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ècidgs î >$: khddhir`$ rgspgep î og ehzgiw$ ~whsywg di oaeprhbwphae `g ogs
èegrchgs rgspg oaespiepg%
_oèeirha ea 2
Dg soèeirha ea 2$ `hp `w Crgegddg `g d‘gezhraeegkgep -aw Crgegddg($ `h+
írg `w ~rèoè`iep ge og ywg d‘hk~arpieog `w ewodèihrg gsp rè`whpg iw
bèeèjog `‘weg iwckgepiphae prís arpg -weg kwdph~dhoiphae ~ir egw( `g
d‘hk~arpieog `g d‘èadhge gp `w sadihrg$ oaearkèkgep iw} ablgophs `w
Crgegddg `g d‘gezhraeegkgep 0% Di ~irp `w ewodèihrg ~issg `g 37 î :9 '%
Oarrèdiphzgkgep$ ogddg `g d‘èadhge gp `w sadihrg ~issg `g 2 î 9: '% Ogppg
`hkhewphae `g 33 PSm `g di ~ra`wophae `‘èdgoprhohpè ewodèihrg s‘ieidxsg
oakkg di grkgpwrg `g prgh|g ogepridgs$ aw ~dws g}iopgkgep `g prgh|g
rèiopgwrs%
?% D odod e jo ze d ~bdoe ~r d‘ieo sor Eodr r~~r e dyddd zd d ~e } ezdd er î 9>+97 ddr ~r e% O ojr ~rodíreb$ be ~d b y d ojr 92$7 r ~r kS y e ze re o ~r ~reo% hd ‘e ye e oö eodr e re }r$ y d roö d rr oerdebde +%
0% D ojr oer e 2 rd î d ~roe ‘doro dee ry e ~re Bhdie ~rèzhshaeegd Rpg -2>99b($ ø d‘e rz e oer y ‘jro ~rer e o~ d blo d r credd%
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Ge kiphírg `g sèowrhpè$ `g rglgps `g OA2
gp `‘he`è~ge`ieog èegrcè+
phywg$ dgs oiriopèrhsphywgs `w soèeirha ea 2 saep prís ~raomgs `gs oiriopè+
rhsphywgs `w soèeirha ea 9%
O‘gsp ge kiphírg `g oaöps gp `g jeieogs ~wbdhywgs ywg ogs `gw} soè+
eirhas `hzgrcgep% Dg oaöp `g di ~ra`wophae `g di kìkg ywiephpè `‘èdgo+prhohpè$ abpgew ge kwdph~dhiep dgs ywiephpès `gs `hzgrs px~gs `‘èdgoprhohpè
~ir dgs oaöps wehpihrgs `w pibdgiw 7$ ywh èpihp `g 9: khddhir`s `‘gwras
`ies dg soèeirha ea 9 ~issg î ~dws `g 23 khddhir`s `ies og soèeirha ea 2%
Di `hèrgeog -~dws `g 9> khddhir`s `‘gwras( `gs oaöps `g ~ra`wophae gsp
~awr ~irphg î di omircg `gs oaesakkipgwrs$ saws di arkg `g ~rh} ~dws
èdgzès$ gp ~awr ~irphg î di omircg `gs jeieogs ~wbdhywgs$ saws di arkg
`g swbzgephaes% Gddg gsp `g pawpg iãae î di omircg `gs ohpaxges% Gddg gspweg kgswrg `w oaöp `w Crgegddg `ies og `akiheg$ dg ~rh} î ~ixgr ~awr
ippghe`rg d‘ablgoph ijomè `g ¦ rè`whrg di ~irp `w ewodèihrg `ies dg baw+
ywgp èegrcèphywg rieãihs ¶%
soèeirhas `g d i `hs^irhphae `w ewodèihrg
Bgiwoaw~ `‘AEC$ `g craw~gs aw `g ~irphs ~adhphywgs ~rðegep weg `hs+
~irhphae ‟ ~irphgddg aw papidg$ hkkè`hipg aw ~racrikkèg ‟ `g d‘èdgoprh+
ohpè ̀ ‘arhcheg ewodèihrg% Hd gsp hk~arpiep ̀ ‘g}ikhegr og yw‘hk~dhywgep ogs
~rèoaehsiphaes%
Absgrzaes pawp `‘ibar` ywg di `hs~irhphae papidg gsp ~dws dachywg ywgdi `hs~irhphae ~irphgddg% Dg rhsywg ewodèihrg gsp `èjeh ~ir weg ~rabibhdhpè
prís ihbdg `‘we `akkicg prís crie`% Ae ~awrrihp kìkg `hrg < weg ~ra+
bibhdhpè hejehpèshkidg `‘we `akkicg hejeh% Hd eg s‘iooakka`g ~is `g
`gkh+kgswrgs% Dg ̀ iecgr gsp dg ~ra`whp ̀ g di ~rabibhdhpè ~ir dg `akkicg%
Rè`whrg `g kahphè dg ~iro ewodèihrg rè`whp `g kahphè di ~rabibhdhpè$ kihs
~is dg `iecgr$ oir di kahphè `g d‘hejeh rgspg d‘hejeh% _h d‘ae ~gesg yw‘weg
oipispra~mg ewodèihrg gsp î di ahs ~asshbdg gp ibsadwkgep hesw~~arpibdg$
hd eg sgrp î rhge `g `hkhewgr `g ?> '$ `g 7> ' aw kìkg `g => ' di~ra`wophae `‘èdgoprhohpè `‘arhcheg ewodèihrg$ gp ae `ahp ~gesgr ywg sgwdg
d‘hepgr`hophae papidg gsp ioog~pibdg% Di dachywg ̀ w rhsywg ewodèihrg gsp ~ir
eipwrg ̀ homapakhywg% Ae oakkgeogri ̀ aeo ~ir g}ikhegr dg soèeirha ̀ g
di `hs~irhphae papidg `w ewodèihrg ge 2>?>%
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_oèeirha ea ?$ `hs~irhphae papidg `w ewodèihrg
Dg pibdgiw 9 i ~rèsgepè dgs `aeeègs `g og soèeirha% Di `hs~irhphae `gs
0>8 PSm `‘èdgoprhohpè ewodèihrg `ahp ìprg oak~gesèg ~ir weg iwckge+
piphae `g d‘èdgoprhohpè pmgrkhywg gp!aw `g d‘èdgoprhohpè èadhgeeg gp sadihrg%Hd iwp bhge oak~rge`rg yw‘gddg eg ~gwp ~is d‘ìprg ~ir di sgwdg èdgoprhohpè
èadhgeeg gp sadihrg% Ae ~awrrihp bhge gepge`w oaesprwhrg issg| `‘hespid+
diphaes sadihrgs gp èadhgeegs ~awr ~ra`whrg 0>8 PSm `‘èdgoprhohpè% Kihs
dgwr ~ra`wophae eg rgk~diogrihp ~is `w pawp dgs 0>8 PSm `‘èdgoprhohpè
ewodèihrg% @w ihp `g d‘hepgrkhppgeog$ gp ywh ~dws gsp `g d‘hepgrkhppgeog
hk~rèzhshbdg$ `g d‘èdgoprhohpè sadihrg gp èadhgeeg$ ogppg èdgoprhohpè eg s‘ilws+
pgrihp ~is iw} zirhiphaes `g di `gkie`g `ies dg pgk~s% Iw} mgwrgs `g
crie` zgep aw `g arp sadghd$ ae iwrihp bgiwoaw~ `‘èdgoprhohpè ywh egprawzgrihp ~is eèogssihrgkgep ~rgegwr% Hezgrsgkgep$ iw} mgwrgs `g
arpg `gkie`g$ d‘èdgoprhohpè ~ra`whpg rhsywgrihp `‘ìprg `rikiphywgkgep
heswjsiepg% Hd swjp `g ~gesgr iw} mgwrgs `g ~ahepgs `gs lawrs `‘mhzgr
-98 m >>+29 m >>($ iw}ywgddgs di ~ra`wophae `‘èdgoprhohpè sadihrg sgrihp
bhge èzh`gkkgep pawlawrs ècidg î |èra%
^awr ilwspgr ge pgk~s règd d‘arg gp di `gkie`g `‘èdgoprhohpè$ dgs cgs+
phaeeihrgs `w rèsgiw ~gwzgep lawgr swr d‘èdgoprhohpè mx`riwdhywg$ swr dgshk~arpiphaes pgk~arihrgs `‘èdgoprhohpè$ swr dg ihp ywg -~irahs$ ~is paw+
lawrs( dg zgep eg sawg ~is iw kìkg kakgep ̀ ies pawpg di Jrieog% Kihs
dgwr mibhdgpè$ ywh gsp crie`g$ i èzh`gkkgep `gs dhkhpgs% Hd x i we ~awr+
ogepicg ̀ ‘èdgoprhohpè sadihrg gp èadhgeeg iw+`gdî ̀ wywgd dg sxspíkg ̀ gzhgep
ibsadwkgep hecèribdg% Og ~awrogepicg gsp kid oaeew% Ogrpihes dg j}gep î
2> '$ `‘iwprgs î 0> '% Ae rgphge`ri we omhrg `g ?7 '% Iwowe ~ixs iw
kae`g e‘i we ripha èdgoprhohpè hepgrkhppgepg!èdgoprhohpè papidg iwssh èdgzè%
Dg ~ixs aø og ripha gsp dg ~dws èdgzè gsp sies `awpg dg @iegkirf$ aø hdeg `è~issg cwírg 22 ' 7% Dg omhrg `g ?7 ' gsp `aeo weg gsphkiphae
prís cèeèrgwsg% Hd sw~~asg we rðdg ioorw `gs hk~arpiphaes pgk~arihrgs
`‘èdgoprhohpè$ ywh sw~~asg î sae pawr < `g eawzgddgs dhcegs î miwpg pgeshae
gp `gs g}oè`geps `‘èdgoprhohpè `ies dgs ~ixs zahshes iw kakgep `g eas
bgsahes ̀ g ~ahepg% Ogs ̀ gw} mx~apmísgs eg sgraep ~is$ aw eg sgrihgep ~is$
eèogssihrgkgep zèrhjègs%
7% ae er y d `erf d oeo ‘ìr ~ro d sí d Erzí be rd î o } ~x$y ~e ‘~re rro xrdy% Dry d `erf ~r d‘doro deee d e‘ ~ d‘$ d ~ d zer î d Erzí î d sí y d ¦ ofe ¶ e d‘de ~r r~drd rrzr dr brr% Dry d `erf d ~d ‘doro y dee e‘e ~r+e$ d re zr d sí d Erzí y e e ro dr rbe xrdy d zee d‘doro ‟ î e ~r} ~d dz y d ~r} yd d e o d‘doro `erf%
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_h d‘ae rgphgep og~ge`iep og omhrg `g ?7 '$ di ~ra`wophae èadhgeeg
gp sadihrg eg ~gwp ~is `è~issgr 989 PSm% Ae ge `è`whp di ~ra`wophae
`‘èdgoprhohpè pmgrkhywg < 2=: PSm% Ae ~awrrihp hkichegr `‘iwprgs oak+
bheihsaes ge iwckgepiep di ~irp `w pmgrkhywg gp ge `hkhewiep ogddg `g
d‘èadhge gp `w sadihrg$ kihs ogs oakbheihsaes saep sies `awpg kahes `èsh+
ribdgs$ gp eaws eaws ge phge`raes î di oakbheihsae `èjehg oh+`gssws%
Og soèeirha ea ? rg~rèsgepg we bawdgzgrsgkgep oak~dgp `w ~ixsicg
èdgoprhywg rieãihs% ^ir ri~~arp î 2>9>$ hd hk~dhywg weg kwdph~dhoi+
phae ~ir ohey `g d‘èdgoprhohpè pmgrkhywg$ gp ~ir `h}+egw `g d‘èdgoprhohpè
èadhgeeg gp sadihrg% Ae ~gwp èzidwgr og soèeirha `w ~ahep `g zwg `g eas
ohey orhpírgs%Hd rg~rèsgepg we cihe ge pgrkgs `g sèowrhpè$ ~whsyw‘hd èdhkheg dg rhsywg
ewodèihrg% Hd e‘gsp ~is iohdg `‘èzidwgr og cihe% Di rèèrgeog oaespiepg î
Jwfwsmhki gsp î `awbdg prieomiep% Ae ~gwp `hrg ywg dg sèhskg gp dg psw+
eikh swrzgews ~rís ̀ g Jwfwsmhki aep kaeprè ywg dgs ogepridgs ewodèihrgs
èpihgep swsog~phbdgs `‘ìprg crizgkgep ge`akkicègs gp `g rè~ie`rg `gs
kiphírgs ri`haiophzgs `ies d‘ihr$ d‘giw aw di pgrrg$ i~~arpiep ihesh weg
¦ ~rgwzg ¶ `g di eaohzhpè `g d‘èdgoprhohpè ewodèihrg% Ae ~gwp ècidgkgep`hrg ywg `gs ogepridgs ieohgeegs gp kid oaeãwgs aep bhge rèshspè î we
sèhskg `‘weg kicehpw`g rirg -8 swr d‘èomgddg `g Rhompgr($ yw‘gddgs e‘aep
èpè ge`akkicègs ywg ~ir we psweikh `‘weg zhadgeog geoarg ~dws rirg
ywh i eaxè gezhrae ?> >>> ~grsaeegs$ gp ywg di ri`haiophzhpè rgdâomèg e‘i
geoarg oiwsè iwoweg zhophkg% Dg ihp gsp ywg d‘ippgephae hepgreiphaeidg
s‘gsp ~arpèg swr dgs zhophkgs zhrpwgddgs -gp mèdis ) ~rabibdgs( `gs ogepridgs
ewodèihrgs bhge ~dws ywg swr dgs ?> >>> zhophkgs règddgs `w psweikh% Ae
~awrrihp iwssh phrgr `g Jwfwsmhki di oaeodwshae yw‘hd iwp ~irpawp `iesdg kae`g ¦ sarphr `g d‘mibhpip oðphgr ¶ iw kahes iwpiep ywg ¦ sarphr `w
ewodèihrg ¶% Di rihsae e‘gsp ~gwp+ìprg ~is `g khsg hoh$ gp dg ihp gsp ywg dg
rhsywg ewodèihrg gsp cèeèridgkgep ~grãw oakkg prís crizg%
Dg soèeirha `g di `hs~irhphae papidg `w ewodèihrg i we oaöp èdgzè ge
kiphírg ̀ g rglgps `g OA2% @ies di kgswrg aø hd hk~dhywg we rgoawrs ioorw
iw} ogepridgs pmgrkhywgs$ hd sg pri`whp ~ir weg arpg iwckgepiphae `gs
rglgps `w sxspíkg èdgoprhywg$ ywh saep kwdph~dhès ~ir ohey -oakkg di ~ra+`wophae ̀ ‘èdgoprhohpè pmgrkhywg :(% Dgs rglgps `g di oakbwsphae `g ~èpradg
gp `g ci| rgspgep$ oakkg `ies dgs soèeirhas iw jd `g d‘giw$ dècírgkgep
:% we ~ e ~re e rd$ ~ro y d‘ed ry oer e ry |$e or e Oa
2y d de obbd d odde%
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heèrhgwrs iw} rglgps `g 2>9>% Kihs iw papid$ dgs rglgps `g OA2 s‘èdízgep
î ?3> Kp% O‘gsp weg iwckgepiphae `g 3 ' ~ir ri~~arp î 2>9>% Ae
oaespipg `w rgspg ywg paws dgs ~ixs$ oakkg d‘Iddgkiceg aw d‘Hpidhg ~ir
g}gk~dg$ aø di ~irp `w ewodèihrg gsp ihbdg saep `gs ~ixs ywh ~ra`whsgep
weg èdgoprhohpè prís omircèg ge oirbaeg gp `aep d‘èoaeakhg gsp bhge ~dwsoirbaeèg ywg di eðprg%
^awr di kìkg rihsae$ og soèeirha kirywg weg `èpèrhariphae `g d‘he+
`è~ge`ieog èegrcèphywg `w ~ixs% Dgs oakbwsphbdgs asshdgs ywh isswrgep
d‘gssgephgd `g di ~ra`wophae `‘èdgoprhohpè pmgrkhywg saep ge ggp paws
hk~arpès% Dg piw} ̀ ‘he`è~ge`ieog èegrcèphywg pakbg î 2: '$ ~rgsywg di
kahphè `g og yw‘hd èpihp ge 2>9>%
Kihs o‘gsp swrpawp ge kiphírg `g oaöps gp `g jeieogs ~wbdhywgs ywgdgs hk~dhoiphaes `w soèeirha `g `hs~irhphae `w ewodèihrg saep dgs ~dws
s~gopiowdihrgs% Dg oaöp `g di ~ra`wophae -pawlawrs `g di kìkg ywiephpè
`‘èdgoprhohpè < 707 PSm( ippghep 0= khddhir`s `‘gwras ~awr di sgwdg ieeèg
2>?>% O‘gsp ohey ahs dg oaöp `g di ~ra`wophae ge 2>9> gp prahs ahs dg
oaöp `g di ~ra`wophae `ies dg soèeirha ea 9$ aw sh d‘ae ~rèírg we swroaöp
ieewgd `g ?2 khddhir`s `‘gwras ~ir ri~~arp iw soèeirha ea 9% Dg ehzgiw
prís èdgzè `g og oaöp eg rgípg ~is sgwdgkgep di `hèrgeog geprg dg oaöp
`gs `hèrgepgs jdhírgs$ kihs bhge di `hèrgeog geprg dg oaöp `g aeophae+egkgep `w ewodèihrg -iwckgepè `gs oaöps `g rèeaziphae( gp dg oaöp papid
`gs iwprgs jdhírgs% Ibie`aeegr dg ewodèihrg$ o‘gsp ibie`aeegr `gs oge+
pridgs ge èpip ̀ g kiromg$ ywh ~ra`whsgep ̀ g d‘èdgoprhohpè iw} sgwds oaöps ̀ g
aeophaeegkgep gp `g rèeaziphae$ ~awr dgs rgk~diogr ~ir `gs ogepridgs
pmgrkhywgs aw èadhgeegs aw sadihrgs î orègr% _wr zhecp ies$ dg swroaöp `g
~ra`wophae -~ir ri~~arp iw soèeirha ea 9( ippghep ?97 khddhir`s `‘gwras$
`ies d‘mx~apmísg `‘weg kaepèg ge ~whssieog dheèihrg `g og ~racrikkg%Og swroaöp sg pri`whri sahp ~ir weg iwckgepiphae `w ~rh} `g d‘èdgoprh+
ohpè$ sahp ~ir weg oaeprhbwphae ̀ gs jeieogs ~wbdhywgs aw ̀ g d‘ge`gppgkgep$
sahp ~dws zrihsgkbdibdgkgep ~ir weg oakbheihsae `g ogs `gw} ggps% Hd
iwri ècidgkgep we hk~iop swr d‘gk~dah% Dg cdhssgkgep `w ewodèihrg zgrs
dg pmgrkhywg$ d‘èadhge gp dg sadihrg i èzh`gkkgep ~awr oaesèywgeog `g
`èprwhrg ̀ gs gk~dahs ̀ ies dg ewodèihrg gp ̀ ‘ge orègr ̀ ies dgs iwprgs arkgs
`‘èdgoprhohpè% Dgs 97> >>> gk~dahs `gs ogepridgs ewodèihrgs sgraep èdh+
kheès% _xkèprhywgkgep$ we eakbrg kid oaeew `‘gk~dahs sgri orèè `iesdg pmgrkhywg$ d‘èadhge aw dg sadihrg% Oak~pg pgew `g di ~irp oaesh`èribdg
`gs hk~arpiphaes `ies ogs arkgs `‘èdgoprhohpè$ ae ~gwp orihe`rg yw‘weg
crie`g ~irphg `g ogs gk~dahs sahp orèèg ge Omheg aw ge Iddgkiceg$ idars
ywg dgs gk~dahs ewodèihrgs `èprwhps saep ~rgsywg papidgkgep daoidhsès ge
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Jrieog% @g ~dws$ ae eg priesarkg ~is iohdgkgep we hecèehgwr ewodèihrg
ge we ~asgwr `g ~ieegiw} sadihrgs% Hd e‘gsp pawpgahs ~is hk~asshbdg ywg
dg sad`g `g ogs `gw} kawzgkgeps sxkèprhywgs sahp ihbdg%
Kihs d‘gssgephgd `g d‘hk~iop swr d‘gk~dah e‘gsp ~is dî% Hd gsp î omgromgr
`w oðpè ̀ g di ̀ hkhewphae ̀ g di ̀ gkie`g gecge`règ ~ir d‘iwckgepiphae ̀ w
oaöp `g d‘èdgoprhohpè% Dg swroaöp ieewgd `g ?2 khddhir`s `‘gwras zi `hkh+
ewgr ̀ ‘iwpiep dg rgzgew ̀ gs kèeicgs aw ̀ gs geprg~rhsgs% O‘gsp ̀ g d‘ircgep
ywh eg sgri ~is `è~gesè ihddgwrs$ ~ir g}gk~dg `ies d‘iomip `g dhzrgs aw
`g rg~is iw rgspiwriep$ gp ywh `èprwhri `gs gk~dahs `ies d‘he`wsprhg `w
dhzrg gp `g di rgspiwriphae% Oakbhge 1 Ae ge iwri weg h`èg ge ri~~ar+
piep dg eakbrg `‘gk~dahs `ies dg sgopgwr kiromie` î di oaesakkiphae
`gs kèeicgs% ^awr omiywg khddhir` `è~gesè$ 93 >>> gk~dahs% Og omhrge‘gsp yw‘weg ~rgkhírg i~~ra}hkiphae% Hd oaezhge`rihp `g dg `hkhewgr ge
~rgeiep ge oak~pg dg ~ah`s `gs hk~arpiphaes `ies di oaesakkiphae `gs
kèeicgs$ gsphkè î 90 ' `ies we prís orè`hbdg ri~~arp `w _èeip -Iecgds
2>>8($ og ywh rè`whrihp ogppg ~grpg `‘gk~dahs î 90 :>>% Kihs$ î oðpè `g
ogp ggp+rgzgew$ hd iw`rihp ècidgkgep ~rge`rg ge oak~pg we ggp+~rh}
~awr dgs geprg~rhsgs$ eapikkgep ogddgs ywh saep crassgs oaesakkiprhogs
`‘èdgoprhohpè gp!aw g}~arpiprhogs% D‘iwckgepiphae ̀ w ~rh} ̀ g d‘èdgoprhohpè eg~gwp ywg rè`whrg di oak~èphphzhpè `gs geprg~rhsgs rieãihsgs gp `hkhewgr$
iw kahes î di kircg$ dgwr iophzhpè gp dgwr gk~dah% Ge d‘ibsgeog `‘èpw`gs
~dws i~~raae`hgs$ ae sg oaepgepgri `g ogppg ~rgkhírg i~~ra}hkiphae `g
93 >>> gk~dahs ~gr`ws ~ir khddhir` `g `è~gesgs èdhkheègs 3 < ?2 khd+
dhir`s `‘gwras ge kahes aep `aeo 700 >>> gk~dahs ge kahes% O‘gsp we
ar`rg `g crie`gwr `w oaöp ge gk~dahs `g og soèeirha ea ?%
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ohey `hkgeshaes aw orhpírgs `g omah} < di sèowrhpè$ dgs rglgps `g OA2$ d‘he+
`è~ge`ieog èegrcèphywg$ dg oaöp èoaeakhywg$ d‘hk~iop swr dgs jeieogs
~wbdhywgs% Ogs ohey orhpírgs saep gssgephgds$ iwowe e‘gsp `hrhkiep$ gp hds
`ahzgep paws ìprg ~rhs ge oak~pg% Dg `akiheg oaesh`èrè gsp kidmgwrgw+
sgkgep we `akiheg aø dgs sgephkgeps$ dgs i ~rharh$ dgs rìzgs$ ~irdgep saw+zgep ~dws miwp ywg dgs ircwkgeps rihsaeeès% O‘gsp ~awrywah ae i gssixè$
`ies di kgswrg `w ~asshbdg$ `g ywiephjgr dgs hk~iops h`gephjès% Gp `g dg
ihrg ge ~irpiep `g `aeeègs ajohgddgs$ `g ~rèèrgeog hepgreiphaeidgs$ ge
he`hywiep sahcegwsgkgep dgs sawrogs$ dg ois èomèiep dgs mx~apmísgs wphdh+
sègs$ ihesh ywg dgs oidowds ggopwès -`g iãae î ~grkgpprg iw dgopgwr ywh dg
sawmihpgrihp `g rgihrg dgs oidowds aw kìkg `‘ge ihrg `‘iwprgs(%
D‘g}grohog eg ~rèpge` ewddgkgep î d‘g}miwsphzhpè% Dg sawoh `g shk~dh+ohpè eaws i oae`whp î eècdhcgr ogrpihes is~gops$ oakkg ~ir g}gk~dg di
cèapmgrkhg$ dgs ~ak~gs î omidgwr aw dgs bhaoirbwrieps$ `aep d‘hepèrìp gsp
~awrpiep bhge règd% @‘iwprgs orhpírgs ̀ ‘èzidwiphae$ oakkg ~ir g}gk~dg dgs
hk~iops `gs ~adhphywgs swr d‘he`wsprhg eiphaeidg$ ~awrrihgep ìprg ilawpès
î eaprg dhspg rè`whpg% Dgs omhrgs gsphkès hk~dhywgep `gs mx~apmísgs ogr+
pihegkgep orhphywibdgs% D‘iddaoiphae ̀ g d‘èdgoprhohpè hepgrkhppgepg ~ir phgrs
geprg èadhge pgrrgsprg$ èadhge kirhphkg gp sadihrg$ ~ir g}gk~dg$ gsp dircg+
kgep irbhprihrg 9>% Geje$ dgs soèeirhas g}ikheès saep èpibdhs swr di bisg`gs pgomeadachgs g}hspiepgs% @gs izieoègs pgomeadachywgs kilgwrgs$ pgddgs
ywg dg spaoficg `g d‘èdgoprhohpè$ di wshae ewodèihrg aw ogddgs ywh saep èza+
ywègs ~dws miwp saws d‘hephpwdè ¦ raephírgs pgomeadachywgs ¶$ kihs `aep
di `hs~aehbhdhpè aw dg oaöp saep iopwgddgkgep heoaeews$ bawdgzgrsgrihgep
di `aeeg%
Hd s‘geswhp$ bhge gepge`w$ ywg ogppg èpw`g eg rè~ae` ~is î di ywgsphae
~asèg% Ae gs~írg ywg dgs hearkiphaes gp dgs ieidxsgs hoh ~ra~asègs ~awr+raep eèiekahes oaeprhbwgr iw ̀ èbip gp ih`gr dgs rgs~aesibdgs ~adhphywgs î
omahshr di kahes kiwzihsg ~adhphywg èegrcèphywg ~asshbdg ~awr di Jrieog%
9>% ae oer e ~ íd er y ~r ododr ode o y ~ zo ‘rx~í 6 e ~ d ~rorr ~rí d‘r%
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rèèrgeogs
IHG+AO@G 2>9>IHG gp AO@G$ Oaöps ~rèzhshaeegds `g ~ra`wophae `g d‘èdgoprhohpè 2>9>$ AO@G$2>9>$ ?27 ~%
Iecgds 2>>8Iecgds -Bgreir`($ Di rgdiphae geprg oaesakkiphae `gs kèeicgs gp hk~arpiphaes <rgdieogr di oaesakkiphae ~awr rgdieogr di orahssieog 1$ ri~~arp ̀ ‘hearkiphae ̀ w
_èeip$ ea 9:8$ liezhgr 2>>8%
OC@@ 2>9>OC@@$ ^rh} `g d‘èegrchg `ies d‘Wehae gwra~ègeeg ge 2>>8$ 8 liezhgr 2>9>$ 3 ~%
OC@@ 2>99iOC@@$ Omhjjrgs+odès `g d‘èegrchg$ è`hphae 2>99$ 0> ~%
OC@@ 2>99b
OC@@$ Omhjjrgs+odès `w odhkip Jrieog$ è`hphae 2>99% 20 ~% -eg `aeeg ~is `gomhrgs ~aspèrhgwrs î 2>>3(%
OC@@ 2>99oOC@@$ Dg Bhdie èegrcèphywg `g di Jrieog ge 2>9>$ lwhddgp 2>99$ 30 ~%
HGI 2>9>HGI$ Fgx Sard` Gegrcx _piphsphos$ =2 ~%
HGI 2>9>b
HGI$ OA2 Gkhsshaes jrak Jwgd Oakbwsphae$ 9?> ~%
HGI+AGO@ 2>9>HGI gp AGO@$ ^ralgopg` oasps aj Cgegriphec Gdgoprhohpx 2>9> g`hphae% 297 ~%
EèciSipp 2>99Issaohiphae eèciSipp$ _oèeirha eèciSipp 2>99$ 2>99$ 2= ~%
AO@G 2>99RPG$ Èpw`gs èoaeakhywgs `g d‘AO@G < Jrieog$ 2>99$ 93: ~%
2>9>^rw`‘makkg -Rèkx($ Dg rgowd `g di kabhdhpè wrbiheg ge Jrieog$ Pries~arp $E¾ 0:?% _g~pgkbrg + aopabrg 2>9>% ~%~ ?9>+?97%
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RPG 2>99iRPG$ Dg Bhdie èegrcèphywg rieãihs 2>9>$ 2>99$ 20 ~%
RPG% 2>99bRPG$ Bhdie ~rèzhshaeegd ̀ g d‘èywhdhbrg ajjrg+`gkie`g ̀ ‘èdgoprhohpè ge Jrieog$2>9>$ 900 ~%
RPG 2>99oRPG$ _piphsphywgs ̀ g d‘èegrchg èdgoprhywg ge Jrieog$ 2>9>$ ?2 ~%
_xrapi 2>>=_xrapi -Lgie($ ^grs~gophzgs èegrcèphywg `g di Jrieog î d‘marh|ae 2>2>+2>7>% ?2:~% Ri~~arp ̀ ‘weg oakkhsshae ̀ w Ogeprg ̀ ‘ieidxsg spripèchywg%
_xrapi 2>>9_xrapi -Lgie($ Di zahpwrg `g `gkihe < oirbwrieps gp èdgoprhohpè$ 27= ~% Ri~~arp`‘weg oakkhsshae ̀ w Ogeprg ̀ ‘ieidxsg spripèchywg%
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ioraexkgs gp riphas wphdhsès
IHG < Icgeog hepgreiphaeidg ̀ g d‘èegrchg
OC@@ < Oakkhssirhip cèeèrid iw `èzgda~~gkgep `wribdg
G@J < Èdgoprhohpè ̀ g Jrieog
HGI < Hepgreiphaeid Gegrcx Icgeox -icgeog hepgreiphaeidg ̀ g d‘èegrchg(
RPG < Rèsgiw ̀ g pries~arp ̀ ‘èdgoprhohpè
HPGR < Hepgreiphaeid Pmgrkaewodgir G}~grhkgepid Rgiopar -rèiopgwr
pmgrkaewodèihrg g}~èrhkgepid hepgreiphaeid(
PH^^ < Pi}g hepèrhgwrg swr dgs ~ra`whps ~èpradhgrs
OA2 < `ha}x`g `g oirbaegEA} < a}x`gs ̀ ‘i|apg
pg~ < paeeg+èywhzidgep ~èpradg
S < ipp -wehpè `g ~whssieog(
Sm < ippmgwrg -wehpè ̀ g ~ra`wophae(
F ; khddhgr ; 9>?
K ; kèci ; khddhae ; 9>:
C ; chci ; khddhir` ; 9>8
P ; pèri ; 9 >>> khddhir`s ; 9>92
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^adhphywg èegrcèphywg rieãihsg -9( < dgs gelgw} Rèkx ^rw`‘makkg$ liezhgr 2>92$ 0= ~icgs
Rèzadwphae `gs zidgwrs gp kae`hidhsiphaeDwo Jgrrx$ liezhgr 2>92$ 0> ~icgs
Ywgd izgehr ~awr di saohid+`èkaoriphg ge Gwra~g 1_hr _pwirp Bgdd$ `èogkbrg 2>99$ ?: ~icgs
Di rècwdiphae ~ragsshaeegddg < `gs rícdgs eae èpiphywgs ~awr khgw} rgs~aesibhdhsgr Lgie+^hgrrg Pgxsshgr$ `èogkbrg 2>99$ ?: ~icgs
D‘mas~hpidhpè < weg èpmhywg `w saheGkkiewgd Mhrsom$ `èogkbrg 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs
92 h`ègs ~awr 2>92Jae`iphae ~awr d‘heeaziphae ~adhphywg$ `èogkbrg 2>99$ 99> ~icgs
Dgs odissgs kaxgeegs gp dg dacgkgep
Lwdhge @ikae$ `èogkbrg 2>99$ 0> ~icgs
Rèarkgr di siepè < prahs ~ra~ashphaesEhoadis Baw|aw$ eazgkbrg 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs
Dg eawzgiw ^irdgkgep < di rèzhshae `w 2? lwhddgp 2>>= Lgie+Jèdh} `g Bwli`aw}$ eazgkbrg 2>99$ 0> ~icgs
Di rgs~aesibhdhpèIdihe+Cèrir` _diki$ eazgkbrg 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs
Dg zapg `gs odissgs kaxgeegsÈdhsibgpm @w~ahrhgr$ eazgkbrg 2>99$ 0> ~icgs
Di oak~èphphzhpè ~ir di ywidhpèGkkiewgd Oakbg gp Lgie+Dawhs Kwoomhgddh$ aopabrg 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs
eas `grehÍrgs ^wBdhoiphaes
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Dgs odissgs kaxgeegs gp dg orè`hpEhoadis ^èoawrp$ aopabrg 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs
^arprihp `gs odissgs kaxgeegsDiwrg Baeegzid$ Lèrðkg Jawrywgp$ Jibhgeeg Cakiep$ aopabrg 2>99$ ?: ~icgs
Karidg$ èpmhywg$ `èaepadachgKhomgd Kigsadh$ aopabrg 2>99$ 0> ~icgs
_arphr ̀ w oakkwehskg$ omiecgr ̀ ‘è~aywg_pè~mieg Oawrpahs -`hr%($ ^WJ$ aopabrg 2>99$ :32 ~icgs
Di lgwegssg `w kae`g@akhehywg Rgxehè -`hr%($ È`hphaes Dhcegs `g Rg~írgs$ sg~pgkbrg 2>99$ 9?2 ~icgs
^awzahr `‘iomip < weg ~adhphywgGkkiewgd Oakbg$ sg~pgkbrg 2>99$ 72 ~icgs
Di dhbgrpè rgdhchgwsgMgerh Ki`gdhe$ sg~pgkbrg 2>99$ ?: ~icgs
Rè`whrg eaprg `gppg ~wbdhywg Lgie+Kiro @iehgd$ sg~pgkbrg 2>99$ 0> ~icgs
Èoadachg gp dhbèridhskgOarheg ^gddwomae$ iaöp 2>99$ 0> ~icgs
Zidarhsgr dgs kaewkgeps mhsparhywgs < `g eawzgddgs spripèchgsSdi`hkhr Khpraiea gp Omrhsphieg _omkwofdg+Kaddir`$ lwhddgp 2>99$ 2= ~icgs
Oaepgspgr dgs pgomeasohgeogs < dgwrs rihsaesG``x Jawchgr$ lwhddgp 2>99$ 0> ~icgs
Oaepgspgr dgs pgomeasohgeogs < dgwrs rèsgiw}
_xdzihe Bawdawywg$ lwhddgp 2>99$ ?: ~icgs
Di ripgrehpè^iwd Pmhbiw`$ lwhe 2>99$ ?: ~icgs
Di priesarkiphae ewkèrhywg iw sgrzhog `g di orahssieog Lgie+^hgrrg Oarehaw$ lwhe 2>99$ 72 ~icgs
D‘gecicgkgep@akhehywg _omei~~gr$ lwhe 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs
Dhbgrpè$ Ècidhpè$ JripgrehpèIe`rè Cdwofskiee$ kih 2>99$ ?: ~icgs
Ywgddg he`wsprhg ~awr di `ègesg rieãihsg 1Cwhddiwkg Dicieg$ kih 2>99$ 2: ~icgs
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Di rgdhchae `ies dgs iihrgs < di rgs~aesibhdhpè saohidg `g d‘geprg~rhsgIwrèdhge Ioywhgr$ Lgie+^isoid Cae`$ Lioywgs Hcidges$ kih 2>99$ 00 ~icgs
Di rgdhchae `ies dgs iihrgs < di jeieog hsdikhywgDhdi Cwgrkis+_ixgcm$ kih 2>99$ ?: ~icgs
Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 D‘Iddgkiceg^iprhof Kargiw$ izrhd 2>99$ 7: ~icgs
Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 Di _daziywhgÈphgeeg Bahssgrhg$ izrhd 2>99$ 0> ~icgs
Ywh `èphgep di `gppg ~wbdhywg 1Cwhddiwkg Dgrax$ izrhd 2>99$ ?: ~icgs
Dg ~rheoh~g `g ~rèoiwphae `ies dg kae`gEhoadis `g _i`gdggr$ kirs 2>99$ ?: ~icgs
Oak~rge`rg dg Pgi ^irpxMgerh Mw`g$ kirs 2>99$ 0> ~icgs
Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 Dgs ^ixs+BisEhgf ^is$ kirs 2>99$ ?: ~icgs
^ra`wophzhpè icrhoadg gp ywidhpè `gs giw} Cèrir` Karhog$ kirs 2>99$ 00 ~icgs
D‘Giw < `w zadwkg î di zidgwr Lgie+Dawhs Omiwssi`g$ kirs 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs
Giw < oakkgep prihpgr dgs khora~addwieps 1^mhdh~~g Mirpgkiee$ kirs 2>99$ ?= ~icgs
Giw < `èjs kae`hiw}$ ~grs~gophzgs rieãihsgs
Cèrir` ^ixge$ kirs 2>99$ :2 ~icgs
D‘hrrhciphae ~awr weg icrhowdpwrg `wribdg Lgie+^iwd Rgeaw}$ kirs 2>99$ 02 ~icgs
Cgsphae `g d‘giw < zgrs `g eawzgiw} ka`ídgsIepaheg Jrèrap$ kirs 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs
Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 D‘Iwprhomg^iprhof Kargiw$ èzrhgr 2>99$ 02 ~icgs
Di ~irphoh~iphae iw sgrzhog `g d‘gk~dah gp `w ~awzahr `‘iomip Lioywgs ^gromg gp Iepaheg ^grphei}$ èzrhgr 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs
Dg pie`gk rieoa+iddgkie` iog î di orhsg `g d‘gwraSadciec Cdakb$ èzrhgr 2>99$ ?= ~icgs
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2>99$ di lgwegssg `w kae`g@akhehywg Rgxehè -`hr%($ liezhgr 2>99$ == ~icgs
D‘A~hehae gwra~ègeeg ge 2>99@akhehywg Rgxehè -`hr%($ È`hphae Dhcegs `g rg~írgs$ liezhgr 2>99$ 270 ~icgs
I`khehspriphae 2%>Pmhgrrx Sghbgd$ liezhgr 2>99$ 0= ~icgs
Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 Di BwdcirhgIepaex Pa`araz$ `èogkbrg 2>9>$ ?2 ~icgs
Dg rgpawr `w phricg iw sarp ge ~adhphywgChd @gdieeah$ `èogkbrg 2>9>$ ?= ~icgs
Di oak~èpgeog karidg `w ~gw~dgRixkae` Baw`ae$ eazgkbrg 2>9>$ ?> ~icgs
D‘Ioi`èkhg iw ~ixs `w oi~hpidBgreir` Bgddao gp ^hgrrg+Jrieãahs Kawrhgr$ ^WJ$ eazgkbrg 2>9>$ 222 ~icgs
^awr weg eawzgddg ~adhphywg icrhoadg oakkwegBgreir` Biomgdhgr$ eazgkbrg 2>9>$ ?> ~icgs
_èowrhpè idhkgepihrg < we gelgw cdabidBgreir` Biomgdhgr$ eazgkbrg 2>9>$ ?> ~icgs
Dgs zgrpws oiomègs `w da oasp ièrhgeGkkiewgd Oakbg$ eazgkbrg 2>9>$ 0> ~icgs
Heeaziphae ~adhphywg 2>99@akhehywg Rgxehè -`hr%($ ^WJ$ eazgkbrg 2>9>$ :3: ~icgs
@ègesg < swrkaepgr d‘hk~issg bw`cèpihrg
Cwhddiwkg Dicieg$ aopabrg 2>9>$ ?0 ~icgs
Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 D‘Gs~iceg Laie Kirogp$ aopabrg 2>9>$ ?0 ~icgs
Dgs zgrpws `g di oaeowrrgeog@izh` _rigr$ sg~pgkbrg 2>9>$ 00 ~icgs
Hepgregp$ ~adhphywg gp oa~ra`wophae ohpaxgeegRabhe Bgrlae$ sg~pgkbrg 2>9>$ ?2 ~icgs
Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 Di ^adaceg@akhehfi Pakis|gsfi+Karphkgr$ iaöp 2>9>$ 02 ~icgs
Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 Di _wí`g gp dg @iegkirf Lioab Omrhspgesge$ lwhddgp 2>9>$ 00 ~icgs
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Ywgd ~adhohgr `ies eaprg saohèpè 1Kipmhgw \icra`|fh$ lwhddgp 2>9>$ 2= ~icgs
Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 D‘Hpidhg_aji Zgepwri$ lwhddgp 2>9>$ ?: ~icgs
Orhsg bieoihrg$ ̀ gppg ~wbdhywg < weg zwg iddgkie`gSadciec Cdakb$ lwhddgp 2>9>$ 2= ~icgs
@gppg ~wbdhywg$ heywhèpw`g ~wbdhywg Lèrðkg Jawrywgp$ lwhe 2>9>$ ?2 ~icgs
Weg rècwdiphae bieoihrg ~awr weg orahssieog ̀ wribdgEipmidhg Liesae$ lwhe 2>9>$ ?: ~icgs
Ywiprg ~ra~ashphaes ~awr rèeazgr eaprg ka`ídg icrhoadg^isoid ^grrh$ kih 2>9>$ ?2 ~icgs
Rèchaeidgs 2>9> < ywg saep dgs èdgopgwrs `gzgews 1^isoid ^grrhegiw$ kih 2>9>$ 7: ~icgs
D‘A~hehae gwra~ègeeg ge 2>9>@akhehywg Rgxehè -`hr%($ È`hphaes Dhcegs `g rg~írgs$ kih 2>9>$ 207 ~icgs
^ixs+Bis < di pgepiphae ~a~wdhspgOmrhspa~mg `g Zaac`$ kih 2>9>$ 0? ~icgs
Ywiprg h`ègs ~awr rgearogr dg ~awzahr `‘iomip^isoid ^grrh$ izrhd 2>9>$ ?> ~icgs
Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 Di Crie`g+Brgpiceg@izh` Miedgx$ izrhd 2>9>$ ?0 ~icgs
Rgearogr dg rðdg èoaeakhywg `gs rèchaes
Ehoadis Baw|aw$ kirs 2>9>$ ?> ~icgs
Rè`whrg di `gppg crâog î di Oaesphpwphae Lioywgs @gd~di$ èzrhgr 2>9>$ 70 ~icgs
_pripèchg ~awr weg rè`wophae `g di `gppg ~wbdhywg rieãihsgEhoadis Baw|aw$ èzrhgr 2>9>$ ?> ~icgs
Aø zi d‘Ècdhsg oipmadhywg 1 @‘weg ywgrgddg `w dhbèridhskg î d‘iwprgÈkhdg ^grrgiw+_iwssheg$ aopabrg 2>>8$ 2: ~icgs
Èdgophaes gwra~ègeegs 2>>8 < ieidxsg `gs rèswdpips ge Gwra~g gp ge JrieogOarheeg @gdax$ @akhehywg Rgxehè gp ^isoid ^grrhegiw$ sg~pgkbrg 2>>8$ ?2 ~icgs
Rgpawr swr d‘iddhieog sazhèpa+ei|hg$ 3> ies i~rís_pè~mieg Oawrpahs$ lwhddgp 2>>8$ 9: ~icgs
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D‘Èpip i`khehspriph gp dg dhbèridhskg% Weg mhspahrg rieãihsgDwohge Liwkg$ lwhe 2>>8$ 92 ~icgs
Di ~adhphywg gwra~ègeeg `g `èzgda~~gkgep <Weg rè~aesg î di orhsg `g di kae`hidhsiphae 1
Lgie+Khomgd @gbrip$ lwhe 2>>8$ 92 ~icgs
Di ~rapgspiphae oaeprg di rèarkg `w spipwp `gs gesghceieps+omgromgwrs <`ègesg `w spipwp$ hddwspriphae `w spipw ywa%_whzh `‘weg `hsowsshae geprg d‘iwpgwr gp Brwea Bgesissae@izh` Baeegiw$ kih 2>>8$ 2> ~icgs
Di dwppg oaeprg dgs `hsorhkheiphaes dhègs î d‘âcg ge kiphírg `‘gk~dahÈdhsg Kwhr -`hr%($ kih 2>>8$ :0 ~icgs
Ywiprg ~ra~ashphaes ~awr ywg d‘Gwra~g eg pakbg ~is `ies dg ~rapgophaeehskgEhoadis Baw|aw$ kirs 2>>8$ 92 ~icgs
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