CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS - St. Teresa's College · 2018-07-30 · CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS MASTER’S...

ST. TERESA’S COLLEGE, ERNAKULAM

(AUTONOMOUS)

CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS

MASTER’S PROGRAMME IN

BOTANY

CREDIT AND SEMESTER SYSTEM (CSS)

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

Master’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam

ST. TERESA’S COLLEGE, RNAKULAM (AUTONOMOUS)

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

BOARD OF STUDIES OF MASTER’S PROGRAMME IN BOTANY

Sl. No. Name Designation Position

Associate Professor & Head

1. Dr. Elsam Joseph Department of Botany Chairperson

St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam

Professor, Dept. of Botany, University Expert

2. Dr. Santhosh Nampy of Calicut, Thenhipalam P.O., (Nominated by

Malappuram Dist., Kerala, Pin- 673635 University)

Professor & Head,

Dr. A. A. Mohamed

Department of Marine Biology,

3. Microbiology & Biochemistry, Subject Expert

Hatha

School of Marine Sciences, Lakeside

Campus, CUSAT, Kochi, Pin- 682016

Associate Professor,

4. Dr. C. M. Joy Dept. of Botany, Sacred Heart Subject Expert

College, Thevara, Pin- 682013

Associate Professor, Department of

5. Dr. Lizzy Mathew Botany, St. Teresa’s College, Member

Ernakulam.

Dr. Alphonsa Vijaya


6. Botany, St. Teresa’s College, Member

Joseph

Ernakulam

Dr. Romilly Margaret


7. Botany, St. Teresa’s College, Member

Mendez

Ernakulam.

Assistant Professor, Department of

8. Dr. Liza Jacob Botany, St. Teresa’s College, Member

Ernakulam.


9. Dr. Sheela D. Botany, St. Teresa’s College, Member

Ernakulam.

Head, Research & Development, Expert from

Symega Savoury Technology Ltd.,

10. Sri. Subhash T. K. Industry

Synthite Taste Park No. XI 312 G

Pancode, Kolenchery, Pin - 682310

Dr. Meena Thomas

Associate Professor, Dept. of Botany,

11. St. Joseph’s College, Irinjalakuda, Alumna

Irimpan

Pin – 680121

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Chairperson of The Board of Studies of M. Sc. Programme in Botany of St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam would like to thank all the well wishers and

stakeholders who have rendered suggestions and comments in the preparation of the

curriculum and syllabus.

Heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Santhosh Nampy, Professor, Dept. of Botany, University of

Calicut and expert nominated by Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam for his valuable

contributions in the preparation of syllabus.

Sincere thanks to the subject experts, Dr. C. M. Joy, Associate Professor, Dept. of Botany,

Sacred Heart College, Thevara and Dr. A. A. Mohamed Hatha, Professor & Head,

Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology & Biochemistry, School of Marine

Sciences, CUSAT, for their valuable contributions.

Thanks to Sri. Subhash T. K., Head, Research & Development, Symega Savoury

Technology Ltd., Synthite Taste Park No. XI 312 G Pancode, Kolenchery and Dr. Meena Thomas Irimpan, Associate Professor, Dept. of Botany, St. Joseph’s College, Irinjalakuda

for their valuable suggestions.

Heartfelt thanks to Dr. Beena Job, Associate Professor, Department of English and IQAC

Co-ordinator and Dr. Latha Nair, Associate Professor, Department of English and member

of the Governing Council for the guidance and help given to shape the overall frame work

of the curriculum and syllabus.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. N. J. Rao, Visiting Professor, International

Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore and Dr. Rajan Gurukal, Former Vice-

Chancellor, M.G. University, currently Visiting Professor, Centre for Contemporary

Studies, Indian Institute of Science, for their selfless and timely services and help and

guidance.

I would also like to thank Dr. Achuthshankar S. Nair, Professor & Head, Department of

Computational Biology and Bio Informatics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram,

for his invaluable suggestions.

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Master’s Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam I am indebted to the Manager and the Principal of St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam for

their constant support and encouragement.

Thanks are also due to Dr. Lizzy Mathew, Dr. Alphonsa Vijaya Joseph, Dr. Romilly

Margaret Mendez, Dr. Liza Jacob and Dr. Sheela D., the members of Board of studies and

faculty of Department of Botany, St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, for their sincere

cooperation and hard work in framing the curriculum and syllabus.

I fondly acknowledge all my colleagues at St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam for their warm

companionship.

Dr. Elsam Joseph

Chairperson, Board of Studies & Head of the Department of Botany Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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FOREWORD

The Higher Education environment is changing rapidly in India and particularly so in the

year 2014-15, when the Government of Kerala decided to give autonomy to13 educational

institutions in the state with the aim of improving quality. Quality in Higher education has

been a matter of high concern and priority in India especially after the National Policy on

Education 1986 has very categorically questioned the impact of education and suggested

many measures for bringing innovative practices in education.

The autonomous status asks for more responsibility and increased accountability to frame

a curriculum keeping in mind the ever changing academic environment and the plethora of

demands placed by the diversity of students who have a high literacy level when it comes

to choosing their course.

Keeping in mind that the purpose of Higher Education is the development of the people, society and environment, special care has been taken by the IQAC team at St. Teresa’s College to give the necessary Orientation and to conduct Workshops related to curricula

and scientific syllabus design as part of the Faculty Development Programme. Curriculum

relates to the total experience of the student and it should contain knowledge that is

essentially valid. The Graduate and Post Graduate Departments have worked diligently to

frame curricula and develop programmes that foster analytical ability and critical thinking

and enable the students to acquire the skills required by employers. The pedagogy adopted

within the context of curriculum is to facilitate valid transmission of knowledge and

proper evaluation of the same. The Courses designed at the Graduate and Post Graduate

Levels have defined the competencies to enable effective teaching/learning of all the

modules of the courses, both Core (compulsory) and Designate (elective). The blueprint of

the final assessment of every course guarantees that all modules are taught and furthers

integrity. The details of the course curriculum and structure are set in accordance with the

course specifications of the affiliating university.

With sincere gratitude I acknowledge the efforts of Dr. N. J. Rao and Dr. Rajan Gurukkal

who extended to us their academic expertise, astute guidance and unstinting support. I also

thank Dr. Achuthshankar S. Nair for his timely guidance. I specially thank all the faculty

members and the IQAC coordinator Dr. Beena Job for their diligence, commitment and

exceptional contribution towards this endeavour.

Dr. Sr. Celine E Principal Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page

Number

1. Preamble 7

2. Structure of Master’s Programme in Botany 10

3. Scheme of the Programme 12

4. Course Coding 14

5. Examination and Evaluation 14

6. Scheme of Examinations 20

7. Syllabus of courses 21

8. Semester I 22

9. Semester II 51

10. Semester III 81

11. Semester IV- Elective Courses 106


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ST. TERESA’S COLLEGE, RNAKULAM (AUTONOMOUS)

MASTER’S PROGRAMME IN BOTANY

PREAMBLE The curriculum, course content and assessment of scholastic achievements play

complementary roles in shaping higher education. The restructured Curriculum for

Master’s Programme of Botany envisages higher education as a combination of advanced

and specialized education, simultaneously emphasizing modern concepts of the broad

subject area. The attempt is to prepare the students for higher level research and learning

in the discipline and to make them meticulous and systematic in scientific enquiry. With

this in mind, we aim to provide a firm foundation in the subject and to explain its broad

spectrum of modern trends.


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GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

The Master’s Programme in Botany is specially designed to equip and mould students fit

for the current educational scenario. The programme aims to encourage students to take

responsibility for developing themselves throughout their studies at our institution. It

encourages students to reflect on the broader purpose of their education. The students who

are completing M. Sc. Programme in Botany will reflect the following graduate attributes.

1. Clear, comprehensive and advanced mastery in the field of Botany.

2. Understand the advanced areas of biological sciences with special reference to

Botany and its applied branches. 3. Skill in practical work, experiments, use of biological tool and techniques

4. Expertise in statistical analyses of data for better interpretations and problem

solving. 5. Confidence to apply the acquired knowledge in practical life so as to make our

country self reliant. 6. Ability to suggest innovative programs to care for nature and life for sustainable

development. 7. Awareness to explore the intricacies of life forms at cellular, molecular and nano

level. 8. Motivation and enthusiasm to appreciate the beauty of different life forms.

9. Inspiration to disseminate the concept of biodiversity conservation.

10. Problem solving skills in students to carry out innovative research projects thereby

enkindling in them the spirit of knowledge creation. 11. Proficiency in the use of recent and advanced biological technologies

12. Ability to appreciate and practice ethical principles in research and studies in the

field of biological science


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OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME The curriculum for the Master’s Program in Botany has been designed with an aim to

encourage the broad instructional goals and to support the growing demands and

challenging trends in the educational scenario. The curriculum caters to the all - round

development of the student, rolling out globally ready individuals into the fast pacing

world. The specific objectives of the program are as follows:

1. Know the importance and scope of the discipline

2. Inculcate interest in and love of nature with its myriad living forms

3. Impart knowledge of Science as the basic objective of Education

4. Create a scientific attitude to make students open minded, critical and curious

5. Develop the ability to work hard and make students fit for society

6. Expose students to the diversity amongst life forms

7. Develop skill in practical work, experiments, equipments and laboratory use along

with collection and interpretation of biological materials and data

8. Inculcate genuine interest in Biological research

9. Motivate students for pursuing research in related disciplines

10. Make aware of natural resources and environment and the importance

of conserving it.

11. Develop the ability for the application of acquired knowledge in various fields of

life so as to make our country self sufficient

12. Appreciate and apply ethical principles to biological science research and studies Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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STRUCTURE OF MASTER’S PROGRAMME IN BOTANY The M. Sc. Botany Programme includes two types of courses, Programmme Core courses

(Theory and Practical) and Programmme Elective Courses (Theory and Practical). There

shall be a Programmme Project with dissertation to be undertaken by all students. The

Programme also includes test papers, assignments, seminars and Viva voce.

1. Project work shall be completed by working outside the regular teaching hours.

Project work shall be carried out under the supervision of a teacher in the concerned

department. A candidate may, however, in certain cases be permitted to work on the

project in an industrial/research o rganization on the recommendation of the

supervisor.

2. There should be an sessional assessment and final assessment for the project work.

The final evaluation of the Project work i s based on submission of dissertation,

presentation of work and Viva voce.

3 . Every student shall submit one assignment as a component for every course. The Topic for the assignment shall be allotted within the first month of instruction.

4. Every student shall deliver one seminar lecture as a component for every course. The

seminar lecture is expected to train the student in self-study, collection of relevant

matter from the books and Internet resources, editing, document writing, typing and

presentation.

5. Every student shall undergo at least two tests papers. The score average shall be taken for awarding the marks for the test.

6 . The attendance of students for each course shall be another component of assessment.

7. No course shall have more than 4 credits.

8. Comprehensive Viva-voce shall be conducted at the end semester of the program. It covers questions from all courses in the programme.


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CURRICULUM FOR MASTER’S PROGRAMME IN BOTANY

TOTAL CREDITS = 80, TOTAL INSTRUCTIONAL HOURS = 100

Semester Course Instructional Credit Total Credits

Hours/Week

THEORY COURSE 1 4 4

I THEORY COURSE 2 4 4

THEORY COURSE 3 4 4 19

THEORY COURSE 4 3 3

PRACTICAL COURSE 1 10 4

THEORY COURSE 5 4 4

THEORY COURSE 6 4 4

II


THEORY COURSE 8 3 3


THEORY COURSE 9 4 4

THEORY COURSE 10 4 4

III


THEORY COURSE 12 3 3


THEORY ELECTIVE 1 5 4

THEORY ELECTIVE 2 5 4

IV THEORY ELECTIVE 3 5 4 23

PRACTICAL ELECTIVE 1 10 4

PROJECT - 4

VIVA VOCE - 3

TOTAL 100 80 80


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SCHEME OF THE PROGRAMME

Each Semester – Total theory = 270 hours; Total Practical = 180 hours; Total Credits of Programme = 80 (1 hour theory = 1 credit; 2 hours practical = 1 credit)

SEMESTER I

Course Title Teaching hours Teaching hours Credits

(Theory) (Practical)

1. Microbiology and 72 45 4

Phycology

2. Mycology and Crop 72 54 4

Pathology

3. Bryology and Pteridology 72 54 4

4. Environmental Biology 54 27 3

Practical 1 Microbiology, Cryptogamic Botany and Environmental Biology 4

SEMESTER II

Course Title Teaching hours Teaching hours Credits (Theory) (Practical)

5. Gymnosperms and 72 45 4

Evolution

6. Cell and Molecular 72 36 4

Biology

7. Research Methodology, 72 63 4

Instrumentation in

Biosciences and

Horticulture Techniques

8. Genetics and Plant 54 36 3

Breeding

Practical 2 Gymnosperms, Evolution, Cell Biology, Research Methodology, 4

Genetics & Plant Breeding.


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SEMESTER III

Course Title Teaching hours Teaching hours Credits

(Theory) (Practical)

9. Plant anatomy, 72 5 4 4

Microtechnique,

Embryology.

10. Plant Physiology, 72 45 4

Biochemistry.

11. Taxonomy of 72 54 4

Angiosperms.

12. Biotechnology and 54 27 3

Bioinformatics.

Practical 3 Plant Anatomy, Microtehnique, Embryology, Plant Physiology, 4

Biochemistry, Taxonomy and Biotehnology

SEMESTER IV

Elective Elective Course title Teaching Teaching Credits

Course hours hours

(Theory) (Practical

Bunch A Microbiology 1 Food, Agricultural and 90 72 4

Theory Environmental

microbiology.

2 Clinical microbiology. 90 54 4

3 Industrial microbiology. 90 54 4

Microbiology Practical Practicals of PE 4

Practical Course - 4

Bunch B Environmental 1 Basic concepts in 90 72 4 Science Environmental studies

Theory 2 Natural resources and their 90 54 4

management.

3 Environmental monitoring 90 54 4

and management.

Environmental Practical Practicals of PE 4

Science Course - 4 Practical

Project 4

Comprehensive Viva voce 3


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COURSE CODING

Every course in the programme is coded according to the following criteria.

a. The first two letters of the code indicate the name of the discipline i.e. BO

b. One digit to indicate the semester i.e. BO3 (Botany, 3rd

semester)

c. One letter to indicate the type of course - Core Course – C and Elective Course –

E. E.g., BO3C (Botany, 3rd

semester, Core Course)

d. Two digits to indicate the number of the course. All the courses are to be numbered continuously i.e., Core courses 01, 02, 03, etc., across the four Semesters. E.g.

BO3C09 (Botany, 3rd

Semester, Core Course, No 09).

e. For Elective Courses, instead of two digits to represent the number of the course,

there shall be one letter (denoting the elective bunch) and one digit denoting the

number of the elective course. E.g, BO4EA2 (Botany, 4th

Semester, Elective

bunch A, Course no. 2)

f. One letter to indicate Theory/Practical, T or P. E.g. BO3C09P (Botany, 3rd

Semester, Core Course, No 09, Practical).

g. One letter to indicate the Programme, i.e. Master’s – M. E.g. BO3C09TM (Botany,

3rd

Semester, Core Course, No 09, Theory, Master’s Programme).

EXAMINATION AND EVALUATION

The evaluation of each course shall contain two parts – Sessional Assessment and Final

Assessment. The Sessional and Final assessments shall be made using a Mark- based

Grading system based on a 7-point scale. Overall Sessional : Final ratio will be

maintained as 25:75.

A. SESSIONAL EVALUATION

The Sessional evaluation is to be done by continuous assessment of the following

components in every semester. The components of the evaluation for theory and practical

and their marks are as below. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR

SESSIONAL ASSESSMENTS OF SESSIONAL ASSESSMENTS OF

THEORY COURSES PRACTICAL COURSES

Attendance 5 marks Attendance 5 marks

Assignment 5 marks Record 10 marks

Seminar 5 marks Test Paper 10 marks (Average of 2)

Test paper (Average of 2) 10 marks

Total 25 marks

Total 25 marks

ATTENDANCE

A student should have a minimum of 75% attendance. Those who do not have the

minimum requirement for attendance will not be allowed to appear for the Final

Examinations.

MARKS FOR ATTENDANCE

90% - 100% 5 marks

85% - 89% 4 marks

80% - 84% 3 marks

75% - 79% 2 marks

ASSIGNMENT AND SEMINAR Each student has to do one assignment and one seminar for each theory course

TEST PAPER Students should have to write two sessional examinations. Average mark of the two sessional examinations shall be taken.


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PRACTICAL RECORD Every student has to submit a bound certified laboratory record of practical for evaluation.

All the experiments of each practical course should be recorded properly with the

experiment results.

The evaluation of all components shall be published by the Department and shall be

acknowledged by the candidate. All documents of assessments shall be kept in the

institution for 2 years and shall be made available for verification. The responsibility of

evaluating the assessments is vested in the teacher(s) who teach the course.

GRACE MARKS Grace marks shall be given as per university norms and regulations.

B. FINAL EVALUATION The final examination of all semesters shall be conducted on the close of each semester.

There will be no supplementary exams. For reappearance/ improvement, students can

appear along with the next batch. PATTERN OF QUESTION PAPER FOR THEORY EXAMINATION Questions shall be set to assess knowledge acquired, standard application of knowledge,

application of knowledge in new situations, critical evaluation of knowledge and the

ability to synthesize knowledge. The question setter shall ensure that questions covering

all skills are set. He/she shall also submit a detailed scheme of evaluation along with the

question paper. A question paper shall be a judicious mix of short answer type, short essay

type/problem solving type and long essay type questions. The pattern of question paper is shown below.

1. The duration of examination is 3 hours.

2. Each question paper has four parts A, B, & C.

3. Part A contains 7 short answer type questions and the candidate has to answer 5 questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

4. Part B contains 9 short essay type questions and the candidate has to answer 6

questions. Each question carries 5 marks.

5. Part C contains 4 essay type questions and the candidate has to answer 2 questions. Each question carries 15 marks.

6. The total marks for each course is 75.


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PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

Practical examinations for the core and elective courses are to be conducted at the end of

each semester by the institution. All the experiments listed in the practical course

syllabus should be done and recorded. A candidate submitting a certified practical record

alone is eligible for appearing for the Practical Examination.

The examinations shall be conducted by two examiners, one internal and one external.

The external examiner shall be selected by the institution. It is the duty of the external

examiner to provide the specimens for the examination. The score sheet should be sent to

the Controller of Examinations on the same day soon after the evaluation. The scheme of

evaluation of the practical examination will be decided by the Board of Studies.

PROJECT EVALUATION

All students have to submit a dissertation in the fourth semester for evaluation. The project

should be done individually. Project evaluation and viva-voce shall be conducted by one

external examiner and one internal examiner.

The ratio of Sessional to Final evaluation components of the project is 25:75. A Viva voce

for 25 marks on the project work should be conducted individually along with the final

evaluation. The mark distribution of various components for assessment is shown below.

Sessional Evaluation of Dissertation Final Evaluation of Dissertation

Components Marks Components Marks

Punctuality 5 Innovation of topic 5

Experimentation/ Data 10 Objectives 5

collection

Compilation 5 Review of literature 10

Originality of the work 5 Materials & Methods 5

Result & Discussion 10

Total Marks

25

Bibliography 5

Presentation 10

Viva voce 25

Total Marks 75


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COMPREHENSIVE VIVA-VOCE A comprehensive viva-voce shall be conducted at the end semester of the program. It

covers questions from all courses in the programme. The viva voce shall be conducted by

one external examiner and one internal examiner along with the final practical

examination of the fourth semester.

C. COMPUTATION OF CCPA Grade and Grade Point given to each course based on the percentage of marks obtained are as follows:

Percentage of Marks Grade Grade

Point

90 and above A+ - Outstanding 10

80-89 A – Excellent 9

70-79 B - Very Good 8

60-69 C - Good 7

50-59 D – Satisfactory 6

40-49 E – Adequate 5

Below 40 F - Failure 4

Note: Decimals are to be rounded to the nearest whole number

CREDIT POINT AND CREDIT POINT AVERAGE Credit Point (CP) of a course is calculated using the formula

CP = C x GP

Where C = Credit for the course; GP = Grade point Semester Credit Point Average (SCPA) is calculated as

SCPA =

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Grades for different semesters / programme are given based on the corresponding SCPA on a seven point scale as shown below:

SCPA Grade

Above 9 A+ - Outstanding

Above 8, but below or equal to 9 A - Excellent

Above 7, but below or equal to 8 B -Very Good

Above 6, but below or equal to 7 C - Good

Above 5, but below or equal to 6 D - Satisfactory

Above 4, but below or equal to 5 E - Adequate

4 or below F - Failure

Cumulative Credit Point Average for the programme is calculated as follows:

CCPA =

Where (TCP)1 …….. , (TCP)4 are the Total Credit Points in each semester and

TC1…….., TC4 are the Total Credits in each semester

Note: A separate minimum of 40% marks each for Sessionals and Finals (for both theory

and practical) is required for pass for a course. For a pass in a programme, a separate

minimum of Grade E is required for all the individual courses. If a candidate secures F

Grade for any one of the courses offered in a Semester/Programme only F grade will be

awarded for that Semester/Programme until he/she improves this to E grade or above

within the permitted period. Candidate who secures E grade or above will be eligible for

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SCHEME OF EXAMINATION (THEORY AND PRACTICAL COURSES)

Course Code Course Title Duration of Sessional Final Credits

Examination

BO1C01TM Microbiology and 3 hours 25% 75% 4 Phycology

BO1C02TM Mycology and Crop 3 hours 25% 75% 4 Pathology

BO1C03TM Bryology and 3 hours 25% 75% 4 Pteridology

BO1C04TM Environmental Biology 3 hours 25% 75% 3

BO1C01PM Microbiology, 4 hours 25% 75% 4 Cryptogamic Botany and

Environmental Biology

BO2C05TM Gymnosperms 3 hours 25% 75% 4 and Evolution

BO2C06TM Cell and Molecular 3 hours 25% 75% 4 Biology

BO2C07TM Research 3 hours 25% 75% 4 Methodology,

Instrumentation in

Biosciences and

Horticulture Techniques

BO2C08TM Genetics and Plant 3 hours 25% 75% 3 Breeding

BO2C02PM Gymnosperms, 4 hours 25% 75% 4 Evolution, Cell

Biology, Research

Methodology, Genetics

and Plant Breeding.

BO3C09TM Plant anatomy, 3 hours 25% 75% 4 Microtechnique and

Embryology.

BO3C10TM Plant Physiology and 3 hours 25% 75% 4 Biochemistry.

BO3C11TM Taxonomy of 3 hours 25% 75% 4 Angiosperms.

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BO3C12TM Biotechnology and 3 hours 25% 75% 3 Bioinformatics.

BO3C03PM Plant Anatomy, 4 hours 25% 75% 4 Microtehnique,

Embryology, Plant

Physiology,

Biochemistry, Taxonomy

of Angiosperms and

Biotehnology

BO4EA1TM Food, Agricultural and 3 hours 25% 75% 4 Environmental

Microbiology.

BO4EA2TM Clinical Microbiology. 3 hours 25% 75% 4

BO4EA3TM Industrial Microbiology. 3 hours 25% 75% 4

BO4EA1PM Practical - Elective 4 hours 25% 75% 4 Course - Microbiology

Project 25% 75% 4

Comprehensive Viva voce 100% 3

SYLLABUS OF COURSES

The detailed syllabus of the Core courses and Elective courses are added in the following sections. Blue prints of model question papers are also appended.


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SEMESTER I


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COURSE 01 BO1C01TM - MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY

COURSE CODE BO1C01TM

TITLE OF THE COURSE MICROBIOLOGY AND

PHYCOLOGY

SEMESTER IN WHICH THE 1

COURSE IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS 4

NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY -72

PRACTICAL - 45

AIM OF THE COURSE

To acquaint the students the basic concepts of Microbiology, to study in detail

the structure, habitats, physiology, reproduction and adaptation strategies of the

various microorganisms like bacteria and the major classes, viruses and sub-viral

particles. To attain practical skills in microbiological techniques

To enable the students identify algae and familiarize them with the ecology, life

cycle patterns and economic importance of the major groups of algae.

OBJECTIVES

To understand the major groups of microorganisms, their classification, occurrence, reproduction and transmission

To acquaint students with the major disease causing viruses, their dissemination

and control To demonstrate practical skills in basic microbiological techniques

To understand the habit, habitat, structure, reproduction and life cycles of the

major groups of algae

COURSE OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT

This course enables the learner to understand the biodiversity of the lower life forms.

The first four modules of this course deals with the basic concepts of Microbiology

and aims at studying the classification, diversity and activity of microorganisms in

their natural environment, their mutual interactions, survival and adaptation strategies,

with special emphasis on pathogenic microbes. The next five modules comprise the

study of algae with due importance to their ecology and economic importance.


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COURSE 01 BO1C01TM - MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY 27 hours

MODULE 1 2 hours Introduction to microbiology: Scope of microbiology. Microbial diversity: Microbial

taxonomy and phylogeny - Major groups and their characteristics (Five kingdom

system and three domain system of classification).

MODULE 2 11 hours Bacteria:

a ) Bacterial morphology. Classification of bacteria according to Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology.

b) Ultra structure of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria; cell membrane,

cell wall, flagella, pili, fimbriae, capsule and slime, ribosome and

endospores.

c) Nutritional types - Photolithotrophs, chemolithotrophs, photoorganotrophs, and chemoorganotrophs.

d) Bacterial Genetics: Organization and replication of genetic material in bacteria-

bacterial chromosome, plasmid. Recombination in bacteria - conjugation,

transformation and transduction.

e) Major groups of Bacteria: Spirochetes, Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Mycoplasmas,

Actinomycetes, Myxobacteria, Archaebacteria. Extremophiles - thermophilic, h alophilic, acidophilic and alkalophilic bacteria.

MODULE 3 11 hours Viruses:

a) Nomenclature and classification, distinctive properties of viruses, morphology

(symmetry) and general account on different kinds of viruses. Capsid and their

arrangements, types of envelops and their composition. Viral genome. b) Structure of bacteriophages belonging to ‘T’ series, TMV and HIV. c) Viral replication: Lytic and Lysogenic cycles d) Sub viral particles - Prions, viroids

e) Pathogenesis of viral infection: Stages of infection, Epidemiology and

transmission of HIV, HPV. f) Viral oncogenesis.


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MODULE 4 3 hours Culture of microorganisms: Methods for isolating pure cultures, types of culture media, enrichment culture techniques, maintenance and preservation of pure cultures.

PHYCOLOGY 45 hours

MODULE 5 3 hours

Introduction to Phycology:

a) History of algal classification. Detailed study of the classification by F. E. Fritsch and G. M. Smith. Modern trends and criteria for algal classification.

b) Centers of algal research in India. Contributions of Indian phycologists – M O P

Iyengar, V Krishnamurthy, T V Desikachary.

MODULE 6 30 hours

General features of algae: a) Details of habit, habitat and distribution of Algae.

b) Algal components: Cell wall, flagella, eye-spot, pigments, pyrenoid,

photosynthetic products. c) Range of thallus structure and their evolution. d) Reproduction in algae: Different methods of reproduction, evolution of sex organs.

e) Major patterns of life cycle and post fertilization stages in Chlorophyta,

Xanthophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta. f) Fossil algae.

MODULE 7 3 hours Algal ecology: Ecological importance of algae. Algal productivity of fresh water and

marine environment. Algae in symbiotic association and polluted habitat; algal indicators;

algal blooms. MODULE 8 3 hours Economic importance of algae:

( a ) Algae as food, fodder, biofertilizer, medicine, industrial uses, and other useful products.

(b) Harmful effects of algae. (c) Use of algae in experimental studies.


Page 25 of 145


MODULE 9 6 hours

Algal culture and preservation: (a) Methods and techniques of collection, preservation and staining of algae. (b) Algal culture: Importance, methods; Algal culture media.

PRACTICAL 45 hours

1. Preparation and sterilization of various microbial culture media and inoculation. 2. Differential staining of bacteria using Gram stain. 3. Isolation of microbes from soil: Serial dilution - spread plate method. 4. Streak out bacterial culture on an agar plate and isolation of colonies.

5. Critical study of diagnostic features and identification of the following genera

based on morphological, anatomical and reproductive parts;

a) Cyanophyceae - Gleocapsa, Gleotrichia, Spirulina, Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Anabaena, Nostoc, Rivularia, Scytonema.

b) Chlorophyceae - Chlamydomonas, Gonium, Eudorina, Pandorina,

Volvox, Ecballocystis, Tetraspora, Ulothrix, Microspora, Ulva, Shizomeris,

Cladophora, Pithophora,Coleochaete, Chaetophora, Drapernaldia,

Drapernaldiopsis, Trentepohlia, Fritschiella, Cephaleuros, Oedogonium,

Bulbochaete, Zygnema, Mougeotia, Sirogonium, Desmodium, Bryopsis, Acetabularia, Codium, Caulerpa, Halimeda, Neomeris, Chara, Nitella.

c) Xanthophyceae – Vaucheria. d) Bacillariophyceae - Biddulphia, Pinnularia.

e) Phaeophyceae - Ectocarpus, Colpomenia, Hydroclathrus, Dictyota, Padina,

Sargassum,Turbinaria.

f) Rhodophyceae - Batrachospermum, Gelidium, Amphiroa, Gracilaria, Polysiphonia.

6. Students are expected to collect and identify algae from different habitats. 7. Visit to an algal research centre.

COMPETENCIES OF THE COURSE

1. The learner is able to describe in detail the morphology, the culture, spread, biochemical activities and pathogenesis of the major groups of bacteria.

2. Differentiates between the different classes of bacteria like Spirochetes,

Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Mycoplasmas, Actinomycetes, Myxobacteria and

Archaebacteria.

3. Gains advanced knowledge and understanding on human pathogenic viruses, their transmission and epidemiology.


Page 26 of 145


4. Demonstrates practical skills for isolation of bacteria in appropriate media. 5. Identifies the major classes of algae and is able to analyze their life cycle patterns.

REFERENCES

1. Alef, K., & Nannipieri, P. (1995). Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry. Academic press.

2. Atlas, R. M. (1995). Principles of microbiology. William C Brown Pub.

3. Bold, H. C., & Wynne, M. J. (1985). Introduction to the algae: structure and reproduction. Prentice-Hall.

4. Borowitzka, M. A., & Borowitzka, L. J. (1988). Micro-algal biotechnology.

Cambridge University Press.

5. Dubey, R. C., & Maheshwari, D. K. (1999). A textbook of Microbiology. S. Chand. Edition.

6. Falconer, I. R. (Ed.). (2012). Algal toxins in seafood and drinking water. Elsevier. 7. Fritsch, F. E. (1948). The structure and reproduction of the algae. Cambridge 8. Hoek, C. (1995). Algae: an introduction to phycology. Cambridge university press.

9. Kanika, S. (2007). Manual of Microbiology–Tools and Techniques. Ane’s student

edition.

10. Larkum, A. W., Douglas, S. E., & Raven, J. A. (Eds.). (2003). Photosynthesis in algae. Springer Netherlands.

11. Pelczar, M. J., Chan, E. C. S., Krieg, N. R., Edwards, D. D., & Pelczar, M. F.

(1993). Microbiology: concepts and applications (Vol. 182). New York: McGraw-

Hill. 12. Purohit, S. S. (2001). Microbiology: Fundamentals and applications. Agrobios.

13. Richman, D. D., Whitley, R. J., & Hayden, F. G. (Eds.). (2009). Clinical virology.

American Society for Microbiology Press. 14. Sharma, K. (2007). Manual of Microbiology. Ane Books Pvt Ltd.

15. Smith, G. M. (1938). Cryptogamic botany. Volume I, Algae and fungi. Tata

McGraw Hill

16. Stanier, R. Y., Ingraham, J. L., Wheelis, M. L., & Painter, P. R. (1987). General microbiology (No. Ed. 5). MacMillan Education Ltd..

17. University Press

18. van Regenmortel, M. H., Fauquet, C. M., Bishop, D. H., Carstens, E. B., Estes, M.

K., Lemon, S. M. & Wickner, R. B. (2000). Virus taxonomy: classification and

nomenclature of viruses. Seventh report of the International Committee on

Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press.

19. Venkataraman, G. S. (1969). The Cultivation of Algae. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.

20. World Health Organization. (2004). Laboratory biosafety manual. World Health

Organization.


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BO1C01TM : BLUEPRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks: 75) Part A Part B Part C Total No. of

Module Hours (3 Marks) (5 Marks) (15 Marks) Questions

(5/7) (6/9) (2/4)

1 2 1 - - 1

2 11 1 1 1 3

3 11 1 1 1 3

4 3 - 1 - 1

5 3 1 - 1 2

6 30 1 3 1 5

7 3 1 1 - 2

8 3 1 1 - 2

9 6 - 1 - 1

Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards Page 28 of 145


M.Sc. BOTANY DEGREE (C.S.S.) EXAMINATION

SEMESTER I CORE COURSE 01

(Model Question Paper)

BO1C01TM - MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY Time: Three Hours Maximum: 75 Marks

PART A I. Answer any five of the following (3 marks each). 1. Write short notes on;

(a) Algal bloom (b) Pyrenoids (c) Endospore (d) Heterocyst 2. Describe the role of 16SRNA gene in phylogenetic analysis of microbes. 3. What are viroids? Give two plant diseases caused by viroids. 4. What are extremophiles? Give examples. 5. Describe the importance of algal blooms. 6. Name an algae yielding carrageenin. 7. What are the major contributions of M O P Iyengar. 5 x 3 = 15)

PART B II. Answer any six of the following (5 marks each) 8. What are prions? Describe the diseases caused by prions in humans. 9. Describe with illustrations the range of thallus structure in algae. 10. Write briefly on fossil algae. 11. Describe the contribution of algae to the productivity of marine environment.

12. Give an account on the post-fertilization changes in Rhodophyta. 13. Describe the structure, properties, importance and replication of plasmids. 14. Give examples for algae used in experimental studies. 15. Describe the methods employed to obtain a pure culture of bacteria. 16. Briefly describe the procedure and applications of algal culture. (6 x 5 = 30)

PART C III. Answer any two of the following (15 marks each) 17. Describe the life cycle patterns of viruses. 18. Write a comparative account on the classification of algae by F.E. Fritsch and

G.M.Smith. 19. Citing suitable examples describe the life cycle patterns in the members of

Chlorophyta. 20. With illustrations, describe genetic recombination in bacteria.

(2 x 15 = 30)


Page 29 of 145


COURSE 02 BO1C02TM - MYCOLOGY AND CROP PATHOLOGY


TITLE OF THE COURSE MYCOLOGY AND CROP PATHOLOGY

SEMESTER IN WHICH THE SEMESTER 1 COURSE IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS THEORY- 2

PRACTICAL-2

NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY- 72

PRACTICAL - 54

AIM OF THE COURSE To classify fungi based on structure and reproduction. To understand the significance of fungi in mycotic diseases Should be able to collect and transport fungi samples to the laboratory and Store and process samples for mycological studies. To study the Pathogenic and Non-pathenogenic diseases To understand principles of disease management To analyze the mechanisms of pathogen invasion and plant defense

OBJECTIVES To introduce the history and definition of mycology. To know the economic importance of fungi To learn fungal classification, structure and life cycle

To provide students with opportunities to develop basic methods in mycological

studies

To develop concise overview of basic concepts and principles in the biology of

plant pathogens and pests including disease epidemiology and disease

management.


This course emphasises to learn about fungi, their biology, and the important impacts

they have on humans and natural ecosystems. The modules on crop pathology deals

with different pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes and other organisms

as plant pathogens .The role of the environment in disease development study of

selected plant diseases and methods used in identification of plant pathogens are dealt

with Disease diagnosis.


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COURSE 02 BO1C02TM - MYCOLOGY AND CROP PATHOLOGY

MYCOLOGY 36 hours

MODULE 1 3 hours

General introduction: General characters of Fungi and their significance. Principles of classification of fungi, Classifications by G C Ainsworth (1973) and C. J. Alexopoulos.

MODULE 2 24 hours

Thallus structure and reproduction in fungi: Mycelia structure and reproduction of:

(a) Myxomycota – Acrasiomycetes, Hydromyxomycetes, Myxomycetes, Plasmodiophoromycetes.

(b) Mastigomycotina - Chytridiomycetes, Hyphochytridiomycetes, Oomycetes. (c) Zygomycotina - Zygomycetes, Trichomycetes.

(d) Ascomycotina - Hemiascomycetes,pyrenomycetes,plectomycetes,

Discomycetes, Laboulbeniomycetes, Loculoascomycetes. (e) Basidiomycotina - Teliomycetes, Hyphomycetes, Gastromycetes. (f) Deuteromycotina - Blastomycetes, Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes. (g) Types of fruiting bodies in fungi.

MODULE 3 9 hours Fungal associations and their significance: (a) Symbionts–Lichens, mycorrhiza, fungus-insect mutualism (b) Parasites - Common fungal parasites of plants, humans, insects and nematodes. (c) Saprophytes-Fungal decomposition of organic matter, coprophilous fungi, cellulolytic fungi, lignolytic fungi. (d) Agricultural significance of Fungi - Mycoparasite, mycoherbicide.

CROP PATHOLOGY 36 hours

MODULE 4 2 hours Introduction to crop pathology: Classification of plant diseases based on; (a) Major causal agents - biotic and abiotic, (b) General symptoms. MODULE 5 4 hours Process of infection and pathogenesis: (a) Penetration and entry of

pathogen into host tissue – mechanical, physiological and enzymatic. (b) Host-parasite

interaction, enzymes and toxins in pathogenesis. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 31 of 145


4 hours MODULE 6 Defense mechanism in plants: Pre-existing structural and biochemical defense

mechanisms, lack of essential nutrients. Induced structural and biochemical defense

mechanisms, inactivation of pathogen enzymes and toxins, altered biosynthetic pathways. MODULE 7 3 hours Transmission of plant disease: Spread and transmission of plant diseases by wind, water, seeds and vectors.

MODULE 8 8 hours

Plant disease management: Exclusion, eradication and protection. Chemical means

of disease control – common fungicides, antibiotics and nematicides. Biological means

of disease control. Biotechnological approaches to disease resistance: Fungi in agricultural biotechnology, control of fungal plant pathogens by mycofungicides. Transgenic approaches to disease resistance MODULE 9 15 hours Major diseases in plants: (a) Cereals: Rice- Blast disease, Bacterial blight; Wheat– Black rust disease. (b) Vegetables: Chilly - Leaf spot; Ladies finger - Vein clearing disease. (c) Fruits: Banana - Bacterial leaf blight, Leaf spot; Mango-

Anthracnose; Citrus Bacterial canker; Papaya – Mosaic. (d) Spices:Ginger-Rhizome rot;Pepper-Quick wilt;cardamom-Marble

mosaic disease. (e) Oil seeds: Coconut - Grey leaf spot, Bud rot disease. (f) Rubber yielding:Hevea braziliensis-Abnormal leaf fall, Powdery mildew. (g) Sugar yielding: Sugarcane - Red rot; Root knot nematode. (h) Cash crops: Arecanut - Nut fall disease. (i) Beverages: Tea - Blister blight; Coffee - Rust.

PRACTICAL 54 hours

1. Critical study of the following types by preparing suitable micropreparations;

Stemonitis, Physarum, Saprolegnia, Phytophthora, Albugo, Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Pilobolous, Saccharomyces, Xylaria, Peziza, Phyllochora, Puccinia,


Page 32 of 145


Termitomyces, Pleurotus, Auricularia, Polyporus, Lycoperdon, Dictyophora,

Geastrum, Cyathus, Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Pestalotia, Graphis,

Parmelia, Cladonia, Usnea. 2. Isolation of fungi from soil and water by culture plate technique. 3. Estimation of mycorrhizal colonization in root. 4. Collection and identification of common field mushrooms (5types).

5. Make suitable micropreparations and identify the diseases mentioned with due

emphasis on symptoms and causative organisms. 6. Isolation of pathogens from diseased tissues (leaf, stem and fruit) by serial dilution

method. 7. Collection and preservation of specimens from infected plants.Submit 5 herbarium

sheets/live specimens along with a report. 8. Tests for seed pathology – seed purity test. 9. Calculation of Spore load on seeds using Haemocytometer.

COMPETENCIES OF THE COURSE 1. Students learn about general characters of Fungi and their significance, Principles

of classification of fungi. 2. Is familiarized with mycelial structure and reproduction of different classes of Fungi. 3. Studies about Symbionts, Parasites, Saprophytes and Agricultural significance of

Fungi. 4. Knows about classification of plant disease, process of infection and

pathogenesis, defense mechanisms in plants, and transmission of plant diseases. 5. Learns major diseases in crops and is able to adopt suitable measures for disease

management.

REFERENCES 1. Ainsworth, G. C., Sparrow, F. K., & Sussman, A. S. (1973). The Fungi. An advanced

treatise. Vol. IV B. A taxonomic review with keys: Basidiomycetes and lower fungi. 2. Alexopoulos, C. J., & Mims, C. W. Blackwell, m. 1996. Introductory Mycology. John

Wiley and Sons, New York. 3. Bilgrami, K. S., & Dube, H. C. (1976). A textbook of modern plant pathology. Vikas

Publishing House. 4. Boland, G. J. (2007). Plant Pathology, GN Agrios. Elsevier Academic Press,

Burlington. 5. Deacon, J. (2005). Fungal Growth. Fungal Biology, 4th Edition, 67-84 6. Dube, H. C. (2009). Introduction To Fungi, 3E. Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd 7. Hale, M. E. (1967). Biology of lichens 8. Ingold, C. T. (1973). The biology of fungi (No. 3. ed.). Hutchinson Educational society


Page 33 of 145


9. Kamat, M. N. (1953). Practical plant pathology

10. Mehrotra, R. S. (1997). Plant Pathology Tata Mc. Graw-Hill Publ. Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

11. Mehrotra, R. S., & Aneja, K. R. (1990). An introduction to mycology. New Age

International. 12. Mundkur, B. B. (1949). Fungi and plant disease.

13. Rangaswami, G., & Mahadevan, A. (1998). Diseases of crop plants in India. PHI

Learning Pvt. Ltd. 14. Sharma, K. (2007). Manual of Microbiology. Ane Books Pvt Ltd. 15. Sharma, P. D. (2013). The fungi. Rastogi publications, Meerut.

BO1C02TM : BLUEPRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks: 75) Part A Part B Part C Total No. of


(5/7) (6/9) (2/4)

1 3 1 - - 1

2 24 2 3 1 6

3 9 1 1 2

4 2 1 - - 1

5 4 - - 1 1

6 4 1 1 - 2

7 3 1 1 - 2

8 8 1 1 - 2

9 15 - 2 1 3


Page 34 of 145


M.Sc. BOTANY DEGREE (C.S.S.) EXAMINATION SEMESTER I CORE COURSE 02


BO1C02TM- MYCOLOGY AND CROP PATHOLOGY Time: Three Hours Maximum: 75 Marks

PART A I. Answer any five of the following (3 marks each). 1. Write short notes on spore dispersal in Nidulariales 2. Describe the abiotic causes of plant diseases. 3. How do contact fungicides differ from systemic fungicides? 4. What is macrocyclic lifecycle? 5. Name six fungal parasites in human beings. 6. Differentiate paragynous from monoclinous antheridium 7. Differentiate sclerotium from soredium. (5 x 3 = 15)

PART B II. Answer any six of the following (5 marks each). 7. Write a brief account on the environmental significance of lignolytic and

cellulolytic Fungi. 9. Describe the sexual reproduction in Mastigomycotina. 10. Write a brief account on the common diseases, their symptoms and control in cereals. 11. What are the common structural features found in plants that prevent the colonization

of a pathogen? 12. Explain/Write short notes on the following;

(a) Plant quarantine (b) Prophylaxis (c) Necrosis 13. What are fungus gardens? Describe the type of interactions found there. 14. Citing specific examples describe how genetic engineering can be used to control

diseases? 15. Write an account on symbiotic fungi. 16. What are the major biotic causes of plant diseases? (6 x 5 = 30)

PART C III. Answer any two of the following (15 marks each). 17. Briefly describe the classification of Fungi proposed by Ainsworth. 18. Write an essay on the common strategies adopted to control plant diseases 19. Describe the process of infection and pathogenesis in plants. 20. Write the symptoms, aetiology and control measures of any three common diseases of

fruits you have studied. How are the pathogens disseminated from plant to plant? (2 x 15 = 30)


Page 35 of 145


COURSE 03 BO1C03TM: BRYOLOGY AND PTERIDOLOGY


TITLE OF THE COURSE BRYOLOGY AND PTERIDOLOGY


COURSE IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS 4


PRACTICAL-54

AIM OF THE COURSE

To make the learners understand the importance, history origin and evolution

of bryophytes and pteridophytes with reference to important classificatory

systems

To create an awareness regarding ecological and economic significance of bryophytes and pteridophytes

To make them learn the important features of identification of the types

mentioned in the syllabus

To make them learn the importance of bryophytes and pteridophytes in pollution management and soil enrichment.

OBJECTIVES

To learn about various types of bryophytes and pteridophytes and understand their adaptive and identifying features

To identify the role of bryophytes and pteridophytes in curbing environmental

pollution

To identify and understand the peculiar features of various types mentioned in the syllabus


The course focuses on the significance, diversity and unique features of the amazing

cryptogamic groups in the Plant Kindom- Bryophytes and Pteridophytes The history,

origin, evolution and classification of Bryophytes and Pteridophytes and their ecological

and economic significance is also included in the course. Comparative structural

organization of the gametophyte and sporophyte of various types of Bryophytes and

pteridophytes in an evolutionary perspective is also incorporated.


Page 36 of 145


COURSE 03 BO1C03TM - BRYOLOGY AND PTERIDOLOGY

BRYOLOGY 36 hours

MODULE 1 4 hours Introduction to Bryophytes: Fossil bryophytes, history and evolution of bryophytes.

Concept of algal and pteridophytian origin of Bryophytes. General characters of

Bryophytes. Classification of Bryophytes.

MODULE 2 6 hours Ecology and economic importance of Bryophytes: Bryophyte habitats. Water relations -

absorption and conduction, xerophytic adaptations, drought tolerance, dessication and

rehydration, ectohydric, endohydric and myxohydric Bryophytes. (a) Ecological significance of Bryophytes - role as pollution indicators. (b) Economic importance of Bryophytes.

MODULE 3 26 hours Thallus structure: Evolutionary trends in the structural organization of gametophytes and

sporophytes of bryophytes. Asexual and sexual reproductive structures, spore dispersal

mechanisms and germination of the following groups with reference to the types

mentioned in the practical (development of sex organs not necessary). (a) Hepaticopsida (Sphaerocarpales, Marchantiales, Jungermanniales and Calobryales). (b) Anthocerotopsida (Anthocerotales). (c) Bryopsida (Sphagnales, Polytrichales and Bryales).

PTERIDOPHYTES 36 hours

MODULE 4 3 hours General introduction and classification: Introduction, general characteristics and an

outline of the classification of Pteridophytes by Sporne 1966. Evolution of sporophyte-

telome theory, enation theory

MODULE 5 27 hours

Distribution, habitat, range, morphology and internal structure of sporophytes, mechanism


Page 37 of 145


of spore dispersal, gametophytic generation and embryogeny of the following classes of

Pteridophytes with reference to the genera mentioned (development of sex organs is not

necessary): 1. Psilopsida- (a) Rhyniales; Rhynia 2. Psilotopsida- (a) Psilotales; Psilotum

3. Lycopsida- (a) Protolepidodendrales; Protolepidodendron (b) Lycopodiales;

Lycopodium (c) Isoetales; Isoetes (d) Selaginellales; Selaginella. 4. Sphenopsida (a) Calamitales; Calamites (b) Equisetales; Equisetum. 5. Pteropsida- (a) Cladoxylales; Cladoxylaceae; Cladoxylon 6. Eusporangiatae- (a) Marattiales; Angiopteris, (b) Ophioglossales; Ophioglossum,

(c) Osmundales; Osmunda. 7. Leptosporangiatae- (a) Marsileales; Marsilea, (b) Salviniales; Salvinia

(c) Filicales; Lygodium,Acrostichum, Gleichenia

MODULE 6 6 hours Comparative study of the stelar organization, gametophytes and sporophytes of the living types of Pteridophytes mentioned in the syllabus. Ecological and economic importance of pteridophytes.

PRACTICAL 54 hours

1. Detailed study of the structure of gametophytes and sporophytes of the following

genera of bryophytes by suitable micropreparation: Targionia, Cyathodium,

Marchantia, Lunularia, Dumortiera, Reboulia, Pallavicinia, Porella, Anthoceros,

Notothylas, Sphagnum, Pogonatum.

2. Study of morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive organs using clear whole mounts/sections of the following genera:

Psilotum, Lycopodium, Isoetes, Selaginella, Equisetum, Angiopteris,

Ophioglossum, Osmunda, Marsilea, Salvinia, Lygodium, Acrostichum, Gleichenia 3. Study of fossil pteridophytes mentioned in the syllabus.


1. The course will make the students acquire knowledge regarding the general

features of bryophytes and pteridophytes that enable their survival in terrestrial

conditions

2. It will make students proficient in identifying the different types mentioned in the syllabus based on their unique features

3. The course will give them awareness regarding the features of various fossil types


Page 38 of 145


4. The anatomical features of the types mentioned will help to get a clear idea of bryophytes and pteridophytes in an evolutionary perspective

5. Learn about the economic importance ecological significance of the lower forms of

plants which will be helpful in conserving them

REFERENCES

1. Agashe, S. N. (1995). Palaeobotany. Oxford and IBH publishing House. 2. Arnold, C. R. (1977). Introduction to Palaeobotany. McGraw Hill Book Com., UK 3. Bernard Goffinet (2008). Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge Uty. Press, Cambridge

4. Bernard Goffinet, & Alain Vanderpoorten (2009). Introduction to Bryophytes.

Cambridge Uty. Press, Cambridge

5. Chandra, S., & Srivastava, M. (Eds.) (2003). Pteridology in the New Millennium. Khuwar Acad.

6. Goffinet, B. A., & Shaw, J. (2009). Bryophytic Biology (II Edn). Cambridge

University Press.

7. Greuter, W. R. & Hoogland, D. (Eds.) (1993). Family Names in Current Use for Vascular Plants, Bryophytes, and Fungi. Koeltz Scientific Books

8. Janice, M. Glime & Dinesh Saxena (1992). Uses of Bryophytes. Scholarly

Publications

9. Jeffrey, W. Bates & Andrew, M. Farmer (Eds.) (1992). Bryophytes and Lichens in a Changing Environment. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford

10. Kashyap, S. R. (1932). Liverworts of Western Himalayas and the Punjab plains (Vol. I & II). Research Co. Publications.

11. Khan Mohammed Gufran, Gatew Shitie & Bekele Bedilu (2012). Practical

Manual for Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing

12. Khullar, S. P. (2000). An illustrated fern flora of West Himalayas (Vol I, II). International Book

13. Kramer, K. U. and Green, P. S. (Eds.) (2010). Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms

Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg

GmbH & Co. K. 14. Rashid, A. (1976). An introduction to Pteridophytes. Vikas Publishing House.

15. Rashid, A. (1981). An Introduction to Bryophyta. Vikas publishing house Pvt. Ltd.

16. Rejila, S, M. Manikandan & Vijayakumar, N. (2012). Bryophytes. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.

17. Sambamurty, A. V. S. S. (2005). A Textbook of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,

Gymnosperms and Paleobotany I K International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd . New

Delhi 18. Smith Gilbert (1972). Cryptogamic Botany (Vol. II). Tata McGraw Hill


Page 39 of 145


publications.

19. Sporne, K. R. (2014). The Morphology of Pteridophytes; The Structure of Ferns and Allied Plants - Primary Source Edition, Nabu Press

20. Zoltan Tuba, Nancy, G. Slack & Lloyd, R. Stark (2011). Bryophyte Ecology and

Climate Change. Cambridge Uty. Press, Cambridge

B01CO3TM : BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum marks - 75) Part A Part B Part C Total No. of


(5/7) (6/9) (2/4)

1 4 3 1 4

2 6 2 1 3

3 26 2 1 3

4 3 2 2

5 27 3 3 1 7

6 6 1 1



M.Sc. BOTANY DEGREE (C.S.S.) EXAMINATION SEMESTER I CORE COURSE 03

(Model Question Paper) BO1C03TM - BRYOLOGY AND PTERIDOLOGY

Time: Three Hours Maximum: 75 Marks PART A

I. Answer any five of the following (3 marks each) 1. What is meant by ectohydric bryophyte? Give examples. 2. Describe the role of bryophyts as pollution indicators. 3. Describe the rhizoids of marchantiales. 4. What is psuedo elator? What is its function? 5. Differentiate between urostachya and rhopalostachya citing suitable diagrams 6. Give an account on endoscopic and exoscopic embryo development. 7. Explain the morphology of Psilotum synangium

(5 × 3 = 15) PART B

II. Answer any six of the following (5 marks each) 8. Describe algal origin of bryophytes. 9. Bring out the fossil history of bryophytes. 10. Write down amphibious characters of bryophytes. 11. Write an account on the economic importance of bryophytes.

12. Explain the structure of the different types of gametophytes in Lycopodium with

the help of diagrams 13. Give an account of the classification of pteridophytes by Sporne 14. Give an account of protolepidodendrales 15. Explain how heterospory leads to seed habit citing Selaginella as example 16. Describe evolution of pteridophytes as explained by telome and enation theory

(6 × 5 = 30) PART C

III. Answer any two of the following (15 marks each) 17. Bring out the history of classification of bryophytes with a critical discussion.

18. Give an account of the thallus organisation of bryophytes in an evolutionary

perspective.

19. Discuss on the stelar nature of the ferns under Filicales which you have studied with the help of neat labelled diagrams

20. With the help of neat labelled diagrams, explain the structure of the sporophyte and

gametophyte of Salvinia and explain its embryogeny (2 × 15 = 30)


Page 41 of 145


COURSE 04 BO1C04TM - ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY


TITLE OF THE COURSE ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

SEMESTER IN WHICH THE 1 COURSE IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS 3


PRACTICAL-27

AIM OF THE COURSE

To make the learners understand the importance of environment and its factors in sustaining the life of organisms

To make them critically evaluate the anthropogenic activities which lead to

environmental pollution and degradation To make them learn the environmental friendly methods of waste management

To make them understand the measures of effective management of environmental

resources which will lead to sustainable development OBJECTIVES

The course will help the learners to develop an awareness regarding the concepts of ecology, environment, and the interdisciplinary nature of ecology

To understand the successional processes happening in nature leading to the

establishment of the stable climax communities

The course will help them to understand the anthropogenic activities leading to environmental damage, resource depletion and climate change


This course deals with the significance of ecosystem, environment, environmental

factors and natural resources. Characteristics of population, its growth patterns, carrying

capacity of ecosystems, and consequences of overpopulation is dealt in detail. Various

ecological processes of community formation, features of communities such as ecotone,

edge effect are also included. The impact of anthropogenic activities on environment and

resources is one of the important focuses of the course. The significance of biodiversity in

maintaining the very balance of Mother Nature and the measures of its conservation and

proper management is a very significant part of the course.


Page 42 of 145


COURSE 04 BO1C04TM - ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

MODULE 1 2 hours Ecology and environment: Definition, history and scope of ecology, sub divisions of

ecology, ecology vs. environmental science. Interdisciplinary nature of environmental

science.

MODULE 2 5 hours Autecological concepts - population ecology: (a) Characteristics of populations - size

and density, population growth, distribution, dispersion, age structure, natality and

mortality, fluctuation (b) Population growth - environmental resistance, biotic potential, carrying capacity, positive and negative interaction. Ecological consequence of overpopulation. (c) Genecology - ecological amplitude, ecads, ecotypes, k-selection and r-selection populations.

MODULE 3 5 hours Synecological concepts – community ecology: (a) Ecological processes of community

formation, ecotone, and edge effect. Classification of communities - criteria of

classification, dynamic system of classification by Clement. (b) Quantitative, qualitative and synthetic characteristics of plant communities, Sorenson’s Index of similarity

MODULE 4 3 hours Dynamic ecology - ecological succession: The concept, definition and reasons of

succession. Classification of succession: Changes - autogenic and allogenic, primary and

secondary, autotrophic and heterotrophic, cyclic replacement changes and cyclic no-

replacement changes, resilience of communities

MODULE 5 3 hours Biosphere and ecosystem: Habitat, ecological niche, trophic level, primary and secondary

productivity, food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids, energy flow and nutrient

cycles. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 43 of 145


MODULE 6 4 hours Phytogeography: (a) Definition, principles governing plant distribution, factors affecting

plant distribution, theories of distribution, different types of distribution of vegetations on

the earth, continuous and discontinuous distribution. (a) Remote sensing: Application of remote sensing in environmental science

MODULE 7 20 hours Environmental pollution: Definition and Classification. Water pollution: Water quality

parameters and standards. Types of water pollution, water shed management, waste water

treatment. Waste water treatment with aquatic macrophytes. Air pollution: Air quality

standards and index, types and sources of air pollutants, air pollution and human health

hazards, control of air pollution. Noise pollution. Radioactive and thermal pollution: Causes and hazardous effects, effective management.

Solid waste management; Types and sources of solid wastes including e-waste.

Bioremediation, Phytoremediation, bioaugmentation, biofilms, biofilters, bioscrubbers and

trickling filters

MODULE 8 4 hours Global environmental problems and climate change: Global warming, green house

gases, acid rain, ozone depletion. El-Nino and La- Nina phenomena and their

consequences. Major environmental laws in free India, ISO 14000

MODULE 9 8 hours Biodiversity and its conservation: Current biodiversity loss - concept of endemism, rare,

endangered and threatened species (RET), key stone species, ecological equivalents,

umbrella species, flagship species, IUCN account of biodiversity, red data book and hot

spots, Biodiversity conservation , Ex-situ and in-situ conservation techniques. Ecotourism – concept, important features, ecotourism in India, positive and negative impacts.

PRACTICAL 27 hours

1. Titrimetric Analysis of water quality for; (a) Dissolved CO2 (b) Dissolved oxygen (c) dissolved chloride ions (d) Total alkalinity.

2. Quantitative estimation of dissolved sulphate, nitrite –

Colorimetry/spectrophotometry


Page 44 of 145


3. Physico-chemical analysis of soil: Total water soluble mineral ions

4. Quantitative and qualitative community analysis - Quadrat study on the frequency,

abundance, density of different species and similarity index of different

communities in a natural system. 5. Phytoplankton counting using Sedgwick Rafter counter.

6. Students should be aware of the common environmental problems, their

consequences and possible solutions.


1. The students will be made more aware regarding the importance of population, its

various characters like density, natatity, mortality, population growth ,factors

affecting population growth and the consequence of overpopulation

2. The dynamic nature of ecosystem and the processes of formation of climax

communities and various features of the ecosystems such as habitat, ecological

niche, trophic level, primary and secondary productivity, food chains, food webs,

ecological pyramids, energy flow and nutrient cycles will be understood by them

3. By learning about environmental pollution and global climatic change they will

become aware of the anthropogenic impacts and consequences of environmental

pollution, our responsibilities regarding the curbing of pollution and the effective

management of pollution employing plants and microbes in an ecofriendly manner 4. The course will enable them to know about the rich biodiversity of India,

importance of its conservation and hot spots of Indian Biodiversity.

5. Through this course, they will develop an awareness regarding the concept of

ecotourism, its important features, the state of ecotourism in India and its positive

and negative impacts.

REFERENCES

1. Ahmedullah M. and Nayar M. P. (1987). Endemic Plants of the Indian Region. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.

2. Botkin Daniel and Keller, Edward (2010). Environmental Science: A global

concern. McGraw Hill publishing House, UK 3. Busby, C. (1995). The wings of death: nuclear pollution and human health. Green

Audit ,Wales.

4. Ceballos-Lascurian, Hector (1996). Tourism, Ecotourism and Protected areas. IUCN, Cambrige University press, UK.

5. Eldon,,D., Enger Bradley & Smith, F. (1995). Environmental Science. W C Brown

publications, USA Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 45 of 145


6. Garg M.R., Bansal V.K., Tiwana N.S. (2007). Environmental Pollution and Protection. Deep and Deep Publishers, New Delhi.

7. Harrison, R. M. (Ed.). (2001). Pollution: causes, effects and control. Royal Society

of Chemistry, UK 8. IUCN (2007). The 2000 IUCN red list of threatened species. IUCN. England.

9. Jain, S. K., & Sastry, A. R. K. (1984). The Indian plant red data book. BSI,

Calcutta.

10. Jones, H. G., & Vaughan, R. A. (2010). Remote sensing of vegetation: principles, techniques, and applications. Oxford university press, Oxford

11. Kimon Hadjibiros (2013). Ecology and Applied Environmental Science. CRC Press

Inc., Bosa Roca

12. Margesin, R., & Schinner, F. (Eds.). (2005). Manual for soil analysis-monitoring and assessing soil bioremediation (Vol. 5). Springer Science & Business Media, New York

13. Mark D. Goldfein, Alexei V. Ivanov, & Nikolaj V. Kozhevnikov (2012). Fundamentals of General Ecology, Life Safety & Environment Protection. Nikolaj V. Kozhevnikov Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

14. McConnell Robert and Abel Daniel (2008). Environmental issues: An

introduction to sustainability. Pearson Prentice Hall, NJ

15. Miller G.Tyler and Spooliman Scott (2012). Sustaining the earth: An integrated approach. Cengage Learning, US

16. Misra, S. G., & Mani, D. (1993). Pollution through solid waste. Ashish Publishing

House.

17. Newman, E.I. (2011). Applied Ecology and Environmental Management: A

Scientific Basis for Management of Biological Resources. Blackwell Science Ltd.,

Oxford

18. Odum, E. P., Odum, H. T., & Andrews, J. (1971). Fundamentals of ecology (Vol. 3). Philadelphia: Saunders.

19. Richard Wright (2009). Environmental Science Towards a Sustainable Future Pearson Education, NJ

20. Wearing, S., & Neil, J. (2009). Ecotourism: impacts, potentials and possibilities Routledge, UK


Page 46 of 145


B01C04 TM: BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks : 75) Part A Part B Part C Total no. of


(5/7) (6/9) (2/4)

1 2 1 - - 1

2 5 2 1 - 3

3 5 1 - 1 2

4 3 - 1 - 1

5 3 1 2 - 3

6 4 - - 1 1

7 20 - 1 1 2

8 4 - 3 - 3

9 8 2 1 1 4


Page 47 of 145


M. Sc. BOTANY DEGREE (C.S.S.) EXAMINATION SEMESTER I CORE COURSE 04

(Model Question Paper) BO1C04TM - ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY


I. Answer any five of the following (3 marks each) 1. Write short note on the different interactions existing in nature 2. Give an account on the interdisciplinary nature of environmental science. 3. What are key stone species? Explain with an example 4. Explain the concept of ecological niche 5. Describe ecotone and edge effect 6. Give an account on IUCN threat categories 7. Explain the features of r- selection and k-selection species (5 x 3 = 15)

PART B II. Answer any six of the following (5 marks each)

8. Give an account on bioremediation and phytoremediation 9. Explain the important biogeochemical cycles with the help of diagrams

10. What is ecological succession? Give the different types of succession and the

important events in succession 11. Describe ozone depletion

12. Explain the different types of ecological pyramids existing in nature with the aid of

diagrams

13. Differentiate between ecads and ecotypes. Give an account on different types of ecotypes

14. Explain the causes and consequences of global warming 15. Explain the concept , features and impacts of ecotourism 16. Explain El-Nino and La-Nina phenomena (6 x 5 = 30)

PART C III. Answer any two of the following (15 marks each)

17. Explain community classification by Clements. Describe quantitative, qualitative and synthetic characteristics of plant communities

18. Write an essay on the types and reasons of water pollution. Explain the methods of

waste water treatment

19. Discuss on the types and importance of biodiversity. Explain the different measures of biodiversity conservation

20. Give an account on the principles governing plant distribution, the theories of

distribution and different types of distribution of vegetations on the earth (2 x 15 = 30)


Page 48 of 145


M. Sc. DEGREE (C.S.S.) EXAMINATION SEMESTER I PRACTICAL COURSE 01

(Model Question Paper) BO1C01PM-MICROBIOLOGY, CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

Time: Four Hours Maximum: 75 Marks

1. Make stained micropreparations of specimens A, B, C and D.

Draw labelled diagrams for each and identify giving reasons.

(Preparation-2; Diagram-1; Identification with reasons-2) (4 x 5 = 20)

2. Sort out any three algae from the algal mixture E and make separate clear mounts.

Identify and draw labelled diagrams.

(Diagram-1; Identification-1) (3 x 2 = 6)

3. Identify the disease F and write the causative organism.

(Identification-1; Causative organism-1; Symptoms-1) (1 x 3 = 3)

4. Isolate Bacteria from the soil sample G by serial dilution - streak method.

(Flow chart-2; Working- 4)

Or

Calculate spore load or the given seed sample G

(Procedure – 2; calculation & result – 4 (1x6 = 6)

5. Write critical notes on H, I, J, K and L (5x2 = 10)

6. Spot at sight M, N, O, P and Q (5x2 = 10)

(Genus – 1; Part displayed – 1)

7. Quantify nitrite /sulphate in the given sample R using Spectrophotometer/

Colorimeter

(Working-2; Procedure-2; Result-1) (1x5 = 5)

8. Find out the abundance, frequency and density of species from the data of

vegetation given as S. Calculate the index of similarity of the two samples.

(Abundance- 1; Frequency and frequency equation- 2; Density- 1;

Similarity index-1) (1x5 = 5)

9. Practical Record (1x10 =10)



KEY TO THE QUESTIONS:

1. A, B, C, D – one specimen each from algae, fungi/lichens/ bryophytes, pteridophytes 2. E – Algal mixture containing four filamentous types. 3. F– Pathology material given in the syllabus 4. G – Soil Sample/ Spore Sample 5. H, I, J, K- one specimen each from algae, fungi/lichens/ bryophytes or pteridophytes 6. L- Display a photograph or diagram of environmental importance published in popular

journals/ periodicals/ dailies. 7. M, N, O, P, Q - one specimen each from algae, fungi/lichens/ bryophytes and two from

pteridophytes with clear reproductive structures 8. R- Supply suitable water samples 9. S - Supply necessary data of two stands of vegetation Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 50 of 145


SEMESTER II


Page 51 of 145


COURSE 05 BO2C05TM – GYMNOSPERMS AND EVOLUTION


TITLE OF THE COURSE GYMNOSPERMS AND EVOLUTION

SEMESTER IN WHICH THE COURSE 2

IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS 4


PRACTICAL- 45

AIM OF THE COURSE

Provide the students with knowledge, understanding and practical experience in the diversity of Gymnosperms.

Analyse and understand the various theories and processes of evolution of higher

forms.

OBJECTIVES

To provide an in-depth understanding of the primitive group Gymnosperms

To acquaint the students with the diversity morphology and reproduction the group Gymnosperms

To understand the relationship of this group with other plant forms and their line of

evolution To provide an insight into the various theories and process of evolution


The program provides deep knowledge regarding the origin, classification, inter

relationships and evolution of the group Gymnosperms. The course is designed to

enhance the student’s ability to identify, analyse the characteristic features and learn the

need to conserve this primitive group of plants. The student also gets deep insight about

the origin of life, its process and the various theories explaining evolution Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 52 of 145


COURSE 05 BO2C05TM – GYMNOSPERMS AND EVOLUTION

GYMNOSPERMS 36 hours

MODULE 1 3 hours

Introduction: Origin, general characteristics, distribution and classification of

Gymnosperms (K R Sporne and C. J. Chamberlain). Distribution of living gymnosperms

in India.

MODULE 2 28 hours

Vegetative and reproductive structures of gymnosperms: Detailed study of the

vegetative morphology, internal structure, reproductive structures, and evolution of the

orders and families (with reference to the genera mentioned). (a) Class Progymnospermopsida: Aneurophyton.

(b) Class Cycadopsida: Glossopteris, Medullosa, Bennettites, Williamsoniella, Cycas, Zamia, Pentoxylon. (c) Class Coniferopsida: General account of families under Coniferales, range of form and structure of stem, leaves; range of form, structure and evolution of female cones in coniferales such as Pinus, Cryptomeria, Cupressus, Podocarpus, Agathis, Taxus

and Ginkgo (d) Class Gnetopsida: Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia.

MODULE 3 5 hours

Gametophyte development and economic importance of gymnosperms: General

account on the male and female gametophyte development in Gymnosperms. Economic

significance of Gymnosperms.

EVOLUTION 36 hours

MODULE 4 5 hours

Introduction: The Concept of evolution, preformation theory, Baer’s law, biogenetic

law, theory of catastrophism, natural selection, artificial selection, sexual selection,

mutation theory, isolation theory.

MODULE 5 6 hours Origin of life: Abiogenesis, Biogenesis experiment of Miller (1953). Theory of


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Organic evolution - Biochemical origin of life, place and time of origin and experimental evidences. Concept of Oparin and Haldane.

MODULE 6 5 hours Evidences for evolution: Morphology and Comparative anatomy – Embryology,

Physiology and Biochemistry, Palaentology, Biogeography. Evolutionary time scale:

eras, periods and epochs.

MODULE 7 9 hours

Theories of evolution: Lamarckism and Neo-Lamarckism, Darwinism and Neo-Darwinism; Mutation theory of De-Vries and the modern mutation theory.

MODULE 8 8 hours

Speciation: Genetic drift - Salient features; species concept; subspecies, sibling species, semi species, demes. Types of speciation - Phyletic speciation and True speciation. Mechanism of speciation - Genetic divergences and isolating mechanisms. Patterns of

speciation - allopatric, sympatric, quantum and parapatric speciation.

MODULE 9 3 hours

Modern theories of evolution: Modern synthetic theory of evolution, molecular

evolution, concepts of natural evolution, molecular divergence and molecular clocks;

molecular tools in phylogeny. Plant evolution.

PRACTICAL 45 hours

1. Study of the morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive parts of

Cycas, Zamia, Pinus, Cupressus, Cryptomeria, Podocarpus, Agathis,

Araucaria and Gnetum. 2. Study of fossil gymnosperms.

3 . Conduct field trips to familiarise various gymnosperms in nature and field

identification of Indian gymnosperms and submit a report. 4. Study of the contributions of relevant evolutionarists.


1. Students gain knowledge about the distribution and classification of Gymnosperms.


Page 54 of 145


2. Understanding on the developmental stages and economic importance. 3. The learner gains an insight into the various evidences for evolution. 4. Understands speciation and the various mechanisms contributing to speciation. 5. Gains knowledge regarding the modern concepts of evolution.

REFERENCES

1. Andrews, H. N. (1961). Studies in Palaeobotany. John Wiley and Sons. 2. Arnold, C. A. (1947). An Introduction to Palaeobotany. John Wiley and Sons.

3. Bhatnaga,r S. P. and Moitra A. (2000). Gymnosperms. New Age International

Ltd. 4. Biswas, C. The Gymnosperms. Today and Tomorrows print.

5. Chamberlain, C. J. (1935). Gymnosperms: Structure and Evolution. University of

Chicago Press.

6. Coulter, J. M. and Chamberlain, C. J. (1977). Morphology of Gymnosperms. University of Chicago Press.

7. Dallimore, W. and A. B. Jackson (1964). A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae (IV Edn). Edward Arnold & Co.

8. Delevoryas, T. (1962). Morphology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Holt, Rinehart

and Winston. 9. George Ledyard Stebbins 1971. Process of Organic Evolution. 10. Gurbachan, S. Miglani (2002). Modern Synthetic theory of evolution. 11. Katy Human ( 2006). Biological E volution: An A nthology of C urrent

T hought. The Rosen publishing group, Inc.

12. Maxtoshi Nei and Sudhir Kumar ( 2000). Molecular Evolution and

P hylogenetics. Oxford University Press.

13. Meyen, S. V. (1984). Basic features of Gymnosperms, Systematics and Phylogeny as Evidenced by the Fossil Record. Bot. Rev.

14. Monroe, W. Strickberger (1990). Evolution. Jones and Bartlett publishers.

15. Roderic, D., Page M. Page and Edward, C. Holmes ( 1998). Molecular Evolution: A phylogenetic approach. Blackwell Science Ltd.

16. Sharma, O. P. and Dixi,t S. (2002). Gymnosperms. Pragati Prakashan, New Delhi.

17. Sporne, A. R. (1974). The Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinson Univ. Library.


Page 55 of 145


BO2C05TM - BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks – 75) Module Hours Part A Part B Part C Total No.

(3 Marks) (5 Marks) (15 Marks) of

5/7 6/9 2/4 Questions

1 3 - - 1 1

2 28 3 3 1 7

3 5 - 1 - 1

4 5 1 1 - 2

5 6 - 1 - 1

6 5 1 1 - 2

7 8 - - 1 1

8 9 1 1 1 3

9 3 1 1 - 2


Page 56 of 145


M. Sc. BOTANY DEGREE (C.S.S.) EXAMINATION SEMESTER II CORE COURSE 05


BO2C05TM: GYMNOSPERMS AND EVOLUTION

Time: Three Hours Maximum: 75 Marks PATR A

I. Answer any five of the following (3 marks each) 1. Explain speciation.

2. What are the xerophytic characters of

the gymnosperm leaves? 3. What are coralloid roots? 4. What do you mean by Abiogenesis? 5. Differentiate demes and species. 6. Describe the female reproductive structures of Cupressus and Crptomeria. 7. Explain the formation of microspores in Pinus. (5 x 3 = 15)


8. Compare the wood of Cycadales and Coniferales. 9. Write a note on classification of Gymnosperms proposed by Sporne. 10. Give an account on the economic significance of Gymnosperms. 11. Explain the organic theory of evolution. 12. What are the salient features of Pentoxylales? 13. Explain genetic drift. How does it contribute to speciation? 14. Describe the reproductive features of Bennettites. 15. Write brief notes on the following:

(a) male cone of Taxus (b) theory of catastrophism. 16. Differentiate allopatric and sympatric speciation (6 x 5 = 30)

PART C III. Answer any two of the following (15 marks each)

17. Write an account on the distribution, general characters and outline classification of the order Cycadales.

18. Describe various theories to explain the mechanism of evolution.

19. Explain the evolution of reproductive structures in Coniferales.

20. What is Darwinism ? Explain the various theories of Darwin. (2 x 15 = 30)


Page 57 of 145


COURSE 06

BO2C06TM - CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY


TITLE OF THE COURSE CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY


COURSE IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS 4

NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY – 72

PRACTICAL – 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To educate the learners on the organization and function of the cell and its components

To provide an opportunity for the student to distinguish the molecular basis of

cellular processes and interrelationships in living systems

To enable the student with fundamental knowledge to facilitate the systematic process of problem solving in molecular and cell biology.

OBJECTIVES

To understand the basic organization of the cell, cell cycle and its components and the molecular basis of cellular function

To acquaint the students with DNA topology and chromatin structure and their

effect on the processes of DNA replication, repair, and transcription. To understand the process of cell communication and signaling.

To facilitate the learner in solving problems related to cell and molecular

biology.


This course covers the structure and function of cells and cell organelles, including

the chromosomes and the DNA. It emphasizes on the DNA and the mechanisms of

its replication and repair, and gene expression and regulation and enables the

student to analyze these mechanisms in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. It

also covers the aspects of cell division and its significance and the process of cell

communication and signaling. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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COURSE 06

BO2C06TM - CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY 26 hours MODULE 1 6 hours

Intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells: Major intracellular compartments in

eukaryotic cells. Detailed structure of mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisomes and

glyoxysomes with reference to their functional interrelationship. Genetic systems in

mitochondria and chloroplast, endosymbiont hypothesis on the evolution of

mitochondria and chloroplast. Structural organization of cell membranes: Chemical

composition; structure and function of membrane carbohydrates, membrane proteins and

membrane lipids; Membrane functions.

MODULE 2 6 hours Cell communication and cell signalling:

a) Cell communication: general principles. Signaling molecules and their receptors,

external and internal signals that modify metabolism, growth, and development

of plants.

b) Receptors: Cell surface receptors – ion-channel linked receptors, G-protein

coupled receptors, Tyrosine - kinase linked receptors (RTK), Steroid hormone

receptors.

MODULE 3 6 hours

Life cycle of the cell:

a) Cell growth and division. Phases of cell cycle, cell cycle control system;

extracellular and intracellular signals. Cell cycle checkpoints – DNA damage

checkpoint, centrosome duplication checkpoint, spindle assembly checkpoint.

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Regulation of plant cell cycle .

b) Cell division – Mitosis and Meiosis. Recombination and significance of meiosis in generating genetic variation

c) Programmed cell death – molecular mechanism and control.

MODULE 4 3 hours

Cytoskeleton: Functions of cytoskeleton; Structure, assembly, disassembly and

regulation of filaments involved – actin filaments (microfilaments), microtubules, and

intermediate filaments. Molecular motors – kinesins, dyneins, myosins.


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MODULE 5 5 hours

Genome and chromosome organization in eukaryotes:

(a) c-value paradox, DNA renaturation kinetics, Tm, Cot curve. unique and repetitive DNA – mini- and microsatellites .

(b) Structure of chromatin and chromosomes- histones and nonhistone proteins,

nucleosomal organization of chromatin, higher levels of chromatin structure, chromosomal packing. Heterochromatin and Euchromatin.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 46 hours

MODULE 6 6 hours

Genetic material and its molecular structure:

a) Identification of DNA as genetic material: Transformation experiment, Hershey Chase experiment. RNA as the genetic material in some viruses.

b) Important features of Watson and Crick model of DNA structure, Chargaff’s rules,

preferred tautomeric forms of bases.

c) Alternative conformations of DNA – type(s) of right handed and left handed

helices, DNA triplex and quadruplex, circular and linear DNA, single-stranded

DNA.

d) Structure and function of different types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, SnRNA,

and Micro RNA. RNA tertiary structures. Ribozymes – Hammerhead ribozyme.

MODULE 7 10 hours DNA replication, repair and recombination:

a) DNA replication: Unit of replication, enzymes and proteins involved in

replication (in both procaryotes and eucaryotes). Structure of the replication

origin (in both procaryotes and eucaryotes), priming (in both procaryotes and

eucaryotes), replication fork. Process of replication – initiation, elongation and termination.

b) DNA repair mechanisms: Direct repair, excision repair – base excision

repair and nucleotide excision repair (NER), eukaryotic excision repair–

GG-NER, TC-NER. Mismatch repair, Recombination repair, SOS response.

c) Transposition– types of transposons.

MODULE 8 20 hours

Gene expression: a) Gene: Concept of gene; structural and genetic definitions b) Genetic code: Important features of the genetic code, proof for the triplet code,


Page 60 of 145


Exceptions to the standard code.

c) Transcription in prokaryotes: Initiation – promoter structure, structure of RNA

polymerase, role of sigma factors. Elongation – elongation complex, process of

RNA synthesis. Termination. d) Transcription in eukaryotes: Types, structure and roles of RNA polymerases.

Promoters, enhancers and silencers. General transcription factors and formation of

pre-initiation complex. Elongation factors, structure and function of transcription

factors

e) Post-transcriptional events: Split genes, splicing mechanisms, exon shuffling,

Structure, formation and functions of 5’ cap and 3’ tail of mRNA, RNA editing,

mRNA export.

f) Translation: Stages in translation: Initiation – formation of initiation complex in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, initiation factors in prokaryotes and eukaryotes,

Kozak sequence. Elongation – process of polypeptide synthesis, active centers in ribosome - 3-site model, peptidyl transferase, elongation factors. Termination – process of termination, release factors.

g) Protein sorting and translocation

MODULE 9 10 hours

Control of gene expression:

a) Viral system: Genetic control of lytic and lysogenic growth in λ phage, lytic cascade.

b) Prokaryotic system: Transcription switches, transcription regulators. Regulation of

transcription initiation; Regulatory proteins - activators and repressors. Structure of Lac operator, CAP and repressor control of lac genes. Attenuation of trp operon.

c) Eukaryotic system: Changes in chromatin and DNA structure –

chromatin compaction, transcriptional activators and repressors involved in

chromatin remodelling, gene amplification, gene rearrangement, alternate

splicing, gene silencing by heterochromatization and DNA methylation.

Effect of regulatory transcription factors on transcription. Post-transcriptional

control – mRNA stability, RNA interference, micro RNA. Role of small RNA in

heterochromatization and gene silencing.

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Study of meiosis in Rhoeo/Chlorophytum by smear preparation of PMCs. 2. Study of giant chromosomes in Drosophila/Chironomus. 3. Work out problems based on DNA structure, replication and gene expression.


Page 61 of 145



1. Students are able to relate the structure of cellular components to their specific functional role in living systems.

2. Enables the understanding of basic chemical and molecular structures of selected

major molecular components of cells like nucleic acids and proteins 3. Distinguishes the way these molecules interact and function in cellular system.

4. Students learn the various levels of gene regulation and protein function including

signal transduction and cell cycle control.

5. The students gain knowledge to compare and contrast the mechanisms of bacterial and eukaryotic DNA replication, DNA repair, gene expression and regulation.

REFERENCES

1. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Hopkin, K., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M. & Walter, P. (2013). Essential cell biology. Garland Science.

2. Andersen, W. R. (1999). Genetics: the continuity of life. Brooks/Cole Publishing

Company.

3. Becker, W. M., Kleinsmith, L. J., Hardin, J., & Raasch, J. (2003). The world of the cell (Vol. 6). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.

4. Berk, A., & Zipursky, S. L. (2000). Molecular cell biology (Vol. 4). New York:

WH Freeman. 5. Brown, T. A. (2006). Genomes. Garland science.

6. Buchanan, B. B., & Jones, R. L. (2000). Biochemistry & molecular biology of

plants (Vol. 40). Rockville: American Society of Plant Physiologists. 7. Cooper, G. M. (2000). The cell a molecular approach. ASM Press.

8. Karp, G., & Pruitt, N. L. (2002). Cell and molecular biology: concepts and

experiments (pp. 590-608). J. Wiley.

9. Krebs, J. E., Goldstein, E. S., & Kilpatrick, S. T. (2014). Lewin's Genes XI. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

10. Lodish, H. (2008). Molecular cell biology. Macmillan.

11. Murray, R., Granner, D. K., Mayes, P. A., & Rodwell, V. W. (2003). Harper’s

illustrated biochemistry (LANGE basic science) (pp. 44-45). McGraw-Hill

Medical.

12. Nelson, D. L., Lehninger, A. L., & Cox, M. M. (2008). Lehninger principles of biochemistry. Macmillan.

13. Papachristodoulou, D., Snape, A., Elliott, W. H., & Elliott, D. C. (2014). Biochemistry and molecular biology. Oxford University Press.

14. Pierce, B. A. (2010). Genetics: A conceptual approach. Macmillan. 15. Robertis, D. (1987). Cell and molecular biology. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.


Page 62 of 145


16. Snustad, D. P., & Simmons, M. J. (2010). Principles of genetics. New Jersey: Wiley.

17. Tropp, B. E. (2012). Principles of Molecular Biology: Genes to Proteins. Jones &

Bartlett Publishers.

18. Twyman, R. M. (1998). Advanced molecular biology: a concise reference. Westview Press.

19. Voet, D., & Voet, J. G. (2004). Biochemistry. Hoboken. John Wiley & Sons.

20. Voet, D., Voet, J. G., & Pratt, C. W. (2006). Fundamentals of biochemistry: life at the molecular level. John Wiley & Sons.

BO2C06TM : BLUEPRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks - 75) Part A Part B Part C Total No.

Module Hours (3 Mark) (5 Marks) (15 Marks) of

(5/7) (6/9) (2/4) Questions

1 6 1 1 - 2

2 6 1 1 - 2

3 6 1 - 1 2

4 3 - 1 - 1

5 5 - 1 - 1

6 6 1 1 - 2

7 10 1 1 1 3

8 20 1 2 1 4

9 10 1 1 1 3


Page 63 of 145


M. Sc. BOTANY DEGREE (C.S.S.) EXAMINATION SEMESTER II CORE COURSE 06

(Model Question Paper) BO2C06TM - CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY


I. Answer any five of the following (3 marks each)

1. Describe the endosymbiont hypothesis on the origin of chloroplast and mitochondria.

2. Explain the role of the following enzymes/proteins; (a) Rho protein (b) Sigma factor (c) Gyrase (d) Cro protein

3. Write a brief account on ribozymes. 4. What is the genetic significance of crossing over? 5. Describe the function of the 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity of DNA polymerases. 6. Explain Chargaff’s rule. 7. How is the spontaneous depurination of DNA repaired? (5 x 3 = 15)


8. Describe the cell surface receptors involved in cell communication. 9. What is the phenomenon of RNAi? How is RNAi involved in gene regulation? 10. Give an account on the various configurations of DNA. 11. Write a note on satellite DNA. 12. Describe the characteristic features of the genetic code. 13. Write briefly on the following;

(a) Shine-Dalgarno sequence (b) Kozak sequence (c) Amber codons (d) DNA quadruplex

14. Describe the structure and functions of glyoxysomes and peroxisomes. 15. What are molecular motors? Briefly explain their structure and function. 16. Explain the mechanism of regulation of the lac operon in prokaryotes.

(6x 5 = 30) PART C

III. Answer any two of the following (15 marks each)

17. What are cell-cycle checkpoints? Describe the principal checkpoints in the cell cycle.

18. Explain in detail the mechanisms involved in DNA repair in eukaryotes.

19. Describe the mechanism of regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes with examples

20. Describe the genetic control of the entry of a λ phage into lytic or lysogenic

growth. (2 x 15 = 30)


Page 64 of 145


COURSE 07

BO2C07TM - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, INSTRUMENTATION

IN BIOSCIENCES AND HORTICULTURE TECHNIQUES


TITLE OF THE COURSE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, INSTRUMENTATION IN BIOSCIENCES AND HORTICULTURE

TECHNIQUES


IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS 4


PRACTICAL- 63

AIM OF THE COURSE

To provide the students with knowledge, understanding and practical experience in research and development.

To understand and apply the various tools and techniques of research.

OBJECTIVES

To provide an in-depth understanding of the importance of research and its various stages.

To acquaint the students with the methodology of research and publication of

research work To understand the various statistical methods applied in research.

To familiarize with the relevant tools and techniques and their application in

research.


The program provides deep knowledge regarding the planning, designing and

execution of research. The course is designed to enhance the student’s ability to

identify, analyse and select the various research sources and adopt a proper

methodology for the research programme. The student also gets deep insight about

the statistical tools and instrumentation for the conduct and elucidation of

experiments.



COURSE 07

BO2C07TM - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, INSTRUMENTATION

IN BIOSCIENCES AND HORTICULTURE TECHNIQUES RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 18 hours

MODULE 1 8 hours

Concepts of research: Introduction, definition and need for research. Types of research

Research methods – identifying and defining research problem, formulation of objectives and research hypothesis, experimentation, analysis and interpretation of results. Scientific literature: Library - structure of a scientific library, Catalogue: Types of

catalogues - Card catalogue, computerized catalogue, Classification of books (Universal

Decimal System). Journals: Abstracting journals, research journals, e-journals. Impact factor of journals,

NCBI-Pub Med.- research journals, review journals, e-journals. INFLIBNET, INSDOC.

Other sources of references - Internet, open access initiative, INFLIBNET, INSDOC.

MODULE 2 7 hours Scientific documentation and communication: Reporting of research findings –

structure of scientific paper, scientific style of writing research reports, outline of

dissertation and thesis- (i) Preliminaries - title page, certificates, acknowledgements, and

contents page; (ii) The text - introduction, review of literature, materials and methods,

results, discussion, summary (iii) Bibliography - methods of citing references. Proof reading - standard abbreviations for proof correction. (e) Presentation of research findings in seminars and workshops.

MODULE 3 3 hours

Preparation of project proposals: (a) Title, Introduction, literature review and abstract (b) Aim and scope (c) Present status (d) Location of experiments (e) Materials and

methods (f) Justification (g) Expected outcome (h) Date of commencement (g) Estimated

date of completion (h) Estimated cost (i) References (j) Funding agencies.


Page 66 of 145


BIOSTATISTICS 18 hours

MODULE 4 6 hours Biostatistics: Classification and collection of data, Presentation of data- tabulation of data, diagrammatic and graphic presentation of data. Sampling techniques: Census and sample method, theoretical basis and methods of sampling data - Frequency distribution- Definition and characteristic features.

Measures of central value: Mean (b) Mean (c) Mode. Measures of dispersion: Range, Quartile deviation, Mean deviation and Standard deviation. Variance, co-efficient of variation, standard error. Skewness and kurtosis.

Correlation analysis, regression analysis

MODULE 5 9 hours Probability - Definition, mutually exclusive events – sum rule, independent events – product rule. Probability of unordered combinations of events. Theoretical distributions: Binomial distribution, Poisson distribution and normal distribution Statistical inference: Tests of hypotheses – Student’s t-test (tests of significance), Chi square test (goodness of fit), F-test (variance ratio test) and Analysis of variance.

MODULE 6 3 hours Experimental designs: Principles – replication, randomization and local control.

Common designs in biological experiments: Randomized block design, Latin square

design and Factorial experiment.

BIOPHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATION 18 hours

MODULE 7 18 hours Principles and applications of biophysical instruments: Microscopy – basic principles. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 67 of 145


Parts of microscope, Types of microscopes - S imple and Compound; Stereo microscope,

Phase contrast microscope, Fluorescence microscope and E lectron microscope.

Microphotography, Micrometry, Haemocytometer. Basic principles and applications of pH

meter, Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer. Separation techniques: (a) Solvent extraction

methods – cold extraction, hot extraction using Soxhlet apparatus. (b) Centrifugation

techniques - principle, applications and types of centrifugation. (c) Chromatography -

Principles and application; Types- paper chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography,

HPTLC, Column chromatography, GC, HPLC. (d) Electrophoresis – Principle and

application, Types – Agarose gel electrophoresis, SDS PAGE. Immunoassay systems -

ELISA and RIA. X-ray crystallography- Principles and applications HORTICULTURE TECHNIQUES 18 hours

MODULE 8 10 hours Introduction to horticulture and propagation techniques: Definition, history,

disciplines of horticulture. Irrigation methods - surface, sub surface drip and spray

irrigations, Soil - soil pH, soil fertility, soil texture, mineral matter, organic matter, soil

liming and soil amendments. Plant growing structures – Green house. Seed propagation -

Seed viability, seed dormancy, seed testing and certification, seed bed preparation,

advantages and disadvantages of seed propagation. Vegetative propagation - organs used

in propagation- natural and artificial vegetative propagation methods - cutting, layering,

grafting and budding; advantages and disadvantages of vegetative propagation.

MODULE 9 8 hours Gardening and plant protection measures: Ornamental gardens, indoor gardens, kitchen

gardens- terrestrial and aquatic gardens- garden adornments; garden designing; garden

components- lawns, shrubs and trees, borders, hedges, edges, walks, drives. Garden

adornments. Landscape gardening. Agrochemicals : Fertilizers, composition of fertilizers,

organic manures, composting, biofertilizers, biopesticides, biological control. Integrated

pest management.

PRACTICAL 63 hours

1. Prepare an outline of dissertation and research paper. 2. Prepare a project proposal. 3. Analysis of data to find the mean, median and mode. 4. Analysis of a given data for mean deviation and standard deviation.


Page 68 of 145


5. Analysis of a set of data for correlation/regression. 6. Determine probability for different types of events.

7. Test the significance of a given data using t test, X2

test and ANOVA.

8. Micrometry: Calibrate the ocular micrometer stage micrometer on a light

microscope and measure the size of an object (e.g., diameter of spore/pollen

grains, width of algal filaments). 9. Calibrate the pH meter and test the pH of different sample solutions.

10. Estimate the concentration of the given sample using colorimeter

or spectrophotometer. 11. Separate the pigments of plant extract by TLC.

12. Practice different types of grafting/budding/layering (Approach and Tongue

grafting, T and Patch budding, Air layering). 13. Identification of common pesticides and insecticides. 14. List out the garden components in the photograph of the garden given.


1. Students gain knowledge about methodologies adopted in research. 2. Understands the method for submitting research projects.

3. Understands the principles and applications of microscopy and instrumentation in

biological research. 4. Understands the importance of horticulture in human welfare 5. Implements the knowledge of horticulture in their career prospects

REFERENCES

1. Anderson, J. Durston B. H., Poole (1970). Thesis and assignment writing. Wiley eastern.

2. Ackerman, E. A., Ellis, L. E. E., Williams, L. E. (1979). Biophysical

Science. Prentice-Hall Inc.

3. Adams, C.R., and Early, M.P. (2004). Principles of Horticulture. Elsevier, N. Delhi.

4. Barton West, R. (1999). Practical Gardening in India. Discovery Pub. House, New

Delhi.

5. Bedekar, V. H. (1982). How to write assignment and research papers, dissertations and thesis. Kanak Publications, Delhi.

6. Chande,l R. S. (1975). A handbook of Agricultural statistics. Achal prakashan

Mandir.

7. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.


Page 69 of 145


8. Day R.A. (1979). How to write and publish a scientific paper. Cambridge University press.

9. Joseph Gibaldi (2000). MLA Handbook for writers of research

papers. Affiliated East West Press Pvt. Ltd.

10. Edmond, J.B., Senn, T.L., Andrews F.S., and Halfacre, P.G. (1975). Fundamentals

of Horticulture. 4th

Edn.TMH N.Delhi . 11. Garry,D. Christian and James E. O’reilvy (1986). Instrumentation

analysis. Alien and Bacon, Inc.

12. Gomez, K. A., Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley and sons.

13. Gupta S. P. (2014). Statistical methods. Sultan Chand and sons educational

publishers, New Delhi.

14. Kothari C.R. (2010). Research methodology- Methods and techniques, New Age International publishers, New Delhi.

15. Jules Janick (1979). Horticultural Science. Surjeet publications, Delhi.

16. Krishnakumar, K. (1981). An introduction to cataloguing practice. Vikas Publishing house.

17. Kumar, N. (2004). Introduction to Horticulture. Rajalakshmi Pub. Nagarcoil. 18. Manibhushan Rao, K. (2005). Text Book of Horticulture. Macmillan India Ltd. 19. Parshar R. G. (1989). Index and indexing systems. Me dallion press New Delhi.

20. Victoria E. McMillan (1997). Writing papers in the biological sciences (II Edn).

Bedford books.

BO2C07TM: BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks – 75)

Module Hours Part A Part B Part C Total No



1 8 1 1 2

2 7 1 1 1 3

3 3 1 1

4 6 1 1 - 2

5 9 1 1 - 2

6 3 1 1 - 2

7 18 1 2 1 4

8 10 - 1 1 2

9 8 1 1 - 2


Page 70 of 145


M.Sc. BOTANY DEGREE (C.S.S.) EXAMINATION SEMESTER II CORE COURSE 07


BO2C07TM - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, INSTRUMENTATION IN

BIOSCIENCES AND HORTICULTURE TECHNIQUES


I. Answer any five of the following

1. Explain the characteristic features of frequency distribution. 2. Discuss the probability rules. 3. Write notes on the principles of field experimentation. 4. Describe a library catalogue? 5. What is resolving power? 6. Describe the structure of a scientific paper. 7. Explain micrometry. (5 x 3 =15)

PART B II. Answer any six of the following.

8. Explain the principle of phase contrast microscope. 9. Write notes on theoretical distributions. 10. Give an account on common designs in Biological experimentations. 11. Explain the application of spectrophotometer. 12. What are the different stages of research? 13. Explain the various measures of central value of a frequency distribution. 14. Describe the structure of a dissertation. 15. Explain analysis of variance. 16. Write notes electron microscopy. (6 x 5 = 30)

PART C III. Answer any two of the following.

17. Write an account on the principles and applications of chromatography. 18. Write an essay on scientific documentation and communication. 19. Explain the principles of electrophoresis. Add an account on SDS PAGE. 20. Prepare a proposal for funding from UGC for a research work in Biological science.

(2 x 15 = 30)



COURSE 08

BO2C08TM - GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING


TITLE OF THE COURSE GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING


IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS

3


PRACTICAL- 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to the basic concepts in genetics and to give them a

proper understanding of the important components of manipulating genetic

information, examine different uses of genetic engineering, to analyse a variety of

stakeholder opinions, and evaluate the current trends in gene transfer technology.

To make the learners competent researchers who would critically explore and evaluate several issues related to current issues surrounding genetic engineering.

OBJECTIVES

The course will enable the learner to understand the various aspects of genetics and critically evaluate the research prospects in allied areas.

Develop competency not only to understand the concepts in heredity and variation

but also to apply the ways that genetic engineering is used in industry, agriculture, and medicine.


This courseexamines the core concepts of transmission, molecular and

population genetics. It goes on to explore inheritance of traits in humans,

genetics of cancer and recombinant DNA. The context is to introduce the learner from classical concepts to the modern trends in molecular genetics.


Page 72 of 145


COURSE 8


GENETICS 27 hours

MODULE 1 6 hours

Introduction to genetics: Transmission genetics, Molecular genetics and Population

genetics (brief introduction). Mendelism – basic principles (brief study). Extensions

of Mendelism - Allelism, modifiers, supressors, Pleiotropism, penetrance and

expressivity of genes. Non-mendelian inheritance – cytoplasmic inheritance. Sex

determination in animals and plants. Polygenic inheritance, QTL, effect of

environmental factors and artificial selection on polygenic inheritance.

MODULE 2 8 hours Linkage and genetic mapping : Linkage and Crossing over - Stern’s hypothesis,

Creighton and McClintock’s experiments, single cross over, multiple cross over, two-point

cross, three-point cross, map distances, gene order, interference and co - efficient of

coincidence. Haploid mapping (Neurospora), Mapping in bacteria and bacteriophages.

Inheritance of traits in humans, pedigree analysis, determination of human genetic diseases

by pedigree analysis, genetic mapping in human pedigrees.

MODULE 3 3 hours Genetics of cancer: Genetic basis of cancer. Proto - oncogenes, oncogenes, conversion of

proto - oncogenes to oncogenes. Tumor suppressor genes – functions, role of p53. Viral

oncogenes, cell death and apotosis.

MODULE 4 6 hours Population genetics: (a) Gene pool, allele and genotype frequency. Hardy - Weinberg law

and its applications, estimation of allele and genotype frequency of dominant genes, co -

dominant genes, sex - linked genes and multiple alleles. Genetic equilibrium, genetic

polymorphism. (b) Factors that alter allelic frequencies (i) mutation (ii) genetic drift -

bottle neck effect and founder effect (iii) migration (iv) selection (v) nonrandom mating,

inbreeding coefficient.


Page 73 of 145


MODULE 5 4 hours Recombinant DNA: Gene isolation, restriction enzymes for cloning technology and

recombinant DNA technology, Endonucleases, plasmids, phage and cosmid vectors-

ligation of desired DNA into vector, cloning of recombinant DNA into bacteria, screening

for recombinant DNA by Colony hybridization, gene transfer methods. PLANT BREEDING 27 hours

MODULE 1 8 hours Introduction and systems of reproduction in plants: Objectives of plant breeding,

important achievements and future prospects. Genetic variability and its role in plant

breeding. Domestication and centers of origin of cultivated plants. Reproductive systems

and pollination control mechanisms; Sexual reproduction - Cross and self pollination;

asexual reproduction, Incompatibility and Male sterility, their types.

MODULE 2 4 hours Hybridization: Hybridization - role and methods, Inter - varietal, inter specific and inter generic crosses. Back - cross breeding. Heterosis, Inbreeding depression.

MODULE 3 6 hours Breeding for disease resistance: Breeding for biotic (disease) and abiotic (drought)

stresses, loss due to diseases, disease development, disease escape, disease resistance,

vertical and horizontal resistances of biotic stress, methods of breeding for disease

resistance. Genetics of disease resistance, Testing for disease resistance, Disease

epidemics, causes of disease epidemics, prevention of epidemics.

MODULE 4 9 hours

Mutation breeding and modern breeding methods: Mutagens and crop improvement. Spontaneous and induced mutations, effects of mutation. Physical and chemical mutagens, principles and working of Gamma gardens,

methods of mutation breeding, mutations in oligogenic traits, mutations in polygenic traits, limitations of mutation breeding, achievements of mutation breeding. Role of mutations in Plant Breeding.

Modern trends in plant breeding - molecular approaches to plant breeding, Gene

technology in transgenic plants



PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Work out problems related to linkage, crossing over and gene mapping, human

pedigree analysis.

2. Work out problems in population genetics - gene and genotype frequency,

Hardy Wienberg,s equilibrium.

3. Hybridization techniques in self and cross pollinated plants 4. Pollen germination studies. 5. Pollen sterility. 6. Emasculation and bagging


1. The learner will understand the structure of various aspects of transmission genetics.

2. The learner compares proto oncogenes and oncogenes and comprehends the

process of oncogenesis. 3. The learner will apply the principles of genetics to solve problems.

4. The learner will familiarise with the recombinant DNA technology and appreciate

the cloning technology related to it.

5. The learner will apply the modern breeding methods in improving agricultural crop varieties

REFERENCES

1. Allard, R. W. (1995). Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 2. Benjamin Lewin ( 2000) . Genes VII. Oxford university press, London. 3. Bernardo, R. (2002). Breeding for quantitative traits in plants. Woodbury: Stemma

Press, Minnesota, USA. 4. Blum, A. (1988). Plant breeding for stress environments. CRC Press, USA. 5. Charlesworth, B. & Charlesworth, D. (2010). Elements of evolutionary genetics.

Greenwood Village: Roberts and Company Publishers.USA. 6. Cubero, J. I. (2003). Introduction to plant genetic improvement (No. Ed. 2). Ediciones

Mundi-Prensa, Madrid, Spain. 7. D. Peter Snustad & Michael, J. Simmons (2010). Principles of genetics (V Edn). John

Wiley and Sons, New York. 8. Daniel, L. Hartl. & Elizabeth ,W. Jones.(2009) . Genetics: Analysis of genes and

genomes (VII Edn). Jones and Bartlett publishers, Burlington, USA. 9. Fageria, N. K., Baligar, V. C., & Clark, R. B. (2006). Physiology of crop production.

Haworth Press Inc. Philadelphia, USA. 10. Ghahal, G. S., & Gosal, S. S. (2002). Principles and procedures of Plant Breeding.

Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.


Page 75 of 145


11. Giddings, L. V., Kaneshiro, K. Y., & Anderson, W. W. (Eds.). (1989). Genetics, speciation, and the founder principle. Oxford University Press, New York.

12. Hayward, M. D., Bosemark, N. O., & Romagosa, I. (1993). Plant breeding: principles

and prospects. Chapman and Hall Ltd, UK. 13. Hill, J., Becker, H. C., Tigerstedt, P. M., & Pooni, H. S. (1998). Quantitative and

ecological aspects of plant breeding , Chapman & Hall, London. 14. Robert, J. Brooker. ( 2009) . Genetics: Analysis and principles (III Edn). McGraw Hill,

New York. 15. Sharma, J. R. ( 1994). Principles and practices of Plant Breeding. Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishers Company Ltd, New York. 16. Singh, B. D. (1996). Plant Breeding: Principles and methods. Kalyani Publications,

Ludhiana. 17. Snustad, D. P.,& Simmons, M. J.( 2000) . Principles of Genetics (III Edn). John Wiley

and Sons, New York. 18. Strickberger ( 2005) . Genetics (III Edn). Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. 19. William , S .Klug., &Michael, R. Cummings ( 1994) . Concepts of Genetics. Prentice

Hall India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. 20. Watson, J. D. (1980). The double helix, Easton Press, Norwalk, New York.

BO2C08TM: BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks: 75 Part A Part B Part C Total No. of

Module Hours (3 Mark) (5 Marks) (15 Marks) Questions

(5/7) (6/9) (2/4)

1 6 1 1 - 2

2 8 1 1 1 3

3 3 1 1 - 2

4 6 1 1 1 3

5 4 1 1 - 2

6 8 - 1 - 1

7 4 1 1 - 2

8 6 - 1 1 2

9 9 1 1 1 3


Page 76 of 145


M.Sc. BOTANY DEGREE (C.S.S.) EXAMINATION

SEMESTER II CORE COURSE 08 (Model Question Paper)


Time: Three Hours Maximum: 75 Marks

PART A

I. Answer any five of the following (3 marks each)

8. Explain the relationships between the following pairs of genetic terms:

Genotype and phenotype (b) Gene and trait (c) Allele and gene (c) Gene and chromosome

9. What is a double crossover? How many different kinds of double crossovers are

possible? 10. Explain the following;

p53 (b) QTL (c) Gene pool (d) Centimorgan 11. Write notes on the following

Purelines (b) Heterosis (c) IARI (d) Acclimatization 12. Define genetic polymorphism. 13. Write a note on Gamma Gardens 14. Name three restriction enzymes and their sources.

(5x3=15) II. Answer any six of the following (5 marks each)

8. Elaborate the concept of the centers of origin of plants 9. Explain the following giving suitable examples;

(a) Dominance (b) Incomplete dominance (c) Codominance (d) Overdominance

10. Write a brief account on the modern trends in plant breeding 11. Describe the vectors used in gene transfer technology. 12 Describe the role of hybridization in plant improvement 13. How are proto oncogenes converted to oncogenes? 14. Describe how the human genetic diseases are determined using pedigree analysis. 15. Describe the mapping in bacteria 16. What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? What are the applications of Hardy-

Weinberg principles? (6x5=30)


Page 77 of 145


III. Answer any two of the following (15 marks each)

17. Write an account on the cytological basis of crossing over 18. Describe the role of mutation induction in crop improvement. Enlist the

advantages and disadvantages in mutation breeding 19. Discuss methods for breeding disease resistant varieties.

20. What is allele and genotype frequency? What is the relationship between them in a

large, random mating, natural population? Name the processes that can change the

allele frequencies in natural populations. Describe why these forces change the

frequencies? (2x15=30)


Page 78 of 145


M. Sc. BOTANY DEGREE (C.S.S.) EXAMINATON SEMESTER II PRACTICAL COURSE 2


BO2C02PM - GYMNOSPERMS, EVOLUTION, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY,

CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, GENETICS & PLANT BREEDING

Time: Four Hours Maximum: 75 Marks

1. Make suitable micropreparations (T.S.) of A & B.


2. Prepare a smear of the anther C and identify any two stages of meiosis-I


3. Work out the problems D & E (2 x 7 = 14)

4. Work out the problem F (1 x 7 = 7)

5. Determine the size of the given filament / pollen / spore G using micrometer (Calibration – 2; Measurement; Calculation & Result - 3)

OR Find out the concentration of the given sample solution G using colorimeter. Prepare a standard graph from the given values

(Principle- 1; Procedure – 1; Working -1; Result- 2)

OR

Find out the number of spores / ml in the given spore suspension G

( Procedure-1; Working-1; Calculation and Result- 3) (1 x 5 = 5)

6. Emasculation H

(Procedure – 1; Conduct of emasculation- 3; Diagram- 1) (1 x 5 = 5)

7. Write critical notes on I,J

(Identification-1; Critical notes – 2) (2 x 3 = 6)

8. Spot at sight K, L, M

(Genus- 1; Part displayed- 1) (3 x 2 = 6)

9. Practical Record (1 x 10=10) Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 79 of 145



1. A & B- Vegetative parts of gymnosperm materials given in the syllabus should be provided

2. C- Any suitable flower bud should be provided 3. D- Problems from molecular biology 4. E- Problems from genetics 5. F- Problems from statistics 6. G- Sample to be provided 7. H- Suitable inflorescence should be provided

8. I, J- Gymnosperm materials given in the syllabus with clear reproductive structures

should be provided 9. K, L, M- Gymnosperm materials given in the syllabus have to be provided


Page 80 of 145


SEMESTER III


Page 81 of 145


COURSE 09

BO3C09TM- PLANT ANATOMY MICROTECHNIQUE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY


TITLE OF THE COURSE PLANT ANATOMY MICROTECHNIQUE AND

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY


IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS 4


PRACTICAL- 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To develop awareness in the students about different procedures in microtechnique.

To make them competent in the various aspects of plant Anatomy, Developmental

biology so that they will develop a research aptitude, which in turn will enable

them to stride towards wider application of the learned subjects for the betterment

of human life

OBJECTIVES

To enable the learner to understand plant structure and begin to formulate

hypotheses about its function, and development sections using instruments like

microtome. To make them proficient in the use of instruments such as microtome


This course is focused on revealing the structure and development of plants. It explores the

internal tissue organization of higher plants. Laboratory experiences will help them to

learn more about anatomy, and will enable them to take sections employing microtome.

They will develop an awareness regarding the embryonic developmental stages of higher

plants.


Page 82 of 145


COURSE 09

BO3C09TM - PLANT ANATOMY MICROTECHNIQUE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

PLANT ANATOMY 36 hours

MODULE 1 18 hours Introduction to plant anatomy and secondary structure: Scope and significance of

plant anatomy, interdisciplinary relations. Apical organization: Stages of development of

primary meristem and theories of apical organization, origin of branches and lateral roots.

Primary thickening meristem (PTM) in monocots. Reproductive apex in angiosperms. (a)

Vascular cambium and cork cambium: Structure and function, factors affecting cambial

activity. (b) Secondary xylem and phloem: Ontogeny, structure and function. Lignification

patterns of xylem. (c) Reaction wood: Compression wood and tension wood. Factors

affecting reaction wood formation. (d) Anomalous secondary growth in dicots and

monocots. (e) Wood: Physical, chemical and mechanical properties. (f) Plant fibers: Distribution, structure and commercial importance of coir, jute and cotton.

MODULE 2 7 hours Leaf and node: (a) Leaf: Initiation, plastochronic changes, ontogeny and structure of leaf.

Structure, development and classification of stomata and trichomes. Krantz anatomy,

anatomical peculiarities in CAM plants. Leaf abscission. (b) Nodal anatomy: unilacunar,

trilacunar and multilacunar nodes, nodal evolution. (c) Root-stem transition in

angiosperms.

MODULE 3 8 hours Reproductive anatomy: (a) Floral Anatomy: Anatomy of floral parts - sepal, petal,

stamen and carpel; Floral vasculature (Aquilegia and Pyrola). Vascular anatomy.

Development of epigynous ovary - appendicular and receptacular theory. (b) Fruit and

seed anatomy: Anatomy of fleshy and dry fruits - follicle, legume, berry. Dehiscence of

fruits. Structure of seeds. Anatomical factors responsible for seed dormancy and drought

resistance.

MODULE 4 3 hours Applied anatomy: Applications of anatomy in systematics (histotaxonomy) and Pharmacognosy. Research prospects in anatomy.


Page 83 of 145


MICROTECHNIQUE 18 hours

MODULE 5 10 hours Specimen Preparation for Permanent Slides: Principles and techniques of ( a ) K illing

and fixing; properties of reagents, fixation images; properties and composition of

important fixatives - Carnoy’s Fluid, FAA, FPA, Chrome acetic acid fluids, Zirkle-Erliki

fluid. (b) Dehydration: Principles of dehydration, properties and uses of important dehydrating

and clearing agents - alcohols, acetone, xylol, glycerol, chloroform, dioxan. Dehydration

Methods: (i) Tertiary-butyl alcohol method (ii) Alcohol-xylol method. (b) Embedding:

Paraffin embedding.(c) Sectioning: Free hand sections – Prospects and problems;

Sectioning in rotary microtome - sledge microtome and cryotome. (c) Staining: (a) Principles of staining; classification of stains, protocol for

preparation of; (i) Natural stains -Haematoxylin and Carmine (ii) Coal tar dyes – Fast green, Orange G, Safranine, Crystal violet, Cotton Blue and Oil Red O.

(b)Techniques of staining: (i) Single staining; Staining with Safranine or crystal violet (ii)

Double staining ; Safranine-Fast green method, Safranine-Crystal violet method (iii)

Triple staining; Safranine-Crystal violet-Orange G method. (c) Histochemical localization

of starch, protein, lipid and lignin.

MODULE 6 3 hours Specimen Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy: Material collection,

fixing, dehydration, embedding, sectioning (glass knife preparation, grid preparation, ultra

microtome) and staining.

MODULE 7 5 hours Whole Mounts: (a) Principles and techniques of whole mounting, TBA/Hygrobutol

method, Glycerine-xylol method. Staining of whole mount materials (haematoxylin, fast

green or Safranine-fast green combination). Significance of whole mounts. (b) Techniques

of smear, squash and maceration. (c) Mounting: Techniques, common mounting media

used - DPX, Canada balsam, Glycerine jelly and Lactophenol. Cleaning, labeling and

storage of slides.

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 18 hours

MODULE 8 7 hours

Basic concepts, Morphogenesis and Organogenesis : An overview of plant and animal development, Potency, Commitment, Specification, Induction, Competence,


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Determination and Differentiation; Morphogenetic gradients, Cell-fate and Cell lineages,

Stem cells , Genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants, Imprinting. Mutants

and transgenics in analysis of development. Morphogenesis and organogenesis in plants: Shoot and root development . Leaf

development and Phyllotaxy . Transition to flowering , floral meristems and floral

development . Homeotic genes in plants . Senescence, programmed cell death and

hypersensitive response in plants

MODULE 9 11 hours

Development in Flowering plants: (a) Angiosperm life cycle. (b) Anther: Structure

and development, microsporogenesis , male gametophyte development . Palynology:

Pollen morphology, exine sculpturing, pollen kit, NPC formula. Applications of

palynology - alynology in relation to taxonomy . Viability of pollen grains . Pollination,

pollen germination, growth and nutrition of pollen tube. (c) Ovule: Structure, ontogeny

and types. Megasporogenesis. Embryosac – development, types, ultrastructure, and

nutrition of embryosac . Female gametophyte development. (d) Fertilization: Double fertilization; embryo development - different types .

Endosperm development, types of endosperm, haustorial behavior of endosperm .

Xenia and metaxenia. Polyembryony – types and causes. (e) Seed formation, dormancy and germination . Apomixis, Parthenogenesis,

PRACTICAL 36 hours

1. Study of cambia - non storied and storied.

2. Study the anomalous primary and secondary features in, Amaranthus, Boerhaavia, Mirabilis, Nyctanthes, Piper and Strychnos.

3. Study of stomata, trichomes, and laticifers. Determination

of stomatal index.

4. Study the anatomical peculiarities of C4 and CAM plants (Leaf/Stem).

5. Study of nodal patterns. 6. Prepare a histotaxonomic key. 7. Study the pericarp anatomy of a legume, follicle and berry. 8. Identification of wood - soft wood and hard wood. 9. Students are expected to be thorough with the following techniques.

(a) Preparation of semi permanent slides. (b) Preparation of permanent slides. (c) Preparation of whole mounts. (d) Maceration.


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(e) Preparation of fixatives (FAA, Carnoys’fluid). (f) Preparation of dehydration series (Alcohol, Acetone, TBA). (g) Preparation of paraffin blocks. (h) Preparation of serial sections.

10. Candidates should prepare and submit 10 permanent slides in which the following

categories should be included - (a) Free hand sections (single/double stained). (b) Serial sections (single/double stained). (c) Wood sections and whole mounts.

11. Study of pollen morphology. 12. Embryo excision from young seeds. 13. Pollen germination study.

14. Identification of different types of embryos, polyembryony, endosperm types, types

of pollen grains, anther growth stages and types using permanent slides.


1. Interpret the basic pattern of plant growth from different kinds of meristems and understand the relationships between primary growth and secondary growth.

2. Appreciate the complexity of the seed plant life cycle and understand the structure

of the parts that are involved in the various stages of reproduction.

3. Make connections between plant anatomy and the other major disciplines of

biology, including taxonomy, cell biology, physiology, genetics, biochemistry, and

ecology.

4. Develop awareness about killing, fixing, staining, dehydration, clearing,

embedding and sectioning; whole mounts, and specimen preparation for electron

microscopy.

5. Understand the basic concepts of developmental biology, morphogenesis and organogenesis..

REFERENCES

1. Bhojwani,S.S., Bhatnagar,S.P. (1999). The Embryology of Angiosperms (IV Edn). Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd.

2. Elizabeth ,G Cutter (1978). Applied Plant Anatomy. Clive and Arnold Ltd. 3. Esau K (1977). Anatomy of seed plants. Wiley and sons. 4. Esau, K. (1965). Vascular differentiation in plants. Rirehant and Winston Inc. 5. Fahn ,A. (1997). Plant anatomy. Aditya Publishers. 6. Geoffrey, A. Meek .(1976). Practical electron microscopy. John Willey and sons. 7. Gray. (1964). Handbook of Basic Microtechnique. McGraw Hill Company. 8. Johanson ,D. A .(1940). Plant microtechnique. McGraw Hill Company. 9. John, E. Sass. (1967). Botanical Microtechnique. Oxford IBH Publ. Company.


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10. Krishnamurthy, K. V. (1987). Methods in Plant Histochemistry. S. Viswanathan printers, Anand book depot, Madras.

11. Maheswari, P (1950). An introduction to the embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw

Hill.

12. Metcalfe, C. R. (1960). Anatomy of the monocotyledons. I. Gramineae. Clarendon. Oxford

13. Metcalfe, C. R., & Chalk, L. (1950). Anatomy of the dicotyledons, Vol. 2.

14. Prasad, M. K, Krishna Prasad .M. (1983). Outlines of Microtechnique. Emkay Publications.

15. Scott, F. Gilbert. (2000). Developmental Bilogy. (IX Edn). Sinauer Associates.

(available online).

16. Toji Thomas. (2005). Essentials of botanical microtechnique (II Edn). Apex infotech publishing company.





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COURSE 10 BO3C10TM - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY


TITLE OF THE COURSE PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY


NO. OF CREDITS 4

NO. OF CONTACT HOURS THEORY - 72

PRACTICAL - 36

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to the basic concepts and mechanisms in various

physiological and biochemical processes related to life and to give them a proper understanding of its role in plant productivity.

To make the learners competent researchers in biochemistry who would critically

explore and evaluate current issues in allied areas.

OBJECTIVES

The course will enable the learner to understand the various aspects of physico-

chemical environment and critically evaluate its relation to plant life. It also

focuses on the research prospects in biological sciences.

Develop competency not only to master the skill and techniques in various

biochemical processes but also to explore ways that biochemistry is used in

research, agriculture, and medicine.


This course examines the core concepts in plant water relations , absorption of

minerals, photo synthesis, respiration, nitrogen metabolism, stress physiology

sensory photobiology and plant growth regulators . It goes on to explore the

structure and metabolism involving carbohydrates , proteins, enzymes , lipids ,

nucleotide and secondary metabolites. The context is to introduce the learner from

fundamentals of biochemical processes related to plant life to recent advances in

related areas.



COURSE 10 BO3C10TM - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 36 hours

MODULE 1 3 hours Plant water relations and absorption of minerals : Water absorption by root pathways

of water uptake and transport, xylem and phloem transport, passive and active transport,

Aquaporins. Water pathway in the leaf, leaf anatomy for regulating transpiration. Control

of stomatal mechanism. Entry of minerals into roots; bulk flow, diffusion. Role of

Mycorrhizae in nutrient uptake.

MODULE 2 10 hours Photosynthesis: (a) Light harvesting complexes: PS I, PSII; Structure and composition of

reaction centers. Basic principles2 of light absorption, excitation energy transfer,

mechanism of electron transport , photooxidation of water , proton electrochemical

potential – photophosphorylation . (b) Structure and function of RuBisco , CO2 fixation –

Calvin cycle. Photorespiration , role of photorespiration in plants. CO2 concentrating

mechanisms – algal and cyanobacterial pumps, C4 cycle, CAM pathway. Photoprotective

mechanisms. Synthesis of starch and sucrose, photosynthetic quantum yield and energy

conversion efficiency. Transport of photoassimilates – phloem loading and unloading,

mechanism of phloem translocation – pressure flow. Thylakoid ET inhibitors,

Photoinhibition and its tolerance mechanism.

MODULE 3 8 hours Respiration: (a) Three stages of respiratory metabolism. Plant mitochondrial electron

transport and ATP synthesis – structure of electron transfer complexes (complex I – IV),

ATPase. Cyanide resistant pathway - alternative oxidase, its regulation and significance.

MODULE 4 4 hours Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrogen cycle, Nitrogen fixation processes. Biological Nitrogen

fixation – structure of nitrogenase complex, Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation – nodule

formation, leghaemoglobin. Nitrate and ammonium assimilation Transport of amides and

ureides.


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MODULE 5 11 hours

Stress physiology: Response of plants to biotic (pathogen and insects) and abiotic (water,

temperature – low and high, salt, oxygen deficiency, heavy metal and air pollution)

stresses. Mechanisms of resistance to biotic stress and tolerance to abiotic stress.

Sensory photobiology :Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes ,

cryptochromes , phytochrome mediated plant responses. Photoperiodism and biological

clocks – circadian rhythms. Floral induction and development. Plant growth regulators : Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown, transport, physiological effects, and mechanism of action of plant growth hormones, elicitors.

BIOCHEMISTRY 36 hours

MODULE 6 4 hours pH and buffers: Acids and bases, strength of acids – strong acids, weak acids. Ionization

of water – Kw, pH, Dissociation of acids – pKa, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Buffers

– definition, chemical composition, requirements for a good buffer, buffer action, buffer

capacity. Measurement of pH – colorimetric methods and electrometric methods .

MODULE 7 16 hours Carbohydrates: Structure and Biological Functions. Monosaccharides: Classification,

structure, Oligosaccharides: Structure, formation; common examples – sucrose, lactose.

Polysaccharides: Classification, functions – structure of cellulose, starch and glycogen.

Sugar derivatives: Glycoproteins, proteoglycans, mucoproteins . Lectins. Proteins: Classification of proteins based on structure and function. Oligo- and

polypeptides. Primary structure – peptide bond. Secondary structure – Ramachandran

plots, α-helix, β sheet. Tertiary structure – forces that stabilize tertiary structure .

Quaternary structure, domains, motif and folds . Protein sequencing – Edman method .

Functions of proteins Structure and classification of amino acids . Biosynthesis of amino

acids. Lipids: Classification, properties, functions. Structure of fatty acids, essential fatty acids. Storage lipids –triglycerides. Structural lipids – membrane lipids. Lipid biosynthesis, fat breakdown – β oxidation

MODULE 8 10 hours Enzymes: (a) Principles of catalysis: Activation energy of a reaction. General characters of enzymes -specificity, catalytic power, IUB system of enzyme classification


Page 90 of 145


and naming. (b) Mechanism of enzyme activity: Formation of ES complex, acid-base

catalysis, covalent catalysis, metal ion catalysis, proximity and orientation effect, strain

and distortion theory. Factors affecting enzyme activity. (c) Enzyme Kinetics: Michaelis-

Menton kinetics, Lineweaver-Burk plot. Mechanism of multi substrate reaction – Ping

Pong, Bi-Bi mechanism. (d) Regulation of enzyme activity: Allosteric effect, Enzyme

inhibition – reversible and irreversible inhibition, competitive, non-competitive, Dixon

plot. (e) Cofactors and coenzymes: structure and role of metabolite coenzymes – ATP;

structure and role of vitamin derived coenzymes – NAD+

, NADP+

, FAD, FMN, TPP, PLP, Biotin. Isozymes.

MODULE 9 6 hours

Nucleotide metabolism and secondary metabolites: Functions of nucleotides, nucleotide, biosynthesis by de novo pathways and salvage pathways, Classification, biosynthesis, and functions of terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, coumarins.

PRACTICAL 45 hours

1. Measurement of Photosynthesis - Hill Reaction. 2. Estimation of proline in plant tissues 3. Estimation of phenol in plant tissues 4. Determination of peroxidase activity in plant tissues 5. Estimation of free amino acids in leaves 6. Determination of osmotic potential by tissue weight method.

7. Separation of photosynthetic pigments by TLC/paper chromatography and

calculating the Rf value

8. Estimation of total chlorophyll and study of absorption pattern of chlorophyll solution

9. Separation and collection of leaf pigments by silica gel column chromatography. 10. Extraction and estimation of leghaemoglobin from root nodules 11. Preparation of buffers of various strength and pH. 12. Differentiating sugars based on osazone formation.

13. Quantitative estimation of reducing sugar using Dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) or

Anthrone. 14. Separation and analysis of lipids and amino acids by TLC. 15. Quantitative estimation of protein by Lowry’s method. 16. Preparation of molal, molar, normal and percentage solutions and their dilutions.

17. Isolation and assay of amylase enzyme from germinating Pea seeds/appropriate

plant material. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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REFERENCES 1. Bob, B. Buchanan., Wilhelm Gruissem., & Russel, L. Jones. (2000). Biochemistry

and molecular biology of plants. L.K .International Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. 2. Carl Branden & John Tooze (1999) . Introduction to protein structure (II Edn).

Garland Publishing, New York. 3. Devlin, R. M. ,Witham,F. H. ( 1986). Plant physiology. 4th ed. CBS Publishers and

Distributors. Shahadara , New Delhi. 4. Donald,Voet., & Judith, G. Voet ( 2011) . Biochemistry (IV Edn). John Wiley & Sons

Inc, New York. 5. David, T. Plummer (1998). An introduction to practical biochemistry. Tata Mc Graw

Hill,New Delhi. 6. Frank, B. Salisbury & Cleon, W. Ross (1992). Plant Physiology (IV Edn).

Wadsworth Publishing Company, New York. 7 . Garrett Charles and M. Grisham (2005) . Biochemistry. Thomson Brooks/ Cole

publishing Company, New York. 8. Goodwin, T. W. & Mercer, E. I. (2003). Introduction to plant biochemistry. CBS

Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. 9. Hopkins, W. G. and Hüner, N. P. (1995). Introduction to plant physiology (Vol. 355)

Wiley and sons, New York. 10. Jeremy, M. Berg., John, L. Tymoczko., Lubert Stryer & Gregory, J. Gatto Jr. (2007).

Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman and company, London. 11. Jones, H. G., Flowers, T. J., & Jones, M. B. (Eds.). (1989). Plants under stress:

Biochemistry, physiology and ecology and their application to plant improvement (No.39). Cambridge University Press, England.

12. Kays, S. J. (1991). Postharvest physiology and handling of perishable plant products.

Van Nostrand Reinhold Inc., USA. 13. Kumar, A. and Purohit, S. S. (1996). Plant Physiology. Agro botanical Publishers,

Bikaner. 14. Mohr, H. and Schopfer, P. (1995) Plant Physiology, Springer, London. 15. Moore, T. C. (1981). Research experience in plant Physiology-A Lab Manual,

Springer-Verlag, New York. 16. Nelson, D. L., Lehninger, A. L., & Cox, M. M. (2008). Lehninger principles of

Biochemistry. Macmillan publishers, London. 17. Noggle, G. R., & Fritz, G. J. (1992). Introductory plant physiology (No. Ed. 2).

Prentice- Hall Inc., New Jersey. 18. Reginald, H. Garrett & Charles, M. Grisham. (2005). Biochemistry. Thomson

Brooks/Cole publishing company, California, USA. 19. Robert Horton, H., Laurence, A. Moran., Raymond, S. Ochr., J. David Rawn,& K.

Gray Scrimgeour (2002) . Principles of Biochemistry (III Edn). Prentice Hall, New

Jersey. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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20. Robert, K. Murray., David, A. Bender., Kathleen, M. Botham. & Peter. J. Kennelly,

Victor, W. Rodwell & P. Anthony Weil( 2009). Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry

(XXVIII Edn). Mc Graw Hill, New York.

COMPETENCIES OF THE COURSE 1. The learner will understand the various aspects of physiological processes related to

plant life. 2. The learner compares the various theories underlying absorption and comprehends the

process of absorption of water and ascent of sap. 3. The learner will apply the principles of chromatography to separate plant pigments.

4. The learner will familiarise with the basic skills in experiments related to

photosynthesis and respiration. 5. The learner will understand the role of plant growth regulators and their significance





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COURSE 11 BO3C11TM - TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS


TITLE OF THE COURSE TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS


IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS 4


PRACTICAL- 54

AIM OF THE COURSE

To provide the students with information on the classical and modern concepts of plant classification, identification and naming.

To make them understand the significance of taxonomy and its relevance in

other branches of botany.

To make the students learn the floristic diversity of one’s locality and understand the role of plants in human welfare.

OBJECTIVES

To provide an in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles of plant classification.

To acquaint the students with the nomenclatural techniques.

To understand the various taxonomic characters that can be gathered for the process of grouping and naming.

To familiarize the students on the distribution of vegetation in the

tropical zone. To provide information regarding the economic significance of plants.


The programme provides a firm foundation in the principles underlying naming and

classification of higher plants. Students are made aware of the various methods of

accumulating taxonomic data, their application in classification and authenticity of names,

tools of taxonomy and phylogeny of the angiosperm flora. They gain deep knowledge

regarding the distribution and diversity of higher plants of the tropical zone. Field studies

enable them to identify and characterise the flora in terms of its morphological parameters

and economic importance.


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COURSE 11 BO3C11TM - TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

MODULE 1 8 hours

Scope and Significance of Taxonomy: Historical background of classification -

Artificial, natural and phylogenetic systems. Major systems of angiosperm classification

with special emphasis on the conceptual basis of the classifications of

(i) Linnaeus (ii) Bentham & Hooker (iii) Engler & Prantl (iv) Bessey (v) Takhtajan (vi) APG. Origin of Angiosperms.

MODULE 2 2 hours

Concepts of Taxonomic Hierarchy: Species/Genus/Family and other categories; species concept and intraspecific categories - subspecies, varieties and forms.

MODULE 3 4 hours

Tools of Taxonomy: Functions of field study, herbarium, botanical gardens, BSI,

Floras/Taxonomic literature Construction of taxonomic keys – indented and bracketed -

their utilization.

MODULE 4 4 hours

Phylogeny of Angiosperms: Important phylogenetic terms and concepts: Plesiomorphic

and Apomorphic characters; Homology and Analogy; Parallelism and Convergence;

Monophyly, Paraphyly and Polyphyly.

MODULE 5 8 hours

Data Sources of Taxonomy: Concepts of character; Sources of taxonomic characters

– Morphology, Anatomy, Palynology, Embryology, Cytology, Phytochemistry and

Molecular taxonomy.

MODULE 6 8 hours

Botanical Nomenclature: History of ICBN, aims and principles, rules and

recommendations: rule of priority, typification, author citation, retention, rejection and

changing of names, effective and valid publication. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 95 of 145


MODULE 7 4 hours

Morphology of Angiosperms: Habitat and habit, Morphology of root, stem, leaf, bract, bracteoles, inflorescence, flowers, fruits and seeds.

MODULE 8 32 hours

Angiosperm Diversity with Special Reference to Tropical Flora: Study of the following families (Bentham & Hooker) in detail with special reference to their salient features, interrelationships, evolutionary trends and economic

significance.

Rununculaceae, Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, Capparidaceae, Polygalaceae,

Caryophyllaceae, Portulacaceae, Guttiferae, Malvacea, Teliaceae, Rutaceae,

Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae, Sapindaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae, Rosaceae, Lythraceae

Melastomaceae, Myrtaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Aizoaceae, Rubiaceae, Compositae

(Asteraceae), Campanulaceae, Sapotaceae , Loganiaceae, Oleaceae Apocynaceae,

Boraginaceae, Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Acanthaceae,

Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Polygonaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Loranthacea,

Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae, Zingiberaceae, Araceae, Poaceae.

MODULE 9 2 hours

Ethnobotany: Scope and importance of Ethnobotany, sources and methods of ethnobotanical studies.

PRACTICAL 54 Hours

1. Work out a minimum of two plants from each family with suitable sketches and description in technical terms.

2. Study of local flora, construction of keys and use of floras in the identification up to species.

3. Preparation of dichotomous keys based on 4 sample plant materials from the same family.

4. Students should familiarize with all the economically/ethnobotanically important plants of the families mentioned in the syllabus.

Field study: A field study for not less than 3 days under the guidance and supervision of

teachers and preparation of a minimum of 30 herbarium specimens of different

categories with supporting field book.


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1. Develops understanding on the various tools of taxonomy. 2. Develops skill in understanding the various sources of taxonomic characters. 3. Provides an insight into the methodology of naming plants. 4. Enables to understand the diversity of tropical flora. 5. Creates awareness on scope and importance of ethnic knowledge.

REFERENCES 1. Bharati Bhattacharya (2000). Systematic Botany. Narosa Publishing House, New

Delhi. 2. Cronquist, A. (1960). Evolution and classification of flowering plants. Thomas &

Nelson Co. CBS Publications. 3. Cronquist, A. (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants.

Columbia Uty. Press. 4. Gamble, J S. Flora of the Presidency of Madras. (Vol. I – III). 5. Graf, A. B. (1978) Tropica, Roers Company Publ. N J, USA. 6. Mukesh Biswas, (2014). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. ABD Publishers, Delhi. 7. Naik V. N. (1984) Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Tata McGraw Hill Education,New

Delhi. 8. Nair, R. (2010).Taxonomy of Angiosperms. APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi. 9. Neeru Mathur, (2012). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Raj Publications, Delhi. 10. Pandey, S.N. and Misra S.P. (2008). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. ANE Books, Calcutta. 11. Paye, G.D. (2000). Cultural Uses of Plants: A Guide to Learning about Ethnobotany.

The New York Botanical Garden Press. 12. Pooja, N. (2004). Angiosperms. Tata Mc Graw Hill Education, Delhi. 13. Rendle, A. E. (1970). Classification of Flowering Plants. Vikas Publishers, New Delhi. 14. Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. (2005). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. IK International Pvt.

Ltd.Delhi. 15. Sathish Kumar Sinha, (2014). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Anmol Publications Pvt.

Ltd., Delhi. 16. Sharma, A.K. (2010). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. New Age Publications, New Delhi. 17. Sivarajan, V. V. (1991). Introduction to Principles of Plant Taxonomy. Oxford IBH. 18. Singh, V. and Jain, D.K. (2009). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Rastogi Publications,

Delhi. 19. Stebbins, G. L. (1989). Flowering Plants : Evolution above Species Level, Cambridge

University Press. 20. Takhtajan, A.L. (1997). Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia

Univ. Press. University Press.


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BO5C07TM - BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks – 75) Module Hours Part A Part B Part C Total No



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COURSE 12

BO3C12TM - BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS


TITLE OF THE COURSE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS


NO. OF CREDITS 3


PRACTICAL-27

AIM OF THE COURSE

To provide the students with advanced level theoretical knowledge,

understanding and practical experience and training on modern molecular and

cellular technologies using living organisms.

To master the techniques involved in tissue culture, cloning, instrumentation in

biotechnology and use of bioinformatic tools for advanced biotechnological

studies. OBJECTIVES

To provide an in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles of biotechnology and its applications

To acquaint the students with the theory and techniques of plant tissue culture To understand the process of cloning and expression of desired genes

To familiarize the students on the advanced tools and techniques involved in

genetic engineering

To provide an insight into the bioinformatic tools that aid analyses of biological data.


The programme provides a firm foundation in the principles underlying modern

biotechnology techniques including tissue culture of plants, cloning for expression

of desired genes and integrates this theoretical understanding with training in

bioinstrumentation and bioinformatic tools that find application in biotechnology.

The course is designed to enhance the student’s ability to contribute to the

development of scientifically sound, ethical and culturally sensitive solutions

incorporating biotechnology to solve complex problems for the economic and

social benefit of society. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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COURSE 12

BO3C12TM - BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS

BIOTECHNOLOGY 43 hours

MODULE 1 2 hours

Introduction to Biotechnology: Introduction to Classical and Modern biotechnology.

Branches of Biotechnology.

MODULE 2 5 hours

Plant Tissue Culture: Brief history and important milestones in plant tissue culture. Cellular totipotency, cytodifferentiation. Types of cultures: organized structures –

shoot tip, shoot meristem, r o o t c u l t u r e s , a n t h e r , embryo ; unorganized structures -

callus, suspension and protoplast cultures. Techniques and stages of

micropropagation. Advantages and disadvantages of micropropagation. Applications

of tissue culture.

MODULE 3 5 hours

Culture Protocol: General composition of the culture medium. Solid and liquid media –

gelling agents. Preparation and standardization of MS medium for shoot and root

differentiation. Sterlization of medium, glasswares, instruments, plant materials, transfer

area. Preparation of explants and inoculation, incubation. Subculturing and hardening.

MODULE 4 10 hours

Genetic Engineering: Basic principles, tools and techniques; Restriction endonucleases

– naming, types and reaction. Ligases – reaction, methods of blunt end joining - linkers

and adaptors. Vectors – properties of a vector, shuttle vectors, expression vectors.

Construction and specific uses of plasmid, phage, cosmid, and artificial chromosomes.

Gene cloning in bacteria: Isolation and purification of vector and the DNA to be cloned,

creation of recombinant vector, introduction of recombinant DNA into host cell –

preparation of competent host cells, transformation, screening for transformed cells.

Expression of foreign genes in host cells.


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MODULE 6 16 hours

Applications of Genetic Engineering and Advanced Tools and Techniques:

Applications of genetic engineering – in genetic studies, agriculture, and medicine.

Construction of genomic and cDNA library. PCR - Procedure and applications,

variants of PCR - Real time PCR and its applications. Automated DNA sequencing. In vitro mutagenesis and its application.

Blotting techniques - procedure and applications of southern, northern, western, and

dot blotting. Microarray (gene chip) technology. Procedure and applications of DNA

profiling, Footprinting. Procedure and applications of Immunoprecipitation, R IA , F

low C ytometry, FISH, GISH and PFGE.

MODULE 7 5 hours

Societal Issues in Biotechnology: Need for regulation, regulatory agency in India –

GEAE. Patents – issues relating to patenting living organisms, their genes and other

bioresources. Potential impact of GMOs on the ecosystem. GM food – effect on health

and environment. Ethical problems of rDNA technology. Economic issues. Potential

misuse of modern molecular biology tools and techniques, bioweapons, bioterrorism.

BIOINFORMATICS 11 hours

MODULE 8 4 hours

Genomics: Genome, genomics, and proteomics. Structural genomics - genome sequencing strategies. Functional genomics – genome annotation, gene expression

study using microarrays, functional annotation of genes.

MODULE 9 7 hours

Bioinformatics: Introduction, aim and importance of bioinformatics. Databases: primary

and secondary databases. DNA sequence databases - Genbank, DNA databank,

Nucleotide sequence databank , Specialized databases. Protein databases - SWISS-PROT,

PDB. Sequence alignment: local and global sequence alignment; Multiple sequence

alignment.

PRACTICAL 27 hours 1. Preparation of the stock solutions of MS medium. 2. Preparation of MS medium from stock solutions.

3. Isolation, preparation, sterilization and inoculation of different explants like shoot

tip,node, anther, embryo and cambium. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 101 of 145


4. DNA isolation from coconut/onion/cauliflower 5. Multiple sequence alignment and creation of phylogenetic trees using MEGA.

COMPETENCIES OF THE COURSE 1. Students gain knowledge and develop skill in plant tissue culture techniques which

finds application in the agricultural and environmental fields. 2. They are able to demonstrate the techniques involved in cloning desired genes into

competent cells and screening for the expression of these genes in the progeny. 3. Develops understanding on the various applications of genetic engineering in

medical, environmental and agricultural fields. 4. They are trained on the theoretical aspects of construction of molecular libraries,

genomics, proteomics, and recent molecular techniques that find applications in

biotechnology. 5. The learner gains an insight into the judicious use of biotechnology for

environmental and medical applications and is aware of the ethical principles and

issues pertaining to the use of genetic engineering.

REFERENCES

1. Baldi, P., & Brunak, S. (2001). Bioinformatics: the machine learning approach. MIT press.

2. Bhojwani, S. S., & Razdan, M. K. (1986). Plant tissue culture: theory and

practice. Elsevier.

3. Campbell, A. M., & Heyer, L. J. (2003). Discovering genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.

4. Chawla, H. S. (2000). Introduction to plant biotechnology. Science Publishers,

Inc.. 5. Craig, P. (2009). Introduction to bioinformatics Arthur M. Lesk. 6. Dubey, R. C. (1993). A textbook of Biotechnology. S. Chand.

7. Eidhammer, I., Jonassen, I., & Taylor, W. R. (2004). Protein Bioinformatics: An

algorithmic approach to sequence and structure analysis. J. Wiley & Sons.

8. Ewens, W. J., & Grant, G. R. (2006). Statistical methods in bioinformatics: an introduction. Springer Science & Business Media.

9. George, E. F. (1993). Plant propagation by tissue culture. Part 1: the technology (No. Ed. 2). Exegetics limited.

10. Glover, D. M., & Hames, B. D. (1995). DNA cloning 3: a practical approach. IRL

Press Ltd. 11. Grant, G. (2000). Bioinformatics—the machine learning approach.


Page 102 of 145


12. Krane, D. E. (2003). Fundamental concepts of bioinformatics. Pearson Education India.

13. Kreuzer, H., & Massey, A. (1996). Recombinant DNA and biotechnology: a guide

for teachers. American Society for Microbiology (ASM).

14. Merges, R. P., Menell, P. S., & Lemley, M. A. (2003). Intellectual property in the new technological age (p. 15). New York: Aspen Publishers.

15. Pevzner, P., & Shamir, R. (Eds.). (2011). Bioinformatics for biologists. Cambridge

University Press.

16. Primrose, S. B., & Twyman, R. (2013). Principles of gene manipulation and genomics. John Wiley & Sons.

17. Sambrook, J., & Russel, D. (2001). Molecular Cloning. Cold Spring Harbor

Laboratory Press

18. Smith, R. H. (2012). Plant tissue culture: techniques and experiments. Academic Press.

19. Thorpe, T. A. (Ed.). (2012). Plant tissue culture: methods and application in

agriculture. Elsevier. 20. William, T. (2009). Introduction to biotechnology. Pearson Education India.





1 2 - 1 - 1

2 5 1 - 1 2

3 5 1 1 - 2

4 10 1 2 1 4

5 16 1 2 1 2

6 5 1 1 - 2

7 4 1 1 - 4

8 7 1 1 1 3


Page 103 of 145


M.Sc. DEGREE (C.S.S.) EXAMINATION

SEMESTER III PRACTICAL COURSE 03

(Model Question Paper) BO3C03PM - PLANT ANATOMY, MICROTECHNIQUE, PLANT

PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOTECHNOLOGY, BIOINFORMATICS & TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

Time: Four hours Maximum: 75 Marks

1. Make suitable double stained micropreparation of A

(Preparation-2, Diagram-1, Identification -1 & Reasons-2) (1x6=6)

2. Describe the nodal feature of the material – B

(Identification - 1 & Description-1)

(1x2=2)

3. Assay of amylase enzyme from germinating seeds / appropriate plant material

C (Principle & Procedure - 4, Calculation - 4 & Result - 2) OR

Conduct the experiment C

(Principle - 1, Procedure & graph - 4 , Working - 3 & Result - 2) (1x10=10)

4. Prepare a suitable explant, sterilize and inoculate from the given material D.

(Preparation and working – 3) (1x3 =3)

5. Describe the given material E in technical term. Draw L.S. of flower, floral

diagram & write floral formula. (Flower L.S -2, Description in technical terms-2, Floral Diagram-1 &

Floral Formula- 1)

(1x6= 6) 6. Identify the given families of given specimens F & G

(Reasons upto series 2, reasons upto cohort- 2 & reasons upto family-2) (2x6=12)

7. Identify the given material H up to species.

(Identification up to family -3, identification of genus with author citation- 1,

genus – 1, Identification of species with author citation – 1, species key – 1) (1x7=7)

8. Write the binomial, family & economic importance of the material

(Binomial-1, Family -1 & Economic importance -0.5) 9. Identification of herbarium /campus plants K & L

(Binomial -1 & Family -1)

10. Herbarium preparation & field book

11. Microtechnique slides

12. Practical Record

I & J

(2x2.5 =5)

(2x2=4)

(1 x 5 =5)

(1 x 5 =5)

(1 x 10 = 10)


Page 104 of 145



1. A- Material for double staining 2. B- Materials given in the syllabus should be provided 3. C- Lots for experiments in syllabus of biochemistry and physiology 4. D- Material for explants preparation 5. E- Any suitable flower and bud should be provided Problems from genetics 6. F- & G- Materials for family identification 7. H- Suitable material for species identification 8. I, J- Materials given in the syllabus with economic importance 9. K & L- Herbarium/ campus plant


Page 105 of 145


SEMESTER IV

ELECTIVE COURSES


Page 106 of 145


ELECTIVE COURSE A1

BO4EA1TM - FOOD, AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

COURSE CODE BO4EA1TM

TITLE OF THE COURSE FOOD, AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL

MICROBIOLOGY


IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS 4


PRACTICAL- 72

AIM OF THE COURSE

To aim of the course is to provide the learner an advanced theoretical education and

practical training by integrating advances in food microbiology, agricultural

microbiology and environmental microbiology.

To introduces the students to the main principles of microbial science and

technology and their implementation in the food and agricultural industry and for effective environment management.

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE

To have a comprehensive understanding of the properties of major food

constituents and of the major biohazards with regard to contamination by

microorganisms.

To develop an understanding of the principles, practices and recent advancements in food preservation and in food processing techniques.

To understand the microbiology of fermented food products

To develop a comprehensive understanding and critical awareness of the principles and importance of cleaning and sanitation in food process operations.

To acquire core knowledge on the importance of microbes as biofertilizers and

biopesticides to be effectively integrated in the field of agriculture. To understand the biodiversity of microbes with respect to their ecology

To master the techniques of cultivation of bacteria and their characterization based

on specific biochemical parameters.


Page 107 of 145


To understand the techniques of integrating biotechnology and microbiology for efficient management of the environment.


The course encompass three wide disciplines of microbiology i.e. food, agricultural

and environmental microbiology. The modules on food microbiology deals with the

study of microbes in food, their possible role as contaminants causing food poisoning,

methods of preservation of foods and the importance of food sanitation and inspection.

The modules on agricultural microbiology cover the biotechnological integration of

microbes as biofertilizers and biopesticides. Environmental microbiology deals with

the study of microbial ecology, the methods of isolation and cultivation of microbes,

their characterization and their role in environment management.


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ELECTIVE COURSE A1

BO4EA1TM - FOOD, AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 35 hours

MODULE 1 16 hours Food - a substrate for microorganisms: Factors influencing microbial activity in food, chemical changes brought about by microbes, microbes important in food microbiology. Contamination and spoilage of food and food borne diseases: Microbial contamination

and spoilage of cereals, sugar and sugar products, fruits, vegetables, poultry, eggs, shell

fish and fin fish, milk and milk products and canned foods. Diseases caused by spoiled foods: Food borne diseases caused by bacteria - Salmonellosis,

Gastroenteritis, Shigellosis, Listeriosis, Staphylococcal food poisoning, Botulism,

Travellers’ diarrhoea. Fungal intoxication-Aflatoxin and related components. Virus

intoxication.

MODULE 2 5 hours Microbiology of fermented food: Fermented milk - butter milk, cultured butter milk, Yoghurt, Kefir; Cheese production; bread; oriental food; Sauerkraut.

MODULE 3 8 hours Food preservation: General principles of food preservation: (1) aseptic handling (2) high

temperature - boiling, steam under pressure, pasteurization and sterilization (3) low

temperature – freezing and refrigeration (4) Dehydration (5) Osmotic pressure - in

concentrated sugars with brine (6) chemicals, organic acids, smoking (7) radiation - UV

and ionization.

MODULE 4 6 hours Food sanitation, control and inspection: Sanitation and hygiene in food service

establishments, good manufacturing practices, HACCP, enforcement and control agencies,

microbiological criteria for foods. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY 20 hours

MODULE 5 14 hours Microbes as biofertilizers: (a) Microbes as biofertilizers - bacteria, fungi, algae.

Production of biofertilizers - strain selection and preparation of biofertilizers. Green

manuring. Microbes producing antimicrobial agents, siderophores. (b) Nitrogen fixing microbes – free living organotrophs, free living prototrophs,

diazotrophs. Association of microbes with grasses, legumes, nodulation in nitrogen

fixation legumes; nif gene -Azolla-Anabaena. (c) Phosphate solubilizers – Bacteria and fungi as phosphate solubilizers. Mycorrhizal

relationship – definition, forms and distribution of mycorrhiza. Ecto- and Endomycorrhiza.

Vescicular and Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Ericaceous, Orchidaceous mycorrhiza. Physiology

and function of mycorrhiza. Nutrient uptake and other effects. Carbon flow in mycorrhizal

plant association. Production of mycorrhizal biofertilizers. MODULE 6 6 hours

Microbes as biopesticides: Microbial herbicides, bacterial insecticides - use of

Pseudomonas, Bacillus. Viral insecticides. Entomopathogenic fungi.

ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 35 hours

MODULE 7 11 hours Microbial biodiversity: Nature as a habitat of microbes, microbial diversity in various ecosystems. (a) Soil as a habitat for microbes. Factors influencing soil microbial growth.

Microorganisms and the formation of different soils – tropical soil, temperate soil, bog

soil, cold moist area soil, desert soil, geologically heated hyperthermal soil. (b) Microbes and their role in fresh water, brackish water and marine environments.

Contamination of aquatic environment by pathogenic microbes. Detection of coliform

bacteria - membrane filtration technique, Colilert defined substrate test, Multiple tube

fermentation test. Quantification of Coliforms -MPN test. (c) Waste water treatment - primary, secondary and tertiary treatment.

MODULE 8 10 hours Methods in microbiology: Isolation and cultivation of microbes from environment - serial dilution and pour plate method, spread plate method, streak plate method, isolation Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 110 of 145


using selective or enrichment media. Methods of culturing anaerobes. Culture

characteristics of microbes. Bacterial growth curve, staining techniques. Biochemical tests

for bacterial identification - carbohydrate fermentation, triple sugar-iron agar test, IMVIC

test, Litmus Milk reactions, Hydrogen sulphide test, Catalase test, Oxidase test.

Uncultivable microbes.

MODULE 9 14 hours

Role of microbes in environment and environmental biotechnology: Role of

microorganisms in Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Iron and Sulphur cycles. Microbes

- as pollution indicators. Biological magnification. Biodegradation of recalcitrants, jetfacts, paper, computer chips, paints, textiles, leather, rubber, metal, concrete, wood.

Role of microbes in the disposal of waste and production of organic compost and biogas.

Microbial leaching; Microbial bio-films. Bio-deterioration and biodegradation of

petroleum, xenobiotics, heavy metals and microbial plastics. Microbes in biotechnology, bioremediation - microbial and enzymatic; in situ and ex situ. Bio-augmentation – principles, enzymes used in bio-augmentation, bio-filtration, bio-filters, microorganisms used in filters, mechanism of bio-filtration, phyto-

extraction and phyto transformation. Genetically modified microbes - beneficts and

hazards. Metagenomics.

PRACTICAL 72 hrs

1. Isolation of microbes by serial dilution and pour plate/spread plate technique. 2. Isolation of microbes by streak plate method. 3. IMVIC test. 4. Oxidase test. 5. Catalase test. 6. Litmus milk test. 7. Hydrogen Sulphide test. 8. Carbohydrate fermentation test. 9. Methylene blue reductase test for milk. 10. Motility by hanging drop method. 11. Estimation of Mycorrhizal colonization in roots. 12. Analysis of nitrogen fixing organisms associated with plants.


1. Students will be familiar with the concept of food microbiology relating to

microbial ecology of food and common microbe-food interactions, both beneficial

and deleterious. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 111 of 145


2. Capable of developing methods to control the growth of microorganisms in food by analyses of appropriate food processing techniques.

3. Enable students to appreciate the need for safe procedures at all points along the

food production and the best practice of storing, handling and distribution of food.

4. Gains knowledge on the microbes in soil and Identifies the significance of

biofertilizers and biopesticides in agriculture production

5. Stimulates interest in the learner to identify methods for effective integration of biotechnological methods for environment management.

REFERENCES

1. Adams, M. R., & Hope, C. F. A. (Eds.). (1989). Rapid methods in food microbiology (Vol. 26). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

2. Ahuja, M. R., & Ramawat, K. G. (Eds.). (2014). Biotechnology and Biodiversity

(Vol. 4). Springer.

3. Alcamo, I. E., & Alcamo, I. E. (1994). Fundamentals of microbiology. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company.

4. Brown, C. M., Campbell, I., & Priest, F. G. (1987). Introduction to biotechnology.

Blackwell Scientific Publications.

5. Fuhrmann, J. J., Hartel, P., & Zuberer, D. A. (Eds.). (2005). Principles and applications of soil microbiology (pp. 417-420). Pearson Prentice Hall.

6. Gupta, V., Satyanarayana, T., & Garg, S. (2000). General aspects of mycorrhiza. In

Mycorrhizal biology (pp. 27-44). Springer US.

7. Hurst, C. J., Crawford, R. L., Garland, J. L., & Lipson, D. A. (Eds.). (2007). Manual of environmental microbiology. American Society for Microbiology Press.

8. Jay, J. M., Loessner, M. J., & Golden, D. A. (2008). Modern food microbiology.

Springer Science & Business Media.

9. Jordening, H. J., & Winter, J. (Eds.). (2006). Environmental biotechnology: concepts and applications. John Wiley & Sons.

10. Kanika, S. (2007). Manual of Microbiology–Tools and Techniques. Ane’s student

edition.

11. Kannaiyan, S. (Ed.). (2002). Biotechnology of biofertilizers. Alpha Science Int'l Ltd.

12. Kumar, H. D. (2001). Modern concepts of microbiology. Vikas Publishing House

Pvt Ltd.

13. Luning, P. A., Devlieghere, F., & Verhé, R. (Eds.). (2006). Safety in the agri-food chain. Wageningen Academic Pub.

14. Moo-Young, M. (2011). Comprehensive biotechnology. Newnes. 15. Paul, E. A. (2014). Soil microbiology, ecology and biochemistry. Academic press


Page 112 of 145


16. Prescott, L. M., Harley, J. P., & Klein, D. A. (2002). Microbiology. Tata Mc Kathleen Park Talaro and Barry Chess, Foundations in Microbiology, 8th.

17. Rangaswami, G., & Bagyaraj, D. J. (1998). Agricultural Microbiology II edition

published by Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

18. Rittmann, B. E., & McCarty, P. L. (2012). Environmental biotechnology: principles and applications. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

19. Scragg, A. H. (1999). Environmental biotechnology (Vol. 249). Essex: Longman. 20. Sharma, K. (2007). Manual of Microbiology. Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.

BO4EA1TM : BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum marks -75) Part A Part B Part C Total No of


(5/7) (6/9) (2/4)

1 16 1 1 1 3

2 5 - 1 1

3 8 1 1 2

4 6 - 1 1

5 14 1 1 1 3

6 6 1 1 2

7 11 1 1 1 3

8 10 1 1 2

9 14 1 1 1 3


Page 113 of 145


ELECTIVE COURSE A2

BO4EA2TM - CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY


TITLE OF THE COURSE CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY


IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS 4


PRACTICAL - 54

AIM OF THE COURSE

To introduce the learners to the basic concepts of clinical microbiology and to

give them a proper understanding of its role in human pathogenesis.

To make the learners competent researchers who would critically explore and

evaluate several issues in immune systems and associated disorders.

OBJECTIVES

The course will enable the learner to understand the theoretical as well as

practical concepts so that they can participate in good patient care and prevention

of infectious diseases in the community.

The learners are introduced to basic research methodology so as to conduct fundamental and applied research in microbiology.

Develop competency not only to master the skill and techniques in clinical

pathology but also to plan, execute, analyse and present the research work in

medical microbiology.


This course examines the core concepts of immunology in the human immune systems, antigens and antibodies, cells of immune system, immune disorders, antigen antibody interaction in vitro and in vivo. It goes on to explore the epidemiology of

common viral, bacterial , fungal and protozoan diseases in humans their salient properties, their isolation and maintenance, methods for detection and assay.


Page 114 of 145


ELECTIVE COURSE A2

BO4EA2TM - CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 90 hours

MODULE 1 4 hours

Introduction to immunology: Introduction, types of immunity - innate and acquired immunity,

cellular and humoral immunity. Physical and physiological barriers in immunity, phagocytosis,

inflammatory response. Components of adaptive immunity - B cells and T cells.

MODULE 2 12 hours

Cells of immune system: B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes – TH, TC, TS cells, Natural killer cells,

mononuclear phagocytes. Structure and development of B cell (BCRs) and T cell (TCRs)

receptors; Structure of CD4, CD8, MHC-I, MHC-II molecules.

MODULE 3 10 hours

Antigens and antibodies: Types of antigens, super antigens, auto antigens, haptens, antigen

variation by bacteria. Basic structure of immunoglobulins, different classes of immunoglobulins

and their function.

MODULE 4 12 hours

Antigen-antibody reactions: Antigen antibody interaction in vivo - toxin neutralization, opsonization, immune complex formation, viral neutralization, adherence inhibition. Antigen antibody interaction in vitro - agglutination, complement fixation, ELISA,

immunodiffusion, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, immunoelectrophoresis,

immunoprecipitation, neutralization, radioimmunoassay, serotyping. MODULE 5 9 hours

Immune disorders: Hypersensitivity – acute rheumatic fever, grave’s disease, systemic lupus

erythematosus, Type 1 Diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, transplantation

rejection, imuno deficiencies – SCID, AIDS.

MODULE 6 18 hours

Viral diseases: (a) Epidemiology of common viral diseases in humans. Major human viruses: HIV,

Hepatitis B and C, their salient properties. Isolation and maintenance of viruses, methods for

detection and assay, phage typing. (b) Anti-viral strategies: Prevention and control of viral

diseases: Host specific and nonspecific defense mechanisms (molecular level) involved in Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 115 of 145


resistance to virus infections and recovery. Role of interferon in viral infections. Contributions of

various host defense mechanisms in viral infections. Viral Chemotherapy: Nucleoside analogs,

reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors. (c) Vaccines - subunit vaccines, anti-idiotype

vaccines, DNA vaccines and edible vaccines. Interferon and antiviral drugs.

MODULE 7 19 hours

Bacterial diseases: (a) Epidemiology of common bacterial diseases in humans. Normal microbiota

of human body; host-parasite relationship in baterial pathogenicity: non-specific mechanisms of

host defense, mechanism of bacterial virulence, genetics of bacterial virulence; chemotherapy. (b)

Antibiotics - origin, classification, chemistry and mode of action; semisynthetic antibiotics.

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria, mechanism of antibiotic resistance. Common bacterial vaccines.

MODULE 8 6 hours

Fungal and protozoan diseases in humans: Epidemology of common fungal and protozoan diseases in humans.

PRACTICAL 54 hours

1. Blood group determination - slide agglutination test. 2. Identification of different types of WBC. 3. Radial immuno diffusion test using suitable antigen and antibody. 4. Staining of bacteria - Gram staining. 5. Spore staining of bacteria. 6. Staining of capsule in bacteria. 7. Staining of lipid granules in bacteria – Burdon’s method. 8. Antibiotic sensitivity test for bacteria.

COMPETENCIES OF COURSE

1. The learner will list out the events of antigens and antibodies reactions.

2. The learner compares the epidemiology of common viral with the bacterial diseases in humans and comprehends the various host defense mechanisms during infections.

3. The learner will apply the principles and methods of antigen antibody

interaction in vitro. 4. The learner will familiarise with the basic skills in bacterial staining and

identification related to diseases in humans. 5. The learner will get acquainted with the fungal and protozoan diseases in humans 6. and their significance in pathogenesis.


Page 116 of 145


REFERENCES

1. Allen, S. D., Janda, W. M., Schreckenberger, P. C., & Winn, W. C. (1988).

Diagnostic microbiology. JC Lippincott Raven Publishers, Philadelphia.

2. Black, J. G. (2012). Microbiology Principles and Explorations 8th edition. Wiley and sons, New York.

3. Burrows, W. (1963). Textbook of Microbiology., (Edn 18), W. B. Saunders

Company , West Washington.

4. Carter, G. R., Chengappa, M. M., Roberts, A. W., Claus, G. W., & Rikihisa, Y.

(1995). Essentials of veterinary microbiology . Willians & Wilkins, Baltimore,

United States.

5. Gross, T. L., Ihrke, P. J., Walder, E. J., & Affolter, V. K. (2008). Skin diseases of

the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis. John Wiley & Sons,New

York.

6. Harrigan, W. F., & McCance, M. E. (2014). Laboratory methods in microbiology. Academic Press, London.

7. Hutkins, R. W. (2008). Microbiology and technology of fermented foods (Vol. 22).

John Wiley & Sons, New York. 8. Kavanagh, F. (Ed.). (2014). Analytical microbiology. Academic Press, New York. 9. Kliegman, R. M. (2012). Nelson textbook of pediatrics. W.B. Saunders Company,

West Washington.

10. Lamanna, C., Mallette, M. F., & Zimmerman, L. N. (1965). Basic bacteriology. Williams & Wildins Company, USA.

11. Maier, R. M., Pepper, I. L., & Gerba, C. P. (Eds.). (2009). Environmental

microbiology (Vol. 397). Academic press, London.

12. Marth, E. H., & Steele, J. (Eds.). (2001). Applied dairy microbiology. CRC Press, USA.

13. Murray, P. R., Drew, W. L., Kobayashi, G. S., & Thompson Jr, J. H. (1990).

Medical microbiology. Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd, London.

14. Nester, E. W., Roberts, C. E., Pearsall, N. N., & McCarthy, B. J. (1978). Microbiology (No. 2nd edition). Holt Rinehart and Winston publishers, Chicago.

15. Noble, W. C., & Somerville, D. A. (1981). Microbiology of human skin (Vol. 2).

Lloyd-Luke (Medical Books) Ltd, Pitman Medical Publishing Co. Ltd., London. 16. Pepper, I. L., Gerba, C. P., Gentry, T. J., & Maier, R. M. (Eds.). (2011).

Environmental microbiology. Academic Press, London.

17. Pommerville, J. (2012). Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Burlington,USA.

18. Schlegel, H. G. (1993). General microbiology. Cambridge university

press,London.

19. Shanson, D. C. (2014). Microbiology in clinical practice. Butterworth-Heinemann Publishers UK.


Page 117 of 145


20. Van Elsas, J. D., Jansson, J. K., & Trevors, J. T. (Eds.). (2006). Modern soil microbiology. CRC Press, USA.

BO4EA2TM : BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum marks - 75) Part A Part B Part C Total No of


(5/7) (6/9) (2/4)

1 4 1 1 2

2 7 1 2 3

3 7 1 1 1 3

4 6 1 1 2

5 12 2 2

6 13 1 1 2

7 12 1 1 2

8 24 1 1 1 3

9 5 1 1


Page 118 of 145


ELECTIVE COURSE A3

BO4EA3TM: INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY


TITLE OF THE COURSE INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY


IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS 4


PRACTICAL-54

AIM OF THE COURSE

To make the learners understand the aspects of industrial fermentation process

To create an awareness regarding the range of industrially important

fermentation products, their methods of preparation, precautionary measures to

be taken to avoid mishaps and the nutritive value of the final product

To enable them to understand the unique features of various types of microorganisms involved in industrial fermentation

To make them learn the important environmental and other important factors

involved in fermentation

To make them aware of the importance of sterilization and media formulation in industrial fermentation

To give them an awareness regarding the points to be taken care of while

proceeding for large scale industrial fermentation processes

OBJECTIVES

The course will help the students to learn about the range of fermentation processes

It will enable them to identify the role of various types of microorganisms in

industrial fermentation

Through this course they will understand the unique features of microorganisms

involved in fermentation, their preferences and various factors controlling their

activity Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 119 of 145


The course will enable the students to learn about the important products of industrial fermentation, their uses, significance and the production processes.

This course provides the learner with the guidelines for the successful

establishment of large scale industrial fermentation units, which may give them a

career orientation


This course is focused on the role of industrial microbiology in the production of

various types of fermentation products. It gives an insight into the range and types of

fermentation processes occurring and the nature of various microbial metabolites.

The importance of media formulation, sterilization and the selection of the

appropriate type of bioreactor which will decide the quality of the final products are

also incorporated in the course. Key factors such as selection and strain improvement

of microbes, assay of products and preservation techniques are dealt in detail. The

significance of proper inoculation in the fermentation process is also included.

Methods of downstream processing for separation and purification of the

fermentation products are an important module of the course. The course also deals

with the various fermentation products having industrial significance. This course is

designed in such a way that the learners will develop an interest in the industrial

application of microbiology which has much career perspectives. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 120 of 145


ELECTIVE COURSE A3

BO4EA3TM: INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 90 hours

MODULE 1 4 hours Introduction to industrial microbiology: Range of fermentation processes, microbial biomass, microbial enzymes, microbial metabolites and transformation processes.

MODULE 2 7 hours Selection and strain improvement strategies: Isolation of industrially important

microorganisms - primary and secondary screening. Detection and assay of fermentation

products – physical-chemical, biological assays. Preservation of microbes – storage at

reduced temperature, storage in dehydrated forms.

MODULE 3 7 hours Types of fermentation: Solid state fermentation and submerged fermentation; batch,

continuous and fed batch fermentation. Homo and heterofermentation. Aerobic and

anaerobic fermentation. Static and stirred fermentations.

MODULE 4 6 hours Media for microbial growth and fermentation: Typical media, media formulation;

water, energy and carbon source, nitrogen sources, minerals and vitamins, buffers,

precursors, metabolic regulators, oxygen requirement.

MODULE 5 12 hours Bioreactors: Brief study on stirred tank fermenter, air-lift fermenter, packed tower fermenter, tray fermenter, rotary drum fermenter.

MODULE 6 13 hours Microbial fermentation: (a) Sterilization - media, fermenter, air. (b) Inoculum

preparation, inoculation. (c) Aeration, agitation, pH control, temperature control, antifoam

agents. (d) Scale up of fermentation (lab scale, pilot plant, industrial scale Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 121 of 145


MODULE 7 12 hours Downstream processing: (a) Separation of microbial cells – Filtration, precipitation,

centrifugation. (b) Cell disruption – liquid shear, freezing-thawing, ultrasonication,

osmotic shock, enzyme treatment. (c) Concentrating and purifying the products -

ultrafiltration, crystallization, solvent precipitation, reverse osmosis, chromatography

MODULE 8 24 hours Production of industrially important product: (a) Antibiotics - Penicillin,

Streptomycin. (b) Amino acids - Lysine, Glutamic acid. (c) Enzymes - Amylase,

Cellulase, Pectinase. (d) Organic acids - Lactic acid, Acetic acid, Gluconic acid. (e)

Biofuels – Bio-ethanol, Bio-butanol. (f) Biopolymers - PHB, PLA. (g) Alcoholic

beverages - Wine, Beer. (h) Microbial cells - SCP, Baker’s yeast.

MODULE 9 5 hours Immobilization of cells and enzymes: Methods of cell and enzyme immobilization. Applications of immobilized cells and enzymes.

PRACTICAL 54 hours

1. Screening and isolation of microbes for production of organic acids and enzymes. 2. Preparation and maintenance of stock cultures (Bacteria and Fungi).

3. Preparation of fungal spore inoculum and enumeration of spores by

Hemocytometer.

4. Preparation of bacterial inoculum by measuring OD and enumeration of bacterial cells by serial dilution and pour plate (or spread plate) method.

5. Solid state and Submerged fermentation for amylase (or any other enzyme)

production and quantification of product by suitable assay methods.

6. Optimization of process parameters for enzyme production in submerged fermentation.

7. Partial purification of amylase (or any other enzyme) produced by microbial

fermentation using acetone precipitation. 8. Lab level production of metabolites (Wine, Vinegar). 9. Immobilization of yeast cells and sugar fermentation using immobilized cells.


1. The course will introduce the learners to the application of industrial microbiology in large scale industrial fermentation processes


Page 122 of 145


2. The significance of the selection of bioreactor for the production of each type of fermentation product will be taught

3. They will understand that media selection is one of the key factors deciding the

quality of the final product

4. The course will create awareness regarding the range of industrially important products produced through industrial fermentation

5. They will learn about the types and application of immobilization of cells and

Enzymes in industrial microbiology

REFERENCES

1. Atlas, R. M. (1986). Basic and Practical Microbiology. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York

2. Baltz, R. H., Demain, A. L., & Davies, J. E. (Eds.). (2010). Manual of industrial

microbiology and biotechnology. American Society for Microbiology Press.

Washington D.C.

3. Burns, R. G., & Slater, J. H. (1982). Experimental microbial ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford

4. Casida, L. E. (1968). Industrial microbiology. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ,

USA

5. Collins, C. H., & Beale, A. J. (Eds.). (2013). Safety in industrial microbiology and biotechnology. Elsevier, UK

6. D'souza, M. J. I., & Killedar, M. S. (2008). Biotechnology and Fermentation Process. Editora Record, Brazil

7. Dubey, R. C., & Maheshwari, D. K. (1999). A textbook of Microbiology. S. Chand

and Company, Meerut 8. El-Mansi, E. M. T., Bryce, C. F., Demain, A. L., & Allman, A. R. (Eds.). (2011).

Fermentation microbiology and biotechnology. CRC press, Florida

9. Fugelsang, K. C., & Edwards, C. G. (Eds.). (2006). Wine microbiology: practical applications and procedures. Springer Science & Business Media, New York

10. Liese, A., Seelbach, K., & Wandrey, C. (Eds.). (2006). Industrial

biotransformations. John Wiley & Sons, UK 11. McNeil, B., & Harvey, L. M. (2008). Practical fermentation technology. John

Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA

12. Miller, A. J., Smith, J. L., & Somkuti, G. A. (1990). Foodborne listeriosis: topics in industrial microbiology Volume 2. Elsevier Science Publishers, UK

13. Montville, T. J., & Matthews, K. R. (2005). Food microbiology: an introduction. ASM Press, Washington DC

14. Okafor, N. (2007). Modern Industrial Microbiology. Science Publishers. Enfield NH, USA.

15. Prescott, S. C., & Dunn, C. G. (1949). Industrial microbiology. Mc Graw Hill publications, New York


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16. Singh, R., Ghosh, S. K., & Ghosh, S. (2004). Industrial biotechnology. Global Vision Pub House, New Delhi

17. Singleton, P. (2004). Bacteria in biology, biotechnology and medicine (No. Ed. 6).

John Wiley & Sons, UK

18. Stanbury, P. F., Whitaker, A., & Hall, S. J. (2013). Principles of fermentation technology. Elsevier, UK

19. Todaro, C. M., & Vogel, H. C. (Eds.). (2014). Fermentation and biochemical

engineering handbook. William Andrew Publishing, New York

20. Waites, M. J., Morgan, N. L., Rockey, J. S., & Higton, G. (2009). Industrial microbiology: an introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA

BO4EA3TM : BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks - 75) Part A Part B Part C Total no of

Module Hours (3 Marks) (5 Marks) (15 Marks) questions

(5/7) (6/9) (2/4)

1 4 1 1 2

2 7 1 2 3

3 7 1 1 1 3

4 6 1 1 2

5 12 2 2

6 13 1 1 2

7 12 1 1 2

8 24 1 1 1 3

9 5 1 1


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M.Sc. DEGREE (C.S.S.) EXAMINATION SEMESTER IV PRACTICAL ELECTIVE COURSE A04

(Model Question Paper) BO4EA04PM - FOOD, AGRICULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, CLINICAL AND

INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY


1. Conduct IMVIC test of Bacteria A. Any 3 tests.

(Principle and Procedure- 2; Working and Result -2) (3 x 4 = 12)

2. Calculate the percentage of Mycorrhizal colonization in the given sample B

( Preparation- 2; Procedure and calculation- 3) (1 x 5 = 5)

3. Demonstrate methylene blue reductase test in C

(Procedure- 3; Experiment- 5; Result – 2) (1x 10 = 10)

4. Demonstrate motility of microbes in D with a hanging drop culture.

Demonstration - 2 (1 x 2 =2)

5. Conduct fermentation process for amylase production and quantification of amylase produced in E

(Experiment – 3; Procedure- 2; Result- 2) (1 x 7 = 7)

6. Identify the Bacterial types F and G by Gram staining.

(Procedure – 1; Preparation- 2; Identification- 1) (2 x 4 = 8)

7. Isolate the bacteria from the soil suspension H by quadrant streak method

(Procedure – 2; Working- 3) (1 x 5 = 5)

8. Determine the blood group of sample I

(Procedure- 2; Result and Interpretation- 2) (1 x 4 = 4)

9. Comment on J, K, L and M. (4 x 3 = 12)

10. Practical record (1 x 10 =10) Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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KEY TO THE QUESTIONS

1. A- Bacterial culture to be supplied 2. B- Supply root tips fixed in FAA 3. C- Supply milk samples 4. D- Root nodules/any bacterial culture to be supplied 5. E- 4 days old fungal culture(SSF) should be supplied 6. F, G- bacterial culture to be given 7. H- Soil sample to be supplied 8. I- Any blood sample

9. J, K, L and M- Equipments/Cultures/Reagents/Diagrams related to topics covered

in the syllabus Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 126 of 145


ELECTIVE COURSE B1

BO4EB1TM: BASIC CONCEPTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

COURSE CODE BO4EB1TM

TITLE OF THE COURSE BASIC CONCEPTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES


NO. OF CREDITS 4


PRACTICAL-54

AIM OF THE COURSE To make the learners understand history of environmental science To create an awareness regarding the reasons of climate change

To enable them develop an understanding regarding the characteristics of

population ecology

To acquaint them with the various types of interactions existing between the components of biosphere

OBJECTIVES To educate the learners regarding importance of environmental studies

To familiarize them with various types of factors controlling weather and

climate

To create an awareness regarding the close linkage between the environmental factors and organisms

To make them understand the stability factors deciding the overall existence of

earth and its organisms To make them aware of the importance of sustainable development


This course covers the basic concepts of environmental studies. of natural

resources. It gives importance to the significance of sustainable development. It

focuses on the importance of various environmental factors controlling the stability

of the ecosystem. It also deals with various types of climatic change caused due to

anthropogenic activities. As a whole the course is focused on creating an awareness

regarding the significance of various environmental factors in the development of a

well balanced ecosystem.


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ELECTIVE COURSE B1

BO4EB1TM: BASIC CONCEPTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

BASIC CONCEPTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 90 hours

MODULE 1 5 hours

History : History of development of environmental science, scope and

significance of environmental studies. Concept of the sustainable world.

MODULE 2 10 hours

Natural environment :(a) Origin and structure of earth – primary differentiation

and formation of core, mantle, crust, atmosphere and hydrosphere. (b) Physical

environment: Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere. (c) Biological environment:

Biosphere – hierarchies in the biosphere.

MODULE 3 20 hours

Earth and its atmosphere: (a) Land and water systems Weathering and erosion process,

types and formation of soils and soil profile. Physical, chemical and biological properties

of soil. Causes, effects and control of earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, floods and

storms. Groundwater – occurrence, chemistry; salt water intrusion.

(b) Aquatic environment: Hydrologic cycle, diversity of aquatic habitats. Aquatic food web and factors affecting primary productivity.

(c) General characteristics of freshwater environment: Lentic systems; Lakes – origin

and classification, ecological zonation, water circulation, physical and chemical

characteristics and biotic communities, fertility and productivity. Lotic systems -

Ecology of streams and rivers.

(d) General characteristics of marine environment: Ocean - chemistry of sea water,

circulation and ecological zonation in sea, marine biota, primary productivity, coral reefs

and marine resources.

(e) Estuaries: Types, biotic communities and productivity; environmental significance of estuaries. Mangroves.

(f) Wetlands: Classification, productivity and ecosystem properties. (g) Eutrophication: Causes and consequences, methods of control.

MODULE 4 20 hours

Weather and Climate: (a) Definitions and scope of climatology, weather and climate. Components of climate system.


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(b) Earth’s thermal environment, earth intercepts solar radiation, seasonal variation in intercepted solar radiation. Air temperature in relation to altitude. Global

circulation of air masses, wind and earth’s rotation on ocean currents, influence

of temperature on moisture content of air, global pattern of precipitation, influence of topography on regional pattern of precipitation.

(c) Classification of climate - Koppen’s classification and Thornthwaite’s scheme, climatic types and zones.

(d) Global climatic phenomena - El Nino and La Nina, causes and factors of climate

change. Effect of climate change on ecosystems and human life. Organisms and

microclimate.

(e) Climate of India: Climatic regions of India, tropical monsoon climate-onset, rain

bearing systems, break in the monsoon, retreat of monsoon. Monsoon in Kerala -

oceanic and continental influence. (f) Climate change – causes and effects.

MODULE 5 15 hours

Ecosystems :(a) Ecosystem organization: Structure and function of ecosystem

components. Processes in ecosystem: Primary production – methods of measurement,

global pattern, controlling factors. Nutrient cycles, energy flow, biogeochemical cycles,

trophic relations, productivity and ecological efficiencies.(b) Structure, function, and

characteristics of; (i) Forests and tundras – temperate and tropical forests, arctic and

alpine forests (ii) Deserts – arid and semi-arid (iii) Grassland and savannas (iv) Coastal

and marine (v) coral reefs (vi) Wetlands – lakes, rivers, estuaries (vii) Mangroves MODULE 6 10 hours

Population ecology: (a) Population characteristics, population growth, carrying

capacity, population regulation, population interactions, population differentiation.

(b)Modeling population growth, competition and coexistence, mutualism, predation,

herbivory, parasitism. Evaluating the controls on population size. Trends in human

population growth. Problems with overpopulation

MODULE 7 10 hours

Biosphere interactions: Communities and ecosystems: Structure, types and characters

of communities, community gradients. Global pattern of species richness, species

diversity. Community organization – ecological niche.


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PRACTICAL 72 hours

1. Soil texture using micrometry from two different sites. Principle and explanation

2. Determination of moisture content of soil

3. Determination of soil pH from at least three different locations and correlate it with the soil type

4. Determination of Chloride, calcium, magnesium, potassium and

phosphorous.

5. Study of biodiversity in Forest/Grass land and Pond/River and report the

species richness, abundance and animal interactions. Calculate frequency,

abundance, evenness and diversity indices. 6. Identification of plants growing in different habitats and studying their adaptations


1. Students will become aware of the basic concept of environmental studies

2. They will develop an understanding regarding the significance of environment and ecosystems

3. The will develop an awareness regarding the causes of global climate change

4. Students learn the various levels of gene regulation and protein function including signal transduction and cell cycle control.

5. The significance of population and its various features will become clear to them

REFERENCES

1. Alongi, D. M. (1998). Coastal Ecosystem Processes. CRC Press. 2. Chapman, G. P. (1977). Human and Environmental Systems: A Geographer’s

Appraisal. Academic Press. 3. Chapman, J. L., and Reiss, M. J. (2005). Ecology: Principles and Applications.

Cambridge University Press.

4. Elton, C. S. (1958). The Ecology of Invasion by Plants and Animals. Methuem, London.

5. Forman, R. T. (1995). Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge University Press.

6. Forman, R. T. T., and Godron, M. (1986). Landscape Ecology. John Wiley & Sons

7. Fox, C. W., Roff, D. A., and Fairbairn, D. J. (Eds.) (2001). Evolutionary Ecology: Concepts and Studies. Oxford University Press.

8. Krebs, C. J. (2008). Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and


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Abundance (VI Edn). Benjamin Cummings Pub.

9. Krishnamurthy, K. V. (2004). An Advanced Textbook on Biodiversity: Principles and practice. Oxford and IBH. Pub. Co.

10. Levin, S. A. (Ed.) (2000). Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press.

11. Mayhew, P. J. (2006). Discovering Evolutionary Ecology: Bringing Together Ecology and Evolution. Oxford University Press.

12. Miller, G. T. (2004). Environmental Science. Thomson.

13. Odum, E. P., and Barrett, G. W. (2005). Fundamentals of Ecology. Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd.

14. Pianka, E. R. (2000). Evolutionary Ecology (VI Edn). Benjamin Cummings. 15. Primack, R. B. (1998). Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates. 16. Pullin, A. S. (2002). Conservation Biology. Cambridge University Press.

17. Ramakrishnan, P. S. (1991). Ecology of Biological Invasion in the Tropics.

International Scientific Publications.

18. Ramakrishnan, P. S. (1992). Shifting Agriculture and Sustainable Development. UNESCO, MAB, Paris.

19. Rana, S. V. S. (2005). Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science. Prentice

Hall of India. 20. Rose, M. R., and Mueller, L. D. (2006). Evolution and Ecology of the Organisms.

Pearson Prentice Hall

BO4EB1TM : BLUEPRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks - 75) Part A Part B Part C Total No. of


(5/7) (6/9) (2/4)

1 5 1 1 2

2 10 1 2 3

3 20 2 2 1 5

4 20 1 2 1 4

5 15 1 1 1 3

6 10 1 1

7 10 1 1 2


Page 131 of 145


ELECTIVE COURSE B2

BO4EB2TM: NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT


TITLE OF THE COURSE NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR

MANAGEMENT


COURSE IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS 4


PRACTICAL-54

AIM OF THE COURSE

To make the learners understand the aspects of resource management and conservation

To create an awareness regarding the importance observing environmental ethics

To enable them to understand the involvement of societal involvement in resorce management

OBJECTIVES To understand the basic concepts of resource mangement

To acquaint the students with the knowledge regarding the principles of

resorce management To educate them regarding environmental economics To familiarize them with environmental ethics To make them understand the link between society and


This course covers the diversity and importance of natural resources. It gives

importance to the various effective measures of resource management and

principles of resource management. Various aspects of environmental ethics and

economics are dealt in detail in this course. The course covers all the important

aspects of effective management of natural resources so that the learners will

develop awareness regarding the sustainable management of natural resouce Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 132 of 145


ELECTIVE COURSE B2

BO4EB2TM: NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT 90 hours

MODULE 1 4 hours Natural resources and their management:Natural resources – renewable and

nonrenewable. Preservation, conservation, and restoration of resources. Recycling, reuse,

and substitution.

MODULE 2 8 hours Principles of resource management – Water resources :Distribution of water resources,

threats to water resources. Principles and approaches to surface water management,

watershed management – catchment infiltration models, rainwater harvesting and storage,

recharging of ground water. Management of degraded water resources. Drinking water

quality and water treatment - desalination, ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, and disinfection

of water.

MODULE 3 10 hours Principles of resource management – Energy resources (a) Energy sources – resource

and reserves. Current national and global energy scenario.(b) Fossil fuels: Oil, Coal,

Natural gas, Shale – sources, exploration,exploitation; environmental consequences of

overexploitation. (c) Nuclear energy: Nuclear fission and fusion, nuclear minerals, nuclear

fuel cycle, nuclear fuel production, nuclear reactors. Advantages and disadvantages of

nuclear power. Environmental consequences – safety, terrorism, waste disposal and

management. (d) Renewable and alternate energy sources – solar energy and isolation,

photovoltaic cells; hydropower; tidal power; wind power; geothermal energy; ocean

energy; fuel cells – advantages and disadvantages, environmental consequences. (e) Bio-

energy: biomass as energy source, biomass production, energy farming, biomass

conversion processes – thermochemical and biochemical. Biodiesel. Environmental

consequences of biomass resource harnessing.

MODULE 4 4 hours Principles of resource management – Land resources: Land as a resource, land

degradation and its causes, desertification – causes and prevention.


Page 133 of 145


MODULE 5 5 hours Principles of resource management – Food resources :Food sources, effect of

agriculture on the environment. World food problems, methods and strategies to alleviate

food problems.

MODULE 6 5 hours Principles of resource management – Mineral resources :Mineral resources: Formation of

mineral deposits. Types of mineral resources, environmental impact of mineral exploration,

mining, processing and utilization. Conservation of mineral resources.

MODULE 7 34 hours Principles of resource management – Biological resources :(a) Forests as biological

resources – importance, types of forests, deforestation, reforestation, conservation of

forests. (b) Biodiversity and its importance: Types of biodiversity - wild biodiversity, agro-

biodiversity, domesticated biodiversity. Values of biodiversity, ecosystem functions and

biodiversity, mobile links and valuating ecosystem services. Drivers of biodiversity loss.

Tools and techniques for biodiversity estimation: Biodiversity indices; methods of

biodiversity monitoring. (c) Uses of biodiversity – source of food, medicine, raw material, aesthetic and cultural values. Threats to biodiversity; natural and anthropogenic, species extinctions, IUCN threat

categories, red data book. Extinction: Types, Causes – population growth,

overconsumption, pollution, climate change. Ecological extinction, biological extinction.

Principles and strategies for biodiversity conservation - In-situ conservation: sanctuaries,

biosphere reserves, national parks, nature reserves, preservation plots. Ex-situ

conservation: botanical gardens, zoos, aquaria, homestead garden; herbarium; In-vitro

Conservation: germplasm and gene Bank; tissue culture: pollen and spore bank, DNA

bank. GEF-World Bank initiatives. Biodiversity hotspots and their characteristics, global

distribution. National and international programmes for biodiversity conservation. CITES

and TRAFFIC, Indian Biodiversity Act 2002 and Rules. (d) Biological Invasions: Introduction ‐ Elton’s hypothesis – Invasion patterns and process ‐ biological attributes for invasion: Reproductive potential, Allelopathy ‐ Phenotypic plasticity ‐ fitness to the new environment. Hypotheses for invasion success: Natural enemy hypothesis evolution of invasiveness, hypothesis, empty niche hypothesis, novel weapon hypothesis, disturbance hypothesis and Propagule pressure hypothesis. Invasive alien species of India (plants and animals).

(e) Impacts and management of invasions: Impacts of exotics on biodiversity, Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 134 of 145


productivity, nutrient cycling. Management: Bio-control programmes, mechanical and chemical control ‐ Positive utilization. Quarantine and EIA of biological invasion.

MODULE 8 10 hours Environmental economics :(a) Definition, scope and basic theories of environmental

economics; sustainable growth. (b) Economics of natural resources, environment cost-

benefit analysis. (c) Agricultural development and environment: Modern agriculture and its impact on

environment – monoculture plantations, use of insecticides, pesticides, chemical

fertilizers, hybrid seeds, water consumption, desertification, watershed problem, soil

erosion, deforestation, depletion of biodiversity. Sustainable agriculture – alternate

methods in agriculture. (d) Industrial development and environment: impact of modern large scale industries on

environment, problems related to modernization and urbanization. Green policies of

industrialization.

MODULE 9 14 hours

Society, Environment and Environmental ethics:(a) Social perspectives of environment – Global and Indian issues. (b) Social impacts of growing human population and affluence, production and distribution of food, hunger, poverty, malnutrition, famine. (c) Social impacts of water crisis, global climate change, ozone depletion, nuclear accidents, acid rain, consumerism and waste products. (d) Problems related to major dams and other developmental projects, resettlement and rehabilitation. (e) Environment and human health – epidemiological issues. Importance and need of environmental ethics. Moral relation among humans, nonhumans,

and natural environment. Position of humans in the world, human responsibility to care the

world, animal rights.

PRACTICAL 54 hours 1. Water Quality Analysis: Determination pH, Electrical conductivity, Alkalinity,

Salinity, Hardness, Nitrate, Phosphate and Silica. 2. Determination of total dissolved salts (TDS). 3. Toxicity Analysis of Water: For Chlorine, H2S, Ammonia, Copper and Chromium. 4. Estimation of primary productivity in two different aquatic ecosystems and

interpretation of the results. Compare the results of Dark and Light bottle method

and Chlorophyll method. 5. Qualitative and quantitative study of freshwater/marine planktons Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 135 of 145



1. Students will become aware of the importance of natural resources 2. They will be familiar with various principles of resource management 3. They will understand the concept of environmental economics 4. The will develop an awareness regarding the societal importance of environment 5. They will become aware of the importance of observing environmental ethics

REFERENCES

1. APHA-AWWA-WPCF (1990). Standard Methods for the Examination of water and Waste water. (XX Edn). American Public Health Association.

2. Butter G C (1988). Principles of Ecotoxicology. John Wiley and Sons.

3. Cockerham G L, Shane B S (Eds) (1994). Basic Environmental Toxicology. CRC Press.

4. Dojlido, J., & Best, G. A. (1993). Chemistry of water and water pollution. Ellis

Horwood Limited. 5. Eisenbude M (1998). Environmental Radioactivity. Academic Press. 6. Fellenberg G (1999). Chemistry of Pollution. John Wiley and Sons. 7. Hayes W A (2001). Principles and Methods of Toxicology. CRC Press.

8. Helmer, R., & Hespanhol, I. (Eds.). (1997). Water pollution control: a guide to the

use of water quality management principles. London: E & FN Spon.

9. James P, Lodge J R (1971). Methods of Air sampling and Analysis. ISc Lewis Pub. Inc

10. Khopkar S M (2004). Environmental Pollution: Monitoring and Control. New Age

International.

11. Klaassen C D, J B W Alkins (2003). Essentials of Toxicology. McGraw-Hill Professional

12. Lutgens F K, Tarbuek J E (1992). The Atmosphere. Prentice Hall.

13. Michael L McKinney, Robert M Schoch (2002). Environmental science: Systems and Solutions. West publishing company.

14. Niesink R J M, De Vries J, Hollinger M A (Eds) (1996). Toxicology: Priniples and

Applications. CRC Press.

15. Noll, K. E. (1991). Adsorption technology for air and water pollution control. CRC Press.

16. Oehme W F (1989). Toxicity of Heavy Metals in Environment. Marcel Dakkar Inc.

17. Ongley, E. D. (Ed.). (1996). Control of water pollution from agriculture (No. 55). Food & Agriculture Org..

18. Purnima B B, A Janin, Arun K Jain (2011). Waste Water Engineering Including Air

Pollution. Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 136 of 145


19. Samuel G (1990). Nuclear Engineering. Academic Press.

20. Wilber C G (1989). Biological aspects of Water pollution. Charles C Thomas Publishers.

BO4EB2TM : BLUEPRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks - 75) Part A Part B Part C Total No. of


(5/7) (6/9) (2/4)

1 4 1 1

2 8 1 1 2

3 10 1 2 1 4

4 4 1 1

5 5 1 1

6 5 1 1 2

7 34 2 2 1 5

8 10 1 1 2

9 14 1 1 2


Page 137 of 145


ELECTIVE COURSE B3

BO4EB3TM: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT


TITLE OF THE COURSE ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING

AND MANAGEMENT


COURSE IS TAUGHT

NO. OF CREDITS 4


PRACTICAL-54

AIM OF THE COURSE

To make the learners understand the significance of effective management of the natural environment

To make them aware of the anthropogenic impact on environment and

sustainable development To acquaint them with modern measures of environmental monitoring

OBJECTIVES To educate the learners regarding importance of environmental monitoring To make them understand the effective measures of waste managemnet To make them aware of the importance of sustainable development To develop in them an ecofriendly culture To create an awareness regarding the various environmental policies in India

To make them understand the significance of a holistic approach towards

nature and development


This course covers the various aspects of environmental monitoring. It focuses on

the measures for proper management of environment. It deals with the methods of

proper disposal and management of various kinds of wastes. It also covers the

aspects of toxicology, where manmade pollutants are described in detail. The

course also deals with modern systems of environmental monitoring such as

GIS.The focal theme of the course is effective monitoring and management of the

environment for a sustainable development. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 138 of 145


ELECTIVE COURSE B3

BO4EB3TM: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT 90 hours

MODULE 1 10 hours Environmental Management:(a) Concepts, strategies and basic principles of

environment management. Management of physical, social, and economic environment.

Concepts and scope of environmental planning, regional planning and management. Cost-

benefit analysis and Resource economics. (b) Environmental modeling: Simulation modeling, input-output modeling, Linear programming, Software and resource management. (c) Tool box for environmental management – An overview of Ecological foot prints, SEA, Ecological Economics, conflict resolution strategies. Eco‐funds. (d) Environmental auditing and Standards ‐ Eco labeling and certification, accreditation – need, objectives and benefits; Corporate social responsibility and Corporate environmental responsibility, ISO standards for environmental management systems (EMS) ‐ ISO 14000, 14001 and 26001; OHSAS 18001.

MODULE 2 10 hours

Ecosystem Management :(a) An overview ‐ Population, Resources and Ecosystem management Exponential growth in human numbers and the implications. (b) Major management concepts and methodologies: The five basic laws of Ecology and

their relevance for ecosystem management; paradigm shifts in the management of

Ecosystems - influence of economics in ecology. (c) Management practices for various ecosystems: grasslands, forests, mountains, wetlands and coastal areas. (d) Environmental planning and management of; waste lands, reclaimed lands, mining areas, human settlements, industrial lands and agricultural lands. (e) Eco‐restoration/remediation; local knowledge and management systems; environmentally sound management of Biotechnologies; the common property resources and their management.

MODULE 3 8 hours Solid waste Management :Municipal solid wastes (MSW) - quantities and characteristics, waste collection and transport, waste processing, resources recovery and


Page 139 of 145


recycling, incineration, pyrolysis, aerobic and anaerobic systems-composting,

vermicomposting and sanitary landfills and biodigesters (Biogas). Management of plastic

and e-waste. Better management strategies (any two model case studies).

MODULE 4 12 hours Toxicology :(a) Definition, scope and history of Toxicology, Acute and chronic toxicity, selective toxicity, dose, synergism and antagonism. (b) Toxic chemicals in the Environment – Air, water and Soil. Biochemical aspects of As, Cd, Pb, Hg, CO, O3, PAN, pesticides, MIC, Dioxins, Furans and carcinogens in air, Bioaccumulation & biomagnification. (c) Occupational toxicology - hazardous chemicals, disorders exposing from chemical exposure at work, assessment of occupational hazards. (d) Dose-Response relationships: Graded response, quantal response, Time action curves,

Threshold Limit value (TLV); LC50; Margin of safety; Toxicity curves; Cumulative

toxicity and LD50 & CTF. (e) Toxicity testing: Bioassay – Definition, purpose, criteria for selection of test organism,

methodology, estimation of LC50, Limitation and importance of Bioassay, Acute Toxicity

(single); Sub acute Toxicity; Chronic Toxicity; Teratogenicity, Carcinogenicity and

Mutagenicity. (f) Bio-monitoring of Toxic Chemicals - Objectives, programs and parameters, concepts of bio indicators. Bio-transformation of Xenobiotics.

MODULE 5 10 hours Environmental Impact Assessment :(a) Introduction, definition, history,aim, principles,

concept and scope. Baseline data collection, Methods and steps – Ad hoc method,

checklist method, matrices, Map overlays method, network method, index method.

(b) Impact assessment and impact evaluation: E1A Processes, Stages, E1A Statement.

Environment management plan - Risk assessment and disaster management programme.

National Policy on EIA.

(c) Regulatory Framework: Environmental Impact Assessment Notification 2006 and Coastal Zone Notification 1991; Environmental Clearance Process in India; Legislative

requirements (discharge requirements and area restrictions); Environmental Appraisal

procedure for mining, industrial, thermal power, nuclear power and multipurpose river

valley projects. EIA case studies. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and its significance. Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

Page 140 of 145


MODULE 6 15 hours Remote Sensing and GIS :(a) Principles and concepts of Remote Sensing. Electromagnetic spectrum; spectral

characteristics of surface features (rocks, soils, vegetations, water). Space imaging ‐ Landsat, SPOT, IRS, NOAA, Seasat, ERS, RADARSAT, INSAT. Satellites and their sensors, geometry and radiometry. (b) Digital Image Processing: Principles, Image Rectification and restoration, Image

enhancement and Mosaicing. Image classification. Supervised, Unsupervised, Ground

truth data and training set manipulation, Classification accuracy assessment. (c) Geographical Information System (GIS): Basic principles and terminologies, Raster and vector data, Map projection, Topology creation, Overlay analysis, Data structure and Digital cartography; Software used in GIS Surveying: Leveling, Triangulation, Geodetic survey; Global Positioning System (GPS) ‐ Basic principles, Applications to environmental studies.

MODULE 7 5 hours

Environment versus Development :Dominance of man on earth. Limits of growth. Industrial revolution and resource utilization, environmental consequences.

Modern agriculture and green Revolution - environmental impacts. Conflicts of interest -

mega developmental projects and issues of 3 Rs, environment and development. MODULE 8 10 hours Sustainable Development :(a) Principles of sustainability - Reliance on solar energy, biodiversity, population control, nutrient cycling. Sustainability indicators. (b) Our Common future and the idea of Sustainable Development - Concepts and dimensions. Basic needs - Imperatives relating to sustainable development. Johannesberg Conference 2002 and follow up Conference on sustainable development. Securing Sustainable futures ‐ Millennium development goals and strategies; the earth charter; need and scope for evolving participatory, community based environmental management strategies. Education for sustainability. Building sustainable societies and lifestyles. Ecological Foot Print analysis and its significance. Environmental concerns in traditional societies.

MODULE 9 10 hours Environmental laws and policies :(a) Historical background of environmental law and

policy in India. (b) The salient features of the following acts and rules: The water (Prevention and Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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control of pollution) act, 1974; The air (Prevention and control of pollution) act, 1981; The

environmental (Protection) act, 1986; The public liability insurance act, 1991; The wildlife

protection act, 1972; The forest conservation act, 1980; The biodiversity act, 2002; The

hazardous wastes (Management and handling) rules, 1989; The noise pollution

(Regulation and control) rules, 2000. Manufacture, storage and import of hazardous

chemicals rules 1989, Biomedical waste (Management and Handling) rules 1998.

PRACTICAL 54 hours

1. Estimation of BOD and COD of polluted water.

2. Isolation and Enumeration of microorganisms in soil (TBC or TMC) - Types of Bacteria and fungi.

3. Bacteriological quality testing of water and waste water: (a) Presumptive

Coliform test (b) Confirmatory Coliform test.


1. Students will develop an awareness regarding environmental and ecosystem management

2. They will be familiar with various measures of solid aste management

3. They will become aware of the various types of toxic metals released as a result of anthropogenic activities and methods of their biomonitoring, testing etc.

4. The will develop an awareness regarding the methods such as EIA, GIS etc. in

environmental monitoring 5. The concept of sustainable development will be made clear to them

REFERENCES

1. Agarwal N K (2004). Essentials of GPS. Spatial Networks Pvt. Ltd. 2. Agarwal N K (2002). Eco‐informatics. APH Publishing Corporation.

3. Asit K Biswas et.al., (1987). EIA for Developing Countries. United Nations University, Tokyo.

4. Carter L (1996). Environmental Impact Assessment. McGraw Hill.

5. Coronel C, Morris S, Rob P (2009). Database Systems: Design, Implementation and Management (IX Edn). Course Technology.

6. Eagles P F J (1987). The planning and Management of Environmentally Sensitive

areas. Longman Group Ltd.

7. Elachi C (1978). Introduction to Physics and Techniques of Remote sensing. John Wiley Pub.


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15. Floyd F, Sabins W H Jr. (1987). Remote Sensing, Principles and Interpretation (II Edn). Freeman & Company.

16. Gadgil M, Guha R (1995). Ecology and Equity: The Use and Abuse of Nature in

Contemporary India. Penguin India.

17. Gadgil M, Guha R (1998). The Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India. Oxford University Press.

18. Goldsmith B (Ed) (1992). Monitoring for Conservation and Ecology. Chapman

and Hall.

19. Jorgensen S E (1996). Applications of ecological modeling in environmental management. Elsevier Sci. Co.

20. Jorgensen S E, Chon T S, Recknage F A (2009). Handbook of Ecological Model

and Informatics. WIT Press. 21. Kang-tsung C (2000). Introduction to GIS. Tata McGraw Hill.

22. Knight R L, White L (2009). Conservation for a new generation redefining

natural resources management. Island Press.

23. Lawrence D P (2003). Environmental Impact Assessment: Practical Solutions to Recurrent Problems. John Wiley and Sons.

24. Lillesand T M, Kiefer R F (1994). Remote Sensing and Image interpretation.

John Wiley & Sons. 18. Maguire D, Batty M, Goodchild M (Eds.) (2005). GIS,

Spatial Analysis, and Modeling. Esri Press. 19. Meadows D, Randers J, (2004). Limits to Growth: The 30 Year Update. Earthscan.

25. Meffe G K, L Nielson, R Knight, Schenborn (2002). Ecosystem management:

Adaptive, Community-based Conservation. Plenum Press. 26. Miller GT Jr. (2004). Environmental Science. Thomson, California.

27. Milner-Gulland E J, Marcus Rowcliffe (2007). Conservation and sustainable use:

A handbook of techniques. Oxford University Press.

BO4EB3TM : BLUEPRINT OF QUESTION PAPER (Maximum Marks - 75)

Part A Part B Part C Total No. of

Hours (3 Marks) (5 Marks) (15 Marks) Questions

(5/7) (6/9) (2/4)

1 10 1 2 1 4

2 10 2 1 3

3 8 1 1 2

4 12 1 1 1 3

5 10 1 1

6 15 1 1 1 3

7 5 1 1

8 10 1 1

9 10 1 1 2



M. Sc. DEGREE (C.S.S.) EXAMINATION SEMESTER IV PRACTICAL ELECTIVE COURSE B04


BO4EB04PM - BASIC CONCEPTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES,

NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

AND MANAGEMENT


1. Find out the abundance, frequency, density and the relative density of the species

from the given data A on the two quadrats selected for study. Determine the

similarity index of two quadrats. (Abundance-2; Frequency-3; Density-2; Relative Density-2; Similarity Index-2)

(1x11 =11)

2. Determine the biomass of the phytoplankton of the given sample B using haemocytometer.

(Working-3; Procedure-2; Result- 1) (1 x 6 = 6)

3. Determine the pH of the given polluted soil sample C and identify the type of soil

(Working-3; Procedure-1; Result- 1) (1 x 5 = 5)

4. Determine the chloride/calcium/magnesium hardness of the given sample D

(Working-3; Procedure-1; Result- 1) (1 x 5 = 5) 5. Determine the BOD of the water sample E

(Principle and Procedure – 3; Working – 4; Calculation -2; Result – 1) (1x10 = 10)

6. Estimate the Alkalinity / salinity/ Total hardness of the given sample F

(Working – 2; Procedure- 1; Interpretation/Comments – 2) (1x5 = 5)

7. Toxicity analysis of water. Determine amount of chloride or ammonia present in

the given polluted water sample G (Working-3; Procedure-1; Result- 1)

(1x5 = 5)

8. Examine the bacteriological quality of water sample H by performing presumptive coliform test and analyze the data by MPN index table. (Principle and Procedure -3; Working- 3; Data analysis and Interpretation- 2)

(1x8 =8) 9. Illustrate the environmental consequence/ significance of the published

pictures I and J (2x2 = 4)

10. Comment on the materials K, L, M (3x2=6)

11. Practical Record (1 x 10 =10) Curriculum and syllabus 2015 admissions onwards

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1. A - Provide necessary data 2. B - Give appropriate sample 3. C - Give necessary soil sample 4. D - Give appropriate samples 5. E - Incubate the sample 5 days before the exam. First day oxygen data can be provided.

Titration to find out the final value only is done at the time of exam. 6. F - Give appropriate sample 7. G - Give appropriate sample 8. H - Day before the exam, inoculate the MPN tubes with appropriate water sample 9. I, J - Published diagram/photograph from popular journals/periodicals/dailies 10. K, L, M - plant materials with ecological peculiarities to be provided


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