4/04/13

1

Le bonheur au travail

Notre menu

1) Le bonheur

2) Mesurer le bonheur

3) Etre heureux, pourquoi?

5) Le chemin

4/04/13

2

1) Le bonheur?

4/04/13

3

2) Mesurer le bonheur

Le bonheur: un bien-être dont nous

prenons conscience

4/04/13

4

Urry & al. Making a life worth living: neural correlates of well-being. Psychological Science 2004, 15 : 367-372.

3) Etre heureux, pourquoi ?

Le bonheur,

« Le souverain bien »

4/04/13

5

Le bonheur:

conséquence ou cause?

Créativité…

4/04/13

6

Le cœur…

4/04/13

7

Elargir & Construire (B. Fredrickson)

4/04/13

8

3bis) Les pièges

Le bonheur c’est de penser « positivement »

Ne pensez pas à…

4/04/13

9

Research Article

Positive Self-StatementsPower for Some, Peril for OthersJoanne V. Wood,1 W.Q. Elaine Perunovic,2 and John W. Lee1

1University of Waterloo and 2University of New Brunswick

ABSTRACT—Positive self-statements are widely believed toboost mood and self-esteem, yet their effectiveness has notbeen demonstrated. We examined the contrary predictionthat positive self-statements can be ineffective or evenharmful. A survey study confirmed that people often usepositive self-statements and believe them to be effective.Two experiments showed that among participants with lowself-esteem, those who repeated a positive self-statement(‘‘I’m a lovable person’’) or who focused on how thatstatementwas true felt worse than thosewho did not repeatthe statement or who focused on how it was both true andnot true. Among participants with high self-esteem, thosewho repeated the statement or focused on how it was truefelt better than those who did not, but to a limited degree.Repeating positive self-statements may benefit certainpeople, but backfire for the very people who ‘‘need’’ themthe most.

At this moment, thousands of people across North America areprobably silently repeating positive statements to themselves.

Students facing exams, cancer patients, speakers approachinglecterns, and individuals trying to lift their low self-esteem are

repeating phrases such as, ‘‘I am a lovable person’’ (Johnson,1991, p. 31). From at least as far back as NormanVincent Peale’s(1952) The Power of Positive Thinking, the media have advo-

cated saying favorable things to oneself. For example, Selfmagazine advises, ‘‘Try chanting, ‘I’m powerful, I’m strong, and

nothing in this world can stop me’ ’’ (Gordon, 2001), and nu-merous self-help books encourage ‘‘affirmations,’’ such as ‘‘Ev-ery day I admit my errors, failures and weaknesses but feel no

guilt, blame, or self-criticism’’ (McQuaig, 1986, p. 56).Are positive self-statements effective? To our knowledge, they

have been examined only (a) in the context of comprehensivetreatments with experienced clinicians, along with techniques

such as relaxation training (e.g., Treadwell & Kendall, 1996), or

(b) in studies in which confounds, such as therapist attention ordemand characteristics, seem highly plausible but were notcontrolled. The true impact of positive self-statements, then, is

unknown.We propose that, contrary to popular belief, positive self-

statements can be useless for some people, even though they

may benefit others. They may even backfire, making some

people feel worse rather than better. We base our predictions on

research involving attitude change, self-comparison, and self-

verification. According to the ‘‘latitudes of acceptance’’ idea

(Sherif & Hovland, 1961), messages that espouse a position

close to one’s own attitude are more persuasive than messages

that espouse a position far from one’s own (Eagly & Chaiken,

1993). Messages that fall outside one’s latitude of acceptance

are thought to meet resistance, and even to have the potential to

backfire, leading one to hold one’s original position even more

strongly (Zanna, 1993). Positive self-statements can be con-

strued as messages that attempt to change attitudes—in this

case, attitudes about the self. Thus, if positive self-statements

carry messages that fall outside one’s latitude of acceptance, one

may reject them. For example, if people who believe that they

are unlovable repeat, ‘‘I’m a lovable person,’’ they may dismiss

this statement and perhaps even reinforce their conviction that

they are unlovable.

Self-comparison theory applies similar ideas to the context ofreceiving self-relevant feedback from other people. People are

thought to automatically compare feedback that they receivewith their preexisting self-conceptions, and to accept the feed-

back only when it fits reasonably well with those self-concep-tions (e.g., Eisenstadt & Leippe, 1994). Positive self-statementsmay operate similarly. Although they are self-generated rather

than provided by others, one may compare self-statements withone’s self-view, and reject them if they contradict it.

Like attitude researchers, self-comparison researchers pro-pose that feedback highly discrepant with one’s self-view mayeven boomerang. Eisenstadt and Leippe (1994) asked partici-

pants to identify a trait they would like to possess but believedthey lacked.When Eisenstadt and Leippe later told participants

that they actually did possess that ideal trait, participants felt

Address correspondence to Joanne Wood, Department of Psychol-ogy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., Waterloo, Ontario,Canada N2L 3G1, e-mail: jwood@uwaterloo.ca.

PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

860 Volume 20—Number 7Copyright r 2009 Association for Psychological Science

Positive self-statements

4) Le chemin

4/04/13

10

Le regard que nous portons sur les choses

Changer de « regard »

4/04/13

11

Voyager dans le temps…

L’effet pygmalion

L’effet pygmalion   Notes attribuées

aléatoirement

  20% des élèves « plus intelligents »

4/04/13

12

Les stéréotypes

Changer de regard

4/04/13

13

A quoi sommes nous attentifs?

Reconnaître ce qui va

GRATITUDE

4/04/13

14

Aujourd’hui, je me sens reconnaissant(e) pour…

1)

2)

3)

Etre présents

Les liens sociaux

4/04/13

15

L’amitié au travail -  Une amitié très proche au travail =

-  7X fois plus de chance d’être motivées

-  Plus productives,

-  Meilleur rapport avec la clientèle

-  Plus innovantes

-  La satisfaction augmente de 50%

Rath, T. (2006). Vital Friends: The People You Can’t Afford To Live Without. Gallup Press.

Job, carrière ou passion?

4/04/13

16

Renforcer le positif

Que voulez-vous pour votre organisation ?

Sur quelles forces prenez-vous appui ?

Que voulez-vous accomplir ?

Comment allez-vous y parvenir ?

Les forces

4/04/13

17

Créer des contextes positifs

 Equité  Confiance  Sens  Compétence/ réalisation  Autonomie  Relations

Elneo

Ratio de Losada: 2,9

Losada, M., & Heaphy, E. (2004). The Role of positivity and connectivity in the performance of business teams: A nonlinear dynamics model. American Behavioral Scientist, 47, 740-65. 

4/04/13

18

Performance des équipes

5,6 1.9 0.36

Losada, M., & Heaphy, E. (2004). The Role of positivity and connectivity in the performance of business teams: A nonlinear dynamics model. American Behavioral Scientist, 47, 740-65. 

La contagion du positif

Le sourire

4/04/13

19

« Nous ne pouvons résoudre des problèmes en utilisant le même mode de pensée que celui qui les a créés. »

Albert Einstein

www.facebook.com/kotsou

www.emergences-asbl.org