4

saqarTvelo

arCil CaCxiani

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena da

germanuli faqtori

da marTlac, 1918 wlis 3 marts xelmowerili brest-litovskis SeTanxmebiT, ruseTi oms

eTiSeba, revoluciuri ideologiiT ganmsWvaluli misi SenaerTebi ki frontebs toveben.

aqamde ruseTi or frontze ibrZoda – dasavleTis frontze da kavkasiis frontze. da-

savleTis frontze misi mowinaaRmdege germania da avstria-ungreTi iyo, kavkasiis front-

1918 wlis gazafxuli... I msoflio omis ruseTis saomar moqmedebebsa da frontebze

strategiuli viTareba ruseTisaTvis dramatulad icvleba. ramdenime Tvis win, 1917 wlis

25 oqtombers, ruseTis xelisuflebaSi gadatrialebis Sedegad mosuli bolSevikebi sepa-

ratistul molaparakebebs iwyeben centraluri blokis saxelmwifoebTan da omidan gasv-

las iTxoven. centraluri blokis saxelmwifoebi – avstria-ungreTi, osmaleTi da maTi li-

deri – germania – zeimoben. isini darwmunebuli arian, rom antantis erT-erTi wevris omi-

dan gasvla mniSvnelovnad Secvlis ZalTa balanss maT sasargeblod da saboloo gamarjve-

bac maTi iqneba.

ikavon. mokle xanSi germanuli SenaerTebi

ikaveben belaruss, baltiispireTs, ukrai-

nis did nawils da yirims. kavkasiis fron-

tze ki cota gansxvavebuli viTarebaa. aq

osmalTa me-3 armiam, general mehmed vehib

faSas sardlobiT, SeteviTi moqmedebebi

jer kidev brest-litovskis sazavo xel-

Sekrulebis dadebamde, 1918 wlis 5 Teber-

vals, daiwyo.

rusuli SenaerTebis gasvlis Semdeg

kavkasiis frontis mcirericxovani da de-

zorganizebuli somxuri da qarTuli na-

wilebi jerovan winaaRmdegobas ver uwe-

ven osmalTa Semotevas da erTmaneTis mi-

yolebiT toveben mniSvnelovan dasaxle-

bul punqtebs. saomari moqmedebebis SeCe-

rebis mizniT amierkavkasiis seimis warmo-

madgenloba, akaki Cxenkelis xelmZRvane-

lobiT, 12 marts trapizonSi saswrafo mo-

laparakebebs iwyebs osmalebTan, magram

uSedegod. erzinjanisa da arzrumis aRe-

bis Semdeg osmalebi trapizonSic Sedian,

maTi Semdgomi SeteviTi moqmedebebi ki

or – baTumisa da yarsi-aleqsandropoli-

sis – mimarTulebaze viTardeba. 1 apri-

ze ki – osmaleTis imperia. mTeli sami wlis

ganmavlobaSi dasavleTis frontze mimdi-

nare saomar moqmedebebs frontis xazis

mniSvnlovani cvlilebebi ar mohyolia,

kavkasiis frontze miRweuli warmatebebi

ki namdvilad TvalSi sacemi iyo. sworad

dagegmili da Sesrulebuli samxedro

operaciebis Sedegad, ruseTis kavkasiis

frontis SenaerTebma 1915-1917 wlebSi

osmalTa imperiis umniSvnelovanesi da-

saxlebuli punqtebi daikaves da strate-

giuli placdarmi Seqmnes centraluri

anatoliis zeganze gasasvlelad. rusul-

osmaluri istoriuli dapirispirebis or-

saukunovani periodis ganmavlobaSi es iyo

rusuli samxedro SenaerTebis yvelaze

Rrma SeWra osmalTa imperiis teritori-

ebze. magram axla, brest-litovskis xel-

Sekrulebis ZaliT, yvelaferi unda Seic-

valos, rusulma SenaerTebma ukan unda

daixion, maTi adgili ki germanulma da os-

malurma diviziebma unda daikavon. am xel-

SekrulebiT, germanelebi yofili ruse-

Tis imperiis dasavleT nawilis okupacias

moaxdenen, xolo osmalebma ardaganis da

yarsis raionebi da baTumis olqi unda da-

5

germanuli faqtori

ruseTi

ukraina

fineTi

SvedeTi

estoneTi

tartu

latvia

poloneTi

germania

donis kazakebi

avstria-

ungreTi

bulgareTi

osmaleTis imperia

rumineTi

saqarTvelo

yubani

vladikavkazi

yarsi

sparseTi

amierkavkasiisrespublika

lietuva

kurlandia

germaniis mokavSireebi

germaniis mier okupirebuli poloneTis da somxeTis nawili

germaniis kontrolis qveS myofinaxevrad avtonomiuri regionebi

germaniaze ekonomikurad damokide-buli ukraina

germaniis mier kontrolirebadi TaTreTis respublika

germaniasTan politikurad da ekono-mikurad dakavSirebuli qveynebi

germaniaze ekonomikurad da administr-aciulad damokidebuli axali qveynebi

germaniasTan politikurad dakavSi-rebuli amierkavkasiis respublika

germaniis gavlenis sferoSi myofi ka-zakebis naxevrad avtonomiuri olqi

mehmed vehib faSa (1877-1940)

Savi zRva

kaspiiszRva

baltiis zRva

brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis Sedegebi

akaki Cxenkeli (1874-1959)

amierkavkasiis seimi – amierkavkasiis saxelm-wifos sakanonmdeblo warmomadgenlobiTi xe-lisuflebis organo. mowveul iqna amierkavkasi-is komisariatis mier TbilisSi 1918 wlis 10 (23) Tebervals. Sedgeboda amierkavkasiidan arCeuli sruliad ruseTis damfuZnebeli krebis wevrebi-sagan. seimis Tavmjdomare iyo qarTveli menSevi-ki nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe.

seimSi Camoyalibda sami fraqcia:

amierkavkasiis seimis 22 aprilis sxdomaze gamoc-xadda amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaci-uli respublikis damoukidebloba.

social-demokratebi ( menSevikebi) – 32 wevri

daSnakebis fraqcia – 27

muslimTa fraqcia (musavatelebi da upartioe-bi) – 50

1918 wlis 26 maiss seimma TviTlikvidacia gamoac-xada.

lisTvis osmaluri SenaerTebi baTumsac ikaveben, Tumca maTi Semdgomi winsvla saqarTve-

los teritoriebze ferxdeba. general giorgi mazniaSvilis sardlobiT Coloqi-natanebis

frontze gamarTul brZolaSi qarTvelebi saarako gamarjvebas aRweven da CrdiloeTis mi-

marTulebaze osmalTa Semdgom winsvlas aCereben, Tumca osmaluri qvedanayofebi ozur-

geTSi Sedian.

11 maisidan amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublikis delegacia mola-

parakebebis meore raunds ukve baTumSi agrZelebs. delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi arian qar-

Tuli, somxuri da azerbaijanuli mxareebi, delegaciis saerTo xelmZRvanelia respubli-

kis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare akaki Cxenkeli. delegaciis wevrebSi kargi ganwyobaa, isini ime-

dovneben, rom dasaxul mizans miaRweven da sabrZolo moqmedebebic Sewydeba, magram mou-

lodnelad generali vehib faSa acxadebs, rom brest-litovskis zavis pirobebi ukve aRaraa

misaRebi TurqTaTvis da igi damatebiT axal moTxovnebs ayenebs, kerZod:

amierkavkasiis mTeli rkinigzis xazis

kontroli britanelebTan omis warmoebis

mTeli xnis ganmavlobaSi.

aleqsandropolisi-ejmiawini-naxiCe-

vani-julfas rkinigzis xazze kontrolis

aReba Turquli qvedanayofebis Crdilo-

eT iranSi gadayvanis mizniT.

ara mxolod baTumisa da baTumis ol-

qis, aramed axalcixis, axalqalaqisa da

aleqsandropolisis okupacia.

brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis fragmenti

6

saqarTvelo

es moTxovnebi, faqtobrivad, mTeli am-

ierkavkasiis okupacias niSnavda. da marT-

lac, maisis Sua ricxvebisaTvis, baTumSi

mimdinare molaparakebebis kvaldakval,

Turquli nawilebi samcxe-javaxeTSi Se-

dian da 16-18 maiss brZolebiT ikaveben ax-

alcixe-abasTumans da bogdanovka-axalqa-

laqs. axalcixis raionSi Turqulma avan-

gardma CrdiloeTisaken waiwia da mdinare

mtkvris gaswvriv awyurs miaRwia, axalqa-

laqis raionSi, aRmosavleTis mimarTule-

baze ki – tabawyuris tbas. qarTuli miwe-

bis mniSvnelovani nawili Turqul okupa-

ciaSi moeqca...

amierkavkasiis delegacia gamouval

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda da molaparake-

bebis procesic CixSi Sevida... TiTqos yve-

lafers wertili daesva da Turquli oku-

paciis avbediTi aCrdilic realuri gax-

da... magram misi udidebulesoba istoria

sxvanairad gansjis, konferenciis msvle-

lobisas mimdinare procesebi Seicvleba

da Semdgomi movlenebic sul sxvanairad

ganviTardeba. konferenciis muSaobaSi ax-

ali Zalebi da axali interesebi gamoCnde-

ba...

7

TurqTa warmatebebi kavkasiaSi Seum-

Cneveli ar darCeniaT maT did mokavSire-

ebs – germanelebs. isini indiferentulni

ar yofilan TurqTa eqspansiis mimarT.

1918 wlis aprilisaTvis germanelebs ukve

okupirebuli hqondaT ukraina da Savi

zRvis CrdiloeTi regioni. 20 aprilisaT-

vis ki, maT xarkovs miaRwies da male sevas-

topolsa da rostovSic Sevidnen.

baTumis samSvidobo konferenciaSi aq-

tiur monawileobas iRebda germaniis sam-

xedro ataSe osmalTa imperiaSi, generali

oto fon losovi. am faqtma garkveuli

imedi Causaxa qarTul mxares. delegaciis

erT-erTi wevri, zurab avaliSvili, Sem-

degSi igonebda: `germanelebis yofna ba-

TumSi TurqeTisaTvis alikapis amodebas

niSnavda. es ki, umTavaresi sakiTxi iyo~.

amierkavkasiis delegaciis xelmZRvanel-

ma, akaki Cxenkelma, sTxova fon losovs

daxmareboda TurqTa agresiis aRkveTaSi.

germaneli generali daTanxmda. misi mo-

sazreba gaiziara germaniis diplomati-

urma warmomadgenelma osmaleTSi frid-

rix-verner fon der Sulenburgmac. mag-

ram arsebul viTarebaSi germanelebisaT-

vis SeuZlebeli iyo qmediTi daxmareba ga-

ewiaT, radgan amierkavkasiis respublikis

oto herman fon losovi(1868-1938)

fridrix-verner fon der Sulenburgi(1875-1944)

germanuli faqtori

germaniis warmomadgenlebma akaki Cxen-

kels Semdegi piroba wauyenes: imisaTvis, rom

germaniam SeZlos qarTuli mxaris daxmareba

da saqarTvelos teritoriebis Semdgomi os-

maluri okupaciis aRkveTa, aucilebelia, sa-

qarTvelo gamoeyos amierkavkasiis federa-

ciul respublikas, imdenad, ramdenadac

germanul saxelmwifos urTierTobebis dam-

yareba mxolod Tanabarzomier subieqtTan –

qarTul saxelmwifosTan – SeuZlia da ara

qarTuli delegaciisgan gansxvavebiT, somxe-

bis ganwyobebi namdvilad ar iyo progermanu-

li, isini Tavs antantis `patara wevrad~ moi-

azrebdnen, xolo azerbaijanulma delegaci-

am aSkara proosmaluri pozicia daikava. az-

erbaijanuli mxare, osmalTa daxmarebiT, im

momentisTvis bolSevikTa mier okupirebuli

baqos ganTavisuflebas imedovnebda. dResa-

viT naTeli iyo, rom germania, interesTa ar-

sebuli konfiguraciiT, qarTuli delegaci-

is Txovnas amierkavkasiis federaciul res-

publikaSi Semavali saqarTvelos teritori-

ebis dacvis Sesaxeb ver SeZlebda.

am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad general

oto fon losovsa da akaki Cxenkels Soris

intensiuri molaparakebebis procesi mim-

dinareobda. amasobaSi, 23 maisisaTvis os-

malurma mxarem amierkavkasiis delegaci-

as Semdegi Sinaarsis ultimatumi gadasca:

Tu 72 saaTis ganmavlobaSi osmalTa moT-

xovnebi ar iqneboda miRebuli, maSin maTi

SenaerTebi saomar moqmedebebs ukve uSua-

lod Tbilisis mimarTulebiT daiwyebd-

nen. uceb gacxadda, rom drois dakargva

aRar SeiZleboda, qarTul mxares dauyov-

nebliv unda emoqmeda. 23 maiss baTumidan

TbilisSi gagzavnil werilSi akaki Cxenke-

li iuwyeboda:

raRac amorful warmonaqmnTan, rogori-

caa samSvidobo molaparakebebSi monawile

delegaciis romelime nawili an, Tundac,

SeuTanxmebeli Sida struqturisa da ga-

urkveveli saerTaSoriso statusis mqone

`saxelmwifo~ – amierkavkasiis demokra-

tiuli federaciuli respublika.

`gadaeciT saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos Semdegi: damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Seg-

vianeba gamoiwvevs gamousworebel Sedegebs. germaniis Suamdgomlobis cdam uSedegod Ca-

iara. rCeba erTi ram – davupirispiroT osmaloebis Semosevas germaniisgan zurggamagrebu-

li damoukidebeli saqarTvelo... ukve momzadebulia xelmosawerad germaniasTan droebi-

Ti SeTanxmeba... vucdi am aqtis Sesaxeb uswrafes cnobas~.

noe Jordania(1868-1953)

kavkasiis mefisnacvlis yofili rezidencia

8

saqarTvelo

1918 wlis 28 maiss foTSi, germanuli xomaldis bortze, saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikisa da germaniis warmomadgenlebs Soris daido droebiTi xelSekruleba, rom-

lis ZaliTac saqarTvelom germaniis imperiis mxridan miiRo aRiareba da igi germanuli

proteqtoratiT aRiWurva. xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebda:

marTlac, meore dResve, 1918 wlis 24 maiss, aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadasawyvetad noe Jor-

danias TavmjdomareobiT gaimarTa erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdoma.

1918 wlis 26 maiss ki golovinis prospeqtze mdebare kavkasiis mefisnacvlis yofil rezi-

denciaSi amierkavkasiis seimis ukanaskneli sxdoma gaimarTa, romelmac naSuadRevis 3 saa-

TisaTvis amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublika daSlilad gamoacxada.

imave darbazSi naSuadRevis 4 saaTsa da 50 wuTze, noe Jordanias TvmjdomareobiT, saqarT-

velos erovnuli sabWos sxdoma gaixsna, sadac noe Jordaniam `saqarTvelos damoukideb-

lobis aqti~ waikiTxa. gaCnda saerTaSoriso samarTlis axali subieqti – saqarTvelos de-

mokratiuli respublika. qarTulma saxelmwifom 117 wlis win dakarguli saxelmwifoebri-

oba aRidgina.

germanuli mxaris mier saqarTvelos rkinigziTa da portebiT SeuzRudav sargeblobas.

germaniis saeqspedicio Zalebis mier saqarTvelos strategiuli obieqtebis okupaciis

uflebas.

saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba, 1918

saerTaSoriso aRiarebaSi daxmarebis gawevas.

germanuli valutis Tavisufal mimoqcevas.

diplomatiuri da sakonsulo warmomadgenlebis

gacvlas.

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvas.

erToblivi samTo-mompovebeli korporaciis da-

arsebas.

damoukideblobis aqti

9

germanuli faqtori

axla ki, yvelaze mTavari da saintereso kiTxva: ki magram, rogor moxda, rom osmalTa im-

periis strategiuli samxedro-politikuri mokavSire, centralur saxelmwifoTa blokis

lideri saxelmwifo, kaizeris germania, win aRudga osmaleTis strategiul interesebs da

aRkveTa misi Semdgomi eqspansia saqarTvelos teritoriebze? ra iyo amis mizezi?

germaniis mxridan am dokuments xels awerda generali oto fon losovi, xolo saqarT-

velos mxridan – premier-ministri noe ramiSvili.

am, erTi SexedviT, martivi SekiTxvis pasuxi sulac ar aris calsaxa da erTmniSvnelova-

ni, igi ramdenime aspeqtisagan Sedgeba. es aris istoriuli, politikuri, dinastiuri, reli-

giuri, kulturuli, samxedro, ekonomikuri da socialuri aspeqtebi. sakiTxis srulad gax-

snisTvis ki Rrma warsulSi unda gadavinacvloT...

qarTveli da germaneli xalxebis urTierTobis istoria saukuneebs iTvlis.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom jer kidev XII saukunis meore naxevarSi germaniisa da ro-

mis saRvTo imperiis imperatori fridrix didi barbarosa mefe Tamars saqmrod Ta-

vis erT-erT vaJs, hercog fridrix Svabels sTavazobda. saqarTveloSi am winadadebas

uyuradRebod ar Sexvedrian. am qorwinebaSi bizantiis mmarTveli dinastiis sawinaaRm-

degod, bevri xedavda bagrationebisa da germaniis saimperatoro karis hohenStaufene-

bis damoyvrebis SesaZleblobas. es dinastiuri kavSiri

mtkice xids gadebda saqarTvelosa da germanias Soris,

rasac, SesaZloa, gavlenis sferoebis gayofa mohyolo-

da mcire aziaSi, radgan mefe-qalis qorwineba udidesi

politikuri aqti iyo. fridrix didi barabarosas Semo-

Tavazeba, savaraudod, 1185-1187 wlebSi unda momxdari-

yo, e.i. mefe Tamaris pirvel da meore qorwinebebs So-

ris. sabolood, hohenStaufenebis es winadadeba uary-

ves, radgan bagratovanTa dinastiis primatma da saer-

To kavkasiurma orientaciam gaimarjva – mefe Tamaris

meuRle da erTiani saqarTvelos Tanamefe, bagratovan-

Ta gverdiTi Stos warmomadgeneli, ovsTa mefe daviT

soslani gaxda. marTalia, hohenStaufenebTan mimarTe-

biT im momentSi mefis karze proevropuli orientaciis

momxreni ufro sustni aRmoCndnen, Tumca garkveuli

politikuri kavSiri damyarda saqarTvelo-germanias

Soris, rac IV jvarosnul laSqrobaSic gamoCnda.

fridrix didi barbarosa vaJiSvilebTan erTad

am ambebidan saukuneebi gava, sanam pirveli germanelebi myarad damkvidrdebian qarTul

miwaze, Tumca manamdec germanelebisaTvis, maTi literaturisTvis saqarTvelos Tema uc-

nobi ar yofila. kavkasiiTa da saqarTveloTi dainteresebaze migvaniSnebs Sua saukuneebis

didi germaneli mwerlis, volfram fon eSenbaxis saraindo romanebi, aseve adam oleariu-

sis, andreas grifiusis, iohan vilkelmanis, gothold lesingis, fridrix bodenStedtisa da

sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi asaxuli saqarTvelos Tema. iohan Siltbergeris, iulius klaprotisa

da sxva germanel mogzaurTa cnobebi ki Cveni eris istoriis araerTi sakiTxis Sesaswavlad

mniSvnelovan pirvelwyarod SegviZlia miviCnioT.

10

saqarTvelo

gulistanis sazavo xelSekruleba daido 1813 wlis 12 (24) oqtombers ruseTis imperiasa da ya-jarTa sparseTs Soris ruseT-sparseTis 1804-1813 wlebis omis dasrulebisas. xelSekruleba gaformda dasaxleba gulistanSi (yarabaRi) da amitomac mis saxels atarebs. ruseTis mxridan xelSekrulebas xeli moawera ruseTis jarebis mTavarsardalma saqarTveloSi, general-leite-nantma nikolai rtiSCevma, xolo sparseTis mxri-dan – sparseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma mirza abul-hasan-xan Sirazim.

am xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, sparseTma dakarga teritoriebi mdinare araqsis CrdiloeTiT da aRiara am miwebze ruseTis imperiis suzerenoba. sparseTma ruseTis sasargeblod daTmo: daRes-tani, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo, imereTis samefo, sa-megrelos samTavro, guriis samTavro, afxazeTis samTavro, agreTve Tanamedrove azerbaijanis te-ritoriaze im droisaTvis arsebuli baqos, ya-rabaRis, ganjis, Sirvanis, Seqis, daruban-dis, yubis saxanoebi da TaliSis saxanos nawili, lenqoranis cixesimagriT-urT.

gulistanis sazavo xelSekruleba

1815 wlis 4 ivniss, venis kongresis mim-

dinareobisas, StutgartSi mimaval impe-

rator aleqsandre I-s Sexvdnen germaneli

religiuri separatistebis warmomadgen-

lebi, baronesa barbara fon krudeneri da

iohan iung-Stilingi, romlebmac sTxoves

imperators, maTTvis neba daerTo kavkasi-

aSi Casaxlebuliyvnen. imperatori daTan-

xmda. adamianebi, romlebmac sakuTari

samSoblodan ayra da Soreul kavkasiaSi

gadasaxleba gadawyvites baden-vi-

urtembergidan iyvnen. maT gada-

tanili hqondaT napoleonis

omebi da ukidures materia-

lur gaWirvebas ganicdid-

nen, rasac religiuri dev-

nac emateboda. saqme isaa,

ekaterine II(1729-1796)

pirveli germanelebis damkvidreba

qarTul miwebze ukve ruseTis imperias da

iq gatarebul eTnosocialur politikas

ukavSirdeba. 1762 wels imperiis taxtze

germanuli warmomavlobis monarqi ekate-

rine II (germanulad sofia avgusta frede-

rika anhalt-cerbst-dornburgi) adis. ax-

algazrda imperatori samarTavad ibarebs

uzarmazar imperias, sadac uamravi auTvi-

sebeli miwaa. am miwebis asaTviseblad igi

iRebs pragmatul gadawyvetilebas da ga-

moscems manifests germaneli glexebis

ruseTSi gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb. ase Cnde-

ba XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ruseTSi,

volgispireTSi, pirveli germanuli da-

saxlebebi, Tumca maSin, bunebrivia, saqar-

Tvelos teritoriebze germaneli moa-

xalSeneebi ar Semosulan.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze germaneli

kolonistebi XIX saukunis dasawyisSi ga-

moCndnen. 1801 wels ruseTis imperiam

qarTl-kaxeTis aneqsia moaxdina, samefo

gaauqma da is imperiis nawilad aqcia. pir-

veli moaxalSeneebis gamoCena ki ruseT-

iranis pirveli omis dasrulebasa da 1813

wlis gulistanis samSvidobo xelSekru-

lebis dadebas ukavSirdeba. imperiis es

politika ori ZiriTadi amocanis gadaW-

ras isaxavda miznad: soflis meurneobisa

da mewarmeobis ganviTarebas da religiur

faqtors – qristianuli elementis gaZli-

erebas amierkavkasiaSi. hqonda am proce-

sebs mesame, politikuri mdgenelic. saqme

isaa, rom saqarTveloSi ucxo eTnikuri

jgufebis CamosaxlebiT mefis xelisuf-

leba cdilobda Tavisi dasayrdeni gaeCina

adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi.

11

germanuli faqtori

rom isini ekuTvnodnen xiliastur seqtas, e.w. religiur ̀ separatistebs~, romlebic ganud-

gnen luTeranizms. maT swamdaT, rom Zalian axlos iyo meored mosvla da sakuTari sulebis

gadasarCenad saWiro iyo wminda miwaze, ierusalimSi an kacobriobis akvanTan – araratis

mTasTan axlos dasaxleba. magram religiur separatistTa am miznebs asruleba ar ewera.

baden-viurtembergidan da SvabeTidan ltolvil kolonistTa pirveli jgufi TbilisSi

1817 wlis 31 seqtembers Camovida. germanelTa pirveli nakadis Tbilisis SemogarenSi gamo-

Cenam adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi didi gaoceba gamoiwvia. mTavarmarTebelma ermolovma,

romelic winaswar iyo gafrTxilebuli kavkasionis samxreT kalTebze am uCveulo gamocxa-

debis Sesaxeb, maTi miznebisa da msjelobis gacnobis Semdeg ifiqra, rom saqme giJebTan

hqonda. ermolovma daibara Temis winamZRolebi da ganumarta: `Tqven ruseTis miwaze imyo-

febiT. aq SegiZliaT imogzauroT mSvidobianad da uflis mfarvelobiT, magram icodeT,

rom rogorc ki Cvens sazRvrebs gascdebiT, aRmoCndebiT sparseTis teritoriaze, musli-

mebTan, romelTac naklebad aintresebT Tqveni mogzaurobis mizani. Tuki somxeTis, rome-

lic jer kidev ar aris ruseTis provincia, mmarTvelebi monebad ar gaqceven da ar gagamwe-

seben TavianT mamulSi samuSaod, xom ar ggoniaT, rom qurTebs, am daundobel yaCaRebs, dau-

ZvrebiT xelidan? isini ulmoblad gagZarcvaven, Tanac CaTvlian, rom didi mowyaleba gamo-

iCines, mTlianad rom ar amogJlites da maTi jogebis samwyemsad gagamweseben. da kidev –

Tuki davuSvebT, rom sparselebs da qurTebs gadaurCebiT, Turqebsa da udabnos arabebs

namdvilad veRar daaRwevT Tavs~. am sityvebma didad SeaSfoTa moZraobis winamZRolebi.

ermolovis mier aRwerili suraTi marTlac aRsavse iyo uTvalavi xifaTiT, Tuki isini xels

barbara fon krudeneriiohan iung-Stilingi

1740–1817 1764 – 1824

12

saqarTvelo

ar aiRebdnen TavianT ganzraxvaze. amasTa-

nave, xangrZlivma mogzaurobam, gadaRlam

da avadmyofobebma mniSvnelovnad Seamci-

ra maTi ricxvi. amitom germanelebi da-

Tanxmdnen garkveuli SeRavaTebis fasad

darCeniliyvnen saqarTveloSi da aq da-

saxlebuliyvnen.

ase warmoiSva saqarTvelosa da amier-

kavkasiis teritoriaze pirveli germanu-

li dasaxlebebi: marienfeldi (sarTiWa-

la), noi tiflisi (kukia), aleqsanders-

dorfi (didube), petersdorfi (sarTiWa-

lis maxloblad), elizabetTali (asure-

Ti) da ekaterinenfeldi (bolnisi). mog-

vianebiT germanuli dasaxlebebi saqarT-

velos sxva kuTxeebSic gaCnda. erTi ko-

lonia abasTumanTan daarsda, 1884 wels ki

soxumTan axlos kidev ori kolonia gaCn-

da – naidorfi da gnaderbergeri. Camosax-

lebul religiur ̀ separatistTa~ didi na-

wili eketerinenfeldSi damkvidrda. es

teritoria SearCies seqtantebis xelmZR-

vanelTa mudmiv sacxovrebel adgilad. am-

is gamo ekaterinenfeldis koloniam da-

arsebis dRidanve yvelaze sapatio adgili

moaxalSeneebma maTTvis Cveuli ener-

giiTa da SromismoyvareobiT erT dros

gaukacrielebul adgilebze male gamar-

Tes meurneobebi, xolo XX saukunis dasaw-

yisisaTvis germanelebiT dasaxlebuli

raionebi namdvil walkotad iqca.

daikava kavkasiaSi arsebul koloniaTa So-

ris da naxevar saukuneze metxans TamaSob-

da did rols kavkasiel kolonistTa cxo-

vrebaSi.

mogvianebiT, 1918 wlisaTvis, germane-

li generali fridrix fraier kres fon

krezenStaini, germanuli samxedro da po-

litikuri misiis xelmZRvaneli saqarTve-

loSi, kolonistTa erT-erT dasaxlebaSi

stumrad yofnis Sesaxeb werda: `rogorc

palestinaSi, aseve kavkasiaSi sruliad

gansakuTrebuli, mSobliuri SegrZneba

mqonda, roca ucxo miwaze, ucxo adamia-

nebSi, samSoblodan TiTqmis sami aTasi ki-

lometris moSorebiT, uceb aRmovCndiT

lamaz, did, sufTa sofelSi, romelic aSe-

nebulia mTlianad Svaburi stiliT, far-

To Crdiliani gzebiT, xSirad gulis ama-

germanelebi ekaterinenfeldSi (bolnisSi)

13

germanuli faqtori

Cuyebeli ubralo soflis eklesiiT, ro-

melsac aqvs yvavilebiT morTuli wina ezo

da aq aris uamravi qera bavSvi, romlebic

Cven gvesalmebian namdvili Svaburi dia-

leqtiT... mTlianobaSi dasaxlda 531 Sva-

buri ojaxi, daaxloebiT 2700 suli. ruse-

Tis maSindeli mTavroba xels uwyobda da

moiTxovda germanelebis dasaxlebas far-

To masStabiT; surdaT SeeqmnaT axlaxan

dapyrobil, rusuli iZulebiTi batono-

bis mowinaaRmdege qveyanaSi xelisufle-

bis mxardamWeri elementebi. koloniebi

TviTmmarTvelobis uflebiT sargeblob-

dnen, germanuli eklesia – germaneli sa-

suliero pirebiT, germanuli skolebi –

germaneli maswavleblebiT. upirveles

yovlisa, germanul koloniebSi gamoiric-

xa aragermanelebis dasaxleba. Svabebis

qvemo qarTlsa da saqarTvelos sxva

kuTxeebSi gaCenili germanuli dasaxlebe-

bis ayvavebasTan erTad, mniSvnelovani

zrda daiwyo agreTve germaneli inJinre-

bis, mecnierebis, mrewvelebis, medicinis

muSakebis, mwerlebis da kulturis moRva-

weebis ricxvma. saqarTveloSi moRvawe

germanelTa saqmianobam cxovrebis yvela

sfero moicva. Tbilisisa da saqarTvelos

sakeTildReod maTi saqmianobis aRweras

albaT sqeltaniani tomic ver daitevs,

Tumca zogierT maTganze mainc SevCerde-

biT.

rkinis sibejiTis, amtanobisa da Seguebis

unaris damsaxurebaa, rom koloniebi, gan-

sakuTrebiT iq, sadac maT SeeZloT xeli

moekidaT mevenaxeobisTvis, ayvavdnen da

mniSvnelovan keTildReobasac miaRwi-

es...~

Tbilisis geofizikuri observato-

riis dafuZneba cnobili germaneli mecni-

erisa da astronomis arnold moricis sa-

xels ukavSirdeba. swored igi dainiSna ob-

servatoriis pirvel direqtorad. obser-

vatoriis mSeneblebic germanelebi iyv-

menonitebi

14

saqarTvelo

fridrix fraier kres fon krezenStaini(1870-1948)

nen – arqiteqtorebi oto simonsoni da leopold bilfeldi. operisa da baletis saxelmwi-

fo Teatric germaneli arqiteqtoris – viqtor Sreteris proeqtiTaa aSenebuli. leopold

bilfeldis proeqtiT aris aSenebuli yofili sastumro `vetceli~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis

gamziri 103). misive arqiteqturuli zedamxedvelobiT aSenda likanis sasaxle da germanu-

li `kirxe~ – luTeranuli eklesia mixeilisa (dRevandeli aRmaSeneblis gamziri) da kirxes

(dRevandeli marjaniSvilis quCa) quCebis kveTaze. es eklesia dRes aRar arsebobs. bedis ir-

oniiT igi 1946 wels germanel tyveebs daangrevines. mefisnacvlis sasaxle (axla moswavle-

axalgazrdobis sasaxle) da klasikuri gimnazia dRevandeli saxiT oto simonsonis aSenebu-

lia, xolo Tbilisis dRevandeli sakrebulos Senoba – paul Sternis. ulamazesi rusTave-

lis Teatric germaneli arqiteqtorebis da inJinrebis agebulia.

germaneli mecnierebis damsaxurebaa, rom Tbiliss iseTi uZvelesi da ulamazesi dend-

rologiuri parki aqvs, rogoric Tbilisis botanikuri baRia. germaneli botanikosi da

landSaftis arqiteqtori hainrix verner Sareri aq 28 wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda, xolo

adolf rolovi 1902 wlidan iyo am baRis direqtori. swored maTi moRvaweobis dros gaixs-

na aq sxvadasxva kvleviTi laboratoria da sacdeli meurneobebi, daiwyo perioduli gamo-

cemebis gamosvla.

sastumro `vetceli~ romanovebis sasaxle likanSi

moswavle-axalgazrdobis sasaxle

15

germanuli faqtori

zemelis afTiaqi

simensebis ojaxi

saqarTveloSi moRvawe kulturis war-

momadgenlebidan aRsaniSnavia berlinis

samxatvro akademiisa da Tbilisis konser-

vatoris profesori franc kesneri, rome-

lic 1912 wels dajildovda didi oqros

medliT da mieniWa sapatio Tbiliselis

wodeba. TbilisSi daibada da aqve miiRo

pirveladi musikaluri ganaTleba cno-

bilma germanelma pianistma rud-

olf kererma. saqarTveloSi

didi iyo TbilisSi moRvawe germanel

mkurnalTa da afTiaqarTa ricxvic – maTi

CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans. aq cnobili

germaneli afTiaqaris – evgeni zemelis

xsenebac sakmarisia, romlis gvaris mixed-

viT, Tbilisis centraluri ubnis erT-

erT monakveTs dResac zemels eZaxian.

mniSvnelovani iyo germanel inJinerTa da

mrewvelTa mier ganxorcielebuli proeq-

tebi. germanelebma gaiyvanes kavkasiaSi

pirveli telegrafis xazi. es xazi Tbilis-

sa da kojors akavSirebda erTmaneTTan.

samuSaoebs cnobili germanuli kompania

`simensi da halske~ awarmoebda, valter

simensis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic amave

dros Crdilogermanuli kavSiris konsu-

lic iyo TbilisSi. igi ubedur SemTxvevas

emsxverpla 1868 wels. kompanias ki saTave-

Si misi Zma oto Caudga. orive Zma Tbilis-

Si, veris sasaflaoze dakrZales, Tumca

dReisaTvis maTi saflavebi dakargulia.

samxatvro skolis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvne-

lovani wvlili Seitanes mama-Svilma oto

da rene Smerlingebma. aqve moRvaweobda

cnobili germaneli mwerali da publicis-

ti artur laisti, xolo peterburgis mec-

nierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondentma

struvem pirvelma Caatara borjomis mine-

raluri wylis sruli qimiuri analizi.

aseTi iyo mokled qarTul-germanuli

urTierTobebis istoriuli, religiuri,

ekonomikuri da socialuri wanamZRvrebi.

xolo rac Seexeba am urTierTobebis sam-

xedro-politikur aspeqts, igi I msoflio

omis wina periods da qarTuli politiku-

ri wreebis mier dakavebul poziciebs

ukavSirdeba.

16

saqarTvelo

qarTuli sazogadoeba amgvari dile-

mis winaSe dadga XX saukunis 10-iani wle-

bisTvisac. qarTvel politikosTa umrav-

lesobam sworad gaaanaliza, rom I msof-

lio omis Sedegebi gadamwyvet rols iTa-

maSebda momavali msoflios teritori-

ul-politikur gadanawilebasa da misi

Semdgomi mowyobis saqmeSi. maT marTebu-

lad aRiqves is garemoebac, rom es iyo sa-

qarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobis

aRdgenis Sansi. magram sakiTxi ase idga –

antanta Tu centralur saxelmwifoTa

bloki, anu samTa kavSiri? (`samTa kavSi-

ri~ – germaniis, avstria-ungreTisa da

TurqeTis samxedro-politikuri aliansi.

ukve omis msvlelobisas mas bulgareTic

SeuerTda da igi `oTxTa kavSirad~ garda-

istoriuli realobaa, rom Tavisi sa-

xelmwifoebrivi arsebobis xangrZlivi,

mTeli samiaTaswlovani istoriis manZil-

ze, qarTvelebi xSirad mdgaran `naklebi

borotebis~ arCevanis winaSe, xolo xel-

sayreli mokavSiris SerCevis problema, ar

SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, qarTuli saxelm-

wifosaTvis mudam iyo pirvelxarisxovani

amocana.

oto Smerlingi(1863-1938)

iqmna). garkveuli partiebi, social-de-

mokratebis TavkacobiT, proantantur

pozicias iWerdnen. garkveul wreebs ki

germania, rogorc samTa kavSiris lideri,

miaCndaT Tavis bunebriv mokavSired ru-

seTis imperiisagan Tavis dasaRwevad.

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT germaniaSi

qarTvel erovnul-demokratTa delega-

ciac gaigzavna imperiis umaRles xelmZ-

RvanelobasTan molaparakebebis gasamar-

Tad. germaniaSi myofi qarTuli delega-

ciis erT-erTi wevri, `saqarTvelos gaTa-

visuflebis komitetis~ wevri, erovnul-

demokrati mixako wereTeli piradad Sexv-

da germaniis generaluri Stabis ufross,

general erix ludendorfs da sTxova mo-

ewyo misi audiencia kaizer vilhelm II-

sTan. garda amisa, man graf purtaless mi-

marTa SekiTxviT – momaval sazavo konfe-

renciaze iqneboda Tu ara mosmenili sa-

qarTvelos memorandumi, gamarjvebuli

germania da misi mokavSireebi daexmare-

bodnen Tu ara qarTvel xalxs erovnuli

saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenaSi. sapasu-

xod germaniis rwmunebulma ganacxada:

Cveni politika ganisazRvreba qarTvelTa

germanuli faqtori

17

mixako wereTeli(1878-1965)

kidev erTi saintereso Strixi: kaizer vilhelm II-s kargad esmoda saqarTvelos fasi,

rogorc strategiuli, aseve politikuri TvalsazrisiT. amitom gadawyda, rom germania

garkveul daxmarebas gauwevda saqarTvelos. vilhelm II-is gegmiT, saqarTveloSi unda aRd-

geniliyo monarqia, Tumca samefo taxtze igi bagratovnebis ayvanas ar gegmavda. cnobili

mier dakavebuli poziciis Sesabamisad. Tu isini aqtiurad imoqmedeben ruseTis winaaRmdeg,

germania daicavs saqarTvelos interesebs, mxars dauWers mis saxelmwifoebriv damouki-

deblobas. mixako wereTelma ivarauda, rom ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli qarTvelebi 50-

aTasian laSqars Sekrebdnen. germaniis warmomadgenlebma ki am laSqris SeiaraRebis valde-

buleba aiRes, daarwmunes molaparakebaSi monawile erovnuli demokratebi, rom saomari

saWurvlis nawili ukve mitanili iyo trapizonSi da Tu SeTanxmeba oficialurad gafor-

mdeboda, igi gadaegzavneboda ajanyebul qarTvelTa laSqars.

qarTveli politikuri da samxedro moRvawis, general Salva maRlakeliZis azriT, saqarT-

velos mefe unda gamxdariyo vilhelmis umcrosi vaJi, princi ioaximi, romelsac saqarTve-

loSi gamefebis mizniT didi ZalisxmeviT amzadebdnen. igi xSirad dadioda qarTuli CoxiT,

ecnoboda qarTul kulturas da qarTvelebs. erTi periodi trapi-

zonSic iyo Casuli, sadac qarTvel mokavSireebs xvdeboda.

ioaxims qarTveli qali unda SeerTo colad, marine maCa-

beli, saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos wevris, Tavad mi-

xeil maCablis qaliSvili. sabolood, es Canafiqri

ver ganxorcielda da istoria isev gameorda.

fridrix didi barbarosas Canafiqrisa da hohenS-

taufenebis dinastiis msgav-

sad, saqarTveloSi arc

18

saqarTvelo

germaniis kaizerivilhem II

(1859-1941)

princi ioaximi(1890-1920)

hohencolernebis dinastiis gerbi

vilhelm II-is Canafiqrsa da hohencoler-

nebis dinastiis gamefebas ewera asruleba.

germanelTa mxardaWeriT qarTuli

legionis formirebisaTvis muSaoba ki di-

di aqtiurobiT daiwyo. legions saTaveSi

germaniaSi moRvawe qarTveli politikuri

da samxedro moRvawe, polkovniki leo

kereseliZe Caudga. am kuTxiT, qarTvelma

erovnul-demokratebma realur Sedegeb-

sac miaRwies. cnobili qarTveli sazoga-

do moRvawisa da patriotis, erovnul-de-

mokratiuli partiisa da parlamentis

wevr rezo gabaSvilis memuaridan: `Cvenis

mxriT, SigniT saqarTveloSi, Cven vawyob-

diT organizaciebs, gafacicebiT vagro-

vebdiT iaraRs da ramdenime sawyobic

gvqonda ukve, rodesac moulodnelad Ca-

movida giorgi maCabeli da Camoitana xel-

Sekrulebani germaniis, avstriis da osma-

leTis mTavrobebis, rom isini scnobdnen

saqarTvelos damoukideblobas da yve-

lafriT xels Seuwyobdnen mas~.

qarTuli legioni, romelic am etapze

ZiriTadad lazebiTa da aWarlebiT iyo

dakompleqtebuli, I msoflio omis dawye-

bisTanave aqtiur sabrZolo moqmedebebSi

Caeba da sawyis etapze mniSvnelovan sam-

xedro warmatebebsac miaRwia. legionma

sazRvarze myofi rus kazakTa razmebi gaa-

nadgura da ramdenime sofeli aiRo. xelSi

Caigdo ramdenime qvemexi da tyvedac mra-

vali rusi jariskaci aiyvana. qarTuli le-

gionis mier murRulTan da maWaxelasTan

Catarebulma swored am warmatebulma

operaciam gaukafa gza germanul-osmalu-

ri sadesanto nawilebis elvisebur warma-

tebas baTumTan 1914 wlis noembris TveSi.

xofaSi gadmosxes konstantinopolis 1-

li saarmio korpusis me-7 da me-8 polkebis

sazRvao desanti, germaneli maior Stan-

kes meTaurobiT, romelic uecrad SeiWra

leo kereseliZe(1885-1943)

revaz gabaSvili

(1882-1969)

19

germanuli faqtori

md. Woroxis xeobaSi, brZolebiT daikava artanuji, arTvini, borCxa da rusebs md. aWariswy-

lamde daaxevina. ukve Semdgom, 1917 wlisaTvis, germanelebma saqarTvelos teritoriaze

orjer Semoitanes farulad garkveuli raodenobis iaraRi, amisaTvis specialurad gamo-

yofili germanuli wyalqveSa navebiT.

germaniis samxedro wreebis mier Tavis mokavSiresTan, osmaleTTan, mimarTebiT gata-

rebuli politika gadamwyveti aRmoCnda amierkavkasiisa da saqarTvelosTvis. germanelTa

zemoT moyvanili `proqarTuli~ ganwyobebisa da antiosmaluri politikis sabolood ga-

mokveTas ki ukve 1918 wlis gazafxulisaTvis osmalTa mier amierkavkasiis mimarT gatare-

bulma qmedebebma Seuwyo xeli. aq saubari osmalTa imperiis samxedro ministris, general

ismail enver faSasa da misi garemocvis ideologias – panTuranizms exeba. generali krezen-

Staini: ̀ 1917 wlis bolos TurqeTSi e.w. Turanizmi wamovida win. religiur-dinastiuri pan-

islamizmis sapirispiro sisxlisa da rasobrivi erTianobis es ideologia, romelic aqamde

mxolod akademiurad mimdinareobda, realuri politikis stadiaSi Sevida. es iyo enver fa-

Sa, romelic despoturi ideebis ganxorcielebis dasacavad gamodioda. mas surda Turqu-

li modgma, romelic rasiT da sisxliT erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia, aseve politikurad

daekavSirebina da adreuli osmaleTis mravalerovani saxelmwifos sapirispirod Seeqmna

20

generali kres fon krezenStaini qarTvel da germanel oficrebTan erTad

saqarTvelo

21

generali kvinitaZe da germanelebi

germanelebi TbilisSi

didi Turquli erovnuli saxelmwifo. mas

Tvalwin edga yirimSi, volgispireTSi,

kavkasiaSi da rusul da sparsul azerbai-

janSi mcxovrebi TaTrebis da, upirveles

yovlisa, kaspiis da aralis zRvebs Soris

mcxovrebi Turqul-TaTruli eris gaer-

Tianeba~.

Tavdapirvelad ludendorfi ar iCen-

da mniSvnelovan interess TurqeTis Tu-

ranuli gafarToebis survilTan dakavSi-

rebiT da arc dabrkolebebs uqmnida am

ideebs, magram mas Semdeg, rac kavkasiis

frontis osmalTa me-3 armiis gasaZliere-

blad enver faSas brZanebiT palestinis

frontidan samxedro SenaerTebi gadmoiy-

vanes, ludendorfis ganwyobebi diamet-

rulad Seicvala. es gasagebicaa, radgan,

palestinis fronti mniSvnelovnad da-

sustda da aq, ZiriTadad, swored germanu-

li SenaerTebi aRmoCndnen britanelebTan

dapirispirebuli.

aravin uaryofs im faqtsac, rom germa-

nelTa `proqarTuli~ poziciebis gaZlie-

rebis saqmeSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

faqtori baqos navTobisa da WiaTuris man-

ganumis mopovebasa da transportirebaze

germanelTa kontrolis damyareba iyo. da

kidev erTi, cota ar iyos efemeruli mi-

zezic – amierkavkasiaSi germanuli da qar-

Tuli faqtoris gazrdiT ludendorfi

imedovnebda, rom momavalSi, Turqestansa

da avRaneTSi poziciebis gaZlierebiT, Se-

saZlebeli iqneboda britanelTa sakomu-

nikacio xazebis moSla da maT winaaRmdeg

brZolis warmoeba.

yvela zemoT aRwerili faqtoris gaT-

valiswinebiT, saerTo jamSi, germaniis ge-

neralur StabSi miiRes gadawyvetileba,

rom yirimidan saqarTveloSi germanuli

saeqspedicio korpusi gaegzavnaT, arti-

leriis general fridrix fraier kres

fon krezenStainis sardlobiT, romelic

amave dros germaniis politikuri misiis

xelmZRvanelic iqneboda. es misia saqarT-

velos pirveli respublikis SeiaraRebu-

li Zalebis Seqmnasa da saxelmwifoebrivi

suverenitetis dacvaSi daxmarebas gu-

lisxmobda.

da marTlac, 1918 wlis ivnisis Tvidan

foTis portidan saqarTveloSi germanu-

li jarebis sxvadasxva gvareobis rCeuli

nawilebi Semovlen, aq wlis bolomde dar-

Cebian da saqarTvelos teritoriuli

mTlianobisaTvis warmoebul brZolaSi

sisxlsac daRvrian... Tumca es ukve sul

sxva istoriaa...

germanuli faqtori