sida da gare procesebi imperiebis warmoqmnas uwyob-da xels. istoriis suli gansxvavebuli saSualebebiT aRwevda amas _ Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa SemTxvevaSi es iyo arxebze zrunva, rac mefeTa erT-erTi miucilebeli movaleoba iyo. istoriam aCvena, rom tigros-evfratis auzSi irigaciis SenarCunebis erTaderTi piroba qalaq-saxelmwifoTa Soris mSvidobiani urTierToba iyo. saocnebo mSvidoba ki erTi mbrZanebeli xelis gareSe miuRweveli iyo.

imperias SuamdinareTis politikur istoriaSi Seuqcevadi xasiaTi mieca. sargonis, uris III dinastiis, babilonis, aSuris, kvlav babilo-nis, aqemeniduri iranis, aleqsandre makedonelis imperiebi memkvi-dreobis principiT erTmaneTs enacvlebian am miwaze. TiToeuli impe-ria iyo civilizaciis erTgvari Sejameba Secvlil viTarebaSi da, ama-vdroulad, misi axali safexuric, erTgvari pasuxi warsulis mimarT. TiToeul maTgans Tavisi ganmsazRvreli niSani hqonda.

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galavniani uruqi da misi mefeni

mdinare evfratis qvemo welze, mis marjvena napiras, mdebareob-da Zveli Sumeruli qalaqi uruqi (unug). igi idga qveynis ganapiras: samxreTiT da dasavleTiT mis sanaxebs ukacrieli udabno ekra, cxeli qarebisa da momTabare urdoebis saTareSo, magram es ar abrkolebda am qalaqs, rom uxsovari droidan vidre Zveli welTaRricxvis dasas-rulamde intensiuri kulturuli cxovrebiT ecxovra. adgilobrivi gadmocemis Tanaxmad am qalaq-saxelmwifos mefes, legendarul enmer-qars, mzis Svilad wodebuls, Seuqmnia damwerloba _ “naTqvami sityva solebad uqcevia, Tixis zedapirze aRubeWdavs”, _ damwerloba, rome-lic mTels Sumers moedo da mis farglebsac Sors gascda. am soli-seburi (sxvanairad: lursmuli) niSnebiT Caiwera, oRond gacilebiT gvian, ukve istoriul xanaSi, Sumeruli miTosi da Tqmulebebi, romel-Ta umetesoba swored uruqis sazogadoebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

uruqi gamorCeulia Sumeris sxva qalaq-saxelmwifoTagan, pirvel rigSi, imiT, rom misi patroni qalRmerTia, qalaqi inana-iSTaris kal-Tas aris Sefarebuli, riTac konceptualuri igiveoba dedasa da qala-qs Soris aq praqtikulad aris xorcSesxmuli. qalRmerTi aris uruqis civilizaciis damafuZnebeli, rogorc mogviTxrobs miTosi inanas mo-gzaurobisa okeanis siRrmeSi, sibrZnis RmerTis enqis samflobeloSi, saidanac mas Tavisi sapatronebeli qalaqisTvis moaqvs civilizaciis sawyisebi.

meore Tavisebureba am qalaqisa is aris, rom qalaqis mefe Cabmu-lia sakraluri qorwinebis miTosur dramaSi. uruqis mefe, miTosuri dumuzis rolSi, euRleba inanas taZris qurum-qals, romelic am dros qalRmerTs ganasaxierebs. maTi yovelwliuri SeuRleba qalaqis samo-mavlo keTildReobis saimedo garantiaa. dumuzi-inanas miTosi uru-

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qis mefobis legitimaciis mwvervalia. uruqis mefes SeeZlo dumuzis sityvebi gaemeorebina: “me ubralo kaci ar var, me inanas qmari var”.

mesame niSani uruqis gamorCeulobisa misi literaturuli (epikuri) tradicaa.

uruqelma rafsodebma mTels SumerSi gauTqves saxeli mis mkvidrT _ enmerqars, lugalbandas da gilgameSs, _ romelTa saxelebi erTma-neTis miyolebiT ixsenieba uruqis e. w. I dinastiis mefeTa siaSi.

am sami mefis garSemo sinamdvilisa da miTosuris erTmaneTTan Se-zavebiT droTa viTarebaSi dajgufda epikur TqmulebaTa ciklebi. ma-gram maT Soris ukanasknels _ gilgameSs xvda wilad gamxdariyo gmiri msoflio mwerlobaSi pirveli eposisa, romelic daiwera aqadurad Sumeruli poemebis safuZvelze daaxloebiT oriaTasi wlis Semdeg im xanidan, roca istoriuli gilgameSi uruqis qalaq-saxelmwifoSi mefobda. ratom maincdamainc gilgameSi gamoirCa am samSi, roca sx-vebs aranakleb warmtaci Tavgadasavali hqondaT, kerZod, lugalban-das, miuval mTebSi anazdeulad dasneulebuls da martod darCenils, roca Tanamgzavrebs mkvdari egonaT da Sua gzaze miatoves (im imediT, rom ukanmobrunebisas waasvenebdnen uruqSi), is ki, gulSeRonebuli, sasicocxlo sunTqvas evedreboda mzis RmerTs, uTus _

“deda ar maxlavs, mama ara maxlavs,Zma ar maxlavs, megobari ar maxlavs,deda ar metyvis: Svilo Cemo,Zma ar metyvis: Zmao Cemo”.

ratom ara enmerqari, Ze uTusi, mTianeTis yviTeli furis rZiT ga-mokvebili, romelsac sami epiuri poema mieZRvna Sumerul enaze, ra-tom ar gascilda Sumerul enas misi dideba, rom araferi vTqvaT yru

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cnobaze, rom man inana cidan Camoiyvana da mis miwier taZarSi daamk-vidra? ratom ara mesqiagaSeri, Ze uTusi, da mama enmerqarisa, romlis qmedebani oTxiode sityvas (“zRvaSi Cavida, mTaze avida”) SemorCa? arc erTi poeti aqaduri xanisa ar dainteresebula mesqiagaSeris, enmerqarisa da lugalbandas pirovnebebiT da RvawliT. erTaderTi gilgameSi iyo, romelmac miizida igi.

gilgameSi

ratom maincdamainc gilgameSis Tqmulebebi Sekra erT eposad aqa-delma poetma, Znelia am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. is ki faqtia, rom sanam gilgameSi aqaduri eposis gmiri gaxdeboda, manamde misi saxeli Sumeris istoriaSi erT mniSvnelovan dinastias daukavSirda. uris axalSumeruli saxelmwifos mefeni (Zv. w. XXII-XXI ss.) didebis Sa-ravandiT mosaven gilgameSis saxels, Seracxaven TavianT “did Zmad” (SeS-gal), raki eamayebaT uruqeloba da gilgameSis dedis, ninsunas, wiaRidan warmomavlad Tvlian Tavs; dumiliT gverds uvlian dide-bul enmerqars an masze adreul mesqiagaSers, unda vifiqroT, rom uris ukanaskneli, III dinastiis, mefeebma _ urnamum, Sulgim da sxvebma _ xeli Seuwyves gilgameSis saxelis gandidebas aqadurenovani kultu-ris wreSic. swored maT xanaSi iqna Cawerili Tqmulebebi gilgameSze, romelTagan mxolod xuTma moaRwia Cvenamde.

Cvenamde SemorCenili mxolod xuTi Sumeruli TqmulebiT vicnobT uruqeli mefis sagmiro Tavgadasavals. esenia: “inana, alvisxe da gil-gameSi”, “gilgameSi da zeciuri xari” (fragmentulia), e. w. “gilgame-Sis sikvdili” (fragmentulia) da “gilgameSi da aga”. es Tqmulebebi calkeuli epizodebia gmiris cxovrebidan, romlebic ar qmnian erT

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qronologiur jaWvs. sruliad gaurkvevelia _ rusuli bilinebis ms-gavsad _ calke aRebul TavgadasavalTa adgili gmiris biografiaSi. TiToeuli ambavi xdeba Tavis Caketil droSi, win ar uZRvis, an ar mos-devs meores. Sumerul mwerlobaSi ar yofila cda am ciklebis gaer-Tianebisa erT TxrobiT nakadad. maTi monaduri arseboba SeiZleba Se-vadaroT isev klasikuri Sumeris erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebul, Tavis sazRvrebSi Caketil da damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoebs, romelTa gaerTianebas amaod cdilobdnen Sumeris beladebi, vidre sargon aqa-delma (Zv. w. XXIII s.) Tavis imperiaSi ar moaqcia da erTian istoriul droSi ar CarTo isini. sargon aqadelis politikuri Zalisxmeva mog-vianebiT (daaxl. Zv. w. XVIII s.) ganmeorda sityvier xelovnebaSi, roca aqadelma poetma erTmaneTs daukavSira Sumeruli poemebi, gaxsna ra maTi “daxSuli kari” da erT uwyvet droJamul mdinarebaSi moaqcia. Sumerul TqmulebebSi gacxadebulma ambebma axali motivacia SeiZina: sruliad garkveuli TvalsazrisiT gadamuSavebulni, isini ganlagdnen Tanmimdevrul epizodebad, romelTagan erTi inaxavs meoris dvritas, winamavali amzadebs momdevnos da ase jaWviseburad miedineba erTiani epikuri dro, romelSic xorcs isxams gmiris Tavgadasavali. mTavari gmiri _ da es niSandoblivia aqaduri eposisaTvis _ TiTqos xelaxla ibadeba yoveli epizodis Semdeg, aRmaval gzaze gadis Tavisi ganviTa-rebis etapebs, vidre wertili ar daesmis mis Tavgadasavals, romlis dasasruls epikoss SeuZlia Tqvas masze, rom man “siRrme ixila”. epo-si iwyeba swored am sityvebiT Sa nakba imuru. is mniSvnelovani ram, rasac gmirma miaRwia Tavisi Tavgadasavlis bolos, naxsenebia eposis dasawyisSi da amiT ikvris wre epikuri Txrobisa.

ra siRrme ixila gmirma iseTi, rasac sagangebod axsenebs epikosi pirvelsave striqonebSi? Suamdinaruli miTosidan Cven viciT, ra Si-naarsis Semcvelia es sityva. “siRrme” aris wyaro sibrZnisa, romelic

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Tavis miTosur simbolod okeanis ufskruls saxavs. “siRrme” _ nakbu _ aris zedwodeba enqis, sibrZnis RmerTisa, romlis samkvidrebeli okeanis ufskrulebSia, sadac CaRrmavda gmiri siWabukis balaxis amo-satanad. “siRrme” aris kacobriobis ufskero warsuli _ “Rrmaa ju-rRmuli warsulisa” (Tomas mani), _ saiTkenac gaemarTa gmiri, roca eZebda pasuxs adamianuri yofis ukidures saidumloze.

amrigad, roca eposis dasawyisis striqonSi amovikiTxavT, rom man, romlis saxeli jer ar viciT, “siRrme ixila”, Zveli poetis Txzuleba warmogvidgeba ara ubralo saTavgadasavlo romanad, aramed filo-sofiur-eTikuri mimarTulebis nawarmoebad, sadac mTavari maxvili gadatanilia gmiris sulier ganviTarebaze. aq pirdapir unda iTqvas, rom werilobiT pirveldadasturebuli vrceli eposi, romlis mxo-lod ori mesamedia Cvenamde moRweuli, amave dros iyo pirveli faus-turi yaidis Txzuleba, romelic mxolod garegnul msgavsebas iCens sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo eposebTan. aqadur eposSi, gansxvavebiT Su-meruli TviTkmari poemebisgan, sagmiro epizodebi ar aris TviTmiza-ni, aramed TiToeuli maTgani emsaxureba gmiris pirovnebis srulyo-fas, TandaTanobiT sublimacias _ fizikuri gmirobidan sulier gmi-robamde _ da es gamoxatulia swored dasawyis striqonSi.

“avtorisaTvis, _ wers Tomas mani (gulisxmobs sakuTar Tavs, “ja-dosnuri mTis” avtors), _ sikvdilica da sneulebac, da yvela Semza-ravi Tavgadasavali, romelsac igi Tavis gmirs SeamTxvevs, mxolod da mxolod pedagogiuri saSualebaa, riTac miiRweva uzarmazari Zalis “aqtivizacia”, Cveulebrivi gmiris amaRleba misi Tavdapirveli doni-dan”. im tipis nawarmoebs, sadac amgvari saSualebebiT xorcieldeba gmiris sulier-inteleqtualuri Zalebis “aqtivizacia”, mwerali “ini-ciaciur Txzulebebs” uwodebs. maT ricxvs ekuTvnis “gilgameSianic”. aq iniciaciis zRurblis rols asrulebs yoveli epizodi, yoveli Tavga-

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dasavali, romlis wiaR gavliT gmiri erTi safexuriT maRldeba Tavis adrindel yofaze. Cvens eposSi iniciaciis (anu zRurblis gadalaxvis) _ siaxlis ziarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da qmediTi saSualebaa per-sonaJTa Sexvedrebi, romelTac amave dros Tavisi funqcia aqvT siuJe-tis ganviTarebaSi. gmiri xvdeba meore gmirs da am SexvedriT TiToeu-lis buneba safuZvlianad icvleba: gmiri eziareba qalis saidumlos, rac Tavs daaRwevinebs siveluridan da Seqmnis adamianur arsebad; an eziareba megobrobas, risi wyalobiTac igi Tavisufldeba qvena insti-qtebisgan da masSi zneobrivi kacis dabadebiT iwyeba axali cxovreba; an igi pirispir dgeba sikvdilis winaSe, romelic SeZravs mis arsebas da gaaRviZebs masSi moazrovne adamians; an igi xvdeba arsebas, romelic cdilobs gadafiqrebinos mas SeuZleblis Zieba, Tumca aseTi rCeva ki-dev ufro umZafrebs Ziebis wyurvils; an igi, sakvdilis wylebis gada-mlaxavi, Seeyreba Tavis winapars da moismens misgan ukanasknel sityvas.

epizodebisTvis amgvari motivaciis misaniWeblad aqadel poets Su-meruli masalis safuZvliani gadamuSaveba mouxda. pirvel rigSi unda SeiniSnos, rom man enqidus pirovnebasa da ambavs sruliad gansxvave-buli TvaliT Sexeda. gilgameSis erTguli msaxuri, misi Tanamdgomi da mrCeveli gasaWirSi, magram socialur kibeze erTi safexuriT da-bla mdgari enqidu, romelic sxvagvarad ar ixsenieba Sumerul Tqmu-lebebSi Tu ar gilgameSis monad (arad), xolo gilgameSi _ mis bato-nad, aqadur eposSi gardaiqmneba megobrad da RviZl Zmadac, Tavisi Zveli batonis Tanasworad. waiSleba socialuri gansxvaveba, daviwye-buli iqneba, rom gilgameSi uruqis mefea, xolo enqidu _ udabnodan moyvanili, ufro sworad, Semotyuebuli uruq-qalaqSi monadirisa da diacis mier. eposis saTanado adgilas sagangebod aris naCvenebi is sayovelTao zrunva, rasac gamoiCens veluri enqidus mimarT jer dia-ci SaSxaTi, mere mwyemsebi da uruqis moqalaqeni, romlebmac TavianTi

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mefis oreulad miiCnies gankacebis gzaze Semdgari mxec-kaci, mere gil-gameSi, romelmac orTabrZolis Semde daimegobra igi _ Tumca es am-bavi winaswar iqna moswavebuli gilgameSis sizmrebSi, sadac man ixila ucxo kacis oranebi, varskvlavebi da najaxi, “viTarca sasZlos rom exveoda” ukiduresi siyvarulis niSnad, da dedas moutana, _ da uka-nasknelad ninsuna, deda gilgameSisa, romelmac sagangebo ritualiT sabolood xeli daasxa maT Zmobas da iSvila ucxo kaci, da udabnos mkvidri uruqis moqalaqed gaxada.

am ori arsebis Zmadnaficoba mTlianad aqadeli poetis Semoqme-debis nayofia (am motivs igi versad povebda Sumerul TqmulebebSi), analogiuradve, swored aqaduri xanis xelovnebaSi Cndeba motivi marCbivi gmirebisa, saxeldobr, cilindrul sabeWdavebze, sadac he-raldikuri wyobiT gamosaxulia ori mamri arseba, TiToeuli Tavis kerZ nadirs Serkinebuli. ar aris aucilebeli, rom maTSi gilgameS-enqidu vigulisxmoT, Tumca erT maTgans cxadi zoomorfuli niSnebi aqvs, magram aq niSandoblivia Sumeruli xelovnebisTvis ucxo motivi marCbivobisa, rac aqadur eposSi ori gmiris Zmadnaficobis saxiT ga-movlinda.

am axal motivs uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs: misgan iRebs sa-Taves eposis mTeli eTikur-filosofiuri paTosi. Zmadnaficoba aris iniciaciis pirveli zRurbli, romlis gadalaxviT mTavari gmiri erTi safexuriT maRldeba misi “Tavdapirveli donidan”. es gilgameSs exeba ufro metad, razec Tavis adgilas iqneba naTqvami. xolo enqidus rac Seexeba, mas sakuTari Tavgadasavali aqvs am Zmadnaficobamde, da es ambavic ar ipoveba Cvenamde SemorCenil Sumerul Tqmulebebsa da miTosSi da, SesaZlebelia, arc ki arsebula.

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enqidu

“gilgameSianSi” moTxrobili enqidus ambavi gamodgeboda calke eposis masalad, vinaidan mis TavgadasavalSi SekumSulad gadmoicema mTeli kacobriobis gza, imgvarad, rogorc es warmodgenili hqonda Suamdinarel miTologoss. am mxriv, aqadeli epikosi originalurs arafers qmnis _ igi eyrdnoba kacTa modgmis gaCenisa da ganviTarebis miToss. oRond siaxle imaSia, rom man kacobriobis filogenezis xan-grZlivi procesi erTi kerZo kacis magaliTze aCvena.

enqidu ibadeba ara imgvarad, rogorc uruqSi ibadebian ded-mamis Svilni, dedis saSodan, aramed ise, rogorc gaCnda miTosur xanaSi pirvelkaci, anu Seiqmna qalRmerTis xeliT miwis mtverisagan, ga-moisaxa danerwyvili Tixisagan; Seiqmna maSin, roca kacobriobas gan-vlili hqonda ganviTarebis xangrZlivi gza da mis erT mcire Stos uruqSi ukve daefuZnebina qalaquri cxovreba Tavisi sikeTiTa da ukuRmarTobiT; Seiqmna uruq-qalaqis mosazRvre udabnoSi, sadac jer ar dadgmuliyo kacis fexi, ar Sexeboda Semoqmedis xeli, ar aRsru-lebuliyo Sesaqmis Rvawli _ udabno ukacrielia da msgavsadve iq Seqmnili arsebac ar aris gansrulebuli, igi naxevarkacia, romelsac moelis gankaceba.

amrigad, im udabnoSi, sadac igi gamosaxa qalRmerTma arurum, ukan mobrunda miTosuri dro pirvelSesaqmisa da gaCnda drouli xarvezi uruqsa da udabnos Soris. es manZili unda daZlios enqidum, man unda gaiaros kacobriobis gza udabnodan dabamde, magram amas Tavisi Za-lebiT ver SeZlebs. aq saWiro gaxdeba Sexvedra, romlis sainiciacio daniSnuleba zemoT iyo naxsenebi. swored aqedan, udabnodan, daiwyeba da Semdeg erTmaneTs mihyveba sxvadasxva sivrcul monakveTebSi Sex-vedrebis mTeli seria, romelTac paralelurad sxva daniSnulebac

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aqvT: Sexvedrebi daZravs gayinuli wertilidan siuJetur dros da amasTanave warmarTavs gmiris svlas zemoxsenebul or punqts Soris, xolo Cven viciT, rom es ori punqti, udabno da uruqi, kacobriobis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi periodiT Soraven erTmaneTs. epikosi ga-moiyvans enqidus udabnos uZraobidan da TiTqos “elvis siswrafiT”, ukanmouxedavad gaatarebs am gzaze.

pirveli Sexvedra _ usaxelo monadirisa da enqidus Seyra udabnos piras, TiTqos SemTxveviTia da, Tumca mas ar SevyavarT ambis Suagul-Si, magram amzadebs sxva Sexvedras, ufro mniSvnelovans. amis garda, es epizodi siuJetisagan damoukideblad sagulisxmo miTosuri azris Semcvelia: aq erTmaneTs ejaxeba ara ubralod monadire da nadirT batoni, aramed maTi saxiT _ kultura, umartives formaSi gamovleni-li, rogoricaa Txrilebi da xafangebi, da buneba, romelic daJinebiT cdilobs waSalos kulturis kvali, _ rogorc monadire Civis: velur-ma “aavso Txrilebi, Cemi daTxrili; daSala maxeni, Cemi dagebuli”, _ da aRidginos Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba. udabno moiwevs win _ enqidu moulodnelad Semodis Tavis jogiTurT monadiris sanaxebSi, jer auqmebs monadiris namoqmedars, mere, SesaZloa, moadges uruqsac da udabnod aqcios misi samkvidrebeli. aseTi safrTxe emuqreboda mtkiced SemozRudul “galavnian uruqs”, amitomac gasagebia monadi-ris uzomo SeSfoTebac _ “SiSma daibuda mis SiganSi, saxe gauxda Sori gziT mavalis”, _ da is gulisyuric, rac gamoiCina am ucxo ambis gamo jer misma mamam, mere gilgameSma, roca urCies, diaci SamxaTi waeyvana nadirT batonis Sesacdenad. Tumca gilgameSi arc moeloda, rom is ucxo moyme mis sabediswerod iyo gaCenili.

misi movlineba udabnos piras gagvaxsenebs gamoCenas sxva ucxo moymisas, romeli “jda mtirali wylisa pirsa” da romlis ucnaur-ma saqcielma da ukvalod gauCinarebam daasevdiana im qveynis mefe,

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rodesac mis gazrdils winaTgrZnobis natamalic ar hqonia. mefis asulma moixmo Tavisi satrfo da daakisra im moymis moZebna, rom misi povniT ukuyroda mis patrons sevda da “arkacuri gardakoc-na” warxociliyo. uxalisod wasuli moyme moZebnis sxva moymes da mxolod amis Semdeg gairkveva, rom mefis danaRvlianeba martooden sababi iyo am oris Seyrisa da maTi samudamo daZmobilebisa. aseTive TiTqos umniSvnelo sababia aqadur eposSi monadiris marcxi, misi yofiTi sazrunavi, ris wyalobiTac udabnos piras gamoCenil ucxo moymes unda Seyroda uruqis mefe, raTa gacxadebuliyo misi bedi da gamovleniliyo masSi _ rogorc im ufliswulis rCeulSi _ manamde faruli eTosis potencia.

orivegan Suamavali qalia, orivegan qalis wyalobiT aRmoCndeba megobari. magram uruqelma qalma jer velurs unda apovninos saku-Tari Tavi. monadire waiyvans udabnos piras roskip SamxaTs, romlis sakuTari saxeli gvareobiTi saxelia im diacebisa, iSTaris taZri-sadmi rom arian Sewirulni da am qalRmerTis kults emsaxurebian uruqSi. SamxaTebi ewodebaT maT anu “mxiarulni”, radgan iSTaris-gan STagonebuli “diacuri saqmiT” (Sifir siniSTi) sixaruli moaqvT mowifuli mamrisTvis. roskipi SamxaTi erT-erTi am diacTagania.

uruqSi momzadda SeTqmuleba veluri moymis mimarT, magram mona-dire Tavisi martivi gonebiT verc ifiqrebda, Tu ra movlenis xel-Semwyobi gaxdeboda momavalSi misda uneburad. monadires mxolod erTi ram surda, gaeTavisuflebina Tavisi sanaxebi samonadiro saqmis mtrisagan, diacis SewevniT moeSinaurebina jogis winamZRoli da dau-brkoleblad enadirna. gilgameSis fiqrebic amaze Sors ar wasula. amaT Soris yvelaze brZeni da mimxvduri is mxiaruli diaci iyo, rome-lic guldajerebiT gahyva monadires udabnosken, raTa aResrulebina Tavisi misia. ar iqneboda swori imis Tqma, TiTqos roskip SamxaTs

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mxolod es “mxiaruli” saqmeni, romlebic “xorcTa xvdebian”, ebara iSTarisgan.

am qalRmerTis impulsi, erTi himnis umartivesi sityvisamebr, `ma-makacis diacTan mimyvani, diacis mamakacTan mimyvani~, vlindeba ada-mianis cxovrebis erT mniSvnelovan xanaSi: dgeba iseTi asaki, roca mamri aucileblad unda Sexvdes dedrs da am Sexvedram igi unda ga-moiyvanos bavSvobis asakidan, “xeli daasxas” mis mowifulobas da ma-namde faruli potencia sinamdviled aqcios. am misteriuli Sexvedris wyalobiT xorcieldeba veluris saboloo gankaceba am sityvis or-gvari azriT: pirvel yovlisa, enqiduSi sqesis gaRviZeba moaswavebs mis Sesvlas mowifulobis asakSi; meore mxriv, iSTaris taZris mxeva-li SamxaTi agrZelebs enqidus RvTaebrivi gamCenis, arurus, saqmes, _ qalRmerTma Tu Seqmna enqidu viTarca xorcieli arseba, axla meo-re qali, mokvdavi, gardaqmnis mas gonier da zneobriv arsebad, raTa aziaros uruqis mowiful sazogadoebas. igi ver movidoda uruqSi im Sinagani da garegnuli saxiT, rogorc gaCnda udabur velze. xolo gaCnda igi gareuli jogebis batonis, sumukanis, aRiT (“banjgvlebs daufaravs sxeuli misi... tanT sumukanis samosi mosavs”). qalTan Sex-vedra, romelic aRwerilia yovelgvari narTaulobisa da evfemizme-bis gareSe, sruliad Secvlis mis fizikur da sulier saxes. daibadeba axali arseba, romelic veRar ivlis Zveli cxovrebis wesze. am fe-riscvalebas igrZnobs jogis suli da mas zurgs Seaqceven misi bunebis Tanaziari mxecebi. amieridan enqidus moeWra ukan dasabrunebeli gza, samagierod igi ganmzadda uruqSi Sesasvlelad.

qali Seqmnis mas, qali zrunavs masze _ Semosavs, scxebs zeTs sur-nelovans, daapurebs, aswavlis qcevas “qveynis wesisamebr”, aswavlis adamianur sityvas; ucbad ar waiyvans xmaurian qalaqSi, aramed jer mwyemsebis binebTan miiyvans, raTa nel-nela SeaCvios adamianTa sa-

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zogadoebas; aq udabnodan mosuli kaci udabnos Semotevisgan ifaravs mwyemsTa sabadebels, _ xelSi iaraRi upyria da lomebs ugeriebs maT faras. gamoxdeba xani da qali Seatyobs, rom dadga dro saZovrebi-dan misi daZvrisa, rom metxans misi aq gaCereba aRar iqneboda, rom aq ar iyo misi samudamo samyofeli, aramed iq, sadac megobars unda Sexvedroda; qali gaumxels mas gilgameSis arsebobas da megobrobis mcnebas, xels CasWidebs da “RmerTiviT waruZRveba” uruqis gzaze.

ar aris Zneli imis mixvedra, rom es mokle gza udabnodan uruqa-mde, romelsac enqidu gadis Cvens Tvalwin, SekumSuli gameorebaa im Soreuli gzisa, kacTa modgmam rom gaiara Tavisi arsebobis manZilze. igic qalRmerTma Seqmna miwis mtverisagan, bunebas gamostaca, moaTvi-niera, aswavla wesrigiani cxovreba, qalaqi aaSenebina da samudamod, SesaZloa, mis sazianodac, iq daamkvidra. enqidus cxovrebis gza uda-bnodan uruqamde miTosurad aireklavs mTeli kacobriobis filoge-nezs.

Sumeruli miTosi icnobs enqidus magvar naxevarkacs, romelsac ase-ve qali aziarebs adamianur kulturas. es marTua, RvTaeba, romelic ganasaxierebs semituri modgmis amorevelTa momTabare toms, rome-lic Sumeris miTosur istoriaSi marginalurad aris miCneuli, rad-gan igi moklebulia fundamentur koncepts _ “adamianobas” (Sumeru-lad nam-lu-ulu, aqadurad ameluTu). marTus, rogorc kulturul kacobriobas mowyvetili adamianis yofa, romelic arc Tu Sorsaa enqidus cxovrebis nirisagan, qrestomaTiulia Sumerul mwerlobaSi. magram gankaceba ar aris marTus problema. misi problema kulturo-logiuria.

marTus miTosSi gveuwyeba kacis ambavi, romelsac, rogorc mTe-li tomis RvTiur eponims, Tavisi xalxi kacobriul kulturaSi Sehyavs, Tavad ki Sumer-aqadis panTeonSi imkvidrebs adgils. ai,

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rogor axasiaTebs marTus Sumeruli teqstebi. erT kosmogoniur miTosSi kacobriobis gulSematkivarma RmerTma enqim dovlaTis ganawilebisas da xalxebis bedis gadawyvetisas “marTus, romelsac qalaqi ara aqvs, romelsac saxli ara aqvs, cxovelebi aCuqa”. Su-merul teqstebSi marTus Tansdevs stereotipi: “marTu, romelmac xorbali ar icis”. am formulaSi xorbali (Se) ara mxolod miwaT-moqmedebis, mkvidri cxovrebis da civilizaciis, aramed adamianobis simboloc aris. puris codna da Wamaa, riTac adamiani sxva cocxal arsebaTagan gamoicnoba. es misi privilegiaa. ai, es privilegia ar mianiWa marTus yovlis ganmkargvelma RmerTma enqim iseve, rogorc arurum ar mianiWa enqidus adamianuri sma-Wamis unari, mxolod cxo-velebi misca sapatroneblad. marTus Sumereli adamiani ar Tvlis srulyofil adamianad. “xorblis umecari” misi mudmivi epiTetia, Tan sdevs mas teqstidan teqstSi, sadac ki ixsenieba igi. samagierod, rogorc enqidus, mas aqvs didi Zala, rac SiSis zars scems civili-zebul qveyanas. is eqspansiuria, miiwevs win, rogorc enqidu Tavisi jogiTurT, magram Sumeri igeriebs mas, rogorc monadire igeriebs enqidus:

“mas Jams marTu, xorblis umecari, mTels Sumers da aqads Semoadga, magram uruqis kedeli frinvelTsaWer badesaviT gadaefina udabnos...”

uruqma Tavisi miTosuri badiT moigeria marTu, magram is sxva gziT SeiWra Sumeris civilizaciaSi. gamoCnda qalRmerTi, Sumeruli qazalu-qalaqis mefe-RvTaebis asuli, romelmac, miuxedavad imisa, rom marTu da marTus xalxi

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“mudam udabnoSi daexeteba, tyavebiT arian Semosilni, karvebia maTi sacxovrebeli, umi xorcia maTi saWmeli, ar ician saxli, ar ician qalaqi, roca kvdebian, ar imarxebian,” _

Seiyvara marTu. daqalebis kiTxvaze, roca maT amgvarad dauxasiaTes veluri, “kidev mosurveb misTxovde marTus?” qalwuli ar daubrko-lebia marTus barbarosobas, misi pasuxi uryevi da lakoniuri iyo: “marTus mivTxovdebi”. da CaisiZa Tavis qalaqSi.

gavyveT enqidus gzas. vidre kacobriuli bedis matarebeli es ucxo kaci udabnodan uruqs miaRwevdes, vnaxoT ra qalaqia igi da ra xdeba mis galavanSi. uruqi upiratesad qalRmerTis qalaqia. Sumerul epo-qaSi am qalRmerTs inana erqva, “cis dedofali”. uruqSi idga mTeli SumerisTvis saTayvano taZari eana _ “ciuri saxli”, sadac Tqmulebis Tanaxmad enmerqaris afqals anu brZenkacs (erT-erTs im miTosur Svid brZenTagan, Cveni eposis prologSi rom arian naxsenebi) Camouyvania cidan inana. mas hyavs gulis rCeuli satrfo _ mwyemsi dumuzi, mokv-davi kaci, romelic qalRmerTis siyvarulis wyalobiT RvTaebis rang-Si amaRlda, misive sityvebiT “me ubralo kaci ara var, me qalRmerTis qmari var”. igi Zvel qalaq badTibiridan wamosuli, _ am qalaqis me-fed ixseniebs mas Sumerul mefeTa sia, _ sabediswerod daukavSirda uruqs, mis mosazRvre velebs, sadac mwyemsavda inanaseul wminda fa-ras da saidanac periodulad mihyavdaT miwis sulebs qvesknelSi. ise-ve rogorc miTosur xanaSi inana airCevs mwyems dumuzis Tavis qmrad, aseve istoriul xanaSi igi irCevs mefes, agreTve mwyemsad wodebuls, dumuzis kvalze, da sakraluri qorwinebiT euRleba. Tu dumuzi ambobs

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erTgan “me igi var, vinc wmida muxlebze, inanas muxlebze rokavs”, ms-gavsi narTaulobiT, riTac gamoxatulia SeuRlebis ukiduresi aqti, inana mimarTavs Tavis rCeuls, mefes: “brwyinvale xbosaviT irokeb Cems wmida kalTaze” sakraluri qorwinebis ritualSi, romelic pir-vel biZgs aZlevda qveynis nayofierebas, inanas rolSi gamodioda ta-Zris mxevali da am dros misi saxeli iyo iSxara, ara mxolod misi, aramed yoveli qalwulisa siZesTan Sexvedrisas qorwinebis pirvel Rames. radgan iSxara warmoadgenda inanas aspeqts viTarca xorcieli siyvarulis qalRmerTisas. mis niSans, Rriankals, davinaxavT saxviT xelovnebaSi, kerZod, cilindrul sabeWdavebze, gamosaxuls sareclis qveS, romelzedac SeuRlebuli wyvili wevs.

am wes-Cveulebam, rogorc mravalricxovani teqstebi mowmobs, axalSumerul epoqamde moaRwia da sruldeboda igi uris III dinastiis dros qalaq urSi, xolo misi dacemis Semdeg qalaq isinSi, sadac gadai-nacvla imperiis dedaqalaqma. magram igi savsebiT qreba sxva Sumerul tradiciebTan erTad babilonur xanaSi, roca nagulisxmevia gilga-meSis aqaduri eposis Seqmna. am drois adamianTa SegnebaSi, rogorc Cans, igi gaazrebul iqna barbarosuli xanis amoralur Cveulebad da amgvarive negatiuri SefasebiT moxvda aqadur eposSi. igi aRar aris kurTxeuli RvTaebrivi kanoniT da mTlianad miwerilia uruqis mefis TviTnebobas, rac, eposis mizandasaxulobis mixedviT, unda aRikveTos. Txrobis dasawyisSive uruqi warmodgenilia gilgameSis barbarosu-li moqmedebis asparezad. mainc ras sCadis iseTs uruqis mefe, rom misi qveSevrdomni iZulebulni gamxdaran, Seevedron RmerTebs, Seuqmnan mas Tanaswori Zalis oreuli, romelic win aRudgeba mis Zaladobas da Sveba miecema uruqs? raSi gamoixateba misi saqcieli? teqstSi ver SevxvdebiT gilgameSis moqmedebis dawvrilebiT aRweras swored imis gamo, rom epikoss bundovani warmodgena aqvs im Zvel sakralur ri-

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tualze. magram man icis, rom rituali dakavSirebuli iyo seqsualur momentTan da amitomac am motivze agebs igi gilgameSis daxasiaTebas, oRond eposis aSurul versiaSi es gadmocemulia sxvagvarTqmiT, nar-Taulad; warmoCenilia dauokebeli fizikuri energia, romelic, erTi mxriv, vlindeba brZolis JinSi, meore mxriv, Tavis wminda saxiTac: “ar uSvebs gilgameS qalwuls dedasTan, // asuls gmirisas, sasZlos moymisas”. amrigad, gilgameSis energia ori mimarTulebiT icleba, erTi saxidan meoreSi gadadis, rogorc iSTaris magaliTze vxedavT, romelic morigeobiT warmarTavda sasiyvarulo da sabrZolo saq-meebs. erTsa da imave himnSi igi warmodgenilia omis qalRmerTad _ “odes me, qalRmerTi brZolaSi viyivleb” da siyvarulis gamriged _ ”mamris diacisTvis damamSvenebeli, diacis mamrisTvis damamSvenebe-li”. iSTaris am ori aspeqtis ukidures da uzomo gamovlenas aujan-yda uruqis mosaxleoba. amgvarad warmosaxavs gilgameSis TviTnebo-bas aSuruli versiis avtori.

Zvelbabilonur versiaSi, romelic aSurulze adrindelia, ufro konkretulad aris warmodgenili es motivi. aq aSkarad ismis gamo-Zaxili sakraluri qorwinebisa, kerZod, misi erT-erTi saxecvlile-bisa, romelic “pirveli Ramis uflebis” saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili. uruqis gzaze momaval enqidus Seeyreba daRvremili uruqeli kaci da kiTxvaze, _ “ra gagWirvebiao”, aseT ambavs moaxsenebs: “sanTioboSi veravin dadis, // morCilebaa mokvdavTa xvedri. // ers daekisra go-drebis zidva, // mxiarul diacebs eris gamokveba. // mxolod galavnian uruqis mefisTvis // xmianebs saqorwilo dafdafi...// sxvaTa wilxve-dril sasZlos euRleba, // pirvelad igi, Semdgomad sasiZo...”

enqidus feri ecvleba am ambis mosmenisas. es mniSvnelovani momen-tia: gulSi man ukve miiRo gadawyvetileba, igi momzadebuli Sedis uruqSi, icis, ra unda moimoqmedos, icis am adgilis zusti misamarTic,

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sadac gilgameSs unda Sexvdes. marTlac, maTi pirveli Sexvedra san-TiobosTan xdeba, sadac “gaSlilia iSxarasTvis sareceli” da sadac gilgameSi apirebs Cveulebisamebr Sesvlas, magram amjerad ver Seva, radgan enqidu Ronieri muxliT gadauRobavs sanTiobos kars. am aqtiT enqidum gilgameSis winandel cxovrebas gadauRoba gza da iSTaris amoralur kultisTvis samudamod zurgi Seaqcevina.

enqidusTan damegobrebiT masSi gaiRviZa SamaSis, mziuri RmerTis, zneobrivma sawyisma, radgan swored SamaSia megobrobis sulisCamdg-meli, igia is RmerTi, romelic “martosul moymes megobars apovnine-bs”. mis winaSe ideba megobrobis fici, rogorc viciT etanas Tqmule-bidan, sadac megobrobis mowadine gveli da arwivi maRal mTaze adian da iq, SamaSis TandaswrebiT, aRuTqvamen erTmaneTs erTgulebas. gil-gameS-enqidus megobrobasac SamaSis xeli ifaravs, SamaSi miuZRveba maT sikeTis damkvidrebis gzaze. man aRZra isini xumbabasken gasalaS-qreblad, raTa gaeCexaT kedaris uRrani da mzis sxivisTvis gza gae-kafaT; SamaSi mfarvelobs maT am saSiS gzaze da SamaSive esarCleba maT RmerTebis winaSe, roca isini erT-erTis sikvdils gadawyveten. amieridan, rogorc ityodnen, SamaSis Zali dasadgurda “maT SiganSi”.

iSTari

magram dawunebuli da Seuracxyofili dedofali iSTari ecdeba aRidginos uruqSi Tavisi Selaxuli uflebebi, ufro sworad, gaax-senos gilgameSs mis mier ukugdebuli sakraluri qorwinebis Zveli wesi. kedaris tyeSi laSqrobidan dabrunebuls, misi didebis apoTeos-Si, rodesac igi enqidusTan erTad moadgeba uruqis kedlebs, vnebiani TvaliT gadmoxedavs iSTari da SesTavazebs gaiziaros misi siyvaru-

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li. “Sen qmari iyav, me coli viqnebi!” _ ase etyvis saqorwino ritua-lis sityvebiT. es winadadeba moulodneli ar unda yofiliyo uru-qis mefisTvis. rogorc viciT, es iyo misi ara mxolod privilegia, aramed saRvTo vali, romelic Sedioda mefis funqciebSi da usaTuod unda aResrulebina, Tuki surda qveynis mefed darCeniliyo. gmiris zneobrivi simaRlis SesanarCuneblad da srulyofilebis kidev erT safexurze asayvanad epikosma uari aTqmevina mas am winadadebaze, rad-gan mis TvalSi es iSTari aRar aris is didebuli qalRmerTi, dedo-fali, rogorc Cans igi Sumeruli xanis ZeglebSi an, Tundac, mis Tana-droul sataZro himnografiaSi. iSTaris is saxe, rasac mkvaxe sityve-biT amxels gilgameSi, modis ara saRvTo kultidan, aramed desakra-lizebuli miTosidan, romelic droTa viTarebaSi Seivso zRapruli epizodebiT. xalxis warmodgenaSi iSTari, rogorc Cans, gardaisaxa verag qalRmerTad, romelic boroti ganzraxviT siyvarulis qselSi abams mimndob da gulubryvilo arsebebs da mere Rupavs, TiToeuls _ sxvadasxvanairad. moaruli zRaprebis personaJebi iyvnen albaT, is arsebani, romelTa tragikul beds gauxsenebs gilgameSi misi sivera-gis dasamtkiceblad. esenia: “Wreli frinveli”, romelsac ratomRac frTebi daulewa; “lomi”, ToTxmeti xaro rom gauTxara; “cxeni”, We-nebiT gaoflils wyali rom asva; “mwyemsi”, akteonis msgavsad missave ZaRlebs rom daaglejina; mebaRe iSulanu, romelmac maTgan gansxva-vebiT uaryo misi siyvaruli, ris gamoc qalRmerTma obobad aqcia; meeqvsea _ Tamuzi (Sum. dumuzi), Suamdinaruli miTosis tragikuli figura, udrood daRupuli mwyemsi, rogorc nayoofierebis yvela RvTaeba, sezonebis gardauval wrebrunvas damorCilebuli, romlis sikvdilSi aranaklebi wvlili miuZRvis mis satrfo qalRmerTs, Ta-vis sanacvlod rom Cagzavna qvesknelSi, Tumca Tavadve marTavs we-liwdeul glovas daRupulze. magram am epizodSi, sadac sekularuli

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miTosi eposis logikas aris damorCilebuli, Tamuzi iSTaris umizezo msxverplia: “Tamuzs, sayvarels Seni siyrmisas, // wlidan wlamde glo-va gaduwyvite”. ratom, risTvis? _ ar azustebs epikosi.

aq unda SevniSnoT, rom daRupulTa ricxvi eqvsia, arasruli ricxvi. sakraluri (Cvens epizodSi: zRapruli), azriT igi arc aris namdvili ricxvi, damoukidebeli odenoba. igi miiswrafvis Sesavsebad uaxloesi ricxvisaken. meSvide daRupuli gilgameSi unda iyos. iSTari iwyebs TamuziT da unda daasrulos gilgameSiT, romliTac Seikvreba misi avbediTi sasiyvarulo wre. magram, rogorc zRaprebSi xdeba, swored is imarjvebs, visi cdac sakralur ricxvze modis, iqneba es ricxvi sami, Svidi, cxra Tu Tormeti. am gardauvali wesis ZaliT gilgameSi uaryofs qalRmerTis siyvaruls. magram eposSi am aqts sxva motivic udevs safuZvlad. pirvel rigSi, es aris misi Tavisufali nebis gamo-vlineba, radgan igi ara mxolod uaryofs iSTaris siyvaruls, aramed gmobs kidec, aginebs moaruli andazebiT _ “RriWe kari xar, qaris verdamWeri, // sasaxle _ mamrTa damRupveli, // kupri _ damsvreli misi mzidvelis, // ...kirqva xar, zRudiT monaSali, // ...xamlni, patronis ferxTa mkbenelni”. narTaulad, magram gulisrevamde misuli zizRiT, roca mebaRe iSulanus sityvebs umeorebs _ “deda Tu ar micxobs, sxva purs ver SevWam, // puri viT vigemo, avi da binZuri?” am uarisyofaSi, sabediswero Jams, _ mas mxarSi udgas SamaSi Tavisi mziuri eTosiT, _ gmiri gamoiCens sulier simSvides, rom ar dasces sanTiobis karTan miRweuli simaRle, igi fxizlobs, ar xiblavs iSTaris macduri da-pirebebi sibilwesTan ziarebis wil _ oqrovani etlebi, qariSxlis raSebi, ama qveynis dideba (“Sens winaSe muxls moiyrian Tavad xelmwi-feni, zepurni mTavarni”), nayofierebis saswaulni: sam-samad momgebi Txis arve, marCbivad _ cxvrebi, rasac aRuTqvams sakraluri, misTvis uwmiduri, qorwineba qalRmerTTan.

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ra moelis gilgameSs am uarisTvis, rasac qalRmerTis Seuracxyofac daerTo Tan? mis “winamorbeds” iSTaris satrfialo istoriaSi, mebaRe iSulanus qalRmerTi Seexo RvTiur-magiuri SexebiT da obobad aqcia. magram igi uSualod ver exeba gilgameSs, romlis sxeulSi ori mesame-di RvTaebrivi xorci dgas. gamwarebuli qalRmerTi, eposis mixedviT, ubralod, Wirveuli qali, mieWreba cis RmerTis kars CiviliT _ “gil-gameSma gamixsena Cemi siaveni, // Cemi siaveni da mwikulebani”, razec cis RmerTi, mis mamad xsenebuli _ “WeSmaritad Sen gamoiwvevdi, // da gilgameSmac gagixsena siaveni...” _ upasuxebs Tavisi asulis danaSaulSi darwmunebuli. arafris gagonebis msurveli, isteriamde misuli dia-ci Tavisi uarismyofelis dasasjelad moiTxovs “zeciur mozvers”, Tu arada, imuqreba qveynierebis wesrigis gaukuRmarTebiT: “Sevlewav bWee-bs qvesknelisas, // da axal wesebs davamyareb, // mkvdrebs amoviyvan, cocxlebis SemWmelT // da mkvdrebi cocxalT aRematebian”. xolo “ze-ciuri mozveri”, romelic SeiZleba warmoadgendes iSTaris, “mZvinvare furis”, mamrul saxecvlilebas, _ igia risxva misi, _ amgvari bunebisaa: misma gamoCenam Svidwliani unayofoba da SimSili unda daasadguros qveyanaSi. Tu gavyvebiT miTosis logikas, es asec unda moxdes: sakra-luri qorwinebis gauqmebas gardauvalad unda mohyves stiqiuri ubedu-reba, am kerZoobaSi, mozveris saxiT gacxadebuli, romlis cecxlovan sunTqvaze piri eReba miwas da Tavis napralebSi STanTqmiT emuqreba qveyanas. mozverma-gvalvam unda gadabugos miwis piri, msgavsad qarTu-li Tqmis wiTeli xarisa, romlis naZovarze balaxi ar amodis. gilga-meSma sakraluri ritualis uaryofiT Tavad gamoiwvia nayofierebis mteri _ gvalva da Tavadve unda aaridos igi qveyanas.

gmirebi klaven mozvers, rasac iSTaris ufro meti damcireba mo-hyveba. axla enqidu megobris mosarCle da misi zneobis damcveli, Sig SublSi rom aZgera mozvers maxvili, Seutevs iSTars arnaxuli Ta-

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vxedobiT: beWs mohglejs mozvers, _ beWs Tu “marjvena mxars”, rome-lic samsxverplo nawilad iTvleboda, Cveulebriv, ritualebSi, _ da esvris qongurze mdgar qalRmerTs mis yurTaTvis manamde gaugonar, cinikur sityvebTan erTad: “netav SemeZlos Seni Sepyroba, // WeSma-ritad masaviT gagxdidi, // gadagkidebdi mxrebze mis nawlavebs!” ase moeqceodnen uruq-qalaqis ukanasknel meZavs, xolo iSTari miiRebs am “Sesawiravs” da SamxaTebiT garSemortymuli masze godebas wamoiwye-bs. amaze Sors sekularizaciiT gamowveuli profanacia ver wavidoda. magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom epikosi TiTqos TanaugrZnobs da niSnis mogebiT aRwers am profanaciul qmedebebs, is iZulebulia gza misces sasjelsac, romelsac siwmidis xelmyofeli gmiri imsaxurebs.

xelixelCakidebuli gilgameS-enqidu Sedian uruqSi, sadac uruqeli asulni _ winaaRmdeg maTi RvTaebrivi dedoflisa _ xotba-didebiT egebebian gamarjvebulT: “gilgameS brwyinvalea moymeTa Soris, // en-qidu qebulia mamacTa Soris!” amas mohyveba lxini, lxins _ Zili, Zils _ sabediswero sizmari, sadac enqidus ecxadeba RmerTebis neba, rom or megobarSi erTi auciloblad unda mokvdes, enqidu unda mokvdes.

maTi didebisa da sixarulis mwvervalze, roca RmerTebsac ki Seswvdnen da aRar epuebian, roca daamarcxes daumarcxebeli, swo-red maSin daesmeba wertili erT-erTis sicocxles. TerTmetdRiani agoniisa da sizmareuli koSmarebis Semdeg, roca man ixila sakuTari Tavi, cocxliv SaveTSi Camavali, _ xolo manamde mwared wyevlida SamxaTs, Tavis macdunebels da mSobliuri velebidan “sikvdilis qa-laqSi” Semotyuebuls, mere ki SamaSis SegonebiT adamianad sikvdilis upiratesobaSi dajerebulma, ukan waiRo wyevlis sityvebi da sabo-lood daloca qali, Tavisi kacmyofeli, _ meTormete dRes kvdeba enqidu acremlebuli megobris Tvalwin.

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maZiebeli gmiri

am ambis Sedegad eposis zneobrivi paTosi gadairTveba axal re-gistrSi da cocxlad darCenili gmiric ganicdis fericvalebas. sikv-dili kacisa, romelTanac Sexvedram Tavis droze axali gziT war-marTa misi cxovreba, axla safuZvelianad SeZravs mis gonebas da sulis siRrmidan amoutivtivebs manamde ucnob gancdebs, dafarul SiSs sakuTari arsebobis gamo. Tu adre gilgameSisTvis sikvdili iyo mudam sxvaTa sikvdili da mas ar exeboda, axla, roca mokvda misi RviZli, misi oreuli, darwmunda, rom sikvdili ar yofila ucxo da Soreuli; man axlos igrZno misi sunTqva da, rac igrZno, aRmoxda _ “sikvdili miwevs saZile oTaxSi!” is gamarTavs glovas, zariT SeZravs cas da miwas, mouxmobs sagodeblad sulier-usulos, mTel bunebas, rom Seusvenebliv itiron masTan erTad, TiTqos misi megobari qveynierebis pirvelmkvdari yofiliyos. mere Tavisi aR-sasrulis garduvalobiT gulSeZruli daagdebs qalaqs, fufunebas, gacudebul mefobas da gaiWreba velad, udabnoSi, misi megobris mi-tovebul samSobloSi. mxecqmnili TiTqos Tavidan iwyebs cxovrebas axali fiqrebiT da sazrunaviT.

am dasakargavSi vxedavT erTxans (es adgili xarveziania dedanSi) lomistyaosans, erTi fiqriT gasenils _ “nuTu mec movkvdebi enqidus darad?”, _ Tavadac simbolurad mkvdars, radgan udabno qvesknelis winkaria, dumuzis gauCinarebis adgili, adgili sagodebeli, sadac mi-Tosuri xanidan mis dromde dakargul gulisswors mistiroda inanas stviri. axla martosuli moyme, axlos arvisgamkarebeli, mistiris Ta-vis megobars, _ Tvalwin udgas mxiaruli dReebi, laSqrobebi, xumbabas ganadgureba, zeciur mozverTan brZola da kidev sxva Tavgadasavalni, _ mistiris sakuTari Tavisadmi sibraluliT aRvsili: “viT movisveno

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anu viT davdumde, // Zmobili Cemi miwad gardaiqca. // nuTu mis msgav-sad mec daviZineb // da verasodes veRar avdgebi?”.

dasruldeba udabnoSi uazrod xetiali da isev sikvdilis SiSi Tu sikvdil-sicocxlis idumalebaTa Secnobis wyurvili axali laSqro-bisken aRZravs. magram es laSqroba ar hgavs winandels, igi sxvagvar gmirobas moiTxovs misgan. gzaze ar Sexvdeba STasanTqmelad daRire-buli gveleSapi, arc asTaviani urCxuli, magram moelis sxva gansacde-li, ufro saSiSi, vidre xumbaba iyo an zecieri mozveri. ver uSvelis Tavis anabara darCenils da arc dasWirdeba fizikuri Zal-Rone. su-lier ZalTa ukiduresi mokreba iqneba saWiro, rom Seupovrad gaia-ros moriel-kacebis Semzarav elvarebaSi, ukan mouxedavad ganvlos Tormetmijniani gvirabi, _ sadac “zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans”, _ SamaSis kvalze, Zexorciels rom ar gauvlia manamde, isev gaaRwios samzeoze da ar moixiblos zRapruli walkotis xilviT, iq rom daxv-deba, da samudamod Sig ar CarCes; ar gautydes guli roca SamaSi, misi mfarveli, sibraluliT gadmoxedavs da etyvis, rom amoa misi garja _ “eha, gilgameS, rad daexetebi, // sunTqvas maradiuls ver moipoveb!” igi mainc midis kacuris zRvars gadacilebuli, _ kiTxva-kiTxviT “mar-qviT, maswavleT gza uTanafiSTisken”, _ da miadgeba okeanis napirs, sadac daxvdeba qali vinme siduri, “meRvine qali”, romelic ecdeba daabrunos uriqidan daZruli kaci, Seagonos, rom adamiani ar gaCe-nila ukvdavebisTvis, arc sikvdil-sicocxlis saidumlos saZieblad, rom ar unda eZebos imaze meti, rac RmerTebs miuciaT misTvis:

“aw savse gqondes stomaqi, gilgameS!moilxine dRiTa da RamiT,dReniadag marTavde nadims,dRiTa da RamiT rokvide, mRerde,

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spetaki gecvas tanze samoseli,Tavs ganibande, tans ganibande,zrunavde Svilze, xelT rom geWireba,Sens mkerdze ixaros meuRlem Senma, _rameTu esaa xvedri mokvdavisa”.

amas STaagonebs sirinozi gilgameSs, yinva-armurisgan saxeda-mwvars, Zilmiukarebels, mSier-mwyurvals, tanze samoselSemocve-Tils, romelsac TiTqos unda monatreboda myudro cxovreba da uru-quli fufuneba. magram man swored amgvari yofa, viTarca araWeSma-riti, moitova ukan da ar dabrundeba, vidre ar miaRwevs adamianur SesaZleblobaTa ukanasknel zRvars. uTanafiSTis samyofelia es mi-jna, im kacisa, romelsac Zveli andrezis Tanaxmad ukvdaveba mianiWes RmerTebma da amitomac unda flobdes sikvdil-sicocxlis saidumlos. iq misaRwevad Tavs unda idvas Zexorcielisgan Caudenili _ unda ga-dalaxos “sikvdilis wylebi”, romelTac erTaderTi ciuri SamaSi gadalaxavs yoveldRiurad, roca brundeba dedis saxlisken okeanis siRrmeSi. amrigad, kvlav SamaSis gzas mihyveba igi, Tumca am RmerTma Suagzaze gadauwyvita TiTqos imedi.

SoreTSi, “mdinareTa dasabams” iqiT aRaraferia, iq aris qveynis kide, iq mTavrdeba samyaro. uTanafiSTic ukanaskneli arsebaa, ro-melsac gzis dasasruls unda Sexvdes. mxolod kacisgan, misi msgavsi arsebisgan, unda moisminos ukanaskneli pasuxi da gabrundes ukan.

mTeli Tavisi gamwarebuli arsebiT, “sikvdilis wylebis” gada-mlaxavi, wardgeba igi winapris winaSe, ganumeorebs yvelafers, rasac eubneboda siduris da yvela Semxvedrs, _ Tavgadasavals, ambavs mego-brobisas, im megobarTan gayris ambavs, uruqidan wamosvlis mizezs, _ da gulSi gazepirebulis amoZaxilze _ “aw Sen gixile, uTanafiSTi, //

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sikvdils nu vixilav, risac meSinis! // ambavi mamcne sikvdil-sicocxli-sa”, _ winapari, romlis imediT gamoiara tanjvis gzebi, im siduri-sirinoziviT ki ar ecdeba gaaxsenos siameni ama soflisa da dauamos naRveli, aramed rogorc kaci kacs pirdapir gascems pasuxs kiTxvaze da dauxatavs amaoebis naRvlian suraTs, etyvis:

“aucdenelia, gilgameS, uwyalo sikvdili. gana samudamod viSenebT saxlebs?gana samudamod irtymis beWedi?gana samudamod iyrebian Zmebi?gana samudamod mZulvareben mtrebi?...” _

magram mainc, _ ar cxreba STamomavali, _ xom hqonia gamonaklisi am sastik kanons? maS gamagebine, uTanafiSTi, _ evedreba netar wina-pars, _ rogor warudeq RmerTebis krebuls da im krebulma ukvdaveba rogor moganiWa? STamomavali ver atyobs winapars rame gansxvavebas, _ SoreTSi dasaxlebuli kaci misi msgavsi aRmoCnda (SesaZloa, gil-gameSs upiratesobis grZnobac ki gauCnda misi xilvisas, rogorc ori mesamedi RvTaebriobis matarebels); magram garegnul msgavsebaSi rodi yofila saqme. winapars unikaluri bedi hqonia: misi bedi gadamwydara qveynierebis tragikul dReebSi; igi yveba sayovelTao katastrofis am-bavs, erTxel kidev gaicocxlebs gancdaSi da msmenelsac ganacdevinebs warRvnis Semzarav sanaxaobas; mas gauvlia warRvnis wylebi, uxilavs ukanmoqceuli qaosi, is dasabamieri dro, roca “mTeli samyaro zRva iyo oden”; xmeleTTan erTad STanTqmula warRvnis morevSi da masTan erTad kvlav aRmocenebula qaosidan; da is cremli, romelic waskda Zveli samyaros ganadgurebis mxilvels, sixarulis cremlad Seicvala, roca xedavda ganaxlebul qveynierebas _ mziT ganaTebul cas da miwas.

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am kosmiur saidumloebasTan ziarebuli kaci erTi safexuriT unda amaRlebuliyo, amitomac akurTxa igi enlilma: “adre uTanafiSTi kaci iyo, amieridan RmerTi unda iyos Cveni msgavsi”. uTanafiSTis gaukvda-veba iseTi gamonaklisi iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi, rogorc warRvnis movlena, rac RmerTebis aRTqmiT aRar ganmeordeba. yovel SemTxeva-Si, gilgameSis saukunes igi ver mouswrebs, rom misTvis Seikribon RmerTebi da saswaulebrivad mianiWon ukvdaveba, _ ase etyoda winapa-ri, misi ukanaskneli imedi. winaparma ara mxolod uTxra sityvierad, aramed mimarTa ukidures Rones: moulodneli gansacdeli mouvlina, rom cdaSi daemtkicebina misTvis adamianis ususuroba sikvdilis wi-naSe, raki sxvanairad ver daajerebda am Seupovar kacs. man moixmara grZneulebis unari _ igi xom iyo magiis RmerTis, enqis, mosavi da rCeuli, da warRvnis dros misganve xsnili, _ mohgvara Zili, sikv-dilis tyupiscali _ “aba, Tu ifxizleb eqvs dRes da Svid dRes”, _ da gmirTagmiri, romelsac TiTqos araferi darCa qveynad daumarcxebe-li, romelmac uruqidan qveynierebis kidemde Zlevamosilad ganvlo kacTagan uvali gza, sikvdiliviT waiRo Zilma _ “ha, kaci gmiri, ukvda-vebis mZebneli”, ambobda misi Semyure winapari, _ da ase iqneboda mde-bare usulo gvamiviT da iZinebda “uTvalavi wlebi” (risi gaxsenebac hzaravda dReniadag), rom kvlav winapris magiur Sexebas ar gamoefxi-zlebina. ra Svidi dRe-Rame da ra Svidi saukune, xolo gamofxizle-buls moeCvena, rom mxolod erT wams moeria ZilquSi.

am ubralo, Tumca sastikma “eqsperimentma” sabolood mouspo mra-valtanjul gmirs ukvdavebis mopovebis yovelgvari imedi. igi miad-ga ukanasknel zRvars, romlis miRma ar igulveba arc realuri, arc zRapruli samyaro. zambara, romelmac gastyorcna igi Soreul gzaze, bolomde gaiSala, amoiwura yoveli SesaZlebloba, eposis droc iwu-reba, _ “aw ra viRono, uTanafiSTi, sad wavide?” _ ekiTxeba winapars.

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pirvelad marcxdeba igi Tavis mravalfaTerakian TavgadasavalSi, xelcarieli brundeba ukan, winaaRmdeg imisa, rogorc xdeba sagmiro eposSi Tu zRaprebSi, roca gmiri bevri marcxis Semdeg ambis dasas-ruls usaTuod imarjvebs, eweva mizans _ miagnebs ukvdavebis wyaros an xelT igdebs jadosnur sagans da Tavis qveyanaSi miitans faTera-kiani mgzavrobis jildod da dasturad. gilgameSi amgvars verafers waiRebs uTanafiSTisgan; ver waiRebs ganWabukebis balaxsac, TanamgrZ-nobelma winaparma rom apovnina SeuZlebeli ukvdavebis sanacvlod; man dakarga balaxi, risTvisac okeanis fskeramde CaRrmavda (da “si-Rrme ixila”), gvelma mostaca igi da iqve mis Tvalwin misi gulis dasawyvetad gamoscada Tavis Tavze mcenaris Zala: myisve gadaiZro Zveli perangi, ganiaxla qvewarmavalma siWabuke.

ukuqceva

am ukanaskneli gansacdeliT mTavrdeba eposi, mTavrdeba erTbaSad, mowyvetiT, TiTqos epikoss ar eyo qani an ar CaTvala saWirod, rom umwvervales simaRlemde aeyvana xelmocaruli gmiris drama; magiuri balaxis ase uazrod da SemTxveviT damkargavi, _ Tumca garkveuli azriT es faqti, SeiZleba, arc CaiTvalos SemTxveviTobad: udabnos mcxunvarebaSi damaSvralma kacma ver gauZlo cTunebas da civi magri-lebeli wylis gulisaTvis daudevrad miatova napirze Zvirfasi ganZi, _ xelidan gamSvebi erTaderTi saCuqrisa, risi gamotanebac SeeZlo “SoreTidan” mis Sembralebel uTanafiSTis, ar SeZravs godebiT cas da miwas, maSindeliviT, roca megobris dakargvisas kosmiuri glova gamarTa; xvedrs Serigebuli Caikeceba iqve, sabediswero adgilze da cremlmdinari Sestiris ur-Sanabis, erTaderT kacs am udabur gzaze:

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“risTvis damiSvrnen mklavni, ur-Sanabi?ZarRvebSi sisxli risTvis mewureba?sikeTe CemTvis ver movipove _miwis lomisTvis vzrunavdi Turme.axla Sors miaqvs zRvis talRebs balaxi...”

uSualod amis Semdeg iwyeba uruqisken ukuqceva, romlis dro ukiduresad SekumSulia, TiTqos gilgameSi sxva, umoklesi gziT brundeba Tavis qveyanaSi, _ ar gamoCndeba arc macduri siduri, niSnis mogebiT rom daxvdes win xelmocarul mogzaurs, arc mo-riel-kacTa sadarajos Sexvdeba sadme, “marCbiv mTebs”, romelTa wiaR gadioda mze-SamaSis yoveldRiuri savali, arc SamaSi Cans mis ciur Tanamgzavrad, arc sxva saxifaTo mijnebi. mxolod lakonu-rad aRiniSneba sivrcis, TiTqos sizmareuli, gadalaxva mxolod eposisaTvis Cveuli stereotipiT _ “oc berus manZilze amtvries puri, ocdaaT beruze saTevi moawyves”. meti araferi. man erTxel ukve gaiara uZnelesi, adamianur SesaZleblobaTa zRvars gadaci-lebuli gza, romelic metad aRar unda ganmeorebuliyo. igi brun-deba sxva gziT, sxva gamocdilebiT, ukve sxva kaci, romelmac Tum-ca ver miaRwia Tavidan daTqmul mizans, magram brundeba sxva co-dniT da gamocdilebiT aRsavse, mxilveli mokvdavTagan unaxavi saidumloebisa da siRrmisa, STambeWdeli warRvnamdel ambavTa da Tavad warRvnisa, rom sabolood marad saxsenebel qvaze amoekve-Ta “yoveli gancdili” _ aq dedani ambobs: “yoveli danaSromi”, radgan misi mogzaurobis misteriuli azri am sityvebSi marxia: “Sori gziT iara, daSvra da dabrunda”.

sagulisxmoa, rom eposi misi prologis striqonebiT mTavrdeba, magram amjerad am sityvebs Tavad gilgameSi warmoTqvams. uruqis saa-

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rako galavniT moqaduli mimarTavs ur-Sanabis, mezRvaurs, romelmac TiTqos imitom moacila igi xmeleTis gzebiT, rom ukan waeRo uruqis ambavi, uTanafiSTisTan mis eliziumSi, gaedo xidi warmaval awmyosa da maradiulobas Soris. iseve rogorc preistoriuli Svidi brZenka-cis Rvawlma uSoresi warsuli awmyosTan daakavSira:

“uruqis zRudeze adi, gaiare, ur-Sanabi,saZirkvels daxede, aguri mosinje,iqneb gamomwvari ar iyos aguri,iqneb Svid brZenkacs libo ar Caedos!”

am mimarTviT mTavrdeba gilgameSis eposis meTermete dafa (Cvens TargmanSi: eposis bunebrivi dasasruli. magram mogvianebiT, _ al-baT maSin, roca ricxv `Tormets~ sakraluroba mieniWa, _ eposs daemata meTormete dafa, romelic warmoadgens vrceli Sumeruli poemis bolo nawilis sityvasityviT Targmans (“enqidu qvesknel-Si”). oRond es damateba organulad ver eTviseba Sinaarss: am da-faSi enqidu cocxalia da meored kvdeba, aw sruliad sxva mizeziT. kvlav aRiZvris sikvdil-sicocxlis Tema: gilgameSi gamoixmobs en-qidus (am dafaSi igi mis monad ixsenieba, rogorc yvela Sumerul TqmulebaSi) suls qvesknelidan da aambobinebs SaveTis binadarTa ambavs.

gilgameSis amqveyniur Tavgadasavals sxva dasasrulic aqvs, oRond es ukve eposs aRar ekuTvnis, aramed kultisa da rwmenis sferos: rogorc sikvdil-sicocxlis kiTxvis mZafrad ganmcdeli da gulisxmismyofeli, igi “iniSneba” mkvdarTa msajulad da Save-Tis sxva RmerTebs amoudgeba mxarSi. gilgameSs vxedavT qvesknel-Si ara ubralo mkvdrad, aramed misi saxeli ixsenieba SamaSis, ner-

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galis _ qvesknelis meufis gverdiT, ufro metic: igi gaTanabrebu-lia nergalTan _ “gilgameSi nergalia, romelic qvesknelSi zis”. Tavisi vnebuli sicocxlis sanacvlod sikvdilis Semdeg man dideba daimkvidra, rogorc SaveTs CamavalTa patronma da meoxem. gvian-droindel biblioTekaSi mravlad inaxeboda religiuri Sinaarsis dafebi, sadac gilgameSi RvTaebis rangSia ayvanili. ai, misi saxe, viTarca qvesknelis ganmgeblisa:

“gilgameS, srulyofilo mefev, anunaqTa msajulo, romelic moixi-lav qveynis kideebs! qvesknelis ganmgebelo, qvemourTa (e. i. mkvdarTa) batono, Sen msajuli xar da RmerTiviT Wvret yovelives. qvesknelSi dgaxar da samarTals aRasruleb. Senmieri samarTali ar Seicvle-ba, Seni nabrZanebi ar daiviwyeba! Sen dahkiTxav, Sen gamoiZieb, Sen asamarTleb, Sen Wvret da yovelives awaRmarTeb. SamaSma gangebani da ganaCenni Sen mogando. mefeni, didebulni, ufliswulni Sens wina-Se qeds ixrian. Sen Wvret maT niSebs da maT mowevnads Sen ganageb!” rogorc egviptis faraoni erwymoda sikvdilis Semdeg osirisis bune-bas, aseve gilgameSma Seizava SamaSis arsi, mziuri RmerTisa, romlis gzaze araerTxel uvlia sicocxleSi.

gilgameSi, gansxvavebiT Sumerulisgan (ix. “gilgameSis sikvdili”), aqadur eposSi ar kvdeba, ar Cadis qveknelSi, ar xdeba misi erT-erTi msajulTagani. igi adamianad brundeba qveynis dasasrulidan da adamianadve rCeba. es aris aqaduri eposis paTosi. qvesknelSi igi msajulia, xolo qveyanaSi mis ukvdavsayofad uruqis kedelia da asparezobebi, romlebic mis saxelze imarTeba. erTi Sumerul-aqadu-ri bilingva gvauwyebs: “gilgameSis Tve. mecxre dRes (an cxra dRes) Wabukebi erTmaneTTan saWidaod qalaqis karibWesTan gamodian”.

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* * *

msoflio mwerlobis uZvelesi eposis “gilgameSianis” aRmomCenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos londoneli jorj smiTi – yofili stambis mu-Saki, lursmuli teqstebis amwyobi, SemdgomSi swavluli asiriolo-gi; aRmoCenis TariRad – 1872 weli, roca jorj smiTma gamoarkvia, rom mis mier britaneTis muzeumSi mikvleuli dafa, warRvnis ambavi rom ewera zed, Seadgenda vrceli, Tormetdafiani eposis erT mcire nawils. mas Semdeg, asi wlis manZilze axali aRmoCenebiT ivseboda eposis teqsti, da masze dRes ufro meti ram viciT, vidre asi wlis wi-naT misma pirvelaRmomCenma icoda. magram sruli saxiT igi mainc ar moRweula Cvenamde: dResdReobiT xelTa gvaqvs eposis mxolod ori mesamedi nawili.

Cvenamde SemorCenili fragmentebi mowmobs ramdenime versiis arsebo-bas: erTia mokle Zvelbabilonuri versia, romelic Zv. w. XVIII-XVII ss.-iT TariRdeba. kolofonebis mixedviT misi saTauria “aRmatebuli [kacTa] zeda” (SuTur eli); meorea – vrceli aSuruli, e. w. ninevuri, romelic mefe aSurbanifalis (668-627 w. Zv.w.) biblioTekis nangrevebSi aRmoCnda da XII-XI ss.-iT aris daTariRebuli. es versia Tormeti dafisgan Sed-geba da biblioTekis katalogebSi Setanili iyo saTauriT “romelma siRrme ixila” (Sa nakba imuru); mesamea – periferiuli, anu versiebi, romlebic savaraudod SuamdinareTis (aSurisa da babilonis) fargle-bs gareT aris Seqmnili ufro adre (Zv. w. XV-XIV ss.), vidre ninevuri versia Camoyalibdeboda. aseTebia: fragmentebi Zveli israelis qalaq megidodan, sulTan-Tefedan da boRaz-qoidan (mcire azia).

eposis popularobas mowmobs misi fragmentebi xeTur da xuritul enebze, romlebic Tavisufali Targmanebis STabeWdilebas to vebs, Tumca, SesaZloa, isini damoukidebeli versiebi iyos. gilgameSis epo-

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sis fragmentebi aRmoCenilia Crdilo siriis naqalaqar eblaSi, rome-lic, rogorc qalaq-saxelmwifo, Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulSi yvaoda. ro-gorc fragmentebidan Cans, am qalaq-saxelmwifoSi eposis Taviseburi varianti Seqmnila, romelic sagrZnoblad unda yofiliyo gansxvave-buli Zvelbabilonuri versiisgan. samwuxarod, metismeti fragmentu-lobis gamo maTi gamoyeneba TargmanSi ver moxerxda.

miuxedavad Zvelbabilonuri versiis aRiarebuli originalobisa da siZvelisa, aSuruli versia warmoadgens kanonikur teqsts da amo-savals im hipoTeturi mTlianobis dasadgenad, sadac yvela sxva versia poulobs Tavis adgils. igi gviCvenebs eposis ganviTarebis erT-erT da saboloo etaps, romlis Semdeg igi aRar gadamuSavebula. aSurbanifa-lis biblioTekaSi daculi teqsti (aris azri, rom zogierTi dafa Tavad aSurbanifalis mier aris Cawerili). warmoadgens gilgameSis eposis uka-nasknel saxes da masSia asaxuli ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisi mis Sinaarsze da mizandasaxulobaze es garemoeba, upirveles yovlisa, Cans prologSi da gvian damatebul me-12 dafaSi. Tu Zvelbabilonuri versia iwyeboda uSualod gilgameSis portretiT, rogorc me-2 dafis kolofonidan Cans, aSuruli versiis avtori garkveuli mxatvruli da ideuri mosazrebe-biT eposs iwyebs prologiT, romelsac zogierTi mkvlevari interpola-ciad miiCnevs. amgvari interpretacia amosavlad Zvelbabilonur versias gulisxmobs, romelic arc SedgenilobiT da arc ideurad ar emTxveva mogviano aSurul versias. magram ar iqneboda marTebuli am axali ga-damuSavebisadmi interpolaciis cnebis miyeneba, radgan winaaRmdeg Se-mTxvevaSi ara Tu prologi, aramed bevri sxva pasaJi, rac Zvel versiaSi ar arsebula, interpolaciad unda CaiTvalos. aq ufro saqme gvaqvs axal SemoqmedebasTan. aSuruli versiis saTauri (“romelman siRrme ixila...”) garkveuli Tvalsazrisis gamomxatvelia, iseve rogorc me-12 dafis mima-tebis faqti. dafaTa am ricxvis gamo Zveli mkvlevarebi gilgameSis eposs

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miiCnevdnen astraluri mizandasaxulobis Semcvel nawarmoebad, sadac TiToeuli dafa TiTqos dakavSirebulia zodiakos saxlTan, romelsac mzesTan erTad gadis solaruli gmiri gilgameSi. Tumca yuradRebas ipyrobs gmiris Tanaziareba mzis RmerTTan rogorc eposSi, ise xTo-nur kultSi, da misi svla mzis gzaze (SamaSis gzaze), magram ramdenadac es tendencia sxva punqtebSi (dafebis Sefardeba weliwadis TveebTan an zodiakos niSnebTan) ar Cans, amdenad Zneli xdeba am Tvalsazrisis gazia-reba. dRes igi uaryofilia mkvlevarTa absoluturi umravlesobis mier.

TiToeuli dafa mTavrdeboda Semdegi Sinaarsis minaweriT, kolo-foniT: “dafa meamdene. vinc siRrme ixila. gilgameSis nakveTi. Tanax-mad Zveli dednisa Cawerilia da Semowmebuli”. zogierT dafas axlavs SeniSvna: “ar dasrulebula” (nu-til), bolo dafas – “dasrulda” (al-Til). zogierTi kolofoni Caweris TariRsac iZleva. uaxlesi Canawe-rebi elinistur xanas ekuTvnis (Zv. w. 127 w.). erTi versiis me-10 dafa selevkosisa da antioqosis babilonSi mefobiT (Zv. w. me-3 s.-is dasawyi-si) aris daTariRebuli. dauzianebeli, sruli saxiT TiTqmis arc erTi dafa ar aris Semonaxuli. striqonTa Soris intervalis zoma saSuale-bas iZleva ganisazRvros striqonTa raodenoba TiToeul dafaSi: 300 striqoni, rac 12 dafis kvalobaze iZleva 3600 striqons (sagulisxmoa, rom es ricxvi warmoadgens erT-erT mrgval ricxvs Suamdinaruli Tvlis samocobiT sistemaSi – 60×60).

eposis mTliani teqsti pirvelad gamoica gasuli saukunis dasawyis-Si – P. Jensen, Assyrisch-babylonische Mythen und Epen, Berlin, 1900, axali fragmentebis SevsebiT – 1930 wels: Reginald Campbell Thompson, The Epic of Gilgamesh: text, transliteration, and notes, Clarendon Press, Oxford. bolos, di-dixnis intervalis Semdeg, 2003 wels kvlav gamoqveynda eposis lurs-muli teqstebis korpusi transkripciiTa da inglisuri sityvasityviTi TargmaniTurT, romelic samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mopovebul

48

fragmentebs Seicavs: A.R. George, The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduc-tion, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, XXXXVI, 986 gv. lursmuli teqstis transkripcia mocemulia wig-nis pirvel tomSi (531-741 gv.). Tu 1930 wlis gamocemaSi sxvadasxva ver-siisa da redaqciis 108 fragmenti iyo gamoqvenebuli, axali gamocema 184 fragments Seicavs, maTgan 25 manamde sruliad ucnobi iyo.

saqarTveloSi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, didia interesi am uZvele-si eposisadmi. pirvelad igi Targmna cnobilma sazogado moRvawem da swavlulma mixeil (mixako) wereTelma (1878-1965), romelic eqvTime Ta-yaiSvilis rCeviT dainteresda asiriologiiT da swavlobda mecniere-bis am dargs londonis, laipcigisa da haidelbergis universitetebSi, asiriologiis Zlier centrebSi. ocian wlebSi, im dros, roca germa-nul, inglisur da frangul enebze jer kidev TiTo-orola Targmani arsebobda, xolo sxva evropul enebze saerTod arc iyo Targmnili. m. wereTelma gamoaqveyna qarTuli Targmani calke wignad, romelic amJamad bibliografiuli iSviaTobaa da amitomac saWirod mimaCnia misi satitulo warweris mTlianad motana: “gilgameSiani: babilonuri epo-si mesame aTaswleulisa qr. w. babilonur teqstTagan Targmnili m. we-reTlis mier mTargmnelis SeniSvnebiTurT. gamocema konstantinepolis q. k. savanisa konstantinepoli. sabeWdavi qarTvelTa kaTolike savanisa 1924”. am wignSi, romelic Seicavs 138 gverds, mTlianad aris naTargm-ni im droisaTvis arsebuli fragmentebi gilgameSis eposisa. Targmans erTvis originaluri gamokvleva, sadac gamovlenilia paralelebi homerosis poemebTan, dantes “jojoxeTTan”, msoflio folklorul nimuSebTan da, rac mTavaria, “vefxistyaosanTan”. “movigonoT, – wers mTargmneli gamokvlevaSi, – Cveni ukvdavi rusTavelis qmnilebac, “ve-fxistyaosani”: gaWra tarielisa nestanis saZebnelad, cxovreba misi mxecebTan, vefxistyaosnoba, lom-vefxis xocva, kveba nadiris xorciTa

49

– es xom gilgameSis saqmec iyo...” (gv. 107). manve pirvelma gaamaxvila yuradReba megobrobis saerTo motivze am or eposSi, agreTve sxva mo-tivebze, gansakuTrebiT: “SevadaroT agreTve locva avTandilisa cis mnaTobTadmi da locva gilgameSisa SamaSisadmi, sinisadmi da iStari-sadmi – RmerTTadmi, romelnic babilonelTa warmodgeniT cis mnaTob-nic iyvnen” (gv. 108). es usaTuod sagulisxmo paralelia, miT umetes, rom orivegan locva mnaTobTa mimarT gzaSi xdeba, xolo gzac orive eposSi mniSvnelovani konceptualuri momentia. Sors wagviyvanda m. wereTli-seuli gamokvlevis Tundac zerele ganxilva, is ki unda aRiniSnos, rom asiriologiisa da, kerZod, gilgameSis eposis Seswavlis imdroindeli donisaTvis igi qarTuli filologiuri mecnierebis Zvirfasi SenaZeni iyo. mecnieri am problematikas Semdgom aRar Sehxebia da, samwuxarod, arc “gilgameSianis” meore gamocemaze uzrunia.

m. wereTlis “gilgameSianis” Semdeg gilgameSis eposis sami gansxva-vebuli Targmani gamoqveynda:

akademiuri Targmani: 1. gilgameSis eposi, aqaduridan Targmna da komentarebi daurTo

z. kiknaZem, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1963. es aris akademiuri, bwkareduli Targmani yvela versiisa da fragmentisa, axlavs vrceli filologiuri xasiaTis komentarebi da gamokvleva.

mxatvruli Targmanebi: 2. gilgameSi, “romelman siRrme ixila...”, aqaduridan Targmna z. kik-

naZem, “nakaduli”, 1963. es aris mxatvruli Targmani. 3. gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, aqaduridan da Sumeru-

lidan Targmna z. kiknaZem, “ganaTleba”, Tb., 1984. es gamocema sagrZ-noblad aris gadamuSavebuli: gadaxalisebulia enobrivi qsovili, teqstSi Camatebulia zogierTi, manamde gamouyenebeli fragmenti, zo-

50

gjer Secvlilia fragmentTa Tanamimdevrobac, ris gamoc dedniseul dafebs aRar daemTxva Targmaniseuli dayofa Tavebad; swored amitom Tavebs ewoda ara “dafa”, aramed “kari”; meTormete dafis teqsti, ro-gorc eposisTvis araorganuli, gadatanilia damatebaSi, im teqstTan, romlis nawilsac igi warmoadgens. erTiani teqstis aRqmis gasaad-vileblad calkeuli epizodebi dasaTaurebulia mTargmnelis mier da frCxilebSia Casmuli imis niSnad, rom isini dedniseuli ar aris. m. wereTlis kvalze nawarmoebis saTaurad nacvlad “gilgameSisa” an “gilgameSis eposisa” dasmulia “gilgameSiani”.

oriode sityva Cveni Targmanis axali gamocemis teqstis Sesaxeb. igi ZiriTadad imeorebs 1984 wlis Targmanis teqsts, magram bunebrivia, axal gamocemaSi aisaxeboda is masala, romelic eposis originaluri teqstis ukanasknel gamocemaSia warmodgenili (ix. zemoT: A..R. George, The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic). kerZod, axali striqonebiT Seivso pro-logi, romelic aris gilgameSis erTgvari Curriculum vitae; enqiduze gilgameSis glovis teqsts aseve Seemata stiqonebi, ramac kidev ufro dramatuli gaxada es pasaJi. striqonebi Caemata xumbabasa da uTanafiS-Tis epizodebs, gasworda zogierTi uzustoba. unda iTqvas, rom bevri axladgamovlenili teqsti imdenad fragmentulia, rom mxatvrul Targ-manSi misi gamoyeneba ar xerxdeba. mas mxolod eposis SeswavlisTvis, kerZod, epizodebis dasazusteblad SeiZleba hqondes mniSvneloba.

zurab kiknaZe

1983/2009

53

dafa pirveli

(winkari _ Sesxma)

1 romelman siRrme ixila, qveynis safuZveli, yoveli Seicno, STaibeWda,

idumalebani vinc srulad ganWvrita, – sibrZnis mflobelma, yovlis mecnaurma, saunjes miagno, gaxsna dafaruli, mcneba mogvitana warRvnamdel dReTa. Sori gziT iara, damaSvrali dabrunda; qvaze amokveTa yoveli gancdili. uruqis qalaqs zRude Semoavlo –

10 wmida eanas kurTxeul beRels. axede zRudes, lariviT gamarTuls! qvakuTxeds daxede – mis dars vin Seqmnis! zRurbls xeli Seaxe, Soridan motanils! eanas moadeq, iSTaris samyofels, ris dars momavali ver Seqmnis mefe! uruqis zRudeze adi, gaiare, saZirkvels Caxede, aguri mosinje, –

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iqneb gamomwvari ar iyos aguri? iqneb Svid brZenkacs libo ar Caedos?

20 ixile dafaTa skivri kedarisa, gaxseni misi brinjaos saketi, amoiRe laJvardis dafa, waikiTxe yvela gasaWiri, gilgameSs rac gadaxda. yvela mefeze upiratesia, uruqis mamaci naSieri, mrqeneli xari, win midis – winamZRolia, ukan midis – Tavis moZmeTa imedia, Zlieri napiri, mcveli Tavisi xalxisa, mZvinvare talRa, qvis kedlis mngreveli, 30 lugalbandas mozveri, srulqmnili Zalisa, didebuli furis ZuZunawovi, fur-ninsunasi, maRalia gilgameSi, srulqmnili, zardamcemi, gamxsneli mTianeTis gadasasvlelTa, gamTxreli Webisa mTaTa ferdobebze, vrcel zRvaTa wiaRmsvleli mzis aRmosavlamde, samyaros kideTa momxilveli, sicocxlis mZebneli. mpovneli uTanafiSTisa Tavisi ZaliT. aRmdgeneli sakurTxevelTa, warRvnam rom waleka, kacTaTvis wesTa damamkvidrebeli.40 vin aris misi msgavsi mefeTa Soris? da gilgameSiviT vin ityvis: “mefe var!” gilgameSi aqvs saxelad SobiTganve, aRzevebulia kacTa modgmaze,

55

tanSi RmerTebis xorci Cadgmia, ori mesamedi RmerTia, erTi mesamedi kaci, misi sxeulis xati beleTcerim gamosaxa, misi aRnaqvsi nudimmudma srulyo, Tavs adgas uruqis samefo gvirgvini,

mozveriviT dadis qedmaRali,50 toli ara hyavs laxtis moqnevaSi,

uruq-farexSi midi-modis,

(gilgameSis zvaoba)

dafdafis xmaze amxedrebs meomrebs. idumal drtvinaven uruqis moymeni: “ar uSvebs gilgameSi vaJs Tavis mamasTan,

asuls dedasTan,

dRedaRam zvaobs qedmaRali. igi xom mwyemsia uruq-farexis? igi xom Cveni mwyemsi da mefea? Zlieri, brwyinvale da brZenTabrZeni?

60 ar uSvebs gilgameSi qalwuls saqmrosTan, meomris asuls, sasZlos moymisas.”

SeesmaT RmerTebs maTi Civili: ~Tqven SeqmeniT amayi xari uruq-farexSi,

56

toli ara hyavs laxtis moqnevaSi, dafdafis xmaze amxedrebs meomrebs. ar uSvebs gilgameS vaJs Tavis mamasTan,

asuls dedasTan. dRedaRam mZvinvarebs misi zvaoba,

maTi Civili moesma anus. 70 ~aruru!” SesZaxes, ~didebulo!~

~aruru, Seni Seqmnilia mamaci mamri. Seqmeni axla misi oreuli, mis gulis grigals gautoldes! dawyvildnen, uruqs Sveba moeces!”

(enqidus Seqmna)

ra esma arurus sityvebi igi, cis RmerTis xati gulSi Caisaxa. merme ganibana xelni arurum,

Tixa mozila, velze daagdo, velad moavlina gmiri enqidu,80 velTa naSieri ninurTas Zalisa.

banjgvlebs daufaravs sxeuli misi, Tmebi mozrdia dedakaciviT, nisabas darad ahyria varjebi. ar icis xalxi, arc mkvidri mxare, tanT sumukanis samosi mosavs.

57

qurcikTan erTad saZovrad dadis, farasTan erTad wyaros ewafeba, pirutyvTan erTad wyliT guls ijerebs.

(monadiris ambavi)

vinme monadire, maxeTa damgebi,90 wyaros win Seeyreba enqidus. erT dRes, meore dRes, mesame dRes wyaros win Seeyreba enqidus.

Sexedavs monadire, saxe moeqceva: jogs Semohyolia mis sanaxebSi! SeSinda, gaxevda, dadumda, guli SeuRonda, saxe moeRrubla, wuxili Sevida mis SiganSi, saxe gauxda Sori gziT mavalis.

monadirem daZra bage, ametyvelda,100 ase eubneba mamamiss:

“mamav, vixile me moyme vinme, udabnodan jogs Semohyolia, mtkicea Zali misi am qveynad, anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebula. maradJams velad iareba, maradJams jogTan erTad wyaros ewafeba,

58

maradJams wyaros win uwyvia fexebi, SevSindi, axlos ver mivedi. aavso Txrilebi, Cemi daTxrili,

110 daSala maxeni, Cemi dagebuli, xelidan maclis udabnos nadirs, aRar manebebs velze nadirobas.”

daZra mamamisma bage, ametyvelda, ase eubneba monadires: “uruq-qalaqSi mkvidrobs gilgameSi, aravin uvis Tavisze Zlieri, mtkicea Zali misi am qveynad, anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebuli. wadi, uruqisken ibrune piri,120 amcne ambavi ima moymisa,

roskips mogiCens, Tan waiyole –velurs gaxednis Zlieri mamriviT. odes veluri jogs wyalTan miiyvans, SemoiZarcvos qalma samoseli, gamoaCinos simwife Tvisi; Sexedavs veluri, miuaxlovdeba, – jogi zurgs Seaqcevs, mis velze gazrdili.”

esma monadires rCeva mamisa, gaswia, uruqisken ibruna piri.

59

130 daZra monadirem bage, ametyvelda, ase eubneba gilgameSs: “gilgameS, vixile me moyme vinme, udabnodan jogs Semohyolia, mtkicea Zali misi am qveynad, anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebula. maradJams velad iareba, maradJams jogTan erTad wyaros ewafeba. maradJams wyaros win uwyvia fexebi, SevSindi, axlos ver mivedi.

140 aavso Txrilebi, Cemi daTxrili, daSala maxeni, Cemi dagebuli. xelidan maclis udabnos nadirs, aRar manebebs velze nadirobas.”

gilgameSma daZra bage, ametyvelda, ase eubneba monadires:

“wadi, monadirev, waiyole SamxaT roskipi, roca veluri jogs wyalTan miiyvans, SemoiZarcvos qalma samoseli, gamoaCinos simwife Tvisi.150 Sexedavs veluri, miuaxlovdeba,

jogi zurgs Seaqcevs, mis velze gazrdili.”

60

(enqidus Secdena)

wavida monadire, waiyola SamxaT roskipi.gzas gahyvnen, mgzavrobas Seudgnen.

daTqmul velamde sam dReSi mividnen; Casafrdnen roskipi da monadire;ori dRe isxdnen wyaros napiras. bolos movida jogi wylis sasmelad, movidnen mxecebi, wyliT guls ixareben, maT mohyva enqiduc, velze naSobi.

160 qurcikTan erTad saZovrad dadis, gareul jogTan wyaros ewafeba, mxecebTan erTad wyliT guls ijerebs. ixila SamxaTma veluri kaci, moyme gareuli, velTa wiaRisa. “ha, igi, SamxaT, Seixsen mkerdi da kalTa Seni gadaiSiSvle; odes daginaxavs, axlos modgeba. dae, aiRos simwife Seni, nu daimorcxveb, waarTvi jani.

170 samosi dafine, zed dagawveba, diacis saqme uqmeni velurs ros vneba misi garsSemogenTeba, jogi zurgs Seaqcevs, mis velze gazrdili.”

61

maSin SamxaTma Seixsna mkerdi, da kalTa Tvisi gadaiSiSvla, enqidum aiRo simwife misi, qalma ar imorcxva, jani waarTva, samosi dafina, daawva enqidu. diacis saqme aCvena velurs.

180 da vneba misi garsSemoenTo. eqvs dRes da Svid Rames nerbavda SamxaTs, da ra daucxra enqidus vneba, piri ibruna Tavis jogisaken; xedavs enqidu – garbis qurciki, da velur jogsac zurgi uqcevia. wamoxta enqidu – Sekvria sxeuli, muxlebi daudga, jogs veRar mihyveba. dasustda enqidu, ver irbens Zvelebur, magram gabrZenda, ganevrco goneba.

190 mobrunda, SamxaTs muxlebTan daujda. Sehyurebs enqidu saxeSi roskips,da rasac SamxaT roskipi etyvis, ismenen misni sasmenelni. ase eubneba enqidus roskipi; “mSvenieri xar, RvTisdaro enqiduv, rad daZrwi velad gareul jogTan? modi, galavnian uruqs wamomyevi, migiyvan brwyinvale, RvTaebriv saxlSi,

62

anus da iSTaris binad migiyvan!200 sad gilgameSia, siqveliT sruli,

xalxze rom mZlavrobs mozveriviT, Seiyvareb Sens Tavze umetes, raki Senc misi msgavsi yofilxar. wamo, daagde udabnos sawoli!”

ase mouTxrobda enqidus SamxaTi. sityva Seiwynara, miendo naubars da rCeva qalisa gulSi Cauvarda. megobars natrobs veluris guli, da ase etyvis enqidu roskips:

210 “SamxaT, galavnian uruqs wamiyvane, mimiyvane brwyinvale, RvTaebriv saxlSi, anus da iSTaris binad mimiyvane. sad gilgameSia, siqveliT sruli, xalxze rom mZlavrobs mozveriviT, ar Sevepuebi, amayad vetyvi, viyvireb uruqSi: uZleveli var! es me var, bedi vinac icvala, Zlevamosilia velTa naSieri!” “wavideT, enqidu, me Segaxvedreb,

220 vici gilgameSis bina-samyofeli. wavideT, enqidu, galavnian uruqs, sad xalxi brwyinavs didebul samosSi, sadac zeimia maradJamieri,

63

sadac utkbilesi galoba ismis, sadac roskipTa turfaa anaqvsi, simwifiT hyvavian surneliT savseni, Tavad didkacebsac sawols ar uyofen. hoi, enqiduv, lxinis unaxavo, giCveneb gilgameSs kacs dalxinebuls,

230 ixile igi, mis saxes Sexede, siqveliT mSvenia da mamrul ZaliT, simwifiT hyvavis sxeuli misi. ver Seedrebi ZaliT gilgameSs, igi ar isvenebs arc dRiT, arc RamiT. enqidu, ganagde Seni siamaye! zeciur SamaSs uyvars gilgameSi, anum enlilma da eam ganuvrces goneba. vidre moxvidodi Seni velebidan, sizmrad gxedavda uruqSi gilgameSi.

(gilgameSis sizmrebi)

240 adga gilgameSi sizmris asaxsnelad, ase eubneba dedas: “dedav, mesizmra wuxel sizmari: viTa RvTaebrivi anus mxedroba momvlenodnen zecis varskvlavebi. Cems win ecemoda varskvlavi erTi:

64

aweva vcade, simZimem damZala; waReba vcade, ver davZari. uruqis eri idga mis ukan, eri Seikriba mis winaSe,

250 xalxi awydeboda irgvliv, moymeni axlos jgufdebodnen, Cvili bavSvebiviT fexebs ukocnidnen. me ki movexvie viTarca sasZlos, da Sens winaSe davagde igi, raTa sworgeyo igi Cems mimarT.”

deda gilgameSisa, brZeni, yovlismcodne, Tavis Zes ase eubneba; furi ninsuna, brZeni, yovlismcodne, ase eubneba gilgameSs:

260 “zecis varskvlavi rom gaCnda Sens winaSe, anus ZalasaviT Sen win rom daeca,

rom scade aweva, simZimem dagZala, rom scade waReba, da ver dasZari, merme Cems winaSe rom daagde, raTa swormeyo igi Sens mimarT, viTarca sasZlos rom moexvie, – sando moyvasia, megobris mxsneli; didia Zali misi am qveynad,

anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebula,270 viTarca sasZlos rom gadaexvie –

65

ar migatovebs igi arasodes. ese ars axsna Seni sizmrisa.”

meored esizmra gilgameSs sizmari, adga da Sevida qalRmerTTan dedasTan, ase etyvis mas, dedas, gilgameSi:

“dedav, kvlav mesizmra wuxel sizmari: najaxi egdo galavnian uruqSi. Segroviliyvnen garSemo misa, uruqis eri idga mis axlos,

280 xalxi Seikriba mis winaSe, moymeni irgvliv awydebodnen.

aviRe, Sens ferxTiT davagde igi, coliviT Semiyvarda, movexvie,

da Sen sworhyavi igi Cems mimarT.”

deda gilgameSisa, brZeni, yovlismcodne, furi ninsuna, brZeni, yovlismcodne,

ase eubneba Tavis Zes; ninsuna brZeni, yovlismcodne, ase eubneba gilgameSs:

290 “kacia najaxi igi, rom ixile, sasZlosaviT rom gadaexvie, merme Cems ferxTiT rom daagde, raTa swormeyo igi Sens mimarT, sando moyvasia, megobris mxsneli;

66

didia Zali misi am qveynad, anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebula. ese ars axsna Seni sizmrisa.”

daZra gilgameSma bage, dedas eubneba: ~dedav, mrCeveli enlilis nebiT moxdes!

300 iqneb SeviZino mrCeveli megobari~. am sizmrebs naxulobda gilgameSi.

SamxaTi uambobda gilgameSis sizmrebs, orni esiyvarulebodnen erTmaneTs.

67

dafa meore

(enqidus gankaceba) 1 maSin ganipobs samosels SamxaT:

erTi samosliT enqidus Semosavs, meore samosliT Tavad imoseba. xels CasWidebs, RmerTiviT miuZRvis mwyemsTa sadgomisken, sadac farexia. Semoexvevian mwyemsebi enqidus, ase izraxaven erTmaneTs Soris: “es moyme gilgameSs Camohgavs taniT, taniT maRalia da Zvalmsxvili.

10 albaT enqidua, velebis mkvidri, anu mxedrobis Zali SesZenia. rZe velur cxovelTa uwovia,

qurcikis jogTan balaxi uZovia.”

saWmeli daudes, – dums da akvirdeba: ar icis enqidum saWmelis Wama

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da sma sasmelisa ar uswavlia. daZra roskipma bage,

ase eubneba enqidus:20 “igeme, enqidu, Wamadi,

sazrdo sicocxlisa, da Sesvi sasmeli qveynis wesisamebr.” igema enqidum Wamadi ZRomamde, da Svidi kaTxa sasmeli Sesva. gancxra, Seecvala guneba, guli moelxina, saxe gaunaTda.

xeli moisva faCvnier tanze, zeTiT daizila, kacad gadaiqca.

30 Caicva samosi, siZes daemsgavsa, moiRo maxvili lomebis devnad, raTa moesvenaT farexSi mwyemsebs. mglebs daereoda, lomebs Seipyrobda, ros sarqlebs eZinaT. enqidu maTi mfarvelia, kaci mRviZare, uebro moyme.

ixarebs roskipTan enqidu. Tvals aRapyrobs, kacs dainaxavs,

ase eubneba roskips:40 “SamxaT, kacs mouxme! risTvis mosula?

dae, naubari misi movismino.”

69

kacs dauZaxa SamxaT roskipma, kaci movida, Sexeda enqidus. “moymev, sad iswrafvi? ra gagWirvebia?” daZra moymem bage, ase eubneba enqidus: “sanTioboSi veravin dadis,

morCilebaa mokvdavTa xvedri: ers daekisra godrebis zidva,

50 mxiarul diacebs – eris gamokveba. mxolod galavnian uruqis mefisTvis xmianebs saqorwino dafdafi; gilgameSisTvis, galavnian uruqis mefisTvis, xmianebs saqorwino dafdafi. wilxvedril sasZlos igi euRleba, pirvelad igi, Semdgomad sasiZo. RvTiuri gangebiT ase brZanebula:

Wipis moWrisas kacs bedi uwydeba.” ra moismina moymis naubari,

60 feri ecvala saxeze enqidus.

(orTabrZola)

win midis enqidu, ukan roskipi. ra SeaRwies galavnian uruqSi, eri garSemo Semoekriba. galavnian uruqis Sukad ra Sedgnen,

70

xalxis krebuli ase ityoda: “es moyme waagavs gilgameSs, maRalia da Zvalmagari.

velur cxovelTa rZe uwovia, balaxi uZovia qurcikis jogTan.

70 dReniadag ilocebs uruqi, gaixareben uruqis moymeni: Zalgulovani gamoCnda gmiri. gilgameSs, moymes pirmSveniers, RvTisdari metoqe moevlina.”

gaSlila iSxaras Ramis sareceli. miva gilgameSi, RamiT daiZinebs,

SeeuRleba RvTaebriv iSxaras. Sukad enqidu moemarTeba, sanTiobosken gilgameSs gzas uRobavs.

80 uruqis qveyana ikribeba mis axlos, xalxi awydeba irgvliv, moymeni jgufdebian irgvliv, Cvili bavSvebiviT fexebs ukocnian. ixila veluri moyme gilgameSma:

uxvi varjebi mxrebze afenia. daiZra, pirispir daudga, erTurTs gauswordnen farTe alagas. kari Cauketavs enqidus fexiT, sanTioboSi Sesvlas ar anebebs.

71

90 maSin Seibnen mozvrebiviT, zRurbli Searyies, kedeli iZra. Seibnen enqidu da gilgameSi mozvrebiviT, zRurbli Searyies, kedeli iZra. da ra Caimuxla miwad gilgameSma,

imwamsve guli risxvisgan daucxra, mRelvare mkerdi daumSvidda. mRelvare mkerdi ra daumSvidda, ase eubneba enqidu gilgameSs: “hgavs, erTaderTi xar dedisgan Sobili,

100 galavnis furis, ninsunasagan. da mamrTa zeda Tavi agizidavs, enlils moucia xalxze meufeba.” akoces erTmaneTs da Zmoba Sehfices.

(enqidus Svileba ninsunasgan)

dedasTan mihyavs gilgameSs enqidu, farexis furTan mihyavs enqidu.

daZra bage gilgameSma, ase eubneba dedas: “ha, kaci igi, udabnoT mosuli,

ZalRoniT savsea igi am qveynad,110 anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebula.

sanTiobos karSi gadamidga,

72

Sig Sesvla aRar damaneba, mozvrebiviT SevebiT erTmaneTs, zRurbli SevaryieT, kedeli iZra.

ara hyolia enqidus sworferi, velad daibada, toli ar hyolia, Tmebi ezrdeboda viTarca nisabas, veluri mxecebis ZuZu uwovia, balaxi uZovia qurcikis jogTan.

120 aha, moviyvane igi Sens winaSe, aha, swor hyavi Seni Zis mimarT.”

maSin daZra bage ninsunam, ase eubneba Tavis Zes, gilgameSs: “Svilo, megobari SegiZenia,

ar migatovebs igi arasodes!”

merme miubrunda enqidus ninsuna, ase eubneba galavnis furi, ase miuTxrobs sasurvel ambavs; “Zliero enqiduv, me ar miSobixar, Cemi wiaRis ar xar naSieri.

130 amieridan amiyvanixar, Cemi Zisadmi SewirulT migaTvli, – qurum qalebTan da RvTismxevlebTan.”

73

qedze Camokides enqidus niSani, qurumma qalebma xeli Cahkides

da adidebdnen RvTiurni asulni.

74

dafa mesame

(gilgameSi kedaris dapyrobas ganizraxavs)

1 naRveli avsebs enqidus Sigans, dadardianda, tirilad dajda, cremliT evseba Tvalebi enqidus, guli uRondeba da mwared oxravs. maSin mihxeda Zmobils gilgameSma, xeli Cahkida, mxarze moexvia. “cremlebiT Tvalebi rad agvsebia, ram SegiRona guli, rad oxrav?” ase eubneba enqidu gilgameSs:

10 “oxvram, megobaro, yeli SemixuTa, mklavi momidunda, Zal-Rone meleva.”

maSin daZra bage gilgameSma, ase eubneba enqidus: “kedaris tyeSi mkvidrobs xumbaba, wavideT, movklaT kedaris mcveli, gavCexoT maRnari kedarisa,

75

miwis pirisagan aRmovfxraT boroti, yoveli boroti, raic sZuls SamaSs...” daZra bage enqidum,

20 ase eubneba gilgameSs: “mTebSi gadavyrivar xumbabas, Zmobilo, odes davyvebodi gareul jogebs. erT berus manZilze tyeebs azanzarebs, vis Zalucs mis gulSi SeRweva? xumbabas Rriali – xma grigalisa, xumbabas piri – piri cecxlisa, xumbabas sunTqva – sunTqva sikvdilisa, rad gangizraxavs amgvari saqme, usworo omi, xumbabas damxoba?”

30 daZra bage gilgameSma, ase eubneba enqidus: “me mainc aval mis mTianeTSi, kedaris tyeSi mainc SevaRwev. vnaxav bilikebs kedrovanisas, sadac xumbabas samyofelia. me win gaviWrebi, Sen ukan momdevde, didi Cuglugebi gveqneba orives.”

daZra bage enqidum, ase eubneba gilgameSs:

40 ~rogor SevalT, gilgameS, kedaris tyeSi?

76

kedaris mcveli mZlavri mebrZolia, xumbaba SamaSs ganumtkicebia, adads mrisxanebiT aRuvsia, da kedrovanis xeTa dasacavad xalxis daSineba enlils miundvia.”

daZra bage gilgameSma, ase eubneba enqidus: “vis auRwevia caTamdi, Zmobilo?

martoden RmerTebi sufeven SamaSTan.50 kacTa naTesavis dReni daTvlilia,

oden qaria naRvawi misi. Zmobilo, sikvdils dauSinebixar, siqveles Sensas Zali gamosclia! Sens uwinares me gaviWrebi, ukan momZaxode: midi, nu geSinis! ukeTu daveci, saxels davimkvidreb: Seakvdao mefe gilgameSi kedaris darajs, mZvinvare xumbabas.

Cemma naSierma, Cems saxlSi Sobilma,60 ros gkiTxos, – gvamcneo igi ambavi,

rogor daecao qveli gilgameSi, Cemi winapari, Zmobili Seni, – maSin moixseneb siqveles Cemsas. axla mag uariT guls nu damiRoneb, xels me TviT aRvmarTav,

77

kedrovans davamxob, maradiul saxels davimkvidreb. wamo, megobaro, mWedlebi davsaqmoT,

dae, saWurveli Tvalwin Camogvisxan.”

70 wavidnen erTad, mWedlebi dasaqmes. dasxdnen xelosnebi saqmis aRsrulebad: Tvalwin Camousxes didi Cuglugebi, sam-sami bilTu wonis najaxebi. didi satevrebi Tvalwin Camousxes, da maxvilebi or-ori bilTu. qarqaSi maTi – mana ocdaaTi, oqro ocdaaTi – vadis varayi. saWurveli moiRes orTavem,

aT-aTi bilTu TiTom itvirTa.

80 uruqis WiSkars, Svidurdulians, sasmenad misa eri moawyda, xalxiT aRvsiliyo uruqis Sukebi, raTa exilaT qveli gilgameSi.

daZra bage gilgameSma, uruqis moymeebs eubneba: “mismineT, uruq-farexis moymeno! uruqis moymeno, brZolebSi gawvrTnilno! vbedav, mivdivar Soreul gzaze, sadac xumbabaa, brZolas vapireb, romelic ar vuwyi,

78

90 gza damiloceT, rom wavide, kvlav Tqveni saxe mSvidobiT vixilo,

uruqis karibWeSi gulmxiaruli Semovide, davbrunde da axalwlis zeimi orgzis gavmarTo, axalwlis dReebi orgzis vizeimo, fur-ninsunas winaSe dafdafi axmiandes!” enqidu uxucesebs rCevas aZlevs, uruqis moymeT, brZolebSi gawvrTnilebs: “uTxariT, nu wava kedaris tyeSi, gza igi savali ar aris, 100 kaci igi saxilveli ar aris, kedaris tyis mcveli ubrZolvelia, piri misi cecxlia, sunTqva misi – sikvdili, samoc beruze esmis tyis Sriali, vin aris mis tyeSi Semsvleli? pirveli adadia, meore – Tavad. vin Sehbedavs igigebs Soris? xelyofisgan kedaris dasacavad xalxis daSinebad ganawesa enlilma. mis tyeSi Semsvlels muxli ekeceba.”

110 uruq-farexis uxucesni movidnen, dasxdnen mis winaSe.

da ase etyoda maT gilgameSi: “ismineT, galavnian uruqis uxucesno, galavnian uruqis erno, ismineT!

79

ase ityvis mefe gilgameSi: mivdivar, raTa vixilo igi, visi saxelic qveynebs azanzarebs. me mas Sevipyrob kedaris tyeSi,

viTar mZlavria Tesli uruqisa, vamcnob mTel qveyanas. xels aRvmarTav da kedars gavCexav, maradiul saxels davimkvidreb.”

uruq-farexis uxucesni

gilgameSs sityvas ubruneben: “jereT Wabuki xar, gilgameS,

guli gerCis! ras epirebi, Tavad ar uwyi. gvsmenia, xumbaba, ucxo qmnilebaa,

vin gauswordeba mis iaraRs?130 erT berus sivrceze maRnars azanzarebs,

vis Zalucs mis gulSi SeRweva? xumbabas Rriali – xma grigalisa, xumbabas piri – piri cecxlisa, xumbabas sunTqva – sunTqva sikvdilisa.

rad ganizraxe amgvari saqme, usworo omi, xumbabas damxoba? samoc beruze esmis tyis Sriali, vis SeuZlia mis gulSi SeRweva?”

80

yurad ar iRo mrCevelTa sityva,140 Tvali miabruna, Zmobils gauRima,

da ase etyvis gilgameS enqidus: “Tundac gveSinodes, ukan ar davixevT, wavalT kedrovanSi, xumbabas movklavT, kedars gavCexavT, saxels davimkvidrebT.

wamo, Zmobilo, egalmaxs mivideT, ninsunas winaSe, maRal dedoflisa. brZenia ninsuna, uwyis yoveli, nabijebs wrfelad wargvimarTavs.”

xeli xels Cahkides, midian,150 egalmaxs midian gilgameSi da enqidu,

ninsunTan, did dedofalTan. adga da eaxla qalRmerTs, Tavis dedas, gilgameSi, da ase etyvis gilgameSi ninsuns:

“ninsun, gamibedavs amgvari saqme: Sor gzas vadgivar, sadac xumbabaa, brZolas vapireb, romelic ar vuwyi,

laSqrobad vmxedrdebi, romelic ar vuwyi. gevedrebi, damloce, rom wavide, kvlav Seni saxe mSvidobiT vixilo, 160 uruqis karibWeSi gulmxiaruli Semovide, davbrunde da axalwlis zeimi orgzis gavmarTo, axalwlis dReebi orgzis vizeimo, Sens winaSe dafdafi axmiandes!

81

vidre mivdivar, ar movbrunebulvar, vidre kedaris tyes mivaRwevde, vidre mZlavr xumbabas movakvdinebde, vidre aRmovfxvride miwis pirisagan yovel borotebas, SamaSis saZulvels, –

SamaSis winaSe meoxad meyav.”

(ninsunas Tanadgoma)

170 fur ninsuns emwara gilgameSis sityvebi. Svidgzis Sevida sabanelSi, surnelovan wyalSi Tavi ganibana,

samosi Caicva sxeulis saSveni, Caicva faragi, gulmkerdis saSveni, daidga Tavze brwyinvale gvirgvini, da wmida wyali apkura miwas. ahyva safexurebs, banze avida, banze avida da sakmeveli miarTva SamaSs.

ukmia SamaSs sakmeveli da xelni aRapyro:180 “raki margune Svilad gilgameSi, daucxromeli suli rad Caudgi!

aw Sen aRgiZravs da miemarTeba Soreul gzaze, sadac xumbabaa, pirispir dgeba ucnobi brZolis, ucnob laSqrobad amxedrebula. vidre midis da ar mobrunebula,

82

vidre kedaris tyes miaRwevdes, vidre mZlavr xumbabas moakvdinebdes,

vidre aRmofxvrides miwis pirisagan190 yovel borotebas, Sens saZulvels, – im dRes dabrundes, romelsac dauTqvam. aias Seni ar eSinodes,

sZali aia marad gaxsenebdes, ando gilgameSi Ramis modarajeT,

odes mimwuxrisas Caesvenebi. [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] kedaris tyeSi gilgameSis laSqrobisas, dRe gaxangrZlivdes, Rame gaxanmokldes, sartyeli ertyas, farTed abijebdes, RamiT karavi mzad hqondes sayofelad, 200 odes gilgameS-enqidu da xumbaba Seibmebian miuqrole, SamaS, xumbabas didi qariSxlebi, cameti qari aRiZras, xumbabas saxe daubnelon, da gilgameSis iaraRi miswvdes xumbabas, [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] dae, RmerTebma, Senma Zmebma, ZRveni mogarTvan, aiam, didma sZalma, Tavisi sufTa kalTiT ofli mogwmidos!” furi ninsuni SamaSis winaSe saTxovars imeorebs: “SamaS, gilgameSi ar aris RmerTi, erTi Tqvengani? SenTan erTad cas ar inawilebs? mTvaresTan erTad kverTxs ar inawilebs?

83

210 afsus easaviT brZeni ar aris? irninisTan erTad SavTavian xalxs ar ganagebs? ningiSzidasTan erTad ukanmouqcevel qveynad ar mkvidrobs?” [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]

(gzis dalocva uxucesTagan)

maSin moutanes didi satevari, mSvildi da kaparWi xelSi Caabares, veeba mSvildi anSanis qveynisa. xelSi moimarjva didi Cuglugi, da satevari sartyelSi gairWo.

vidre gavidodnen uruqis WiSkars, vidre Soreul gzas daadgebodnen,

220 gars awydeboda uruqis eri, hkiTxavdnen: uruqs rodis dabrundebi? uxucesoba erTxmad akurTxebda, da rCevas atanda gzaze gilgameSs: “mSvidobiT daubrundi uruqis yures.

nu daendobi sakuTar Zalas, Tvali giWrides, Tavi daicav,

win mimavali Tanamgzavrs ixsnis, icis bilikebi, megobars daifaravs, enqidu mudam win migiZRodes:

84

230 gzebze navalia, icis misadgomni, da yvela xveuli xumbabas bilikTa.

brZolis mnaxvelia, omSi gamocdili. enqidum megobari daicvas, Tanamgzavri ixsnas! misi Tavi mis colebs daubrunos! dae, agisrulos SamaSma natvra,

da Sengan Tqmuli TvaliT gaxilvinos. SenTvis ganamzados gzebi gauvali,

gaTelos gzebi Senda savalad, SenTa ferxTaTvis Selewos mTebi.

240 Ramem mogitanos nanatri ambavi, lugalbandas marjvena gfaravdes, mxarSi amogidges Senda gamarjvebad.

ra moklav xumbabas, ase rom eswrafvi, gaxsovdes, ferxni ganibane. Jams mimwuxrisas Wa amoTxare, ankara wyali gedgas maTaraSi, raTa maradRe SamaSs uRvride.

enqiduv, Cveni krebulidan gabarebT mefes, dagvibrune, Cagvabare mefe!”

250 maSin daZra bage enqidum, ase eubneba uxucesTa krebuls: “es me var, enqidu, vinac gilgameSs

mZlavr xumbabasken salaSqrod mihyveba! vidre midis da ar mobrunebula,

85

vidre kedaris tyes miaRwevdes, vidre mZlavr xumbabas moakvdinebdes, Tundac Tve gavides, – ar mivatoveb,

Tund weli gavides, – ar mivatoveb! axla ki gahyev Sens gzas, gilgameS!

260 nu SegeSindeba, mcvelad migule: me vuwyi xumbabas bina-samyofeli, yvela biliki, sadac is dadis.”

maSin daZra bage gilgameSma, ase mimarTavs uxucesTa krebuls:

“imediT mavsebs Zmobili Cemi, enqidu, Cemi Tanamavali. aw ki WeSmaritad getyviT, uxucesno:

aha, mivdivar gulmxiaruli.”

odes moismines misi naTqvami,270 Soreul gzaze ase gaistumres:

“gvale, gilgameS, gza mSvidobisa! RvTaeba Seni Sens gverdiT vlides,

da natvras TvaliT gaxilvinebdes, SamaSi borots agaSorebdes, nabijebs brZnulad wargimarTavdes!”

86

dafa meoTxe

(mgzavruli sizmrebi)

1 oc berus manZilze gatexes puri, ocdaaT beruze saTevi moawyves. sam dReSi ganvles Tvenaxevris savali. SamaSis winaSe Wa amoTxares, Sesawiravi Cayares WaSi. mere gaemarTnen Ramis gasaTevad. SuaRamisas gautydaT Zili. adga gilgameSi sizmris asaxsnelad da ase etyvis megobars, enqidus:

10 “adeq, gahxede mTaTa mwvervalebs! RvTismieri Zili ganmeSora. Zmobilo Cemo, vixile sizmari, raoden ucxo, mZime, saSineli! vebuRravebodi gareul xarebs, xmeleTs aryevda maTi Rmuili, buRi miwidan camde adioda, erTis winaSe muxlebze CaviCoqe,

87

Semipyro, mklavSi CameWida da Ronemixdili miwad daveci.

20 merme movida viRac, aRmadgina, wyali Semasva Tavis maTaridan.”

amgvarad uxsnis enqidu sizmars: “RmerTi yofila, vinac migviZRveba, da xari igi xari ar yofila! xari rom ixile, mcveli SamaSia, gaWirvebaSi xels gamogviwvdis. vinc wyali gasva Tavis maTaridan, Seni sakuTari RvTaebaa, lugalbandaa Seni mwyalobeli.

30 imgvari saqmis gviwevs aRsruleba, raic am qveynad jer ar momxdara.”

oc berus manZilze gatexes puri, ocdaaT beruze saTevi moawyves. SamaSis winaSe Wa amoTxares, Sesawiravi Cayares WaSi. mere gaemarTnen Ramis gasaTevad. da Zili, Ramis niaRvari, Rvarad mieRvara gilgameSs. SuaRamisas gautyda Zili

40 da amgvar sizmars uambobs enqidus: “xom ar maRviZebdi? ratom gameRviZa?

88

enqidu, megobaro, vixile sizmari. pirvel sizmarze Semzaravia meored zmanebuli sizmari. sizmrad, Zmobilo, mTa momiaxlovda, Zirs damca, ferxni gamikava. imZlavra Suqma Semzaravma da moyme vinme Tvalwin momevlina, moyme amqveynad umSvenieresi.

50 gorakis ZirTan mimiyvana, wyali masva da gulze momeSva, miwas damadgina Cemive terfebiT.”

ase eubneba enqidu gilgameSs: “wamo, megobaro, azri movikriboT. ucxoa yoveli zmanebuli, mxolod mTa igi ar aris ucxo. nu SegeSindeba, SiSi ganiSore, keTili niSani gamogiCndeba: moyme, vinc ixile, gmiri SamaSia,

60 visac miapyar mzera Seni, sxeuli Seni vinc ixsna jadosgan, is ivlis SenTan yovel gasaWirSi. mTa, Sengan xiluli, aris xumbaba. SevipyrobT xumbabas, movakvdinebT, da mis gvams velad gadavagdebT.”

89

odes ganTiadma mtredisfrad inaTa, kvlav gzas gaudga ori megobari. oc berus manZilze gatexes puri, ocdaT beruze saTevi moawyves.

70 SamaSis winaSe Wa amoTxares da miwayrilze Sedga gilgameSi, Sesawiravi Cayara WaSi. “mTao, moavline sizmari...” da mTam moavlina sizmari... swrafad gadiqrola grilma niavqarma, da gilgameSi miwad miawvina, xorblis TavTaviviT Tavi daumZima. nikapiT daeyrdno muxlis Tavebze. da Ramis Rvari – Zili CaeRvara.

80 SuaRamisas gautyda Zili, adga, eubneba megobars Tvisas: “xom ar mixmobdi? ratom gameRviZa? ar momkarebixar, raRatom SevkrTi? RmerTs ar Cauvlia? raRam gamaSeSa? Zmobilo, vixile mesame sizmari, sizmari igi, romelic vixile, Tavidan bolomde Semzaravia: grgvinavda zeca, miwa gugunebda, dRe iRrubleboda, wyvdiadi dgeboda,

90 elavda elva, ali enTeboda, zrqeli Rrubeli sikvdils awvimebda.

90

elva ra gaqra, xanZaric Caqra, da rac ecemoda, nacrad iqceoda. gavideT velad, azri movikriboT.”

ase auxsna enqidum sizmari: “keTilad axdeba Seni sizmari, niSani misi keTilad moCans: davamxobT xumbabas, gavCexavT kedars, da borots aRmovfxvriT miwis pirisgan.”

100 ra miuaxlovdnen tevris misadgomebs, ase eubneba enqidu gilgameSs: “gaixsenebde uruqSi naTqvams, droa, aRsruldes igi danaqadi. qveyanas amcne, razom Zlieri xar, gilgameS, uruqis Rirso naSiero!” ra esma gilgameSs Zmobilis sityvebi, gauxalisda imediT guli.

mZvinvare xariviT Tavi ra aRmarTa, erTi iyvira mTeli xmiT xumbabam,

110 Soridan yviris tyeTa modaraje. meored iyvira mTeli xmiT xumbabam. xumbaba – xma misi grigali. mesamed iyvira mTeli xmiT xumbabam... maSin ganaxvna enqidum bageni, ametyvelda,

91

ase eubneba gilgameSs: “tyis gulSi nu Sevalo, Zmobilo Cemo, guli SemiRonda, mklavebi momerRva.” maSin gilgameSma ganaxvna bageni, ametyvelda, ase eubneba enqidus:

120 “enqiduv, guli ram SegiRona? xom gagivlia bevri gansacdeli, gamocdili xar mraval brZolaSi! samosels Cemsas ra Seexebi, myisve dagtovebs sikvdilis SiSi. lomis xmas baZavdes Seni xmianeba, TiTqos dafdafze vcemdeT yiJinas, guli agevseba brZolis surviliT, ganrRveul mklavebSi Zala aRgidgeba. aRdeg, megobaro, erTad SevideT,

130 momyevi, sikvdils nuRar axseneb, sifxizle marTebs gulad mebrZolsac, ufrore frTxilobs win mimavali, rom daifaros Tavis Tanamgzavri. omSi dacemulni didebas ixveWen.”

ase miadgnen goraks amwvanebuls, dadumdnen, Sedga ori megobari.

92

dafa mexuTe

(kedaris tyeSi)

1 dganan da maRnars Sescqerian, akvirdebian kedaris wverokins, akvirdebian tyeSi Sesasvlels. xumbabas navalze kvali daCenila, gzebi gamarTula keTilsavali. xedaven goraks kedrovanisas, irninis saydars – RvTaebriv samyofels. kedars siuxve maT win aRumarTavs: Crdili aqvs keTili, SvebiT aRsavse.

10 izrdeba eklnari, izrdeba buCqnari, kedars usurvazi gars Semoxvevia.

erT berus manZilze Sevidnen tyeSi. da ra gaiares ori mesamedi, culi imarjva xelSi gilgameSma da erTi kedari wamoaqcia. odes moesma xma igi xumbabas,

93

ganrisxda xumbaba, mTeli xmiT yviris: “Cems kedrovanSi vin Semosula! xe vin Seuracxyo Cems mTebSi gazrdili?

20 kedari Cemi vin wamoaqcia?”

xumbabas Rriali – xma grigalisa, xumbabas piri – piri cecxlisa, xumbabas sunTqva – sunTqva sikvdilisa. Svidmagi perangi mosavs xumbabas, Svidmagi elviT elavs xumbaba, Svidmagi elva anaTebs kedrovans.

ase eubneba gilgameSi enqidus: “Zmobilo, ukeTu SevebiT xumbabas, elva gaqreba am koriantelSi,

30 elva gaqreba, sinaTle Caqreba.” ase eubneba enqidu gilgameSs: “Zmobilo Cemo, Seipyar frinveli, sad gageqcevian bartyebi misi? merme moviZioT elvis naperwklebi, bartyebiviT rom ifantebian.”

cremli eRvreba TvalTagan gilgameSs, ase evedreba zecier SamaSs: “Sen aRmZar, SamaS, da mec gavemarTe Soreul gzaze, sadac xumbabaa,

94

40 pirispir vdgavar ucnobi brZolis. dRem moawia uruqSi daTqmulma: momakvlevine mZlavri xumbaba, raTa amovZirkvo miwis pirisagan yoveli boroti, Seni saZulveli. axla Semewie, he, gmiro SamaS, axla dagvifare xumbabas risxvisgan.” SamaSma Seismina gilgameSis vedreba, maRliT CamosZaxis zeciuri SamaSi: “miuaxlovdiT, nu SeSindebiT,

50 mihyeviT, vidre binad Sevidodes. Svidkec perangSi igi imoseba, erTi Caucvams, eqvsi darCenia.”

auSva SamaSma mZafri qarebi, rva qari uberavs xumbabas irgvliv, qarni uberaven xumbabas Tvalebs, zurgSi uberaven xumbabas qarebi, da mas ar Zalucs win waweva, da arc gabruneba ukan ar Zalucs. maSin ki dacxra mrisxane xumbaba,

60 ase evedreba mefe gilgameSs: “gamiSvi, gilgameS, batonad meyav. da me viqnebi msaxuri Seni. kedaris xeebi xarkad momiZRvnia,

95

kedaris xeebi, Cems tyeSi gazrdili. kedars mogiWri, saxlebs agigeb...”

daZra bage enqidum, ase eubneba gilgameSs: “xumbabas sityvas nu daujereb, xumbabas cocxlad nu dastoveb. xumbabas Tu ar moakvdineb,

70 uruq-qalaqSi veRar dabrundebi.” Seesma gilgameSs megobris sityva, marjvena xelSi najaxi imarjva, da qedze dasca igi xumbabas, Semdeg enqidum, misma megobarma. mesame dartymaze daeca xumbaba, dadumda xumbaba cnobamixdili. xumbaba, mcveli, ra miwad dasces, or berus sivrceze Seirxa kedari. masTanve dasca kedari enqidum,

80 xmauri miswvda xermons da libans, Semdeg damSvidda mTeli mTianeTi, damSvidda yvela mTagrexili.

moiRes bade vrcelze uvrcelesi, Camoxsnes rva gu wonis satevari, da sxva saWurveli imave wonisa. gaxsnes idumali bina anunaqTa.

96

wamoaqcevda xeebs gilgameSi, totebs ki enqidu kafavda. ase eubneba enqidu gilgameSs:

90 “gilgameS, gavCexeT kedaris tevri, axla ki gavidoT mxrebze namorebi da gavatanoT evfratis dinebas. SamaSis winaSe wyali davRvaroT.”

Subze aages xumbabas Tavi, da ZRvnad miarTves zecier SamaSs.

97

dafa meeqvse

(iSTaris Segineba)

1 da ra iSromes, wviri ganiSores, uxvi varjebiT mxrebi ganimSvenes. yria warwymedili, hmosavT ganwmedili, ride mousxamT, balTebi SeukravT.. odes daidgams gvirgvins gilgameSi, maRali iSTari vnebiT gadmohxedavs da Tvals daadgams mSvenebas misas. “modi gilgameS, meuRled meyav! me momiZRveni nayofi Seni!

10 Sen qmari iyav, me coli viqnebi. oqros da lilaqvis etls avagebineb, borblebad – oqro, xelnebad – TiTberi. etlSi Segikazmav qariSxlis raSebs. Semo Cvens saxlSi, kedaris surnelSi! da Cvens sasaxleSi Seni Semosvlisas, ferxT dagikocnian zRurbli da taxti. da Sens winaSe muxlebs moiyrian

98

Tavad xelmwifeni, zepurni mTavarni. xarkad mogiZRvnian nayofs mTa-barisas,

20 Txis arve Seni sam-samad giSobs, marCbivad giSoben cxovarni. viri datvirTuli jors wamoeweva, etlis cxenebi srboliT ganiTqmian, Sens uRlis xarebs tols vin mouZebnis”! daZra bage gilgameSma, ityvis, ase eubneba didebul iSTars: “ra Zalmics mocemad, ukeTu giTxove? uxvad gaqvs sxeulis zeTi da samosi, uxvad gaqvs puri da sazrdeli,

30 Wamadi, RvTaebaTa saSveni, sasmeli, meufeTa saSveni, me wmida xorbliT agivseb beRlebs, Zvirfasi samosiT kerpebs Segimosav, magram colad ki ver wagiyvan. vis daifarav qarSi da avdarSi? RriWe kari xar, qaris verdamWeri, sasaxle – mamrTa damRupveli, xaro xar, mzakvrulad gaTxrili, kupri – damsvreli misi mzidvelis,

40 tiki – damsvelebeli misi mzidvelis, kirqva xar, zRudiT monaSali, Sana, ucxoeTSi vermfaravi, xamlni, patronis ferxTa mkbenelni.

99

romeli mwyemsi giyvarda marad? romeli mwyemsi, rom saTno eyav? aha, sayvarlebs Sensas CamogiTvli: Tamuzs, sayvarels Seni siyrmisas, wlidan wlamde glova gaduwyvite. erTxel frinveli Wreli Segiyvarda,

50 Seexe, frTeni daulewe, ~Cemi frTebi!” – gahyviris tyeebSi. srulZalovani lomi Segiyvarda, Svidi da Svidi xaro gauTxare. giyvarda cxeni, omSi didebuli, dezebi, aRviri, Solti gaduwyvite, Svid beruze Weneba gaduwyvite, gaoflils wylis sma gaduwyvite, dedamiss, RvTaebriv sililis, glova gaduwyvite.

60 mwyemsi Txis arveTa giyvarda, marad rom gicxobda nacarSi purebs, maradRe Tiknebs rom giklavda, Seexe, mglad gadaaqcie, edevnebodnen misive biWebi da misiv ZaRlebi TeZoebs uglejdnen. iSulanu, mamaSenis mebaRe giyvarda, maradRe finikis nayofs rom giZRvnida, maradRe tablas rom gimkobda. Tvali daadgi da vnebiT aRivse:

100

70 vigemoT Zali Seni, iSulanu! xolo getyoda Sen iSulanu: deda Tu ar micxobs, sxva purs ver SevWam, puri viT vigemo avi da binZuri? yinvaSi lerwami vis daifaravs? odes moismine naTqvami misi, Seexe, obobad aqcie, wisqvilis borbalSi daasaxle, maRla ver adis, verc dabla eSveba. Tu Semiyvare, msgavsad momeqcevi.”

(qalRmerTis risxva)

80 ra gaigona es iSTarma, ganrisxda iSTari, zecad aiwia. warudga iSTari mamamiss, anus, anTus, dedamiss, warudga iSTari. “mamav, Seuracxmyo gilgameSma, gilgameSma gamixsena Cemi siaveni, Cemi siaveni da mwikulebani.” daZra bageni anum, ametyvelda, ase eubneba didebul iSTars: “WeSmaritad Sen gamoiwvevdi,

90 da gilgameSma gagixsena Seni siaveni, Seni siaveni da mwikulebani.”

101

ganaxvna iSTarma bageni, ametyvelda, ase eubneba mamamiss, anus: “mamav, Semiqmen zecieri mozveri, gilgameSi, dae, moakvdinos. da Tu zecier mozvers ar Semiqmni, Sevlewav bWeebs qvesknelisas, da axal wesebs davamyareb: mkvdrebs amoviyvan cocxlebis SemWmelT,

100 da mkvdrebi cocxalT aRematebian.”

anum daZra bage, ametyvelda, ase eubneba didebul iSTars: “Tu Segisrule, rasac Sen moiTxov, Svid weliwads bze mova futuro, xalxisTvis xorbali Tu daagrove? Tu aRmoacene jogisTvis balaxi?” daZra bage iSTarma, ametyvelda, ase eubneba mamamiss, anus:

110 “jogisTvis balaxi aRmovacene. Tu Svid weliwads bze mova futuro, xalxisTvis xorbali mogrovili maqvs, balaxi, jogisTvis aRmocenebuli.”

102

(cis xari)

ra esma anus naTqvami misi, Txovna aRusrula didebul iSTars. zecieri mozveri uruqs Camogzavna, moadga evfrats zecieri mozveri. mozvris sunTqvaze gaipo miwa,

asi uruqeli napralSi Cavarda.120 meore sunTqvaze gaipo miwa,

orasi uruqeli napralSi Cavarda. mesame sunTqvaze gaipo miwa, enqidu Cavarda napralis gulSi. amoxta enqidu, rqebSi moeWida, dorbli miaSxefa mozverma saxeSi da miutylaSuna sizrqe kudisa.

daZra bage enqidum, ametyvelda, ase eubneba gilgameSs:

“bevrgan visaxeleT, moyvaso, Tavi,130 aw rogor vZlioT zecier mozvers?”

“Zmobilo, mivuxvdi xrikebs mozvrisas, Cven Zalgvics misi mokvdineba. amovglej guls da SamaSs mivarTmev, xelosnebs movuxmob – rqebi Seufason. zeTiT savse rqebs lugalbandas mivarTmev. Tu xari meZgera, kudze moeWide,

103

me ki rqebs Sua vugmirav maxvils.” misdevs enqidu zecier mozvers

da eWideba kudis sizrqeSi.140 maSin moixelTa Jami gilgameSma –

rqebs Sua ugmira maxvili. ra mokles mozveri, guli amoglijes da dadves igi SamaSis winaSe. ukan daixies, SamaSs dauCoqes da Semdeg dajda ori megobari. avida iSTari uruqis zRudeze, qongurze Sedga, wyevla gadmoRvara: “vai, gilgameSs, rom Seuracxmyo,

momikla zecieri mozveri!”150 ra esma enqidus iSTaris sityvebi,

xars beWi mohglija, win daugdo: “netav SemeZlos Seni Sepyroba, WeSmaritad mas dagamsgavsebdi, gadagkidebdi mxrebze mis nawlavebs!”

ixmo iSTarma Sewiruli asulni, ixmo SamxaTebi da xarimaTebi, da xaris beWze glova wamoiwyo. xolo gilgameSma xelosnebs uxmo,

mesaWurWleni Sekriba yvela.160 sizrqes rqebisas aqeben ostatni:

“ocdaaTi mana maTi safironi,

104

varayi – sizrqe ori TiTisa. eqvs gur zeTs daitevs yanwi TiTeuli.” sanelsacxebled uZRvnis gilgameSi did lugalbandas, Tavis RvTaebas, da mis brwyinvale sadgomSi dahkidebs.

evfratis wyalSi xeli ganibanes da ukumoiqcnen xelCakidebulni –

ase vidodnen uruqis SukebSi.170 maT mzerad Sekrba mTeli uruqi.

uruqel asulT, meCange qalebs, ase uyioda gilgameSi: “vin aris brwyinvale moymeTa Soris? vin aris qebuli mamacTa Soris?” ase pasuxobdnen meCange asulni: “gilgameS brwyinvalea moymeTa Soris! enqidu qebul ars mamacTa Soris!”

sasaxleSi gamarTa lxini gilgameSma. eZinaT moymeT, sawolSi mwolareT,180 eZina enqidus: xedavda sizmars.

da aRdga enqidu sizmris asaxsnelad, ase eubneba megobars: “megobaro, ras bWoben didi RmerTebi?

105

dafa meSvide

(enqidus vnebani)

1 ismine, megobaro, wuxandeli sizmari: krebulad isxdnen didi RmerTebi, anu, enlili, ea da SamaSi. ase mimarTavda anu gmir enlils: rameTu mokles zecieri xari, mokles xumbaba, kedrovanis mkvidri, erTi maTgani, vinc kedars kodavda, unda mokvdinebul iqnas.

enlili ityvis: “mokvdes enqidu!10 xolo gilgameSi ar unda mokvdes!”

maSin miubrunda SamaSi gmir enlils: “gana ar mokles Senive brZanebiT xumbaba da zecieri mozveri? rad unda mokvdes ucodveli enqidu?” risxviT miubrunda SamaSs enlili: “Sen Tavad msgavsi xar erTi maTganisa, raki dRe cismare dadixar maTTan!”

106

gilgameSis win iwva enqidu, Rvarad sdioda gilgameSs cremli:

20 “tkbilo megobaro, Sens wil gamamarTles! nuTu momelis mkvdris sulTan jdoma, sikvdilis sulis bWeTa winaSe? nuTu Cems Zmobils veRar vixilav?” ganaxvna bageni enqidum, ametyvelda, ase eubneba gilgameSs: “megobaro, saqmeni Cveni gavixsenoT, raic CavidineT SamaSis rCeviT. kedaris xisgan kari gamovTaleT, mis gamo SememTxva seni ukurneli.”

30 Tvalni ze aRapyro sneulma enqidum, kars esityveba viTarca suliers: “hoi, usulgulo karo xisao, ar gagaCnia Sesmenis niWi – oc berus manZilze xe gamogiZebne, gamogirCie maRali kedari. Sens ficrebs am qveynad toli ar udevT, eqvsi garia Seni simaRle, da ori gari sigane Seni. Segqmen, wamogiRe, nipurSi gakurTxe,

40 Rirsi urdulebiT frTebi dagimSvene. mcodnoda, karo, es dRe bedkruli, da sazRauri Cemi Sromisa,

107

najaxs aRvmarTavdi, movWridi lelians, lerwmiT Segikravdi wyeul karedebs. dae, wagiRos ucxoTa mefem, dae, amoSalos saxeli Cemi, Cems wil saxeli Tvisi amokveTos!”

ra Semoesma naTqvami ese, myis mwared atirda;

50 ra esma gilgameSs enqidus naTqvami, myisve TvalTagan cremli daedina. daZra bage gilgameSma, ametyvelda, ase eubneba enqidus: “ucnaurs rad ambob galavnian uruqSi, brZenkaco, ucnaurs guli rad gizraxavs? keTil ars sizmari, Tumc SiSi moaqvs, kacs SiSi igi xesaviT aSrobs. keTili sizmaric SiSis momtania, sizmari cocxals anaRvlianebs,

60 cocxals mwuxareba wilad xvdomia, aw me viloceb RmerTebis mimarT, RvTaebas Sensas me Sevevedrebi, vinZlo Segiwyalos RmerTebis mamam, vinZlo gulmowyale geqmnes enlili, uricxvi oqroTi Sevumkob qandaks.” ase eubneba gilgameSs enqidu: “fuWad daxarjav, Zmobilo, oqros,

108

RmerTebis sityva garduvalia, mokvdavTa naTqvams igi ara hgavs.

70 sityva, gamosuli maT bageTagan, ar Sebrundeba, garduvalia. nayari wili ar Sebrundeba. Zmao, gadamiwyda igi bediswera, mokvdavs rac eweva adre Tu gvian.”

Tavi aRapyro sneulma enqidum, mzera miapyro SamaSis Zalas, SamaSis winaSe eRvreba cremlebi. ase evedreba enqidu SamaSs: “dovlaTi dauvse wyeul monadires,

80 mklavi moudune, mzera dauSrite, gza-kvali aebnas Sens win monadires, Tvalwin gaurbodes nanatri nadiri, survils ver ewios monadire!” guli miuwevs SamxaTis wyevlad: “aw modi, SamxaT, beds gadagiwyvet, samaradisod rom ar Sewydeba, saSineli wyevliT dagwyevli, da wyevla igi swrafad migxvdeba: satrfom alersi Seni moiZulos,

90 dae, Segiyvardes Senive nayofi, mona qalebis bedi SegSurdes! saxlSi dagisvaros ezos saqonelma,

109

Tavad isvrebode Sensav ganavalSi. mekecis qurasTan ZaRliviT Tbebode. gzis piri iyos Seni samyofeli da zRudis Crdili sadgomad geqmnes. Sens ferxTa winaSe Sardavdes kaci, mTvrali da fxizeli saxeSi gcemdes, uSveri sityviT saxels gixsenebdnen,

100 rameTu macduri safrxe damige, ukurnebeli seni SemamTxvie.”

moesma SamaSs misi naTqvami da CamosZaxa Soreul zeciT: “rad SeaCveneb SamxaTs, enqiduv, vinac RvTaebis Rirsad dagapura, vinc Rvino gasva mefeTa saSveni, vinac didebuli samosiT Segmosa, gilgameS qveli mogca Tanamgzavrad. axla gilgameSi, RviZli megobari,

110 gangasvenebs didebul sawolze, Rirseul sawolze gangasvenebs. dagavanebs Svebis samyofelSi, samyofelSi marcxena mxarisa. miwis mTavarni ferxT dagikocnian, SenTvis aatirebs ers uruqisas, Rirseul glovas gagimarTavs, da RvTis mxevalni wesebs agigeben.

110

Tavad Sens Semdgomad tans aRar ganibans, lomis tyavs Caicvams velad moaruli.”

120 ra esma enqidus gmiri SamaSisa, myisve daucxra mrisxane guli. da ra daucxra mZvinvare guli, da ra Seinana enqidum wyeva, daZra bage, ametyvelda: “modi, SamxaT, beds gadagiwyvet,

Cemma bagem rom dagwyevla, axla daglocavs: dae, sayvareli Seni dagibrundes,

dae, sanatrels gulisas ewio, dae, uyvarde mefeT da didebulT,

130 dae, geSoros Seuracxmyofeli. beri Sens xilvaze wverebs Searxevdes, Wabuki sartyels Seixsnides. dae, mogarTmevdnen oqros da safirons. dae, Semginebels miezRos sasjeli, kera daeSritos, beReli daevsos. RmerTebis winaSe Sehyavde qurums. Seni trfobisaTvis coli dautevon, Tund iyos deda Svidi Svilisa.”

111

(SaveTSi)

wevs sarecelze sneuli enqidu,140 wevs sarecelze sruliad marto.

diliT gaando megobars satkivari: “megobaro, wuxel sizmari vixile, grgvinavda zeca, miwa bans aZlevda, videqi marto am xmaurSi.

bnelsaxiani gamoCnda kaci, pirisaxiT anzus msgavsi iyo, xelebi misi – TaTebi lomisa, tanT esxa frTebi arwivisa, frCxilebad arwivisve klanWebi. TmebSi CameWida, damZlia.

150 samosi Cemi tans SemomaZarcva da ase SiSvlad CamZira ufskruls. Tvisi sxeulis oreulad maqcia, mxrebi damifara frinvelis nakrteniT. Semipyro, SaveTs Camiyvana, wyvdiadis saxlSi, irqalas binad, saxlSi, sad Semsvleli ukan ver brundeba, saxlSi, sad mkvidrTa Suqi warTmeviaT, mtveri aqvT sasmelad, saWmelad – Tixa, mosavT frTosanTa nakrtenis samosi

160 da naTels ver Wvreten wyvdiadis mkvidrni. mtveri afenia karebs da urdulebs.

112

da mtveris saxlSi, sadac me Sevedi, damxvdnen mefeni gvirgvinmoxdilni, da gvirgvinosanni, vinac ganagebdnen cocxalTa qveynebs gardasul dReebSi, vinac anus da enlilis winaSe Semwvari xorciT awyobdnen sufras, samsxverplo purebiT tablas amkobdnen, da msxverplad ankara wyals uRvridnen.

170 da mtveris saxlSi, sadac me Sevedi, mkvidrobs qurumi da mgalobeli, mkvidrobs qadagi da Semlocveli, mkvidroben saRmrTo WurWlebze mzrunvelni, mkvidrobs eTana, mkvidrobs sumukani, mkvidrobs qvesknelis dedofali ereSqigali, da beliT-ceris, qvesknelis mwerals, muxli mouyria dedoflis winaSe. xelT upyrav dafa da aRmoikiTxavs. Tavi ra aRapyro, me daminaxa,

180 mzera momapyro, mzera sikvdilisa: “beds mougvria es kaci CemTan...” aha, Zmobilo, sizmari Cemi.”

113

(sasikvdilo sareceli)

ra dResac sizmari ixila, dRe igi mwuxrad miiwura. wevs enqidu erT dRes, meore dRes, sarecelze mZimdeba seni. wevs enqidu mesame dRes, meoTxe dRes, sarecelze mZimdeba seni. wevs enqidu mexuTe dRes, meeqvse dRes,

190 sarecelze mZimdeba seni. wevs enqidu meSvide dRes, merve dRes, sarecelze mZimdeba seni. wevs enqidu mecxre dRes, meaTe dRes, sarecelze mZimdeba seni. wevs enqidu meTerTmete dRes, meTormete dRes, sarecelze mZimdeba seni. kvlav wevs enqidu Tavis sarecelze, da bolos uxmobs gilgameSs, Zmobils: “Zmobilo, enlils davuwyevlivar,

200 ar vkvdebi omSi dacemulTa darad, rameTu brZolis mudam meSinoda. vinc omSi mokvda, kurTxeulia, me ki sarecelze sikvdili melis.”

114

dafa merve

(enqidus glova)

1 odes ganTiadma mtredisfrad inaTa, amgvarad iglovda Zmobils gilgameSi: “enqidu, dedas – qurciks uSobixar, da mamas – kanjars, velad moaruls.

veluri virebi rZes gawovebdnen, Sen gzrdida yvela kuddamSvenebuli, veluri jogi yvela saZovrisa! enqidu, gitiron kedaris bilikTa, dRedaRam gitiron Seusvenebliv! gitiron uxucesTa farTo uruqisa,

10 gitiros yvelam, vinc ki gvlocavda! gitiron mwvervalTa tyiani mTebisa! sadac me da Sen erTad avdiodiT! moTqvamdnen saZovrebi, viTarca deda, fisiT cremloodnen kedaris xeni, romelTa Soris risxviT gaviareT!

115

gitiros daTvma, jiqma da afTarma, vefxma da lomma, jixvma da iremma, qurcikma, xarma da qvewarmavalma! gitiros ulam, wmida mdinarem.

20 romlis napirebi erTad mogvivlia! gitiron wmida wylebma evfratisa, riTac dReniadag maTarebs vavsebdiT! gitiron uruqis vaJTa da asulTa, romelTa Tvalwin cis xari movkaliT!

gitiros guTnisdedam Tavis guTanTan, tkbil alalaSi gididos saxeli! gitiros mwyemsma Tavis farexSi, rZesa da erbos pirSi rom gawvdida! gitiros meludem, luds rom Segasmevda, 30 gitiros, vinac purs mogawvdida, gitiros, vinac sasmels Segasmevda!

gitiros roskipma, vinac sxeulze zeTs tkbilsurnelovans gacxebda! gitiros siZem, vinc Seni rCeviT gulis sasurvel sasZlos iZenda! gitiron Zmebma, viTarca debma, Sens gamo Tmebi gaiSalon! dagtiri, enqiduv, viT Seni ded-mama Sens Zvel sanaxebSi dagitirebda!

116

40 mismineT, moymeno, mismineT me, mismineT, farTo uruqis uxucesno, mismineT me! Cems megobars, enqidus davtiri, motirali qaliviT cxared movTqvam! culi marjvenisa, imedi mklavisa, maxvili sartyelisa, fari Cems winaSe, samosi gancxromisa, qamari Svebisa, borotma qarma SemomaZarcva. Zmobilo Cemo umrwemeso, kanjarTa mdevaro, mdevaro udabnos lomebisa!

50 enqiduv, umrwemeso, kanjarTa mdevaro, mTebi rom erTad gadagvilaxavs, zecieri mozveri rom mogviklavs, xumbaba mogviklavs, kedrovanis mkvidri, – axla ra Zili gWirs, rom Seupyrixar, cnoba migxdia da veRar mismen?” enqidus Tavi ver auwevia; mkerdze exeba – guli ar uZgers. saxe daufara viTarca sasZlos, rogorc arwivi zed daboinobs,

60 midamouvlis megobris cxedars rogorc Zu lomi, lekvebwagvrili. Tmebs iglejs, irgvliv mimofantavs, xevs da ganagdebs sxeulis mSvenebas. eqvs dRes da Svid Rames ase dastiroda,

117

magram ver aRdga mis xmaze Zmobili. ar miabara igi samares, vidre nestoebSi matli ar SeuZvra.

odes ganTiadma mtredisfrad inaTa, ZaxiliT Sehyara eri gilgameSma:

70 “eha, qvismTlelno da oqromWedelno, brinjaos ostatno, movediT CemTan! megobars Cemsas qandaki augeT! amgvari iyos megobris qandaki: saxe – alebastri da Tvalni – lilaqva, gulmkerdi – oqro, kidurni – brinjao.”

daZra gilgameSma bage, ametyvelda: “axla ki RviZlma Zmobilma Senma gangasvene didebul sawolze, Rirseul sawolze gangasvene,

80 da Svebis samyofelSi dagsvi, samyofelSi marcxena mxarisa. miwis mTavarni ferxT dagikocnian, Sens gamo uruqis ers avatireb, Sens gamo mxiarul xalxs wuxiliT avavseb. Tavad Sens Semdgomad tans aRar ganviban, lomis tyavs Cavicvam, velad gaviWrebi!”

118

odes ganTiadma mtredisfrad inaTa, sartyeli Seixsna gilgameSma...

(fragmentuli teqstidan Cans, rom gilgameSma Tavisi saganZuridan gamoitana uzomo oqro-vercxli da Zvirfaseuloba RmerTebisTvis Sesawiravad, mere daxoca nasuqali xarebi da cxvrebi da megobris-Tvis daaxvava, raTa megobris sulis mosaoxad mTeli xorci qvesk-nelis mTavrebisTvis waeRoT.)

119

dafa mecxre

(velad gaWra)

1 gilgameS enqidus, megobars Tvisas, cxared dastiris velad moaruli: “nuTu mec movkvdebi enqidus msgavsad? SiganSi wuxili Semepara, sikvdils SevuSindi, velad viarebi.”

ubara-TuTus Zisken, uTanafiSTisken gzas daadga, swraf miemarTeba. RamiT miadga mTis uReltexilebs, lomebs Seeyara da SeSinda.

10 Tavi aRmarTa sinisadmi vedrebad, RvTiuri naTlisken vidodnen locvani: “hoi, sin, Sen damifaravde!” da ra iloca, dawva gilgameSi. odes gamoerkva Rameul sizmridan, xedavs, lomebi xaroben sicocxliT. maSin gilgameSma xelT ipyra najaxi

120

da sartyelidan maxvili iSiSvla. maT Soris Sevarda viTarca isari, gaJlita lomebi, nakuwad aqcia.

[. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]

(Rriankal-kacebi)

20 maSu ars saxeli marCbivi mTebisa, romelTa mwvervalni cargvals ebjineba, romelTa fesvebi qvesknels eskvneba. maT bWeebs icaven Rriankal-kacebi da dReniadag darajad udganan ciuri SamaSis Casvla-amosvlas. mrisxane mzera Semzaravi aqvT, maT gamoxedvas sikvdili moaqvs, da elva maTi mTagrexilT evleba. maSus mTisZirTan odes mivida,

30 Tvali Seavlo maT gilgameSma, SiSiT da ZrwoliT saxe daubnelda. Zali moikriba, axlos mivida. Rriankal-kaci Tavis cols SesZaxis: “Cvenken momavals RmrTis xorci mosavs!” ase esityveba Rriankal-qali: “ori mesamedi RmerTia igi, erTi mesamedi – mokvdavi kaci.”

121

mamrs exmianeba Rriankal-kaci RmerTebis naSiers sityvas eubneba:

40 “rad gamogivlia egzom Sori gza, ras mouyvanixar winaSe Cemsa? mTa gadmogilaxavs wiaRsvlad Zneli, saiT midixar, dae, mec vicode.” ganaxvna gilgameSma bageni, ametyvelda, ase eubneba Rriankal-kacsa: “uTanafiSTisken gamiwevia, Cemi winaprisken, romelic warudga RmerTTa sakrebulos da maradiuli sunTqva moipova. sikvdil-sicocxlis ambavs gamovkiTxav.”

50 daZra Rriankal-kacma bage, ametyvelda, ase eubneba gilgameSs: “aravin yofila gaRma gamsvleli, am mTebis wiaR aravin gasula: Tormeti berua mTebs Soris savali, zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans. mzis amoxdomisas iReba WiSkari, mzis Caxdomisas iReba WiSkari, mzis Caxdomisas gagiReb WiSkars, mTebs Soris gagiSveb SamaSis kvalze.”

122

(SamaSis gzaze)

60 kvlav etyvis gilgameSi Rriankal-kacs: “naRveliT savsea Cemi Sigani, yinviT da armuriT saxedamwvari sulTqmiT da vaebiT am gzas gadavivli. axla ki gamiRe mTebis WiSkari.” ganaxvna Rriankal-kacma bageni, ametyvelda, ase eubneba mefe gilgameSs: “mihyev, gilgameS, kvals SamaSisas, da maSus mTebi uSiSrad ganvle, mTebi udaburi uSiSrad ganvle,

70 mSvidobiT dasruldes Seni mgzavroba. aha, gaxsnilia mTebis WiSkari!” da ra moismina ese gilgameSma, miendo sityvas Rriankal-kacisas, swrafad gaemarTa SamaSis kvalze.

erT berus manZilze misvlisas ixila: zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans, Tvali ver xedavs verc win, verc ukan. or berus manZilze misvlisas ixila: zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans,

80 Tvali ver xedavs verc win, verc ukan. sam berus manZilze misvlisas ixila: zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans,

123

Tvali ver xedavs verc win, verc ukan. oTx berus manZilze misvlisas ixila: zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans, Tvali ver xedavs verc win, verc ukan. xuT berus manZilze misvlisas ixila: zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans, Tvali ver xedavs verc win, verc ukan.

90 eqvs berus manZilze misvlisas ixila: zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans, Tvali ver xedavs verc win, verc ukan. Svid berus manZilze misvlisas ixila: zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans, Tvali ver xedavs verc win, verc ukan. rva berus manZilze misvlisas, yvirili aRmoxda mkerdidan gilgameSs. zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans, Tvali ver xedavs verc win, verc ukan.

100 cxra berus manZilze misvlisas, CrdiloeTis qari amovarda, da miubera gilgameSs saxeze. zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans. aT berus manZilze misvlisas ixila: uaxlovdeba wyvdiadis sazRvars, aha, iwureba beruTa ricxvi. TerTmeti berus manZilze misvlisas, Semomdgariyo dilis ganTiadi.

124

Tormeti berus manZilze misvlisas,110 damkvidrebuliyo SamaSis naTeli.

da gilgameSic swrafad gaemarTa, raTa moexila aRralTa walkoti: marjnis xeebi nayofs dauxunZlavs, vazic mohxvevia, xilvad keTili. SefoTlilia laJvardis xeebi, nayofi asxia xilvad saamuri.

ganvlo gilgameSma aRralTa walkoti, aRapyro Tvalni SamaSis mimarT. maSin sibraluliT mohxeda SamaSma

120 da ase etyvis mefe gilgameSs: “eha, gilgameS, rad daexetebi! sunTqvas maradiuls ver moipoveb.” maSin gmir SamaSs etyvis gilgameSi: “mas Semdeg, rac movvle xetialiT velebi, nuTu miwis gulSi davdriko Tavi? nuTu viZino uTvalavi wlebi? de, Tvalni Cemni mzes marad umzerdnen, de, gavZRe xedviT maradi naTlisa! gangvSordes ukuni sxivT movanebisas,

130 uWvretdes mzis Tvals mzegadasulic!”

125

dafa meaTe

(siduri)

1 meRvine siduri – qali zRviskideli zis da ganazavebs RvTaebriv sasmels; saburveli buravs, imaleba. misken warmarTavs nabijs gilgameSi – tyavebi mosavs da Tmebi mozrdia. tanSi ki udgas RvTiuri xorci, magram SiganSi sevda Sehparvia, damsgavsebia Sori gziT mavals.

SoriT akvirdeba meRvine siduri,10 gulSi izraxavs da ase ityvis, ase TaTbirobs sakuTar TavTan:

“kacismkvlelia is kaci albaT, saiT miiswrafvis ase gaSmagebiT?” Sexeda meRvinem, Caketa WiSkari, kari Caketa, sagduli miugdo. ra yurad esma gilgameSs xmauri,

126

argani aRmarTa da karze dareka. ase etyoda gilgameSi meRvines: “ra mogeCvena, kari rom Cakete,

20 WiSkari Cakete, miugde sagduli? karebs Segimtvrev, WiSkars Segilewav!”

ase miugebs meRvine gilgameSs, RmerTebis naSiers sityvas eubneba: “rad gamogivlia egzom Sori gza, ras mouyvanixar Cems winaSe? zRva gadmogilaxavs wiaRsvlad Zneli, saiT midixar, dae, mec vicode.” ase eubneba gilgameSi meRvines: “gilgameSia saxeli Cemi,

30 uruqidan movdivar, eanas taZridan, me movkal mcveli kedaris tyisa.

xumbaba – mkvidri kedrovanisa, me movkal xari cidan Camosuli, davxoce lomebi uReltexilebze.”

ase eubneba meRvine gilgameSs: “Tu mokal mcveli kedaris tyisa, xumbaba, mkvidri kedrovanisa, Tu mokal xari cidan Camosuli, Tu xoce lomebi uReltexilebze,

40 radRa Cagcvenia Rawvebi,

127

rad dagRonebia saxe, guli rad Segqmnia cudad, raRad wagxdomia ieri, raRad Segparvia SiganSi sevda, Sori gziT mavals rad damsgavsebixar, yinva-armurisgan saxe rad dagwvia, qars rad edevnebi velad moaruli?”

ase eubneba gilgameSi meRvines: “Rawvebi rad ar Camcvivdeboda,

50 saxe rad ar damiRondeboda, guli cudad rad ar Semeqmneboda,

ieri rad ar wamixdeboda, SiganSi sevda rad ar Semepareboda, Sori gziT mavals rad ar davemsgavsebodi, –

yinva-armurisgan rad ar damewveboda saxe, qars rad ar davedevnebodi velad moaruli, – odes Zmobili Cemi umrwemesi, kanjarTa mdevari, udabnos lomebis, enqidu, Zmobili Cemi umrwemesi,

60 kanjarTa mdevari, udabnos lomebis, kedaris mTaSi erTad rom avsulvarT,

mogviklavs xumbaba, mcveli kedarisa, ciuri mozveri erTad rom mogviklavs, Zmobili igi, Zlier rom miyvarda, Cemi Tanamdevi yvela gansacdelSi,

128

enqidu, Zlier rom miyvarda, Cemi Tanamdevi yvela gansacdelSi, mokvdavTa weras ver wauvida. eqvs dRes da Svid Rames mwared davtirodi,

70 magram ver aRdga Cems xmaze Zmobili. ar mivabare igi samares,

vidre nestoebSi matli ar SeuZvra. sikvdils SevuSindi velad moaruli, mamZimebs Zmobilis ambavi, Soreul gzebiT velad viarebi, mamZimebs Zmobilis ambavi. viT movisveno anu viT davdumde, megobari Cemi, vinc miyvarda, Tixad gadaiqca,

enqidu, vinc miyvarda, Tixad gadaiqca!80 nuTu mis msgavsad mec daviZineb,

da saukunod veRar avdgebi? axla, meRvinev, Sens saxes vxedav, –

sikvdils nu Sevxedav, risac meSinis!”

ase eubneba meRvine gilgameSs: “ras eZeb, gilgameS, ras eswrafvi? ukvdavebas rogor miagneb? kacTa modgma rom Seqmnes RmerTebma, sikvdili kacTa modgmas dauweses, maradi sicocxle Tavad irgunes.

90 aw, savse gqondes stomaqi, gilgameS,

129

moilxende dRiTa da RamiT, dReniadag nadims marTavde,

dRiTa da RamiT rokvide, mRerde, samoseli spetaki gemosos, Tavs ganibande, tans ganibande, zrunavde Cvilze, xelT rom geWireba, Sens mkerdze xarobdes meuRle Seni, – rameTu esaa xvedri mokvdavisa.” ase eubneba gilgameSi meRvines:

100 “uTanafiSTisken gza mimaswavle, niSnebi rogoria, niSnebi mauwye!

Tu SesaZloa, zRvas gadavlaxav, Tu SeuZloa, udabnos gavivli.” ase eubneba meRvine gilgameSs: “arasdros yofila gadasasvleli, da vinc ki mosula dReT dasabamidan, vis gadaulaxavs vrceli zRva igi. oden SamaSia zRvis gadamlaxveli. SamaSis garda zRvas vin gadalaxavs?

110 Znelia savali, gza Znelze Znelia, wyalni sikvdilisa sazRvraven misadgoms.

zRvis gaRma mxares kidec rom gaxvide, sikvdilis wylebi win dagxvdebian, netav ras izam maSin, gilgameS? aris ur-Sanabi vinme, migaswavli, Soreuli uTanafiSTis menavea.

130

masTan awyvia qvebi jadosnuri, tyeTa wiaRSi gvels iWers igi. dae, man saxe ixilos Seni,

120 Tu SesaZloa, man gadagiyvanos, Tu SeuZloa, gabrundi ukan.”

(menave ur-Sanabi)

gilgameSma es rom gaigona, marjvena xelSi najaxi imarjva,

sartyelidan iSiSvla maxvili, miepara da Tavs daatyda, isariviT maT Soris daeca.

qvebi daamsxvria risxvamoreulma. dabrunda, wardga ur-Sanabis winaSe. ur-Sanabi TvalebSi Sehyurebs,

130 ase eubneba ur-Sanabi gilgameSs: “vina xar, saxeli Seni macodine! me ur-Sanabi var, mezRvauri, menave Soreuli uTanafiSTisa.”

ase eubneba gilgameSi ur-Sanabis: “gilgameSia saxeli Cemi, uruqidan movdivar, eanas taZridan, maRali mTebi gadamilaxavs, Sori savali SamaSis kvalze.”

131

ase eubneba ur-Sanabi gilgameSs:140 “rad Cagcvenia Rawvebi,

rad dagRonebia saxe, guli rad Segqmnia cudad, raRad wagxdomia ieri,

raRad Segparvia SiganSi sevda, Sori gziT mavals rad damsgavsebixar, yinva-armurisgan saxe rad dagwvia, qars rad edevnebi velad moaruli?”

ase eubneba gilgameSi menave ur-Sanabis: “Rawvebi rad ar Camicvivdeboda,

150 saxe rad ar damiRondeboda, guli rad ar SemiRondeboda, ieri rad ar wamixdeboda, SiganSi sevda rad ar Semepareboda,

Sori gziT mavals rad ar davemsgavsebodi, yinva-armurisgan rad ar damewveboda saxe, qars rad ar davedevnebodi velad moaruli, – odes Zmobili Cemi umrwemesi,

160 kanjarTa mdevari, udabnos lomebis, enqidu, Zmobili Cemi umrwemesi, kanjarTa mdevari, udabnos lomebis, kedaris mTaSi erTad rom avsulvarT, mogviklavs xumbaba, mcveli kedarisa, ciuri xari erTad rom mogviklavs,

132

davamxeT xumbaba, kedrovnis mkvidri, uReltexilebze lomebi vxoceT, megobari, Zlier rom miyvarda,

Cemi Tanamdevi yvela gansacdelSi, enqidu, megobari, Zlier rom miyvarda, Cemi Tanamdevi yvela gansacdelSi,

170 mokvdavTa weras ver wauvida. eqvs dRes da Svid Rames mwared davtirodi, magram ar aRdga Cems xmaze Zmobili, ar mivabare igi samares, vidre nestoebSi matli ar SeuZvra. sikvdils SevuSindi, velad moaruli, mamZimebs Zmobilis ambavi, Soreul gzebiT velad viarebi,

mamZimebs megobris ambavi. viT movisveno anu viT davdumde,

180 megobari Cemi Tixad gadaiqca. nuTu mis msgavsad mec daviZineb, da verasodes veRar avdgebi? axla, ur-Sanabi, Sens saxes vxedav, – sikvdils nu Sevxedav, risic meSinia! maxilvine Soreuli uTanafiSTi!

maswavle, ur-Sanabi, gza, rogor wavide, ra aris niSani, momeci, momeci niSani misi!

133

Tu SesaZloa, zRvas gadavlaxav,190 Tu SesaZloa, udabnos gavivli!”

ase eubneba ur-Sanabi gilgameSs: “sakuTar xeliT gza Cagiketavs, qvebi dagimsxvrevia, mogiklavs gveli. qvebi damsxvreula, gveli aRar Cans. aiRe, gilgameS, najaxi xelSi, Sedi tyeSi da niCbebi gaTale, asoci niCabi xuTgariani, kuprSi amoavle, aq momitane.”

gilgameSma es rom gaigona,200 marjvena xelSi najaxi imarjva, Cavida tyeSi, niCbebi gaTala,

asoci niCabi xuTgariani. kuprSi amoavlo, miutana. xomaldze avidnen gilgameSi da ur-Sanabi. xomaldi talRebSi Seagdes, gaemgzavrnen, sam dReSi ganvles Tvenaxevris savali. da ra miadgnen wylebs sikvdilisas, ase eubneba ur-Sanabi gilgameSs: “ganagde, gilgameS, sveli niCbebi,

210 wyalni sikvdilisa xelze ar Segexon. meore, mesame da meoTxe niCabi aiRe, gilgameS!

134

mexuTe, meeqvse da meSvide niCabi aiRe, gilgameS! merve, mecxre da meaTe niCabi aiRe, gilgameS! meTerTmete da meTormete niCabi aiRe, gilgameS!” asoc beruze Semoelia niCbebi gilgameSs.

maSin Seixsna sartyeli ur-Sanabim, gilgameSma samoseli tans SemoiZarcva da afrasaviT aRmarTa maRla.

SoriT iyureba uTanafiSTi,220 gulSi izraxavs da ase ambobs, ase TaTbirobs sakuTar TavTan:

“ram daamsxvria xomaldis qvebi? xomaldis patroni ar unda iyos. igi, vinc mocuravs, ucxoa CemTvis. vakvirdebi, verafers mivmxvdarvar. tanSi ki udgas RvTiuri xorci, magram SiganSi wuxili Separvia, damgvanebia Sori gziT mavals.”

(Soreuli uTanafiSTi)

gadmoxdnen napirze gilgameSi da ur-Sanabi.230 ase eubneba uTanafiSTi gilgameSs: “vina xar, saxeli Seni macodine!

me var Soreuli uTanafiSTi,

135

romelic warvudeq RmerTTa sakrebulos da maradiuli sunTqva movipove.” ase eubneba gilgameSi uTanafiSTis: “gilgameSia saxeli Cemi, uruqidan movdivar, eanas taZridan, maRali mTebi gadamilaxavs, Sori savali SamaSis gzaze.”

240 ase eubneba uTanafiSTi gilgameSs: “rad Cagcvenia Rawvebi,

rad dagRonebia saxe, rad SegRonebia guli, raRad wagxdomia ieri, rad Segparvia SiganSi wuxili, Sori gziT mavals rad damgvanebixar, yinva-armurisgan saxe rad dagwvia, qars rad edevnebi velad moaruli?”

ase eubneba gilgameSi Soreul uTanafiSTis:250 “Rawvebi rad ar Camcvivdeboda, saxe rad ar damiRondeboda,

guli rad ar SemiRondeboda, ieri rad ar wamixdeboda, SiganSi wuxili rad ar Semepareboda, Sori gziT mavals rad ar davemgvanebodi, yinva-armurisgan saxe rad ar damewveboda

136

qars rad ar davedevnebodi velad moaruli, – odes Zmobili Cemi umrwemesi,

kanjarTa mdevari, udabnos lomebis,260 enqidu, Zmobili Cemi umrwemesi,

kanjarTa mdevari, udabnos lomebis, kedaris mTaSi erTad rom avsulvarT, mogviklavs xumbaba, mcveli kedarisa, ciuri xari erTad rom mogviklavs, megobari, Zlier rom miyvarda, Cemi Tanamdevi yvela gansacdelSi, enqidu, megobari, Zlier rom miyvarda, Cemi Tanamdevi yvela gansacdelSi, mokvdavTa weras ver wauvida

270 eqvs dRes da Svid Rames mwared davtirodi, magram ver aRdga Cems xmaze Zmobili,

ar mivabare igi samares, vidre nestoebSi matli ar SeuZvra. sikvdils SevuSindi velad moaruli, mamZimebs Zmobilis ambavi, Soreul gzebiT velad viarebi, mamZimebs megobris ambavi. viT movisveno anu viT davdumde, megobari Cemi Tixad gadaiqca.

280 nuTu mis msgavsad mec daviZineb, da saukunod veRar avdgebi? vTqvi, waval, vnaxav Soreul uTanafiSTis,

137

uTanafiSTis, kacs saarakos. ganvvle, moviare yoveli mxare, Znelad savali mTebi gadavlaxe, gadaviare zRvis Suaguli. Zili saamuri ar momkarebia, sifxizliT Tavi gavitanje, Sigani mwuxarebiT avivse.

290 vidre mivaRwevdi siduris sadgoms, tanze SemomacvTa samosi Cemi,

vxoce daTvebi, vefxi da afTari, iremi, xari da qvewarmavali... xorcs vWamdi maTsas, tyavs tanze vicvamdi. ra daminaxa sidurim, meRvinem, kari Camiketa, urduli miugdo... kuprsa da fisSi gavavle niCbebi, wyalni sikvdilisa ar Semxebian. aw Sen gixile, uTanafiSTi,

300 sikvdils nu vixilav, risic meSinia! ambavi mamcne sikvdil-sicocxlisa...”

ase eubneba uTanafiSTi gilgameSs: “aucdenelia uwyalo sikvdili:

vin aris, visac ar uxilavs sikvdili? vin aris, visac saxe sikvdilisa ar uxilavs? vin aris, visac xma sikvdilisa ar smenia?

gana samudamod vaSenebT saxlebs?

138

gana samudamod irtymis beWedi? gana samudamod iyrebian Zmebi?

310 gana samudamod mZulvareben mtrebi? gana samudamod diddeba wyali, wyali yanebze niaRvris mimRvreli? gana samudamod parkSia Wupri?

mzis Tvalis marad mWvreteli Tvali gana arsebula dasabamidan? erTni arian mZinare da mkvdari, gana ar xataven saxes sikvdilisas? gana Tavs eyudnis mokvdavi kaci, odes bedisweris Jami moawevs?

320 didi RmerTebi, anunaqni, ikribebian, mameTu, qalRmerTi, bedis damsazRvreli, maTTan erTad bedisweras dasazRvravs. maT daudgeniaT sikvdil-sicocxle.

dReni sikvdilisa ar gaumxeliaT.”

139

dafa meTerTmete

(warRvna)

1 ase eubneba gilgameSi Soreul uTanafiSTis: “aha, giyureb, uTanafiSTi: ar meucxoeba aRnagi Seni, Cemi msgavsi xar! da Sen Tavadac ar meucxoebi, Cemi msgavsi xar! guli mimiwevs Senda Serkinebad, Sen ki isveneb, gulaRma wevxar. marqvi, viT warudeq RmerTebis krebuls,

maradi sicocxle viT moipove?”

ase eubneba uTanafiSTi gilgameSs:10 “gagimxel, gilgameS, idumal sityvas, gangebas RmerTebisas gamcnob:

Sen ici Surufaqi, qalaqi, qalaqi, evfratis piras naSeni. Zveli qalaqi, RmerTTa samyofeli. warRvna ganizraxes didma RmerTebma: iq iyo anu – mSobeli maTi,

140

gmiri enlili – mrCeveli maTi, ninurTa – mkvircxli morbedi maTi,

RmerTi enugi – merwyuli maTi,20 ea, TvalnaTeli, maTTan izraxvida. qoxs gaumxila maTi saidumlo:

qoxo, yuradiRe, kedelo, ismine! hoi, Sen, kaco Surupakelo, ubara-TuTus naSiero! saxli daangrie, xomaldi aage, ganagde dovlaTi, Tavi gadirCine, uaryav qoneba, sicocxle ixseni!

yoveli suldgmuli xomalds aiyvane. xomaldi igi, rasac aageb,

30 unda aago amgvari wyobiT: erTurTs gautoldes sigrZe da gani,

abzus magvarad Weri dahxure. mec mivxvdi, mivuge Cems ufals eas: sityva, rac brZane, ufalo Cemo, rogorc gavige, ise aRvasruleb. magram ra mivugo uxucesobas, ra vuTxra qalaqs da misTa mkvidrTa?

eam ganaxva bageni, ametyvelda, ase meubneba mis mona-morCils:

40 Sen ki maT amgvarad etyode: gavige, enlils davuwyevlivar, veRar davdgebi Tqvens qalaqSi,

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veRar gavivli enlilis miwaze, zRvad Caval, Cems ufal easTan davdgebi. Tqvenzed ki siuxves awvimebs ea, gagimravldebaT caze frTosani, TevziT aivseba myudro jileebi,

uxvi Wirnaxuli qveyanas aavsebs. gariJraJisas, dilaadrianad,

50 xorblis wvima iwvimebs Zlierad. odes ganTiadma mtredisfrad inaTa, eri Semokrba winaSe Cemsa. saxlebs angreven, arRveven kedlebs, kuprian kalaTebs zidaven bavSvebi, da saSen xe-tyes Zlierni zidaven. xuT dReSi avage xomaldis ConCxi, erTi iqua farTobi misi,

aTi garia kedlebis simaRle, aT gars gausworda Txemis kideebi.

60 merme davxaze xomaldis sivrce: eqvsi mivuCine Senobas sarTuli, cxrawil davyavi wiaRi misi. wyalsaketebi fskerze movawyve, saWe SevarCie, davyare niCbebi. quraSi kupri sami sawyauli, sami sawyauli fisi gamovadne. mtvirTavma muSebma zeTi momizides,

erTi sawyauli gazeTvam STanTqa,

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menavem damala ori sawyauli.70 Surupakelebs vuklavdi xarebs,

cxvarsa da batkans yoveldRe vuklavdi, ludsa da badags, zeTsa da Rvinos mdinaris wyaliviT svamdnen xelosnebi, TiTqos zeimobdnen axalwlis dReebs. nelsacxebelis gavxseni WurWeli, surneli zeTi xelze gadavisxi. SamaSis Casvlisas mzad iyo xomaldi;

magram gaZnelda zRvaSi Secureba. zemoT da qvemoT ayiraves xomaldi

80 da or mesamedze zRvaSi Seacures.

avzide xomaldze, rac ki mebada, avzide xomaldze vercxli, rac mebada, avzide xomaldze oqro, rac mebada, avzide xomaldze, rac ki mebada, yoveli suldgmuli xomaldze avsvi. avsxi xomaldze Cemi saxleuli, avsxi xomaldze veluri naxiri,

da xelosnebic uklebliv avsxi.

maSin SamaSma damiTqva Jami:90 gariJraJisas, dilaadrianad,

zecidan vawvimeb Zlierad! Sedi xomaldSi da daxSi kari!

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odes moawia daTqmulma Jamma – gariJraJisas, dilaadrianad, zecidan iwvima Zlierad. maSin meniSna amindis saxe, xilvad Semzaravi iyo amindi.

Sevedi xomaldSi, karebi davgmane. gemis dagmanvisas fuzur-amurus

100 mTeli dovlaTiTurT mivande sasaxle.

odes ganTiadma mtredisfrad inaTa, cis kidiT daiZra bneli Rrubeli, grgvinavda adadi Rrublis SuagulSi, dawinaurdnen SullaT da xaniS, qariSxlis macneni mTa-bars moedvnen. modis eragali, jebirebs moangrevs, movarda ninurTa, nagubars modenis.

moaqvT anunaqebs didi CiraRdnebi, raTa elvarebiT xmeleTi gadawvan.

110 zecad aiwia adadis risxvam, yoveli naTeli STainTqa bnelSi. miwa Seibzara Tixis qoTaniviT. erT dRes mZvinvarebda samxreTis qari, mZafrad uberavda, mTebs ayiravebda da kacTa modgmas omiviT musravda. veRar xedavda moyvasi moyvass da cisqveSeTSi ar Canda xalxi.

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RmerTebi warRvnas SeuSindnen, ganiltvnen, anus cad avidnen,

120 ZaRlebiviT miyuJdnen RmerTebi, zecis galavanTan morCilad Sejgrovdnen. mSobiare qaliviT akivlda iSTari, mosTqvamda xmatkbili RmerTTa dedofali: dRe igi wyeuli miwad gardaiqces, ros RmerTTa krebulSi boroti vizraxe! rad vizraxe boroti RmerTebis krebulSi, xalxis dasaRupad omi rad vizraxe!

gana es xalxi me ar miSobia, axla TevzebiviT zRvas rom avseben?

130 mis gverdiT stirian anunaqebi, tirilad sxedan morCili RmerTebi, piri moukumavs uklebliv yvelas.

qari mimoqroda eqvs dRes da Svid Rames, warRvnis qariSxali qveeyanas aqcevda. xolo meSvide dRis dadgomisas warRvnis qariSxalma Sewyvita omi, laSqariviT xmeleTs rom ebrZoda.

zRva damyudrovda, grigali dacxra, da warRvnis wylebi ukumiiqcnen.

140 gavxseni erdo, loyaze dameca sxivi. Sevxede aminds: dari damdgariyo, magram gamwydariyo modgma kacisa,

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yoveli suldgmuli miwad qceuliyo, gadarecxiliyo mTeli Walebi. maSin Cavikece da avtirdi, Rawvebze Rvarad mdioda cremli. Tvali movavle zRvis oTxiv kuTxes –

amoziduliyo maRali napiri, niciris qveyanas midgomoda xomaldi;

150 niciris mTa xomalds akavebda, veRar tivtivebda xomaldi; erT dRes, meore dRes niciris mTa xomalds akavebda, veRar tivtivebda xomaldi; mesame dRes, meoTxe dRes niciris mTa xomalds akavebda, veRar tivtivebda xomaldi.

mexuTe dRes, meeqvse dRes niciris mTa xomalds akavebda,

160 veRar tivtivebda xomaldi. xolo meSvide dRis dadgomisas, amovsvi mtredi da gavuSvi; wavida mtredi da isev dabrunda, ver pova sadguri, ukan motrialda. amovsvi mercxali da gavuSvi; wavida mercxali da isev mobrunda, ver pova sadguri, ukan motrialda.

amovsvi yorani da gavuSvi;

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wavida yorani, wylebis daSroba dainaxa;170 Wamda, skintlavda, yrantalebda.

ar mobrunebula yorani. maSin gamovuSvi yoveli pirutyvi da oTxiv qarisken Sevwire msxverpli. gorakis wverze vakmie sakmeveli, ganvawyve Svid-Svidi WurWeli, fskerze davapnie murti da kedari. RmerTebma iynoses surneleba,

RmerTebma iynoses keTilsurneleba, RmerTebi Seesien mzorvels mwerebiviT.

180 iSTar dedofalma, odes movida, maRla aRmarTa didebuli farRuli, anum rom Sehqmna misda sixarulad: aha, RmerTebo, Cemi yelsabami: viT ar daviviwyeb Tvlebs safironisas, ise es dReebi memaxsovreba, samaradisod ar daviviwyeb! dae, movidnen RmerTebi sakmevelTan!

enlili ar movides sakmevelTan! radgan ar gansaja, warRvna moaxdina

190 da xalxi Cemi dasaRupad gawira.

enlilma, odes movida igi, ixila xomaldi, ganrisxda enlili, wyromiT aRivso igigTa mimarT:

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nuTu gadarCaA vinme sulieri, nuTu mokvdavi gadurCa daRupvas? maSin daZra ninurTam bage, ametyvelda, ase eubneba gmir enlils:

eas Tvinier vin awyobs saqmeT, eam uwyis yoveli xriki.

200 maSin daZra eam bage, ametyvelda, ase eubneba gmir enlils: “RmerTTa moZRvari xar, he, gmiro enlil! warRvna ganusjelad rogor moavline? codvils mis codvas miuTvlidi, braleuls mis brals miuTvlidi! kaci ucodveli ar daRupuliyo, kaci ubralo ar dasjiliyo!

nacvlad warRvnisa, Sen rom moavline, lomi movlenodaT: xalxi daiklebda!

210 nacvlad warRvnisa, Sen rom moavline, mgeli movlenodaT: xalxi daiklebda! nacvlad warRvnisa, Sen rom moavline, SimSili movlenodaT, qveyanas mosravda! nacvlad warRvnisa, Sen rom moavline, era movlenodaT: qveyanas gawyvetda! me ar gamiTqvams RmerTebis gangeba, oRond aTra-xasiss sizmari vaxilvine,

RmerTebis gangeba sizmrad Caesma. axla Sen gansaje misi samarTali.”

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220 maSin Sevida enlili xomaldSi, xeli CamWida, amiyvana, meuRle Cemic amoiyvana, Cems gverdiT muxli moayrevina. Sublze Segvexo, Sua Cagvidga, gvakurTxebda: mokvdavi iyo uTanafiSTi, aw uTanafiSTi da misi meuRle, de, msgavsni iyvnen Cveni, RmerTebisa!

imkvidros SoreTSi uTanafiSTim, wylebis dasabamTan!

230 wagviyvana, SoreTs dagvamkvidra, wylebis dasabamTan. aw vin Segikrebs RmerTebs, gilgameS, rom ipovo sicocxle, romelsac eZieb? aba, Tu ifxizleb eqvs dRes da Svid Rames!”

(ZilquSi)

da ra moirTxa ferxni gilgameSma, myisve moicva Zilma burusiviT. ase eubneba uTanafiSTi meuRles:

“ha, kaci gmiri, sicocxlis mZebneli! Zilma moicva igi burusiviT.”

240 ase eubneba meuRle Soreul uTanafiSTis: “xeli Seaxe, gamoeRviZos!

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gzebi moiara, mSvidobiT miiqces, da imav WiSkriT, romelic ganvlo, dae, mSobliur mxares daubrundes!” ase eubneba uTanafiSTi meuRles: “swuxs kacTa modgma, Senc gawuxebs.” modi, gamoucxve puris kverebi,

sasTumalTan dauwyve. da dReebi, romelTac iZinebs,

250 kedelze dauwere.”

ucxobda qali puris kverebs, sasTumalTan uwyobda; da dReebs, romelnic eZina gilgameSs, kedelze uwerda. auyrolda pirveli puris kveri, daulpa meore puris kveri, daunestianda mesame puris kveri,

dauobda meoTxe puris kveri, gauxma mexuTe puris kveri,

260 gamoucxva meeqvse puris kveri. cxveboda meSvide puris kveri, – roca Seexo, da gamoeRviZa.

ase eubneba gilgameSi Soreul uTanafiSTis: “erTwams momeria ZilquSi, xeli Semaxe da gameRviZa.”

150

ase eubneba uTanafiSTi gilgameSs: “puris kverebi daTvale, gilgameS!

icode, ramdeni dRe geZina: agiyrolda pirveli puris kveri,

270 dagilpa meore puris kveri, daginestianda mesame puris kveri, dagiobda meoTxe puris kveri, gagixma mexuTe puris kveri, gamogicxva meeqvse puris kveri, cxveboda meSvide puris kveri, roca Segexe, da gamogeRviZa.”

(ganaxlebis sabaneli)

ase eubneba gilgameSi Soreul uTanafiSTis: “aw ra viRono, uTanafiSTi, sad wavide?

sxeuli Cemi sulTamxdels Seupyria,280 sikvdili mizis sawol binaSi,

saiTac gavxedav, yvelgan sikvdilia.” ase eubneba uTanafiSTi mezRvaur ur-Sanabis: “numc gauxarde, navsadgurs, ur-Sanabi, SegiZulos zRvis gadasasvlelma, zRvis pirad mavals gwyurodes napiri! am kacs, ur-Sanabi, Sen rom moiyvane, wviriT dafarvia mTeli sxeuli,

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tyavebs mouspia misi mSveneba. waiyvane igi, ur-Sanabi, sabanels miiyvane,

290 sxeuli misi wyalSi ganiwmidos, ganigdos tyavebi, zRvas gaatanos, umetes damSvenden asoni misni. dae, ganiaxlos Tavsaburveli, moirtyas ardagi, sarcxvinelTa mfaravi. vidre mividodes mSobliur qalaqad, vidre mgzavrobas daasrulebdes, ar gaicviTos ardagi misi,

ganaxldebodes igi dReniadag.”

waiyvana igi ur-Sanabim, sabanels miiyvana,300 sxeuli misi wyalSi ganiwmida,

ganagdo tyavebi, zRvas gaatana, umetes damSvendnen asoni misni. ganiaxla Tavsaburveli, moirtya ardagi, sarcxvinelTa mfaravi. vidre mividodes mSobliur qalaqad, vidre mgzavrobas daasrulebdes, ar gaicviTeba ardagi misi,

ganaxldeba igi dReniadag. avidnen xomaldze gilgameSi da ur-Sanabi,310 xomaldi talRebSi Seagdes, gaemgzavrnen.

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(siWabukis balaxi)

ase eubneba meuRle Soreul uTanafiSTis: “iara gilgameSma, daSvra, gaitanja, – ras gaatandi Tavis qveyanaSi?” maSin aRmarTa gilgameSma niCabi da miayena xomaldi napirs. ase eubneba uTanafiSTi gilgameSs: “iare, gilgameS, daSver, gaitanje, –

ra gagatano Sens qveyanaSi? getyvi, gilgameS, idumal sityvas,

320 balaxis saidumlos gagimxel: zRvis fskerze xarobs ekliani balaxi, vardis ekaliviT xels gagikawravs. ukeTu xelT igde balaxi igi, siWabukis dReebs daibruneb.”

gilgameSma es rom gaigona, sarqveli ahxada okeanis jurRmuls, mZime lodebi fexebze moiba,

zRvis RurRumelSi CaZires lodebma. fskerze miagno idumal balaxs,

330 moglija balaxi, xeli gaekawra, moixsna ferxTagan mZime lodebi da zRvam amoagdo igi napirze.

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ase eubneba gilgameSi mezRvaur ur-Sanabis: “aRTqmuli balaxia es, ur-Sanabi, misi ZaliT miaRwevs mokvdavi natvras, waviReb uruq-farexSi, moxucs SevaWmev, balaxis Zalas ase gamovcdi.

ukeTu moxucs ganaWabukebs, SevWam, siWabukis dReebs davibruneb.”

340 oc berus manZilze amtvries puri, ocdaaT beruze saTevi moawyves. naxa gilgameSma wyaro civwyliani, CaeSva wyalSi, ibanava. gvelma iynosa balaxis surneli, wylidan amocurda, balaxi waiRo, gabrunebisas gadiZro perangi.

maSin tirilad dajda gilgameSi, Rawvebze cremli Rvarad eRvreboda,

Sehyurebda mezRvaur ur-Sanabis:350 “risTvis damiSvrnen mklavni, ur-Sanabi?

ZarRvebSi sisxli risTvis mewureba? sikeTe CemTvis ver movipove – miwis lomisTvis vzrunavdi Turme. axla Sors miaqvT zRvis talRebs balaxi, rogorRa avxado sarqveli jurRmuls, rogor CaviZiro zRvis RurRumelSi?

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meniSna niSani Cemda saswaulad, amieridan ukan gavbrundebi

da zRvis napirze davagdeb xomalds.”

(ukuqceva)

360 oc berus manZilze amtvries puri, ocdaaT beruze saTevi moawyves. bolos miaRwies uruqis wiaRs. ase eubneba gilgameSi mezRvaur ur-Sanabis: “uruqis zRudeze adi, gaiare, ur-Sanabi! saZirkvels daxede, aguri mosinje! iqneb gamomwvari ar iyos aguri, iqneb Svid brZenkacs libo ar Caedos?”

Sumeruli Tqmulebebi gilgameSze

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inana, gilgameSi da alvis xe

1 odesRac xe erTi, alvis xe erTi, xe erTi, wmida buranunas piras darguliyo, buranunas wyali arwyulebda... samxreTis qarma fesviTurT aRmofxvra, buranunam Rvari miuRvara. qalma, anis sityvaTa moSiSma, moarulma, enlilis sityvebis moSiSma, moarulma, xe igi xelT ipyra, uruqs miitana – wmida inanas mtilSi Sevitano.

10 qali uvlida xes mas, TvisTa ferxTa winaSe dargo: inana uvlida xes mas, TvisTa ferxTa winaSe dargo. “rodis meqneba wmida taxti dasajdomelad?” – ityoda; rodis meqneba wmida sareceli dasawolad?” – ityoda.

gamoxda weli xuTi, gamoxda weli aTi. xe igi aRorZinda, garna qerqi ver moecala. mis ZirSi gvelma mounusxavma daibuda, mis rtoebSi frTosanma anzudma bartyebi dasxa, mis SuagulSi qalwulma lilam saxli gaikeTa.

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qalwuli mxmobeli, gulmxiaruli,20 wmida inana cremlooda.

gariJraJisas, ciskiduris gabrwyinvebisas, dilis frinvelTa Jriamulis Jams qali igi motirali gilgameSs uxmobda, wmida inana Tavis Zmas, gilgameSs, uxmobda: “odesRac xe erTi, alvisxe erTi, xe erTi, wmida buranunas piras darguliyo, buranunas wyali arwyulebda... samxreTis qarma fesviTurT aRmofxvra, buranunam Rvari miuRvara.

30 qalma, anis sityvaTa moSiSma, moarulma, enlilis sityvaTa moSiSma, moarulma, xe igi xelT ipyra, uruqs miitana – wmida inanas mtilSi Sevitano. qali uvlida xes mas, TvisTa ferxTa winaSe dargo, inana uvlida xes mas, TvisTa ferxTa winaSe dargo. “rodis meqneba wmida taxti dasajdomelad?” – ityoda. “rodis meqneba wmida sareceli dasawolad?” – ityoda. gamoxda weli xuTi, gamoxda weli aTi. xe igi aRorZinda, garna qerqi ar moecala.

40 mis ZirSi gvelma mounusxvelma daibuda, mis rtoebSi frTosanma anzudma bartyebi dasxa, mis SuagulSi qalwulma lilam saxli gaikeTa. qalwuli mxmobeli, gulmxiaruli, wmida inana cremlooda.”

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dam misma ambavi ese ra miuTxro, gmirma gilgameSma sityva misi Seiwynara, sartyeli Seixsna, ergasi mina moiSora, ergasi mina ocdaaT sikilad aqcia. brinjaos culi, salaSqro saWurveli –

50 Svidi gu da Svidi mina wonisa – xelT ipyra, xis Ziras gveli mounusxavi mokla, xis rtoebSi anzudi bartyebiTurT Seipyro, anzudi bartyebiTurT mTaSi gadakarga, qalwuli lila udabnod aota. xe igi fesviTurT aRmofxvra, rtoni misi gankafa. wmida inanas taxtisaTvis uboZa, sareclisTvis uboZa. Tavad fesvisagan fuqu gaikeTa,

60 rtosagan miqu gaikeTa.

(enqidu qvesknelSi)

qalwulTa mudara SeesmaT RmerTebs: fuqu da miqu qvesknels Caucvivda. gilgameSma xeli gaiwvada, ver miswvda; gilgameSma fexi gaiwvada, ver miswvda. maSin xinarTa karibWesTan dajda da cremli Rvara gilgameSma, saxegamkrTalma:

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“vaglax! Cemi fuqu sakvirveli Zalisa! vaglax! Cemi miqu, gamomcemi sarokvel xmaTa! vai, dResa mas, ros fuqu Tan mqonda sadurgloSi!

70 ros durglis coli dedad mimaCnda, durglis asuli umcros dad mimaCnda! Cems fuqus qvesknelidan vin amomixmobs? Cems miqus qvesknelidan vin amomixmobs?”

mona misi enqidu amgvarad etyvis: “rad mosTqvam, batono, guli rad giwuxs? fuqus me amogixmob qvesknelidan, miqus qvesknelidan me amogixmob.” ase etyvis gilgameSi enqidus: “qvesknelSi Casvlas Tu ganizraxav,

80 yurad iRe Cemi gafrTxileba: sufTa samoseli ar Caicva, qvesknelis mkvidrni ucxod migiCneven. surneli zeTi tanze ar icxo, zeTis surnelze Semogexvevian. qvesknelSi Subi ar moisrolo, Submoxvedrilni gars Semogertymian. kombali xelSi ar daiWiro, qvesknelis sulni dagifrTxebian. xamlebiT ferxni ar Seimoso,

90 xmauriT ar Caxde qvesknelad. sayvareli coli ar gadakocno,

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moZulebuli coli ar galaxo, sayvareli Svili ar gadakocno, moZulebuli Svili ar galaxo, qvesknelis mkvidrTa Civili geweva.

vinc ganisvenebs, vinc ganisvenebs, ninazus deda, vinc ganisvenebs, wmida mxrebi misi Seumosavia, mkerdi misi, msgavsi Tasisa, daufaravia.”

100 yurad ar iRo enqidum gafrTxileba: sufTa samoseli Caicva, qvesknelis mkvidrTa ucxod miiCnies. surneli zeTi tanze icxo, zeTis surnelze gars Semoexvivnen, qvesknelSi Subi moisrola, Submoxvedrilni gars Semoertynen. kombali xelSi daiWira, daufrTxnen sulni qvesknelisa. xamlebiT ferxni Seimosa,

110 qvesknelad xmauriT Caxda. sayvareli coli gadakocna, moZulebuli coli galaxa, sayvareli Svili gadakocna, moZulebuli Svili galaxa, qvesknelis mkvidrTa Civilma uwia.

162

vinc ganisvenebs, vinc ganisvenebs, ninazus deda, vinc ganisvenebs, wmida mxrebi misi Seumosavia, mkerdi misi, msgavsi Tasisa, daufaravia.

120 odes enqidum daapira qveskneliT amosvla, namTars igi ar daukavebia, azags igi ar daukavebia, qvesknelma daakava. uwyalo nergalis msaxurs ar daukavebia, qvesknelma daakava. brZolis velze ar dacemula, qvesknelma daakava.

maSin atirda Ze ninsunisa Tavisi monis, enqidus, gamo.

130 equrad, enlilis taZrad, marto gaemarTa. “mama enlil, odes fuqu qvesknels Camivarda, odes miqu qvesknels Camivarda, enqidu Cavgzavne maT amosatanad. namTars igi ar daukavebia, azags igi ar daukavebia, qvesknelma daakava. uwyalo nergalis msaxurs ar daukavebia, qvesknelma daakava.” mama enlilma ar Seiwynara.

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140 sinisaken marto gaemarTa. “mama sin, odes fuqu qvesknels Camivarda, odes miqu qvesknels Camivarda, enqidu Cavgzavne maT amosatanad. namTars igi ar daukavebia, azags igi ar daukavebia, qvesknelma daakava. uwyalo nergalis msaxurs ar daukavebia, qvesknelma daakava. brZolis velze ar dacemula,

150 qvesknelma daakava”, mama sinma ar Seiwynara. enqisaken marto gaemarTa. “mama enqi, odes fuqu qvesknels Camivarda, odes miqu qvesknels Camivarda, enqidu Cavgzavne maT amosatanad. namTars igi ar daukavebia, azags igi ar daukavebia, qvesknelma daakava. uwyalo nergalis msaxurs ar daukavebia,

160 qvesknelma daakava. brZolis velze ar dacemula, qvesknelma daakava.”

enqim Seiwynara vedreba misi, ase etyvis gulad gmir nergals:

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“momismine, gulado nergal! gaxseni xvreli qvesknelisa, amoxdes qveskneliT enqidus suli, uambos Zmobils qvesknelis ambavi.”

guladma nergalma enqis mousmina,170 da gaxsna xvreli qvesknelisa.

enqidus suli qveskneliT amoxda, erTurTs gadaeWdnen da dasxdnen erTad, iwyes saubari da mware oxvra. “mauwye, Zmobilo! mauwye, Zmobilo! ambavi qvesknelisa, rac naxe, mauwye!” “ver gauwyeb, Zmobilo, ver gauwyeb! ukeTu gauwye ambavi qvesknelisa, rac vnaxe, tirilad dajdebi!” “davjde tirilad!”

180 “Cems sxeuls, Sexeba risic gaxarebda, Wiebi Wamen, viT Zvel samosels. sxeuli, Sexeba risic gixaroda, daRrRnilia da mtveriT avsebuli.” “vahme!” – Seicxada da miwad daemxo; “vahme!” – Seicxada gilgameSma, miwad daemxo, “vinc erTi Ze Sva, Tu naxe?” – “vnaxe. qvesknelSi xmela purs Seeqceva.” “vinc sami Ze Sva, Tu naxe?” – vnaxe. qvesknelSi mxolod wyalsa svams igi.”

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190 “vinc oTxi Ze Sva, Tu naxe?” – “vnaxe. sasmel-saWmeliT guls ixarebs.” “vinc xuTi Ze Sva, Tu naxe?” – vnaxe. kargi mweraliviT SiSveli mklavi aqvs, didi pativiT Sedis sasaxleSi.” “vinc eqvsi Ze Sva, Tu naxe?” – “vnaxe. guTnisdedasaviT uxaris guli.” “vinc Svidi Ze Sva, Tu naxe?” – “vnaxe. RmerTebTan siaxloviT netarebs” “vinc boZma mokla, Tu naxe?” – “vnaxe.

200 qvesknelSi Casvlisas xiwvebs icilebda.” “vinc uceb mokvda, Tu naxe?” – “vnaxe. Rameul sawolSi ganisvenebs. ankara wyaros ewafeba.” “vinc omSi mokvda, Tu naxe?” – “vnaxe. ded-mama Tavs uwevs, coli zed dastiris.” “visi gvamic velze agdia, Tu naxe?” – “vnaxe. Sveba ara aqvs mis suls qvesknelSi.” “vis sulsac mzrunveli ara hyavs, Tu naxe?” – “vnaxe. Wams kerZis namusrevs, quCaSi gadayrils.”

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laSqroba kedaris tyisken

1 batonma cocxali kacis qveynisaken mimarTa zraxva, batonma gilgameSma cocxali kacis

qveynisaken mimarTa zraxva, Tavis monas, enqidus, ase eubneba: “im qveynad Seval, Cems saxels davamkvidreb; sadac saxeli damkvidrebula, iq Cems saxelsac davamkvidreb. sadac saxeli ar damkvidrebula, RmerTebis saxels davamkvidreb.” mona misi, enqidu, ase miugebs: “patrono, Tu im qveynad Sesvla gangizraxavs,

10 uTum, mzis RmerTma, uwyodes, uTum, gmirma uTum, uwyodes yoveli. uTu mcnobelia ima qveynisa, uTu mcnobelia kedaris qveynisa. uTum, gmirma uTum, uwyodes!”

gilgameSma TeTr Tikans xeli Seavlo, Savi Tikani, samsxverplo Tikani, mkerdze miixuta;

167

Tavisi kverTxi vercxlisa xelT ipyra, zecier uTus amgvarad etyvis: “im qveynad mivdivar, Semewie!

20 kedaris qveynad mivdivar, Semewie!” zecieri uTu amgvarad miugebs: “Zlieri moyme xar Sen, gilgameS! garna ra ginda im qveyanaSi?” xolo gilgameSi amgvarad miugebs: “uTu, sityvas getyvi, sityva Cemi yurad iRe. ambavs getyvi, ambavi igi gulisxma hyav: Cems qalaqSi kaci kvdeba, – guli miwuxs; kaci iwireba, – guli avad miZgers. galavanze gavel, gadvixede,

30 gvamebi mihqonda mdinares. mec ase momiva, ase iqneba: romeli maRali Seswvdeba zecas? romeli farTe moicavs xmeleTs? im qveynad Seval, saxels davimkvidreb. sadac saxeli damkvidrebula, iq Cems saxelsac davamkvidreb, sadac saxeli ar damkvidrebula, RmerTebis saxels davamkvidreb.” uTum cremli misi msxverplad Seiwira,

40 mowyale kaciviT mowyaled moeqca. Svidi bumberazi erTi dedisani, – erTi, Zma maTi ufrosi...

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meore – gveleSapi, xaxadafCenili, mesame – urCxuli, eSvebdaRrWenili, meoTxe – warRvna, xmelis warmxoceli, mexuTe – gveli momnusxveli, meeqvse – [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] meSvide – mogriale avi qariSxali, Svidiveni qveSeTis macneni,

50 dRis naTelis damabnelebelni – mTaTa mRvimeebSi Segzavna. kedaris gamCexavi gamxiarulda, batoni gilgameSi gamxiarulda; Tavis qalaqSi erTi kaciviT [. . . . . .] wyvili TanamgzavriviT [. . . . . .]

“saxlis patroni Tavis saxlisaken! dedis patroni Tavis dedisaken! kaci martosuli, Cems kvalze moqmedi, kaci ergasi mxarSi amomidges!”

60 saxlis patroni Tavis saxlisaken wavida, dedis patroni dedisaken wavida, kaci martosuli, mis kvalze moqmedi, kaci ergasi mxarSi amoudga. samWedlosaken wadga nabijebi – culi – Tavisi “Zali gmirobisa” – Camoasxmevina. mindvris tevrisken wadga nabijebi –

169

tirifi, vaSlis xe, bza moaWrevina, moqalaqeebs, romelni Tan axldnen, Camouriga.

(molaSqreni gaudgnen gzas; gadalaxes Svidi mTa; kedaris tyis mi-sadgomebTan gilgameSi moulodnelad Rrma Zilma Seipyro)

xeliT exeba, – ver dgeba igi;70 exmianeba, – pasuxs ar aZlevs.

“romeli wevxar, romeli wevxar, gilgameS, batono, qulabas Zeo, vidremdis wevxar? qveyana dabnelda, Crdili Camowva, bnelma waiRo qveynis naTeli. TavaRmarTuli uTu mivals Tavisi dedis,

ningalis, wiaRad. hoi, gilgameS, vidremdis wevxar? mkvidrni qalaqisa, Tan rom gaxlavan,

mTis Ziras gelian.80 Sens mSobel dedas Seni qalaqis moedanze nu gaiyvanen!”

maSin xma Caesma, yuri aTxova; gmiruli sityva misi samoslad Seimosa, ocdaaTi gini samosi, xelT rom epyra, mkerdze miifara, viTarca xari did miwas daadgra, miwas akoca, kbili galesa: “Cems mSobel dedas, ninsunas, vficav,

170

Cems mamas, brwyinvale lugalbandas vficav, Cemi dedis, ninsunas, muxlebze

90 sakvirvelad mjdomi Seviqnebi!” meoregzis kvlav uTxra: “Cems mSobel dedas, ninsunas, vficav, Cems mamas, brwyinvale lugalbandas, vficav, vidre ar davamxob kacsa mas, ukeTu kacia, vidre ar davamxob mas, ukeTu RmerTia, – ferxTa CemTa im qveynad warvmarTav, qalaqisken ar warvmarTav!”

erTguli msaxuri aficebs, evedreba, Tavis batons sityvas eubneba:

100 “batono Cemo, is kaci ar ginaxavs, – ar geSinia; me minaxavs is kaci, – meSinia. kbilni im gmirisa – kbilni urCxulisa, saxe misi – saxe lomisa, Rriali misi – Rriali warRvnisa, Subli misi, xeTa damwveli, – aravis gauSvebs. Cemo batono, Sen wadi im qveynad,

me qalaqisken waval dedaSens vetyvi Sens gamarjvebas, – didad gaixaros!

110 vetyvi Sens sikvdils, – cxared itiros!” ase miugebs msaxurs gilgameSi: “Cems wil sxva kaci ar mokvdeba,

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datvirTuli navi ar CaiZireba, sammagi sabeli ar gawydeba, saxlsa da xulas cecxli ar SeWams. Sen me damifare, me Sen dagifarav,

ra SegvemTxveva? [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] wamo, win wavideT, Tvali vkidoT; odes win wavalT, Tu SiSi iqneba,

120 Tu SiSi iqneba, – gabrundi ukan! Tavzari iqneba, Tavzari iqneba, – gabrundi ukan!” xuvava kedaris saxlidan iyureba, Tvals amzers, Tvals sikvdilisas, Tavs uqnevs, emuqreba, sityvas etyvis, sityvas muqarisas. [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]

ase ityvis gilgameSi, qulabas mkvidri: “Cems mSobel dedas, ninsunas, vficav, Cems mamas, brwyinvale lugalbandas, vficav, –

130 mag qveynad Seni sadgomisTvis mimignia, Seni patara fexebisTvis patara xamlebi gamikeTebia, Seni didi fexebisTvis didi xamlebi gamikeTebia.” xuvava pirvel elvas mianaTebs, – qalaqis mkvidrni, gilgameSs rom axlavan, rtoebs gakafaven, Sekraven, mTianeTis Ziras daawyoben.

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Tavis meore elvas mianaTebs, – qalaqis mkvidrni, gilgameSs rom axlavan, rtoebs gakafaven, Sekraven,

140 mTianeTis Ziras daawyoben. Tavis mesame elvas mianaTebs, – qalaqis mkvidrni, gilgameSs rom axlavan,

rtoebs gakafaven, Sekraven, mTianeTis Ziras daawyoben. Tavis meoTxe elvas mianaTebs, – qalaqis mkvidrni, gilgameSs rom axlavan,

rtoebs gakafaven, Sekraven, mTianeTis Ziras daawyoben. Tavis mexuTe elvas mianaTebs, –

150 qalaqis mkvidrni, gilgameSs rom axlavan, rtoebs gakafaven, Sekraven, mTianeTis Ziras daawyoben. Tavis meeqvse elvas mianaTebs, – qalaqis mkvidrni, gilgameSs rom axlavan, rtoebs gakafaven, Sekraven, mTianeTis Ziras daawyoben.

ra gausrulda meSvide elva, xuvava Tavis sadgomisken ukuiqca. usurvaziviT tani egrixeba. [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]

160 Sepyrobili xariviT sabeli moabes, Sepyrobil moymesaviT mklavebi gaukres.

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cremlad iRvreba, mkvdris feri adevs: “gilgameS, sityvas getyvi, momismine, deda, mSobeli Cemi, me ar vuwyi, mama, gamzrdeli Cemi, me ar vuwyi. mTianeTs vuSobivar, aw Sen gamzarde.”

gilgameSma zeca daifica, miwa daifica, qveskneli daifica, –

xeli CasWida, mokvla ar ineba,170 guli gilgameSisa, ninsunas Zisa, mowyale iqmna,

enqidus, Tavis msaxurs, ase eubneba: “enqiduv, Sepyrobili Citi budisaken gafrindes, Sepyrobili moyme dedis kalTas daubrundes!”

enqidu gilgameSs amgvarad miugebs: “Sepyrobili Citi budisken Tu gafrinda, Sepyrobili moyme dedis kalTas Tu dabrunda, –

Seni mSobeli dedis qalaqisken veRar dabrundebi. vis unaxavs Sepyrobili moymis ganteveba, Sepyrobili qurumis giparad miqceva,

180 Sepyrobili mxevlis lxeniT dabruneba? mTaTa bilikebi Cageketeba, mTebSi savali gza gagiZneldeba!”

gilgameSma sityva yuradiRo. xuvava enqidus ase eubneba: “enqiduv, rad mimtre, avi sityva rad uTxar?

174

he, qiriskaco, batonis monav, avi sityva rad uTxar?”

amgvarad etyoda xuvava. xolo enqidu risxvam aitana,

190 Tavi mohkveTa, sudaraSi gaxvia.

enlil da ninlilis winaSe mividnen. enlilis winaSe miwas ra emTxvivnen, sudara dadves, Tavi amoiRes, enlilis winaSe daagdes. enlilma xuvavas Tavs mzera hkida, gilgameSis saqmem ganarisxa:

“es saqme rad giqniaT? dae, mjdariyo Tqvens winaSe, eWama puri, saWmeli Tqveni,

200 esva wyali, sasmeli Tqveni!..”

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gilgameSi da aga

1 agas macneni, enmebaragesis Zisani, qiSidan uruqSi gilgameSs moadgnen. gilgameSi qalaqis uxucesTa winaSe sityvas daagdebs, sityvas gamoarCevs: “Webs rom movuaroT, qveynis Webs rom movuaroT, qveynis Webs da WurWlebs rom movuaroT, Webi rom gavaRrmavoT, bagirni davasruloT, – qiSis winaSe qeds nu movidrekT, iaraRiT SevebaT!” qalaqis uxucesTa krebuli

10 gilgameSs sityvas Seubrunebs: “Webs rom movuaroT, qveynis Webs rom movuaroT, qveynis Webs da WurWlebs rom movuaroT, Webi rom gavaRrmavoT, bagirni davasruloT, – qiSis winaSe qedi movidrikoT, iaraRiT nu SevebmebiT!” gilgameSi, qulabas batoni, inanasaTvis gmirobis moqmedi, uxucesTa sityvas gulTan ar miiRebs.

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meoregzis gilgameSi, qulabas batoni, qalaqis moymeTa krebulis winaSe20 sityvas daagdebs, sityvas gamoarCevs:

“Webs rom movuaroT, qveynis Webs rom movuaroT, qveynis Webs da WurWlebs rom movuaroT, Webi rom gavaRrmavoT, bagirebs movuaroT, – qiSis winaSe qeds nu movidrekT, iaraRiT SevebaT!” qalaqis moymeTa krebuli gilgameSs sityvas miubrunebs: “romelni dgaxarT, romelni sxedxarT.

ufliswulTan erTad meomarno, saxedris ferdebis mkumSavno,30 visac ki Zali amisa SegwevT,

qiSis winaSe qeds nu moidrekT, iaraRiT SeebiT!” uruqi, qmnileba didi RmerTebisa, eana, taZari ciT Camoziduli, romlis nawilni RmerTebma Seqmnes, – didi kedeli, Rrubels mibjenili, maRali sadgomi, anis dadgenili,

gmiro belado, Sen daicev! Semmusvrelo, anis nandauro Tavado, agas mosvlas rogor SeuSindes!

40 mcire hyavs jari, dafrTxebian, mag xalxma es ver gulisxmayo!”

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maSin gilgameSs, qulabas batons, moymeTa sityvebze guli gauxarda, guneba gauxalisda. Tavis monas, enqidus, ase eubneba: “aw brZolis Zalam Toxi Sescvalos,

brZolis saWurveli Sens mklavs daubrundes, Semzarav elvarebas iqmodes! aq mosuli Cemma elvarebam dafaros, gansja aerios, goni SeuZrwundes!”

50 ar gasula dRe xuTi, ar gasula dRe aTi, aga enmebaragesis Ze uruqs Semoadga.

gansja aeria uruqs. maSin gilgameSi, qulabas batoni, amgvarad etyvis Tavis meomrebs: “Subli SeuWmuxnavT Cems meomrebs;

guladi modges, agasTan gavgzavni.” maSin birxurTuri, rCeuli mona,

Tavis patrons qebas moaxsenebs: “me waval, patrono, agasTan.

60 gansja aerios, goni SeuZrwundes!” karibWidan gavida birxurTuri, da ra gascda birxurTuri karibWes, karibWesTan Seipyres igi. birxurTuris sxeuls hgvemen, agasTan miiyvanes.

agas sityvas eubneba.

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sityva Tvisi ver daasrula, – zabardibunugi adis galavanze, galavnidan gadmoixedavs;

70 aga Tvals Seavlebs, birxurTurs etyvis: “monav, is kaci batonia Seni?” “is kaci ar aris batoni Cemi. rom yofiliyo is kaci batoni Cemi, saxe misi mrisxane iqneboda,

Tvali misi elvare iqneboda, wveri misi lilaqvis iqneboda, peSvi misi mowyale iqneboda!

brbo ar gaufantavs, brbo ar Seukribavs,80 brbo miwasTan ar gausworebia,

ucxo qveynebi ar dauqcevia, qveynis piri miwiT ar amouvsia, xomaldis qimi ar mouwyvetia, aga, qiSis mefe, misive laSqridan tyved ar wauyvania!”

scemen, awameben, birxurTuris sxeuls hgvemen.

Semdgomad zabardibunugisa gilgameSi adis galavanze.

90 qulabas moxucsa da yrmas zari daeca, uruqis moymeT maxvili moimarjves,

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karibWesTan SukaSi dadgnen. enqidu karibWisken gadis, gilgameSi galavanze imarTeba.

aga Tvals Seavlebs: “monav, is kaci Seni batonia?”

“is kaci Cemi batonia. rac iTqva, WeSmaritad iTqva. brbo gafanta, brbo Sekriba,

100 brbo miwasTan gaaswora, ucxo qveynebi daaqcia, qveynis piri miwiT amoavso, xomaldis qimi mowyvita, aga, qiSis mefe, misive laSqridan tyved wamoiyvana.”

gilgameSi, qulabas batoni, agas amgvarad etyvis: “aga Cemi zedamxedvelia, aga Cemi mouravia,

110 aga Cemi laSqris winamZRolia, aga gafrenil Citebs sakenkiT kvebavs! agam sunTqva momca, agam sicocxle momca, agas ltolvili dedasTan mihyavs!”

uruqi, qmnileba didi RmerTebisa, didi kedeli, Rrubels mibjenili,

maRali sadgomi, anis dadgenili, gmiro belado, Sen daicev!

180

Semmusvrelma, anis nandaurma Tavadma, agav, qiSisaken gangiteva,

120 uTus winaSe Zveli xelmwifeba dagibruna.

gilgameS, qulabas batono, qeba Seni keTilmc ars!

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gilgameSis sikvdili

(fragmentebi)

I

1 didi xari dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes, batoni gilgameSi dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes, gmiri, sartyelis Semomrtymeli dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes, ZalaSi sworupovari dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes, borotebis amomZirkveli dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes, brZnulad molaparake dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes, qveyanaTa dampyrobeli dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes, mTaTa gadamlaxavi dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes, qulabas batoni dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes, 10 bedisweris sawolze dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes, oxvra-kvnesis adgilze dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes, ver dgeba, ver jdeba, moTqvams, ver Wams, ver svams, moTqvams, bedisweris karibWes mibmulia, ver dgeba, rogorc Tevzi, facerSi rom aris gabmuli, rogorc qurciki, xafangSi rom aris gabmuli, dagdebulia, bedisweras fexi ara aqvs, xeli ara aqvs [. . . . . . . . .] [. . . . . . . . .] xelT upyria, veRar adgeba verasodes,

182

II

1 didma mTam enlilma, RmerTebis mamam, gilgameS, bediswerad mefoba mogca, maradiuli sicocxle ar moucia, [. . . . . .] sicocxlis gamo nu danaRvliandebi, [. . . . . . . . . . . . . .] es ubedureba kacTa modgmisa unda gcodnoda, rac Wiplaris moWras mohyveboda, unda gcodnoda, kacTa modgmis bneli dRe gelodeba, kacTa modgmis martoobis adgili gelodeba, [. . . . . . . . . . . . . .] usworo brZola gelodeba, 10 Seyra aucdeneli gelodeba, mainc irigalSi gulSekruli da kriWaSekruli nu Caxval, uTus winaSe, dae [. . . . . .]

III

1 batoni gilgameSi danaRvlianebulia, guli uwuxs, yvelasTvis, vinc ar unda iyos, qandakebebi keTdeba

Soreul dReTaTvis, RmerTebis taZrebSi idgmeba. maTi saxelebi, erTxel warmoTqmuli, ar waiSleba! aruru, enlilis ufrosi da, miscems mas STamomavlobas, maTi qandakebebi gakeTdeba Soreul dReTaTvis,

183

gaixseneben maT qveyanaSi. ereSqigal, ninazus dedav, keTil ars qeba Seni!

IV

1 mas Jams Wabuki batoni gilgameSi dawva Tavisi sikvdilis sarecelze, [. . . . . . . . . . . . . .] roca batoni gilgameSi Sevida sakrebuloSi, RmerTebis uzenaes adgilze, uTxres baton gilgameSs: asea Seni saqme: rac ki gzebi mogivlia, kedari, Zvirfasi xe, misi mTianeTidan mogitania; mogiklavs xuvava mis maRnarSi, momaval dReTaTvis samani dagidgams; 10 RmerTebisTvis taZrebi agigia, ziusudras samyofelisTvis migiRwevia; SumerSi Sumeris RvTiuri gangebani migitania, gangebani samudamod daviwyebuli rom iyo, ganCinebani da wes-Cveulebebi _ xelis ganbana da piris ganbana... [. . . . . . . . . . . . . .] enlilis rCeva mieca enqis, ansa da enlils enqi eubneba: im dReebSi, im Soreul dReebSi,

184

im RameebSi, im ASoreul RameebSi, 20 im wlebSi, im Soreul wlebSi, roca krebulma warRvna moaxdina, raTa kacTa modgma gaenadgurebina, Cvens Soris sicocxlis qomagi erTaderTi me viyavi, rom ziusudras kacTa modgmis saxelisTvis ecocxla. maSin ca daificeT, miwa daificeT, rom kacTa modgmas ar ecocxla. axla gilgameSs vuyurebT [. . . . .] dae, gilgameSis suli qvemoT mkvdarTa Soris qvesknelSi sulTa meufrose iyos, 30 samarTals wyvetdes, ganaCens iZleodes, misi naTqvami woniani iyos ningiSzidasa D da dumuzis sityvebiviT. [. . . . . . . . . . . . . .] maSin gilgameSi, ymawvili batoni, Sewuxda kacTa modgmis sicocxlis gamo, RviZli nu gikvdeba, guli nu giwuxs, [. . . . . . . . . . . . . .] wadi, sadac anunebi, didi RmerTebi, sxedan mkvdarTa Sesawiravis molodinSi, adgilze, sadac en-qurumi wevs, sadac lagar-qurumi wevs, 40 sadac lumax-qurumi wevs, sadac nindingir-qurumqali wevs,

185

sadac gudug-qurumi wevs, sadac seliT Semoslili qurumi wevs, adgilze, sadac mamaSeni, dedaSeni, papaSeni, Seni debi, wvanan, sadac Seni Zvirfasi megobari, Seni Tanamgzavri, Seni megobari enqidu, Seni umcrosi amxanagi enqidu da did qalaqSi

ganmgeblebad mefisgan ganwesebulni arian, adgilze, sadac jaris ufrosebi wvanan, sadac aTisTavebi wvanan, did qalaqSi, araliSi...50 debis saxlidan debi gamogegebebian, Seni samkauli gamogegebeba, Seni Zvirfasi amogegebeba, Seni qalaqis uxucesoba gamogegebeba. nu danaRvliandebi... amieridan igi anunaTa Soris Seiracxeba, didi RmerTebis Tanamgzavrad Seiracxeba, qvesknelis ganmgebeli gaxdeba; samarTals gadawyvets da ganCinebas gamoitans; woniani iqneba misi naTqvami ningiSzidas da dumuzis sityvebiviT.

komentarebi

189

gilgameSiani

dafa pirveli

1-3. es striqonebi metismetad xarveziania. ikiTxeba mxolod ca-lkeuli sityvebi da sityvaTa fragmentebi: “siRrme” (aqad. nakbu, zogis azriT “yvelaferi”), “ixila”, “qveyana” (“xmeleTi”), “Seic-

no”, “yoveli” da sxv. amitomac maTi Targmani ramdenadme hi-poTeturia da aseve darCeba, vidre ar aRmoCndeba dafa, sadac “miZRvnis” dasawyisi striqonebi srulad iqneba warmodgenili.

6. “warRvnamdel dReTa...” – Suamdinaruli miTosi kacobriobis is-torias or, mkveTrad gansxvavebul periodad mijnavs – warR-vnamdel da warRvnisSemdgom. warRvnamdel xanaSi Seiqmna yve-laferi – cidan Camovida mefoba, dafuZnda pirveli qalaqebi da civilizacia. es iyo pirvelqmnadobis xana, amitomac igi udidesi avtoritetiT aris Semosili.

10. eana, Sum. e-ana – “saxli cisa” an “saxli anisa” (an – “ca” da cis RmerTis sakuTari saxeli); uruqis mTavari taZaria, sadac imTa-viTve erTmaneTTan iyo SeTavsebuli cis RmerTis, anis da cis dedoflis, inanas (iSTaris) kulti.

beReli – yoveli sataZro kompleqsis aucilebeli nawili iyo SumerSi. aq inaxeboda taZris yanebidan aRebuli mosavali (aseTive daniSnulebisa iyo CvenSi xatis beReli); aqve xde-

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boda saRvTo qorwinebis rituali (Sdr. saqarTveloSic da-dasturebuli Cveuleba axaldaqorwinebulTa pirveli Ramis gaTevisa beRelSi).

13. “Soridan motanils” – SuamdinareTSi samSeneblo qva ar ipovebo-da, amitom ZvelTaganve igi Soreuli qveynebidan mohqondaT, rac maSindel pirobebSi did siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. erTi Su-meruli Tqmulebis mixedviT, legendarul araTas qveyanas daekisra xarkad uruqis momarageba saSeni masaliT, “mTianeTis qvebiT”.

19. “Svidi brZenkaci” – igulisxmeba Svidi afqali, romelTac mi-Tosis Tanaxmad kacobriuli cxovrebis gariJraJze civilizacia daafuZnes. (ix. z. kiknaZe, Suamdinaruli miTologia, 2006, gv. 231-238). Svidi brZenis tradicia gavrcelebuli iyo Zveli civili-zaciis xalxebSi, mag., indoelTa Svidi riSi, ZvelberZenTa Svidi pirveli filosofosi.

20. aSurel-babilonel mefeTa sasaxlis biblioTekebSi Tixis `wig-nebi~ (dafebi) xis skivrebSi inaxeboda.

22. “laJvardis dafa” _ laJvardi yoveli Zvirfasi sagnis metaforaa. 30. lugalbanda – aqaduri eposis mixedviT gilgameSis piradi

RvTaebaa, misi mfarveli angelosi. magram Sumeruli tradiciis Tanaxmad igi mis mamad da ninsunas qmrad iwodeba. cnobilia ram-denime Sumeruli poema, sadac mTavar gmirad figurirebs Wabuki lugalbanda – uruqis mefe.

31. “furis ZuZunawovari” _ furi am formulaSi gilgameSis dedis, ninsunas epiTetia. Zveli Sumeris gaRmerTebuli mbrZaneblebi qalRmerTis rZiT gamokvebilad iyvnen miCneuli.

44. “tanSi Cadgmia RmerTebis xorci” – Suamdinaruli samefo ideo-logiis mixedviT mefe RvTiuri warmoSobisaa. Sdr. Tqma: “mefe – mze Tavis xalxisa, RmerTebis xorci.”

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51. “uruq-farexi” _ igive “galavniani uruqia”. am epiTetiT naTqva-mia, rom moqalaqeni uruqSi iseve arian daculni, rogorc fa-rexSi cxvris fara.

75-79. qalRmerTi aruru saSodan ki ar Sobs enqidus, aramed Zerwavs danerwyvili Tixisagan da STaberavs sicocxlis sunTqvas, iseve rogorc Zveli aRTqmis RmerTi – adams. amrigad, arurus moqme-deba xelovanis Semoqmedebas edreba. isic cnobilia, rom meTu-neobas Zveli kulturis xalxebSi qalebi misdevdnen upiratesad.

81-88. enqidus garegani aRweriloba migviTiTebs, rom igi jer kidev ar aris srulyofili kacebrivi arseba, igi jer kidev bunebis movlenaa. nisaba yanebis RvTaebaa da maTi simwifis personifika-cia. misi simboloa TavTavi, xolo Tavad qalRmerTi warmodge-nilia xnulebSi moaruli mSvenieri qalwulis saxiT. sumukani nadirT patronia, gareuli jogebis RmerTi. maTi nayofierebis gamomwvevi, RvTaebrivi mnerbavi.

98. “saxe gauxda Sori gziT mavalis” – Cveneburad: mkvdris feri daedo. “Soreuli gza” qvesknelis gzaa, amitomac am gziT mava-li “mkvdars” niSnavs. Sdr. dumuzis erT-erTi epiTeti “kaci So-reuli” (lu-badu), imis aRsaniSnavad, rom dumuzi periodulad gaudgeba xolme am “Soreul gzas” qvesknelisken.

146. SamxaT – roskipis saxeli aqadurad niSnavs “mxiarulebas”, “sixaruls.” es sityva ixmareba agreTve saRvTo roskipTa sazo-gado saxelad.

238. ninsuna – Sum. “qalbatoni-furi”, romlis epiTetia “galavnis furi”, iTvleboda uruqis adgilobriv RvTaebad. uruqeli war-moSobis mefeni, romelTac uris saxelmwifo daaarses, TavianT Tavs ninsunas saSodan gamomavlad Tvlian da amis gamo gilga-meSi maT “did Zmad” (SeS-gal) iwodeba.

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dafa meore

4. Sumerul-aqadur sabeWdavebze gamosaxul e. w. wardginebis sce-naze Suamaval qalRmerTs xelCakidebuli mihyavs mefe taxtze mjdomare RvTaebasTan.

47-58. es adgili metismetad bundovania frazis ukiduresi lakoniu-robisa da Znelad gasagebi leqsikis gamo. 55-56 str. TiTqos aS-karad mowmobs, rom gilgameSi zedmetad sargeblobs pirveli Ramis uflebiT.

75. iSxara – sqesobrivi kavSiris qalRmerTi. misi simboloa Rriankali. arsebobs gliptikis nimuSi, sadac taxtze mwolare SeuRlebuli wyvilis qveS Rriankalia gamosaxuli, viTarca am aqtis niSani. eposis am adgilas iSxara qalis saxelia, romelsac gilgameSi euRleba.

dafa mesame

16. xiT Raribi SuamdinareTisaTvis tyiani qveynebisken laSqrobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda imTaviTve. uZvelesi isto-riuli cnoba kedaris importisa ipoveba lagaSis mefis, eanaTu-mis (Zv. w. XXV s.) warweraSi. kedaris xiT dainteresebuli iyvnen egviptis faraonebi, israelis mefe solomoni da sxvani.

23. beru – manZilis erTeuli, ori saaTis savali.42. SamaSi _ mzis RmerTi, simarTlisa da samarTlianobis RvTaeba. 43. adadi – avdrisa da Weqa-quxilis RmerTi.45. enlili – Zveli Sumeruli RmerTi, uzenaesi triadis (anu, en-

lil, enqi) meore wevri. aqadur miTossa da eposSi igi kaco-

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briobisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili RmerTia. misi iniciativiT moxda sayovelTao warRvna. Tumca Sumerul xanaSi igi Sumeris nacionaluri erTianobis RmerTi iyo.

50-51. SuamdinareTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gancda wuTisoflis war-mavlobisa sxvagvaradac aris gamoTqmuli: “kacTa modgma da misi naRvawi erTianad ganadgurdeba.” es naRvliani ganwyobi-leba bolomde gasdevs aqadur literaturas. igi Zveli aRTqmis wignebSic poulobs gamoZaxils: “saxeli Cveni daviwyebul iqmnes Jamsa Sina da aravin moixsennes saqmeni Cvenni” (sibrZn. solom.). amave motivzea agebuli eklesiastes wigni.

73. bilTu – wonis erTeuli, daax. 30 kg.96. uxucesni – uZveles xanaSi qalaq-saxelmwifos mefe valdebuli

iyo uxucesTa sabWos rCevisaTvis moesmina, roca qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovani saqme iyo gadasawyveti. arsebobda meore sabWoc _ “moymeTa krebuli” (ix. “gilgameSi da aga”).

194. “Ramis modarajeni” – anu mxmilavni, romelTa Soris ganawile-bulia sami sadarajo (ZvelqarTulad saxmilavi) Ramisa, sxva-nairad, mamlis sami yivili: Jami “varskvlavTa amobrwyinebisa”, Jami SuaRamisa da Jami ganTiadisa.

215. anSani – mxare Sumeris Crd.-aRmosavl., elamis qveyanaSi, sadac mSvild-isari uZvelesi xanidan yofila cnobili. Sdr. “elams kaparWi moaqvs” (esaia, 22:6). babilonur astronomiaSi erT-erT Tanavarskvlaveds “elamuri mSvildi” (anSanis mSvildi) ewo-deba.

245. Webis amoTxra didad mniSvnelovani aqti iyo rogorc Suamdi-nareTSi, ise palestinis uwylo udabnoebSi (ix. “gilgameSi da aga”). Zveli aRTqmis patriarqebi – abraami, isaki da iakobi – gamudmebiT Txridnen Webs sxvadasxva adgilas. udabnoSi mogzau-

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robisas aucilebeli xdeboda Wis amoTxra sasmeli wylis mo-samarageblad.

dafa meoTxe

4. “SamaSis winaSe Wa amoTxares” – am SemTxvevaSi am aqts sakulto mniSvneloba aqvs. ambavi RamiT xdeba, roca mzis RmerTi SamaSi miwisqveSa okeaneSia gansasveneblad. amitomac iTxreba Wa, raTa mzis RmerTTan kavSiri damyardes.

37. “Zili, Ramis niaRvari” – Sdr. “gars eRvrebodaT ambrosiuli Zili” (iliada, 11,19).

88-91. mTeli es sizmari warmoadgens esqatologiur scenas qveynis aR-sasrulis suraTebiT. am SemTxvevaSi moaswavebs xumbabas ganad-gurebas.

dafa mexuTe

7. irnini – qalRmerTi, zogierTis azriT, iSTaris erT-erTi gan-saxiereba. Tumca kedaris epizodSi es qalRmerTi da misi taxti aRar figurirebs. unda vifiqroT, rom igi aq naxsenebia wminda metaforuli mniSvnelobiT. amave dros ar SeiZleba ar gavixse-noT biblosis qalRmerTi, romelsac egviptis faraonis wargza-vnilebi am mxaris kedrovanSi Sesvlisas msxverpls swiraven.

25. “Svidmagi elviT elavs...” – “elva” an “elvareba” arazusti Targ-mania Sum. sityvisa melam – SemaZrwunebeli brwyinvaleba, romel-sac asxivebs RvTiuri an RvTaebasTan wilnayari arseba. mTeli

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ZaliT gamovlinebuli melami iseT garemos qmnis, sadac mokv-davisTvis SeRweva SeuZlebelia, Tu mas tanSi “RmerTebis xorci ar udgas”, rogorc gilgameSs. aseTive SemaZrwunebel elvarebas asxiveben moriel-kacebi, mzis aRmosaval-dasavals rom darajo-ben (dafa IX, 28). Sdr. qarT. zRapars: “... mividnen Tu ara mTis ZirSi, mefis Svili aakankala devis Suqma, magram irmisam gaama-gra. roca oriode adlis siaxloves mividnen, oriveni daabrmava Suqma” (xalx. sibrZne, 1, 1963, gv. 59).

86. anunaqebi – qvesknelis demonebi Sumerul panTeonSi. ras gu-lisxmobs “idumali bina anunaqTa” gaugebaria; SesaZloa, romeli-Rac dakarguli miTosis gamoZaxili iyos. yovel SemTxvevaSi gva-gondeba vefxistyaosnis “devTa qvabi”, romelic Selewes gmirebma da “poves saWurWle usaxo, kvla unaxavi Tvalisa” (1366,1) da sxv.

dafa meeqvse

1-3. es striqonebi Sinagani da kiduri riTmebiT aris gawyobili:imsi maleSu, ubbiba beleSu,unasis qimmasu, elu cereSu,iddi marSuTiSu, iTTalbiS zaquTiSu.

7. “Tvals daadgams” – es saerTosemituri idioma gulisxmobs vne-bian Sexedvas. swored amgvarad aris gamoxatuli fotifaris co-lis vneba iosebis mimarT: “daadgna colman uflisa misisaman Tvalni Tvisni iosebs zeda” (dab. 29:7).

10. “Sen qmari iyav...” – saqorwino (Tu niSnobis) ritualis sityvie-ri formula, romelsac warmoTqvamda sasZlo im xanaSi, roca masze iyo arCevani. dumuzi-inanas Sumerul simRerebSi qal-

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RmerTi Tavisi neba-surviliT irCevs saqmros. es privilegia qalisa asaxulia xamurabis kanonebSic (Zv. w. XVIII s.), sadac qals garkveul SemTxvevebSi ufleba aqvs misTxovdes “Tavisi gulis sasurvel kacs”.

14. Sdr. “sarTulni saxlisa Cvenisa kedarisani” (qebaTa qeba, 1:16) – ase eubneba qali Tavis satrfos.

38. “xaro xar...” – amgvari Sedareba xSiria aqadur teqstebSi, mag.: “qali Wa aris, Wa, ormo da Txrili”.

39. Sdr. sawuTros mimarT naTqvami: “gabasruli xar mwikvliTa, arodes ganirecxebi, vinc rome Sena gexebis, fisiviT zeda ecxebi” (“daviTiani” – “kacisa da sawuTrosagan ciloba...”, str. 50).

44-47. aq CamoTvlil iSTaris satrfoTagan mxolod Tamuzia cnobili aqadur literaturaSi. Tamuzi Wabuki mwyemsia, iSTaris Seyva-rebuli, romelic qvesknelidan amosulma qalRmerTma Tavis nacvlad Caabara qvesknelis demonebs da dasaRupad gaswira. sxva teqtebSi inana cxared moTqvams Tamuzis daRupvas.

60-65. am mwyemsi biWis ambavi gvagonebs monadire akteonis Tqmulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, igi, artemisis mier irmad qceuli, sakuTar-ma ZaRlebma daglijes.

70. “Zali Seni” – igulisxmeba seqsualuri Zala an pirdapir penis.97-100. es striqonebi mcire cvlilebebiT imeorebs pasaJs aqaduri mi-

Tosidan “iSTaris Casvla qvesknelSi”. am sityvebiT imuqreba iS-Tari, rodesac mas qvesknelis karibWes ar uReben. aseve imuqre-ba heliosi, rodesac zevsisgan odisevsis Tanamgzavrebis das-jas moiTxovs: “Caval hadesis samefoSi da mkvdrebs gavunaTeb” (odisea, XII, 387).

104. “futuro bze” – mousavlianobisa da SimSilis niSani. asevea Zvel aRTqmaSi, sadac siymilis Svidi weli simbolizebulia “Svi-

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di fSute da xorSakisgan daxrukuli” TavTaviT (dab. 41:6), rac Seesatyviseba aqadur bzes (Tu Calas).

151. xaris beWi – cxovelis es nawili xSirad gvxvdeba ritualur te-qstebSi msxverplSewirvasTan dakavSirebiT. fiqroben, TiTqos es sityva am pasaJSi falosis mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari (enqi-du xaris beWis sroliT TiTqos kicxviT Seaxsenebs iSTars misi kultis amoralur xasiaTs).

156. SamxaTebi da xarimaTebi – saRvTo roskipTa, iSTaris kultis msaxurTa, saxelwodebani (Sdr. enqidus macTunebeli roskipis saxeli – SamxaT).

161. mana – wonis erTeuli, daax. 0,5 kg. guri – siTxis sawyao, sakmaod didi moculobisa.

175. Sdr. “roca brundeboda daviTi filistimelTa damarcxebis Semdeg, gamodiodnen qalebi israelis yvela qalaqidan saul mefis misagebeblad simReriT da rokviT, dafdafebiT, mxiaru-li SeZaxilebiT. gahyvirodnen mxiaruli qalebi, ambobdnen: Se-musra saulma Tavisi aTasi, xolo daviTma Tavisi aTi aTasi!” (1mef. 18:6-7).

dafa meSvide

1–23. es monakveTi CarTulia eposis xeTuri versiidan. savaraudoa, rom amgvari Sinaarsis sizmari aqadur dedanSic yofiliyo.

37. gari – sigrZis erTeuli, daax. 7 m. 113. marcxena mxaris samyofeli – igive mkvdarTa samefo, SaveTi

(evfemisturi gamoTqma).114. miwis mTavarni – qvesknelis mTavarni, an micvalebulTa sulebi,

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romlebic SaveTSi privilegiebiT sargebloben. Sdr. “qveskneli SeiZra Sens gamo, raTa Segegebos Sesvlisas; gaaRviZa SenTvis micvalebulni, yvela beladi miwisa” (esaia, 14:9).

155. “wyvdiadis saxlSi...” – es monakveTi imeorebs aqaduri miTosis (“iSTaris Casvla qvesknelSi”) dasawyis striqonebs. irqala – qvesknelis dedofali, igive ereSqigali.

174. eTana – mefe-mwyemsi, romelic arwivma aiyvana caSi “Sobis balaxis” mosapoveblad (ix. Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, 2009, gv. 287-298). erT Sumerul elegiaSi eTana gilgameSTan erTad ixsenieba Save-Tis binadarTa Soris. sumukani qvesknelis droebiTi mdgmuria, vi-Tarca momkvdari da mkvdreTiT aRmdgari RvTaeba.

176. beliT-ceri – aqad. “velis (udabnos) qalbatoni”, qvesknelis qa-lRmerTi, SesaZlebelia, Tavad ereSqigalis sxva saxeli iyos. “veli” (an “udabno”) aq qvesknelis sinonimia.

dafa merve

7–39. datirebis uZvelesi nimuSi msoflio mwerlobaSi. enqidu mTel-ma bunebam unda itiros, radgan igi bunebis Svili iyo – “moyme gareuli velTa wiaRisa”. enqidus dastirian gareuli jogebi, rogorc xogais mindizea naTqvami: “maRlis Wiuxis nadiri satir-lad emzadeboda”.

19. mdinare ula – ulai, mdinare elamSi, Caudioda mis mTavar qa-laqs, suzas (Zvel SuSans). awindeli qaruni miaCniaT mis qvemo dinebad. cnobilia Zveli aRTqmidanac (dan. 8:2).

58. “saxe daufara viTarca sasZlos” – am konteqstSi sasZlos xse-neba niSandoblivia im mxriv, rom bevr xalxebSi saqorwilo da

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dakrZalvis ritualebi erTmaneTis msgavsi iyo, ufro sworad, am ori, TiTqos erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego movlenis dros erTi da igive ritualebi sruldeboda.

dafa mecxre

6. uTanafiSTi – warRvnis gmiris saxeli aqadurad niSnavs: “suli (sicocxle) hpova”. warRvnis Sumeruli miTosis mis oreuls ewo-deba zi-u-sud-ra “Soreul dReTa sicocxlisken mavali”, rac ex-maureba uTanafiSTis epiTets – “Soreuli”.

10. sini – mTvaris RmerTi, Suamdinaruli panTeonis meore rangis triadis (sini, SamaSi da iSTari) pirveli wevri.

20. maSus mTebi – maSu aqadurad niSnavs “marCbivs”. cdiloben am miTosuri mTebis lokalizacias, TiTqos maTSi igulisxmebo-des libani da antilibani, romelnic maSus mTebiviT erTmane-Tis pirispir dganan. ori mTis Sesaxeb mzesTan dakavSirebiT Sdr.: “jer man ori mTa dainaxa, romelTa camde aziduli mwver-valebidan aRmomavali mze Tavis Suqmfinar sxivebs dedamiwas styorcnis” (ap. rodoseli, argonavtika, w. III, ak. uruSaZis Targm.). maSus mTebi, gilgameSis eposis garda, sxvagan arsad ixsenieba, magram unda vivaraudoT misi miTosis arseboba.

21–22. “romelTa mwvervalni...” – kosmosis struqturis gavrcelebuli miTologema, romlis amosavalia dur-an-qi _ “cisa da miwis” kavSiri an dim-gal “didi RerZi” – samyaros SuagulSi gamava-li da sami sknelis SemaerTebeli. mTis garda samyaros RerZis gamovlenaa xe, taZari, mdinare, cecxli da sxva (ix. z. kiknaZe, Suamdinaruli miTologia, 2006, gv. 150-184).

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101. “CrdiloeTis qari” – winaaRmdeg samxreTis mxurvale qarisa, SuamdinarelisaTvis Svebisa da imedis momcemi grili da saamu-ri qaria. Sdr. “Crdilo qari Seni gonebisa kacTaTvis keTil-mqrolia”, “marduqis brZanebiT, RmerTTa meufisa, dabera Crdi-loeTis qarma, keTilma qarma RmerTTa uflisa”.

130. “uWvretdes mzis Tvals...” – Sumeruli rwmeniT, mzis RmerTi uTu Tavis droze mkvdrebsac gaunaTebs: “odes didi uTu bnel adgi-lebs naTelad aqcevs...”

dafa meaTe

1. siduri – es personaJi mxolod am eposSi gvxvdeba. lursmul leqsikonebSi igi ganmartebulia rogorc “sibrZnis iSTari”. misi saxeli ixsenieba gilgameSis eposis xuritul fragment-Si. xuritul enaze TiTqos “qals” unda niSnavdes, rac albaT mowmobs mis warmomavlobas xurituli miTologiidan. siduri Tavisi SeburulobiT gvagonebs homerosiseul nimfa kalifsos, romlis saxeli niSnavs “dafaruls”.

115. ur-Sanabi – “enqis (an eas) msaxuri”. Sanabi niSnavs “or mesameds”, romelic enqis erT-erTi saxelia, radgan misi sakraluri ricx-vi aris 40, umaRlesi RvTaebis, anis, ricxvis (60) ori mesamedi.

117-118. gaurkvevelia am gvelis ambavi, an ra funqcias asruleben es qve-bi, risTvis sWirdeba isini uTanafiSTis menaves. isic gaugebaria, ram gaaSmaga gilgameSi, rom Tavisda sazianod (ix. str. 181) da-amsxvria qvebi da mokla gveli. xomaldis qvebis ambavs uTana-fiSTic mixvdeba da didad gancvifrdeba (str. 211).

321. mameTu – deda-qalRmerTis, didi dedis erT-erTi saxeli.

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dafa meTerTmete

3–6. dedanSi aliteracia da virtuozulad datrialebuli fraza:minaTuqa ul Sana, qi iaTama aTTa,u aTTa ul SanaT, qi iaTima aTTa.

12. Surufaqi – samxreT Sumeris erT-erTi uZvelesi qalaqi (awind. fara) xuTTagan, (eridu, baTdibira, larak, sipar, Surupak), romlebSic miTosuri istoriis Tanaxmad monacvleobiT gada-dioda warRvnamdeli sruliadSumeruli mefoba da, saerTod, civilizacia.

49-50. dedanSi es ori striqoni gariTmulia, rac Zalze iSviaTia aqa-dur poeziaSi (saerTod, aqadeli poeti Segnebulad gaurbis riTmas, rogorc SemCneulia samecniero literaturaSi):

ina Ser quqqi, ina lilaTi,izananu SameTu qibaTi.

50. “xorbalSi” igulisxmeba “setyva”, – am sityvebiT uTanafiSTim SecdomaSi unda Seiyvanos Surupakis moqalaqeni, romelnic mo-elian xorblis siuxves zegardamo, sinamdvileSi ki setyvis Rva-ri daaqcevs maT.

76. “surneli zeTi...” – uTanafiSTi wesisamebr xels zeTiT ibans sa-qmis dasrulebis niSnad.

99-100. gaugebaria fuzur-amurus roli an ra igulisxmeba am “sasaxle-Si” (eqallu). fiqroben, TiTqos uTanafiSTis Tavisi sasaxle eCuqebinos am kacisTvis madlobis niSnad; magram garda imisa, rom amgvari saCuqari am viTarebaSi metismetad cinikuria, sa-dRa hqonda sasaxle SurupakSi uTanafiSTis, – man xom eas Sego-nebiT daarRvia Tavisi sacxovrebeli. meore mxriv, Tu “sasaxle-Si” xomaldi igulisxmeba, romelic – rogorc naTqvamia teqstSi,

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warRvnis gmirma Caabara fuzur-amurus, sad gaqra es ukanaskne-li warRvnis Semdeg? erTi sityviT, es adgili Zalze bundovania.

120. “ZaRlebiviT miyuJdnen RmerTebi” – Suamdinarul RvTismosavo-bas ar bRalavda amgvari Tqmebi RmerTebis mimarT. ix. amave karSi str. 181: “RmerTebi Seesien mzorvels mwerebiviT”; Sdr. agreTve: “nu Seswirav, batono Cemo, nu Seswirav (RmerTs msx-verpls)! ZaRliviT Sens ukan devnas SeaCvev!” (“batoni da mona”, Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, 2009, gv. 347-351).

150. niciris mTa – am mTis saxeli aqaduri warmoSobis unda iyos (nacaru niSnavs “xsnas”, “mfarvelobas”). aSuris mefeTa analebSi naxsenebia am saxelwodebis mTa. mag., aSurbanipali wers: “qalaq babeTidan gamovedi, mivadeqi niciris mTas, romelsac lulue-lebi qinifas uwodeben”.

162-170. Sdr. Zveli aRTqmidan: “da gauSva yorani da mifrinavda igi da ukanve brundeboda, vidre daSreboda wyali miwaze. gauSva mtre-di, rom gaego, Tu daiklo wyalma miwis pirze. ver ipova mtred-ma brWyalis mosaWidi da ukanve moubrunda kidobanSi, radgan jer kidev idga wyali mTels miwis pirze. da gaiwoda xeli noem da aiyvana igi da Seiyvana kidobanSi. Svid dRes kidev daicada da xelaxla gauSva mtredi kidobnidan. da dabrunda mtredi sa-RamoJams da, aha, zeTisxilis nedli rto eWira niskartiT. da mixvda noe, rom damwdariyo wyali miwaze” (dab. 8:6–11). Semdeg naTqvamia, rom kvlav gaSvebuli mtredi aRar dabrunda, radgan damSral xmeleTze fexi moikida.

173–178. Sdr. “da augo noem samsxverplo ufals, TiTo-TiTo amoarCia yoveli wmida pirutyvidan da yoveli wmida frinvelidan da aR-savlenad miitana samsxveploze. da iynosa ufalma keTilsurne-leba...” (dab. 8:20-21).

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183. yelsabams am mniSvnelovan momentSi igive mniSvneloba unda hqondes, rac bibliur cisartyelas (“mSvilds”): “da vdeb Cems cisartyelas RrubelSi niSnad aRTqmisa Cemsa da miwas Soris” (dab. 9:13).

208-215. erTi aqaduri eposis (“aTraxasisi”) mixedviT, sadac ZiriTadia warRvnis epizodi, enlilma warRvnamde swored es sasjelebi mouvlina qveynierT; warRvna mxolod ukiduresi zoma iyo (ix. Suamdinaruli miTologia, 2006, gv. 370-373). Sdr.: “ase ambobs ufali RmerTi: Cemi oTxi mZime sasjelic rom movuvlino ieru-salims _ maxvili, SimSili, sastiki mxeci da Jami...” (ezek. 14:21).

215. era _ Savi Wiris momavlinebeli RmerTi, igive nergali, an misi erTi aspeqti.

229. “wylebis dasabamTan” – Sdr. bibliur samoTxes, edems, sadac sa-Taves iRebs samyaros oTxi mdinare.

246. “swuxs kacTa modgma...” – TiTqos arsebobs sxvagvari wakiTxvis SesaZleblobac: “borotia kacTa modgma, Senc giborotebs”.

362. gaugebaria, ratom da rogor miacilebs mezRvauri ur-Sanabi gilgameSs uruqamde saxmeleTo gziT. str. 359 ambobs, rom gil-gameSma xomaldi zRvis napiras daagdo, sadac wesiT ur-Sanabic unda darCeniliyo. uTanafiSTis menavis mosvlas uruqSi gil-gameSTan erTad is gamarTleba aqvs, rom gilgameSs saSuale-ba eZleva daanaxos ucxo kacs uruqis didebuli zRude, romlis libo, misi rwmeniT, Svid brZenkacs Caudevs. eposi imave sityve-biT mTavrdeba, riTac daiwyo.

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yvela am teqstis originali gamoqveynebulia naklebad xelmi-sawvdom samecniero gamocemebSi. dainteresebul mkiTxvels SeuZlia gaecnos Sumerul dednebs da maT inglisur Targmanebs eleqtronul versiebSi (ETCSL=Elecronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature). ix. http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/

inana, gilgameSi da alvis xe

2. buranuna – evfratis Sumeruli saxelwodeba. mis napiras mdeba-reobda gilgameSis samSoblo qalaqi uruqi.

4. samxreTis qari – mtruli qari SuamdinarelTaTvis, udabno-dan monaqroli. erT aqadur miTosSi moTxrobilia ambavi, Tu rogor mostexa adapam samxreTis qars frTebi, ris gamoc caSi iqna dabarebuli anis mier (ix. “adapa”, Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, 2009, gv. 281-286).

6. “qalma, anis sityvaTa moSiSma...” – vin aris es qali, gaugebaria. TiTqos inana unda iyos, magram igive qali ambobs, “xes inanas mtilSi Sevitano”.

12–13. “rodis meqneba taxti...” – igive motivi gvxvdeba erT qarTul xalxur leqsSi:

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Cemo qmaro, Cemo qmaro, /lomo da gmiro,mag alvis xes, mag alvis xes, /toti Sestexeo.mag totisa, mag totisa, /saxli damidgio. …

Sdr. agr. qarTuli zRapari: “moiavadmyofa Tavi dedofalma – Tu magis (e. i. alvisxis) ficris taxts SemikravT, movrCebio...” (xalx. sibrZ., 1, 1963, gv. 123).

16–18. alvis xe, rogorc kosmiuri RerZi, aerTianebs sam sknels, romelnic warmodgenilia gvelis, qalwul lilasa da frTo-sani anzudis saxiT (ix. z. kiknaZe, Suamdinaruli miTologia, 2006, gv. 171-176).

24. aq gilgameSi inanas Zmad iwodeba. sruliad gansxvavebuli urTierTobaa gilgameSsa da iSTars Soris (ix. gilgameSiani, dafa VI).

44. inana sityvasityviT imeorebs me-3 piriT moTxrobil ambavs da Tavis Tavsac mesame piriT ixseniebs. es gamonaklisi SemTxvevaa. ganmeorebisas Cveulebriv, piri icvleba xolme.

59–60. fuqu da miqu – dafdafi da saraxunebeli joxebi. swored am ia-raRis xmaze amxedrebda gilgameSi uruqis moymeT (ix. dafa 1, str. 27).

61. “qalwulTa mudara...” – teqstidan ar Cans, ram Seawuxa qa-lwulni. situaciis aRsadgenad SeiZleba moviSvelioT dafa I, str. 34–35:

“ar uSvebs gilgameS qalwuls dedasTan, asuls gmirisas, sasZlos moymisas”.

Zaladobis aRsakveTad enqidus mouvlenen RmerTebi gilgameSs, xolo Sumerul poemaSi dafdafi da joxebi qvesknelSi Cacvivdeba.

65. “xinarTa karibWesTan” – qvesknelis karibWesTan. xinarebi qves-knelis RmerTebis saxelwodebaa.

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70–71. etyoba, am sadurgloSi daukveTa gilgameSma inanasaTvis taxti, xolo TavisTvis fuqu da miqu. magram am ambis Semcveli teqsti ar ipoveba Sumerul-aqadur literaturaSi.

81-95. qveskneli antipoduria samzeos mimarT, amitomac iq Cams-vlelma tabu unda daicvas, – cocxalTa Cveulebis sawinaaR-mdegod unda moiqces, rom masSi cocxali arseba ar Seicnon da ar daakavon.

97. ninazus deda – qvesknelis dedofali ereSqigali, xolo Tavad nin-a-zu – “kurnebis ufali”, qvesknelis erT-erTi RvTaebaa.

121. namTari – bediswerisa (Sum. nam-Tar) da sikvdilis demoni. Tavad saxeli misi (nam-Tar) “bedisweras” niSnavs Sumeru-lad.

122. azag – ukurnebeli senis demoni; gamoTqma “azags ar daukavebia” niSnavs: “sens ar mouklavs”, iseve rogorc “namTars ar daukave-bia” unda niSnavdes: “Tavisi bediT ar momkvdara”.

123. “qvesknelma daakava” – niSnavs: “mokvda”.124. nergali – qvesknelis RmerTi, romelic xan caSia, xan qvesknelSi.

laSqroba kedaris tyisken

1. “cocxali kacis qveyana” – Sum. qur-lu-Tila. poemis Cvenamde Se-morCenil teqstSi es kaci ar monawileobs. SesaZlebelia, mas-Si igulisxmebodes xuvava, xolo “mis qveyanaSi” _ maradmwvane kedaris tye. rogorc qvemoT irkveva, gilgameSs imedi aqvs am qveyanaSi SesvliT ukvdavebas Tu ara, maradiul saxels mainc daimkvidrebs.

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75. “TavaRmarTuli uTu mivals...” – mzis Casvlis SekumSuli miTosi, rac sxvagvaradac gamoiTqmis: “uTu dedasTan brundeba”, “uTu dedis saxlSi brundeba”.

80. “Sens mSobel dedas...” – Znelad gasagebi adgilia. am sityvebis azri SeiZleba ase gavigoT: gilgameSis uRirsi saqcielis gamo dedamisi sajarod ar Searcxvinon qalaqis moedanze (?).

113-115. am sam striqonSi sami andazaa, romelTa azri am konteqstSi gaurkvevelia.

131-132. “Seni patara fexebisTvis...” – rogorc Cans, xalxSi gavrcelebu-li Tqma, romlis zusti azri, miT umetes xuvavas mimarT, gaugeba-ria.

133. “elva” – anu elvareba (Sum. ni-Te), igivea, rac melam; ix. SeniSvna, dafa V, str. 25.

164-165. “deda, mSobeli Cemi...” – Tavis Sebralebis, Sevrdomebis sity-vieri formula. Sdr. lagaSis mTavris, gudeas (Zv. w. XXII s.) mimarTva qalRmerTisadmi:

deda ar mivis, deda xar Cemi!mama ar mivis, mama xar Cemi!

170. “gilgameSma zeca daifica...” – zustad aseTsave fics warmoTqvamen homerosis gmirebi: “netar RmerTebsac ki aSinebT amgvari fici: de, mowme iyos ca, dedamiwa da qveskneli...” (odisea, V, 185–186).

173. Sumeruli gamoTqma “dedis wiaRSi dabruneba” an, ubralod, “de-dasTan dabruneba” ama-ar-gi niSnavs tyveobidan daxsnas, ganTa-visuflebas.

179. gipari – sataZro beReli (ix. SeniSv. dafa 1, str. 10), sadac srul-deboda saRvTo qorwinebis rituali, romlis drosac mamri qurumi euRleboda RvTis mxevals, inanad gansaxierebuls. gipa-ri faqtiurad mTavarqurumis rezidencia iyo.

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198-200. am sami striqonis azri unda iyos: xuvavas mokvlis gamo gmire-bs mosveneba ar eqnebaT, xuvavas suli sasmel-saWmelSi daezia-reba maT(?).

gilgameSi da aga

1. aga – qiSis naxevradlegendaruli dinastiis mefe, romlis Se-saxeb mxolod yru cnobebia Cvenamde moRweuli.

5. “Webs rom movuaroT...” – maincdamainc ratom Webze amaxvilebs yuradRebas gilgameSi uxucesTa winaSe am sabediswero Jams? ro-gorc viciT, Webze zrunva mniSvnelovani saqmianoba iyo udabnos pirobebSi (xolo uruqs ukacrieli udabno esazRvreboda), da masze iyo damokidebuli erTgvarad qveynis keTildReoba. amiT gilgameSs surs Tqvas: Tu gvinda keTildReobaSi viyoT, mters nu davemorCilebiT. uxucesni sapirispiro azris arian. erTma-neTs ejaxeba ori politikuri Tvalsazrisi, orive qveynis ke-TildReobiT nakarnaxevi.

9. “uxucesTa krebuli” – ix. Sen. dafa 11,98.16. qulaba – daba uruqis qalaq-saxelmwifos teritoriaze. gil-

gameSi qulabasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, SesaZloa, rogorc sakuTriv misi mkvidri. amitomac iwodeba gilgameSi rogorc “qulabas Ze” (dumu-qulaba) anu qulabas mkvidri, da arasodes “uruqis Ze”.

19. “moymeTa krebuli” – uruqis qalaq-saxelmwifoSi uxucesTa krebulis anu sabWos gverdiT moqmedebda “moymeTa krebuli”, rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi organo, romelic garkveulad zRudavda mefis Zalauflebas. iaraRis matarebel moymeTa

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krebuli upirispirdeba uxucesobas, rogorc mebrZoli Zala da swored mis rCevas dahyveba gilgameSi, qveynis samxedro beladi _ “didi kaci” (lu-gal)

29. “saxedris ferdebis mkumSavni” – asea daxasiaTebuli meomarTa fizikuri Zliereba, an mxedris erTianoba saxedarTan.

108-113. gaugebaria gilgameSis sityvebis azri, gansakuTrebiT str. 112: “agam sunTqva momca, agam sicocxle momca”. es fraza gamarjvebuli gilgameSis piridan kuriozulad JRers. saerTod, bundovania legendis bevri adgili da, kerZod, dasasruli.

gilgameSis sikvdili

ar aris mikvleuli erTiani teqsti (dasawyisidan dasasrulamde). rogorc fragmentebidan Cans, arsebuli “gilgameSis sikvdilis” ra-mdenime erTmaneTisgan met-naklebad gansxvavebuli versia. rogorc Cans, gilgameSs Tavisi Rvawlis gamo (uvali gzebis gakafva, kedaris tyis dapyroba, borotebis aRmofxvra, uTanafiSTisTan Sexvedra da sxva) mkvdarTa samefoSi privilegirebulia, qveknelis RmerTebTan erTad adamianis beds wyvets. SumerSi marTlac arsebobda misi, ro-gorc qvesknelis erT-erTi RvTaebis, kulti.

I, 3. “sartyelis Semomrtymeli” _ sabrZolod gamzadebuli. II, 1. “didi mTa” _ enlilis, rogorc cisa da miwis kavSirisa da samya-

ros Suagulis, ganmasaxierebeli RmerTis arsebiTi da mudmivi epiTeti.

II, 10. “irigali” _ Sum. “didi qalaqi!”, qvesknelis erT-erTi saxelwodeba.

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III, 8. ereSqigali _ Sum. “didi miwis qalbatoni”, qvesknelis mbrZane-beli qalRmerTi. IV, 10. ziusudra _ Sum. “Soreuli (maradiuli) sicocxlis mZebneli”, uTanafiSTis Sumereli oreuli.

IV, 31. ningiSzida _ dumuzis ciklis RvTaeba, masaviT daRupuli da aR-mdgari. aq qvesknelis msajuli.

IV, 48. “didi qalaqi~, arali _ mkvdarTa samefos erT-erTi saxeli.

sarCevi

zurab kiknaZe

gilgameSis eposi 5

g i l g a m e S i a n i 51


inana, gilgameSi da alvis xe 157

laSqroba kedaris tyisken 166

gilgameSi da aga 175

gilgameSis sikvdili 181

komentarebi 187

qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi“memkvidreoba”

Tamaz Cxenkeli, tragikuli niRbebi, 2009.

waxnagi: filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli, 1. 2009.

gilgameSiani: Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, aqaduridan da Sumerulidan Targmna zurab kiknaZem, 2009.

Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, Sumerulidan da aqaduridan Targmna zurab kiknaZem, 2009.

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