Annual of the High Islamic Institut Yüksek İslam Enstitüsü...
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BJtlClll JtiCJI5IMCKM JtlHCTJtiTYT - CO<I>Jt15I HA BMCIIIIDI J.1CJUIMCKJ.1li1HCTJ.1TYT Annual of the High Islamic Institut Yüksek Enstitüsü BPOJ/1 TI'bPBJtl CO<I>Jt15I 2009
Transcript of Annual of the High Islamic Institut Yüksek İslam Enstitüsü...
BJtlClll JtiCJI5IMCKM JtlHCTJtiTYT - CO<I>Jt15I
HA BMCIIIIDI J.1CJUIMCKJ.1li1HCTJ.1TYT
Annual of the High Islamic Institut
Yüksek İslam Enstitüsü Yıllığı
BPOJ/1 TI'bPBJtl
CO<I>Jt15I 2009
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HefOBIDIT TIOpKCKH eKCQepiiT, Haiipa.BeH OT 5J31>,ll)[(1>3a,lle AJIH, H3BeCTeH O~e KaTO
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m Schefer M.Ch., Quelque chapitres de tAbrege du Seldjoııq Nameh compese par liımir Nassir Eddin Yalıia. Recueil de Teıctes et Traduction publie par !es profeseure de lecole des Langues orientala vivantes a loccasion du VIII Congres İnternational des Orientalistes tenus iı Stockholurn en 1889, Paris, 1889, p.3-102. (Publication des 1\:ol des Langues Orientales Vivant. vn II1 Paris V.V., p. 3-102). <59 Ho utma, Recueil de text es relatifs a 1'/ıistoire des Seldjducides, vol. m. parti e I, Histoire des Seldjducides de l'histoire Mineure d'apres İbn-Bibi. Leide 1891. Vol. IV: Histoire des Se/djoucides d'Asie Mineııre d'apres tAbrege İbn-Bibi, Leide, 1902. Text persan . • .,. İbn Bibi, El-Evamirıı'l-Ala'iyye fı'l-Umuri'l-Ala'iyye. Avec une introd. Ct une table des matieres par A. S. Erzi, I Tıpkıbasım (facsirnile de Aya Sofia), TTK Yayınlarından, I, Seri No 4a, Ankara 1956. 3a Ha-6opHıuı TeKcT Ha Cb~ltJI p-ı.Komıc, T. I, noA c-ı.~oTo aarnaBııe, no.[IT. OT H. J!yran 11 A. C. Epau, BlK. s: Ankara Üniversitesi 1lahiyat Fakültesi Yayınlarından, No 19 (U. Kılıç Arslan'ın Vefalinden I. Ala'uddin Keykubad'in Culusuna Kadar).
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' 6 ' İbn Bibi, Anadolu Selçııki Devleti Tari/ı i. Farsça Muhtasar Selçukııamesinden. Trad.: M. N. Gençosman, Ankara 1941. H. W. Duda, Die Seltsclıukengesclıiclıte des lbn Bibi. Kopenhagen 1959. <4l Schefer Ch., Po. cit, p. 3 ete. Houstma Fr., Op., cit, t ıv, lntroduction, p. V-XVI. Köpürlü F., Türk Edebiyatmda Ilk Mııtasavviflar, İst 1919, p. 214; Anadolu Selçukluları Tarihinin Yerli Kaynakları. I. İn: Bel/eten, 1943, VD, p. 388 ete. Babinger Fr., Die Gesclıiclıte sclıreiber der Osmanen und ilıre Werke. Leipsig 1927, p. 8-9. Duda H., İbn Bibi. - İn: Eııcyclopedie de /'ls/am, Nouv. Edit, T. lll, Leide-Peris, 1971, p. 760-761. Erıi A. S., İbn Bibi. -In: Islam Ansiklopedisi, T. 5-!1,1956, p. 712-718. Meınıopa.ııcıoıll Iln., CenAJKYKH~ıe KaK ııcToqam< wuıııcTopııH BH3aHml1 B XII ll XIII BeKax.- B: BU3aHmuilcKııilopeMeHHUK, T. I, Cn6., 1894, c. 613-640. RKy6oBCKHı1 A. IO .• PaccKas J16H Iiıı6ıı o noxoAe Manoasırı1cKJıx TypOK Ha CynaK, nonoa1.1eB ll pyccKJıx B Ha'lane XIII B. - B: B. Bp. 1927, T. XXV. JI-M. 1928, c. 53-76 . •• , ropAneBCKJiil, B. A., JlfJopaHHblt CO'IIIHeHUH. T. c .• 1960 . .... İbn Bibi, Muhtasar Selçukııame, Th. Houstma, p. 194, Trad. G. N. Gençosman, p. 677. ••• İbn Bibi, Op., cit., Edit Th. Houstma.
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npenMc Ha npoM3Be.qeHMeTo. B Hero ce yro'IIDIBa, qe Toıir e OT "qecTHTHTe Kypy
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c BHcwaTa .q'bp)l(aBHa 6ıopoKpa~mı. "IlpH rnaBHIDI Be3Hp (sahib-i divan) llleMc-yrr
xaK Be-.q-.qMH ce rrpocnaBH ı<aTo e.qMH .qo6'bp KaH~enapHcT MIOHwH:' TaKa ce Ka3Ba
B ll'bJIHaTa pe.qaKQmı.478 TosM BeJIMK Be3Hp ce CMRTa, qe e llleMce.q.qMH MyxaMMe.ıı;
6HH MyxaMMe.q 6HH AnM, wı:.ıı;oTo Ha M3BeCTHmı cpe.ıı;Hoa3HaTCKM MpaHo-Ta.ıı;)I(]I1KcKM
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TB'bp.ıı;H A. C. Ep3H.m Te3M Bp'b3KM Me)I()J;}' ~eTe ceMeıirCTBa eTaBaT TpaAM~MOHHM.
Te npOA'bJl)l(aBaT Me)l(lzy .ıı;BaMaTa MCTOpH~M, npoH3XO)I(.ıı;a~M OT T.ıtX. CTaBa AYMa 3a
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Y16H EM6M H3pacTBa B KyrrTypHHTe QeHTpoBe Ha Cpe.ıı;Ha A3IDI, Koı.rro B rrepMo.qa
XI-XIII B. npe3 BpeMeTo Ha .ıı;'bp)l(aBMTe Ha fypH.ıı;MTe, Cerr~J.1Te M Xope3MwaxoBeTe
norryqaBaT f01IRMO pa3BMTJife. TaM npOQ'bcpTRBa e.ıı;Ha 6oraTa ITO C'bA'bp)l(aHHe M C BMCOKO
MaılrcTopcTBo noe3IDI, npe.ıı;cTaBeHa OT MMeHMTM TBOpQM KaTo E6y MJHHYAAMH HacHp
XycpeB (1003-1088), ÜMap XMM (1040-1123), c'brpa)I(AaHKa Ha EM6J1 MıoHe.ıı;)I(MMe,
E6y Hacı.ıp Ece.ıı;M TycM (YM. 1072 r.), <l>axp)'7l:AMH fypraHM (XI B.), ABxa.n:}'7l:AMH
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1I]I1TepaTypHH )l(aHpoBe. Ba)I(Ho 3Ha'leHMe ı.ıMaT ITOJI]I1TJ1"'ecKMTe TpaKTaTM Ha E6y
AnM XacaH ı.ı6H 1i1cxaK (y6. 1092), BeJIMK Be3Mp npı.ı ceJIA)I(YKCKMTe Bna.ıı;eTe1I]I1 Arrn
ApcnaH ı.ı MeJIMK-nrax B npOA'!>Jl)l(eHı.ıe Ha TpH.ıı;eceT ro.qMHM {1063-1092) aBTOp Ha
"KHJ.ira 3a ll0JI]I1THKaTa"- "$iyasetname': Ha KOfOTO MHOfOKpaTHO ce ll030BaBa B CBOeTO
m İbn Bibi, Houstrna Th. Op. cit, p. 177. T. ıv., p. 194; Op. cit., Edit. Gençosman M.N. " 6 İbidem, p. 195 417 İbidem, p. 178. 478 İbidem, p. 188. 479 Erzi, Op. cit., p. 66.
157
fO~MlliHMR-------------------------------------
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noeTJ.1, acTp01103J.1 ı.1 MeAJ.1~J.1. HasnpHo Toi1 e D03HaBan p'bKOBOACTBOTO no noeTHKaTa
Ha PaıımA BaTBaT 'TpaAKHJ.1Te Ha B'bJillle6cTBan" - "Hadaiku's-Sihr': ToraBa OTHOBO ce
B'b3p~a nepcKi1cKoe311'1HaTa J.1CTOpı.1orpaqmn. Ben' aMJ.1 npası.1 nepcKi1cKa noA6opHa
npepa6oTKa Ha lıfCTOpMTa Ha Ta6epı.1 npe3 X B. A6Jzy7IXai1, fapAJıf3J.1 HamıcBa 061.1.\a
lıfCTOpM, o~arnaBeHa "YKpaweHJ.1e Ha J.13BeCTMTa" - "Zeyne'l-Ahbar" K'bM 1050 r.
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aBTOp Ha CeJIWKyKCKa J.1CTOpM, 06XBal.l.\al.l.\a C'b6J.1TKS1Ta AO 1138 r. J.13BeCTHa
no rrpepa6oTKaTa ı.1 npoA'hJDKeHMeTo Ha JllMaMeMmt :vıcqıaxaHJ.1, HeWKMeMJ.ı:H
MyxaMMeA PaseHA.J.1, A)f(}'Bei1HM M AP· lllHTepec rrpeACTaBJIJIBa aHOHKMHM "ll'bJieH
rrpeBOA Ha J.1CTOpı.1'1ecmTe C'b'lli.HeHK.fi"- El-Kamil fi-t-tarih': ÜTTOBa BpeMe AO Hawlıf
AHJ.1 ca AOCTMrHanlıf c6opHı.1~J.1 c o<Pı.ı:~ManHı.ı: ıwpecnoHAeH~KJ.1. TaK'bB e aHOHKMHJ1JI
c6opHKK "lllHwa': C'bCTaBeH rrpea BTOpaTa nonoBKHa Ha XII B., o6XBal.l.\~ AOKfMeHTH
OT nepHOAa 1118-1157 r. KHHfaTa C DO)f(eJlaHı.ı:e 3a AOCT'bD (yc'bB'bpWeHCTBaHe) B
AenoBaTa ·DpemıcKa" - "Kitab et-Tevessul ile-t-Terassul" Ha MyxaMMeA BarAaAiıf,
)I(J.1BJIJI npea XIII B. H AP· B Te3H o6nacTM ca pa3rrpocTpaHJIBaHJ.1 H 6'ı.iJIJ1 norryruıpHH
ı.1 rrpoı.13BeAeHK.fiTa Ha apa6oe3mHaTa ı.ı:cropHorpaqıM. J.16H :SM6J.1 B eAHa J.1JIJ.1 APyra
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Te3J.1 roAJ.ı:HH B CpeAHa A3M H DJIJ13KK.fi lllsToK ce pa3Bı·:ı:Ba eAHa 6oraTa MJ1CTJ.1'1ecKa
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XıoceKH H6H MaHcyp Xanna~. lllMaM fasaJIJ1 (1058-1111 r.), Ba6a KyxK (YM. 1050
r.), A6,ızymıax EHcapH XHpaTH (1002-1088), E6ynMe~A CeHaH (YM. 1150), lJletix
<l>epH,ıı;fMMH Arrap (1151-1221) ı.ı: AP· Ho TJIXHOTO BHAH.MO B'h3Aei1cTBHe B'hpxy Y16H
:Sı.16ı.1 He ce BH)f(Aa. Tow e 6M npe,ıı;ı.ı:.MHo cseTcm MM:CJIHTeJI, npo3aHK ı.1 lıfCTOpKK.
llocpeACTBOM CBOeTO CeMeMCTBO TOM HaBJIJ.13a cpeA CBeTCKaTa, 6ıopoKpaTJ.1'1eCKa
HHTeJIJ.1reHI.\K.fi Ha cpeAHOa3HaTCKKTe MlOCJIIOMaHCKH A'bp>KaBH. qpe3 CBO.fl 6all.la TOM
HMa AOCT'bn AO cynTaHCKHTe KaH~enapKJ.1. TaKa ycBoJı:Ba M3KyCTBOTO Ha o<Pmı;HanHaTa
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cyJITaHCKaTa KaHI.{enapM B Manoa3Ki1cKaTa A'bp)f(aBa cJieA CM'bpTTa Ha 6~a cı.ı:.
CeMeıkTBOTO Ha Y16H BH6H AO 1231 r. ocTasa npı.1 AJ30p~oBaTa CBHTa Ha
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158
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Ca ce MeCTe/IJf OT rpaA B rpaA, OT J.fSTO'iHJ1Te o6naCTJ.f K'bM 3aDaAIDI.Te o6naCTJ.1 Ha
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OKOH'iaTenHO e pas6lilTa OT MOHIOJll.\J.fTe, a ~e1JJUleM!IlH HaCKOpO Clle,t:\ TOBa Ha.MMpa
CBOJITa CM'bpT. Ea~aTa Ha DlilCaTenJI AO TOraBa pa60T!Il KaTO M)'HI1llil nplil ABOpa
Ha C'b~lilJI sna.ı:teTen.480 npes 1231 r. ceMeıkTBOTO Ha J.16H Blil6!1l ce npeXB'bpMT B
AaMaCK nplil .ı:ısopa Ha en-MenlilK-yn-ewpacp Mysacpcpepy;ı:mlilH Myca OT AlilHacnuiTa
Ha Eıo6!1lTe.481 (YM. 1237 r.) CnopeA n'hnHaTa pe.ı:ıaıuı;lilJI Ha lilCTOplilJ!Ta Ha lilpaHcKIDI
n!llcaTen, c noo~peH!IleTo Ha KeMane.ı:tAlilH KaMJip, cynTaH Aıule.ı:tAlilH Keilı:-Ky6a.ı:ı
ce o6p'b~a K'bM KYMaHCKIDI sna.ı:teTen c Mon6a sa c'b.ı:teilı:cTB!Ile sa !llsnp~aHeTO
Ha B'bDpOCH!IlTe C'bnpyslil B Mana AslilJI. no T0311 Haq}fH EM6lil MıoHe,t:\)i{lilMe lil
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ycTaHOB.II.BaT ce B Cen,ll)KfKCKaTa A'bp>Kasa. KaTo 11Ma npeABMA, ııe ~e1JJUleAAJ.1H
XapesMWax e pas6MT sa nocne.ı:teH n'bT OT MOHrOJll.\ı-ıTe npM AMlilA npes 1231 r.,
KOraTO B'bnpOCHOTO CeMeMCTBO ce e npeXB'bp1rn110 B AaMaCK, a A06pıne OTHOWeHlilJI
Me)f{AY Manoası-ıilı:cKaTa ,ı:ı;op>KaBa M en-Men!llK-yn-elllpacp ca npOA'bJDKJillllil AO 1233 r.
KoraTo nocneAHlilJI Bl111Sa B KOM6MHa~l111 cpe111y cynTaH Aıule.ı:tAMH Keilı:-Ky6aA, A. C.
EpsMMABa AO 11SBOAa, ııe TOBa e cTaHano Me>KAY 1231 M 1233 r.482 Mo>Ke .ı:ıa ce C'ililTa
sa 6escnopHo, <ı:e npes 631 r. no X11.ı:ı>Kpa T.e. npes 1231 r. no H.e. ceMeıiıcTBOTO EM6M
Beqe 6lilllO ce ycraHOBlilllO B CTO~aTa Ha Manoaslililı:cKaTa CeliA>KYI<CKa A'bp>Kasa. no
TOBa BpeMe TO ce Ha.MMpaliO B ManaTlilJI, K'bAeTO npe6MBaBana CBlilTaTa Ha C)'11TaH
AıuleM11H Ke.i1-Ky6aA, B'bB Bp'bsKa c noxo.ı:ıa cpel.l.ly C11plilJI. no HJll<aKBa cnyqailı:HocT
npe.ı:tcKasaH!IleTo Ha E116ı-:ı: MıoHe,ll)KlilMe sa no6eAa Ha cenA>K)'KCKaTa apMlilJI
C'bBna.ı:ıHano c secTTa sa :pas611BaHeTo Ha HenplilJITencKaTa BOMeKa 111 c YKPMBaHeTo
i/ı: B KpenocTTa Ha XapnyT. CysepeHHlilJIT sna.ı:teTen np11en TOBa sa ı-:ı:cT!IlHCKO
npe.ı:tsHaMeHoBaHı-:ı:e. AcTpono>KKaTa 6Mna MSB!IlKaHa cne~ı-:ı:allHo npeA AnJ!eMMH
Keilı:-Ky6a.ı:ı I, no ı:ı:eilı:Ha Mon6a TOM Ha.ı:taplilll C'bnpyra ilı: Me.ı:ı>KA)'MMH MyxaMMe.ı:t
Tep.ı:ı>KYMaHı-:ı: c nocTa ceKpeTap Ha CynTaHCKIDl .ı:tı-ıBaH.483
Cnope.ı:ı KpaTKaTa pe.ı:tCll<qiDI Ha lilCTOp!llJITa, cneA Tosa Me,l.Pf<A)'MJiiH Myxa.MMeA
Tep,ll)KYMaH!Il e eTaHan TOnKOBa 611J1S'bK c'bc CynTaH AnReMlilH Ke.i1-Ky6a,q, qe 11
neTe, nplil pasJ1WIHJ1 DOXOAJ1 CTaHall Apyrap Ha BllaAeTellJI, 6lilll y;t:IOCTOeH C HerOBOTO
BHMMaH!Ile . .ı:ı;o TaKaBa cTeneH e HapacHan HeroBlilJI aBTopı-:ı:TeT, ııe e 11snpa~aH c
M3B'bHpe.ı:tHH n'bllHOMOl.l.IHlil'ieCTBa B Ear.ı:taT, lliaM, np11 xapse~MTe 11 AP·• c KOMTO
OTIIlil'iHO ce e cnpaBJlll. OcseH TOBa ce rosop!ll sa cnollYKlilTe MY B !J.fSD'bllHeHMe Ha
HJIKai<Blil Sa,t:\a'{!ll B Cny>K6a Ha apMlilJITa, C KOlilTO HlilKO"tİ He e MOrbii .ı:ta Ce Mepı-ı: C Hero.484
410 Veled S., Divan i. Edit F. N. Uzluk, Ank. 19-I, p. 143. ••ı Duda H. N., Op. cit, antid, p. 700. 411 Eni, Op. cit, artid., p. 71. 413 İbidem, p. 72. 414 İbidem, p. 74.
159
rO~MlliHM~-----------------------------------
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M .ıı;o CM1>pTTa cı-ı npe3 M. ına6aH 670 r. no XM,q)!(pa, T.e. 1273 r., e 6Mrr M3npamaH c
,!J;I1II1IOMaTM'!eCKM M11CI1M npM pa3JIM'!HM BJiap;eTeJm.485
ITo T93M HaqMH caMIDIT l16H :611611 c1>mo e BJIH31>JI B pe.ıtJ1[(11Te Ha rocnop;cTBamMH
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KaKTO BMAJIXMe TOM e HapeqeH ,AMHp Hac1>p err-MwJIJie Be',q-,qi1H" - ,Amir Nası.r el
mille ve'd-din'' M ,MaJIMK-M p;wBaH eT-Tyrpa" - ,Malik- i divan et-Tugra':
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M no CBOMTe <PYHK[(I1H TOM e 6MJI npep;CTaBMTeJI Ha BMCllliDI yrrpaBJieHCKM eJIHT
Ha rocno~cTBamaTa KJiaca. QqeBMAHO, KaTo 6ama CM Mep;)!(p;y.ıı:.n;MH MyxaMMep;
Tepp;)!(YMaHM, TOM e B3eMaJI aKTMBHO yqacTMe B oc'bmecTBJ'!BaHeTo Ha B1>TpeınHaTa
nOJIMT11Ka M Me~YHapO~HMTe OTHOllleHMH Ha Maıroa3MMCKaTa ceJI,IJ;)!(YKCKa
p;1>p)l(aBa. ToBa o6sı.cHHBa l1 Bp1>3KMTe My c TaKHBa JIH'IHOCTH KaTo ~)!(_yaei1Hl1, ep;HH
OT BMClllMTe yrrpaBJieHCKH CJI)')KMTeJIM npl1 MOHrOJI[(MTe, )J;'bJirH rop;MHM B'b3rJiaBJ1Jl
BJiaCTTa B TaK'bB roJIHM ap;MHHl1CTpanıaeH M KYJITypeH [(eHT'bp KaTo Bar,qaT ,qo
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KOHTO )!(HBee, TBOpM J1 pa60TJ1.
He ce 3Hae ToqHaTa ro~J!!Ha Ha cM'bpTTa Ha J.16H BM6l1. Ho ome T. XaycMa B1>3
OCHOBa Ha p;orap;KM OT HeroBaTa MCTOpMH J13Ka3Ba CTaHOBJ1meTO, qe IIMCaTeJIHT K'bM
M. llleBBaJI 684 IIO XMA~a e 6J1JI )!(MB. A TOBa npaBM MeCe[( OKTOMBpM 1284 r. IIO
H.e. 3a Toaa TOM HaMMpa onopa B c'bo6meHJ1eTo 3a Caxwn <I>axpM ap;-p;MH, ep;MH OT
HaM-J13BeCTHMTe M~JIOa3J1MCKH CeJip;)!(YKCKH CaHOBHM[(J!l, B C'b'!J1HeHvieTO Ha J.16H
BM6M, KOMTO no 3ana3eH Hap;rpo6eH Hap;IIMc, e no'!J1HaJI Ha noco'!eHaTa p;aTa. 486
.as İbidem, p. 77. ' 66 İbn Bibi, Op. dt., Edit. Housima Th., İntrod., p. 199; Edit. Gençosman, p. 18.
160
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TosM eırnrpaıpc.KM na.MeTHMK e ny6ID1K)'BaH HaBpeMeTo oT Xyap~ XaycMa.487 Bes ~a
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meBan 683 (oKTOMBpM 1284) M meBan 684 ~eKeMBpM 1285).488
2. J.16H BM6M OCTaBHn e~Ho e~cTBeHo npoMsBe~eH:ı.te, MSBecTHO B ~Be pe~ai<qiDI
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sanaseHa B e,lii1H e.I:(MHCTBeH pDKODMC, KOHTO ce HaMHpa B 6M6JIMOTeKaTa npM xpa.Ma
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IlpoMsBe,qeH:ı.teTo e 6nno MsroTBeHo no sanoBeA Ha oT6eJIJlsaHWI Be'le MST'bKHaT
cpe,qHOaSMaTCIG1 .l:('bp)l(aBHHK, Besı.ıp, MHCID1TeJI M MCTOpHK AıiJıeAAUH en-MaJIHK
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M npepa6oTKaTa Ha CBORTa o6Uia MCTOpWi. Ho CM'bpTTa MY nonpe•mna .ı:~a cTop:ı.ı
TOBa. J.16H BM6M MSplıi"'HO C'b06UiaBa Sa TOBa B npeAfOBOpa, KaTO DpM,llpf>KaBa
14SJIO>KeHMeTOCı1CXBalle6cTBeHMCJIOBaSaCBORC'bBpeMeHHMKJı!HaBRpH06llafOAeTe7I.491
A ClleA HerOBaTa CM'bpT DO MCKaHeTO lif DO.I:( KOHTporra Ha J.16H DM6M e 6M MSfOTBeH
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TOH M3pH'IHo He e ,qaT:ı.tpaH. OcseH Tosa, nocrreAH:ı.tTe c'b6MTWI, on:ı.ıcaHM B pöKon:ı.ıca,
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II, OT KpMM B CHHon, B Marra As:ı.tR H saM:ı.tHasaHeTo MY npes SHMaTa Ha 679 r. no
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C'bll.IO DOCO'lBaT speMeTO Ha C'bCTaBJIHeTO Ha n'bliHWI p'bKOirnC.
3Ha.ııT ce,qBa no-K'bCHH npen:ı.ıca, HanpaseH:ı.ı oT n'bliHaTa pe.r~aı<.qiD~ Ha C'b'iHHeHHeTo
Ha J.16H BM6M. EAMHWIT OT TJDC ce HaMHpa B 6M6IDtoTeKaTa Ha A7I:ı.t EMMp~3, cera
HaxO,IVllll ce B 6:ı.ı6IDtoTeKaTa "MMJleT" B J.1craH6yn.49t .L(pyrwıT npen:ı.ıc, Hanpas e H np es
1822 r. e nona.r~Harr B HaızyıoHaımaTa 6M611HoTeKa s IlapH>K, on:ı.ıcaH OT E. Brrowe.495
• 81 Huart Cl., Op. cit.; Paris, 1895, p. 87. •ss Duda H., Op. cit., p. 76. 489 Emiri A., Osmanlı Vilayet-i Şarkisi, İst. 1918, p. 56. "
0 Tauer F., Op. cit "' Manuscoript de Aya Sofya, p.II m Erı.i, A.S., Op. articl., p. 714. m Emiri, A., Op. cit P. 56 . • ,. Eni A.S., Op. cit, p. 714. <ts Bloshe E., Op. cit, T. I, 437.
161
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ToBa pa36MpaHe e 3~MTeHo B M3CJie~aHM.ıiTa Ha T03M Typcı<M Me;ıı;MaBMCT.496 KaTo
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MMeTo Ha AJI.ııe;ıı;;ıı;MH Keıl1-Ky6a;ıı; ı<aTo AJI.ıiMı)ıe, rpa~ B M ana A3M.ıı. C'b~OTO pa3<rnTaHe
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n'bJIHM.ıi npenMc OT CJIO)!(Ha noeTMtiecı<a o6pa3HOCT M Te)!(KM e3MKOBI1 KOHCTPyı<ı:ıMM.
HanMcaH e Ha TB'bp;ıı;e n~eH CTMll M e3MK.
' 96 Erıi A.S., Op. dt, I. 5, II, p. 13 497 BlK. nocnei(HOTO 113,ııaHııe Ha JifHCTIITYTa no rypcKa 11CTOpi1JI. 498 Duda, H. Die Seltschucengeschichte des İbn Bibi., Kopenhagen, 1959, İntrod, p. S.
162
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qe TOBa H3JIBJieHHe e HanpaBeHO OT HeH3BeCTeH C'bCTaBHTeJI. A B HMeT O Ha llHCaTeJIJI
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po,ıı;MTeJIHTe Ha nHcaTeJIJI.503 P'bı<onHC'bT He e .ıı;aTnpaH. IIo no.ıı;aTKMTe 3a Ha f'bJice.ıı;,ıı;HH
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rOJIJIMaTa llOnyJIJipHOCT Ha T031'1 pe.zı;a~wı:.
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BH6u, no.ıı;roTBeHa C'bi.I.:(O OT Hei'!3BecTeH C'bCTaBuTen, ce HaMHpa B 6H6JIHoTeı<aTa Ha rpa.ıı;
foTa. Ho B HaqanoTo Ha p'bKOll!1ca ca HanpaseHM HJIKOM .ıı;o6asKI'!, a ı<pa.ııT JIHnCBa.504
•99 Bloche, E., Op. cit, T.I, 439 500 Schefer Ch., Op. cit., p. 3, ete. soı Edit Houstma Th. soı Köprülü A.S., Op. dt., Belleten, 1943, VII, p. 388, ete. so' Erzi A.S., Op. dt., L, S, II, p. 715. so. İbidem, p. 718.
163
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pınyaJIJ1, 611T c npe)!(J1BeJIJ1QH Ha ~peBHHTe aHTH<IH11 QHBJ1ID13a~11. HanpHMep npH
CM'bpTTa Ha Jt133e~~H Keı:1-KaByc I (1210-1219 r.) e o6JIBeH Tp11~eseH Tpayp, np11
KOeTo ce o6nmaT B 6en11 o~e~, a "'eTB'bpnuı ~eH ce npeM11Ha.Ba K'bM 3a6aBrreHHJI H
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OTCT'bnBa MJICTO Ha llHJIHCTBOTO B ~aTa HCTOpiDI Ha J.16H B116H.
Ta311 CJIO)!(HOCT H npoTHBope"'HBOCT B pa36HpaHIDITa Ha Jt16H B11611 ce o6ycnaBJI
OT oco6eHOTO nono)!(eHHe B Mana A3HJI, BJIH3KHJI 11 Cpe~eH J.13TOK npe3 XIII B.,
505 İbidem, p. 719. 506 İbn·i Bibi, Muhtasar, Edit. Gençosman, p. 87.
164
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xope3'bMCKHTe Bnap;eTenJ1 H 6arp;aTCKHTe XanHqıH, DO,ı:ı;Kn~aHJ1 OT IIOnMTH'IeCKH
HHTepecH Sa Ha,D;MO~He B perHOHa. ToBa e p;ano OTpa>ı<eHHe B'bp:ıcy DOSHQHHTe Ha J16H
DH6H IIpH OCBeTJIJIBaHeTO Ha HJIKOH C'b6HTIDI OT TOBa BpeMe.
CpeAHOBeKOBHaTa MIOCıonMaHcKa K)'71Typa e MHorocnoılı:Ha. B He.ıı C'b~ecTB}'BaT
pasTIH"lHH HanpasneHIDI. Oco6eHo Ba)I(HO e Heıiı:HoTo ,ı:ı;uqıepeHqHpaHe Ha crporo
peJIHrHOSHH, Q'bpKOBHJ1 Te'leHHJI J1 TaKHBa C npeo6na,D,aB~ CBeTCKH TeH,D;eH~HH.
TJiiiD.f'IHo e B TOBa OTHomeırne noesHJITa, e,ı:ı;HH OT Haıiı:-paHO o6oco6HJIJ1Te ce po,ı:ı;ose
B MIOCniOMaHCKHTe JIHTepaTYPH. KaKTO B DOeSHJITa, TaKa H B MIOCIOnMaHCKaTa
HCTOpHorpaqıHH, .ııcHo ce oqepTaBaT H pasrpaHH'IasaT <l>HnocoqıCKo-penJ1rno3HO
HanpasneHHe H cseTcKo-nonHTH'IeCKO HanpasneHue. EH Tp.ıı6aano J16H EH6H ,ı:ı;a
npH'IJ1CnHM K'bM CBeTCKOTO HCTOpHorpa<l>cKO Hanpasneırne. KaKTO IIO CBOeTO
o6~ecTBeHo nono)l(eHHe, TaKa uno-cBOHTe <l>Hnoco<PcKH, coızyıonorH"lecm H K}7ITYPHJ1
pas6HpaHHJI TOM e npe,ı:ı;cTaBHTen Ha BHcmaTa caeTcKa 6ıopoKpaTI{'leCKa npocnoılı:Ka
Ha rocno,ı:ı;cTB~aTa Knaca B ManoasJiılı:cKaTa ce~CKa p;'bp)l(aBa. B rpaHJ1ızyJTe
Ha HCJIJIMCKaTa o6~ecrBeHa MHC'bfl, Ha IIpaKTHKa, TOM HMa IIOnHT.K'IeCI<H, CBeTCKH
165
fOAMlliHM.R------------------------------------
IIOWCOA K'bM pa3rJie)f(,ll;aiD!Te C'b611TIDI, 3aiD!MaBa ce npeA11MHO C IIOJIJ1TJflleCKaTa
11CTopiDi Ha per110Ha. Pa3611pa ce, TOM e C11H Ha CBOJITa enoxa, He OTM11Ha.Ba npomn1Te
Ha penlifr1103HIDI )!(MBOT. B cıryqa.ıı roBop11M 3a npeo6naAaBanı;11Te <ı:epnı: Ha HerosaTa
HHTepnpeTa~J.f.li. He3aBJ1:CJ1:MO AaJIJ1 TOBa e HanpaBeHO B peJIJ.fi'J103Ha J1lD1 CBeTCKa
cpopMa, nHCaTeJJJlT e TJ1:1Uf'ieH J1: Jip'bK npeACTaBHTeJI Ha ynpaBJIJlBanı;IDi eJIJ1T.
Y16H EH6J1:, C peAKJ1 113KJIIOqeHIDi, e 'f}')KA Ha pOAOBOllJieMeHID!Jl MHTOTIOrWieH
Ha<J:HH Ha Mı<eneHe. Ton nMa KpHTWIHo oTHoıneHne K'bM noBe<ı:eTo 1131IOJI3BaHH
J1:3TO<J:HJ1:~11. KaKTO CaM 3aJIBJlBa B npeArOBOpa, Ha CBOeTO C'b'lliHeHHe, nopaAH HeHCHOCT
J1: npOTHBOpe<ı:HBOCT Ha CBeAeiD!JlTa J1: TeXHHH JiereHAapeH xapaKTep, HCTOpHK'bT Ce
OTKa3Ba Aa Ce 3aırn:MaBa C II'bpBHTe CTOJieTHH Ha npeceJJBaHeTO 11 }'CTaHOBHBaHeTO
Ha TIOpKcKHTe nJieMeHa 11 enm<ı:eci<J.1 rpyrrn B Mana A3J1:Jl. 3aToBa 3ano<J:Ba csonTa
HCTOpiDi OT BpeMeTO Ha OKOHqaTeJIHOTO YTB'bp)l()l;aBaHe Ha CeJIWI<yKCKaTa BJiaCT B
Mana A3M K'bM Kpa.ıı Ha XII n npe3 XIII BeKOBe. C T03H HeroB nowcoA MO)l(e Aa cn 06JICH11M OTC'bCTB11eTO Ha eneMeHTH OT enoca Ha TIOpKCKJ.1Te nJieMeHa, 3a KOeTO TOM He
MO)!(e Aa He e 3Haen B CpeAHa n llpeAHa A3IDi. Te ca 3aneraaJil1 B Tpy,&oBeTe Ha Apyrn
ruıcaTenn OT TOBa BpeMe. 1
llpn Y16H En611 ce cpenı;aT ,&pyrn BHAOBe MHTonori1:Jl. l11>pBHTe OT TRX ca npel
)!(MBeJil1~H OT aHTWIHaTa ~11B11JI113a~HH - 11paHcKa, APfBHorp'b~Ka, p11Mo-enHHnc-
TWIHa. ToBa e MHTOJIOfJ.f.li, KOHTO 11Ma npeTe~H 3a HaTypaJil1CTH<J:HO 06HCHeHJ1:e Ha 1
npnpOAfiHTe n o6nı;ecTBeHJ1: RBneHID~, HaMHpa ce Ha rpaHn~aTa Ha Hay<ı:HOTO 3HaHHe
11 peJil1rH03HHTe pas6npaHJ1:Jl, Ha AOraAKJ.1Te, Ha npeAIIOJIO)!(eHHJlTa, Ha aHanorHHTa. i
ToBa 6e3cnopHo ca cneAM Ha npneMCTBeHOCT c AOToraBaıırHaTa KYJITypa Ha pernoHa.
0co6eHO TOBa ce OTHaCH 3a KOCMWieCKJ.1Te npeACTaBM, ac;rpOHOMWieCKHTe II03HaHIDi i
M AP· BTopnTe HMaT xapaKTep Ha penwrM03Ha MHTonorM. Ho aBTOp1>T He npnAaBa 1
TB'bpAe fOJIRMO 3Haqeırn:e Ha ecxaTOJIOfHHTa, AeMOHOJIO~IDJ.Ta J1: anoKaJIJ1:IIT11'IH11Te ı
npeACTaBn, MaKap Aa ce cpenı;aT ynoMeHaBaHe Ha H3pa3~ .KaTo ,&HBOTI M AP· llpn Bce
TOBa aBTOp'bT He e IIOCJieAOBaTeJieH. ÜCTaBa l11>T 3a M3B~CTHa OrpaHWieHa BpaTa 3a ~ - 1 MMCTHKa . .ı OM AOrryCKa B CBOJITa MCTOpHH OTAeJIHM cıryqaJ:ı Ha KOCBeHa Bp1>3Ka Me~
11AeHTa 3a 6ora M A1>p)!(aBHM Aei1~. Tosa, cnopeA nHCaTenk, ce nocTMra <ı:pe3 c~iıMJ.I..\aTa. B TaK'bB nnaH T'bJIKYBa C'bHH Ha cynTaH Amıe,&AMH Kei1-Ky6aA I B HaBeqepneTo Ha
CM'bpTTa Ha 6paT MY M33eAAJ1:H Kew-Kasyc I M B1>3Ka<J:BaHeTo MY Ha TpoHa. CseTe~'bT,
KoroTo BnaAeTeJJJlT e BMAJlli B C'bHH CM, ce OKa3Ba 0Mep MyxaMMeA CyxpeBepAM, npa
TeHMK'bT Ha EarAaTCKHH xa1Il1cp.507 CnopeA aBTopa, no-K'bCHO KoraTo cpenı;a c'bnı;oTo
JIM~e pa31103HaBa CBeTe~a OT C'b~ C11.508 TaKa peaJIHMTe W'illliOMaTWieCKH OTHOIDe
HIDi Me~ xanncpaTa M cenA~CKaTa A'~>P)!(a.Ba, nerMTMM~ID~Ta Ha BnacTTa Ha HO
BIDI cymaH ce M3T'bJIK}'Ba B MHCTWieH Ayx. K1>M TaK'bB npwi1oM Ha HHTepnpeTa~IDi
507 İbidem, p. 85. '"' İbidem, p. 92.
166
----------------------------------~OUMillHMK
npH6.ıuııa M6H SH6H npH noBeCTBOBaımeTo sa sasnawnıaHeTo Ha ı<penocTTa Amme,
Hape'leHa Taı<a B qecT Ha AmıeAAJ~IH Keıiı-Ky6aA I. CnopeJJ. pasKasa Ha aBTopa OTHOBO
B c'bHJI MY ce .ııa.ıma HJIKaK'bB caeTeQ, KOHTO MY npeJJ.CKasaa, qe ıq>enocTTa ~e 6'bJJ.e
npeBseTa c "6o)f(a noMoıı( T.e. qpes npeJJ.aBaHeTo ff OT Ha'iaJDUO<a Ha KpenocTTa. 509
Cno)J.eliJIHeTO Ha TOBa "npe)J.CKaSaHHe" C'bC C}71TaHCKaTa CBHTa H 6eıiı:oBeTe OKa3Ba
ncKXonorH'ieCKO B'bSJJ.eıiıcTBHe. ToBa npHJIH'ia no-cKopo Ha ncKXonorH'fHa MaHHny
naQH.ll H Ha eMOQHOHaJIHO B'bS)J.eHCTBHe B'bpxy BOHCKaTa.
B ocHoBaTıi Ha nop;xo)J.a Ha M6H SH6H K'bM caeTa CTOJlT HerOBHTe <!ıMocoqıc.KM
pas6HpaHHJi. Toff noAJiara npo6neMHTe Ha 6HTHeTo, o6~ecTBOTO H 'IOBeKa Ha
<!ıHJIOCO<!ıCKa HHTepnpeTaQH.ll. Tio CBOHTe OHTOJIOrH'ieCKH CXBaiD;aiDf.JI HpaHCKIDlT
HCTOpHK cna)J.a K'bM <!ıHJiocoqıcKoTo HanpaBneHHe Ha o6eKT.ımHH.ll H)J.ealiJfS'bM. Toıiı
He ce ruıpa cneQHaJIHo Ha B'bnpoca sa B'bSHHKBaHeTo Ha cBeTa. ÜT npoHsBe)J.eHHeTo
MY 6H Morno Aa ce saKJUOırn, 'le cno)J.en.ıı :ıouıeMopqıH'iHHTe B'bsrne,qH B ,qyxa Ha
apHcTOTenHsMa. MaTepH.llTa HMa nacHaHa noTeHQHaJIHOCT, KaTo eTaBa aKTyaJIHO
AeıiıcTBall.\OTO qp es aKTHBHaTa qıopMa, qpes JJ.yınaTa, ,qyxa. J1Haqe sa Hero 6HTHeTO e
Hell.\O MaTepHaJIHo H peaJIHO C'bll.\eCTayaall.\O. TiosHaHH.llTa Ha M6H SH6H sa KOCMoca
C'bll.\eCTBeHO ce OTJIH'iaBaT OT Tpa)J.HQHOHHHTe KOpaHJII'ieCKH npe)J.CTaBH. J.1spaCTBaJI B
cpe)J.aTa Ha noTOMCTBeHH acTponosH, nHCaTen.ııT B e)J.Ha JI(JI}1 APyra cTeneH e sanosHaT
c aHTH'IHaTa H cpeAHoBeKOBHa MJOCJOJIMaHCKa acTpOHOMIDI. B npoHsBe,qeHHeTo CH no
noao,q pasJIH'iHH c'b6HTHJl TOM ce cruıpa B'bpxy He6ecHHre Tena- Cn'bHL{eTo, JlyııaTa H
neTTe BHJJ.HMH C 'iOBeWKO OKO llJiaHeTH, fOBOpH Sa He6eCHH op6HTH H cqıepH . .Qo6pe
nosHaBa so)J.HaKaJIHHTe C'bSBe3AHJi. MMa pasBHTa Ha6nıo,ıı:areJIHOCT sa ~eHOHO~HHTe,
Mece'iHH H ro,ıı:HmHH ,n:BJ{)f(eHH.ll Ha He6ecHHTe rena, cne,q11 npexo,ıı:a Ha Cn'bHQeTo
npes C'bSBeSAHJiTa Ha so,ıı:HaKaJIHH.ll no11c. Ho Bce naı< TOBa ca Ha6nıo,l.leHYIJl Ha e,ıı:HH
nıo611ren. Te He no'iHBaT Ha onHTa Ha npoqıecHOHaJIHH acrpoHOMH. E,ıı:,Ho cpaBHeHHe
C'bC "MaTeMaTH'tHIDI CHHTaKCHC" - ':AJIMarecT" Ha KJiasAJfıiı TITOJIOMet:i, npeBe)J.eH OT
rp'bQKH Ha apa6CKH esHK B Ha'laJIOTO Ha !X B. H HerOBHTe KOMeHTapHH, HanpaBeHH
OT M3TO'IHH yqeHH KaTO en-SaTaHH (850-926), en-<l>apa6H (870-950), eJI-SHpymı:,
Hac'bpeMHH eT-TycH (1202-1274) c TeXl:IHTe 3aJJ.'bn6o'leHH saHHMamt.fl noKasBa
eneMeHTapHOCTTa Ha npe,ıı:cTaBMTe Ha J.16H SH6H sa He6ecHHTe Tena H TeXHHTe
saKOHOMepHOCTH Ha ,qBJI()f(eHHe.510 qecTo sa Hero Te CJIY)I(aT sa onoeTH3HpaHe Ha
UeH33.)f(a B üpOH3Be,n:eHI1eTO. TipH BCe TOBa aCTpOHOMJII'ieCKHTe BJ1)f(,O:aHYIJl Ha
MHCJIHTeJI.fl llOKaSBaT HJlKOH qepTH Ha HerOBaTa KOHQenQH.fl Hape,ıı: C 6H6JieHCKHTe
11 KOpaHH'leCKHTe ,I(OrMaTJII'iHH TB'bp,n:eHH.fl, CO'IJ1 H3BeCTJU1 npHeMCTBeHH Bp'bSKH C
aHTH'IHaTa 11 cpeAHOBeKOBHa HaY'ilfa MHC'bJI H HayqHH llOSHaHH.fl.
soo tbidem, p. 96. 510 Aıı-4>apa6ıı, KoMeHrap K'bM AııMarecr Ha flTonoMeiı. Hlif, C. 1983.
167
fO~MlliHMı~------------------------------------
Pa36Mpamuna Ha JII6H Bn6n 3a 'lOBeKa ca .ızyaJIJ1CTJ.1"'i!HM. Cnope.ı:ı; Hero, 'lOBeK ce
C'bCTOJ1 OT MaTepruı: J1 TJ.YX, THJIO J1 ;ıı;ynı:a. II p!t! pa3JIJ1'lHJ1 CJI}"laH Ha eK3e~ruı: J11IJ1
cpaJKeHIDI nHCaTeJI.R:T roBopn 3a oT.rı;eJI.R:He Ha ;ıı;ynı:aTa OT THJIOTo.511 B C'b'IJ1HeHMeTo MY ce cpe~aT n3p a3!t! KaTo "npe6HBaB~lt! no.ı:ı; 3ewna"512 HJIJ1 OTJIJ1TaHe Ha ;ıı;ynı:aTa rope.
JII6H Bn6n cno.ı:ı;eJI.R: n.ı:ı;esı:Ta 3a .ı:ı;siDI<eHMeTo. Cnope.ı:ı; Hero BCJ1'1KO yqacTBa
B Kp'broBpaTa Ha BpeMeTo. CBeT'bT e o6XBaHaT OT HenpeK'bCHaTo H3MeHeHMe,
no.rı;BIDI<HOCT: n HenocTOHHCTBO. B HeroBHTe pas6MpaHruı: C'b:>Kl1TeJICTBaT eKJieKTJ1'1HO
lt! ce npecl1'IaT .rı;Be Teopl1l1 3a .rı;BIDI<eHMeTo. E.rı;HoTo e ~J1KJIJ1'1HOTO, Kp'bfOBOTO
ABIDI<eHne. TaKa nncaTeJI.R:T CM.R:Ta, qe He6ecHHTe TeJia ce .rı;BIDI<aT B Kp'br, B op6nTa.
TOM fOBOpH 3a pa31IJ1'1Hlt! op6HTaJIHH TpaeKTOp!t!H, KOM6J1Ha~Te Ha KOHTO 6J11IJ1
.ı:ı;asa1IJ1 oTpaJKeHue B'bpxy 3eMHruı: :>Kl1BOT. XopaTa ce paJK.rı;aT n }'MMpaT, e.rı;HH
HarrycKaT :>i<MBoTa, .ı:ı;pyrn 3aeMaT T.IDCHOTO MJICTo.513 ToBa c'b)l()J;eHne nmpoKo e
pa3npocTpaHeHo cpe.ı:ı; lt!3TO'lHHTe Hapo.ı:ı;n n eTHl1'IeCKH r p}'ID'I. To MHoro HanoMHH
e.ı:ı;Ha no.ı:ı;o6Ha Mlt!C'bJI B ÜMYPTaroBruı: Ha.rı;nHc, H3Ka3aHa MHoro cToneTruı: npe.ı:ı;n
TOBa.514 JII.ı:ı;esı:Ta 3a Kp'bfOBOTO J1 ~J1K1ll1'IHO ABIDI<eHHe e 6J11IO pa3npocTpaHeHO
cpe.ı:ı; ce1I.ı:ı;)I(yı<CKHTe BJia.rı;eTeJIJ1, cBeTCKaTa 6ıopoKpa~ıJ u xopaTa Ha H3K}'CTBOTO. B ı
T03lt! TJ.YX e npe.rı;nHcaHMeTO Ha cyrrraH Pyı<He.rı;.ı:ı;nH CıonfiiıMaH lliax II (1196-1204 r.) . ı
cne.rı;HMTe .ı:ı;sycnmıruı::
"Xeıi: llOJilOc! KaTO C'b.rı;6aTa He 6nx ce OTKa3aJI OT Te6, aKO He Te J13TerJI.R: KaTO TO'lKa
B OKp'b:>KHOCTTa;
Ko:>KaTa Ha T.R:JIOTO Mit! .ı:ı;a 6'b.rı;e H3M'bKHaTo oT paMeHeTe, aKo He lt!3TerJI.R: nep'leMa
TH OT noc'b.rı;a Ha maBaTa Tn:•sıs
Hec'bMHeHo n.ı:ı;esı:Ta 3a Kp'brOBOTO J11IJ1 ~HKJIJ1'1HO;ı'O .rı;BIDI<eHJ1e Bo.ı:ı;n CBOlt!Te
KOpeHM OT aHTJ1'1HaTa <l>HJIOCO<!>CKa lt! 'laCTHOHayqHa MJii!C'bJI, KO.R:TO rrpOHHKBaJia B
MHoro o6nacTH Ha :>KJ1BOTa, Ha .ı:ı;peBHOTO o6~ecTBo.516 ToBa e e.rı;Ha npneMCTBeHa
JIHHruı:, KO.R:TO npo.rı;'bli:>KaBa B npo!t!3Be.rı;eHneTo Ha JII6H Bn61t1 npe3 XIII B .
.ı:ı;pyraTa Teopruı: B C'b'lJ1HeHneTo Ha JII6H Bn6n e liJ1HeMHOTO .rı;BIDI<eHne Ha
CBeTa, CB'bp3aHO C ıo.rı;eMCKaTa, xpHCTIDIHCKaTa J1 MlOClOJIMaHCKaTa MOHOTeJ1CTJ1'1Ha
pe1Il1rH03Ha Mlt!C'bli, 3a npexo.ı:ı;a OT e3J1'leCTBOTO K'b.M e.rı;Ho6o:>Kl1eTo. ToBa e
Teonorn3HpaHe, TeOKpaTH3HpaHe Ha pa36upaHeTo 3a n.ıı;esı:Ta 3a B'b3Hlt!KBaHeTo Ha
CBeTa lt! pa3BO.R: Ha o6~eCTBOTO J1 'lOBeiDKOTO Mlt!ClieHe.
511 İbn-i Bibi, Trad. Gençosman, p. 29. 512 İbidem, p. 53. "' İbidem, p. 22. 5" .ı:ı;~meKos Il., K. Kyııes, ,;:ı;. IleTKaııosa, XpııcroMaTHJI no cTapo6öJU'apcı<a mtTepaT)'pa. BTopo .ı:ıonoınıeHo ıı3.tıaıtlfe. HM, C. 1967, c. sıs İbn-i Bibi, İbidem, p. 35. sı6 3a aHn!'!HaTa ıı cpe,ı;ıHoseKOBHa <Pıınoco<PIIJI Ha lfCTopıvıTa. Bıı<. Boces A.<t>. AHTWiHaJI <Pıınoco<Pı!JI HcTopım. V. 1977; fypesH'! AJI. KaTeropım cpe,ı;ıHeseKosow Ky!IbTypbı ııcropııH. V. 1972.
168
----------------------------------~OAMillHMK
Tea11 ,qae BIDI<,II,amuı sa ,qBIDKeırn:eTo - ıq>'brosoro 11 JIJffieı'llioTo C'bBMeCTHO
C'b)f01TencTBaT, np11 JlBIDUI np11MaT see mu< Ha nocne.I{HOTO.
a>11nococpcKaTa TpaKTOBKa aa BpeMero y J.16a B11611 e H.ı:ı;earrncTH'iecKa. 3a
Hero ro He e cpopMa H nporumea11e Ha Marepruı:ra. Cnopep; HpaHCKIDI MHCnHTeJI He
He~aTa 11 C'b6HTruı:Ta npe.ı:ı;nonaraT BpeMeTo, a o6paTHo cru<anı BpeMeTo nopa.>KJ\a
JIBJieHruı:Ta. IIo TOSI1 Ha'!HH Ha BpeMeTo ce npe.ı:ı;asa xapaKTep Ha Hm<aı<:Ba TaiDlCTBeHa
cHJia, KO.R:TO BJIIDie B'bpxy pasBo.a Ha csera. Ha~e e MHcmcpHQHpaae Ha speMeTo.
A npocTpaHCTBeHI1Te HSMepeHH.a Ha cBeTa sa J.16a BH611 ca ıqıafurn, orpaawı:eırn:
c B'bSHm<BaHeTo Ha C'b~ara c HaMecara Ha 6o)f(ecTBeHIDI .ızyx. C'bo6pasHo c
cpMococpcKo-penHrHOSHI1Te 11SXO.ı:ı;H11 nOSHQHH Ha aBTopa, 611TI1eTo ce p;e1111 Ha seMeH
H Hap;seMeH, MaTepHaneH H HeMarep11aJieH, Ha BpeMeHeH H Be'leH cs.aT Ha .ı:ı;yxa. KaTo
<ıepseHa IDfiii.Ka MHHaBa npes npmfSBep;eRHero MY MHC'bJITa sa BpeMeRHIDI xapaı<rep
Ha seMHH.R: )f01BOT .11 sa .ı:ı;pyrH.R:, Be'ieH, p;yxoBeH, rpaHQea.ı:ı;eaTaJieH >KHBOT. KaKTO ce
B.l1)f(]J;a, npeo6nap;aaa pas611paHeTo sa Teonorwı:ecKH.R: p;eTepMHHHS'bM, HO C'b'ieTaH c
npe)f(HBenHQI1 Ha aHTWIHH BH)f(}J;aHIDI, c .ı:ı;onycKaae Ha _qBH)f(eHHeTo, Ha HaMecara Ha
aı<THBHHTe p;eikTBM Ha xopara.
fHoceonorH'iecıolTe pas611paHM Ha J.16H B11611 c'b~O ca eKJieKTH'iHI1 .11
nporHBope'iHBI1. EcrecrseHo peliD!TenHo BJIIDIHHe B'bpxy r.ax OKasBaT HeroBI1Te
11SXO,I{HI1 OHTOJIOrWieCKM llOSI1Q.1111. To}{ np11eMa TaHHCTBOTO, MHCTJ.U<aTa, B aeroBaTa
cyHI1TCKa cpopMa 11 wacpHHTCKa HacoqeHocr. Tpa6Ba p;a HST'bKHeM, qe B aeroswre
BH)f(}J;aHwt roJIJJMo M.R:CTO saeMaT eneMeHTJ1Te Ha HCJIJJMCKIDI paQHOHanHS'bM. B .ı:ı;yxa Ha pelil1rHosaara rpa]J;HQH.R: aBTOp'bT np11eMa CBell{eaı.ıre KH1fl'l1 aa 6o)f(eCTBeHJ1
orıqıoBeHH.R:. ÜT speMe aa speMe ce nosoBaBa Ha crnxose OT KopaHa 11 11speqeHID1
or IIpep;aHH.R:Ta. Karo npHB'bp)f(eHJ!IK Ha ıııacp.1111TCKaTa ıııKona Ha cyHI1TCKOTO
OpTO}J;OKCaJIHO HanpaaneHJ1e Ha 11CJlJJMa, TOM OT}J;aBa fOJIJJMO SHa'leHJ1e Ha paSyMa
B pas6ııpaHeTO .11 HHTepnpeTai..{Wl Ha CBell{eHHTe KHHI'H, 11 B Tm<:HOTO }J;OITbJIBaHe
c'bo6pasao c norpe6aocTI1Te Ha o6~ecTBOTO. ABrop'bT cw nossoliJlBa, KaKTO
Be<Je BI1]1;11XMe, p;a r11 C'b'lerasa c acTpOHOMWieCKI1, COI..t110Jiorwı:ecıoı Jil p;p. SHaHM.
CTHXOBeTe aa Kopaaa 11 11spe'ieHH.a oT IIpe.ı:ı;aHH.R:Ta no.ı:ı;nara aa paQı.ıOHalll1CTJ!I'lliO
T'bJIKyBaHe. Toılı MHoroıqıaTHO ytB'bp)f(}J;aBa n.ı:ı;e.aTa, 'le He Tp.a6sa .ı:ı;a ce orpaHmasa c
up;e.aTa sa npep;onpep;eneHJ1e, sa c'bp;6a, a rp.a6sa p;a ce B3eMaT MepK11 M p;a ce noJIO)f(aT
HaapeMeHHJ1 ycJ!IJ'llUi sa yıqıensaaeTo Ha rpa.ı:ı;oBeTe u KpenocTJ1Te np ep; MOHrOJICKOTO
Hawecrsı.ıe. B TOSI1 p;yx T'bn::ıcyBa MepKMTe Ha cymaH An.aeMJffi Keılı-Ky6ap; I. C'bc
C'bBpeMeHHaTa repMHHonorwı 6UXMe Kasanw, qe J.16H Bıı6H orp;aaa sHa<ıeHHe Ha
peKOHCTPfKTHBHaTa, p;waraocTH'iHa H nporaocTH'IHa raoceonorwı:. ToM p;onycKa
B'bSMO)f(HOCTTa p;a ce npe.ı:ı;cKa)f(e 6'bp;ell{OTO passume aa C'b6HTwtTa, no}l;'lepraaa
He06XO]J;11MOCTTa OT BSeMaHe Ha MepKM Sa e}J;I1H 111Il1 p;pyr paSBOM Ha Hell{ara: A
169
fO~MlliHMR-------------------------------------
gBIDI<eHMeTo Ha o6ll.\eCTBeHMTe .I!Bnemrn, cnope,q Hero MoraT B 3aBMCMMOCT OT
ycı-mruiTa Ha xopaTa ,qa npMeMaT e,qHo J.1nJ.1 ,qpyro HanpaBneHMe, B non3a Ha e,qHM 11mı
,qpyr11 o6ll.\eCTBeHM CJ.inJ.1. EcTeCTBeHo 3a BpeMeTo Ha aBTopa Te311 BIDK}:IaHJtUI 11MaT
qecTo TB'bp,qe Ha:ımeH M eneMeHTapeH xapaı<Tep. Taı<aBa npMpoAa MMa II030BaBaHeTo
Ha gBIDI<eHI1eTO Ha IInaHeTapH11Te op611TI1, Ha 30AJ.1aKaniDı:Te Cb3Be3AJ.1JI 11 T.H ••
Co411onomqecK~>UIT 11 11CTOp!1'1eCKl>UIT no,qxo,q K'bM o6ll.\eCTBeHMTe .llBneHruı: Ha
It16H .811611 ca ~OBJDUIHI1 OT HerOBI1Te OHTOnOfl1'1HI111 fHOCeOnOrM'IHM CXBall.\aHIDI.
IJp0113Be}:leHI1eTO Ha It16H DI16J1 He e 06ll.\a 11CTOpiDI, KOeTO He pa3KpMBa Haii'bJIHO
HeroBOTO BIDK}:IaHe 3a l1CTOp11<ı:ecı<oTo BpeMe. Ho oT,qenHI1Te HeroBM no,qaTKM
}:laBaT OIIOpH11 TO'IKJ1 3a peKOHCTpYJ1PaHeTO Ha 11CTOp11'1eCKaTa KOH4ell4IDI Ha
aBTOpa. Hec'bMHeHo Ill1CaTemn cnoAe/IJI 11CllilMCKOTO yqelHMe 3a ı<opaHM'IeCKOTO 11
11CTOp11'1eCKOTO BpeMe. B HerOBOTO C'b'II1HeHI1e e np111Io:>KeHO MIOCIOnMaHCKaTa epa 3a
neTo'IMcneHI1e. 3a HeM.Ho Ha'lano e B3eTo 622 r., T.e. npeceneHI1eTo Ha MyxaMMe,q OT
MeKI<a B MeAJ1Ha, c ı<oeTo 3ano•ı:Ba l1HCTMTyamı3HpaHeTo Ha 11CllilMCKaTa o6~!1Ha,
Ha 11Clli1Ma ı<aTo pen11rruı: M A1>p)l<aBa. CneAoBaTeJIHo It16H .811611 ,qeJIJ111CTOp!1'1eCı<OTO
BpeMe rno6anHo Ha ]:IBe roneMM erroXM: I. ÜT B'b3HMKBaHeTo Ha cBeTa crrope,q KHMri1Te
Ha MOHOTel1CTM'IeCKJ1Te penMrMM }:10 C'b3}:1aBaHeTO Ha J1Clli!MCKaTa BJipa. Ta3J1 enoxa
ce KBani1<Pl1~11pa B MIOCniOMaHCKJ1Te l1CTOp11l1 KaTO BpeMe Ha HerpaMOTHOCT, Ha
e3!1'1eCTBO - }:l)l<aXMJIJ.1e. II. CneA B'b3HMKBaHeTo Ha 11CJmMa, 3a Ha'lano Ha ı<OeTo
oT6eiiJI3axMe, ce npHeMa 622 r. 11 nepı1o,qa Ha MIOCniOMaHCKMTe A1>p)l<aBI1. ItlcllilM'bT
KaTO Hai1:-K'bCHO IIOHlJMJia ce MOHOTeMCTM'IHa pe1Il1riDI, e T'bpCMJI onopa B IO}:IelkTBOTO
l1 XpMCTIDIHCTBOTO, l13BeCTHO IIOMMp.llBaHe C TJIX. Ilp11 TOBa ITOnO)I<eHMe ce l13XO)I<}:Ia
OT :MAeJITa 3a nepMaHeHTHI1Te 60)I<eCTBeHJ1 OTKpOBeHIDı: qpe3 MeXaHJ13Ma Ha
IIpOpO'IeCTBOTO, Ha 60)I<eCTBeHJ1Te IIOCJiaHMJI l1 l13IIpa~aıı:e Ha CBe~eHM KHJ1rl1.517
ÜT Ta3l1 rneAHa TO'IKa npMIIMCBaHeTO Ha A.rlaM l1 ,qpyrH npopO~l1 OTKpOBeHIDı:,
BexTruı: 3aBeT l1 HoBruı: 3aBeT ce pa3rne)l<}:laT ı<aTo eTanH Ha l13rpa)l<_qaHeTo Ha
MOHOTel1CTJ1<J:HI1Te pen11r11~, KaTO npeXOA K'bM JI[CJUlMa, KOHTO ce 06.1lB.ıı:Ba 3a
nocne,qHa pemırruı:, nocne,qHo 6o)l<ecTBeHo OTKpoBeH:Me, nonyqeHo OT MyxaMMeA. B
T03M CMMC'bn Te 3aeMaT MJICTO B MIOCIOJIMaHcKaTa HCTopruı:. BpeMeHHHTe l13MeHeHJtUI
Ha MIOCIOJIMaHCKaTa l1CTOpMJI M3rne)l<}:la TaKa CJie]:l IIO.IlBaTa Ha MIOCIOJIMaHCTBOTO:
ı. OT pa)l<}:laHeTo Ha MyxaMMe,q. 2. OT npeceneHMeTo Ha MyxaMMe,q oT Meı<ı<a
B Me,qMHa. 3. YnpasneH:MeTo Ha 'leTMpl1MaTa xanH<PH. 4. Apa6CKMTe 11 AP·
MIOcnıoMaHCKM A'bp)l<aBM. ItlcTopruı:Ta e npe,qcTaBeHa ı<aTo MCTOPMJI Ha npHeMaHeTo
Ha l1CJL!1Ma l1 pa3IllMp.llBaHeTo Ha MIOCnıoMaHcKMTe A1>p»<aBJ1.518 Ho l13BeCTHM ca
HJIKOI1 OTKJIOHeHIDı: OT Ta311 CI1CTeMa. B IIp0113Be}:leHMJITa Ha OT}:IeJIHI1 MIOCniOMaHCKJ1
aBTOpM Ce BKniO'IBa MCTOpiDı:Ta Ha HeMIOCniOMaHCKJ1 HapO}:IM. ToBa e e,qHa TeH]:IeH4IDı:,
517 Taraplrb Yr., llpopoqecraoro B ııcruıMa- 1979, 3, c. 33 c11. 518 Taraplrb 11. Kopaıı'hr- "caeıı:ıeHara KHııra" Ha ııcruı.Ma. B: "Tpn6}'Ha'; 1974, 6, c. ll en.
170
----------------------------------~O~MlliHMK
KOJITO )!(J1BOTa Hanara Ha MIOCniOMaHCKHTe MCTOpm.{M. TaKa B MCTOpiDITa HaiipMMep
Ha Amle.QD;MH .D.>Kysefum e OT,qeneHO WMpOKO MJICTO Ha MCTOpM.ııTa Ha J.1paH M Ha
MOHrO~MTe. A J.16H EM6M e C'iMTan CBOJITa MCTOpM.ıı Ha MaJIOa3IDfCKaTa cen,ıpı<yı<CKa
,ın.p>Kaaa KaTo npOA'bJI>KeHMe Ha Tp)'Aa Ha nocne,qHMJI. Hem;o nose'ie. B C'b'iMHeH.MeTO
Ha J.16H EM6M MMa e,qHa nO-WMpOKa TpaKTOBKa, KaTO aaCT'bnBa He CaMO CTaHOBI1m;eTO
aa MIOCIOJIMaHCKa MCTOpM.ıı, HO M o6m;o no,qpas,n;eJIJI CBeTa Ha M3TO'IHM M sanaABM
A'I>p>KaBM. 3a BM,qHa npe,n;cTaBMTeJIKa Ha M3TO'lHaTa MCTOpM.ıı mı:caTeJIJIT CO'lM
cen,ıpı<yı<cKaTa ,q'I>p>Kaaa. MMa ce npM TOBa npe,n;BM,q He CaMO ManoaaMj;{cKaTa, HO
M CpeAHoaaMaTCKaTa cen,q>Kyı<CKa A'~>p>KaBa. TaKa B HerosoTo C'b'!MHemıe CynTaB
f'b.ııce,n;,n;MH Keii-XycpeB I (1292-1196 r.), (1205-1211 r.) npM cBoeTo npe6MBaBaHe
B KoHCTaHTHHonon (1196-1204 r.) npeTeH,n;Hpa ,n;a 61>,n;e nocne,n;oBaTeJI H npMeMHMK
He caMo Ha -ManoaaHiicırnTe cen,n;>Kyı<CKM BTia,tı;eTellM, a c1>m;o - Ha Ann-ApeTiaB H
MeJIMK-max, M3T'bKHaTH BTia,tı;eTeTIH Ha Be1111KaTa ceTIA>Kyı<CKa ,q1>p>Kaaa.519 .D.pyr e B'hnpoc'bT, qe ManoaaHMCKaTa cenA>Kyı<cKa A'~>p>KaBa HUKora He e Morna ,n;a ce MepH
c'bc Cpe,n;HoaaMaTcKaTa cen,n;>Kyı<cKa A'I>p>KaBa. OcaeH TOBa J.16H EM6M K'I>M 3ana,n;a
OTHac.ıı He CaMO BH3aHTMJI, HO H apa6cKMTe MlOCniOMaHCKM ,tı;'bp>KaBM B J.1STO'!HOTO
CpeAMaeMHOMOpHe. 3a Hero Te ca 3arra,q- Magrib. Marp116 e H CpeAJ13eMHo Mope.520
3a Hac e MHoro no-Ba>KHO ,n;a aHaınıaHpaMe paa6HpaHMJITa Ha J.16R EH6H
sa HCTOpH'ieCKOTO pa3BHTHe H HerOBHTe ABM>Kem;M CHJIM. ABTOp'DT npHeMa no
npHH~Hn onpep;eJIJim;aTa poAA Ha 6o>KeCTBeHa MHTepse~MJI. Toii e npHB'I>p>KeHHK
Ha Teonor_ı..rqecKMJI ,n;eTepMMHM3'bM. Tosa e rTiaBHOTo aa Hero. Ho 6o>KecTBeHaTa
MHTepBeHqMJI B 06m;ecTBeRMJI >KHBOT He Ce OC'bm;eCTBJIBa Henocpe,tı;CTBeHO 11
MeXaH.Ji['qHO. Tosa, cnope,n; aBTopa, eTaBa qpea MHCTII1Te M ,n;eiicTBMJITa Ha xopaTa, qpea
aKTifBHMTe MTII1 naCHBHM 'lOBeWKM ycHTIHJI, qpe3 TJIXHOTO llOBep;eHHe. ilMCaTeJIJIT
,ı:ı;onycKa pasnlf'!HH Mo,n;eını Ha 6o>KeCTBeHaTa HaMeca. B e,qHa cnyqa11 T.ıı ce l1SB1>pmBa
qpea BHYWeHMJI, BTIHJIHHe B'~>pxy noMHcınıTe M ,n;eiicTBHJITa Ha xopaTa. IIpH p;pyrH -
oco6eHo KoraTo ca OTPID.{aTeTIHM - qpea HaMecaTa Ha wmona. Ho Toraaa BC'bm;Hocr
ce MMaT npe,tı;BH,tı; npo.ıısneHMJITa H Ha peaTIHM qoseruırn qyscTBa H crpacTM. Th1>p,ı:ı;e
cno>KeH l1 npoTHBope'iHB e MexaHl13M'l>T Ha B'I>a,n;eiicTBHe qpea IIposH,qeHl1eTo, KOeTo
MO>Ke p;a BTII13a B npOTHBOAeHCTBHe C KOeTO ce npl1eMa KaTO HerOB KOpeKTHB. Tosa e
OnMT aa T'bpceHe Ha HJIKaKBa ,tı;MHaMMKa Me>K.n;y o6.ııseRM.ııaa 6o>KecTBeH Teonor_ı..rqecırn
,tı;eTepMHHH3'bM H o6m;eCTBeHJ1Te 06CTOJITeTICTBa, npe,qcTaBeHM KaTO CJIY'i~OCT.
Ho TO ce HaMHpa B ıuıKaKBa saBMCMMOCT OT KOM6HH~HMTe Ha He6ecHMTe cq,epa,
OT op6HTaTa Ha ,tı;BM>KeHHe Ha He6eCHHTe Tena, OT npeMMHaBaHeTO Ha CTI'b~eTO
npes 30p;MaKaJIHMTe C'b3Bea,n;wı. TaKa oTRomeHMJITa Me>K,D;y H,tı;el1Te aa Teoııo>KKa
,tı;eTepMHHMpaHOCT l1 CB060,qaTa Ha '!OBeKa npl1eMaT KOCM.J
rouwınHWR------------------------------------
BJ.1A acTponorwı:. ):{onycKa ce J.1Ae.ıJTa aa AJ{HaMJfi<a ı.1 npoTımo6opcTBo, KOeTo MO)I(e
Aa J.1Ma nono)I(J.1Tenea J.1nJ.1 OTp~aTenea peaynTaT B paaBO.fi aa o6m;ecTBeHJ.1Te,
J.1CTOpwı:eCI01.Te Cb6J.1TWI. A TOBa J.iMeHHO aaBJ.iCJ.i OT J.iaBeCTHa CB060Aa Ha 'lOBeiiiKaTa
BOM, OT MJ.1CnJ.1Te, AeHCTBWITa J.1 IIOCThiiKJ1Te Ha XOpaTa, OT TeXHJ.iTe Ha'IJ.iHaMJ.iH J.1
Ha'llilia MJ.iCTieRe, rna'IHJ.i J.1nJ.1 aerna'IHJ.i MepKı.i J.1 Meponpwı:Twı:. TaKa J16H BI46J.1
cMeK'IaBa Teonorwı:ecl01.1i AeTepMı.1Hı.1a1>M, C1>'leTasa ro c J.iaBeCTRa cao6oAa aa
xopaTa, a IlpoBJ.iAeHJ.ieTo o6HBHBa aa cnyqaı1HocT, aenpeASJ.1AeHJ.1Te o6m;ecTBeHJ1
o6cTo.ınencTaa. Toı'ı AonycKa ı.1 MJ.1C1>nTa, qe qoaeK e B C1>CTO.fiHJ1e Aa ı.1aneae ı.1
cpe1.1.1y IlpOBJ.1AeHJ.1eTo ı.1 Aa ce npe6opı.1 c Rero. CneAOBaTenHo nl1CaTenHT npasH
Onl1T Aa 061iCHJ.1 J.iCTOpwı:Ta J.1 HeHHJ1Te ABJ1)1(ell\J.1 CJ.inJ.i C J.1AeHTa aa 6o)l(eCTBeHWI
AeTepMJ.1HJ.1a1>M ı.1 Bnl11iHJ.1eTo aa IIpoBJ.1AeHI1eTo KaTo cnyqaii:HocT l1 ı.1aaecTHa
cııo6oAa Ra BOMTa aa qoaeKa. CrıopeA aero, aaaMMOAeı1cTaHeTo aa TeaM cpaKTOpi1
OT pasmr<~eH xapaKTep, T.flXHaTa pasnwı:Ra KOM6l1Haı.twı: onpeAenHT pasap1>3KaTa Ra
aaB1>paanJ.1Te ce KOHcpni1KTI1 B l1CTopwı:n Ho np:ı1 BCJ11DOl cnyqa:ı1 TB1>pAe Ba)l(eR e
aKI.leRThT aa aKTJmHaTa pomı aa xopaTa B pasBoH aa o6~ecTBeHJ.1Te c1>6J1TW1. Ilp:ı1
TOBa TOH OTAaBa npeAJ.iMCTBO Ha MJ.iCH.fiTa Ha Bl1AHJ1Te nK'IHOCTJ.i, npeAJ1 BCK'IKO Ra
BTiaAeTenJ.iTe aa paanJ.i<lHJ.1Te coızyıanHJ1 rpymı Ha ynpaBmıBaıi.IaTa KJiaca. B1>rıpe101.
cBoeTo OTP~aTenHo oTHomeHJ.ie K1>M aapoAHJ.iTe ABJ1)1(eHIDI J16H Bı.16:ı1 Re OTMJ1HaBa
T.flXHaTa peiimTenHa C1>npoTıma l1 6op6a.
Oco6eHO THOJ1qHJ1 aa aaTopa ca cnyqaMTe Ha Ofil1TH aa o?HcH.flBaHe Ha
npoMeHnJ.1BJ.1Te cpa)l(eHIDI Me>KJzy MIOCnıoMaHcl01. .11 xpı.iCTHJIHCKJ.i BOMCKJ.i. TaKoaa
e OIIJ1CaHJ.1eTO Ha 6HTKaTa npea 1211 r. IIpH ~MaAencpwı: Me>KJzy BOMCKJ1Te Ha
HJ.iKeMcKaTa HMIIepwı: .11 Ha M anoaaHMCKaTa CeTI~fKCKa A1>p)l(aaa, B KORTO naAa
y6wr f1>RCeMJ.1H Keı'ı-XycpeB I B paa~BeTa Ha CHnJ.iTe CH .11 cneA peAM~a ycnemHH
aaaoeBaHwı:. J16a Bı.16.11 AaBa cneAflOTO o6HcHeHJ.1e aa cTeqeHJ1eTo Ha o6cTORTencTBaTa:
"Ha H H KOro aa YM ae MY J.iASame, qe 1.1.1e ce paaB1>p)l(aT B1>3nı.1Te Ha TaaH Al>P)I(aBa l1 qe
1.1.1e aaneae TOBa C1I1>Hı.te Ha m;aCTHeTO. C1>A6aTa aanoqaa OTHOBO Aa IIOKaaBa CTpaHHI1
Hrpı.i aaA aaaecaTa ı.1 Aa J1anl1CBa CTPaRHJ.i opRaMeHTH. Ycwrn.ına .11 6narocKJIOHHOCTTa
Ha cynTaHa HaCO'll1 K1>M 6.11TKa cpem;y CTpaaaTa Ha PfM, KOMTO Ce HaMI1paıne IIOA
ynpaaneaHeTo aa JlemKepH .. :•sıı MMa ce rıpeASHA TeoAOP JlaCKapı.i I. CnopeA
HaBeCTJ.ieTO Ha IIJ1CaTeruı BJ.iaaHTHMCKWIT HMIIepaTOp 6HJI IIOBaneH OT CeTIA)I(yKCI01.
cynTaa, RO TOM MY 6:ı1n nom:aAHJI )I(JmOTa. A cneA TOBa eAJ1H cnyqaea naTHHcl01.
aa~MHlfl< 6:ı1n o6earnas:ı1n foHCeAAJ1H Keı1-XycpeB I. KaTa AOnDJIHHTenea MOTım ce
nOACKaaBa aapymeaHeTo aa AOroaopa OT celiA)I(yKCI01R BJiaAeTen. A cnopeA aaTopa
KTieTaeaHTe aapymeHIDI, norasaaaeTo Ha cnpaaeAnJ.iBOCTTa MoraT Aa mmıaT 'lOBeKa
OT 60)I(eCTBeHa 6narOCK1IOHHOCT.
521 İbidem, p. 34.
172
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TipH6ırnsHTe!IHo no Cbll{IDl Ha'!HH li16H BH6H HHTepnpenrpa pa36mıaHeTo Ha
cen.n;>Kyı<cKaTa apMIDl B fpygM. ToBa ce no.n;cKasBa .n;a)Ke B sarnaımeTo Ha onHcaawr
errnso.n; "Tipe.ıınpHeMaaeTo Ha noxo.n; B fpyswı: OT PYKHeMHH Cıonei1MaH wax H
oTcnnneHHero M)' oT TaM Bl>npeKH >KenaırneTo CH, MeırnK <l>axpeAAHH EexpaMillax': 522
TipH'IHHaTa sa o6paTa B cpa)KeHMeTo ce npHmıcBa Ha CJIY'iafum o6cTO.IITencTBa
- npen'bBaHeTO Ha KOlUI, HaTOBapeH C'bC cynTaHCKaTa WaTpa, B ~a Ha rpMSa't,
CMeTHaT norpeWHO Sa npMSHaK Ha 6.ıırCTBO J1 C'bS.n;anaTa Ce OT TOBa naHMKa cpe.n;
BOikKaTa. TIMcaTe1IJIT saKniOttaBa: 'Tpys~MTe npomnı:xa TaKMBa ycMID1JI B o6ıqaTa
SaiqMTa J1 Me)K,lcy BOJ'kKMTe Ha ABeTe CTpaHIII CTaHa TaKOBa cpa)KeHJ1e, 'te J.VUIOTO
6oHııo none ce MSn'b!IHM c y6MTM. TaraBa KoraTa 6ewe Ha6JIIDKWI MsrpeBa Ha
no6e.n;HOTO cn'bH'-Ie Ha xopMSOHTa 11 BpanT 6ewe npe.n; oTcnnneHMe, no CMMC'bna
Ha (Kopaaa) "3anoBe.n;Ta Ha Aıınax SaBMCM OT c'b.n;6aTa" B'bSMO>I<HOcrra ce MSnn'hSHa
OT p1>KaTa Ha MC1IJIMa:'523 B TOBa Om:tcaırne Ha CellA)Kyı<CKO-rpy3HHCKOTO Cpa)KeHMe
Ca Ha~e BCK'l101 OT6e1IJISaHM npeA}{ TOBa KOMnOHeHTM Ha aBTOpOBOTO paS6MpaHe
J1 MHTepnpeTa'-IHSl Ha <PaKTOpMTe Sa MCTOpWieCKMTe C'b6MTIDl J1 TeXHMTe ABH>Kell{M
CJ17rn, KaKTO TOM TM pas611pa, 6o>KeCTBeHa MHTepseH'-IIDl {nOM0!'-1), C'b.n;6a H
peWMTenaocTTa Ha ABeTe soıosaıqM crpaHM sa no6e.n;a 11 CJI}"ia:i1:ıuı.Te o6cTO.IITencTBa.
ToBa pasKpmıa B'bTpemHaTa npoTmıopeınmocT Ha KOHI!efi'-IHSlTa Ha JII6H B11611. Hape.n;
C B.llpHO .n;onOBeHM MOMeHTM Ce pe.n;yııaT M.n;eM Sa TeonofJ.f'leCKa ):leTepMMHMpaHOCT, sa
C'b,n;6a M T.H. Bc'bil{HOCT MCTMHCKaTa npH'IMHa Sa ycrrexa Ha rpy3MH~J1Te e TeXHIDıT
peWMTenHOCT, .n;eHCTBMTenHOTO C'bOTHOmeHMe Ha CJ17rnTe, xapaKTepa Ha T.IIXHaTa
oT6paaa, KO.IITO e sa6e11Jisan .ıı;a)Ke Tea.ıı;ea~osHroı:T MpaHCKM nMCaTen, np H arpecHBHa
HacotteHOCT Ha noxoı:ıa Ha cen):I)Kyı<CKMTe BOHCKH B 'l'}'>K.ı:tJ1 seMH.
OT noSMI..IHMTe Ha TaKHBa pas6MpaHHSl ce npec'bs,n;aBa ı:ıeıicTBHTenHOCTTa B
nopeA}{'-Ia OT CTMXOBe, BKniOtıeHH llO paSnM'teH llOBO):I B MCTOpwı:Ta Ha J.16H fiM6H.
Üco6eHO HpKO e B TOBa OTHOWeHHe npHBe,n;eHOTO CTMXOTBOpeHMe Ha BenMKMJI BeSMp
llleMce.n;,n;MH. To e HanMCaHo OT Hero B HaBeqepı.teTo Ha eKSeı<yt\MTa My.524 TioWIKora
.n;a)Ke caMIDıT J.16H B11611 e qyııcTsan Heı:ıocTan•rnaTa apryMeHTMpaHOCT Ha csoıue
MSKYCTBeHM ITOCTpOeHIDl J1 C'b3HaTenHOTO npMKpMBaHe Ha MCTMHCKMTe llp11t{MHJ1
sa HJIKOH c'b6MTIDı. B TaKHBa CJI}"iaı.t TOM ce sa.n;oBonJIBa caMo .ıı;a no.n;qepTae, qe
Te ce npenı.ıcsaT Ha C'b,n;6aTa. TaKa HanpMMep B'bB sp'bSKa c no.ıı;o6pJIBaHeTo Ha
OTHoweHIDlTa Me)K,lcy Manoası.ı:i1cKaTa cen.n;>Kyı<cKa ,n;'hp>Kasa ı.ı HMKeiiıcKaTa M~mepHJI
np11 cne.n;saıqHSl cymaH Msse.n;.n;HH Keıi-Kaayc I (1211-1219 r.) 11 B1>3Bp'hıqaHeTO Ha
TneHHMTe ocTaHKM Ra y6MTIDı cynTaH f'bJice.ıı;,n;MH Keıi-XycpeB I mıcaTen.IIT oT6e1IJI3Ba:
su İbidem, p. 37. su İbidem, p. 38. 51' İbidem, p. 240-241.
173
fOAMlliHM~-----------------------------------
"CynTaH'bT ce OTKa3a OT tf}'BCTBaTa Ha OTM'l>~eHHe H Bp(l)f(Ae6HOCT B rJiaBaTa CH H
CM'l>prra Ha 6a~a CH npem:ıca Ha C1>A6aTa .. :•sıs
Taı<H.Ba npHMepH H HIOaHCH 6ıaa M0flll1 Aa Ce npHBeAaT O~e MHOfO OT
npoH3BeAeHHeTo Ha lil6H BH6H. Ho Ka3aHOTO B AOCTan'!Ha cTeneH paaKpHBa
CXBa~aıuuna MY 3a HCTopmna H HeHHHTe ABIDKe~H cmrn:.
lil6H BH6H cnoAeT.UI 6orocnoBCKOTO yqeHHe 3a 6o:>KeCTBeHJ1Jl npoH3XOA, C'l>~HOCT
H o6~ecTBeHM <l>YH~IDi Ha A1>p:>KaBHaTa BnacT B MIOCJIIOMaHCKJ1Te cTpaHH. KopaH'bT,
npeAaHJ1JlTa H mepHaT'bT 3a Her o ca 143TO<n114~H Ha A1>p:>KaBHOllpaBH14 H ~aCTHOnpaBHH
ll011J.1T14'!eCK:M, npaBHH 14 eTM'!HH HOpM:M. <l>eTBaTa, KO.ıiTO B CeJIA:>K}'KCKaTa A1>p:>KaBa ce
143AaBa npeAHMHO OT KaAJ4HTe, npOA1>JI)KaBa Aa <l>YH~MOHMpa KaTO AOll1>1IH14TeJieH
143BOp 3a npaBMna 14 pa3nopeA6H 3a noBeAeHHe B pa31IM'lHMTe o6nacTH Ha :>KHBOTa.
ToBa e eAHa TeoKpaTM'!Ha KOH~en~wı 3a Abp:>KaBHO ynpaBJieH14e 14 Ha~ım Ha )[G(BOT.526
QqeBHAHO lil6H B14614 143Be:>KAa BJiacrra OT HAe.ıiTa 3a Bora KaTO C1>3AaTen 14
o6naAaTen Ha cBera. CnopeA Hero, T.ıı e AenempaHa Ha pasnM'lHHTe npopo~M 14 HaKpa.ıı
Ha MyxaMMeA, OT KoroTo TR e npeM:MHana K"I>M HeroBHTe np14eMH~M-xanH<!>HTe. Cnep;
pa3IlaAaHeTO Ha Apa6cKaTa MMnepJ1Jl 14 B1>3H14KBaHeTO Ha MHO:>KeCTBO MIOCJIIOMaHCKJ1
A1>p:>KaBH,Xalll1qıanT B BarAaT p;O 1258 r., KOraTO eCbKpyıneH OT MOHfOJI~Te, ce CM.ııTaJI
3a Yll1>1IHOMO~eH p;a JierHT:MMHpa H YTBbp:>KAaBa BJiaCTTa Ha C)'11TaHHTe, K014TO B Ce O~e
ce o6p1>~a11H K"I>M Hero 3a HHBecTHrypa. 3a ~enTa ca ce pa3MeHRlll1 AJ.1llJIOMaTM'!eCKJ1
npeACTaB14Temr, H3AaBaHH ca IU:!CMeH14 llOTBbp:>K,u;eH.H.ıı, pa3AaBaH.H ca THT)'1IaTypH,
143npa~aHM ca cı:.ı:MBOlll1 Ha Bnacrra - ca6JI, OAe:>K.u;H H AP· A cynTaH14Te noHRKora,
KaKTO B Manoa3MİkKaTa cenp;:>Kyı<CKa A1>p:>KaBa, ca ce oTnn~alll1 3aToBa OTAeı:uı:i1Kı1
H3BeCTHa qacT OT no~eHJ1Jl xapaq H .u;p. CynTaH"I>T sep;H'b:>K YTB1>pAeH ~e3 Hlll1 6e3
MHBeCTHTypa ce C'!HTan 3a oTopH3HpaH c ı.vmaTa BnacT B Ab p:>KaBaTa. Ton e Mo n n Aa ce
OTKa:>Ke OT TpOHa, Aa ro OTCT'l>IU:! Ha J.136paHJ1Jl OT CHHOBeTe CH, B1>llpe.KJ1 TpaAH~H.ııTa
.u;a ce npeArrO'iHTa Haı1-B1>3pacTHWI oT C14HOBeTe. Bnacrra e CTaBana HacneACTBeHa H
AMHaCTH'lHa. Ta314 KOH~en~J1Jl e H3110:>KeHa o~e B n"I>pBaTa rnaBa cnep; npe.u;rosopa
Ha C'b'i14HeHMeTo Ha Jil6H B146H qpe3 AYMJ4Te Ha cymaH lil33eAAMH K1>111>'l ApcnaH II (1155-1192) np14 llOCO'!BaHeTO 3a npeCT0110HaCJieAHJ1K Ha C)'11TaH Ha HerOBJ1Jl CHH
npH)[G(Be f"I>.ıı:CeMMH Ketf-Xycpes (1 192-1196, 1205-1211). CnopeA He.ıı: A1>p:>KaBaTa
6e3 BJiaAeTeTI He MO:>Ke Aa Cb~ecTBysa. A :>KHBOT'l>T 14 HMOT'l>T Ha HapoAa e nosepeH Ha
HerOBaTa BJiaCT. "C111>H~eTO Ha MO e TO ~aCTUe CT14rHa p;o CTeneH Ha 3aT.UI3BaHe H HCTHHa
e cM:Mc"I>na Ha .&YMJ4Te, qe A1>p:>KaBa 6e3 co6cTBeHHK 14 rpa.ı:ı; 6e3 o6nap;aTen He MO:>Ke -
K33Ba CYJITaH'bT. - EAHH CH OTHBa, Apyr 3aeMa HerOBOTO M.ıı·CTO, CBeT'bT 6e3 ynpaBMTeJI
He MO:>Ke ... A3 OTA3AOX npecT01IOHaCJiep;HeTO Ha f"I>RCeMHH H OTBOpHX BpaTaTa Ha
m İbidem, p. 55.
sıo 3a liCII!IMCKOTO }"'eHııe 3a Jıöp>KaııaTa BlK.: TaTapn'b VI., V!cll!IMCKOTO npaso ıı nonıtTiiKa. - B: "Tpu-
6yııa'; 1977, 3, c. 52-68.
174
----------------------------------~O~MillHMK
,!P>p)f(aBaTa Ha Hero; npH MOCTO l.{ap)'BaHe 1.1.\e OCbll\eCTB.RllaM HerOBHTe pasnope,t\6H
H aA BJ1JlaeTHTe 11 Ha.t\ aaceneHHeTO; Her o onpe,t\emıx sa Hacne,t\HHK Ha Tp o Ha ıı Ha ne<JaTa
CH, 11 Ce OTKa3ax OT BJiaCTTa:'527 Cne,t\BaT HaCTaBJieHruı: sa ITOBe,t\eHHeTO Ha 6'1>,1:\ei.I.\IDI
BJia,t\eTen, nosoBaBaHe Ha KopaHa 11 T.H. EJIH3KH yı<asaHIDI ca HSJIO)KeHH B KpaJI aa
npOH3Be,t\eHI1eTO, OT HMeTO Ha .t\pyr BJia,t\eTeJI. <l>opMaJDiO BJia,t\CTeiDIT Ha3HattaBa 11
OCB060)f(,t\aBa BHCillaTa ynpaBJieH'!eCKa 6ıopoKpal.{IDI OT Ha.ı/ı:-Ba)KHI1Te ,1:\Jl'I>)KHOCTH.
I.J;JIJiaTa 3aKOHO,t\aTeıma, C'b,t\e6Ha 11 HSIT'I>JDiHTeJIHa BJiaCT e C'I>cpe,t\OTO'IeHa B p'I>l.{eTe
Ha cyJITaHa. flpH SaBna,qJmaHeTo Ha no-roneMHTe rpa,t\oBe u KpenocTH TOH onpe,t\eJIJl
CBOH SaMeCTHHL{H - 6eJ1oae, Ha'laJIHHJ.{H Ha BOHCKaTa H CTpa)f(aTa, o6esaTeımO ce
11SITpanı;aT ITO e,t\HH Ka.t\HJI, HMaM H ,1:\a)f(e MJOeSHH. Bclf'n<O TOBa, KOJIKOTO 11 Ba)KHO ,1:\a
e sa yı<penaaHeTo Ha BJiacTTa, see naK e cJ.>opManaaTa eTpaHa Ha Hell\aTa. J.16a BH6M e
,1:\0CTaT'I>'iHO nposop1Il1B, sa ,1:\a pas6epe, 'le aa npaKTHKa ııs6op'I>T aa cyn:TaHI1Te eTaBa
B SaBI1CHMOCT OT C'I>OTHOmeHHeTO Ha COI.{J.faJIHHTe npOCJIOJ1KH Ha ynpaBJIJlBall\aTa
KJiaCa, OT CI1JiaTa, BOeHHa, MKOHOMM'!eCKa H ITOJIHTH'IeCKa, Ha pa3JIHqfii1Te COL{HaJIHJ.f
rpynMpOBKH H O)f(eCTO'IeHaTa, K'I>pBaBa 6op6a Me)f(,t\yTJIXSa npHOpHTeT B .t\'I>p)f(aBHaTa
BJiacT. flo-roJIJlMaTa -qacT OT HSJIO)f(eHHeTo B C'I>'IHHeHHeTo aa J.16a EH6H e nocseTeaa
Ha TCSH 6op611 Me)i(,t\y OT,t\eJIHI1 npeTeH,t\eHTJ.f Sa npeCTOJia J.f CMJIHTe, K011TO CTOJIT
Sa,t\ e,t\MH MJIH .1:\Pyr OT TJIX. ToBa HaMMpa OTpa)f(eHHe H B T.Hap 6HaT, T.e. nonaraMeTO
Ha KJieTBa, ,t\06pOBOJDiO J.fliJ.f He, BOJIIO HeBOJIIO, Ha BJ.fCJllaTa ITOJIHTJ1'1eCKa, BOeHHa
J.f JzyXOBHa 6ıopOKpal.{ID!, IT'I>pBeHL{HTe B A'I>p)f(aBaTa J.f 06Il.{eCTBOTO, sa npHeMaHe J.f
BilpHa Cll)')K6a Ha onpeAeJICHIDI BJiaAeTeJI. ÜHe3J.f, KOHTO He ca CKJiaHJlJIH Ha TOBa ca
6MJIM c<rnTaHH sa 6yaToBHHı.vr. Te 6MJIH us6MBaHH MJIH saTO'IBaHH OT HOBIDI cynTaa
H HerOBOTO BHCJliC 06Kp'b)f(eHHC. JIMqfiO J.16H EH6H e 611n sa CHJIHa l.{eHTpaJIHSMpaHa
BnacT ıı )f(CIDJSHa ,1:\HCQHTIJIMHa. 06HKHOBeHo TOH cnaBocnoBıı cynTaHHTe. Oco6eHo
rrpeAnO'IHTaHııe HMa K'I>M AmıeAAHH Keı1-Ky6aA I, Ha KoroTo e nocBeTeHa roJIJlMa qacT
OT aeroBaTa KHKra, a SarJiaBiileTO M e CB'I>pSaHO C TOBa. Ho He ITO-MaJIKO B'1>3XBa/UIBa lil
ApyrHTe ceJIA)f(}'KCKH BJia,t\eTeJIH, a TexırnTe cna6ocTı-ı 11JIH npeM'I>JI'IaBa HJIH npeAaBa
c OMeKoTeHH KpacKH. Ho Tofı e sa saKOHHOCT, pas6HpaHe B Ayxa aa peJIHrHOSHO
nOJIHTH'IecKaTa cpe,t\HOBeKOBHa CHCTeMa, Ha C'1>6JllOAaBaHe Ha MIOCJIIOMaHCKIDI
mepııaT- Ha cBell\eHHTe KHHrH H npe,t\aıuuı:. He O.t\06pmıa KpafıHMTe Kp'I>BorıpOJIHTHJl,
HeOCHOBaTelDIOTO JilS6MBaHe Ha tıaCT OT BHcmaTa ynpaBJieHCKa H BOeHHa 6ıopOKpal.{HJl.
Tesvı pas6upaHHJl Ha aBTOpa ce BH)f(,t\aT B )KVIBOTO 11 ITOK'I>pTHTelDIO OITHCaJI.l1e Ha
HSrapRHeTO Ha e,t\Ha SHa'IMTeJIHa 'laCT OT eMHpHTe H 6eHOBCTC ITO HeOCHOBaTeJIHO
C'I>MHeHHe B npe,t\aTeJICTBO, saTaopeHH B e,t\Ha crpaAa, OT Amıe.t\AMH Kefı-Ky6aA I. B
C'I>Il\OTO BpeMe pemııTeımo OC'I>)i(.t\a y6ımaaeTo Ha cynTaa Pyı<HeAAHH K'I>ll'b'l Apcnaa
IV (1256-1257, 1261-1266) OT MOHrOJIQHTe, eTaHan )f(epTBa aa rpyna OT eMHpvı-
"'İbn-i Bibi, Muhtasar Selçukname, Trad. Gençosman, p. 22-23.
175
fO~MillHM~-----------------------------------
3aroBopH111Qii!.528 TB'I>pAe cy6eKTii!BHO e OTHOmeHMeTo Ha J16H Eli!61i! K'I>M swcmıne eMii!pli! li! A1>p)J(3BH111Qii! OT nepc1i!i1CKa HapOAHOCTHa npHHaA/le)J(HOCT, Ha C~6a
npli! Manoa31i!i1cKaTa ceJIA)J(fKCKa A'I>p)J(aBa KaTo M}'Ji!.HA}'A.l(HH I1epBaae li! AP·• KOii!TO A'I>Jirli! rOAii!Hii! cpaKTJ1'leCK111 ca A'bp)J(a11Ji1 BJiaCTTa B CBOii! p1>Qe. He crryqai1Ho
caMii!JiT I16H E1116J.1 cqJ.1Ta J.1 KBa11111cpl1Qii!pa A'I>p)J(aBaTa KaT o nepcli!i1cKa, a TaTapli!Te
li! MOHrOJIQJi!Te 3a TIOpKii!. AınOp'I>T OIIJ.1CBa HJIKOJ.1 OT TeXlUlTe IIOCT'I>IIKii!, HO HaKpCUI
see naK MM AaBa nollO)J(JI1TeJIHa OQeHKa. TB'I>pAe oTpl1QaTe11Ha e oQeHKaTa Ha HJIKOM
BO)J(AOBe J.1 soeHaqallHii!Qii! li!3 cpeAaTa Ha norpaHJ1'!HMTe J.1 APYrli! TıopKcK111 mreMeHa.
Tosa ce BJ.1)J(Aa A06pe npl-1 oQeHKaTa Ha poAa IllaT'I>porymıap'I>. ,[(pyr e B'I>npoc'I>T,
qe I16H Eli!61i! e T'I>pcen onopa B rpaACKii!Te QeHTpose, KOii!TO ca 6J.1ırn: cpaKTOpi-1 3a
3aCJi!JieHa cpeOAaJIJ.13aQIDI. KOHKpeTHO-MCTOpli!<JeCKJi! norneAHaTO TOBa e 6J.1Jla
TeHAeHQIDITa. 3a IIOHaTaT'I>lliHO 06IQeCTBeHO pa3B111Tii!e. ,[(ei1CTBJi!TeJIHO nJieMeHaTa
C'I>C npe)J(JI1Be1IJ.1Qii!Te Ha CBOR pOAOBOIIaTpl1aJIXaJieH 06IQeCTBeH CTpOi1 ca 6J.1JIJ.1
eneMeHT Ha cenapaTJ.1BJ.13'I>M J.1 rpa6MTeJICK111 Ha6e3J.1 B'I>p:xy KYJITypHJ.1Te cpeAii!IQa.
Ho C'I>IQeBpeMeHHO Te ca 6J.1JI1i! MHOrO 3KTii!BHa CJ.1Jla B 6op6aTa cpeiQy MOHrOJICKOTO
HameCTBJ.1e, HOCJi!Te/lli! ca 61i!IIJ.1 Ha C'I>3HaHIDI 3a IIJieMeHHa o6IQHOCT, Ha T10pKCKii!
eTHOC, Ha po;o;OBOnJieMeHHJ.1 Tpa;o;MQii!M, CBOR KYJITypa, TlOpKCKii! ;o;li!aJieKTii!, KOii!TO
IIpOTMBOIIOCTaBJI/lli! Ha nepCMi1CKaTa KYJITypHa Opli!eHTaQIDI M KOCMOIIOJIJ.1TM3'I>M. J16H
DM6M MMa p.ıt3KO OTpli!QaTeJIHO OTHOllleHJi!e K'I>M CellR<JeCTBOTO, TRXHOTO He;o;OBOJICTBO
11 6yaTose cpeiQy .ıı;1>p)J(aBHo-o6IQeCTBeHIDI cTpoi1. Toi1 noHJIKora rosopl-1 3a .ıı;o6po
OTHOllleHMe K'I>M "HapOAa': HO pa36Mpa rOCIIOACTBaiQMTe npOCIIOi1Kii! M rpaACKii!Te
KoprropaQJ-1111.
Ta3J.1 TeH;o;eHQii!03HOCT Ha I16H E116J.1 oco6eHo .ıı;o6pe ce BJ.1)J(Aa B p.ıt3KOTO
OC'b)J(AaHe Ha fOJI.ıiMOTO B'I>JIHeHJi!e Ha Ce1lR<JeCTBOTO, 1i!3pa311110 ce B MaCOB 6yaT, IIOA
3HaMeTo Ha naHTeM3Ma M MMCTMQM3Ma, Haqeno c Ea6a JitcxaK529, Ha B'I>3Ka<JBaHeTo
Ha npecToJia Ha KoHJI Ha JI'I>)J(ecynTaHa ,[(~J.1, c IIOAKpenaTa Ha KapaMaHCKii!Ji
6ei1JIJ.1K. ABTOp'I>T 6e3 Hli!KaKBO C'b)J(aJieHJ.1e OIIIi!CBa CBaJIRHeTO Ha T03J.1 Jl'b)J(eCYJIT3H,
XBaiQaHeTo MY M )J(JI1BOTO MY o.ıı;l1paHe. Ko)J(aTa Ha C'I>IQIDI e 61i!na Han'I>JIHeHa cbc
cnaMa M 611na pa3HaC.HHa B cTpaHaTa, 3a Aa 6'I>Ae ynnaııreH HapoAa. Torasa ca 6J.1ırn:
1136MTii! XMJI.ıiAM ceJIRHM, BAii!rHaJIJ.1 ce Ha 6yaT cpeiQY BJiaCTTa, Hei1HaTa 6e3)J(aJIOCTHa
eKCIIJIOaTaQIDI, IIOTMCHJ1'leCTBO J.1 IIOKOpHOCT cpeiQy MOHrOJICKaTa 3aBJ.1CMMOCT.530
I1o IIpli!HQii!II J16H DJ.161i! OCBeTJIRBa B'I>HlliHO-II011111TM<JeCKJ11Te OTHOilleHIDI Ha
Manoa3Mi1cKaTa cenA)J(fKCKa A1>p)J(aBa OT rne;o;MIQeTo TeopMRTa 3a onpas.ıı;asaHe
Ha T.Hap. peırn:rli!03HI1 BOi1HM-ra3a cpeiQy HeM10CJI10MaHCKJI1Te HapOAJ-1. A cpaKTMTe
IIOKa3BaT, '!e TOBa He ca 6MJIM HHKaKBJ.1 peırn:rJ.103HM BOi1HH, a3aBOeBaTeJIHJ.1 HaiiaAeHIDI ..
528 İbidem, p. 26. m İbidem, p. 206. ;;o!bidem, p. 294.
176
----------------------------------~ OAMlliHMK
TaKHBa ca ce BOW'IJIH H cpeıqy MJOCIDOMa.HCKHTe ,ıı;'bp)!(aım. C TaKHBa e MSn'bJIHeHa
ı.vmaTa Mcropıuı Ha aaTopa. Ha Mpa.HCKIDI nHCaTen Marne)!(Aa KaTo aeıı.ıo o6KK.HoBeHo
Hana,ıı;eHMeTO Ha C'bCeAHJ1Te ,ll;'bp)!(aBH, npHnaraHeTO Ha llpaBHnOTO 3aBna,ıı;eHHTe
rpa,ıı;oae H KpenocTH ,ıı;a ce no,ıı;naraT Ha HJD<OnKo,ıı;aeBHO paarpa6BaHe, IVlH'n<OCBa.He
H llOCeraTeJICTBO Ha qecrTa, )!(HBOTa H HMOTa Ha MeCTHHTe )!(HTenH, rrpeBp'bllla.HeTO
Ha nneHHH~MTe B po6H, paanpe,ıı;eneHHeTo Ha BOeHHHTe TpocpeH, nJUI'IKa H nneHH~H
no 11311CKBaHıutTa - 1/5 sa ,ıı;'bp)!(aBaTa H 4/5 sa aoeHaqa~HTe 11 o6HKHoBeHHTe
6oM~I1. Toaa e Hspaa Ha IOMpyqHO npaao H noraaaaHe Ha Bcm<aKBo H311CKBaHe Ha
c'b6mo,ıı;aaaHe Ha cyaepeHHTeTa Ha ,ıı;pymTe ,ıı;'bp)l(aBI1. ToBa ro HapasJma TaKa e,ıı;HH OT
CeJIWK}'KCKJ4Te Bna,ıı;eTeJIH - HJJMa )!(aJIOCT K'bM CYJITaHHTe.531 ToBa e OCHOBHOTO.
B C'bqJ1HeHHeTo Ha J.16H EH611 cpeıı.ıaMe e,ıı;Ha BTopa nocTa.HOBKa, KOnKOTO
Henocne,ıı;oBaTeJIHa,ıı;a e TJI. Toaa e 11aaecTHOTO c'bo6paa:~~aaae c'bc C'bi03HHTe,ıı;oroBopH
C MlOCJDOMa.HCKH 11 HeMJOCIDOMa.HCKH ,ll;'bp)l(aBI1, noern OT TJIX. 0611KHOBeHO Te Ce
saKpenBaT c KJieTBeHH o6eıı.ıaHHJI, c ,ıı;aBaHe Ha nHCMeH ,ıı;OK}'MeHT sa noıı.ıa,ıı;a npH
npe,ıı;aBaHe Ha KpenocTH HJIH rpa,ıı;oBe, TeKCTOBeTe Ha Hm<OH OT KOI1TO ce 11snaraT B
e,ıı;Ha HJII1 ,ıı;pyra cpopMa B npo11sae,ıı;eHI1eTo Ha aBTopa. qecTo ce BO,Il;JIT nperoBopH sa
npe,ıı;aaaHeTo Ha KpenocTH npH cnasBaHe Ha npaBHJIOTO ,ıı;a ce ocHryp11 HanycKaHeTo
Ha no,ıı;a~11Te H oTnpaıı.ıaaeTo HM B ,ıı;pyrH o6nacrn. Ho nO'iTH npu: BCM'il<M
cnyqau:, TOBa CTaBa npH ll'bJIHOTO npe,ıı;OCTaBJIHe Ha ~eCTBOTO Ha HaCeJieHHeTO,
KaTo nJJJI'iKa Ha saBoeaaTenHTe. Cpeıı.ıaT ce e,ıı;aocrpaHHo H3KOpHCTJma.He Ha
nocTHrHaTOTO c'brnacHe, KaTo sa6paHa ,ıı;a KYIDIT HJIH ,ıı;a HaMepHT npeaosHo cpe,ıı;cTBO
- KOHe 11 KaT'bp11. TeSH OTCT'bnKH Ha o6ca,ıı;eHHTe ca 6HnH ,ıı;HKTyBaHH OT MOTMBa
sa ynecHHBaHeTo Ha npe,ıı;aBaHeTo Ha CI1JIHM KpenocTI1 6ea M31Il1lllHH )!(epTBH.
KaKTO ce BJi)i(,ll;a, TesH Me)!(,ıı;yA'bp)!(aBHI1 HJI11 nqKanHu: cnopas}'MeHwı ca noqJ1BanH
Ha BSaHMHa C'bfJiacyaaHOCT, Ha B3aHMHH nperOBOpH, Ha npHeMaHe J1 npH3HaBa.He
Ha HSBeCTHI1 npaaa H Sa,ll;'bJI)l(eHHJI, KOnKOTO M HeCHrypHH ,ıı;a ca 611JIJ1 Te. Heıı.ıo
06HKHOBeHO e 6MJIO, ,ıı;a ce llOT'bpCH y6e)!(Hıı.ıe Ha BU:3aHTMMCKH C'bHOB~U:, ,ll;a)!(e
ana,ıı;eTeJII1 11 BOeHatiaJIH~M B ManoasHıiicKaTa ceJIWK}'KCKa ,ıı;'bp)!(aBa H o6paTHOTO -
ManoasJ1McKH ceJI,Il;)l(yKCKJ1 cynTaau:, npHH~oae M aoeaatiaJIHMQ.M ca ,ıı;Mpu:nH cnaceHJ1e
B'bB BMsaHTIDI, HMKeMcKaTa HMIIepıuı, B l<J.ıJIHI<MMcKa ApMeHIDI M T.H. Te ca BJIHSanH
B pasnwnm KOM6MHan;HH.
B ManoasJ1McKaTa cenWJ<Yl<cKa ,ıı;'bp)!(aBa ,ıı;'bnrl1 ro,ıı;MHH c'bın;ecTByaanH BOeHHH
cpopMai.(J111 OT HaeMHMI.(I1 OT MIOCJIIOMaHCKH H HeMJOCIDOMa.HCKH CTpaHI1. J.1MailO 11
OT6paHI1 HaeMHJ11.(11 OT eBponeMCKHTe CTpaHH-pMI.(ap11 M ,ıı;p., sa KaKBMTO C'bo6ıı.ıaaa
J.16H E11611. Ha Tesl1 asaHMHH o6ıı.ıeHHJI ce npw,ıı;aaa qpes KJieTBaTa HSBeCTHa
CaKpanHOCT. 3aTOBa TJIXHOTO HapyruaBaHe Ce CqJ1TaJIO Sa peJIHrMOSeH rpmc.. .[{a)!(e
531 lbidem, p. 295.
177
fOAMillHM~-----------------------------------
npM OIIMCaHMeTO Ha OT,qeJI.HM eiiJ.130AM Ha A'bp)l(aBHHTe B3aMMOOTHOWeHIDI Ce
IIpOKapBa MMC'bJITa, qe T.iocHOTO Hecna3BaHe MO)l(e ,qa AOBe,qe AO JIMWaBaHe OT
6naro,qaTTa Ha 6ora, ,qo M3npa~cme Ha 6eAJ.1 M Henno,qopo,qMe, ,qo IDIKaKBa HaMeca
Ha TipOBMAeHJ.1eTO M T.H .. J16H EM6M He ce B'b3A'bp)!{a ,qa OIIJ.1Ille II0p3)l(eHJ.1JlTa Ha
ceJIWK}'ll:MTe M no6e,qaTa Ha HeMJOcJIIOMaHcKJ.1 A'bp)l(aBM. K 'bM MOHro~MTe He BMHanı
M3pa3.ıma CBOeTO OTHOWeHMe. Ho TOBa ro BJ.1)l(,qaMe BJIO)l(eHO B ycTaTa Ha IDIKOM
cynTaHJ.1. Taıı:a cnope,q e,qMH OT TRX, Te ca 3a Hero "6ecHJ.1 KyqeTa':532 Ho ııpM BCM"lKJ.1
cnyqa11 I16H EM6M ce npo.ım.ıma KaTo .ıı:p'bK M3pa3MTen Ha rocnop;cTBa~aTa KJiaca Ha
Manoa3M:i1:cKaTa cenA)!{yı<CKa A'bp)!{aBa.
J16H E11611 KaTO MJ.1CJIJ.1TeJI M MCTOpMK e 3a6en.ıı:3aJI BIDKHaTa pon.ıı: Ha MaTepMaJI.HMJl
MHTepec KaKTO B'bB B'bTpeWHMTe TaKa M B Me)l(A~'bp)l(aBHJ.1Te OTHOWeHMJl. KaTO
TB'bp,qe C'buiecTBeH <PaKTOp 1IpM CeJIA)!{yı<CKJ.1Te HaWeCTBIDl M 3aBJiaAJIBaHIDI ce
CO"laT OTHOWeHMJ~Ta Ha MaTepMaJIHJ.1 o6nam. 3a o6MKHOBeHMTe BOMHM TOBa e 6MJia
Ha,qe)l(AaTa 3a 6'bp3o 3aMOrBaHe M Harpa6BaHe c IIJIJI"lKa. A 3a eMMPMTe ce o6e~aBa
pa3)l;aBaHe Ha TMMapCKJ.1 BJia,qeHMJl B HOB03aBJia,qeHMTe 3eMM. 3a J1ggep;AJ.1H KeJ1-
Kasyc I (1211-1219) aBTOp'bT nop;qepTaBa: "If(oM J133e,Iı;AJ.1H Kew-KaByc ,qocTJ.1rHa
,qo En6McTaH Hape,qJ.1 ,qa ce ycTpO.ıtT o6~11 yro~eHı.ı.ıı: c o6e~aHı.ı.ıı: 3a BCeKJ.1 BoeHeH
npep;BOAJ.iTeJI Ha qacT OT CTpaHaTa Ha illaM B TJ.1Map rM 3a)l;OBOJIJ.1"533• 06paTHOTO B
HaBe"!epMeTo Ha 6MTKaTa c MOHro~MTe npM K.bocep;aT, 3a ,qa ce ocı.ıryp.ıtT C'bi03HMI.\M
M ITOAKpenaTa Ha C'bCe)l;HMTe HapOAM ce pa3,qaBaT napvı:tıHM cpep;CTBa, OTCT'biiBaT
ce 3aBnap;eHM npep;11 TOBa rpa,qoBe M o6nacTJ.1. Cnopep; aBTopa, npMcTı.ırHaJIIDl no
T03M ııoso,q B lliaM ceJIA)!{yı<cKJ.1 Be3Mp "pa3Hac.ıı MMpl13MaTa Ha 6oraTCTBO ııop;
HOCa Ha 6eAHJII.\MTe M 60HI.\MTe Ha Ta3M CTpaHa"534• Te3J.1 M MHOfO ,qpyr11 np11MepM
OT T03M po,q B MCTOpiDiTa Ha IIMCaTeJIJI IIOKa3Ba 3Ha"!eHMeTO, KOeTO OTAaBa TOM Ha
<PaKTOpa MaTepMaJIHJ.1 MHTepeCJ.1 B pewaBaHeTO Ha B'bTpeWHM J.1 Me)l(A~'bp)l(aBHM
ııpo6neMM. foJI.ıtMa pon.ıı: e J.13MrpaBano B npMBJIJ.1"laHeTo Ha nneMeHaTa M ııneMeHHJ.1
C'bl03M K'bM CeJIA)!(yı<CKaTa BJiaCT MJIJ.1 TRXHOTO OT6JI'bCKBaHe OTCT'biiBaHeTO J.1JIJ.1
OTHeMaHeTo Ha nacM~aTa 3a Texııı.ı.ıı: ,qo6MT'bK. HaııpMMep xape3'bMCKJ.1Te nneMeHa
CJiep; pa3rpOMRBaHeTO Ha xape3'bMCKaTa A'bp)l(aBa OT MOHfO~MTe ce 3aCeTIBaT B
Manoası.ıı1cKJ.1 o6nacTM c 6oran1 nacM~a. Ho cnep; pa3rO.HBaHeTo MM OT Te3M MecTa
IIOpa,qM HeııpaBMJIHM IIOCT'biiKJ.1 Ha CeJI~q<J.i A'bp)l(aBHJ.11\M, Te Ce npeXB'bpJIJIT
B C'bCeAHMTe M3TO"'HJ.1 o6JiaCTM M3B'bH Ta3M A'bp)!{aBa. fipM OIIJ.1TMTe 3a TRXHOTO
B'b3Bp'b~aHe, IIJieMeHHMTe 6eJ1oBe IIOCTaB.ıtT ycJIOBMe p;a J.1M Ce OTCT'biDIT 06JiaCTMTe C
ııacM~aTa c'bc cy71TaHCKJ.1 p;oı<YMeHT M qıepMaH. Cpe~y TOBa o6e~aBaT ,qa ııpM3HaJIT
BnacTTa Ha cenA)!{yı<CI<aTa )J;'bp)l(aBa.
m İbidem, p. 296. m İbidem, p. 297. 5,. İbidem, p. 298.
178
-------------------~.O,D;MIIIHJ1K
TaKa M6H EH6H OT'lHTa pasllJf'IHH peaJIHH cpaKTOpH B ,ı:ı;BIDKeHHeTo Ha ırnıpoKH
MaCJ-1 Ha IllieMeRaTa H Ha HaceJieHHeTO, B DOJIHTJ.f'leCKaTa 6op6a Me)f(,lcy CO[(HaJIHHTe
rpynHpOBKH Ha ynpaBmıBai[(aTa KJiaca H ,ı:ı;p.
4. McTopwna Ha M6H EH6H ,ı:ı;aBa 6oraTH ,ı:ı;aHHH sa CO[(HaJIHO-HKOHOMWiecKIDI,
o6~ecTBeHo-noJIHTWieCKIDI H KYJITypeH o6~ecTBeH :>ı<J1BOT B ManoasHtkKaTa
CeJIWI<yKCKa ,ll.'bp)l{aBa, sa peKOHCTpYJ1paHeTO Ha HeKHOTO C'bCTORHHe.
Hapo,ıı.HOCTHHTe H eTHopenwrHOSHHTe o6~HOCTH Ha Manoasıri1cKaTa ceJI,II.)l{yı<CKa
,ll.'bp)l{aBa Ca Ce HaMHpaJIH Ha pasllJf'IHa CTeneH Ha o6~eCTBeHO-HKOHOMWieCKO H
KYJITypHO paSBHTHe, B pa3JIH'IliH eTaDH Ha paSBOM Ha [(HBIDJl1Sa[(HHTe. 3aBapeHOTO
apMeHCKO H BHSaHTHKCKO rpa.n;CKO H SeMe,JJ;eJICKO HaCeJieHHe ca ,JJ;OCTHrHaJIJ1paS[(BeTa Ha
cpeo.n;aJIHHTe OTHOllieHHR, OT BeKOBe Te )l(J!IBeJIT sace,ıı.HaJI o6~eCTBeH )l(J!IBOT, C 6oraTO
KYJITypHO HaCJie,JJ;CTBO. <t>eo,ı:ı;aJIHSa[(HRTa OT,JJ;aBHa e 06XBaHaJia 'laCT OT wpaHCKOTO,
apa6CKO HaCeJieHHe B HSTO'lHHTe 06JiaCTH, a C'b~O TypCKO-CeJI,JJ;)l{}'KCKOTO rpa,ı:ı;CKO H
seMe,ı:ı;encKo HaceneHHe o~e KoraTo ca 6ID1J1 B Cpe.n;Ha AsHR. 3aToBa Te ce HacTaHRBaT
B Mana AsHR c HSBeCTHO Hanpe,ı:ı;Han cpeo,ı:ı;aJIHS'bM. Ho orpoMHaTa qacT OT TIOpKHTe,
TaTapcKH, nepcıri1cKH, KIOp,ı:ı;cKH H apa6cKH ruıeMeHa ca sanasiDJl1 Dpe)l(J!IBeJIM[(MTe Ha
po,ı:ı;OB006~HHHHR CTpOJ1:, cpe.zı: KOJ!TO DpOTWia DpO[(eC'bT Ha T.Hap. HOMa,JJ;CKH TMD
cpeo,ı:ı;aJIHsa[(HR. 3anaseHa e HHCTHT}'l\HRTa Ha po6cTBOTo. IlııeHHM[(HTe ce npeBp'b~aT
B po6H, KOHTO ca npe,ıı.MeT Ha ITOKynKO-Dp0,JJ;a)l{6a H Ce HSDOJISBaT B'bB BOKCKaTa H B
npOHSBO,JJ;CTBOTO. 3aBapeHOTO HeMIOCIOJIMaHCKO HaCeJieHHe M cpeo.n;aJIHOTO CeJI>l'ieCTBO
H rpa,ıı.cKa 6e,ı:ı;HOTO Ha MIOCIOJIMaHCKOTO HaCeJieHHe e ITOCTaBeHO B ITOJIO)l(eHHe Ha paR.
OcHOBHaTa Maca Ha ruıeMeHaTa H IIJieMeHHHTe o6e,ı:ı;HHeHMJI ca 6HID1 no,ı:ı; BnacTTa
Ha ceJI,II.)l{}'l\HTe. Po,ı:ı;oBoiiJieMeHHaTa <Peo,ı:ı;aJIHa apHc_ToKpa[(HR ,ı:ı;'bp)l(J!I B p'b[(eTe
cH pasnpe,ı:ı;eneHHeTo Ha nacl([_l[(aTa, a MeCTHOTO HaceneHHe e B noJIO)l{eHHeTo Ha
saBHCHMO HaceneHMe, ruıa~aT xapa<ı. B c'bcTaBa Ha cen,ll.)l{yı<CKaTa cpeo,ı:ı;aıiHa KJiaca
yqacTBaT npOCJIOKKH H CO[(HaJIHH rpynH OT paSJIWIHH Hapo,ı:ı;HOCTM, enı:opeJIHrHOSHH
H IIJieMeHHH 061[(HOCTH. B HeKHHR BHClli CJIOK BJIHSaT ceJI,JJ;)l{}'KCKHTe CynTaHM,
npHH[(OBe, MeJIMKH, eMMpH, 6eJ1:nep6eJ1:oBe, CaH,II.)l{aK6eJ1:0Be, BHCli1aTa BOeHHa H
[(HBHJIHa ynpaaJieHCKa a,JJ;MHHHCTpa[(HR, a B HHCli1HR CJIOK - ,JJ;'bp)l{aTeJIJii Ha SHaMeTH H
THMapH, nneMeHHH BOeHa'laJIHH[(H M ,ı:ı;p.
IlpH TOBa DOJIO)l(eHHe Ha Hel[(aTa ce HSOCTp>IT CO[(HaJIHHTe H HapO,JJ;HOCTHH
npoTHBope'lHR B Maııoasıri1cKaTa cenWI<yi<cKa ,ı:ı;'bp)l{aBa, B HepaBHonpaBHO
nono)l{eHne ca ce HaMMpaJIH rpa,ı:ı;cKaTa 6e,ı:ı;HoTa H cemıqecTBO, cpe,ı:ı; Illi1pOKHTe MacH
Ha po,ı:ı;oBoruıeMeHHHTe o61[(HOCTH. ToBa ,ı:ı;oBe)l{,JJ;a .n:o peıııHTeJIHa 6op6a sa cso6o,ıı.a
H HeSaBHCHMOCT, Ha 6}'JiTOBe Ha rpa,ıı.cKHTe DpOCJIOKKH H cemı'IeCTBOTO sa CO[(HaJIHa
cnpaBe,JJ;JIHBOCT H OTXB'bpJIJIHe Ha ITOTHCHM'ieCTBO. TaKHBa ca B'bCTaHHRTa B rpa,ı:ı;
179
fO~MlliHM~-----------------------------------
A.HTamuı:SJS, 6yıiTOBeTe Ha ceiiJI'ieCTBOTO no]\ p'bKOBOACTBOTO aa Ea6a 1ilcxaıc536 H .ı:q>.,
HaMepHmı oTpa)f(eHJ.ıe B HcTopmiTa aa 1i16H EH6H.
HapeA c o6n.ıoKJiacoBHTe HHTepecr.ı Ha rocnOACTBail{aTa cpeo,l\aJIHa KJiaca
B ManoasiDicKaTa cenwı<y:ı<cKa A'bp)f(aBa c'bn.ıecTBy.aaT B'bTpeWHoKJiacoBH
npOTHBOpe'liDI cpe,l\ HeHHJ1Te pa3nH'lHH npOCJIOHIGi H COI..{HaJIHH rpymı - rpa,l\CKa,
seMeBnaAencKa H pOAOBonneMeHHa. Bo AM ce O)f(eCTO'leHa M K'bpBaBa 6op6a sa HanaraHe
Ha l..{eHTpami3ai..{IDITa C M3BeCTHa OTHOCr.tTeJIHa CaMOCTO.SI:TeJIHOCT Ha y:ı<penBai.QaTa
cpeoAaJIHa apHCTOKpaQIDI, sa nosMQMH B ynpasneHHeTo Ha cpeo,l\aJIHaTa B'bpxyruı<a
H no-nrnpoK.l1Te cnoeBe Ha cpeoAaJIHaTa KJiaca B rpa,qoBeTe, cenaTa H nneMeHHHTe
o6eAJ.ıHeHIDI.
TasH MH~ro~noıi:Ha o6mecTBeHa cTpyı<Typa AaBa oTpa)f(eHMe B'bpxy cpopMaTa Ha
ynpasneHHe, MexaHH3Ma Ha cpeO,l\aJIHaTa BJiaCT H TepHTOpHanHO-aAMJ.fJUICTpaTHBHOTO
ycTpOHCTBO Ha ManoasJ.IHcKaTa cenA)f(y:ı<CKa A'bp)f(aBa, HaMepHJIO oTpa)f(eHMe B
npoHsBe):(eHHeTo Ha 1i16H EH6H.
He 6MBa Aa ce cnara 3HaK Ha paBeHCTBO Me)f(A}' BemıKaTa cen~cKa A'bp)f(aBa
M ManoasHHCKaTa cenwı<yı<cKa A'bp)f(aBa. EcTeCTBeHo Me)f(A}' TJIX HMa MH.oro
np11eMCTBeHH Bp'b31Gi B A'bp)f(aBHOTO ynpasneHMe H peAMQa HHCTH~HM. B H3BecTeH
CMHC'bJI ManoasJ.fHcKaTa cen~cKa,l\'bp)f(asa B'bSHHKBa B pesynTaT Ha saBoeBaHIDITa
Ha CpeAHoasHaTcKaTa cenwı<y:ı<cKa A'bP)f(aBa H KaTo TJIXHO npo):('b1DKeH.11e. Ho
C'bll\eBpeMeHH.o Me)f(A)' TJIX HMa C'bll\eCTBeırn pas1IM'liDi no o6XBaTa !fa reorpacpcK.l1
o6naCTH, Ha flO]\BJiaCTHM HapOAJ.ı, 0611\eCTBeHa CTpyı<Typa, ):('bp)f(aBHH cpopMHpOBaHIDI
11 HHCT11TYQr.tH. KoHJ.iHcKIDIT cynTaH B no-rOTIJlMa cTeneH H3nHTBa B'b3,l\eHCTBHeTo Ha
A'bp)f(aBHHTe TpaAHQHH H Ha cTpaHı-tTe OT Mana AsiDI, EmısKIDI 1ii3TOK H KaBKas.
no CBO.RTa cpopMa Ha ynpaBneHHe Manoa3J.fHCKaTa cenwı<yı<CKa A'bp)f(aBa e
MOHapXIDi, KO.RTO npeMHHaBa npes H.RKOnKO eTana Ha pasBHrne:
I. ITepHOA Ha eMHpCTBo-6ei1nHK (1078-1157 r.)
II. ITepHOA Ha cynTaHaT (1157-1243 r.)
ffi. ITepHOA Ha MOHrOJICKa 3aBHCHMOCT (1243-1308 r.)
ITpes BpeMe Ha Cıoneıi:MaH K}'TJiaM'bW H Heroaı-ı:Te npHeMFI:J.fl.lı-t K'bJI'b'l Apcnaa I (1092-1107 r.), MemıK-wax (1107-1116 r.) H MecyA I (1116-1156 r.) ManoasJ.fHcKaTa
cen~cKa A'bp)f(aBa e 6HJI 6eıi:mıK - cpeo,l\aJIHO KHJDKeCTBO, nOA'IHHeHo Ha BeJIHKaTa
cenwı<y:ı<cKa A'bp)f(aBa. MaKap cpaKTJ.f'leCKH Aa ce e nonsBana C'bC3Ha'lJ.fTenHa B'bTpeWHa
H H3BeCTHa B'bHWHa He3aBHCJ.fMOCT, T.R e 6HJia BaCaJIHO A'bp)f(aBHO o6paSOBaHHe,
cıosepeH, Ha KoeTo ce .RB.RBa CpeAfioasHaTCKaTa cenwı<y:ı<cKa A'bP)f(aBa. ToBa e AaBaJIO
OTpa)f(eHHe B'bpxy HefOBOTO A'bp)f(aBHO }'CTpOHCTBO H npeporaTHBHTe Ha ,l\'bp)f(aBH.IDi
masa. MaKap, qe ce THTyny.aan sa CynTaH TOt1: He e 6HJI n'bJIHOBnacTeH H cy.aepeHeH
m İbidem, p. 299. su İbidem, p. 301.
ıso
------------------------------------~ O~MillHMK
BnaAeTen. IlpM OID1TM sa OTAeımHe OT CpeAHoasMaTcKaTa cen,rpıcyı<cKa A'bp>KaBa ca
6MJIM BSeMaırn: penpecMBırn: MepKM M ce crnrano AO BOeHHa HaMeca. BnaAeTeTIMTe Ha
ManoagKikKaTa .IfbP>KaBa ce CMJITaJIM sa eAJill OT eMMpMTe Ha Benm<aTa cell.rt>K}'KCKa
.IfbP>KaBa HapeA c BllaAeTeJIMTe Ha APY™ Bacamrn cenJPKYKCKM KHJDKecTBa B IIpeAHa
Aswı:. Me>K,t(}'TJDC oco6eHo ce OTKpOJma 6eİiımfi<'bT Ha ,Z:{aıumı:MeHAJITe, BnaAeTeJIMTe Ha
KOHTO 6ın:ıso eAHO CTOJieTMe ca C'bnepHWieını: C ManoasMfı.CKaTa celiA)J(y:ı<CKa A'l>P>KaBa.
EABa c ITbnHOTO pasnaAaHe Ha BeliMKaTa ceJI,rpı<yKcKa A'bp>KaBa 11 CM1bpTTa Ha e.u;ım
OT nocneAırn:Te Heı1ırn: cyrrraırn: CeHA)J(ep npes ll57 r. Manoas11HcKaTa cen.rt>K}'KCKa
A'bp>KaBa ce OCB060~aBa OT HeHHOTO oneı<yHCTBO. Ho Aa>Ke no BpeMe Ha ~apyBaHeTO
aa K 'bll'b'I:ApcllaH ll (ı ı 55-ı ı 92r.) llpOA'blDKaBa npoMeHJIJ1BOTO C'bnepHJ1'JeCTBO Me>K.Izy
KoHHı1cKWI cynTaH 11 ,Z:{aırnınMeHACKOTO KIUOKecTBo. ToraBa BMsaHTIDi ce HaMMpa B
nono>KeHMeTo Ha ap6Mnp Me>K;ızy TıopKcKHTe .IfbP>KaBM B Mana Aswı:. B SaBMCMMOCT
OT CBOMTe HHTepecM T.ıt noAKpen.ıı:na TY eAJ1H TY APyr OT TJIX. ,Z:{a>Ke npea 1162 r. K'l>m'l
Apcnaa II e npHHyAeH Aa nonpcM noMo~ oT Hen M OCTaBa oKono TPM Mece~a B
KoHCTaHTMHOnOlL ToraBa MMeHHo ce CKJDO'I:Ba C'blOSHWI AOfOBop Me~ BM3aHTWI
M KoHHı1cKWI cynTaHaT. ManoasMfı.cKaTa cen,rpıcyı<cKa A'l>P>KaBa nocreneHHo y:ı<penBa
CBOMTe nos~HM. HaAAeJIJrBa HaA A'~>p>KaBaTa aa ,Z:{aıuwiMeHAJ1Te M npMC'bewovma
HeHHMTe BllaAeHWI, a Te:XliMTe BllaAeTeTIM ce npeBp'b~aT B llOABJiaCTHM eMMpM Ha
C'b~aTa. C AMllllOMaT11'lecKM XOAOBe K'l>ll'b'l: ApcnaH II OTXB'Dpmı MSll'bJIHeHMeTo Ha
KJiaygMTe Ha C'bl03HIDi ,ıı;oroBop c BMSaHTMJI.. BM3aHTMHCKMTe ynpaBHJ11.{M pas6MpaT
KaKBa onaCHOCT KpMe yı<penBaHeTo Ha ManoagMfı.cKaTa ceJI,rpı<yKCKa .IfbP>KaBa, BSeMaT
peım1TeJIHM MepKM cpe~ He.ıt. Ho Be<Je e K'DCHO. Il pes ll 76 r. nopaAH cepMosırn:
rpeiiiKH B KOMaHABaHeTO M Jll1'lHO Ha BM3aHTMHCKWI MMnepaTop npM llOXOAMTe llpM
MHpMOKe<t>nnoH BMSaHTMHCKaTa apMIDI e llOCTaBeHa no,ıı; mapMTe Ha ceJIA)J(yKC~MTe.
BM3aHTMHCKaTa BOMCKa e pas6MTa, 'KaTO ce ,n;a,n;eHM MHOrO 'I:OBeiiiKM M MaTepMaJIHJ1
sary6:ı-ı. CKJIJO<JeH e MMp np ı-ı Te>KKM M Heı-ısroAHM ycnoBMH sa B:ı-ısa.ııTIDI. 537
H.ıı:Ko:ı-r MSCJieABa'll1 npaB.ıtT OID1TM Aa cpaBHHBaT SHa<JeHHeTO Ha 6MTKaTa llpM
MMp:ı-roKe<PanoH npes ll76 r. C'bC cpa>KeHMeTo npes 1071 r. npM M~MKepT.538
Hec'bMHeHo TOBa He e TaKa M cpaBHeHMe He MO>Ke Aa ce aanpaBM Me)f(lzy T.ıı:ıc. B.ıı:pHo
e ,ıı;pyro, qe c Hen y:ı<penBa nono>KeHMeTo Ha CeJIA>KyKCKaTa ,n;'l>p:>KaBa B Mana Aswı:, npeMaxBaT ce Ba>KHM TlOpKCKM 6e~M, M~ KOMTO Ha ll'bpBO MRCTO CTOM TOSM
Ha ,Z:{ammJ.MeHAHTe. IlpM M3BeCTHM 6naronpwı:THM B1>TpeiiiHl1 M Me>K;ızyHapOAJill
ycnoBwı sano'I:Ba B'bSXOAa Ha ManoasMfı.CKaTa cenA>KyKcKa A'l>P>KaBa KaTo cynra.ııaT,
KOHTO npOA'bTDI<aBa AO 6:ı-rTKaTa npM l<boce,ıı;ar c MOHro~MTe npes 1243 r. ToraBa e
pasrpoMeHa cen,ıı;>KYJ<CKaTa BotkKa, KO.ıtTO HarryeKa naaM'I:ecKH nonecpa>KeHMeTo.
S); YcneHCKHiı <1>. n Ji!:CTOpltJI MeJU!l( faslf If ,Uayıı-H}'Hb ,UaHlllllMaHAbl - )Ib XI-ro TOMa 3aruıcOK Ji!:MnepaTopcKoro ÜAeCK. 061.11. McTopıN. M ,UpeaHocroiı. ÜAeca. 1879, c. 26 en. "'Öztuna T.Y. Başlangıcından Zamarumıza Kadar rurkiye Tarihi, İst, T. 2, 1965, p. 98.
181
rO~MlliHMR------------------------------------
Ho .ıı;a)f(e cne.ıı; TOBa noqnı .ıı;o 1257 r. ManoasiDıcKaTa ceJIA>KYKCKa JP>p)l(aBa Bce o~e
sanasBa HSBeCTHa no!ll1Tl1'!ecKa He3aBMCHMOCT. IIocTeneHHo lll oco6eHo cne.ıı; 1276
r. TR HSna,ı:ı;a MSJ..VillO llOA MOHrOllCKa SaBHCHMOCT, CTaBa BaCaJIHa Ha MOHrO~MTe, sa
.ıı;a ce cTı.ırHe .ıı;o OKoH'IaTeJIHOTO npeMax:BaHe Ha cenA)I(yı<CKaTa AJ1Hacnuı: npes 1308
r. TR OTCT'bnBa cBoeTo MRCTO Ha APyrH TIOpKcKH .n;'I>p)l(aBHH o6pasoBaHHR B Mana
As MR, HacT'bmıa nepwo.ıı; Ha TIOpKCKHTe 6ei1:ıı.m.ı;w B KpaR Ha XIII B. 11 XV B. Me>I<Jcy TJIX
nocTeneHHO yc:nRBa .ıı;a ce Hano>KJil OcMaHcKaTa A'I>p)l(aBa.
C eBO!liOI.{IDI.Ta Ha ManoasiDıcKaTa cellA)I(yı<CKa .n;'bp)l(asa OT saBHCHM OT Belll1KaTa
Ce!lA)I(}'I<CKa A'bp)l(aBa 6ei1:!ll1K, OT BaCaJIHa A'I>p>KaBa K'bM C}'71TaHaT, K'bM HeSaBHCHMa
l1 cysepeHHa A'I>p>KaBa HaCT'biiBaT HRKOM C'b~eCTBeırn Ji!SMeHeHHR B A'I>p>KaBHO
DO!ll1TJ1lleCKHTe l1HCTHT~l1Ji! . .rı:oKaTO see o~e K'l>JI'b"' Apcnaa n HOCH Tl1T!ll1Te eMMp,
6eı7l nocTeneıiHo sano"'Ba .ıı;a ce HMeaysa eMMp-yn-YMepa T.e. eMMp Ha eMMpHTe,
llp'I>B Me>I<Jcy eMMpı.tTe. IIocreneHHo ce fTB'I>p>K,qaBaT TMT!ll1Te Ha ll'bJIHonpaBHH w
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182
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Hatıa11HI1K Ha ABOp~oaaTa xasHa, Ha npMCHyraTa, KO.RTO o6cli}')KBa f'b . .ıı:ce.ti)J;HH KeM.
XycpeB II M T.H.539 qemHHmp EMHp Cet:i:cpeAAMH AH6a c AeceTHJICTKR e 6HJI Ha
CJiy)K6a npH f'b.ıı:ce,t~,qHH KeM.-XycpeB I, npH HeroBMTe CHHOBe Jllsse)J;AMH Keıt-Kasyc I H Aıı.ıı:eMMH KeM.-Ky6aA I sa Aa 6'bp;e eKSeKfTMpaH npM nocne,l(HH.R.540
ss• İbn-i Bibi, Muhtasar Selçuknaıne, Trad. Gençosman, p. 94-93. s.o İbidem, p. 85,165.
183
fOAMillHMı~------------------------------------
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CM CBOJITa llOCT'bllKa.545
S<ı İbidem, p. 56. 5'-' İbidem, p. 64. s.J İbidem, p. 66. sı-ı İbidem, p. 67. s.s İbidem, p. 7l.
184
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185
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apeHa Ha c6JI'bC'bK Ha pasJIJ1tıHJ1Te npocnotiKM H cou;MaJIHJ1 rpynı.ı Ha ıpeoAaJIHaTa
KJiaca. PeaJIHoTo C'bOTHOWeHHe Ha CHJIJ1Te Me~ TJIX B KpatiHa cMeTKa e onpeAeJIJina
11.0 roJIJIMa cTeneH C'bJ1.6aTa Ha 11s6opa Ha 6'bAeıu;wı: CYJITaH. 3aToBa K'bJI'btı ApcnaH II M
HerOBHTe npMB'bp)l(eHHu;H TbpCJIT onopa B MlOCIOJIMaHCKOTO ytıeHJ1e Sa TeOKpaTJ1'IeH
np0113XOA1 C'bırı;HOCT M 06ll(eCTBeHJ1 ıpyaı<ıı;HM sa A'bp)l(aBaTa sa yYB'bp)I(AaBaHeTO
u;eHTpaJIJ1sau;MTa M eAHHCTBOTo Ha Manoa3J1HCKJ1JI ceJIA>ı<yKCKM cynTaHaT. Oıu;e
IIpM)I(J1Be T03J1 BJiaAeTen l1SAJ1ra eAJ1H OT CHHOBeTe CM f'bRCeMJ1H Keti-XycpeB II sa
npecTonoHacneAHI1K, sa Aa yKpenw HeroBaTa peaJIHa MKOHOMJ'I'iecKa 11 BOeHHa Moıu; H
Aa ro HaJIO)f(M Ha~ ApyrMTe np.KHu;oBe. Pas6wpa ce, TOBa He yeruma ~a CJIO)I(J1 KpaH Ha
Me~oco6HJ1Te 6op6M Me~ ıpeoAaJIHMTe rpynı.ıpoBKM M pas1IJNHJ.1Te npMHu;ose,
cne11. CM'bpTTa Ha K'bJI'b'l Apcnaa II.
Onl1T11Te .qa ce C'b'leTasa naTpHMOHMaJIHaTa Teopwı: c MIOCI011MaHcKoTo
6orocnoBCKO yqeHHe sa J1.'bp)l(aBaTa npo]:fbJDKaBa npM cneABaıu;ı.tTe CYJITaHM.
<l>eoAaJIHaTa KJiaca ~o6pe pas6Mpa, tıe no TOSM Ha<JHH ce ynecHJIBa no-ycneWHOTO
B'bSllpHeMaHe J1 llOAtJMHJIBaHe Ha AeCnOTM'IHaTa CYJITaHCKa BJiaCT, KaTO u;eH1"paJIHa
" 7 Daı< TU!, c. 173.
186
----------------------------------~O~MillHMK
HHcTIITyıvuı: Ha cpeOAaıiHaTa l!eHTpaıms~IDi. C1>c C'l>BpeMeHHaTa TepMMHonoriDi
6IDCMe Ka3amı, qe no TOSM Ha'IHH ce C'l>SAaBa K yı<perma pemırKOSHaTa COI.!MaTIHa
Ol!eH'l>'lHa cı.ıcTeMa OT BHpBalllt-ıTe.>~s Oco6eHo TOBa e BroKHO npK cnyqaKTe, KoraTo
ce npt-ı6JirBaııo cneA Ks6opa Ha BJiacTB~ cyrrraa AO MSOJ'IJil'aHe Ha ;ı:q>yrt-ıTe
npe,qmecTBeHJ.fl.\K K cne~aJIHo HeroBKTe 6paT.ıı:. TaKa see noBe'le ce yTB'l>p~aBa
MIOCIOJIMaHCKaTa A'bp)f(aBHa KOHL!e~ K npaKTKKa. A IIOTpHMOHMaJIHaTa TeOpiDi ce
KOpKrKpa K IIOCTaBJI B ycııyra Ha L!eHTPaJIMSKpaHaTa BJiaCT Ha ewrn eAKHCTBeH CYJITaH.
ToBa HaMMpa KSpa3 B npceHeTo Ha KHBeCTKTypa OT xaımcpaTCKaTa Bnacr B EarAaT.
EcTecTBeHo B nepKOAa Ha 6efurn.ı<a BJiaAeTemıTe Ha -MaııoasJÖICKaTa celi,IQK}'KCKa
A'l>p)f(aBa He ca KMamı npaBOTO Aa Ce o6p1>111aT K nOAA1>p)f(aT npeKK Bp'l>SKK C
MIOCJIIOMaHCKMTe xaJIKcpK. ToBa npaBo ca HMaııK CaMO cyn.TaHKTe Ha BeJIMKaTa
cen.ıoı<yı<cKa-A'bp)f(aBa. A T.IDCHaTa BJiacT e 6KJia neramısKpaHa OT nocneAHaTa.
EnmpacpcKK KSBeCTIDi noKasBaT, qe oıı.ıe cyn.Taa f'l>.ıı:ceAAKH Kei1:-XycpeB I e
MSnOJISBaJI TMTYJI'l>T "no6eAOHOCeH nOMOlliHKK Ha OOBemıreJIJI Ha rrpaBOBepHKTe':
"HeroB ;ı:q>yrap-C'l>;ı:q>yrap" ("caxa6e"}.549 Ho He ca MSBeCTHK Hm<aKBK ;ı:q>yrK
C'l>o6ıı.ıeHK.H sa HJIKaKBM AMnJIOMarK'IecKK Bp'l>SKK c xaJIMcpaTa. A K1>JI'l>'l ApcnaH
I ce saAOBOJIJIBawe CaMO c nosoBaBaHe Ha KopaHa no B'l>npOCKTe li! npHHL!KOJi!Te
Ha A'l>p)f(aBHOTO ynpaBneHKe.55° CnopeA J.16H EK6K sa n'l>pBH O'l>T B KcropHHra Ha
CenA)f(}'KCKara MaJioa3JÖ!cKa A1>p)f(asa rrpes 1214 r. B'l>B sp'l>sKa c sasnaAJı:BaHeTo Ha
CKHOO r.e . .rı;)f(aHK:K cyn.raH J.1sseAAMH Keft-Kasyc I ı-ısnpall!a nocnaHH'lecTBo rrpH
EarAaTcKH.HxanacpcacKaHeHa "waJIBapsa <I>ıoTıoBBer"T.e. peKBMSt1THa MIOcıorrMaHCKO
peJIMrKOSHo-sasoesareJIHa pH!.!apcKa opraaı-ıs~. IIpaBH ce OOJiiT ga ce pasrneAar
SaBOeBareJIHHTe noxOAM Ha Cen~cKara cpeoAaJIHa xnaca KaTo pa3mnpeHKe K
HanaraHe Ha HCJIJIMa HaA C'l>CeAHKTe seMH. BarAaTCKHH xaJIKcpaT ~OBJieTBop.ıı:sa
TOBa HCKaHe. Ha ceJIA)f(}'KCKHH cyn.raH ca KsnpareHK JIK'IHHH maJIBap Ha xaJIKcpa,
KOHTO ro e HOCHJI CaM, 'laJIMa, AOK}'MeHT sa peJIMrKOSHK SaBOIOBaHK.H, KaB}'](, KaxTaH,
60SAyraH Ji! CBMAeTeJICTBO Sa cyn.raHaT, neT Kan pa C'l>C SJiaTHJil OOAKOBJI!, neTeSAa'iHH
KO He c qepHK arnaseHM noKpJI!BKM, Aecer KaMMJIK K AP· 551 BcK:'IKo TOBa e HMano sa l!eJI
Aa ce OCBeTK BJiaCTTa K Aa ce SaTB'l>p,qK MOlliTa Ha cen.ıoı<yı<CKHH C}'7ITaH npeA O'IKTe
Ha BJipBall!Ji!Te, Sa TJIXHOTO A06pOBOJIHO nOA'IJ1HeHKe K npKeMaHe 3aBOeBaTeJIHaTa
nont-ıTKKa Ha cpeoAanHara Knaca.
TaKa B Kpa.ıı: Ha XII seK K n'l>pBKTe HJIKOJlKO AecerHJieTH.H Ha XIII B. nocTeneHHo
ce sacHJIBa, yı<peiiBa K AOCTKra cso.ıı: anorefı npes TPKAeceTTe roAJi!HK Ha C'l>ll!OTO
eToneTMe l!eHTpanKSaı{KJITa B ManoaaJÖICKaTa cen.ıoı<yı<cKa A'l>p)f(aBa. Ho TOBa ce
s-ıs B>t<. aa rnoceonorwna Ha anacna J.1awoa ,ll .• Bnacna. <llıınocoıpcı<a-coı.tııonorıl'leCKJı wamıa. HJ.1. C. ı 985, c. ı 34 en. s.ıt naK TaM, C. ı36.
sıo ropwıeacıuıfı B.A .• ll! IT. Üb'IH., c. ı 70. m İbn-i Bibi, Muhtasar Selçuknarne, Trad. Gemçosman, p. 65.
187
fOAMillHML~-----------------------------------
ı1:3B1>pnma npı-ı O)f(ecroqeHa ı-ı K'.bpBaBa 6op6a Me)K]zy coı.ıı-ıaTIHHTe rpyırnpoBKH. TaKa
HanpHMep H36op1>T H yrB'.bp)i(,Z\aBaHero Ha Cl11IHO .ıı:ecnorwmara H ı.ıeHTpaırn3HpaHa
BJiacr Ha cyJITaH Amıe.ıı;,ıı:HH Kei1-Ky6a.ıı: I (1219-1237) npeMHHaBa npe3 WIKOJIKO
erana. Cne.ıı: CM'.bpTTa Ha l133e.ıı:.n:HH Kei1-Kaayc I, cnelllHO e CBJfl<aHO C'.bBe~areJIHoro
c'.b6paHHe, r.e. Kypymai1. HaHero ce oqepraaarTp:ı.upyırnpoBKH. Ihpsara ce 3acnıma
3a H3.ıı:ı-ıraHeTO Ha TpOHa Ha MyrHcyW{IDI Typryn-!Ilax, eAHJi or Cı1HOBeTe Ha K'.hJI'.b'l
ApcnaH II. BropaTa ce o6e.ıı:ı-ıwıaa OKOJIO KaH.n;H.n;arypaTa Ha Kei1-<l>epH.n:yH, no-MaJIKIDI
6par Ha noqı-ı:HaJIJ1R cynraH. A TpeTara rpyna, B KOJITO BJIH3aT Hai1-cımmne BOeHID1
eMHpH My6apH3y.n:.n:HH EexpaM-IIIax, eMHpa Ha Me~ca MalllHHfYP Ce:i1:cpy.ıı:.n:HH H
.ı:ı;p., 3a~HTaBaT KaH.n;H.n;arypara Ha Amıe~ Kei1-Ky6a.ıı: L Hanara ce MHeHı-ıero Ha
nocJieJJ;HMTe. TaKa B pe3ynTaT Ha peaJIHoro C'.bOTHOIIIeHı-ıe Ha cı-ıırnre Ha pa3ırnqaı.1Te
npocnoi:ıKH H coı.ıMaJIHH rpynH ce onpe.n;eJIJI H3XO,ıı:a Ha M36opa Ha cynraaa. Ha.ıı:.n:eJIJIBa
MHeHı-ıero Ha BoeHH3HpaHara 6ıopoKpa~, TeH,ıı:eH~Ta 3a CHJIHa ı.ıeHTpaırn3ı-ıpaHa
İmacT B Jrnt.ıeTO Ha cymaHa. Ho B C'.b~OTO BpeMe TR . B3eMa npe,ıı:BapMTeJIHM
o6eıı.ıaHIDI OT Amıe.ıı:.n:HH Kei1-Ky6a.ıı: I 3a cHrypHOCT Ha )f(HBOTa , IIWiHOCTTa H
TIOJIO)f(eHHeTO Ha p1>KOBO,ıı:ı.1.TeJIHTe Ha Ta3H rpynHpOBKa. T03H cpaKTı-ıqecKH H360p OT
ıpeo,ıı:aJIHre e 3aKpeneH qpe3 nonaraHe Ha KJieTBa 3a BRpHocr or BMcmara JJ;'.bp)f(aBHa
6ıopoKpat.ıiDI T.Hap. 6war, npe.ıı:sw.ı:ı;eH B MJOcıoJIMaHcKaTa mepwarcKa npaKTifl<a.
HaKpaR ce pa3MeHJIT nocnaHı-ıqecTBa Me)i(,Z\y Manoa3HHCKaTa cen~cKa ,ıı:1>p)f(aBa H
Ear.narcKIDI :x:aırncpar. AmleMMH Kei1-Ky6a.n I nonyqaaa xaınıcparcKa HHaecTHTYPa or
cneı.ıı-ıaTIHo M3npareHIDI T.Hap. IIIei:ıx ıoJI-HCJIJIM E6y A6.nymıax ÜMep H6H MyxaMMe,ıı:
ec-CıoxpeBep,ıı:H B Kowı. Or HMeTo Ha Ear.ıı:arcKIDI xaJIH<P Hacı-ıp-.n;HHJ.~IDJIJ~X o6Jiı-ıqa
HOBIDI CYJITaH C'.bC cnez.ıHaJieH XaJiaT H KaBYK, HaMOTaHa C qaJIMa B Ear,ıı:aT, npe.!(aBa My
ca6.11, np'.bcTeH M AP· peKBM3J.1TH Ha cynraHcKaTa snacr.ITo rrpaBHJiaTa Ha xaırnıparcKIDI
ITOCT B rrpHC'.bCTBHeTO Ha Hapo,ıı:a, B C1>Beıt.ıaTeJIHIDI Me~c npareHJfl<a qerHpH IT'.bTH
y.ıı:p.11 rro np6a c np1>~a Amıe.ıı:.n:HH Kei1-Ky6a.ıı: I. ToBa e CJ.1MBOJI, qe cynraH'.bT ~e
ce rrpH,ıı:'.bp)f(a H Clla3Ba H3J.1CKBaHIDITa Ha MIOCIOJIMaHCKaTa peJIJ.1fiDI H HCJIJIMCKIDI
!IlepHaT. Cne.ıı: roBa ce Kaqsar Ha H3rrpareHHTe or xaırncpa KOHe H .ıı;saMara 3ae,ıı:Ho
J13,ıı:RT Ha KOHe. J13IT'.bTIHJIBaT ce crıeı.ıHaJIHH MOJie6eHH. BCW·IKO TOBa HMa 3a 3a,ı:ı;aqa ,ıı:a
nemTHMHpa J.1 .ıı:a npM.n:a.ıı:e 3aKOHHOCT Ha BJiacTTa Ha cynraHa H Ha cpeo.naJIHaTa KJiaca
npe,ıı: O'IHTe Ha Hapo,ıı:a, Ha BJipBarı.ıMTe MIOCIOJIMaHJ.1.
Bc'.bıt.ıHOCT Ha npaKTJ.1Ka rrpO,ıı:1>JI)f(aBar .ıı:a C'.b)f(J.1TeJICTBaT MJOCJIIOMaHCKHTe
pa36HpaHJ.1JI c HeMJOCJIIOMaHCKH pa36HpaHIDI H HpaBH. Tosa ce npoRBJIBa .ıı:a)f(e np11
pe!IlaBaHero Ha MHoro B'.biipOCJ.1 or npaKTJfl<aTa Ha Manoa3J.ri1:cKara ceJI,IVKYKCKa
,ıı:'.bp)f(aBa. İJpe.!(CTaBHTeJrn HaxpMCTHJIHCKH BaCaJIHH KHJDKeCTBa B3eMaT qecTO aKTHBHO
yqacrHe B ,ıı:1>p)f(aBHo-noJIJ.1Tı-ıqecKIDI )f(HBOT. TaKa cne.ıı: KaTo Amıe.n;.n;HH Kei1-Ky6a.ıı:
I YKpeıma CBOJITa anacr, l13B1>pııma 3Ha'll'!TeJIIDt 3aaoeBaHJ.1JI B Mana A3IDI, BJIJ.13a B
188
------------------------------------~OAMlllHMK
KOH<I>ID1KT C rpymıpOBKaTa Ha CTapaTa BOeHM3HpaHa apKCTOKpat{HSI., KOJITO 6eme ro
K3AKrHana. 3aMKcneH e saroBop, KO~iTO e pasKpKT Ha cyJITaııa. OnpJIH Ha Ape6HKTe
<PeoAanK, TOH ycruıaa <I>KSK'ieCKK Aa }'HK~O>KK H aH-BKAHKTe npe,liCTaBKTenK Ha e,llpKTe
K cpe.ıımı <PeoAamm npocno'in<K. IT pK TOBa B3)!{Ha Herosa onopa ce OKa3sa KSBeCTHKJI
BOeHaqaJJ:HKK Ha cenWK}'KcKa Cll)')K6a oT po.ııa Ha KoMHKHKTe. Cne.ıı yırnıı:ıo>KasaHeTo
Ha <Peo.ııanRaTa on03KW1Ji, AımeMKH Kei.1-Ky6a.ıı HasHaqasa KoMHKH sa 6ei.1nep6eJ1,
rJiaBHOKOMaH,li;Ba~ ceJIWK}'KCKaTa BOHCKa, Ha MJICTOTO Ha eKSeKYTKPaiDIJI qemmırHp
Ceıi<I>}'MKH Aıı:6e. 552 A 3eılme,ıı;,ıı;KH Eamapa >KKB e 3a3J1AaH B e,ıı;Ho noMe~emıe, n,ıı;eTo
}'MKPa OT rna.ıı. KoH<I>KcKYBaHM ca ~ecTBaTa Ha K36KTKTe <Peo,ıı;anHK 6eı1oBe K
eMHpK. TaKa c roneMK >KeCTOKOCTK e saTB1>pAeHa BnacTia Ha cynTaHa KaTo rnaseH K
o61Il npe,ıı;cTaBKTen Ha <Peo,ıı;anRaTa KJiaca KaTo qJIJIO.
Ho c6n1>e1>Ka Me>ı<,ıı;yTeH,ıı;eH~KJITa Ha ll1>nHa ~eHrpaJIKSat{IDI. Ha ,ıı;1>p)l{aBHaTa snacT
K K3BeCTHa CaMOCTOJITenHOCT Ha pa3HOp0,!1;HKTe npocnOMKK Ha <Peo,ıı;aJIHaTa KJiaca
npo,ıı;ı,Jl)l{asa. CynTaH AımeMKH Ket:ı:-Ky6a,ıı; I B pas~BeTa Ha CKJIKTe CH e oTpoBeH
npe3 1237 r., KOeTO J.16H nK6K npemıcBa Ha K3JI)I{_qaHeTO Ha HJIKaK"l>B llpJICHO crOTBeH
,ıı;KBeq. B TOBa ce npORBJIBa C1>1IlO TeH,ıı;eHızyt03HOCTia Ha aBTopa .ııa npKKpKe KCTKHCKaTa
npWiKHa sa CM1>pTia Ha cynTaHa.553 Cnope.ıı lUl.KOK cse.ııeHIDI., B y6Kıi:CTBOTO e KMan
np1>CT HeBp'bCTHIDI. cynTaHCKK cKH f1>JICe.n;AKH Ket:ı:-XycpeB II, KOHTO ce e HaMKpan
Ha ıoHomecKa B1>3pacT, e,ıı;Ba Ha 13 ro,ıı;KHK. B1>HlliHO norne.r~HaTo npes speMeTo Ha
TOSK cynTaH ce sanasBa MOr'b~ecTBOTO Ha ManoasKJ1cKaTa cen,IVKyı<cKa ,ll'bp)l(aBa .ııo
6KTKaTa npw l<boce,ıı;ar C MOHrO~J.iTe, ,lla)l(e AO KpaJI Ha HerOBHJI. >KKBOT AO 1257 r.
Ho BJiaCTTa MKHaBa B p1>~eTe Ha BKClliaTa ynpaBTieH'IeCKa 6ıopoKpa~J1JI, cpe,ll KOH.TO
ce pa3BKXpJIT HeBK)I{,llaHK ,ıı;oToraBa B1>rpelliHK IIK'iHK 6op6K. A cne,ıı; MOHroncKOTO
HaWeCTBJ.ie K ITOCTaBH.HeTO Ha ,ll1>p)l(aBaTa ITOA MOHrOJICKa SaBKCKMOCT, sanoqBaT
6esKpai1HK Me)l(Ayoco6HK 6op6w Me>ı<,ıı;y npecTonoHacneAHK~J.1Te - TpKMaTa CKHOBe
Ha f1>JICeMJ1H KeJ1-XycpeB II MsseMKH Ket:ı:-Kasyc II, Pyı<He,ıı;.n;J.1H K1>1I1>q ApcnaH
IV K .Aruıe.ııAKH Ke:I1-Ky6a,ıı; II. BnacTTa npeMKHaBa B TaKKBa MO~HK rpynHpOBKK
Ha BKcmaTa ynpasneHqecKa 6ıopoKpa~IDI., Haqeno c ,Z:()i(eJIH.JieMKH KapaTa.H, a cne.ıı
HerosaTa CM1>pT - c <l>axpeMKH Cıone:i1MaH IIepsaHe K ,ıı;p. Te Ha.Mı1paT onopa B
MOHroncKKTe Bna,ıı;eTeJIK. BnacTia Ha Cen,IVKyı<CKaTa ,ıı;ı,p>KaBa eTaBa HOMKHanHa.
m İbideın, p. 66. m İbidem, p. 68.
189
fO~MlliHM~------------------------------------
IBN-1 BIBI ET :CHISTOIRE DES SELJÜQS D'ASIE MINEVRE
Prof Dr. İbrahim T. Tatarlı
CONDENSE/ RESUME I.etude prelente est dediee a la personne d'Ibn Bibi, a ses idees sociales, politiques,
philosophiques, religieuses et culturelles, en tant qu'un des representants les plus
eminents de l'historiographie medievale de l'Iran, de l'Asie Mineure et de l~ie centrale,
son histoire est sans pn!cedents. Le vrai nom de l'auteur est El-Hussein B. Muhamed
B. Ali El Jaffeı;i ar-Rughadi, connu sous le nom de Ibn Bibi al-Munajjima, le fi.ls
de Madame l~trologue, Bibi al-Munajjima. Son pere Madjdd-ud-Din Muhammed
Terdju.mann fut, en Xllleme siecle le Chef de la chancellerie des Seigneurs de l'Etat
des Seljuqs en Asie Mineure. Plus tard son fi.ls, Ibn Bibi le remplaça a ce poste. Pere
et fi.ls accomplissent des missions diplomatiques importantes aux Etats voisins. Cela
leur a fourni la passibilite de bien connaitre les institutions d'Etat, les Souverains et les
Personnes emineotes et illustres du pouvoir d'Etat, de la capitale et des provinces, detre
toujours au courant de la politique interieure et exterieure de l'Etat, detre temoins des
grands evenernents du Proche Orient, de l'Asie centeale et de l'Europe Sud-Est et de la
peninsule Baıkanique. J.etude precise des etapes et des moments importants de la vie
et de l'activite de Ibn Bibi en Asie Mineure et en Asie Centrale, a la base de sources 1 paragraphe 1/.
Ibn Bibi no usa laisse une seule reuvre, connue sous deux redactions en langue perse
et en remaniement = traduction en langue turque. La version complete, un manuscrit
bien conserve, se trouve a la bibliotheque du sanctuaire << Sainte Sophia », Istanbul,
immatriculee so us No 2985. La transcriptian estrealisee par le copiste Ihrahim bin Isınail
bin Ab u Bacr al-Kays ar, en vertu de lbrdre de l'erninent ho mm e d'Etat de l~ie central e,
le vizir, le penseur et historien Ala ad-din al Malik Ibn Muhammed Djuvayni. Apres sa
mort a !'initiative et sous la supervision de Ibn Bibi, en personne, la transcriptian en
question est realisee pour la bibliotheque du sultan des Seljuqs en Asie Mineure - Gias
ad-din Key Husrev bin Kilich Arslan bin Key Husrev, tue en 681 de l'hegire /soit 1283/
apn!s Jesus Christ.
J.etude examine les conditions, lesquelles indiq':lent lepoque de la creation de la
variante complete de leeuvre de Ibn Bibi. On procede a l'analyse de la variante complete
et des variantes breves de l'reuvre. Leur critique exterieure et interieure est approfondie.
On procede a un examen d etaille de la lecture du titre du man us erit complete de leeuvre.
Ietude adopte la these du grand medieviste turc A. S. Erzen: ((Les commandements
190
----------------------------------~OAMillHMK
d~ya pour !es actes de Alya- El Evamir al Alaiyya fi'l umur al-Alaiyya». Cette lecture
est partagee aussi par le savant celebre Douda. Celle-d est adoptee aussi par l~dition de
J'Institut d'histoire turque, dans le fac-simile du manuscrit complet de l'reuvre de Ibn Bibi
de la bibliotheque du sanctuaire de «Sainte Sophia». Ona en vue lecriture de lreuvre ala
demande et sur l'ordre de Djuveini pour les actions de Aleyadin Keykubad ı•r.
I.:histoire de Ibn Bi bi englobe au total le temps de l'Etat des Seljuqs en Asie Mineure
de 588 /sait ı 192/ jusqu'au 679 /sait 1280/. Les sources de l'Histoire de l'Etat des Seljuqs
avant cette date sont considerees par l'auteur en tant que peu fiables. c>est le realisme
envers l'histoire qui nous le demontre.
Un commentaire des evenements est fait : du manuscrit complet de lreuvre, de
meme que de la redaction abregee de Muhtasar, laquelle est intitulee: «Histoire de la
dynastie des Seljılqs - Tevarih-i Al-i Seljuqs» ou bien «Histoire breve des Seljuqs» de
Muhtasar Seljuqname /voir paragraphe 2/.
Un analyse approfondi des idees philosophiques, religieuses, sociales et politiques de
Ibn Bibi est aussi effectue. Par principe il s'appuie sur le courant orthodoxe de l'Islam, de
son formate Shafiism - il prete attention a raison/iı. !'intelligence. Son histoire est plutôt
du damaine de la politique d'Etat. Souvent il manifeste une attitude politique et lcüque
envers les evenements. Sa canception sur l'homme est dualiste - !'esprit et la matiere,
le corps et l'ame. I.:auteur combine de façon eclectique le developpement cyclique de
la societe avec la canception des representants de la cour de l'Etat des Seldjuqs <fAsie
Mineurs, du developpement lineaire de la societe.
Ibn Bibi par principe est adepte du determinisme theologique. C'est le principal
pour lui. Mais l'intervention divine dans la vie sociale et publique de la societe ne se
realise pas directement et de façon mtkanique, mais par les pensees et les actes des
personnes, par leur participation active dans ces derniers. Ib n B ibi adınet l'influence de la
providence. Selon lui, cela represente une certaine dependance des evenements sociaux
des combinaisons des spheres celestes, du transit du Soleil a travers les constellations
des zodiacs. De telle façon les evenements politiques, les idees du determinisme divin
sont combinees avec les dirnensions cosmiques, une sorte d'astrologie. Cest-a-dire Ibn
Bibi adınet un certain correctif, il eberche les relations et les rapports entre la liberte et
une certaine dependance avec les demarches/les actes des personnes /voir paragraphe
3/, adınet un rôle actif des personnes elles-memes.
~tude, ala base des circonstances historiques reconstruit la periode et les etapes de
developpement de l'Etat des Seldjuqs d~ie Mineure. I.:Etat passe par trois periode dans
son developpement :
- Periade des emirs- beyliks de 1078 jusque 1157.
- Periade de sultanat- de 1157 au 1243.
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- Periode de dependance des mongoles - de 1243 au 1308.
Cela infl.uence les rapports de l'Etat dl\sie Mineure avec le Grand Empire des Seldjuqs,de
meme que les rapport avec le khalife de Bagdad, Iabtention d'investissements ete.
ı:Etat d~ie Mineure passe par une periode d'autorite patrirnoniale, pour adopter
en totalite et integralement la conception musu.lmane de pouvoir et d'Administration de
l'Etat. Une etape irnportante du developpement de l'Etat d'Asie Mineure est la hataille
de Mirsokefalia en 1176 ertains compare cet evenement avec la hataille de 1070 pres
de Malazgritt /manziker/. On le doute fortement vu la participation de l'armee de la
Byzance et du Grand Empire des Seldjuqs, de meme que les consequences.
Une reconstruction des institutions et des structures du pouvoir central et de celui
des grandes villes, des villes pres les frontieres, et des relations avec les tribus et les
unions de trious, est pratiquee a la hase de l'histoire de Ibn Bibi. ı:histoire de Ibn Bibi
nous fournit assez de materiaux pour pouvoir edaircir la creation, lexistence et le
developpement des Eta ts irnportants, de leurs institutions etatiques, politiques, militaires
et administratives et du mecanisme de leur fonctionnement et developpement.
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