Georgian Book Support Foundation

qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi

filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli

22010

merab RaRaniZis redaqciiT

Tbilisi • memkvidreoba • 2010

TSAKHNAGIFACET Annual

of Philological Studies

22010

Merab GhaghanidzeEditor

Tbilisi • Memkvidreoba • 2010

waxnagi: filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli. 2. 2010

saredaqcio sabWo

Suqia afridoniZe(Tavmjdomaris moadgile)

zurab kiknaZedamana meliqiSvili

irma ratianimerab RaRaniZe(Tavmjdomare)

qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi“memkvidreoba”

fondis saqmianobas nivTierad uzrunvelyofsgiorgi leJava

ISSN 1987-7218 © “memkvidreoba”, 2010

narkvevi 135

manana kobaiZe

riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi (SeniSvnebi qarTuli leqsTwyobis bunebis Sesaxeb)

enaTa fonetikuri Tvisebebis monacemTa erTi bazis Ta-naxmad, maxvilis Taviseburebebis mixedviT 429 enaSi (rac TavisTavad mxolod mcire nawilia msoflioSi arsebuli enebisa) gamoyofilia enaTa 109 sxvadasxva jgufi maxvilis saxeobisa da ganlagebis mixedviT1. TviTon maxvilis gansa-zRvrac melodikis cvalebadobasTan mimarTebiT sakmaod rTuli problemaa2. amitom gasakviri araa, rom leqsTwyo-bis tipologia mxolod nawilobriv asaxavs im mravalfero-vnebas, rac sxvadasxva enaSia warmodgenili ritmis leqsad ganxorcielebisTvis.

qarTuli leqsTwyobis bunebis kvlevisas mizanSewonili iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli iyos qarTuli dialeqtebis Cveneba da sariTmo monakveTis agebuleba.

maxvili qarTul saliteraturo enaSi sustia. dialeqte-bSi ki maxvili mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli. ZiriTadad is ritmikuli jgufis maxvilia da misi adgili fiqsirebulia an ritmikuli monakveTis dasawyisis mimarT (magaliTad, moxeurSi), anda ritmikuli monakveTis dasasrulis mimarT (magaliTad, mTiulurSi). ra Tqma unda, ritmikuli monakve-Ti SeiZleba an sityvas emTxveodes, anda sityvebis jgufs warmoadgendes.

miuxedavad imisa, romeli dialeqtis damaxasiaTebeli intonaciiT warmoiTqmis qarTuli leqsi, leqsi inarCunebs Tavis wyobas. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom sityvaT-

1 http://phonology.cogsci.udel.edu/dbs/stress/index.php (damowmebulia 2009 wlis 2 noem-bers).

2 Anthony Fox, Prosodic Features and Prosodic Structure: the Phonology of Suprasegmentals, Oxford University Press, 2002.

waxnagi 2.2010

manana kobaiZe

136

maxvili (an ritmikuli jgufis maxvili) qarTul enaSi da qarTul dialeqtebSi gavlenas ver axdens sariTmo monakve-Tis grZliobaze. sariTmo monakveTs qarTulSi ZiriTadad sityvaTgasayari qmnis da ara enaSi (an dialeqtSi) arsebuli e. w. “araleqsikuri”, ritmikuli jgufis maxvili. am mxriv qarTuli leqsi gansxvavdeba rogorc silabur-tonuri (ma-galiTad, rusuli an inglisuri) leqsisgan, aseve silaburi (magaliTad, franguli) leqsisgan, sadac sariTmo monakveTi maxviliani xmovniT aris SemosazRvruli. am mxriv qarTuli leqsTwyobis msgavsi leqsi im enebSia saZebari, romlebSic sityvis maxvili sustad aris gamoxatuli.

inglisuri, rusuli da franguli leqsi ki erT jgufSi moeqceva swored im niSniT, rom am enebSi sityvaTmaxvils (an ritmikuli jgufis maxvils) unari aqvs, rom sariTmo mo-nakveTi Seqmnas3.

aseve, sityvaTgasayari (an am gasayriT Seqmnili cezu-ra) qmnis terfebs da muxlebs qarTul leqsSi da iq, sadac terfebs an muxlebs Soris sazRvari ar emTxveva sityvaT-gasayars, Cndeba “cru sityvaTgasayaris” msgavsi, sunTqviT (pauziT) gayofili monakveTebi leqsis metris Sesabami-sad. es statia aris mcdeloba, rom gamokveTos qarTuli dialeqtebis Cvenebis mniSvneloba qarTuli leqsTwyobis kvlevisaTvis.

saenaTmecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom mTiu-lur leqsSi, Tu is Cveulebriv, gabmiT aris naTqvami da ara Casawerineblad, maxvili ar Canso, da es imiT aixs-neba, rom “is riTmi (igulisxmeba ritmi, _ m. k.), rome-lic am tonuri maxvilis matarebel winadadebas Tan ax-lavs, leqsis riTmulobas ver Seegueboda da disonanss Sehqmnida”4. imave mosazrebas imeorebs iza TevdoraZe im debulebis dasamtkiceblad, rom mTiulurSi aris ara si-tyvaTmaxvili, aramed ritmikuli jgufis maxvili: “cno-bilia, rom leqsSi Tavs iCens is lingvisturi maxvili,

3 saxelTa msgavsebam gaugebroba rom ar gamoiwvios, SevniSnavT, rom ritmikuli jgufis maxvili gabmul metyvelebaSic dasturdeba. is enobrivi monacemia da gansxvavdeba ritmuli gasayaris cnebisgan, romelic leqsis wyobis aRsawerad gamoiyeneba. Tu zog enaSi TiTeul sityvas Tavisi maxvili aqvs (magaliTad, rusulSi, inglisurSi), enaTa erT nawilSi maxvili ritmikul jgufs moudis: ritmikuli jgufi SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos erTi sityviT, an sityvaTa jgufiT.

4 arn. Ciqobava, grZeli xmovnebi mTiulurSi, tfilisis universitetis moambe, II, 1924, gv. 341.

narkvevi

riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi

137

romelic tradiciulad aris damkvidrebuli ama Tu im enaSi. mTiulurs rom ... sityvaTmaxvili hqondes, igi da-culi iqneboda leqsSic”5.

mTiuli mTqmelis mier ara marto Casawerineblad nawil-nawil, aramed Cveulebrivad naTqvam leqsSic maxvili Ta-vis adgilzea, Tumca es sulac ar aris imis niSani, rom igi sityvaTmaxvilia da ara ritmikuli jgufis maxvili. Sdr., magaliTad, franguli, sadac maxvili ritmikuli jgufis maxvilad iTvleba da leqsSi igi ara marto daculia, ara-med maorganizebel funqciasac asrulebs.

maxviliani xmovani zogjer leqsSi ufro gamokveTilic ki aris, vidre gabmul metyvelebaSi, magram igi disonanss ar qmnis. igive movlena dasturdeba sxva dialeqtebSic. gior-gi cocaniZe wers: “aRmoCnda, rom fSauri maxvili mniSvne-lovan rols asrulebs fSauri leqsis ritmis SeqmnaSi. ami-tomaa, rom erTi da igive leqsi sxva ritmiT ismis, roca mas fSaveli moleqse ambobs da sxva ritmiT, roca mas sxva kuTxis warmomadgeneli, Tundac misive mezobeli xevsuri, ambobs. fSauri leqsis ZiriTadi saxea rvamarcvliani dabali Sairi”6. sanimuSod moyvanili strofebidan vimowmebT erT-erTs:

barSi sicxeSi yofnasa,haeri Jjobav mTisao,Sa£doma salaRozeda,dekianebis pirsao.

marTalia, aq mkvlevari ritmis gansxvavebebze msje-lobs, magram dabali Sairi dabal Sairad rCeba miuxeda-vad imisa, Tu romeli dialeqtis damaxasiaTebeli warmo-TqmiT aris is naTqvami da romel marcvals moudis eno-brivi maxvili.

aseve daculia maxvili moxeur, xevsurul, TuSur, raWul leqsSi. moxeuris aRwerisas ivane qavTaraZe aRniS-navs: “frazaSi da leqsSi sityvis es maxvili ar icvleba”7. vimowmebT Cven mier aCxotSi Cawerili masalidan erT strofs:

ra gamyidveli gvyvaliaoaqiaSvili manonio,

5 i. TevdoraZe, mTiuluris erTi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb, saenaTmecniero krebuli, I, 1984, gv. 91-92.

6 g. cocaniZe, fSauri dialeqti, 1978, gv. 18.7 i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis moxeuri dialeqti, 1985, gv. 79.

waxnagi 2.2010

manana kobaiZe

138

rom saxelmwifo fasebimisTvis ar aris kanonio,maneTnaxevrad mamyidaormociani balonio.

aSkaraa, rom ritmuli monakveTebis monacvleoba 5+3 sa-zomiT aris warmodgenili (sxvaTa sityvis -o nawilaki aq ver CaiTvleba saleqso sazomis nawilad; Sdr. xmiT natir-lebi, sadac mas metruli funqcia aqvs). sruliad gamokveTi-li da ueWveli adgili dialeqturi maxvilisa ar emTxveva ritmul gasayars. ritmuli gasayari aq sityvaTgasayariT iqmneba. amas adasturebs isic, rom sariTmo monakveTebad aq aRiqmeba sammarcvliani monakveTebi da ara maxvilis momde-vno ormarcvliani monakveTebi.

aseve, Tavisi kilos damaxasiaTebeli intonaciiT warmo-Tqvams leqss xevsuri:

dediZmaT dagiferiesSig ma£leCilo Rverao,arc ra kacoba Sen gqonav,dampal kartoxa Rgorao. (Cawerilia barisaxoSi)

raWul leqsSi raWulis damaxasiaTebel maxvils adastu-rebs S. ZiZiguri: “maxvili gvxvdeba leqsSic. mkrTali STa-beWdileba sigrZisa ar uSlis xels amgvar xmovans mogvevli-nos leqsSic. metic SeiZleba iTqvas: amJamd maxvili ufro xSiria leqsSi, vidre prozaul metyvelebaSi”8.

TuSur dialeqtze dialeqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli max-vilis Seucvlelad Seqmnili leqsebi cnobilia eTer TaTa-raiZis poeziiT, romelsac gansakuTrebul ritmul mraval-ferovnebas aniWebs swored TuSurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli maxvilis SenarCuneba.

aseve, SenarCunebulia dialeqtis damaxasiaTebeli maxvi-li mTiulur leqsSi:

givim Tqo, £arebs davyidi,marto viyoleb katasa,cota saWmeli undeba,vaWmev simindis fafasa,xandixan gamexumreba, rogorc SviliSvil papasa.

8 S. ZiZiguri, dialeqtologiuri Ziebani, 1970, gv. 60.

narkvevi

riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi

139

asevea maRali SairiT naTqvam leqsSic:

riyeze var, qvas vaquCeb,saxls vapirob Jehtiansa,mezoblebi iZaxian,rad unda mag retiansa...

leqsSic, gansakuTrebiT, sayofacxovrebo Tematikaze na-Tqvam leqsSi, iseve gansxvavdeba intonacia dialeqtebis mi-xedviT, rogorc sasaubro metyvelebaSi.

dialeqtebis Cveneba aaSkaravebs, rom qarTul leqsSi ritmuli monakveTebis da, maT Soris, sariTmo erTeulis grZliobaze gavlenas ver axdens sityvaTmaxvilis Tu rit-mikuli jgufis maxvilis adgili. sariTmo monakveTi ar aris striqonis bolo maxvilis momdevno marcvlebi. Sei-Zleba maxvili bolodan meore marcvalze iyos, magram sa-riTmo monakveTi iyos sammarcvliani da ara ormarcvliani. zogjer es silabur-tonur leqsTwyobaSic SeimCneva, magram qarTulSi ki, magaliTad, im dialeqtebSi, sadac maxvili sa-ritmo monakveTis bolodan meore marcvalze modis, dabali SairiT naTqvam leqsSi riTma, Cveulebriv, sammarcvliania.

e. w. silabur leqsSic SeiZleba maxvili saritmo mo-nakveTis bolodan meore marcvalze iyos da riTma ki sam-marcvliani aRmoCndes, magram gansxvaveba is aris, silabur leqsSi, magaliTad, frangulSi, ritmikuli jgufis max-vils (e. i. enobriv maxvils) aqvs unari, rom sariTmo monakve-Ti Seqmnas, qarTulSi ki mas es unari ar gaaCnia.

qarTul leqsSi, rogorc Cans, sariTmo monakveTs ar qmnis enobrivi maxvili (sityvaTmaxvili iqneba is Tu ritmikuli jgufis maxvili). saliteraturo qarTulis mimarT es saki-Txi sadavod aris qceuli. qarTuli leqsis silabur-tonu-robis mtkicebisas weren: “leqsTwyobis TvalsazrisiT Zi-riTadia sityvieri dinamikuri an musikaluri maxvili. ker-Zod, dinamikuri maxvili sityvis erT-erT marcvals aZlie-rebs. yvelaze TvalsaCinod es Cans rusulSi, Semdeg germa-nulSi da bolos qarTulSi”9, xolo “maxvilisagan aris da-mokidebuli ara marto Sinagani ritmuli wesrigi taepisa, aramed am taepis kadenciis xasiaTic qarTul leqsSi”10.

am debulebis mowinaaRmdegeebs mis uarsayofad eqsperi-mentic CautarebiaT: “eqsperimentuli wesiT uaryofil iqna

9 a. gawerelia, rCeuli nawerebi, t. III (1), 1981, gv. 105.10 a. gawerelia, rCeuli nawerebi, t. III (1), 1981, gv. 99.

waxnagi 2.2010

manana kobaiZe

140

Cvens leqsTmcodneobaSi gabatonebuli mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac qarTuli riTma iwyeba maxviliani xmovnis mom-devno marcvlebiT”11... “qarTuli riTmis grZliobis ganmsa-zRvreli sityvaSi maxvilis adgilmdebareoba ar aris”12.

rogorc Cans, am Sedegs daupirispirda es mosazreba: “me-truli maxvili (romelsac zogierTi CvenSi ver arCevs Cveu-lebrivi sityvaTmaxvilisagan) ganixileba fonetikis da ara fonologiis doneze”13, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom eqsperimenti swored fonetikis doneze iyo Catarebuli. mainc aSkaraa, akaki gawerelias es SeniSvna TavisTavad mianiSnebs, rom misi azriTac, qarTulSi sariTmo monakveTs qmnis ara sityvaTmax-vili, aramed is, rasac igi aq metrul maxvils uwodebs. ra Tqma unda, metruli maxvilic enobriv monacems eyrdnoba da enaSi arsebuli SesaZleblobis amoqmedebaa. kerZod, ra qmnis am me-trul maxvils qarTulSi, amaze qvemoT kidev iqneba msjeloba.

asea Tu ise, qarTuli dialeqtebi, sadac maxvili gacile-biT gamokveTilia, vidre saliteraturo warmoTqmaSi, met saSualebas iZleva imis gasarkvevad, ra funqcias asrulebs maxvili qarTuli leqsis struqturaSi.

qarTuli leqsi, sxvadasxva dialeqtisTvis damaxasiaTe-beli intonaciiT warmoTqmuli, marTalia, icvlis melo-dikas, magram ar kargavs Tavis keTilxmovanebas, ar erRveva struqtura. magaliTad, vefxistyaosnis romelime strofi, maRali Sairis Tu dabali Sairis wyobisa, inarCunebs Tavis struqturas, fSauri intonaciiT vkiTxulobT Tu mTiulu-riT, sadac maxvilis adgilebi da melodika urTierTgansx-vavebulia. aseve, leqsi, romelic avtorisaTvis romelime dialeqtis intonacias gulisxmobs (magaliTad, fSaurs, Tu-Surs Tu sxvas), saliteraturo warmoTqmiT wakiTxvisasac inarCunebs Tavis Tvisebebs. Sdr., magaliTad, rusuli leqsi, sadac sityvaTmaxvilebis gadaadgileba leqsis struqturas daarRvevda da sariTmo monakveTis Secvlasac gamoiwvevda.

es faqti imasac mianiSnebs, rom ar aris gamarTlebuli qarTuli leqsis, kerZod, misi riTmis mixedviT, vcadoT qarTulSi sityvis maxvilis adgilis gansazRvra am mxriv CvenTvis ucnobi epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel warmoTqmaSi14.

11 a. xinTibiZe, poetikuri Ziebani, 1981, gv. 5.12 a. xinTibiZe, poetikuri Ziebani, 1981, gv. 123.13 a. gawerelia, narkvevebi, portretebi, leqsTmcodneoba, 1988, gv. 317.14 Sdr. T. lomiZe, qarTuli riTmis istoriidan, 1988, sadac mTeli Tavi

eZRvneba vefxistyaosnis riTmis mixedviT maSindel qaTulSi maxvilis dadgenis sakiTxs (gv. 28-72).

narkvevi

riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi

141

maxvilis adgilis aseT monacvleobas dialeqtebis mixed-viT egueba ara marto dabali Sairi, aramed maRalic15.

qarTuli dialeqtebis Cvenebis mixedviT SeiZleba vim-sjeloT grZeli xmovnis Rirebulebis Sesaxebac qarTul le-qsSi. TuSuri grZeli xmovani SeiZleba qmnides or marcvals, magram isic SesaZlebelia, rom grZeli xmovnis Semcveli seg-menti eriTmebodes “moklexmovnian” segments, magaliTad:

dei, ragver dagxvd ZaRlTJolais buCq,dawva ver momswvral SarSandel bukvan,xo ar damwvanul rvalis vaSrapa,tansaro fiWveb zvavs iqneb muklav16.

ras eyrdnoba metruli maxvili qarTul leqsSi?roman iakobsoni Cexuri leqsis bunebis ganxilvisas aR-

niSnavs, rom, Tu enaSi sityvaTmaxvili akustikurad sustia, es leqsis struqturazec axdens gavlenas. igi wers: “Cexur leqsSi (rusuli leqsisgan gansxvavebiT) yuradRebas ipy-robs pirvel rigSi ara Zlieri dro, aramed frazireba, ara maxvili, aramed sityvaTgasayari”17.

rogorc Cans, qarTul leqsSic swored sityvaTgasaya-ri asrulebs umTavres struqturul funqcias. amitom aris SenarCunebuli leqsis ZiriTadi struqtura, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli dialeqtis damaxasiaTebeli intonaciiT warmoiTqmeba leqsi.

metruli maxvili qarTulSi sityvaTgasayars eyrdnoba. ra niSniT aris markirebuli sityvaTgasayari, es sxva saki-Txia da amaze qvemoT kidev SevCerdebiT.

ritmi iqmneba sityvaTgasayariT. Semdeg ki ritmi TiTqos daefineba striqonebs da sityvebs inawilebs. Tu sityvaT-gasayari ar emTxveva saleqso maxvilis adgils, maSin sityva nawildeba ritmis moTxovnis mixedviT, Tumca am ganawile-basac aqvs Tavisi SezRudvebi. magaliTad, xuTmarcvliani segmentisTvis bunebrivia aseTi ganawileba: 2+3 and 3+2, or-marcvlianisTvis: 2+2 da a.S. mTiuli mTqmelis mier naTqva-mi leqsi mTiulsave msmenels ase Cauweria:

15 Sdr. n. maris mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom maRali da dabali Sairis arse-boba qarTulSi fakultaturi maxvilis mqoneblobiT aixsneba, Н. Марр, Грамматика древнелит. грузинского языка, 1925, gv. 15.

16 e. TaTaraiZe, mTvaris nali, 1988, gv. 46 (Tumca aq isic unda SevniSnoT, rom Tedo uTurgaiZe TuSurSi am xmovnis ganmasxvavebel niSnad ara grZliobas, aramed maxvils miiCnevs).

17 Р. Якобсон, О чешском стихе, преимущественно в сопоставлении с русским, 1923, gv. 51.

waxnagi 2.2010

manana kobaiZe

142

Tqveni gamdelic acxonos,gmirTa aRmzrdeli gmirebi,mravalma dedam inatrosTqveni sTanai Svilebi.

aseve:

mTis ZuZu pirSi mdebia,mTisa ganavar Sobili,mTis mkerdSic davimarxebi,ficrebSi gamawyobili.

aq ritmuli gasayaris mixedviT aris sityvebi gayofili, daaxloebiT, rogorc Zvel xelnawerebSi iyo aRniSnuli ce-zuris adgili wertilebiT.

im winaaRmdegobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, rac qarTuli le-qsis leqsTwyobis romelime tipisadmi (silaburi an sila-bur-tonurisadmi) mikuTvnebas eRobeba, apolon silaga-Ze wers, rom qarTuli leqsi qmnis leqsTwyobis sruliad gansakuTrebul tips. is wers: “a) saleqso metyvelebaSi monawileobs ori maxvili TavTavisi funqciiT. b) isini erTmaneTs ar emTxvevian adgilebiTac, ufro zustad – damTxveva nawilobrivia: iktusi* (Zlieri dro, ritmuli funqciis maxvili, m.k.) bunebrivad emTxveva enobriv max-vils, magram nawilobriv: yvela iktusi yvelaze xSir Se-mTxvevaSi imavdroulad adgiliT aris enobrivi maxvilic. rac Seexeba ukuRma mimarTebas, mas adgili ara aqvs – yvela sityvaTmaxvili ar aris iktusi”18.

amave naSromSi mocemulia daskvna, rom “saleqso segmen-taciis umciresi monakveTis doneze – segmentSi anu muxlSi, rogorc umcires SemadgenelSi – saleqso maxvilis adgili Seesabameba sityvaSi maxvilis adgils: igi mocemuli sigr-Zis segmentSi iqneba im adgilze, romelzec gvaqvs sityvaT-maxvili imave sigrZis sityvaSi... Tu ar aris swori debuleba sityvaSi sitvaTmaxvilis pirvel adgilze yofnis Sesaxeb, maSin saleqso segmentSic maxvili iqneba im adgilze, rome-lzec swori Tvalsazrisi gulisxmobs sityvaTmaxvils sa-Tanado sigrZis sityvaSi”19.

* es termini v. Tofuriasa da iv. gigineiSvilis ”qarTuli enis orTogra-fiul leqsikonSi” (Tb., 1998) moxseniebulia, rogorc iqti [redaqcia].

18 a. silagaZe, maxvilis sakiTxisaTvis qarTul leqsSi, macne, enisa da li-teraturis seria, 1986, 4, gv. 11.

19 a. silagaZe, iqve, gv. 12.

narkvevi

riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi

143

apolon silagaZe erTmaneTs upirispirebs saleqso maxvi-lisa da ritmuli gasayaris cnebebs da Tvlis, rom saleqso maxvilTa ganawileba qarTuli leqsisTvis ar aris stru-qturuli, struqturulia ritmuli gasayari20. magram ra qmnis am ritmul gasayars? saleqso maxvilisa da ritmuli gasayaris ase erTmaneTisagan cal-calke warmodgena albaT imis daSvebis Sedegia, rom TiTqos saleqso maxvili (anu me-truli maxvili) adgiliT emTxveodes sityvaTmaxvils.

aseT SemTxvevaSi, marTlac, saleqso maxvili erTi odeno-ba iqneboda (anu igive iqneboda, rac sityvaTmaxvili) da ritmuli gasayari ki sxva iqneboda. magram Tu gavarCevT erTmaneTisagan saleqso maxvilsa da sityvaTmaxvils (Tu ritmikuli jgufis maxvils), maSin swored ritmuli gasaya-ri da saleqso maxvili unda ganvixiloT erT odenobad da swored mas unda mivakuTvnoT struqturuli funqcia qar-Tul leqsSi. saleqso maxvili eyrdnoba sityvaTgasayars. sityvaTgasayari qmnis ritmul gasayars qarTul leqsSi, magram Tu aseTi damTxveva ar xdeba, maSin ritmuli gasaya-ri sityvas kveTs saleqso ritmis moTxovnis mixedviT. amis nimuSia zemoT damowmebuli strofebi, sadac sityvebi swo-red saleqso maxvilis adgilebis mixedviT aris gayofili. swored am saleqso maxvilis (anu ritmuli gasayaris) mom-devno monakveTi qmnis qarTul leqsSi sariTmo monakveTs. amitom SeiZleba qarTul leqsSic, rom sariTmo monakveTe-bi erTmaneTis mimarT sxvadasxva grZliobisac iyos (silaSi vardi da silaJvarde, samurabe da samuraebi).

aSkaraa, rom qarTul dialeqtur warmoTqmaSic ritmul gasayars qmnis sityvaTgasayarze dafuZnebuli saleqso max-vili, da ara dialeqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli lingvisturi maxvili (kerZod, ritmikuli jgufis maxvili).

is faqti, rom ritmul monakveTSi enobrivi maxvili Sei-Zleba aRmoCndes ara am monakveTis Tavidan pirvel marcval-ze, aramed Tavidan meoreze an mesameze da a.S., iqneb imis sa-Sualebasac iZleodes, rom “damavali daqtilisa” da “qores” gverdiT qarTul leqsSi aRmogveCina aRmavali sazomebic: “amfibraqi” an Tundac “iambi”, magram, gansxvavebiT silabur-tonurad wodebuli leqsTwyobisagan (romlis mimarTac am cnebebs iyeneben), sariTmo monakveTis pirveli marcvali qarTul leqsSi ar aris aucileblad lingvisturi maxvi-lis matarebeli.

20 a. silagaZe, iqve, gv. 12.

waxnagi 2.2010

manana kobaiZe

144

aRmavali sazomiT dawerili leqsebi qarTul poezia-Sic gvxvdeba, magram aseTi sazomis Seqmnis unari qarTulSi mxolod sityvaTgasayars SeuZlia da ara dialeqtebSi da-dasturebul ritmikuli jgufis maxvils. qarTul leqss es principulad ganasxvavebs ara marto silabur-tonuri, ara-med silaburi leqsTwyobisganac, xolo TviTon silabur da silabur-tonur leqsTwyobebs erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs ara imdenad sakuTriv leqsis buneba, ramdenadac enobrivi, kerZod, intonaciuri gansxvavebuloba im masalisa (uxeSad rom vTqvaT), romelsac es leqsTwyobani emyarebian: erTi mxriv, Tavisufali moZravi sityvaTmaxvili (da, Sesabamisad, silabur-tonurad wodebuli leqsTwyoba _ rusuli, ingli-suri...), xolo meore mxriv, fiqsirebuli maxvili (da silabu-ri leqsTwyoba _ polonuri, franguli... leqsisa).

leqsTwyobis gansxvavebul tips ekuTvnis qarTuli le-qsi, Tumca is ar aris erTaderTi da unaTesao. qarTuli leqsTwyobis gansakuTrebulobis erT-erT niSnad miiC-neven, rom ”qarTul leqsSi sazRvari yovel erTeulSi or Semadgenels Soris ritmuli gasayaris saxiT war-moadgens 1) ritmuli binaruli erTeulis SigniT moqmed struqturul faqtors; 2) sistemis zogadi struqturis ganmsazRvreli universaluri principis – erTdroul binarul gakveTaTa ierarqiuli jaWvis Seqmnis struq-turul faqtors”21. magram amgvari binaruli gakveTa le-qsTwyobis sxva tipebSic aris SemCneuli22.

qarTuli leqsTwyobis Tavisebur bunebas is gansazR-vravs, rom, silabur da silabur-tonurad wodebul le-qsTwyobaTagan gansxvavebiT, leqsis sariTmo monakveTis Semqmneli saleqso maxvili adgilis mixedviT ar emTx-veva fonologiur sistemaSi mocemul sityvaTmaxvils, ritmikuli jgufis maxvils an maxvilian grZel xmovans... da arc mis gadaadgilebas moiTxovs. am niSniT is hgavs Cexur leqss, romlis bunebac aseve sakamaTod aris qceu-li. roman iakobsoni wers, rom Cexur leqsSi iriTmeba bolo ori marcvali, miuxedavad imisa, maxvili orive striqonis bolo marcvalzea Tu bolodan meoreze. mxo-lod bolo marcvali im SemTxvevaSi iriTmeba, Tu sariT-mo striqonebidan erT-erTi (an orive) erTmarcvliani sityviT mTavrdeba23.

21 a. silagaZe, leqsTmcodneobiTi analizis principebis Sesaxeb, 1987, gv. 132.22 И. С. Трубецкой, О метрике частушки, Избранные труды по филологии, М. 1987, gv. 372.23 Р. Якобсон, О чешском стихе преимущественно в сопоставлении с русским, 1923, gv. 60, 62.

narkvevi

riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi

145

am mxriv (saleqso maxvilisa da enobrivi maxvilis ur-TierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT) qarTuli leqsi Sei-Zleba SevudaroT im tipis leqsTwyobasac, romelsac, tradiciuli klasifikaciis mixedviT, kvantitatiurs uwodeben. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom Zvel berZnulSi “saleqso maxvili xSirad ar emTxveva gramatikuls; erT sityvaSi SeiZleba iyos ori Tanabari Rirebulebis mqo-ne ritmikuli maxvili”24. aseve, “sparsul enaSi maxvili umTavresad bolo marcvals moudis, rac TavisTavad gana-pirobebs erTmarcvliani riTmebis simravles”25, magram, miuxedavad amisa, sparsulSi gavrcelebulia or-, sam-, oTx- da xuTmarcvliani riTmac26. amitom unda iTqvas, rom “riTmis yvela saxeobis erTdroulad realizaciis unariT aRWurva” ar aris mxolod klasikuri silabur-tonuri leqsTwyobis Tviseba27.

kvantitatiuri leqsTwyobis am Taviseburebis Sesaxeb miuTiTebda roman iakobsoni: “raodenobrivi leqsTw-yoba angariSs ar uwevs maxvils... dinamikuri maxvilis ignorireba berZnul da laTinur leqsSi erTgvarova-ni movlenaa... arabul klasikur leqsTwyobaSi maxvili mxolod nawilobriv, leqsis mxolod gansazRvrul nawi-lebSi (laTinuri dramebis msgavsad) emTxveva adgilis mixedviT ritmul iktusebs... sparsul poeziaSi kidev ufro naklebad uwevs ritmuli iktusi angariSs sityvis maxvils”28.

amitom qarTul riTmasac, vfiqrobT, Seefereba riTmis gansazRvreba, sadac ar aris dakonkretebuli, ra qmnis ritmul (kerZod, sariTmo) monakveTs: “leqsis ritmul monakveTTa sazRvrebze Tanxmier sityvaTa kanonzomier ganmeorebas riTma ewodeba”29.

sariTmo monakveTSi saleqso maxvilisa da enobrivi maxvilis urTierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, es leqsT-wyobani erTgvarovani Cans. gansxvavebas maT Soris qmnis enobrivi Taviseburebebi: erTi mxriv, grZeli da mokle xmovnebis arqona an maT mimarT ganurCevloba (qarTul leqsSi), meore mxriv, grZeli da mokle xmovnis Semcvel

24 А. Ч. Козаржевский, Учебник древнегреческого языка, М. 1975, gv. 231.25 v. kotetiSvili, sparsuli riTmis struqtura, 1986, gv. 57. 26 v. kotetiSvili, sparsuli riTmis struqtura, 1986, gv. 73-74.27 Sdr. a. gawerelia, leqsTwyobaTa tipologiis sakiTxebi, literaturu-

li Ziebani, 1 (XVI), 1987, gv. 390.28 Р. Якобсон, О чешском стихе преимущественно в сопоставлении с русским, 1923, gv. 113-115.29 v. kotetiSvili, sparsuli riTmis struqtura, 1986, gv. 15.

waxnagi 2.2010

manana kobaiZe

146

marcvalTa raodenobrivi garCeva kvantitatiur leqsT-wyobaSi. aseve erTgvarovania sariTmo monakveTis mar-kirebis wesiT silaburi da silabur-tonuri leqsTw-yobebi: sariTmo monakveTSi erTmaneTs emTxveva saleqso maxvili da enobrivi maxvili. gansxvavebas qmnis maxvilis bunebis mixedviT gansxvaveba enebs Soris: erTi mxriv, moZravi maxvili enaSi da, Sesabamisad, silabur-tonuri wyoba leqsSi, meore mxriv, fiqsirebuli maxvili enaSi da silaburi wyoba leqsSi.

ras eyrdnoba qarTulSi fonetikurad es ritmuli gasayaris Semqmneli saleqso maxvili, sityvaTgasaya-ri? es unda iyos iseTi faqtori, romelic saerToa sali-teraturo da dialeqturi warmoTqmisaTvis da romelic ufro gamokveTilad gansazRvravs ritmuli metyvelebis segmentacias, vidre es SeuZlia maxvils qarTul salite-raturo Tu dialeqtur warmoTqmaSi.

saliteraturo qarTulSi leqsis taepebis erTmane-Tisgan SemomsazRvrel elementebad eqsperimentis mona-cemebze dayrdnobiT gamoyofilia melodika, intensio-ba da pauza, xolo TviTon taepSi – muxlebis gasamij-nad – melodika da pauza30. igive elementebi asruleben am funqcias dialeqtebSic, sadac, amave dros, SenarCu-nebulia dialeqturi warmoTqmis Taviseburebebi. qar-Tul leqsSi maxvilis bunebaze msjelobisas amis gaTva-liswineba albaT met masalas miscems qarTuli leqsT-wyobis mkvlevrebs.

melodikis gardatexis adgili mravalmarcvlian si-tyvebSi, Cveulebriv, gansazRvrulia31. swored am adgi-lis mixedviT garkveulwilad izRudeba qarTul leqsSi mravalmarcvlian sityvaSi saleqso maxvilis adgilis Tavisufleba.

daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom sariTmo monakveTis dasawyi-si qarTul leqsSi ar emTxveva sityvaTmaxvils, miRebuli hqondaT sxva mkvlevrebsac32, magram aqedan aucileblo-biT ar gamomdinareobs mtkiceba, TiTqos qarTuli leqsis striqonebSi maxvilTa ganlagebis kanonzomiereba ar arse-bobdes33.

30 n. kiziria, saliteraturo qarTulis intonaciis sakiTxebi, 1987, gv. 84-86.31 s. JRenti, qarTuli enis ritmikul-melodikuri struqtura, 1963, gv. 121, 139.32 a. xinTibiZe, qarTuli leqsis bunebisaTvis, 1976, gv. 18, Smd. 33 Sdr. a. xinTibiZe, qarTuli leqsis bunebisaTvis, 1976, gv. 29.

narkvevi

riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi

147

qarTul leqsSi saleqso maxvilebis Tu ritmuli Zlie-ri droebis arseboba eyrdnoba sityvaTgasayars, mraval-marcvlian sityvebSi ki – “cru sityvaTgasayars”.

swored sityvaTgasayari qmnis im dinamikur aRmaval ritms (kerZod, anapestis msgavs ritms), romelic dastur-deba galaktionis leqsSi “qari qris”:

qari qris, qari qris, qari qris,foTlebi mihqrian qarda qar,xeTa rigs, xeTa jars, rkalad xris,sada xar, sada xar, sada xar.

es mokle periodebi striqonebs dasasruls aRmaval ritms aniWebs leqss. am dinamikis, am musikis ganxorcie-leba qarTul enaSi eyrdnoba ara uSualod sityvaTmax-vils, aramed sityvaTgasayars, romelic, Tavis mxriv, pauziTa da melodikis cvliT aris qarTulSi gamoxatu-li. magram es ukve fonetikis sakiTxia da ara leqsTmcod-neobisa.

yvela enas aqvs Tavisi saSualeba Zlieri da susti droebis monacvleobis misaRwevad. qarTulSi ritmiku-li jgufis maxvils ar SeuZlia am funqciis Sesrule-ba, samagierod, am funqcias sityvaTgasayariT Seqmnili ritmuli gasayari asrulebs.

TviTon silaburi leqsis qrestomaTiuli magaliTis – franguli leqsis bunebis Sesaxebac arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom iq TiToeul sityvas Tavisi prosodiuli identoba aqvs da is ar war-moadgens frazis ganuyofel nawils. imis Tqma, rom Ti-Tqos frangulSi ar iyos maxviliani xmovnebi, igive iq-neboda, rom uargveyo frangulSi ritmis arseboba. “mra-vali sxva metruli sistemis msgavsad, frangul leqss aqvs unari damatebiTi gamomxatveli Zala SeiZinos, rac miiRweva an sintaqsurad umniSvnelo segmentis maxvilis xazgasmiT da winwamoweviT, anda piriqiT – im segmentis dasustebiT, romelic, sintaqsis wesebis mixedviT, maxvi-liani da xazgasmuli unda yofiliyo”34.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ritmuli jgufebis grZlioba arc silabur leqsSi aris mxolod da mxolod marcvalTa raodenobaze damokidebuli. faqtobrivad, TviTon si-

34 Clive Scott, The Poetics of French Verse, Studies in Reading, Oxford University Press, 1998, reprinted 2001, gv. 30.

waxnagi 2.2010

manana kobaiZe

148

laburad wodebul leqsTwyobaSic, marcvlebis garda, ritmuli mowesrigebis funqcia SeiZleba Seasrulos mo-nakveTebis warmoTqmis siCqarem, magaliTad, frangul-Si35, anda pauzebma, romelTa marcvlebis “naklulobis” SemTxvevaSi striqonebis “Sinagan” grZliobas awesrige-ben, magaliTad, iaponurSi36.

yovelgvar ritms axasiaTebs Zlieri da susti droebis met-naklebad kanonzomieri monacvleoba. ra saSualebiT miiRweva es monacvleoba leqsSi, es ukve enis prosodiis sakiTxia. SeiZleba es sityvaTmaxvilebis kanonzomieri monacvleoba iyos, SeiZleba ritmikuli maxvilebis mo-nacvleoba, sityvaTgasayarebis mimdevroba, anda grZeli da mokle xmovnebis monacvleoba. sariTmo monakveTis Se-qmnis TvalsazrisiT ki silabur-tonurad wodebuli in-glisuri an rusuli leqsis maxvili da silaburad wode-buli frangulis maxvili Tanabari Zalis mqoneni arian. qarTulSi es funqcia sityvaTgasayarisTvis damaxasia-Tebel melodikis cvlas, intensiobas, da pauzas akisria. qarTuli leqsTwyobis msgavsi leqsTwyoba tipologiu-rad im enebSi aris saZebari, romlebic prosodiulad qarTulTan ufro axlos dganan, vidre, magaliTad, fran-guli an inglisuri.

asea Tu ise, qarTuli leqsis sazomisTvis marcvlebis raodenobasTan erTad gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas asrule-bs swored sityvaTgasayaris maxvili, romelic saziaroa dialeqtebisa da saliteraturo enisTvis. sariTmo mo-nakveTis Cveneba amis TvalsaCino dasturia.

35 silaburad wodebul leqsSic SesaZlebelia marcvalTa araTanabari raodenobis monakveTebma Seqmnan erTi da igive grZliobis periodebi. “marcvlebis raodenobis matebasTan erTad warmoTqmis siCqarec matulobs, marcvlebis raodenobis klebasTan erTad ki siCqare neldeba, rac monakveTebis Tanabari grZliobis SenarCunebas iwvevs. es imis maCvenebelia, rom ritmis Seqmnisas swored sityvaTa warmoTqmisTvis saWiro droiTi monakveTebis grZliobaa mniSvnelovani:On s’endormait/ dix mille// on se réveillait/ cent4 marcvali 2 marcvali 5 marcvali 1 marcvali½ wami ½ wami ½ wami ½ wami” citata damowmebulia saitidan: <http://utils.exeter.ac.uk/french/ingrid/versification.htm> “Site created by Ingrid Quéré in March 2001 using materials created by colleagues in the Department of French, University of Exeter” (2009 wlis 2 noembers).

36 Deborah Cole & Mizuki Miyashita , The function of pauses in metrical studies: acoustic evidence from Japanese verse, wignSi: Dresher, B. Elan (Editor); Friedberg, Nila (Editor). Phonology and Phonetics: Formal Approaches to Poetry : Recent Developments in Metrics. Berlin, DEU: Walter de Gruyter & Co. KG Publishers, 2006, gv. 177.

narkvevi

riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi

149

Manana Kobaidze

Rhyme and Stress in Georgian Dialects (Towards the Versification Typology of Georgian Verse)

Word stress is weak in standard Georgian. The typology of Georgian verse is an uncertain issue. Some researchers argue that the Georgian verse is accentual-syllabic, while according to another point of view, it is syllabic. An assertion about the exclusively specific nature of Georgian verse has also appeared.

This paper is an attempt to introduce dialect data as material for versification research in Georgian. Georgian dialects have clearly marked stress patterns unlike the standard Georgian.

It is noteworthy that the Georgian verse retains its structure regardless whether it is pronounced in standard Georgian intonation or in a dialectal accent. At the same time, the placement, tone pitch and intensity of a stressed syllable is quite diverse depending on dialects in Georgian. However, these differences do not affect the structure of Georgian verse. Especially significant is the fact that the place of dialectal stress (regardless of the diverse placement in various dialects) does not influence the length of a rhyme segment. On the basis of these data the following conclusions are suggested:

1. In difference from an accentual-syllabic verse (e.g. Russian verse) or syl-labic verse (e.g. French verse), the stress (either a word stress or stress of a rhythmic segment) is not able to create a rhyme segment in Georgian.

2. Rhyme segments as well as feet in general are usually created by word boundaries in Georgian verse.

3. Word boundaries, in turn, are marked with pitch, intensity, and pause. A stress, characteristic of the standard Georgian or dialects, is usually presented along with word boundary markers, but the decisive factor for the verse structuring in Georgian is a word boundary and not a specific stress of dialects or that of the standard language. In other words, a word boundary forms a metrical stress in the Georgian verse.

4. In respect to the relation between a metrical stress, on the one hand, and a word stress (or rhythmic group stress), on the other hand, especially within a rhyme segment, an accentual-syllabic and a syllabic verse (at least, English and French verses) fall into one type. Georgian verse, along with certain languages, having a weak stress, makes up another group where the structural factor creating a rhythmi-cal diversity is a word boundary.