ain

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

ainFood Security Framework and

Concepts

FSTS Training on Food Security

Integrated Phase Classification (IPC)

25 – 27 October 2010

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

70’s – 80’s 1974, UN World Food Conference

“Availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of

food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices.”

1983, UN FAO “Ensuring that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to the basic food that they need.”

1986, World Bank“Food security is access of all people at all times to

enough food for an active, healthy life”

What is Food Security?What is Food Security?

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion


90’s 1990, USDA

Food security means an access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. Food security

includes at a minimum (1) the ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, and (2) an assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable

ways (that is, without resorting to emergency food supplies, scavenging, stealing, or other coping strategies).”

1996, UN FAO“Food security, at the individual, household, national, regional

and global levels is achieved when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and

nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

.


New Millennium

2001, UN FAO

“Food security is a situation that exists when all people,

at all times, have physical, social and economic access

to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their

dietary needs and food preferences for an active and

healthy life.”

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

The Multi-dimensional Nature of FSThe Multi-dimensional Nature of FS

Four main dimensions of food security:

1. Physical AVAILABILITY of food

2. Economic, social and physical ACCESS to food

3. Food UTILIZATION

4. STABILITY of the other 3 dimensions over time

For food security objectives to be realized, all four dimensions must be fulfilled

simultaneously.

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

The Multi-dimensional Nature of FSThe Multi-dimensional Nature of FS

Food availability addresses the “supply side” of food security and is determined by the level of food production, stock levels and net trade

(including food aid).

Food access refers to access by individuals to adequate resources (entitlements) for acquiring appropriate foods for a nutritious diet.

Utilization is commonly understood as the way the body makes the most of various nutrients in the food. This food security dimension is determined primarily by people’s health status.

Stability emphasizes the importance of having to reduce the risk of adverse effects on the 3 other dimensions.

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

Food Security vs. Self SufficiencyFood Security vs. Self Sufficiency

The concept of food self-sufficiency is generally taken to mean the extent to which a country can satisfy its food needs from its own domestic production.

1. food self-sufficiency looks only at national production as the sole source of supply, while food security takes into account commercial imports and food aid as possible sources of commodity supply.

2. food self-sufficiency refers only to domestically-produced food availability at the national level, food security brings in elements of stability of supply and access to food by the population.

Two fundamental differences between food self-sufficiency and FS objectives:

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

Food InsecurityFood Insecurity

“Food insecurity exists when people do not have adequate physical, social or economic

access to food .”

• The nature of food insecurity is determined by its duration and severity

• The impact of food insecurity on people’s life varies significantly according to its duration and severity

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

Duration of Food InsecurityDuration of Food Insecurity

Transitory food insecurity

• Short-term and temporary

• Relatively unpredictable

• Can emerge suddenly

Inadequate food consumption may vary from a short-term experience to a life long

condition.

Chronic food insecurity• Long-term & persistent

Results often from:• Chronic poverty• Lack of assets

• Inadequate access to productive or financial resources

Inadequate food consumption may vary from a short-term experience to a life long

condition.

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

Duration of Food InsecurityDuration of Food Insecurity

Seasonal food insecurity• Cyclical pattern

Associated with seasonal fluctuation in:

• Climate• Cropping patterns• Work opportunities• Prevalence of disease

Ava

il / a

cces

s to

fo

od

Q

Time

Seasonality highlights

times of the year when the food gap and food needs

are likely to be greatest

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

Severity of Food InsecuritySeverity of Food Insecurity

The intensity of food insecurity may be measured in terms of levels of food intake.

The nature, extent and urgency of the assistance needed by affected population groups is determined

by how severe food insecurity

the term acute food insecurity is usually used to describe a severe and life threatening situation.

Famine describes the most extreme situation usually

associated with substantial loss of life

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion People vulnerable to food insecurity

are those who are able to maintain an acceptable level of food security today,

but may be at risk of becoming food insecure in future.

Vulnerability is defined in terms of the following three critical dimensions:

1.vulnerability to an outcome;

2.from a variety of risk factors;

3.because of an inability to manage those risks.

Vulnerability to Food InsecurityVulnerability to Food Insecurity

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

Vulnerability to Food InsecurityVulnerability to Food Insecurity

• VA has implications for both emergency programming and for longer-term food security policies.

• VA allows for a more precisely targeted response than a simple estimation of the aggregate food gap.

VA suggests 2 main intervention options: either to reduce the degree of exposure to the hazard, or to increase the ability to cope.

Vulnerability Analysis

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

Hunger – Malnutrition - PovertyHunger – Malnutrition - Poverty

Hunger is usually understood as an uncomfortable or painful sensation caused by insufficient food energy consumption. Scientifically, hunger is referred to as food deprivation.

All hungry people are food insecure, but not all food insecure people are hungry, as there are other causes of food insecurity, including those due to poor intake of micro-nutrients.

Hunger

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

• Malnutrition results from deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in the consumption of macro- and/or micro-nutrients.

• The vast majority of malnourished individuals in the developing world experience undernutrition as opposed to overnutrition.

• The consequence of malnutrition is poor infant and child growth and an excess of morbidity and mortality in adults and children alike.


Malnutrition

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

• Nutritional status is determined by:– the quantity and quality of foods consumed; – the ability of the body to use them.

These factors are influenced by the interaction of diet, care, and

health status.

Hence, malnutrition may be an outcome of food

insecurity, or it may relate to non-food factors.


Malnutrition

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

Food InsecureMalnourished

Malnourished and food insecure

Malnourished and food insecure

At risk of future food insecurity

At risk of future food insecurity

Temporary food

insecurity

Temporary food

insecurity

Malnourished due to non

food reasons


food reasons


food reasons


food reasons

Malnutrition and Food Insecurity are overlapping domains


Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

“Poverty encompasses different dimensions of deprivation that relate to human capabilities including consumption and food security, health, education, rights, voice, security, dignity and decent work.” (OECD)

• Food insecurity and poverty are deeply interrelated phenomena.

• Any attempt to define, measure, or combat them requires that the relationship between them should be explicitly taken into account.

Poverty


Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

• Although poverty has many dimensions, at an operational level it is most often defined in terms of income.

• The most common measures of poverty are national income poverty lines and an individual income of less than US$1 per day.

Poverty


Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

Food Insecurity and Poverty: a vicious cycle

Low productivity

Food insecurity, hunger andmalnutrition

Poor physical and cognitive

development

Poverty


Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

NATIONAL, SUBNATIONAL AND COMMUNITY LEVEL HOUSEHOLDS INDIVIDUALS

Socio-economic, Political, Civil, Institutional and Cultural Environment

Food Economy

FOOD AVAILABILITYdomestic production

import capacity

food stocks, food aid

ACCESS TO FOODpoverty

purchasing power, income

Transport and market infrastructure

HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD

STRATEGIES, ASSETS & ACTIVITIES

HOUSEHOLD FOOD ACCESS

HEALTH & SANITATION

Health care practicesHygiene, Sanitation

Water qualityFood safety & quality

FOOD CONSUMPTION

Energy intakeNutrient intake

FOOD UTILISATION

BY THE BODY

Health status

CARE PRACTICES

Child careFeeding practices

Nutritional knowledgeFood preparation

Eating habitsIntra-household food

distribution

A modified FIVIMS FrameworkA modified FIVIMS Framework

NUTRITIONAL STATUS

STABILITYweather variabilityprice fluctuations

political factorseconomic factors

Population

Education

Macro-economy including

foreign trade

Policies and laws

Natural resources

endowment

Basic services

Market conditions

Technology

Climate

Civil strife

Household characteristics

Livelihoods systems

Social institutions

Cultural attitudes and

gender

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

LivelihoodsLivelihoods

‘ A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and

activities required for a means of living.”

“ A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks and maintain or

enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future, while not undermining the natural

resource base.’

(From: Sustainable Livelihoods Approach, DFID)

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

• A livelihood zone (LZ) is a geographical entity that can be used for the analysis of spatial data, where the object of interest is human outcomes: how are people affected by risk, shocks, and trends in climate or economic processes.

Livelihoods Livelihoods in Food Security Analysisin Food Security Analysis

• The core assumption is that in any one LZ, people will share roughly the same socio-economic and cultural characteristics, and in particular, that the way of life, or livelihood, is similar. We do not assume that within a livelihood zone all people are the same.

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

• The primary purpose of collecting and analysing datasets according to livelihood zone is to increase the statistical efficiency of sampling: People within a LZ are likely to be affected in similar ways to a shock or hazard than between LZs.


Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

• Different livelihoods are differentiated on the basis of a set of attributes such as:– Population numbers and demographic composition– Critical rainfall and other climate statistics (mean, variability,

time-series)– Main sources of income and expenditure shares – Crop and livestock production variables– Land use– Elevation– Probabilities associated with certain risks (drought, flood,

conflict, etc.)


Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

DFID Sustainable Livelihoods DFID Sustainable Livelihoods FrameworkFramework

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ionSLF: Livelihoods SLF: Livelihoods AssetsAssets

Natural Capital represents the natural resource stocks from which people derive their livelihood resources. Examples include rangelands, soil fertility, trees, fishing grounds etc.

Human Capital represents the skills, knowledge (including education), ability to labour and good health that together enable people to pursue different livelihood strategies and achieve their livelihood objectives.

Physical Capital comprises the basic infrastructure and producer gods needed to support livelihoods, such as bridges, roads, markets and telecommunications.

The Sustainable Livelihood Approach describes livelihoods according to livelihood Capitals:

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

Social Capital is the social resources upon which people draw in pursuit of their livelihood objectives. In general terms these are developed through networks and connectedness, membership of more formalised groups, and relationships of trust, reciprocity and exchanges (informal safety nets). This capital also includes political inclusion and voice.

Financial Capital denotes the financial resources that people use to achieve their livelihood objectives. This can include flows as well as stocks and can contribute to both consumption and production. Commonly, this would comprise earned income, remittances and gifts, savings and access to credit.

Livelihood Capitals are interchangeable in a highly dynamic system.

SLF: Livelihoods SLF: Livelihoods AssetsAssets

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

SLF: Transforming SLF: Transforming Structures and ProcessesStructures and Processes

• Understanding of structures and processes is crucial (laws, policies, societal norms, and incentives) because:

– provides the link between the micro (individual, household

and community) and the macro (regional, government,

powerful private enterprise).

– helps to identify areas where restrictions, barriers or

constraints occur and explain social process that could

impact on livelihood sustainability.

– Access, control and use of assets are influenced by the

institutional structures and processes.

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

SLF: Livelihood OutcomesSLF: Livelihood Outcomes

• A focus on outcomes leads to a focus on achievements, indicators and progress.

• An understanding of livelihood outcomes is intended to provide, through a participatory enquiry, a range of outcomes that will improve well-being and reduce poverty in its broadest sense.

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

‘Livelihood strategies are composed of activities that generate the means of household survival’

SLF: Livelihood StrategiesSLF: Livelihood Strategies

• Livelihood strategies change as the external environment over which people have little control changes.

• Sometimes unsustainable and unproductive livelihood strategies continue because of tradition and habit

• At other times livelihood activities are introduced as coping strategies in difficult times.

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

• The vulnerability context firstly frames the external environment in which people exist.

ex: • trends in population growth, (inter) national economics,

natural resources, politics, and technology, • sudden shocks or events such as health problems,

earthquakes, floods, droughts, conflict, agricultural problems such as pests and disease, economic shocks.

• seasonal vulnerability of prices, production, employment opportunities or health can impact on livelihoods

SLF: Vulnerability ContextSLF: Vulnerability Context

• The vulnerability context is secondly about how people adapt to and cope with stresses and shocks.

People’s livelihoods and their access and control of resources can be affected by events largely beyond their control.

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

HazardHazard

• A hazard is a threatening event which has to be considered alongside vulnerability to understand the potential impact or risk of food insecurity resulting. Examples:– Floods– Drought– Insecurity– Economic shock (e.g. rising food prices)

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

VulnerabilityVulnerability

• Vulnerability refers to the full range of factors that place people at risk of becoming food insecure, including those factors that affect their ability to cope.

• Vulnerability brings in the elements of resilience and coping

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

RiskRisk

• Risk is a composite concept that incorporates exposure to a hazard together with vulnerability to that particular hazard. It is commonly expressed as:

Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability Coping capacity

• Risk= exposure to hazard x vulnerability

• Note that vulnerability is specific to a particular hazard, rather than a generic condition.

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

CopingCoping

• Coping strategies are the adaptive element in systems that help them to absorb the effects of a hazard. They are generally divided into three types:– Insurance strategies: reversible and preserving

productive assets;– Crisis strategies: irreversible, threatening future

livelihood– Distress Strategies: no coping, starvation

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

ResilienceResilience

• There are two aspects to resilience:

– “Resistance” which is the ability of a system (commonly a household or LZ) to absorb the effects of a hazard and remain within a given state (this brings in coping...)

– “Bounce back” the ability of a system to return to a pre-existing (or new) condition, which incorporates the rate and speed of recovery, and system flexibility/ adaptive capacity.

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

ResilienceResilience

• Generally a resilient livelihood with abundant assets and ability to be flexible will be less vulnerable to a particular hazard (though there are exceptions)

• Change is an opportunity to a resilient livelihood, but potentially disastrous to an un-resilient livelihood

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion

Source: Turner, B. L., II et al. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 8074-8079

Inte

gra

ted

Fo

od

Sec

uri

ty

Ph

ase

Cla

ssif

icat

ion Thank You

ain

Documents

Transcript of ain