Politique énergétique française (2) : Les stratégies - Rémy Prud'homme

8/3/2019 Politique énergétique française (2) : Les stratégies - Rémy Prud'homme

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eirhas `hzgrcgep% Dg oaöp `g di ~ra`wophae `g di kìkg ywiephpè `‘èdgo+prhohpè$ abpgew ge kwdph~dhiep dgs ywiephpès `gs `hzgrs px~gs `‘èdgoprhohpè

~ir dgs oaöps wehpihrgs `w pibdgiw 7$ ywh èpihp `g 9: khddhir`s `‘gwras

ìes dg soèeirha ea 9 ~issg î ~dws `g 23 khddhir`s ìes og soèeirha ea 2%

Di `hèrgeog -~dws `g 9> khddhir`s `‘gwras( `gs oaöps `g ~ra`wophae gsp

~awr ~irphg î di omircg `gs oaesakkipgwrs$ saws di arkg `g ~rh} ~dws

èdgzès$ gp ~awr ~irphg î di omircg `gs jeieogs ~wbdhywgs$ saws di arkg

`g swbzgephaes% Gddg gsp `g pawpg iãae î di omircg `gs ohpaxges% Gddg gspweg kgswrg `w oaöp `w Crgegddg ìes og àkiheg$ dg ~rh} î ~ixgr ~awr

ippghe`rg d‘ablgoph ijomè `g ¦ rè`whrg di ~irp `w ewodèihrg ìes dg baw+

ywgp èegrcèphywg rieãihs ¶%

soèeirhas `g d i `hsîrhphae `w ewodèihrg

Bgiwoaw~ `‘AEC$ `g craw~gs aw `g ~irphs ~adhphywgs ~rðegep weg `hs+

~irhphae ‟ ~irphgddg aw papidg$ hkkè`hipg aw ~racrikkèg ‟ `g d‘èdgoprh+

ohpè ̀ ‘arhcheg ewodèihrg% Hd gsp hk~arpiep ̀ ‘g}ikhegr og yw‘hk~dhywgep ogs

~rèoaehsiphaes%

Absgrzaes pawp `‘ibar` ywg di `hs~irhphae papidg gsp ~dws dachywg ywgdi `hs~irhphae ~irphgddg% Dg rhsywg ewodèihrg gsp `èjeh ~ir weg ~rabibhdhpè

prís ihbdg `‘we àkkicg prís crie`% Ae ~awrrihp kìkg `hrg < weg ~ra+

bibhdhpè hejehpèshkidg `‘we àkkicg hejeh% Hd eg s‘iooakka`g ~is `g

`gkh+kgswrgs% Dg ̀ iecgr gsp dg ~ra`whp ̀ g di ~rabibhdhpè ~ir dg àkkicg%

Rè`whrg `g kahphè dg ~iro ewodèihrg rè`whp `g kahphè di ~rabibhdhpè$ kihs

~is dg ìecgr$ oir di kahphè `g d‘hejeh rgspg d‘hejeh% _h d‘ae ~gesg yw‘weg

oipispra~mg ewodèihrg gsp î di ahs ~asshbdg gp ibsadwkgep hesw~~arpibdg$

hd eg sgrp î rhge `g `hkhewgr `g ?> '$ `g 7> ' aw kìkg `g => ' di~ra`wophae `‘èdgoprhohpè `‘arhcheg ewodèihrg$ gp ae àhp ~gesgr ywg sgwdg

d‘hepgr`hophae papidg gsp ioog~pibdg% Di dachywg ̀ w rhsywg ewodèihrg gsp ~ir

eipwrg ̀ homapakhywg% Ae oakkgeogri ̀ aeo ~ir g}ikhegr dg soèeirha ̀ g

di `hs~irhphae papidg `w ewodèihrg ge 2>?>%



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_oèeirha ea ?$ `hs~irhphae papidg `w ewodèihrg

Dg pibdgiw 9 i ~rèsgepè dgs àeeègs `g og soèeirha% Di `hs~irhphae `gs

0>8 PSm `‘èdgoprhohpè ewodèihrg àhp ìprg oak~gesèg ~ir weg iwckge+

piphae `g d‘èdgoprhohpè pmgrkhywg gp!aw `g d‘èdgoprhohpè èadhgeeg gp sadihrg%Hd iwp bhge oak~rge`rg yw‘gddg eg ~gwp ~is d‘ìprg ~ir di sgwdg èdgoprhohpè

èadhgeeg gp sadihrg% Ae ~awrrihp bhge gepge`w oaesprwhrg issg| `‘hespid+

diphaes sadihrgs gp èadhgeegs ~awr ~ra`whrg 0>8 PSm `‘èdgoprhohpè% Kihs

dgwr ~ra`wophae eg rgk~diogrihp ~is `w pawp dgs 0>8 PSm `‘èdgoprhohpè

ewodèihrg% @w ihp `g d‘hepgrkhppgeog$ gp ywh ~dws gsp `g d‘hepgrkhppgeog

hk~rèzhshbdg$ `g d‘èdgoprhohpè sadihrg gp èadhgeeg$ ogppg èdgoprhohpè eg s‘ilws+

pgrihp ~is iw} zirhiphaes `g di `gkie`g ìes dg pgk~s% Iw} mgwrgs `g

crie` zgep aw `g arp sadghd$ ae iwrihp bgiwoaw~ `‘èdgoprhohpè ywh egprawzgrihp ~is eèogssihrgkgep ~rgegwr% Hezgrsgkgep$ iw} mgwrgs `g

arpg `gkie`g$ d‘èdgoprhohpè ~ra`whpg rhsywgrihp `‘ìprg `rikiphywgkgep

heswjsiepg% Hd swjp `g ~gesgr iw} mgwrgs `g ~ahepgs `gs lawrs `‘mhzgr

-98 m >>+29 m >>($ iw}ywgddgs di ~ra`wophae `‘èdgoprhohpè sadihrg sgrihp

bhge èzh`gkkgep pawlawrs ècidg î |èra%

âwr ilwspgr ge pgk~s règd d‘arg gp di `gkie`g `‘èdgoprhohpè$ dgs cgs+

phaeeihrgs `w rèsgiw ~gwzgep lawgr swr d‘èdgoprhohpè mx`riwdhywg$ swr dgshk~arpiphaes pgk~arihrgs `‘èdgoprhohpè$ swr dg ihp ywg -~irahs$ ~is paw+

lawrs( dg zgep eg sawg ~is iw kìkg kakgep ̀ ies pawpg di Jrieog% Kihs

dgwr mibhdgpè$ ywh gsp crie`g$ i èzh`gkkgep `gs dhkhpgs% Hd x i we ~awr+

ogepicg ̀ ‘èdgoprhohpè sadihrg gp èadhgeeg iw+`gdî ̀ wywgd dg sxspíkg ̀ gzhgep

ibsadwkgep hecèribdg% Og ~awrogepicg gsp kid oaeew% Ogrpihes dg j}gep î

2> '$ `‘iwprgs î 0> '% Ae rgphge`ri we omhrg `g ?7 '% Iwowe ~ixs iw

kae`g e‘i we ripha èdgoprhohpè hepgrkhppgepg!èdgoprhohpè papidg iwssh èdgzè%

Dg ~ixs aø og ripha gsp dg ~dws èdgzè gsp sies àwpg dg @iegkirf$ aø hdeg `è~issg cwírg 22 ' 7% Dg omhrg `g ?7 ' gsp àeo weg gsphkiphae

prís cèeèrgwsg% Hd sw~~asg we rðdg ioorw `gs hk~arpiphaes pgk~arihrgs

`‘èdgoprhohpè$ ywh sw~~asg î sae pawr < `g eawzgddgs dhcegs î miwpg pgeshae

gp `gs g}oè`geps `‘èdgoprhohpè ìes dgs ~ixs zahshes iw kakgep `g eas

bgsahes ̀ g ~ahepg% Ogs ̀ gw} mx~apmísgs eg sgraep ~is$ aw eg sgrihgep ~is$

eèogssihrgkgep zèrhjègs%

7% ae er y d èrf d oeo ‘ìr ~ro d sí d Erzí be rd î o } ~x$y ~e ‘~re rro xrdy% Dry d èrf ~r d‘doro deee d e‘ ~ d‘$ d ~ d zer î d Erzí î d sí y d ¦ ofe ¶ e d‘de ~r r~drd rrzr dr brr% Dry d èrf d ~d ‘doro y dee e‘e ~r+e$ d re zr d sí d Erzí y e e ro dr rbe xrdy d zee d‘doro ‟ î e ~r} ~d dz y d ~r} yd d e o d‘doro èrf%





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_h d‘ae rgphgep og~geìep og omhrg `g ?7 '$ di ~ra`wophae èadhgeeg

gp sadihrg eg ~gwp ~is `è~issgr 989 PSm% Ae ge `è`whp di ~ra`wophae

`‘èdgoprhohpè pmgrkhywg < 2=: PSm% Ae ~awrrihp hkichegr `‘iwprgs oak+

bheihsaes ge iwckgepiep di ~irp `w pmgrkhywg gp ge `hkhewiep ogddg `g

d‘èadhge gp `w sadihrg$ kihs ogs oakbheihsaes saep sies àwpg kahes `èsh+

ribdgs$ gp eaws eaws ge phge`raes î di oakbheihsae `èjehg oh+`gssws%

Og soèeirha ea ? rg~rèsgepg we bawdgzgrsgkgep oak~dgp `w ~ixsicg

èdgoprhywg rieãihs% îr ri~~arp î 2>9>$ hd hk~dhywg weg kwdph~dhoi+

phae ~ir ohey `g d‘èdgoprhohpè pmgrkhywg$ gp ~ir `h}+egw `g d‘èdgoprhohpè

èadhgeeg gp sadihrg% Ae ~gwp èzidwgr og soèeirha `w ~ahep `g zwg `g eas

ohey orhpírgs%Hd rg~rèsgepg we cihe ge pgrkgs `g sèowrhpè$ ~whsyw‘hd èdhkheg dg rhsywg

ewodèihrg% Hd e‘gsp ~is iohdg `‘èzidwgr og cihe% Di rèèrgeog oaespiepg î

Jwfwsmhki gsp î àwbdg prieomiep% Ae ~gwp `hrg ywg dg sèhskg gp dg psw+

eikh swrzgews ~rís ̀ g Jwfwsmhki aep kaeprè ywg dgs ogepridgs ewodèihrgs

èpihgep swsog~phbdgs `‘ìprg crizgkgep geàkkicègs gp `g rè~ie`rg `gs

kiphírgs ri`haiophzgs ìes d‘ihr$ d‘giw aw di pgrrg$ i~~arpiep ihesh weg

¦ ~rgwzg ¶ `g di eaohzhpè `g d‘èdgoprhohpè ewodèihrg% Ae ~gwp ècidgkgep`hrg ywg `gs ogepridgs ieohgeegs gp kid oaeãwgs aep bhge rèshspè î we

sèhskg `‘weg kicehpw`g rirg -8 swr d‘èomgddg `g Rhompgr($ yw‘gddgs e‘aep

èpè geàkkicègs ywg ~ir we psweikh `‘weg zhadgeog geoarg ~dws rirg

ywh i eaxè gezhrae ?> >>> ~grsaeegs$ gp ywg di ri`haiophzhpè rgdâomèg e‘i

geoarg oiwsè iwoweg zhophkg% Dg ihp gsp ywg d‘ippgephae hepgreiphaeidg

s‘gsp ~arpèg swr dgs zhophkgs zhrpwgddgs -gp mèdis ) ~rabibdgs( `gs ogepridgs

ewodèihrgs bhge ~dws ywg swr dgs ?> >>> zhophkgs règddgs `w psweikh% Ae

~awrrihp iwssh phrgr `g Jwfwsmhki di oaeodwshae yw‘hd iwp ~irpawp ìesdg kae`g ¦ sarphr `g d‘mibhpip oðphgr ¶ iw kahes iwpiep ywg ¦ sarphr `w

ewodèihrg ¶% Di rihsae e‘gsp ~gwp+ìprg ~is `g khsg hoh$ gp dg ihp gsp ywg dg

rhsywg ewodèihrg gsp cèeèridgkgep ~grãw oakkg prís crizg%

Dg soèeirha `g di `hs~irhphae papidg `w ewodèihrg i we oaöp èdgzè ge

kiphírg ̀ g rglgps `g OA2% @ies di kgswrg aø hd hk~dhywg we rgoawrs ioorw

iw} ogepridgs pmgrkhywgs$ hd sg pri`whp ~ir weg arpg iwckgepiphae `gs

rglgps `w sxspíkg èdgoprhywg$ ywh saep kwdph~dhès ~ir ohey -oakkg di ~ra+`wophae ̀ ‘èdgoprhohpè pmgrkhywg :(% Dgs rglgps `g di oakbwsphae `g ~èpradg

gp `g ci| rgspgep$ oakkg ìes dgs soèeirhas iw jd `g d‘giw$ dècírgkgep

:% we ~ e ~re e rd$ ~ro y d‘ed ry oer e ry |$e or e Oa

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heèrhgwrs iw} rglgps `g 2>9>% Kihs iw papid$ dgs rglgps `g OA2 s‘èdízgep

î ?3> Kp% O‘gsp weg iwckgepiphae `g 3 ' ~ir ri~~arp î 2>9>% Ae

oaespipg `w rgspg ywg paws dgs ~ixs$ oakkg d‘Iddgkiceg aw d‘Hpidhg ~ir

g}gk~dg$ aø di ~irp `w ewodèihrg gsp ihbdg saep `gs ~ixs ywh ~ra`whsgep

weg èdgoprhohpè prís omircèg ge oirbaeg gp àep d‘èoaeakhg gsp bhge ~dwsoirbaeèg ywg di eðprg%

âwr di kìkg rihsae$ og soèeirha kirywg weg `èpèrhariphae `g d‘he+

`è~geìeog èegrcèphywg `w ~ixs% Dgs oakbwsphbdgs asshdgs ywh isswrgep

d‘gssgephgd `g di ~ra`wophae `‘èdgoprhohpè pmgrkhywg saep ge ggp paws

hk~arpès% Dg piw} ̀ ‘he`è~geìeog èegrcèphywg pakbg î 2: '$ ~rgsywg di

kahphè `g og yw‘hd èpihp ge 2>9>%

Kihs o‘gsp swrpawp ge kiphírg `g oaöps gp `g jeieogs ~wbdhywgs ywgdgs hk~dhoiphaes `w soèeirha `g `hs~irhphae `w ewodèihrg saep dgs ~dws

s~gopiowdihrgs% Dg oaöp `g di ~ra`wophae -pawlawrs `g di kìkg ywiephpè

`‘èdgoprhohpè < 707 PSm( ippghep 0= khddhir`s `‘gwras ~awr di sgwdg ieeèg

2>?>% O‘gsp ohey ahs dg oaöp `g di ~ra`wophae ge 2>9> gp prahs ahs dg

oaöp `g di ~ra`wophae ìes dg soèeirha ea 9$ aw sh d‘ae ~rèírg we swroaöp

ieewgd `g ?2 khddhir`s `‘gwras ~ir ri~~arp iw soèeirha ea 9% Dg ehzgiw

prís èdgzè `g og oaöp eg rgípg ~is sgwdgkgep di `hèrgeog geprg dg oaöp

`gs `hèrgepgs jdhírgs$ kihs bhge di `hèrgeog geprg dg oaöp `g aeophae+egkgep `w ewodèihrg -iwckgepè `gs oaöps `g rèeaziphae( gp dg oaöp papid

`gs iwprgs jdhírgs% Ibieàeegr dg ewodèihrg$ o‘gsp ibieàeegr `gs oge+

pridgs ge èpip ̀ g kiromg$ ywh ~ra`whsgep ̀ g d‘èdgoprhohpè iw} sgwds oaöps ̀ g

aeophaeegkgep gp `g rèeaziphae$ ~awr dgs rgk~diogr ~ir `gs ogepridgs

pmgrkhywgs aw èadhgeegs aw sadihrgs î orègr% _wr zhecp ies$ dg swroaöp `g

~ra`wophae -~ir ri~~arp iw soèeirha ea 9( ippghep ?97 khddhir`s `‘gwras$

ìes d‘mx~apmísg `‘weg kaepèg ge ~whssieog dheèihrg `g og ~racrikkg%Og swroaöp sg pri`whri sahp ~ir weg iwckgepiphae `w ~rh} `g d‘èdgoprh+

ohpè$ sahp ~ir weg oaeprhbwphae ̀ gs jeieogs ~wbdhywgs aw ̀ g d‘ge`gppgkgep$

sahp ~dws zrihsgkbdibdgkgep ~ir weg oakbheihsae `g ogs `gw} ggps% Hd

iwri ècidgkgep we hk~iop swr d‘gk~dah% Dg cdhssgkgep `w ewodèihrg zgrs

dg pmgrkhywg$ d‘èadhge gp dg sadihrg i èzh`gkkgep ~awr oaesèywgeog `g

`èprwhrg ̀ gs gk~dahs ̀ ies dg ewodèihrg gp ̀ ‘ge orègr ̀ ies dgs iwprgs arkgs

`‘èdgoprhohpè% Dgs 97> >>> gk~dahs `gs ogepridgs ewodèihrgs sgraep èdh+

kheès% _xkèprhywgkgep$ we eakbrg kid oaeew `‘gk~dahs sgri orèè ìesdg pmgrkhywg$ d‘èadhge aw dg sadihrg% Oak~pg pgew `g di ~irp oaesh`èribdg

`gs hk~arpiphaes ìes ogs arkgs `‘èdgoprhohpè$ ae ~gwp orihe`rg yw‘weg

crie`g ~irphg `g ogs gk~dahs sahp orèèg ge Omheg aw ge Iddgkiceg$ idars

ywg dgs gk~dahs ewodèihrgs `èprwhps saep ~rgsywg papidgkgep daoidhsès ge





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Jrieog% @g ~dws$ ae eg priesarkg ~is iohdgkgep we hecèehgwr ewodèihrg

ge we ~asgwr `g ~ieegiw} sadihrgs% Hd e‘gsp pawpgahs ~is hk~asshbdg ywg

dg sad`g `g ogs `gw} kawzgkgeps sxkèprhywgs sahp ihbdg%

Kihs d‘gssgephgd `g d‘hk~iop swr d‘gk~dah e‘gsp ~is dî% Hd gsp î omgromgr

`w oðpè ̀ g di ̀ hkhewphae ̀ g di ̀ gkie`g gecge`règ ~ir d‘iwckgepiphae ̀ w

oaöp `g d‘èdgoprhohpè% Dg swroaöp ieewgd `g ?2 khddhir`s `‘gwras zi `hkh+

ewgr ̀ ‘iwpiep dg rgzgew ̀ gs kèeicgs aw ̀ gs geprg~rhsgs% O‘gsp ̀ g d‘ircgep

ywh eg sgri ~is `è~gesè ihddgwrs$ ~ir g}gk~dg ìes d‘iomip `g dhzrgs aw

`g rg~is iw rgspiwriep$ gp ywh `èprwhri `gs gk~dahs ìes d‘he`wsprhg `w

dhzrg gp `g di rgspiwriphae% Oakbhge 1 Ae ge iwri weg h`èg ge ri~~ar+

piep dg eakbrg `‘gk~dahs ìes dg sgopgwr kiromie` î di oaesakkiphae

`gs kèeicgs% âwr omiywg khddhir` `è~gesè$ 93 >>> gk~dahs% Og omhrge‘gsp yw‘weg ~rgkhírg i~~ra}hkiphae% Hd oaezhge`rihp `g dg `hkhewgr ge

~rgeiep ge oak~pg dg ~ah`s `gs hk~arpiphaes ìes di oaesakkiphae `gs

kèeicgs$ gsphkè î 90 ' ìes we prís orè`hbdg ri~~arp `w _èeip -Iecgds

2>>8($ og ywh rè`whrihp ogppg ~grpg `‘gk~dahs î 90 :>>% Kihs$ î oðpè `g

ogp ggp+rgzgew$ hd iw`rihp ècidgkgep ~rge`rg ge oak~pg we ggp+~rh}

~awr dgs geprg~rhsgs$ eapikkgep ogddgs ywh saep crassgs oaesakkiprhogs

`‘èdgoprhohpè gp!aw g}~arpiprhogs% D‘iwckgepiphae ̀ w ~rh} ̀ g d‘èdgoprhohpè eg~gwp ywg rè`whrg di oak~èphphzhpè `gs geprg~rhsgs rieãihsgs gp `hkhewgr$

iw kahes î di kircg$ dgwr iophzhpè gp dgwr gk~dah% Ge d‘ibsgeog `‘èpw`gs

~dws i~~raae`hgs$ ae sg oaepgepgri `g ogppg ~rgkhírg i~~ra}hkiphae `g

93 >>> gk~dahs ~gr`ws ~ir khddhir` `g `è~gesgs èdhkheègs 3 < ?2 khd+

dhir`s `‘gwras ge kahes aep àeo 700 >>> gk~dahs ge kahes% O‘gsp we

ar`rg `g crie`gwr `w oaöp ge gk~dahs `g og soèeirha ea ?%

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‘r ~e e e orr~e$ e ~rír edx$ î 93 >>> ~d ee$ d rr ‘e oerd eråe d ~re ‘ezre 9? >>> ~d$ e ~d ~d e d oerd e ~d or e d oerd drez% D r+r ze+yr oerd eråe eo d ~re ‘ e ?>> >>> ~d%

Dg soèeirha ̀ g di `hs~irhphae ̀ w ewodèihrg i èzh`gkkgep iwssh we oaöp

ge pgrkgs ̀ g ~adhphywg he`wsprhgddg % Di Jrieog gsp we dgi`gr kae`hid ̀ ies

pawpg di jdhírg ewodèihrg$ `g d‘g}priophae `w khegrih iw rgprihpgkgep `gs

`èomgps% Gddg `hs~asg ìes ogppg he`wsprhg `g prís miwpg pgomeadachg `‘wesizahr+ihrg gp ̀ ‘weg g}~èrhgeog heècidès$ dircgkgep rgoaeews oakkg pgds

ìes dg kae`g gephgr% Dgs arkgs idpgreiphzgs `g ~ra`wophae `‘èdgoprhohpè

saep `gs iophzhpès î zidgwr ilawpèg bhge kahe`rg% @w ~ahep `g zwg `g

di ~adhphywg he`wsprhgddg `g di Jrieog$ d‘ibieàe `w ewodèihrg rgzhgep î

dâomgr di ~rahg ~awr d‘akbrg%

_oèeirha ea 0$ rgprihp ~irphgd `w ewodèihrg

Dg pibdgiw 9 i ~rèsgepè dgs àeeègs `‘we pgd soèeirha% Ae i hkicheè

~awr 2>?> weg rè`wophae î 7> ' `g di ~irp `w ewodèihrg ìes di ~ra+

`wophae ̀ ‘èdgoprhohpè% Og ablgoph oarrgs~ae` î di ~ra~ashphae ̀ g Jrieãahs

Maddie`g$ ywh zhsg î ippghe`rg ogp ablgoph ge 2>27$ ~is ge 2>?>$ kihs

oakkg eaws izaes sw~~asè weg ~ra`wophae oaespiepg gp ywg eaws rih+

saeeaes ge oaöps ieewgds$ ogppg `hèrgeog `‘marh|ae e‘i ~is `‘hk~ar+

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gk~dahs `g ~dws% Kihs dgs hk~iops ge pgrkgs `g OA2

aw `‘he`è~geìeog

èegrcèphywg saep ~riphywgkgep h`gephywgs%

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~dws hk~arpiep%

r ~í

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`‘weg `gkie`g gp `‘weg ~ra`wophae `‘èdgoprhohpè oaespiepg -`g 707

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kgepiphae ka`èrèg `g 97 ' -:23 PSm($ ge dhceg izgo dgs ~rèzhshaes `g

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AEC iephewodèihrg rieãihsg$ sg `hsphecwgep ~ir di ~rèsgeog `g àeeègs

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Ogppg pri`wophae sawdízg `gw} `hjowdpès% Di ~rgkhírg gsp ywg dgs

àeeègs rgdiphzgs î d‘èegrchg eae èdgoprhywg àeeègs ge PSm ìes dgs

àowkgeps `g eèciSipp àhzgep ìprg pri`whpgs ge Kpg~ ije `‘ìprg oak+

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soèeirha i~~iriåp g}prìkgkgep sè`whsiep% Hd arg pawpgs dgs ciriephgs

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Hd rè`whp î ~gw `g omasg dgs rglgps `g OA2 $ ~whsyw‘hd sw~~rhkg oak~dí+pgkgep d‘èdgoprhohpè pmgrkhywg ihesh ywg d‘wsicg `hrgop `g oakbwsphbdgs

asshdgs% Hd gsp ècidgkgep ~irihp `w ~ahep `g d‘he`è~geìeog èegrcèphywg$

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Di ywgsphae gsp `g sizahr sh og soèeirha gsp bhge ~diwshbdg$ `w ~ahep `g

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wsicgs eae èdgoprhywgs$ we rgoawrs kissh -=? '( î di bhakissg gp iw

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sadihrg% G}ikheaes àeo ogs prahs oak~asiepgs%

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`‘èegrchg eae èdgoprhywg gp èdgoprhywg% Dgs omhrgs `w pibdgiw sg ri~~ar+

pgep î di oaesakkiphae `g d‘gesgkbdg `g di Jrieog$ àep di ~a~wdiphae

zi oraåprg ̀ ‘gezhrae 2> ' ̀ ‘hoh î 2>?> -gp ̀ g ~dws ̀ g 0> ' ̀ ‘hoh î 2>7>( 6

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prís `èshribdgs$ kihs saep+gddgs ~diwshbdgs 1 Dg soèeirha dgs `èodheg sgdae

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@gs `hkhewphaes `g di oaesakkiphae `‘èegrchg `g ogppg ik~dgwr saep

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he`wsprhgs saep àeo `èlî sawkhs î `g oaespiepgs gp arpgs heohpiphaes î

rè`whrg dgwrs oaesakkiphaes% Darsyw‘weg eawzgddg pgomeadachg ~grkgp+

piep `g rè`whrg di oaesakkiphae `‘èegrchg i~~iriåp$ kèeicgs gp he`ws+

prhgs aep `g baeegs rihsaes `g d‘ià~pgr ‟ siw sh d‘hezgsphssgkgep rgywhs

gsp ~dws èdgzè ywg dg kaepiep owkwdè `gs bèeèjogs `g ogppg eawzgddg

pgomeadachg% Ywg ogs kèoiehskgs `g kiromè aeophaeegep gsp ippgspè ~ir

ogep g}gk~dgs% Dg ~dws oaeew gsp ~gwp+ìprg d‘hk~iop ywg dgs pi}gs swr

dgs oirbwrieps aep swr di oaesakkiphae `gs zèmhowdgs < iw} Èpips+Wehs$

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dg oaöp `gs oirbwrieps% @ies dgs geprg~rhsgs$ `gs ywapis eècaohibdgs `g

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geoarg dgs ~raogssws `‘èoaeakhgs `‘èegrchg% Dg Crgegddg `g d‘gezhraeeg+kgep oak~pg `gs àw|ihegs `g kèoiehskgs `g og px~g%

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gsphkgep ywg di ~irp `g ogs sawrogs eg ~gwp ge iwowe ois `è~issgr ?7 '

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rgoawrs ioorw iw oakkgrog g}pèrhgwr `‘èdgoprhohpè ywg rè~rawzg eèciSipp%

@ies ogs oae`hphaes$ hd gsp î ~gheg wphdg `g omhrgr dg oaöp `g di ~ra`wophae

`g 2?> PSm èadhges gp sadihrgs < gddg gsp ̀ w kìkg ar`rg ̀ g crie`gwr ywg dg

oaöp `w rgprihp papid `w ewodèihrg$ ywh hk~dhywihp weg ~ra`wophae hepgrkhp+pgepg `g 298 PSm < gezhrae :> khddhir`s `‘gwras ge 2>?>%

=% ae ze odde e Jreo 0> dde ír 6 e d~doe ~r ze+oey eer 9 ddr ír%

8% D rì r~ree odde ?: ' d ~ro d Jreo%





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Dg `èzgda~~gkgep `g di zahpwrg èdgoprhywg

Î `hrg zrih$ dg `èzgda~~gkgep `g di zahpwrg èdgoprhywg$ ywh ihp ~irphg `w

soèeirha `g eèciSipp$ e‘ge gsp ~is weg oak~asiepg gssgephgddg% Kihs og

`èzgda~~gkgep gsp iwssh arpgkgep sawmihpè ~ir bgiwoaw~ `‘hesphpwphaes$`‘geprg~rhsgs$ ̀ ‘AEC$ ̀ g ohpaxges$ gp kèrhpg `‘ìprg brhízgkgep g}ikheè hoh%

_w~~asaes ywg dg ~iro `g zèmhowdgs èdgoprhywgs ippghceg 9> ' `w

~iro `g zahpwrgs ~irphowdhírgs ge 2>?>% O‘gsp dî weg mx~apmísg prís a~ph+

khspg$ ywh oarrgs~ae` iw ~ahep miwp `g di awromgppg ywg sg `aeegep

dgs oaesprwopgwrs% Ogw}+oh eg zahgep di zahpwrg èdgoprhywg ywg oakkg we

zèmhowdg `g ehomg$ ogdwh `gs zèmhowdgs ywh eg aep ~is `g crie`s prilgps$

kihs ywh rawdgep og~ge`iep bgiwoaw~ ~ir ie% Ywgddgs saep dgs hk~dhoi+

phaes èegrcèphywgs `g ogppg mx~apmísg 1 Ae ~gwp ge h`gephjgr ywiprg%Di ~rgkhírg gsp weg rè`wophae issg| ihbdg `g di oaesakkiphae `g

oirbwrieps% _h dgs ? khddhaes `g zahpwrgs èdgoprhywgs wphdhsègs ge 2>?> sg

swbsphpwihgep î ? khddhaes ̀ g zahpwrgs iw ci|adg oaesakkiep 7 dhprgs iw}

9>> fhdakíprgs$ hd ge rèswdpgrihp weg èoaeakhg `g oirbwrieps `‘gezhrae

9$= K ̀ g pg~$ sahp 2$: ' ̀ g di oaesakkiphae ̀ g oirbwrieps ~rèzwg ̀ ies

dg soèeirha iw jd `g d‘giw%

Di sgoae`g gsp weg iwckgepiphae ‟ ihbdg ‟ ̀ g di oaesakkiphae ̀ ‘èdgoprh+

ohpè% We zèmhowdg èdgoprhywg oaesakkg gezhrae 2> FSm iw} 9>> fhdakíprgs%

Prahs khddhaes `g zèmhowdgs rawdiep 9> >>> fhdakíprgs ~ir ie oaesakkg+

rihgep gezhrae : PSm ~ir ie% O‘gsp we ~gw ~dws ̀ g 9 ' ̀ g di oaesakkiphae

~rèzwg ~awr 2>?>% Dg ̀ èzgda~~gkgep ̀ g di zahpwrg èdgoprhywg eg ~asg ~is ̀ g

~rabdíkg sèrhgw} iw sxspíkg ̀ g ~ra`wophae ̀ ‘èdgoprhohpè%

Di prahshíkg gsp weg rè`wophae ècidgkgep prís ihbdg ̀ gs rglgps ̀ g OA2%

Ogppg rè`wophae `è~ge` `hrgopgkgep `w oaepgew ge OA2

`g d‘èdgoprhohpè

wphdhsèg ~awr rgomircgr dgs bippgrhgs% @ies `gs ~ixs oakkg di Omheg$ ywhrglgppgep bgiwoaw~ ̀ g OA

2~ir fhdaippmgwrg ~ra`whp$ di zahpwrg èdgoprhywg

rglgppg iwpiep aw ̀ iziepicg ̀ g OA2ywg di zahpwrg odisshywg% Og e‘gsp ~is

dg ois ge Jrieog$ crâog î d‘èdgoprhohpè ewodèihrg% Ge Jrieog$ we zèmhowdg

èdgoprhywg rglgppg gezhrae >$2 pOA2 !ie$ gp rgk~diog we zèmhowdg odisshywg

ywh rglgppg -aw rglgppgrihp( 9$? pOA2 !ie% Dg cihe gsp `g >$8 pOA2 ! ie ~ir

zèmhowdg$ sahp ~awr ? khddhaes ̀ g zèmhowdgs we ~gw kahes ̀ g ? khddhaes ̀ g

paeegs OA2$ sahp >$3 ' `gs rglgps `g OA2 `g di Jrieog% Dg rgk~diogkgep

`g d‘èdgoprhohpè ewodèihrg ~ir ̀ g d‘èdgoprhohpè pmgrkhywg -ywh e‘gsp ~is gezh+

sicè ~ir eèciSipp( `hkhewgrihp sgeshbdgkgep og rèswdpip%

Dg ywiprhíkg gsp dg oaöp ~awr dgs jeieogs ~wbdhywgs ̀ g og omiecgkgep%

Dg zèmhowdg èdgoprhywg gsp bhge ~dws oaöpgw} ywg dg zèmhowdg odisshywg$ î



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d‘iomip oakkg î d‘wsicg% Di `hèrgeog zirhg ge aeophae `g eakbrgw}

iopgwrs$ oakkg dg ~rh} `gs oirbwrieps$ dg kaepiep `gs pi}gs swr dgs

oirbwrieps$ dg ~rh} `g d‘èdgoprhohpè$ dg ~rh} `gs bippgrhgs$ gpo%$ èdèkgeps

ywh saep gw}+kìkgs swsog~phbdgs `g zirhgr ìes dg pgk~s% D‘we `g eas

priziw} -^rw`‘makkg 2>9>( awrehp weg ieidxsg `èpihddèg `g d‘hk~iop`gs zidgwrs iopwgddgs `g ogs ~irikíprgs gp `g dgwrs èzadwphaes ~asshbdgs

ìes dg pgk~s% Hd ge rèswdpg ywg$ swr dgs ywhe|g ies ̀ g di ̀ wrèg ̀ g zhg ̀ ‘we

zèmhowdg$ ogppg `hèrgeog gsp iopwgddgkgep `‘gezhrae 92 >>> gwras ~ir

zèmhowdg% Og omhrg zirhg issg| ~gw izgo dgs omiecgkgeps `g ~irikíprgs

~diwshbdgs ìes dgs ieeègs î zgehr% Dg zèmhowdg èdgoprhywg eg sg `èzgda~+

~gri shcehjoiphzgkgep ywg sh weg swbzgephae ~wbdhywg `‘we kaepiep

zahshe giog dg swroaöp ~awr dg oaesakkipgwr `‘we zèmhowdg èdgoprhywg%Ae rgphge`ri weg swbzgephae wehpihrg `g 9> >>> gwras% We ~iro `g ?

khddhaes `g zèmhowdgs èdgoprhywg hk~dhywg weg swbzgephae owkwdèg `‘ge+

zhrae ?> khddhir`s `‘gwras% Ogppg gsphkiphae eg oak~pg eh di swbzgephae

hk~dhohpg `g di ~grpg `g rgogppgs `g d‘hk~ðp swr dgs oirbwrieps -gezhrae =

khddhir`s($ eh dgs hezgsphssgkgeps eèogssihrgs ~awr orègr `gs khddhgrs aw

`gs `h|ihegs `g khddhgrs `g baregs `g rgomircgkgep%

pb ? < O~re ~d oer

soèeirh < 2>9> Jhd `g d‘giw Rgrih ewodèihrg EèiSiewodèihrg crgegddg id ~irhgd

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he`è~geìeg 08 ' 77 ' 73 ' 2: ' 0= ' 87 '

oöp ~`wpe 2>?> -c₤( 9> 9: 2= 0= ?0 0=

oöp ezgp% 2>9>+?>-c₤( ‟ => 9=: 029 283 029

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Zi% g~d!% -9( -F( ‟ ‟ + 2>0 + 700 + ?>: + 700

s < c₤ ; ddr ‘r% F ; ddr% k ; dde ee% ^r d rl Oa2 d‘e~eeo ery$ d oö ~roe$ d ojr oer orzed e 2>?>% ^r d eze d ojr orze d ~e ~r d ~r2>9>+?>% ^r d or$ ; or -‘e eír bloz( d ez or od$ &&e r dre$ & e bd dre%





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Oak~irihsae `gs soèeirhas

Dg pibdgiw ? ~rèsgepg `‘weg iãae shk~dhjèg gp sxea~phywg dgs ~rheoh~iw}

gesghcegkgeps `g eaprg ieidxsg `gs ~adhphywgs aw `gs soèeirhas gezhsi+

cgibdgs%

Dgs ywiprg ~rgkhgrs soèeirhas ~gwzgep ìprg oak~irès geprg gw}$ kihs

~is zrihkgep izgo dg `grehgr$ dg soèeirha eèciSipp$ ywh sg rgprawzg ge

ywgdywg sarpg mars oaeoawrs% Og `grehgr soèeirha gsp bgiw -hd gsp ~irihp

`w prh~dg ~ahep `g zwg `g di sèowrhpè$ `gs rglgps `g OA2 gp `g d‘he`è~ge+

ìeog èegrcèphywg($ kihs ‟ mèdis ) ‟ pra~ bgiw ~awr ìprg zrih% _ae oaöp

èoaeakhywg sgrihp ~mirikhegw}$ sae ~ah`s swr dgs jeieogs ~wbdhywgs

hesawpgeibdg% Kihs$ swrpawp$ og soèeirha e‘gsp ~is ~diwshbdg$ ̀ w kahes ged‘èpip iopwgd `g di pgomeadachg% Dgs ywiprg iwprgs soèeirhas$ ge rgzieomg$

saep `gs a~phaes gezhsicgibdgs% Dg odissgkgep `g ogs soèeirhas gsp î ~gw

~rís dg kìkg sgdae dgs orhpírgs `g rglgps `g OA2$ `‘he`è~geìeog èegrcè+

phywg$ `g oaöp èoaeakhywg$ gp `‘hezgsphssgkgeps <

Ewodèihrg 5 Crgegddg 5 Rgprihp ewodèihrg ~irphgd

5 Rgprihp ewodèihrg papid

_h d‘ae oaesh`írg ywg dg rhsywg ewodèihrg gsp oaeprðdibdg gp oaeprðdè$

dgs `gw} ~rgkhgrs soèeirhas saep dgs kghddgwrs% Hds kirywgep we ~racrís

~ir ri~~arp î di shpwiphae `g 2>9>% Di `hèrgeog geprg dg soèeirha `hp `w

ewodèihrg gp dg soèeirha Crgegddg rèsh`g ìes d‘hk~arpieog `g d‘èdgoprhohpè

sadihrg gp èadhgeeg < kwdph~dhèg ~ir egw ̀ ies dg ois ̀ g Crgegddg$ oaespiepg

ìes dg ois `w soèeirha `w ewodèihrg% Ogppg `hèrgeog i we oaöp% Dg soè+eirha `w ewodèihrg hk~dhywg `gs hezgsphssgkgeps `g => khddhir`s `‘gwras

swr di ~èrha`g oaesh`èrèg$ Crgegddg ̀ gs hezgsphssgkgeps ̀ g 98> khddhir`s 6

dg ~rgkhgr soèeirha hk~dhywg we swroaöp ̀ g : khddhir`s ~ir ie ~ir i~~arp

î iwlawr`‘mwh$ dg sgoae` we swroaöp ̀ g 9= khddhir`s 6 dg ~rgkhgr hk~dhywg

-`w ihp `gs `è~gesgs `g rèeaziphae( di ~grpg `g 9>> >>> gk~dahs$ dg

sgoae` ogddg `g ?>> >>> gk~dahs% Ae ~gwp ogrpihegkgep ~rèèrgr di kwd+

ph~dhoiphae ~ir egw `g d‘èdgoprhohpè èadhgeeg gp sadihrg î di spiceiphae `g

og px~g `‘èdgoprhohpè î sae ehzgiw iopwgd$ kihs hd iwp sizahr ywg ogppg~rèèrgeog hk~dhywg weg iwckgepiphae `gs hezgsphssgkgeps èegrcèphywg

`g ~rís `g 9>> khddhir`s$ weg ~grpg `g ~awzahr `‘iomip `g 92 khddhir`s

~ir ie gp di `gsprwophae `‘gezhrae 2>> >>> gk~dahs%



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_h d‘ae oaesh`írg$ î d‘iddgkie`g$ ywg dg rhsywg ewodèihrg gsp hepadèribdg$

ae sg pawregri zgrs dgs `gw} iwprgs soèeirhas% Dg ~dws riphaeegd gsp ìes

ogppg mx~apmísg ogdwh `w rgprihp papid$ sgwd oi~ibdg `‘èdhkhegr og rhsywg%

Kihs hd iwp sizahr ywg og soèeirha gsp dg ~hrg sgdae paws dgs iwprgs orh+

pírgs -iwprg ywg dg orhpírg `g sèowrhpè( < hd ywhepw~dg dgs rglgps `g OA2 `w sxspíkg èdgoprhywg$ `hkhewg ~ir `gw} d‘he`è~geìeog èegrcèphywg gp$

swrpawp$ hk~dhywg `gs hezgsphssgkgeps ywg d‘ae i èzidwès î ~dws :7> khd+

dhir`s `‘gwras$ weg ~grpg `g ~awzahr `‘iomip ieewgd `g ?2 khddhir`s ~ir

ie ‟ gezhrae ? ' `g di oaesakkiphae `gs kèeicgs ‟ gp di `gsprwophae

`‘gezhrae :7> >>> gk~dahs%

Dg soèeirha `w rgprihp ~irphgd `w ewodèihrg `hkhewg paws ogs heoae+

zèehgeps < dgs hezgsphssgkgeps yw‘hd hk~dhywg s‘èdízgep sgwdgkgep ‟ shd‘ae asg `hrg ‟ î ?>> khddhir`s `‘gwras gp dgs `gsprwophaes `‘gk~dahs î

0>> >>>% Kihs$ `‘we iwprg oðpè$ dg rgprihp ~irphgd `w ewodèihrg e‘èdhkheg

~is zèrhpibdgkgep dg rhsywg ewodèihrg gp `gzrihp$ ge baeeg dachywg$ ìprg

heioog~pibdg ~awr ogw} ywh oaesh`írgep og rhsywg oakkg hepadèribdg%

oaeodwshae

Di ywgsphae ~asèg èpihp < oakkgep rè~ae`rg ge Jrieog î di `gkie`g

`‘èegrchg 1 Iw jeid$ di rè~aesg hk~dhywg `gs lwcgkgeps ~adhphywgs gp

kìkg èpmhywgs$ gp àhp ìprg ihpg ~ir `gs ~adhphywgs% Kihs gddg àhp ìprg

ihpg swr di bisg `‘ieidxsgs pgomehywgs gp èoaeakhywgs sèrhgwsgs% Orhgr¦ omah} ~adhphywg$ omah} ~adhphywg ¶ eg ~gwp ~is ìprg weg iãae `g ihrg

d‘hk~issg swr ogs ieidxsgs pgomehywgs gp èoaeakhywgs% Ywh `hp omah} `hp

omah} geprg `hèrgepgs ~adhphywgs aw `hzgrs soèeirhas$ ywh aep omiowe

`gs iziepicgs gp `gs heoaezèehgeps$ gp ae eg ~gwp ~is omahshr sies izahr

èzidwè$ saw~gsè gp$ sh ~asshbdg$ kgswrè ogs iziepicgs gp ogs heoaezèehgeps%

Dgs omah} ggopwès iw rgcir` `‘weg sgwdg `hkgeshae$ yw‘hd s‘ichssg `w

sgwd oaöp èoaeakhywg aw `g di sgwdg sèowrhpè$ `gs sgwds rglgps `g OA2 aw

`g di sgwdg he`è~geìeog èegrcèphywg$ saep ̀ gs omah} bahpgw} aw kxa~gs%Ogppg èpw`g s‘gsp èzh`gkkgep aoidhsèg swr dgs aeìkgepiw} pgom+

ehywgs gp èoaeakhywgs `g di ywgsphae ~asèg% Hds saep kidmgwrgwsgkgep

oak~dg}gs% Ae i gssixè `g dgs shk~dhjgr gp `g dgs odirhjgr ge g}ikheiep

~dwshgwrs soèeirhas ~dws aw kahes ~diwshbdgs$ gp ge dg ihsiep iw rgcir` ̀ g





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ohey `hkgeshaes aw orhpírgs `g omah} < di sèowrhpè$ dgs rglgps `g OA2$ d‘he+

`è~geìeog èegrcèphywg$ dg oaöp èoaeakhywg$ d‘hk~iop swr dgs jeieogs

~wbdhywgs% Ogs ohey orhpírgs saep gssgephgds$ iwowe e‘gsp `hrhkiep$ gp hds

àhzgep paws ìprg ~rhs ge oak~pg% Dg àkiheg oaesh`èrè gsp kidmgwrgw+

sgkgep we àkiheg aø dgs sgephkgeps$ dgs i ~rharh$ dgs rìzgs$ ~irdgep saw+zgep ~dws miwp ywg dgs ircwkgeps rihsaeeès% O‘gsp ~awrywah ae i gssixè$

ìes di kgswrg `w ~asshbdg$ `g ywiephjgr dgs hk~iops h`gephjès% Gp `g dg

ihrg ge ~irpiep `g àeeègs ajohgddgs$ `g ~rèèrgeog hepgreiphaeidgs$ ge

he`hywiep sahcegwsgkgep dgs sawrogs$ dg ois èomèiep dgs mx~apmísgs wphdh+

sègs$ ihesh ywg dgs oidowds ggopwès -`g iãae î ~grkgpprg iw dgopgwr ywh dg

sawmihpgrihp `g rgihrg dgs oidowds aw kìkg `‘ge ihrg `‘iwprgs(%

D‘g}grohog eg ~rèpge` ewddgkgep î d‘g}miwsphzhpè% Dg sawoh `g shk~dh+ohpè eaws i oae`whp î eècdhcgr ogrpihes is~gops$ oakkg ~ir g}gk~dg di

cèapmgrkhg$ dgs ~ak~gs î omidgwr aw dgs bhaoirbwrieps$ àep d‘hepèrìp gsp

~awrpiep bhge règd% @‘iwprgs orhpírgs ̀ ‘èzidwiphae$ oakkg ~ir g}gk~dg dgs

hk~iops `gs ~adhphywgs swr d‘he`wsprhg eiphaeidg$ ~awrrihgep ìprg ilawpès

î eaprg dhspg rè`whpg% Dgs omhrgs gsphkès hk~dhywgep `gs mx~apmísgs ogr+

pihegkgep orhphywibdgs% D‘iddaoiphae ̀ g d‘èdgoprhohpè hepgrkhppgepg ~ir phgrs

geprg èadhge pgrrgsprg$ èadhge kirhphkg gp sadihrg$ ~ir g}gk~dg$ gsp dircg+

kgep irbhprihrg 9>% Geje$ dgs soèeirhas g}ikheès saep èpibdhs swr di bisg`gs pgomeadachgs g}hspiepgs% @gs izieoègs pgomeadachywgs kilgwrgs$ pgddgs

ywg dg spaoficg `g d‘èdgoprhohpè$ di wshae ewodèihrg aw ogddgs ywh saep èza+

ywègs ~dws miwp saws d‘hephpwdè ¦ raephírgs pgomeadachywgs ¶$ kihs àep

di `hs~aehbhdhpè aw dg oaöp saep iopwgddgkgep heoaeews$ bawdgzgrsgrihgep

di àeeg%

Hd s‘geswhp$ bhge gepge`w$ ywg ogppg èpw`g eg rè~ae` ~is î di ywgsphae

~asèg% Ae gs~írg ywg dgs hearkiphaes gp dgs ieidxsgs hoh ~ra~asègs ~awr+raep eèiekahes oaeprhbwgr iw ̀ èbip gp ih`gr dgs rgs~aesibdgs ~adhphywgs î

omahshr di kahes kiwzihsg ~adhphywg èegrcèphywg ~asshbdg ~awr di Jrieog%

9>% ae oer e ~ íd er y ~r ododr ode o y ~ zo ‘rx~í 6 e ~ d ~rorr ~rí d‘r%



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rèèrgeogs

IHG+AO@G 2>9>IHG gp AO@G$ Oaöps ~rèzhshaeegds `g ~ra`wophae `g d‘èdgoprhohpè 2>9>$ AO@G$2>9>$ ?27 ~%

Iecgds 2>>8Iecgds -Bgreir`($ Di rgdiphae geprg oaesakkiphae `gs kèeicgs gp hk~arpiphaes <rgdieogr di oaesakkiphae ~awr rgdieogr di orahssieog 1$ ri~~arp ̀ ‘hearkiphae ̀ w

_èeip$ ea 9:8$ liezhgr 2>>8%

OC@@ 2>9>OC@@$ ^rh} `g d‘èegrchg `ies d‘Wehae gwra~ègeeg ge 2>>8$ 8 liezhgr 2>9>$ 3 ~%

OC@@ 2>99iOC@@$ Omhjjrgs+odès `g d‘èegrchg$ è`hphae 2>99$ 0> ~%

OC@@ 2>99b

OC@@$ Omhjjrgs+odès `w odhkip Jrieog$ è`hphae 2>99% 20 ~% -eg `aeeg ~is `gomhrgs ~aspèrhgwrs î 2>>3(%

OC@@ 2>99oOC@@$ Dg Bhdie èegrcèphywg `g di Jrieog ge 2>9>$ lwhddgp 2>99$ 30 ~%

HGI 2>9>HGI$ Fgx Sard` Gegrcx _piphsphos$ =2 ~%

HGI 2>9>b

HGI$ OA2 Gkhsshaes jrak Jwgd Oakbwsphae$ 9?> ~%

HGI+AGO@ 2>9>HGI gp AGO@$ ^ralgopg` oasps aj Cgegriphec Gdgoprhohpx 2>9> g`hphae% 297 ~%

EèciSipp 2>99Issaohiphae eèciSipp$ _oèeirha eèciSipp 2>99$ 2>99$ 2= ~%

AO@G 2>99RPG$ Èpw`gs èoaeakhywgs `g d‘AO@G < Jrieog$ 2>99$ 93: ~%

2>9>^rw`‘makkg -Rèkx($ Dg rgowd `g di kabhdhpè wrbiheg ge Jrieog$ Pries~arp $E¾ 0:?% _g~pgkbrg + aopabrg 2>9>% ~%~ ?9>+?97%



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RPG 2>99iRPG$ Dg Bhdie èegrcèphywg rieãihs 2>9>$ 2>99$ 20 ~%

RPG% 2>99bRPG$ Bhdie ~rèzhshaeegd ̀ g d‘èywhdhbrg ajjrg+`gkie`g ̀ ‘èdgoprhohpè ge Jrieog$2>9>$ 900 ~%

RPG 2>99oRPG$ _piphsphywgs ̀ g d‘èegrchg èdgoprhywg ge Jrieog$ 2>9>$ ?2 ~%

_xrapi 2>>=_xrapi -Lgie($ ^grs~gophzgs èegrcèphywg `g di Jrieog î d‘marh|ae 2>2>+2>7>% ?2:~% Ri~~arp ̀ ‘weg oakkhsshae ̀ w Ogeprg ̀ ‘ieidxsg spripèchywg%

_xrapi 2>>9_xrapi -Lgie($ Di zahpwrg `g `gkihe < oirbwrieps gp èdgoprhohpè$ 27= ~% Ri~~arp`‘weg oakkhsshae ̀ w Ogeprg ̀ ‘ieidxsg spripèchywg%





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ioraexkgs gp riphas wphdhsès

IHG < Icgeog hepgreiphaeidg ̀ g d‘èegrchg

OC@@ < Oakkhssirhip cèeèrid iw `èzgda~~gkgep `wribdg

G@J < Èdgoprhohpè ̀ g Jrieog

HGI < Hepgreiphaeid Gegrcx Icgeox -icgeog hepgreiphaeidg ̀ g d‘èegrchg(

RPG < Rèsgiw ̀ g pries~arp ̀ ‘èdgoprhohpè

HPGR < Hepgreiphaeid Pmgrkaewodgir G}~grhkgepid Rgiopar -rèiopgwr

pmgrkaewodèihrg g}~èrhkgepid hepgreiphaeid(

PH^^ < Pi}g hepèrhgwrg swr dgs ~ra`whps ~èpradhgrs

OA2 < `ha}x`g `g oirbaegEA} < a}x`gs ̀ ‘i|apg

pg~ < paeeg+èywhzidgep ~èpradg

S < ipp -wehpè `g ~whssieog(

Sm < ippmgwrg -wehpè ̀ g ~ra`wophae(

F ; khddhgr ; 9>?

K ; kèci ; khddhae ; 9>:

C ; chci ; khddhir` ; 9>8

P ; pèri ; 9 >>> khddhir`s ; 9>92



Î dorr re îoer, r d d Je~d$%~%

, 9> ₤ -jrihs `g ~arp oak~rhs(



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âdhphywg èegrcèphywg rieãihsg -9( < dgs gelgw} Rèkx ^rw`‘makkg$ liezhgr 2>92$ 0= ~icgs

Rèzadwphae `gs zidgwrs gp kae`hidhsiphaeDwo Jgrrx$ liezhgr 2>92$ 0> ~icgs

Ywgd izgehr ~awr di saohid+`èkaoriphg ge Gwra~g 1_hr _pwirp Bgdd$ `èogkbrg 2>99$ ?: ~icgs

Di rècwdiphae ~ragsshaeegddg < `gs rícdgs eae èpiphywgs ~awr khgw} rgs~aesibhdhsgr Lgie+^hgrrg Pgxsshgr$ `èogkbrg 2>99$ ?: ~icgs

D‘mas~hpidhpè < weg èpmhywg `w saheGkkiewgd Mhrsom$ `èogkbrg 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs

92 h`ègs ~awr 2>92Jaeìphae ~awr d‘heeaziphae ~adhphywg$ `èogkbrg 2>99$ 99> ~icgs

Dgs odissgs kaxgeegs gp dg dacgkgep

Lwdhge @ikae$ `èogkbrg 2>99$ 0> ~icgs

Rèarkgr di siepè < prahs ~ra~ashphaesEhoadis Baw|aw$ eazgkbrg 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs

Dg eawzgiw îrdgkgep < di rèzhshae `w 2? lwhddgp 2>>= Lgie+Jèdh} `g Bwliàw}$ eazgkbrg 2>99$ 0> ~icgs

Di rgs~aesibhdhpèIdihe+Cèrir` _diki$ eazgkbrg 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs

Dg zapg `gs odissgs kaxgeegsÈdhsibgpm @w~ahrhgr$ eazgkbrg 2>99$ 0> ~icgs

Di oak~èphphzhpè ~ir di ywidhpèGkkiewgd Oakbg gp Lgie+Dawhs Kwoomhgddh$ aopabrg 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs

eas `grehÍrgs ^wBdhoiphaes



?0

Dgs odissgs kaxgeegs gp dg orè`hpEhoadis ^èoawrp$ aopabrg 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs

ârprihp `gs odissgs kaxgeegsDiwrg Baeegzid$ Lèrðkg Jawrywgp$ Jibhgeeg Cakiep$ aopabrg 2>99$ ?: ~icgs

Karidg$ èpmhywg$ `èaepadachgKhomgd Kigsadh$ aopabrg 2>99$ 0> ~icgs

_arphr ̀ w oakkwehskg$ omiecgr ̀ ‘è~aywg_pè~mieg Oawrpahs -`hr%($ ^WJ$ aopabrg 2>99$ :32 ~icgs

Di lgwegssg `w kae`g@akhehywg Rgxehè -`hr%($ È`hphaes Dhcegs `g Rg~írgs$ sg~pgkbrg 2>99$ 9?2 ~icgs

âwzahr `‘iomip < weg ~adhphywgGkkiewgd Oakbg$ sg~pgkbrg 2>99$ 72 ~icgs

Di dhbgrpè rgdhchgwsgMgerh Ki`gdhe$ sg~pgkbrg 2>99$ ?: ~icgs

Rè`whrg eaprg `gppg ~wbdhywg Lgie+Kiro @iehgd$ sg~pgkbrg 2>99$ 0> ~icgs

Èoadachg gp dhbèridhskgOarheg ^gddwomae$ iaöp 2>99$ 0> ~icgs

Zidarhsgr dgs kaewkgeps mhsparhywgs < `g eawzgddgs spripèchgsSdi`hkhr Khpraiea gp Omrhsphieg _omkwofdg+Kaddir`$ lwhddgp 2>99$ 2= ~icgs

Oaepgspgr dgs pgomeasohgeogs < dgwrs rihsaesG``x Jawchgr$ lwhddgp 2>99$ 0> ~icgs

Oaepgspgr dgs pgomeasohgeogs < dgwrs rèsgiw}

_xdzihe Bawdawywg$ lwhddgp 2>99$ ?: ~icgs

Di ripgrehpèîwd Pmhbiw`$ lwhe 2>99$ ?: ~icgs

Di priesarkiphae ewkèrhywg iw sgrzhog `g di orahssieog Lgie+^hgrrg Oarehaw$ lwhe 2>99$ 72 ~icgs

D‘gecicgkgep@akhehywg _omei~~gr$ lwhe 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs

Dhbgrpè$ Ècidhpè$ JripgrehpèIe`rè Cdwofskiee$ kih 2>99$ ?: ~icgs

Ywgddg he`wsprhg ~awr di `ègesg rieãihsg 1Cwhddiwkg Dicieg$ kih 2>99$ 2: ~icgs



?7

Di rgdhchae ìes dgs iihrgs < di rgs~aesibhdhpè saohidg `g d‘geprg~rhsgIwrèdhge Ioywhgr$ Lgie+îsoid Cae`$ Lioywgs Hcidges$ kih 2>99$ 00 ~icgs

Di rgdhchae ìes dgs iihrgs < di jeieog hsdikhywgDhdi Cwgrkis+_ixgcm$ kih 2>99$ ?: ~icgs

Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 D‘Iddgkicegîprhof Kargiw$ izrhd 2>99$ 7: ~icgs

Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 Di _daziywhgÈphgeeg Bahssgrhg$ izrhd 2>99$ 0> ~icgs

Ywh `èphgep di `gppg ~wbdhywg 1Cwhddiwkg Dgrax$ izrhd 2>99$ ?: ~icgs

Dg ~rheoh~g `g ~rèoiwphae ìes dg kae`gEhoadis `g _i`gdggr$ kirs 2>99$ ?: ~icgs

Oak~rge`rg dg Pgi îrpxMgerh Mw`g$ kirs 2>99$ 0> ~icgs

Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 Dgs îxs+BisEhgf îs$ kirs 2>99$ ?: ~icgs

^ra`wophzhpè icrhoadg gp ywidhpè `gs giw} Cèrir` Karhog$ kirs 2>99$ 00 ~icgs

D‘Giw < `w zadwkg î di zidgwr Lgie+Dawhs Omiwssi`g$ kirs 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs

Giw < oakkgep prihpgr dgs khora~addwieps 1^mhdh~~g Mirpgkiee$ kirs 2>99$ ?= ~icgs

Giw < `èjs kae`hiw}$ ~grs~gophzgs rieãihsgs

Cèrir` îxge$ kirs 2>99$ :2 ~icgs

D‘hrrhciphae ~awr weg icrhowdpwrg `wribdg Lgie+îwd Rgeaw}$ kirs 2>99$ 02 ~icgs

Cgsphae `g d‘giw < zgrs `g eawzgiw} ka`ídgsIepaheg Jrèrap$ kirs 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs

Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 D‘Iwprhomgîprhof Kargiw$ èzrhgr 2>99$ 02 ~icgs

Di ~irphoh~iphae iw sgrzhog `g d‘gk~dah gp `w ~awzahr `‘iomip Lioywgs ^gromg gp Iepaheg ^grphei}$ èzrhgr 2>99$ ?2 ~icgs

Dg pie`gk rieoa+iddgkie` iog î di orhsg `g d‘gwraSadciec Cdakb$ èzrhgr 2>99$ ?= ~icgs



?:

2>99$ di lgwegssg `w kae`g@akhehywg Rgxehè -`hr%($ liezhgr 2>99$ == ~icgs

D‘A~hehae gwra~ègeeg ge 2>99@akhehywg Rgxehè -`hr%($ È`hphae Dhcegs `g rg~írgs$ liezhgr 2>99$ 270 ~icgs

I`khehspriphae 2%>Pmhgrrx Sghbgd$ liezhgr 2>99$ 0= ~icgs

Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 Di BwdcirhgIepaex Paàraz$ `èogkbrg 2>9>$ ?2 ~icgs

Dg rgpawr `w phricg iw sarp ge ~adhphywgChd @gdieeah$ `èogkbrg 2>9>$ ?= ~icgs

Di oak~èpgeog karidg `w ~gw~dgRixkae` Bawàe$ eazgkbrg 2>9>$ ?> ~icgs

D‘Ioi`èkhg iw ~ixs `w oi~hpidBgreir` Bgddao gp ^hgrrg+Jrieãahs Kawrhgr$ ^WJ$ eazgkbrg 2>9>$ 222 ~icgs

âwr weg eawzgddg ~adhphywg icrhoadg oakkwegBgreir` Biomgdhgr$ eazgkbrg 2>9>$ ?> ~icgs

_èowrhpè idhkgepihrg < we gelgw cdabidBgreir` Biomgdhgr$ eazgkbrg 2>9>$ ?> ~icgs

Dgs zgrpws oiomègs `w da oasp ièrhgeGkkiewgd Oakbg$ eazgkbrg 2>9>$ 0> ~icgs

Heeaziphae ~adhphywg 2>99@akhehywg Rgxehè -`hr%($ ^WJ$ eazgkbrg 2>9>$ :3: ~icgs

@ègesg < swrkaepgr d‘hk~issg bw`cèpihrg

Cwhddiwkg Dicieg$ aopabrg 2>9>$ ?0 ~icgs

Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 D‘Gs~iceg Laie Kirogp$ aopabrg 2>9>$ ?0 ~icgs

Dgs zgrpws `g di oaeowrrgeog@izh` _rigr$ sg~pgkbrg 2>9>$ 00 ~icgs

Hepgregp$ ~adhphywg gp oa~ra`wophae ohpaxgeegRabhe Bgrlae$ sg~pgkbrg 2>9>$ ?2 ~icgs

Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 Di âdaceg@akhehfi Pakis|gsfi+Karphkgr$ iaöp 2>9>$ 02 ~icgs

Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 Di _wí`g gp dg @iegkirf Lioab Omrhspgesge$ lwhddgp 2>9>$ 00 ~icgs



?3

Ywgd ~adhohgr ìes eaprg saohèpè 1Kipmhgw \icra`|fh$ lwhddgp 2>9>$ 2= ~icgs

Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 D‘Hpidhg_aji Zgepwri$ lwhddgp 2>9>$ ?: ~icgs

Orhsg bieoihrg$ ̀ gppg ~wbdhywg < weg zwg iddgkie`gSadciec Cdakb$ lwhddgp 2>9>$ 2= ~icgs

@gppg ~wbdhywg$ heywhèpw`g ~wbdhywg Lèrðkg Jawrywgp$ lwhe 2>9>$ ?2 ~icgs

Weg rècwdiphae bieoihrg ~awr weg orahssieog ̀ wribdgEipmidhg Liesae$ lwhe 2>9>$ ?: ~icgs

Ywiprg ~ra~ashphaes ~awr rèeazgr eaprg ka`ídg icrhoadgîsoid ^grrh$ kih 2>9>$ ?2 ~icgs

Rèchaeidgs 2>9> < ywg saep dgs èdgopgwrs `gzgews 1îsoid ^grrhegiw$ kih 2>9>$ 7: ~icgs

D‘A~hehae gwra~ègeeg ge 2>9>@akhehywg Rgxehè -`hr%($ È`hphaes Dhcegs `g rg~írgs$ kih 2>9>$ 207 ~icgs

îxs+Bis < di pgepiphae ~a~wdhspgOmrhspa~mg `g Zaac`$ kih 2>9>$ 0? ~icgs

Ywiprg h`ègs ~awr rgearogr dg ~awzahr `‘iomipîsoid ^grrh$ izrhd 2>9>$ ?> ~icgs

Aø ge gsp di `rahpg 1 Di Crie`g+Brgpiceg@izh` Miedgx$ izrhd 2>9>$ ?0 ~icgs

Rgearogr dg rðdg èoaeakhywg `gs rèchaes

Ehoadis Baw|aw$ kirs 2>9>$ ?> ~icgs

Rè`whrg di `gppg crâog î di Oaesphpwphae Lioywgs @gd~di$ èzrhgr 2>9>$ 70 ~icgs

_pripèchg ~awr weg rè`wophae `g di `gppg ~wbdhywg rieãihsgEhoadis Baw|aw$ èzrhgr 2>9>$ ?> ~icgs

Aø zi d‘Ècdhsg oipmadhywg 1 @‘weg ywgrgddg `w dhbèridhskg î d‘iwprgÈkhdg ^grrgiw+_iwssheg$ aopabrg 2>>8$ 2: ~icgs

Èdgophaes gwra~ègeegs 2>>8 < ieidxsg `gs rèswdpips ge Gwra~g gp ge JrieogOarheeg @gdax$ @akhehywg Rgxehè gp îsoid ^grrhegiw$ sg~pgkbrg 2>>8$ ?2 ~icgs

Rgpawr swr d‘iddhieog sazhèpa+ei|hg$ 3> ies i~rís_pè~mieg Oawrpahs$ lwhddgp 2>>8$ 9: ~icgs



?=

D‘Èpip i`khehspriph gp dg dhbèridhskg% Weg mhspahrg rieãihsgDwohge Liwkg$ lwhe 2>>8$ 92 ~icgs

Di ~adhphywg gwra~ègeeg `g `èzgda~~gkgep <Weg rè~aesg î di orhsg `g di kae`hidhsiphae 1

Lgie+Khomgd @gbrip$ lwhe 2>>8$ 92 ~icgs

Di ~rapgspiphae oaeprg di rèarkg `w spipwp `gs gesghceieps+omgromgwrs <`ègesg `w spipwp$ hddwspriphae `w spipw ywa%_whzh `‘weg `hsowsshae geprg d‘iwpgwr gp Brwea Bgesissae@izh` Baeegiw$ kih 2>>8$ 2> ~icgs

Di dwppg oaeprg dgs `hsorhkheiphaes dhègs î d‘âcg ge kiphírg `‘gk~dahÈdhsg Kwhr -`hr%($ kih 2>>8$ :0 ~icgs

Ywiprg ~ra~ashphaes ~awr ywg d‘Gwra~g eg pakbg ~is `ies dg ~rapgophaeehskgEhoadis Baw|aw$ kirs 2>>8$ 92 ~icgs

I~rís dg 28 liezhgr < di aeophae ~wbdhywg oaeprg di saohèpè ohzhdg 1 Weg ywgsphae `g lwsphog saohidg gp we ~rabdíkg `èkaoriphywg@akhehywg Rgxehè$ kirs 2>>8$ 22 ~icgs

D‘A~hehae gwra~ègeeg ge 2>>8@akhehywg Rgxehè -`hr%($ È`hphaes Dhcegs `g rg~írgs$ kirs 2>>8$ 2?3 ~icgs

Prizihddgr dg `hkieomg< yw‘ge ~gesgep ogw} ywh prizihddgep dg `hkieomg 1_ae`icg$ ieidxsg$ èdèkgeps ~awr dg `èbip@akhehywg Rgxehè$ liezhgr 2>>8$ 9= ~icgs

rz| ~b %~%



?8

âwr rgearogr sae he`è~geìeog gp oae`whrg si khsshae `‘wphdhpè~wbdhywg$ di Jaeìphae ~awr d‘heeaziphae ~adhphywg$ hesphpwphae `g di

saohèpè ohzhdg$ i bgsahe `w sawphge `gs geprg~rhsgs gp `gs ~irphowdhgrs% Hdssaep hezhpès î ~irphoh~gr omiywg ieeèg î di oaezgephae cèeèridg ywh ̀ èjehpsgs arhgepiphaes% Di Jaeì~ad dgs oaezhg rècwdhírgkgep î rgeoaeprgr sgsèywh~gs gp sgs oaesghddgrs$ î `hsowpgr ge iziep ~rgkhírg `g sgs priziw}$ î~irphoh~gr î sgs kiehgspiphaes%

Rgoaeewg ̀ ‘wphdhpè ~wbdhywg ~ir ̀ èorgp ge ̀ ipg ̀ w 90 izrhd 2>>0$ di Jaeì~ad

~gwp rgogzahr `gs àes gp `gs dgcs `gs ~irphowdhgrs gp `gs geprg~rhsgs%

Z ì ~$ $

Iziepicg jsoid < zaprg geprg~rhsg bèeèjohg `‘weg rè`wophae `‘hk~ðp `g:> ' î hk~wpgr `hrgopgkgep swr d‘H_ -aw dg ois èomèiep swr d‘HR($ ìesdi dhkhpg `g 7 ‾ `w omhrg `‘iihrgs MP -rg~arp ~asshbdg `wriep 7 ies(%

@ies dg ois ̀ ‘we ̀ ae ̀ g 2> >>> ₤$ zaws ~awrrg| ̀ è`whrg 92 >>> ₤ ̀ ‘hk~ðp$zaprg oaeprhbwphae iwri règddgkgep oaöpè = >>>₤ î zaprg geprg~rhsg%

Z ì ~

Iziepicgs jsoiw} < iw phprg `g d‘HR$ zaws bèeèjohg| `‘weg rè`wophae`‘hk~ðp `g :: ' `g zas zgrsgkgeps$ ìes di dhkhpg `g 2> ' `w rgzgewhk~asibdg -rg~arp ~asshbdg `wriep 7 ies( 6 iw phprg `g d‘H_J$ zawsbèeèjohg| ̀ ‘weg rè`wophae `‘hk~ðp$ ̀ ies di dhkhpg `g 7> >>> ₤$ ̀ g 37 '`g zas àes zgrsès%

@ies dg ois `‘we àe `g 9 >>> ₤$ zaws ~awrrg| `è`whrg ::> ₤ `g zaprgHR aw 37> ₤ `g zaprg H_J% âwr we àe `g 7 >>> ₤$ zaws ~awrrg| `è`whrg? ?>> ₤ `g zaprg HR aw ? 37> ₤ `g zaprg H_J%

o < i b &?? >9 03 7? :3 >8 %jbN~%

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Politique énergétique française (2) : Les stratégies - Rémy Prud'homme

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Transcript of Politique énergétique française (2) : Les stratégies - Rémy Prud'homme