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Chapter 3: Elements, Compound andthe Periodic Table
ChemistryChemistry is the science ofis the science of matter matter , of its properties, of its propertiesand structures, and of itsand structures, and of its transformationstransformations andandinteractioninteraction matter.matter.
MatterMatter isis anything that takes up space and hasanything that takes up space and has massmass
Mass is a measure of the amount matter in a sampleMass is a measure of the amount matter in a sampleChemistry holds a unique place among the sciencesChemistry holds a unique place among the sciencesbecause all things are composed of chemicalsbecause all things are composed of chemicals
A knowledge of chemistry will be valuable whatever A knowledge of chemistry will be valuable whateverbranch of science you study branch of science you study
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Summary
Atomic Structure : Atom split into subatomicparticles = ELEC !"#, $!" "#% and#E& !"#%.
Atomic Mass : 's the relati(e mass its atom ona scale that Carbon)*+ ha(e e acly *+ u -atomicmass unit . Most elements ha(e isotops.
The Periodic Table : he Elements arearrange in !"/%, in order of increasing ofatomic number. hey stack in columns calledgroups of familes so they ha(e similar chemicaland physical properties.
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Summary
Metal, NonMetals and Metalloids :Metal : ha(e metalic luster, ductile, malleable,conduct heat and electricity.#on Metal : britle, lack metalic luster and nonconducti(e, many of them are gases.Metalloids : ha(e intermediate properties,semiconductors of electricity.
Ion and Ionic Compound : 0inary ioniccompound formed 1hen metals react 1ith nonmetal. Metal atom 2 positi(e ion3cation, nonmetal 2 negati(e ion3anion. %mallest unit of anionic compound is called 4"!M&LA ' .
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Summary
Naming Ionic Compound : Cation is specifiedfirst follo1ed by the anion.
Molecules and Molecular Compounds :Molecules are electrically neutral particlesconsisting + or more atoms. Molecules are heldtogether by C5EM'CAL 0"#6.
Properties of Molecular and IonicCompounds : hey different by the ability toconduct electricity.
Naming Molecular Compound :
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The Chemist Language
CONSI !" : ELEME# % = AL$5A0E
4"!M&LA% of C"M$" = /"!6 of
C5EM'% !7 he balanced e8uations that sho1 ho1
compound react 1ith each other = he%entence of he Chemistry Language.
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E periments ha(e been performed that sho1atoms are comprised of subatomic particles
here are three principal kinds of subatomicparticles:
$roton 9 carries a positi(e charge, found in thenucleus
Electron 9 carries a negati(e charge, foundoutside the nucleus, about *3* ;; the mass of aproton
#eutron 9 carries no charge, found in the nucleus,a bit hea(ier than a proton, about * ;; timeshea(ier than an electron
Internal Structure of the Atoms
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Internal Structure of the Atoms:The disco eries of electrons, proton and neutrons!
6isco(ery of Electrons :1834 - ichael !araday found that passage ofelectricity throught solution cause chemical change"#as discharge tubes e$periments" %air of metalelectrodes& when electricity 'electric discharge( begin to
flow between them the tube glows"18)* + ,, hompson make quantitative measurementsof the properties of cathode rays" #ive the charge tomass ratio of 1"*. $ 1/ 8 coulombs 0 grams"
1)/) + he obert illikan oildrop e$periments that calculatethe electron mass"
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"isco ery of electron properties
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"isco eries of protons
!emo(al of electrons gi(e a positi(e chargeparticles -ion . Modification to C! produce ade(ice call mass spectrometer, and used tomeasured the charge to mass ratio of ion.d: &sers !ochliadi >uliah ?Multimedia4iles $erc)$enemuan$roton.1m(
0y using 5idrogen gas, it1as obeser(ed that theproton mass is * ;; timesas hea(y as the electrons.
$rotons = proteios, firstthing important.
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"isco eries of atomic nucleous 5ans @eiger and Ernerst Marsden, 1ork under
!utherford studied the effect of Alpha)rays 1hen hitsthin layer of gold foils.d: &sers !ochliadi >uliah ?Multimedia4iles $erc)[email protected](d: &sers !ochliadi >uliah ?Multimedia4iles $erc)!utherford@old4oil0ombarded0yAlphaMolecular ie1.1m(
Most of the alpha pass through 0& someare deflected. 'tBs like firing * D altillery to apiece of tissue paper and the shell is comingback to the gunner.
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"isco eries of neutron !esearch 1as sho1ing that the nucleus of an atom contains
more than ust protons. his 1as because the atomic massof the atom of most elements 1as greater than the atomicnumber so there must be some other particle in the atom.
'n *FG+ Chad1ick heard of a ne1 methodof detecting particles emitted by radioacti(eelements de(eloped by 'rene
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The Atoms
%ird.
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Atomic #umber and $ass #umber
Atomic #umber -H = the number of protons in thenucleus of its atoms. 6ifferent elements ha(e differentuni8ue atomic numbers.
Mass #umber -A = the number of protons I neutronsin the nuclei.
#omenclature :
Charge neutrality re8uires the number
of electrons = number of protons.
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his information can be summariJed2$ample !or uranium-
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Isotopes 't turns out that most elements in nature are uniform
mi tures of t1o or more kinds of atoms 1ith slightlydifferent masses
Atoms of the same element 1ith different masses arecalled isotopes
4or e ample: there are G isotopes of hydrogen and K isotopes ofiron
Chemically, isotopes ha(e (irtuallyidentical chemical properties
he relati(e proportions of the differentisotopes are essentially constant
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'elati e $asses of Elements
/e take for granted the e istence of atoms andmolecules
he concept of the atom had limited scientificusefulness until the disco(ery of t1o important
la1s: the >aw of conservation of mass and the>aw of ?efinite %roportions
hese la1s summariJed the results of thee perimental obser(ations of many scientists
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La oisier ( Proust La)
La1 of Conser(ation of Mass:@o detectable gain or loss of mass occurs inchemical reactions" ass is conserved"
La1 of 6efinite $roportions:
n a given chemical compound& the elements arealways combined in the same proportions bymass"
'n the sciences mass is measured in units of
grams -symbol, gBne pound equals 4=3". g
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't follo1s from 6alton s Atomic heory thatatoms of an element ha(e a constant,characteristic atomic mass or atomic #eight
4or e ample, for any sample of hydrogenfluoride:
4)to)5 atom ratio: * to * 4)to)5 mass ratio: *F.; to *.;;
his is only possible if each fluorine atom is 1)"/
times heavier than each hydrogen atom
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A uniform mass scale for atoms re8uires astandard.
Carbon is abundant in nature.
4or atomic mass units -amu, gi(en the symbolu the standard is based on carbon: * atom of carbon)*+ = *+ u -e actly * u = *3*+ mass * atom of carbon)*+ -e actly
his definition results in the assignment ofappro imately * u for the mass of hydrogen -thelightest atom
Carbon*+ : The Atomic $ass Standard
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't turns out that most elements in nature are uniform mi tures of t1o or more kinds of atoms 1ith slightlydifferent masses
Atoms of the same element 1ith different masses are
called isotopes 4or e ample: there are G isotopes of hydrogen and K
isotopes of iron
Chemically, isotopes ha(e (irtually
identical chemical properties he relati(e proportions of the different
isotopes are essentially constant
'elati e Atomic $asses of Elements
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E ample: #aturally occurring chlorine is a mi ture of t1oisotopes. 'n e(ery sample of this element, . N of theatoms are chlorine)G and +K.+GN are chlorine)G . hemeasured mass of chlorine)G is GK.FO F u and that ofchlorine)G is GO.FO F u. Calculate the a(erage atomic mass
of chlorine. Abun!ance Mass "sotope (#) (u) Contribution Chlorine$35 %5&%% 3'& *&%5%% 3'& 2 &5* u Chlorine$3% 2'&23 3 & 5 *&2'23 3 & 5 & 5% u (-oun!e!) .otal 35&' u
A erage Atomic $ass fromIsotop Abundances
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riad 6obreiner then the Mendeleyee(
he $eriodic able summariJes chemical andphysical properties of the elements
he first $eriodic ables 1ere arrange byincreasing atomic mass
he Modern $eriodic table is arranged byincreasing atomic number:
Elements are arranged in numbered ro#s calledperiods
he (ertical columns are called groups or families-group labels (ary
The Periodic Table
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Modern $eriodic able 1ith group labels andchemical families identified
/ote0 1lacement of elements 5 % an! * *3 sa4es space
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%ome important classifications: A groups representati(e elements or main
group elements 9 ' A = alkali metals 9 '' A = alkaline earth metals 9 '' A = halogens 9 ''' = noble gases
groups transition elementsnner transition elements elements =8 +
*1 and )/ + 1/3 9 9 * = lanthanide elements 9 F; 9 *;G = actinide elements
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$etal, #on$etal and $etalloids
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Metals end to shine -ha(e metallic luster Can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets
-malleable$ and can be dra1n into 1ire - ductile Are solids at room temperature and conduct
electricity
#onmetals Lack the properties of metals !eact 1ith metals to form -ionic compounds
Metalloids 5a(e properties bet1een metals and nonmetals
Properties of $etal,#onmetal and $etalloids
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Ionic Compound
%ubstance mostly not found freely, the formcompound.
Metal and #on metal atom are able to transferelectrons bet1een one another, and yieldcharged particles called ion .
E : + #a -s I Cl + -g 2 +#aCl -s
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Ionic Compound
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Pro e that ion e%ist
&sing the conducti(ity properties
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Ionic Compound -ormulas
Cation = positi(e charge ions. he number of positi(echarge is the same as the group number of the #orth American
numbering of the groups in the periodic table . @roup *A = I*P@roup +A = I+, @roup GA = IG
Anion = negati(e charge ions.
he number ofnegati(e charges is e8ual to the number of spaces to the right
that ha(e to mo(e to get a noble gas .
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Some ion -ormed
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.riting -ormula for Ionic Compound
he positi(e ion is gi(en * st in the formula he subscript in the formula must produce an
electrically neural formula unit.
he subscripts should be the smallest set of the1hole number possible.
he charge on the ion are not included in thefinished formula for the substance.
%ee E ample G.G
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Transition and Post Transition $etals
%tart from @roup G0 9 +0 -or group G)*+ using'&$AC system .
Less reacti(e than the @ *A)+A
5a(e the ability to form more than one positi(eion. 4e +I 4e GI .
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#omenclanture of Ionic Compound
he name of the cation is gi(en first, follo1ed the nameof the anion. 'f the compound form only one cation, the cation is
specified by the English name of the metal. he anion from non metal is created by addin g the suffi
)ide to the stem of the name for the non metal. E ceptionhydro ide ion -"5 ) and cyanide ion -C# )
/hat is the name of %r0r + Q And Alumunium %elenide Q
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#aming Cations of Transition $etals
#aming ion of metal that can ha(e more than one charge,using % "C> %ystem. -Alfred %tock . he !"MA#numeral = the chargenumber.
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#aming /ydrates
5ydrate are ionic compound 1hose crystalcontain 1ater molecule in fi ed proporsions.
he name of the ionic compound I the numberof 1ater molecule in formula in @reek.
Cu%"K. 5
+". = copper sulfate pentahydrate.
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$olecular compound
A molecule is an electrically neutral particleconsisting of t1o or more atoms.
he atom are held by chemical bonds.
Molecular compound are formed 1hen nonmetallic elements combine. Eg. 5 + P " + P C" +.
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/ydrogen containing compound
he number of hydrogen atom combined 1iththe nonmetal atom e8ual to the number ofspaces to the right that 1e ha(e to mo(e in theperiodic table to get to a noble gas.
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Simple /ydrogen Compound
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Carbon Compound
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#omenclature of $olecular Compound 4or binary molecular compound, 'ndicate the t1o elements present and
the numberof each in a molecule of the substance. o identify the second element, apped the suffi )ide. 5Cl 2 5ydrogen
cloride. &se greek nomenclature to specify the number of the many atoms.
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%ee 4lo1chart infigure G.+* for namingmolecular and ioniccompound.
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