Download - Création d'un dictionnaire morpho-syntaxique pour la langue sarde (2006)

5/19/2018 Cration d'un dictionnaire morpho-syntaxique pour la langue sarde (2006)

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E`rnd _NT - Bklstntutnkl mul mnbtnkll`nrd ekrpcksylt`xnqud pkur h` h`lfud s`rmd NLJ E2= Nljkre`tnqud, Euhtnhnlfunsed dt ]r`mubtnkl

0

RKEE@NYD

NL]YKMTB]NKL p.9

_YDRDL]@]NKL MD H@ H@LFTD

0. ]ypkhkfnds hnlfunstnquds0.0 Jènhhd md h`lfuds

0.9 ]ypd md h`lfud

9. Mkllds hnlfunstnquds9.0 Lkeird md hkbutdurs dt h`lfuds p`rhds dl R`rm`nfld

9.9 Z`rn`ltds mn`hdbt`hds mu s`rmd

p.2

p.2

p.=

BKLR]N]T]NKL MT MNB]NKLL@NYD

0. Mdsbrnptnkl mu hdxnqud0.0 Ydbudnh mds mkllds

0.9 B`tfkrns`tnkl mds hdeeds

9. Hd mnbtnkll`nrd hdbtrklnqud ekrpcksylt`xnqud9.0 Mjnlntnkl flr`hd

9.9 Rtrubturd mu mnbtnkll`nrd`) Ekmhd rdh`tnklldhi) Hds tìhds

b) Hds rdqutds

p.6

p.6

p.3

JKLB]NKLLDEDL] MD H@ H@LFTD R@YMD

0. Hds b`tfkrnds frèe`tnb`hds0.0 B`tfkrnds v`rnìhds dt nlv`rnìhds

0.9 ]ìhdù mds jhdxnkls

9. B`r`btrnstnquds md h` jhdxnkl s`rmd9.0 H` jhdxnkl lkenl`hd

9.9 H` jhdxnkl md h`madbtnj qu`hnjnb`tnj

9.2 H` jhdxnkl mds mtdrenl`lts9.= H` jhdxnkl mds vdrids

9.4 Hd prklke

p.02

p.02

p.0=

BKLBHTRNKL p.90

RN]KFY@_CND p.99


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9

NL]YKMTB]NKL

Mdpuns phusndurs `llds ma, mds mnbtnkll`nrds hdbtrklnquds klt t brs pkur hd

tr`ntdedlt ùtke`tnqud mu h`lf`fd (]@H). Hutnhns`tnkl md bds rdsskurbds sd rdtrkuvd ùt`lt

m`ls hd mke`nld mds rdbcdrbcds hnlfunstnquds qud m`ls bdhun mds nlmustrnds md h` h`lfud. Dl

djjdt, hds `pphnb`tnkls sklt lkeirdusds dt v`rnds 1 vrnjnb`tnkl krtckfr`pcnqud, nlmdx`tnkl md

tdxtds, `l`hysd sylt`xnqud, rdbcdrbcd mkbuedlt`nrd

Bdpdlm`lt, nh jùt tìhnr uld mnstnlbtnkl dltrd hds mnbtnkll`nrds hdbtrklnquds dt hds

mnbtnkll`nrds mus`fd. H` mnjjrdlbd dltrd bds mdux typds md rdsskurbds rsnmd prnlbnp`hdedlt

m`ls h` jnl`hnt. Dl djjdt, hds mnbtnkll`nrds mus`fd (eed sur suppkrt nljkre`tnqud) sklt

krndlts vdrs h` mjnlntnkl mds ekts dt h` mdsbrnptnkl md hdurs dephkns dt sklt, p`r bklsqudlt,

mdstnls uld hdbturd cue`nld. Bd qun ldst p`s hd b`s mds mnbtnkll`nrds hdbtrklnquds qun sklt

bklus m`ls hd iut mtrd dxphknts p`r mds prkfrèeds nljkre`tnquds dt sklt jkb`hnss sur h`

mdsbrnptnkl jkredhhd mds kiadts md h` h`lfud dt hdur bh`ssnjnb`tnkl. Bds mdrlndrs sd prsdltdlt

m`nhhdurs hd phus skuvdlt skus h` jkred muld i`sd md mkllds bkltdl`lt mds nljkre`tnkls

ekrpck-frèe`tnb`hds mds ekts (hdeeds) dt mds nljkre`tnkls sur hdsv`rn`tnkls pkssnihds md

bds ekts dl fdlrd dt dl lkeird `nlsn qud h` bklauf`nskl mds vdrids.

M`ls hd b`mrd md hulnt mdlsdnfldedlt NLJ E2= Nljkre`tnqud, Euhtnhnlfunsed dt

]r`mubtnkl, lkus mdvnkls r`hnsdr ul mnbtnkll`nrd hdbtrklnqud p`rtnr muld h`lfud ùtrd qud

hd jr`l`ns. Lktrd bcknx sdst pkrt sur h` h`lfud s`rmd b`r dhhd dst pdu mbrntd mu pknlt md vud

hnlfunstnqud.

M`ls uld prdenrd p`rtnd, lkus prsdltdrkls h` h`lfud s`rmd dl tr`nt`lt phusndurs pknlts

rdh`tnjs ùx typkhkfnds hnlfunstnquds 1 hd typd md h`lfud dt h` jènhhd md h`lfud. _uns, lkus

jkurlnrkls qudhquds nljkre`tnkls mekhnlfunstnquds sur h` h`lfud 1 lkeird md hkbutdurs,v`rn`ltds mn`hdbt`hds, st`tut hnlfunstnqud mu s`rmd.

Tld sdbklmd p`rtnd sdr` bkls`brd h` mdsbrnptnkl mu lktrd mnbtnkll`nrd hdbtrklnqud 1

rbupr`tnkl mu hdxnqud, utnhns`tnkl muld i`sd md mkllds pkur rdprsdltdr h` strubturd mds

mkllds.

Dljnl, lkus lkus nltrdssdrkls ù jklbtnklldedlt md h` h`lfud s`rmd dl mbrnv`lt hds

mnjjrdltds b`tfkrnds md ekts (lkes, vdrids, `madbtnjs) dt hdur v`rnìnhnt dl jklbtnkl mds

tr`nts frèe`tnbùx (fdlrd, lkeird, bklauf`nskl mds vdrids) 7 lkus p`rhdrkls f`hdedlt mds

prkiheds rdlbkltrs dt mds bcknx tckrnquds qud lkus `vkls m j`nrd.


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_YRDL]@]NKL MD H@ H@LFTD

Bkeed lkus h`vkls vkqu prbmdeedlt, lkus `vkls bcknsn md lkus nltrdssdr h`

h`lfud s`rmd mklt hd hdxnqud lkus sdrvnr` md i`sd pkur bklstntudr lktrd mnbtnkll`nrdhdbtrklnqud. Lkus miutdrkls mklb bdttd p`rtnd p`r uld prsdlt`tnkl md h` h`lfud s`rmd 1

jènhhd md h`lfuds, typd md h`lfud. _uns lkus jkurlnrkls qudhquds nljkre`tnkls hnlfunstnquds 1

lkeird md hkbutdurs, h`lfud kjjnbndhhd, mn`hdbtds.

0. ]ypkhkfnds hnlfunstnquds

0.0. Jènhhd md h`lfuds

Hd s`rmd dst uld h`lfud rke`ld `pp`rtdl`lt h` fr`lmd jènhhd mds h`lfuds nlmk-

durkpdllds. _hus prbnsedlt, dhhd `pp`rtndlt ù frkupd rctk-rke`l (skus-jènhhd mds

h`lfuds rke`lds) mklt hkrnfnld rdekltd ù SNNedsnbhd. Bkeed hds ùtrds h`lfuds rke`lds,

h` h`lfud s`rmd punsd sds krnfnlds mu h`tnl vdrl`buh`nrd b'dst--mnrd hd h`tnl dephky m`ls h`

bkeeulnb`tnkl md tkus hds akurs p`r kppksntnkl ù h`tnl bh`ssnqud dephky m`ls h`

hnttr`turd. Nh dst lktdr qud hd s`rmd dst rdst rdh`tnvdedlt `rbc`qud dt bklsdrv`tdur (mu j`nt

md hnskhdedlt nlsuh`nrd) dt bklstntud hcdurd `btudhhd h` h`lfud h` phus prkbcd mu h`tnl.L`leknls, nh bklvndlt màkutdr qud hd s`rmd ` bkllu md lkeirdusds nljhudlbds hnlfunstnquds

tr`vdrs hds snbhds, p`ren hdsqudhhds hnt`hndl, hd b`t`h`l e`ns ùssn hd b`stnhh`l.

0.9. ]ypd md h`lfud

Lkus pkuvkls f`hdedlt mjnlnr h` h`lfud s`rmd dl jklbtnkl md skl typd 1 nh s`fnt muld

h`lfud jhdxnklldhhd b'dst--mnrd uld h`lfud m`ls h`qudhhd hds ekts (ku hdeeds) bc`lfdlt md

jkred sdhkl hdur r`ppkrt frèe`tnb`h ùx ùtrds ekts md hlklb. H` jhdxnkl dst ul prkbm

ekrpckhkfnqud qun bklsnstd àkutdr h` r`bnld mul ekt mds msnldlbds dxprne`lt mds

b`tfkrnds frèe`tnb`hds (fdlrd, lkeird, pdrsklld) ku mds jklbtnkls sylt`xnquds (b`s). Hds

jkreds jhbcnds mds ekts sklt kitdluds dl àkut`lt mds msnldlbds ku `jjnxds jhdxnklldhs ù

r`mnb`h (qun dst hd phus skuvdlt nlv`rnìhd). Bds msnldlbds pdredttdlt md mjnlnr hds tr`nts

frèe`tnbùx pkur hds b`tfkrnds md ekts v`rnìhds dssdltndhhdedlt pkur hd systed lkenl`h 1

fdlrd, lkeird, b`s dt pkur hd systed vdri`h 1 pdrsklld, lkeird, tdeps, ekmd, vknx.


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=

_kur nhhustrdr bds mnjjrdltds lktnkls, vknbn qudhquds dxdephds md jkreds jhbcnds dl

s`rmd 1

- eulmu-s 1 m`ls h` jkred lkenl`hd eulmus h` msnldlbd -s dxprned hd lkeird

(phurndh)

- jnhh-` 1m`ls bd ekt, h` msnldlbd -`dxprned hd fdlrd (jenlnl)

- ènf-`s1 m`ls bdt dxdephd, h` msnldlbd -`sdxprned h` jkns hd fdlrd (jenlnl) dt

hd lkeird (phurndh)

- blt-`t 1 pkur bdttd jkred vdri`hd, h` msnldlbd -`t dxprned h` jkns hd ekmd

(nlmnb`tnj), hd tdeps (prsdlt), h` pdrsklld (2edpdrsklld) dt hd lkeird (snlfuhndr).

9.

Mkllds hnlfunstnquds

9.0. Lkeird md hkbutdurs dt h`lfuds p`rhds dl R`rm`nfld

@btudhhdedlt, kl bkeptd dlvnrkl 0 9?? ??? hkbutdurs md bdttd h`lfud, prnlbnp`hdedlt

dl R`rm`nfld. H` phup`rt mds hkbutdurs sklt inhnlfuds s`rmd nt`hndl, hnt`hndl bklstntu`lt h`

h`lfud kjjnbndhhd md hhd (h` R`rm`nfld dst r`tt`bcd hNt`hnd dt dhhd dst bklsnmrd bkeed

rfnkl ùtklked st`tut spbn`h). Bdpdlm`lt, sur uld pkpuh`tnkl md 0,: enhhnkl mcìnt`lts

qud bkeptd h` R`rm`nfld, prs md 0,2 enhhnkl md hkbutdurs utnhnsdlt hd s`rmd bkeed h`lfud

e`tdrldhhd.

]ìhdù rb`pntuh`tnj

B`pnt`hd 1 B`fhn`rn_kpuh`tnkl 1 0,: enhhnkl mcìnt`lts (9??0)H`lfud kjjnbndhhd 1 Nt`hndlFrkupd eàkrnt`nrd 1 R`rmd (30,9%)

Frkupds enlkrnt`nrds 1 Nt`hndl, b`t`h`l, bkrsd, flknsRysted pkhntnqud 1 Yfnkl ùtklked st`tut spbn`h

H` h`lfud s`rmd dst bklsnmrd bkeed uld h`lfud enlkrnt`nrd dt dhhd dst prktfd p`r h`

hkn rfnkl`hd nltntuhd _rkekznkld d v`hkrnzz`znkld mdhh` buhtur` d mdhh` hnlfu` mdhh`

R`rmdfl` (dltrd dl vnfudur hd 0dr a`lvndr 0>>3) qun hun rdbkll`t hd st`tut md h`lfud

rfnkl`hd.


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4

9.9. Z`rn`ltds mn`hdbt`hds mu s`rmd

H` R`rm`nfld sd mnvnsd dl phusndurs rfnkls e`rquds p`r mds nljhudlbds hnlfunstnquds

trs mnvdrsds. Dl j`nt, hd s`rmd ld j`nt p`s rjrdlbd uld h`lfud ulnqud e`ns ùx mnjjrdlts

mn`hdbtds p`rhs dl R`rm`nfld.

Kl mnstnlfud mdux fr`lmds v`rnts mn`hdbt`hds 1

- Hd hkfkumkr`ns1 p`rh surtkut m`ls hd lkrm md hhd dt mnvns f`hdedlt dl trkns ùtrds

mn`hdbtds 1 hd sdptdltrnkl`h, hd hkfkumkr`ns bdltr`h (ku lukr`ns) dt hd hkfkumkr`ns

bkeeul.

- Hd bèpnm`l`ns 1 p`rh m`ls h` p`rtnd sum md hhd dt qun pkrtd hnljhudlbd md hnt`hndl.

Hd bèpnm`l`ns bkll`t f`hdedlt phusndurs v`rn`ltds 1 hd b`fhn`rnt`nl (B`fhn`rn),

hkfhn`str`ns (prkvnlbd md hKfhn`str`) dt hnfhdsndlt`ns(prkvnlbd md B`rikln`-Nfhdsn`s).

Ràkutdlt bdh`, hd s`ss`r`ns (rfnkl md R`ss`rn) dt hd f`hhur`ns (lkrm-dst md hhd) trs

prkbcd mu bkrsd. @ lktdr f`hdedlt h` prsdlbd mu b`t`h`l (ulnqudedlt p`rh m`ls h` vnhhd

m@hfcdrk).

H` b`rtd bn-mdsskus nhhustrd bdttd mnvdrsnt mn`hdbt`hd 1

Hd RNH Nltdrl`tnkl`h (Rkbnt Nltdrl`tnkl`hd mdHnlfunstnqud) mnstnlfud, ù sdnl m'uld e`brk-h`lfud s`rmd(nmdltnjn`lt srm), qu`trd h`lfuds nlmnvnmudhhds 1

- Bèpnm`ldsd R`rmnln`l WsrkU

-

F`hhurdsd R`rmnln`l WsmlU- Hkfumkrdsd R`rmnln`l WsrbU- R`ss`rdsd R`rmnln`l WsmbU


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:

Bkeptd tdlu md hìklm`lbd mds mn`hdbtds, hd s`rmd bkll`t mds prkiheds mulnt

hnlfunstnqud dt nh sd rvhd mklb mhnb`t md edttrd dl ph`bd uld lkred brntd bkeeuld bds

mn`hdbtds. Hds mn`hdbtds prnlbnpùx, s`vknr hd hkfkumkr`nsdt hd bèpnm`l`ns, sd mnsputdlt h`

supre`tnd hnttr`nrd e`ns bdst hnt`hndl qun dst dephky bkeed h`lfud mdlsdnfldedlt, m`ls

hds mkbuedlts `menlnstr`tnjs ku dlbkrd pkur h` austnbd.

H` h`lfud s`rmd ` mklb ul st`tut hnlfunstnqud ul pdu p`rtnbuhndr punsqud hnt`hndl dst h`

sduhd h`lfud kjjnbndhhd e`ns phus md 30% md h` pkpuh`tnkl p`rhd uld mds v`rn`ltds mu s`rmd

mbrntds phus cùt.

Nh dst lktdr qud hìklm`lbd mds v`rn`ltds mn`hdbt`hds ` bklstntu h` prdenrd mnjjnbuht

md bd tr`v`nh, m`ls h` edsurd k lkus `vkls m bcknsnr uld mds v`rn`ltds mu s`rmd pkur r`hnsdr

lktrd mnbtnkll`nrd.


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6

BKLR]N]T]NKL MT MNB]NKLL@NYD

M`ls bdttd p`rtnd, lkus prsdltdrkls muld p`rt, hd hdxnqud qud lkus `vkls rbupr

(lkeird mdltrds dt b`tfkrnds rdprsdltds) puns, lkus lkus nltrdssdrkls h` strubturd mumnbtnkll`nrd qun sd prsdltd skus h` jkred muld i`sd md mkllds hdxnb`hd.

0. Mdsbrnptnkl mu hdxnqud

0.0. Hd rdbudnh mds mkllds

M`ls ul prdendr tdeps, lkus `vkls rbupr ul dlsdeihd md ekts `pp`rtdl`lt ù

vkbìuh`nrd s`rmd. H` tbcd l` p`s t j`bnhd punsqud hd s`rmd dst uld h`lfud pdu mbrntd mu

pknlt md vud hnlfunstnqud. Md phus, dl bklsnmr`lt hds v`rn`ltds mn`hdbt`hds, nh sdeihd mnjjnbnhd

md mjnlnr bh`nrdedlt bd qudst h` h`lfud s`rmd .

_kur rbuprdr hds ekts `pp`rtdl`lt ù vkbìuh`nrd, lkus lkus skeeds i`sd sur uld

frèe`nrd mu s`rmd rmnfd dl nt`hndl dt mnspklnihd sur Nltdrldt

(cttp1//www.eklmks`rmdfl`.ldt). Bdttd frèe`nrd dxphnqud hd jklbtnklldedlt md h` h`lfud

s`rmd dt phus p`rtnbuhnrdedlt md h` v`rn`ltd bèpnm`l`nsd 7 bdst pkurqukn, t`lt mkll hd pdu

md rdsskurbds mnspklnihds, lkus `vkls j`nt hd bcknx md ld mbrnrd prbnsedlt qud bdttd

v`rn`ltd mu s`rmd. Bdpdlm`lt, lkus jkurlnrkls hds qunv`hdlbds (hkrsqud lkus `vkls

hnljkre`tnkl) pkur hds ùtrds v`rn`ltds md h` h`lfud.

_kur bkephtdr lks nljkre`tnkls dt dl vrnjndr hdx`btntumd, lkus `vkls f`hdedlt

utnhns ul mnbtnkll`nrd se`ltnqud euhtnhnlfud dl h`lfud s`rmd (cttp1//www.mntznkl`rnu.krf).

Hds rdbcdrbcds pduvdlt sdjjdbtudr p`rtnr mu s`rmd mnrdbtdedlt (v`rn`ltds) ku p`rtnr

mùtrds h`lfuds 1 hnt`hndl, hd jr`l`ns, h`lfh`ns ku h`hhde`lm. Bd mnbtnkll`nrd bkeprdlm

>2 ??? hdeeds dl s`rmd, 03 ??? ekts tr`munts dl nt`hndl, 03 ??? dl `lfh`ns, 06 ??? dl jr`l`nsdt >??? pkur h`hhde`lm.

Hds nljkre`tnkls rdbudnhhnds lkus klt pdrens md rbuprdr =96 hdeeds `pp`rtdl`lt ù

s`rmd bèpnm`l`ns. Lkus `vkls f`hdedlt djjdbtu mds rdbcdrbcds `jnl mkitdlnr pkur bdt

dlsdeihd md hdeeds hds tr`mubtnkls dl mdux h`lfuds bnihd s`vknr hnt`hndl dt hd jr`l`ns.


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3

0.9. B`tfkrns`tnkl mds hdeeds

@prs `vknr r`hns hd hnst`fd mds hdeeds, lkus `vkls bh`ss bds ulnts m`ls hds

mnjjrdltds b`tfkrnds frèe`tnb`hds dxnst`ltds. Kr, indl qud h` phup`rt md bds b`tfkrnds

skndlt bh`nrdedlt mjnlnds, lkus `vkls rdlbkltr mds mnjjnbuhts b`tfkrnsdr bdrt`nls hdeeds.

Bdst pkurqukn, pkur mds r`nskls md bkeekmnts, lkus `vkls djjdbtu mds rdfrkupdedlts pkur

bh`ssdr phus j`bnhdedlt hds ekts mu hdxnqud. @nlsn, lkus `vkls nlbhus m`ls h` b`tfkrnd

flrnqud Mtdrenl`lt hds `rtnbhds (mjnlns dt nlmjnlns) indl sr, e`ns ùssn hds `madbtnjs

pkssdssnjs dt meklstr`tnjs. Nh dl v` md eed pkur h` b`tfkrnd _rklke qun dlfhkid hds

mnjjrdlts typds md prklkes (pdrsklldhs, rdh`tnjs, meklstr`tnjs, pkssdssnjs, nlmjnlns) e`ns

ùssn bdrt`nls `madbtnjs nlmjnlns. Dl djjdt, h` phup`rt mds prklkes nlmjnlns sklt f`hdedlt mds

`madbtnjs nlmjnlns 1 p`r dxdephd dl s`rmd t`ltn (t`lt dl jr`l`ns) dst h` jkns ul `madbtnj

nlmjnln dt ul prklke nlmjnln.

Tld b`tfkrnd spbnjnqud ` t brd pkur bh`ssdr hds `madbtnjs luerùx qun klt ul st`tut

ul pdu p`rtnbuhndr dl jr`l`ns 1 nhs pduvdlt trd tkur tkur `madbtnjs, lkes ku prklkes.

Hd tìhdù sunv`lt prsdltd hds mnjjrdltds b`tfkrnds mu hdxnqud qud lkus `vkls bcknsnds

md rdprsdltdr `nlsn qud hd lkeird md hdeeds bkrrdspklm`lts 1

B`tfkrnds frèe`tnb`hds rdprsdltds

B`tfkrnd Lkeird md hdeeds@madbtnj 0??@mvdrid 40

Bklaklbtnkl 09Mtdrenl`lt 09

Lke 099Luer`h 2:

_rpksntnkl 4_rklke 24

Zdrid 4=]kt`h =96

9. Hd mnbtnkll`nrd hdbtrklnqud ekrpcksylt`xnqud

9.0. Mjnlntnkl flr`hd

Hds mnbtnkll`nrds ekrpcksylt`xnquds hdbtrklnquds sdrvdlt rdprsdltdr jkredhhdedlt

ul hdxnqud dl `sskbn`lt bc`qud jkred jhbcnd hd hdeed (b'dst--mnrd h` jkred b`lklnqud mu


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>

ekt) `nlsn qud mds nljkre`tnkls frèe`tnb`hds, jhdxnklldhhds dt vdltudhhdedlt se`ltnquds.

H` jnl`hnt md bds kutnhs t`lt md flrdr ùtke`tnqudedlt hds jkreds jhbcnds p`rtnr mds

hdeeds dl mbrnv`lt mds ekmhds md jhdxnkl. _`r dxdephd, hds `madbtnjs pdtnt dt fr`lm dl

jr`l`ns klt ul ekmhd md jhdxnkl snenh`nrd punsqud h` jkred jhbcnd mu jenlnl snlfuhndr

skitndlt dl ràkut`lt ul d ù hdeed, h` jkred ù jenlnl phurndh dl àkut`lt ds dt h`

jkred ù e`sbuhnl phurndh dl àkut`lt ul s.

Dxdephd md jhdxnkl pkur pdtnt dt fr`lm

Hdeed Ekrpckhkfnd @akutdr Jkreds jhbcndspdtnt es - pdtntpdtnt ep s pdtntspdtnt js d pdtntd

pdtnt jp ds pdtntdsfr`lm es - fr`lmfr`lm ep s fr`lmsfr`lm js d fr`lmdfr`lm jp ds fr`lmds

_kur flrdr hds mnjjrdltds jkreds jhbcnds p`rtnr mul hdeed, kl rdfrkupd hds ekts

dl bh`ssds md jhdxnkls (ekts qun klt hd eed bkepkrtdedlt jhdxnklldh) dt kl s`tt`bcd

mbrnrd md e`lnrd prbnsd bds mnjjrdltds bh`ssds md jhdxnkl.

M`ls h` phup`rt mds b`s, hds mnbtnkll`nrds ekrpcksylt`xnquds sd prsdltdlt skus h` jkred

muld i`sd md mkllds nlmdxd. Hds mkllds y sklt krf`lnsds sdhkl mds brntrds prbns dt p`r

mds strubturds nljkre`tnvds spbnjnquds, md j`kl trd bklsuhtds, ensds akur dt

vdltudhhdedlt rdstrubturds.

9.9. Rtrubturd mu mnbtnkll`nrd

_kur r`hnsdr lktrd mnbtnkll`nrd ekrpcksylt`xnqud md h` h`lfud s`rmd, lkus lkus

skeeds nlspnrd mul ekmhd md i`sd md mkllds dxnst`lt 1 9???-ekrpckhkfnd.emi (i`sd

brd `vdb hd hkfnbndh @bbdss).

Bkeed h` eàkrnt mds mnbtnkll`nrds, lktrd mnbtnkll`nrd prsdltd hds b`r`btrnstnquds

prnlbnp`hds sunv`ltds 1

- uld hnstd md hdeeds 7

-

mds bkmds `hpc`luernquds 7


10/23


0?

- mds kpr`tnkls djjdbtudr sur hds hdeeds pkur kitdlnr hds jkreds jhbcnds, `sskbnds md

j`kl ulnvkqud ùx bkmds `hpc`luernquds.

`) Ekmhd rdh`tnklldh

H` bklbdptnkl muld i`sd md mkllds p`ssd p`r uld pc`sd md ekmhns`tnkl qun pdredt

mdxphnbntdr hds mkllds bkltdluds m`ls hds mnjjrdltds tìhds. Dl bd qun bklbdrld h` i`sd md

mkllds qud lkus utnhnskls, dhhd dephknd hd ekmhd rdh`tnklldh (rdh`tnkls dltrd hds tìhds) pkur

strubturdr hds dltrds.

H` bkpnd mbr`l bn-mdsskus prsdltd h` strubturd mds mkllds dt hds rdh`tnkls dltrd hds

tìhds md h` i`sd.

i) Hds tìhds

Lktrd mnbtnkll`nrd hdbtrklnqud sd bkepksd md trkns tìhds 1

H` tìhd mds i`sdsqun `sskbnd bc`qud hdeed ul ekmhd md jhdxnkl, nmdltnjn p`r ul

bkmd `hpc`luernqud (bd qud lkus lkeeklsEkmhdm`ls h` i`sd md mkllds)H` tìhd mds ekmhds qun mjnlnt hds kpr`tnkls (Dlhdvdrdt @akutdr) djjdbtudr p`rtnr

md h` jkred b`lklnqud mu ekt, md j`kl kitdlnr hds jkreds jhbcnds.

H` tìhd mds tr`mubtnkls (qud lkus `vkls ràkutd h` i`sd 9???-ekrpckhkfnd.emi)

qun prkpksd pkur bc`qud hdeed dl s`rmd hds ùtrds v`rn`ltds mn`hdbt`hds `nlsn qud h`

tr`mubtnkl mds hdeeds dl mdux h`lfuds bnihd 1 hnt`hndl dt hd jr`l`ns.


11/23


00

Tl sduh bkmd `hpc`luernqud (Ekmhd), pdut mbrnrd hd bkepkrtdedlt md phusndurs

ulnts hdxnb`hds dt pdut trd `ssnfl mds dlsdeihds md hdeeds `y`lt hds eeds

b`r`btrnstnquds ekrpckhkfnquds.

_rdlkls pkur dxdephd hds `madbtnjs s`rmds sunv`lts 1

- pntbu

- mnhnbu

- hinu

Zknbn h` e`lnrd mklt nhs sklt rdprsdlts m`ls hd mnbtnkll`nrd 1

]ìhd mds tr`mubtnkls

I`sd Z`rn`ltds ]r`mubtnkl Nt`hndl ]r`mubtnkl Jr`l`nspntbu pnbnbu, pntnu, pntznbu pbbkhk pdtnthinu hpnu, hvnu hdffrk hfdrmnhnbu mdhnbmu, mdhnbù, mninbù, mnhnb`mu mdhnb`tk mhnb`t

]ìhds mds i`sds

I`sd B`t Rkus-b`t Ekmhdpntbu `madbtnj qu`hnjnb`tnj @ma?0hinu `madbtnj qu`hnjnb`tnj @ma?0

mnhnbu `madbtnj qu`hnjnb`tnj @ma?9

]ìhds mds ekmhds

Ekmhd B`t Ekrpck Dlhdvdr @akutdr@ma?0 `madbtnj es - -@ma?0 `madbtnj ep - s@ma?0 `madbtnj js u `@ma?0 `madbtnj jp u `s@ma?9 `madbtnj es - -

@ma?9 `madbtnj ep - s@ma?9 `madbtnj js u `m`@ma?9 `madbtnj ep u `m`s

Hds `madbtnjs pntbu dt hinu klt hd eed ekmhd bkm @ma?0 b`r nhs klt hds

eeds b`r`btrnstnquds jhdxnklldhhds. Hds kpr`tnkls djjdbtudr pkur `vknr hds jkreds jhbcnds

pduvdlt sd rsuedr `nlsn 1

es(e`sbuhnl snlfuhndr) 1 Dlhdvdr ?hdttrd ù hdeed / @akutdr ?hdttrd

ep(e`sbuhnl phurndh) 1 Dlhdvdr ?hdttrd ù hdeed / @akutdr 0hdttrd 1 R


12/23


09

js (jenlnl snlfuhndr) 1 Dlhdvdr 0hdttrd ù hdeed 1 T/ @akutdr @

jp(jenlnl phurndh) 1 Dlhdvdr 0hdttrd ù hdeed 1 T/ @akutdr @R

Dl rdv`lbcd pkur h`madbtnj mnhnbu hd ekmhd md jhdxnkl dst mnjjrdlt (bkm @ma?9)

b`r nh l` p`s hds eeds b`r`btrnstnquds ekrpckhkfnquds qud hds mdux ùtrds `madbtnjs 1

es(e`sbuhnl snlfuhndr) 1 Dlhdvdr ?hdttrd ù hdeed / @akutdr ?hdttrd

ep(e`sbuhnl phurndh) 1 Dlhdvdr ?hdttrd ù hdeed / @akutdr 0hdttrd 1 R

js (jenlnl snlfuhndr) 1 Dlhdvdr9hdttrds ù hdeed 1 @T/ @akutdr 2hdttrds 1 @M@

jp (jenlnl phurndh) 1 Dlhdvdr 9hdttrds ù hdeed 1 @T/ @akutdr =hdttrds 1 @M@R

Kl pdut f`hdedlt rde`rqudr qud bc`qud dltrd md h` tìhd I`sd bkrrdspklm uld

dltrd m`ls h` tìhd ]r`mubtnkls 1 pkur bc`qud hdeed kl jkurlnt hds ùtrds v`rn`ltds mu hdeed(dl s`rmd), h` tr`mubtnkl dl nt`hndl dt bdhhd dl jr`l`ns.

b) Hds rdqutds

Hds rdqutds sdrvdlt dl qudhqud skrtd nltdrrkfdr h` i`sd md mkllds b`r dhhds

pdredttdlt md trndr, md shdbtnklldr dt mdxtr`nrd mds nljkre`tnkls pdrtnldltds. Hnltrt

prnlbnp`h mds rdqutds rsnmd m`ls hd j`nt qudhhds pduvdlt s`pphnqudr phusndurs tìhds dt qudhkl pdut dlsuntd brdr uld lkuvdhhd tìhd p`rtnr mds rsuht`ts kitdlus.

Lktrd i`sd md mkllds dl bkeprdlm phusndurs 1

Ydqutd Jkreds 1 nh s`fnt muld rdqutd (md typd shdbtnkl) qun pdredt m`jjnbcdr hds

jkreds jhbcnds bkrrdspklm`lt bc`qud hdeed dltr m`ls hd mnbtnkll`nrd.

Ydqutd ]r`mubtnkls 1 qun pdredt m`jjnbcdr hds v`rn`ltds, h` tr`mubtnkl dl nt`hndl dt h`

tr`mubtnkl dl jr`l`ns hkrsqud hkl t`pd ul ekt dl s`rmd m`ls h` iktd md mn`hkfud.Ydqutd Ydbkll`nss`lbd1 dst uld rdqutd md p`rètrds 1 dl t`p`lt uld jkred

hdee`tnsd ku uld jkred jhbcnd m`ls uld iktd md mn`hkfud, kl kitndlt hds b`r`btrnstnquds

ekrpckhkfnquds bkrrdspklm`ltds (hdeed, ekmhd, h` b`tfkrnd)

Ydqutd]`ffdr 1pdredt m`jjnbcdr htnqudttd qun bkrrdspklm ul hdeed qud hkl t`pd

m`ls h` tìhd ]dxtd.


13/23


02

JKLB]NKLLDEDL] MD H@ H@LFTD R@YMD

Nh ld s`fnt p`s m`ls bdttd p`rtnd md j`nrd uld mdsbrnptnkl mt`nhhd dt dxcùstnvd md h`

frèe`nrd s`rmd e`ns md edttrd dl vnmdlbd bdrt`nlds mds b`r`btrnstnquds md h` h`lfud dl

tdred md jhdxnkls. Nh dst lktdr qud lkus lkus nltrdsskls ulnqudedlt h` jhdxnkl (v`rn`tnkls

dl fdlrd dt dl lkeird dt bklauf`nskls mds vdrids) dt lkl h` mrnv`tnkl 1 prkbms

m`jjnx`tnkl qun pdredttdlt mkitdlnr mds jkreds mrnvds p`rtnr muld jkred ma jhbcnd.

_`r dxdephd, h`mvdrid md ekmd dl s`rmd skitndlt dl utnhns`lt h`madbtnj ù jenlnl

snlfuhndr dt dl y àkut`lt hd sujjnxd -edltn1

è`rfk(`madbtnj, es)è`rf`(`madbtnj, js)è`rf edltn(`mvdrid)

snfurk(`madbtnj, es)snfur` (`madbtnj, js)snfur edltn(`mvdrid)

M`ls ul prdendr tdeps, lkus prsdltdrkls hds mnjjrdltds b`tfkrnds qud lkus `hhkls

tr`ntdr puns lkus mbrnrkls hds mnjjrdlts ekmhds md jhdxnkl prkprds bc`qud b`tfkrnd, dl

dxphnqu`lt f`hdedlt hds mnjjnbuhts qud lkus `vkls rdlbkltrds.

0.

Hds b`tfkrnds frèe`tnb`hds

0.0. B`tfkrnds v`rnìhds dt nlv`rnìhds

Bkeed hd jr`l`ns, hd s`rmd bkeptd lduj b`tfkrnds md ekts 1 bnlq v`rnìhds, dt qu`trd

nlv`rnìhds.

4 b`tfkrnds v`rnìhds 1

-

Lke- @rtnbhd

- @madbtnj

- _rklke

- Zdrid

= b`tfkrnds nlv`rnìhds 1

- @mvdrid

- _rpksntnkl


14/23


0=

- Bklaklbtnkl

- Nltdradbtnkl (qun ld j`nt p`s p`rtnd mu mnbtnkll`nrd)

Indl qud bdrt`nlds b`tfkrnds skndlt v`rnìhds bkeed h`rtnbhd mjnln (mtdrenl`lt), hd

prklke ku dlbkrd hd vdrid lkus l`vkls p`s tkuakurs t dl edsurd mtìhnr mds ekmhds md

jhdxnkls pkur bds ulnts. M`ls bd qun sunt, lkus prkpkskls md mbrnrd hds ekmhds md jhdxnkls

pkur hds lkes, hds `madbtnjs qu`hnjnb`tnjs dt pkur hds mtdrenl`lts. Lkus ìkrmdrkls l`leknls

hds ùtrds b`tfkrnds dl dxphnqu`lt hds prkiheds rdlbkltrs.

0.9. ]ìhdù mds jhdxnkls

Hd tìhdù qun sunt prsdltd pkur bc`qud b`tfkrnd md ekt, hd lkeird mdltrds dt hd

lkeird md jhdxnkls. @nlsn kl pdut bklst`tdr qud h`madbtnj, hd lke dt hd vdrid sklt hds

b`tfkrnds qun bkeptdlt hd phus md jkreds jhbcnds.

B`tfkrnd Lkeird md hdeeds Lkeird md jhdxnkls@madbtnj 0?? =??@mvdrid 40 40

Bklaklbtnkl 09 09

Mtdrenl`lt 09 2:Lke 099 963

Luer`h 2: 2:_rpksntnkl 4 4

_rklke 24 24Zdrid 4= 09=9]kt`h =96 9?>4

9. B`r`btrnstnquds md h` jhdxnkl mu s`rmd

Lkus lkus nltrdssdrkls, m`ls bd qun sunt, ùx b`tfkrnds md ekts v`rnìhds dl mbrnv`lt

hds ekmhds md jhdxnkl qud lkus `vkls mf`fs frbd lks kisdrv`tnkls.

9.0. H` jhdxnkl lkenl`hd

Lktrd mnbtnkll`nrd rpdrtkrnd 099 lkes qud lkus pkuvkls rp`rtnr sdhkl mnjjrdlts

ekmhds md jhdxnkl. _kur mjnlnr bds ekmhds, lkus `vkls kisdrv hds tdrenl`nskls md bc`qud


15/23


04

dltrd lkenl`hd mu mnbtnkll`nrd dt lkus lkus skeeds i`sd sur h` frèe`nrd mu s`rmd

prsdltd phus cùt (bj. bc`pntrd 9, 0-0.01 Ydbudnh mds mkllds). Lkus `vkls `nlsn mf`f 09

ekmhds md jhdxnkls mnjjrdlts qud lkus rsuekls m`ls hd tìhdù sunv`lt 1

Ekmhd ]drenl`nskl Fdlrd DxdephdsKpr`tnkls sur hds hdeeds

Ekrpck Dlhdvdr @akutdr

L?0 -@ Jenlnl ii`, ib`, ei`jsjp s

L?9 -T E`sbuhnl iiiu, iltu, ruesep s

L?2 -T E`sbuhnl jhhu, pnpu, tntu

esep sjs u `jp u `s

L?=-@ E`sbuhnl `rtnst`, tde`, pr` es

ep s

L?4 -N E`sbuhnlJurnstrn, prkjdssrn,

idlmnmkrn

esep sjs n `jp n `s

L?: -N E`sbuhnl bln, jhkrn, jrmnesep s

L?6 -N Jenlnlhnidrt`mn, euhhrn,

`rrdxkln

jsjp s

L3 -@T E`sbuhnl bkllù,skrmù

esep sjs u `m`jp u `m`s

L?> sbkh`lu E`sbuhnl sbkh`lu

esep sbkh`lu nsbkh`lujs u `jp sbkh`lu nsbkh`l`s

L0? sbh` Jenlnl sbh`jsjp sbh` nsbkh`s

L00 spsu spsu

esep spsu nspksusjs u `jp spsu nspks`s

L09 -R E`sbuhnl bkrpus, mdus, tdepuses

ep

Hds suist`ltnjs dl s`rmd bèpnm`l`ns, klt trkns tdrenl`nskls pkssnihds 1 -@, -T, -N. Hds

lkes qun sd tdrenldlt p`r -@ sklt dl flr`h jenlnls (ekmhd L?0). Bdpdlm`lt, qudhquds

lkes jklt dxbdptnkl h` rfhd 1 bdux qun sd tdrenldlt dl -E@, -@YB@, -N@]Y@, -NR]@, -]@,

-_@, -D]Y@ qun sklt md fdlrd e`sbuhnl. Bdst pkurqukn, lkus `vkls brd ul ekmhd mdjhdxnkl spbnjnqud bds lkes (ekmhd L?=).


16/23


0:

Hds lkes qun sd tdrenldlt dl -T, sklt dl eàdurd p`rtnd, e`sbuhnls. Lkus pkuvkls

mnstnlfudr hds lkes qun s`bbkrmdlt ulnqudedlt dl lkeird (mdux jhdxnkls pkssnihds) qun sklt

rdfrkups m`ls hd ekmhd L?9 dt bdux qun s`bbkrmdlt h` jkns dl fdlrd dt dl lkeird dt qun

sklt bh`sss m`ls hd ekmhd L?2.

_`ren hds tdrenl`nskls pkssnihds, hds lkes qun jnlnssdlt p`r -N pduvdlt trd sknt

e`sbuhnls sknt jenlnls. Bdpdlm`lt, lkus pkuvkls kisdrvdr qudhquds rfuh`rnts qun

pdredttdlt md mnstnlfudr qudh fdlrd `pp`rtndlt hd lke. @nlsn, hds lkes qun pkssmdlt hds

tdrenl`nskls sunv`ltds 1 -DYN, -@MKYN, -NMKYN, -KYN, KLN sklt e`sbuhnls dt s`bbkrmdlt dl

fdlrd dt dl lkeird (ekmhd L?4). Bdst hd b`s p`r dxdephd mds ekts esnf`ltn, tr`ntrnku

dlbkrd mktkrn.

@vdb h` eed tdrenl`nskl dl -N, lkus `vkls hds lkes qun sd tdrenldlt dl -TLN, -NLN, -@HN

qun sklt md fdlrd e`sbuhnl (mdux jhdxnkls pkssnihds) qun `pp`rtndlldlt ù ekmhd L?: bkeed

bln, jenlndt bdux qun sd tdrenldlt dl -@MN, -TMN, -S + vkydhhd + -LN qun sklt jenlnls tdhs

qud b`ltnm`mn, `rrdxkln,akvultumn(ekmhd L?6).

Lkus `vkls brd ul ùtrd ekmhd (L?3) pkur hds lkes e`sbuhnl dl -@T pkur hdsqudhs

h`bbkrm dl fdlrd dst mnjjrdlt 1 hd jenlnl dst dl -@M@ bkeed p`r dxdephd m`ls hd ekt

bkllùqun sd bc`lfd dl bkll`m` ù jenlnl.

Hds ekmhds md jhdxnkls L?>, L0? dt L00 sklt mds ekmhds ul pdu p`rtnbuhndrs b`r nhs

bkrrdspklmdlt uld ulnqud dltrd m`ls hd mnbtnkll`nrd. Nhs jklt rjrdlbd ùx suist`ltnjs qun

bkeedlbdlt p`r R- sunvns muld bklsklld mklt hd phurndh sd jkred dl àkut`lt hd prjnxd N- dt

h` e`rqud mu phurndh cìntudhhd b'dst--mnrd -R. _`r dxdephd, hd ekt sbkh`sd bc`lfd dl nsbkh`s

ù phurndh. Hd prkihed vndlt mu j`nt qunh ldst p`s pkssnihd m`ls lktrd i`sd màkutdr ul

hedlt `v`lt hd r`mnb`h. H` sduhd skhutnkl ` mklb t mdlhdvdr hd ekt dltndr md mp`rt dt md hd

rdeph`bdr nltfr`hdedlt p`r s` jkred jhbcnd (ù phurndh sduhdedlt). Hd ekmhd br ld

pkuv`lt s`pphnqudr qu ul ekt h` jkns (kl supprned hd ekt mklt nh dst qudstnkl pkur hd

rdeph`bdr p`r skl qunv`hdlt jhbcn), lkus `vkls t bkltr`nlt md brdr ul ekmhd pkur bc`bul

mds ekts prsdlt`lt bdttd p`rtnbuh`rnt 1

L?>sbkh`lunsbkh`lusnsbkh`l`s

L0?sbh`nsbkh`s

L00spsunspksusnspks`s

Hd mdrlndr ekmhd L09 j`nt rjrdlbd ù lkes qun sd b`r`btrnsdlt p`r hd e`nltndl mu R

h`tnl dl jnl`hd md ekt dt qun bklsdrvdlt h` eed jkred ù phurndh 1 bkrpus, mdus,jrnus, tdepus.


17/23


06

9.9. H` jhdxnkl md h`madbtnj qu`hnjnb`tnj

Dl bd qun bklbdrld hds `madbtnjs, lkus lkus skeeds sduhdedlt nltrdssd h` jhdxnkl

mds `madbtnjs qu`hnjnb`tnjs b`r, bkeed lkus h`vkls dxphnqu prbmdeedlt, lkus `vkls j`nt hd

bcknx md rdfrkupdr hds ùtrds typds m`madbtnjs (pkssdssnjs dt meklstr`tnjs) m`ls h` b`tfkrnd

mds mtdrenl`lts dt mklt lkus jdrkls h` mdsbrnptnkl m`ls hds p`fds sunv`ltds.



@MA?0 -T E`sbuhnl ilu, h`lau, liu

esepjs u `

jp u `s

@MA?9 -N E`sbuhnl `rstn,brudhn,jnln

esep sjsjp s

@MA?2 -@T E`sbuhnlmnhnbu, ,spkhhu,

tkstu

esep sjs u `m`jp u `m`s

@MA?=

-N

E`sbuhnl

j`nlrn, nepn`strn,

e`fnrn

esep s

js n `jp n `s

tìhnrmds ekmhds md jhdxnkl pkur hds `madbtnjs ld lkus ` p`s pks trkp md mnjjnbuhts

m`ls h` edsurd k hds e`rqudurs jhdxnklldhs mds `madbtnjs sklt qu`snedlt hds eeds qud pkur

hds lkes. @nlsn, lkus `vkls pu mf`fdr qu`trd ekmhds md jhdxnkls pkur bdttd b`tfkrnd. Hd

ekmhd @ma?0 j`nt rjrdlbd ùx `madbtnjs mklt h` jnl`hd dst -T dt qun s`bbkrmdlt dl fdlrd dt

dl lkeird 1

- ilu(es)ilus(ep)il`(js)il`s(jp)

Hds `madbtnjs `pp`rtdl`lt ù mduxned ekmhd (@ma?9) klt h` p`rtnbuh`rnt m`vknr h`

eed jkred ù e`sbuhnl dt ù jenlnl, bdst hd bkltdxtd qun pdredt md mjnlnr hd fdlrd md

h`madbtnj 1

- ulkenln rdstnul` jenl` `rdstn

Bkeed pkur hds lkes, hd jenlnl mds `madbtnjs qun sd tdrenldlt dl -@T dst -@M@. Bds

`madbtnjs rdlvkndlt ù ekmhd @ma?2 1

- prdxu (es)prdxus(ep)prdx`m (js)prdx`m`s(jp)


18/23


03

Dljnl, ul mdrlndr ekmhd @ma?=, bkrrdspklm ùx `madbtnjs sd tdrenl`lt dl -DYN, -KLN, -

KYN dt qun s`bbkrmdlt dl fdlrd dt dl lkeird 1

- nepn`strn(es)nepn`strns(ep)nepn`str` (js)nepn`str`s(jp)

- enlrn(es)enlrns(ep)enlr`(js)enlr`s(jp)

9.2. H` jhdxnkl mds mtdrenl`lts

Hds mtdrenl`lts rdprsdltdlt uld bh`ssd flrnqud pdredtt`lt md r`ssdeihdr phusndurs

typds mulnts bkeed hds `rtnbhds (mjnlns dt nlmjnlns), hds `madbtnjs pkssdssnjs dt hds `madbtnjs

meklstr`tnjs. Dl dxènl`lt hds mnjjrdlts mtdrenl`lts, lkus `vkls bklst`t qunh lt`nt p`s

pkssnihd md prkpksdr ul ekmhd md jhdxnkl pkur hds `rtnbhds mjnlns 1 su, s`, ns (hd, h`, hdsdl

jr`l`ns). Dl djjdt, h` jkred mu phurndh skitndlt dl àkut`lt ul N- dl miut md ekt dt lkus

`vkls vu prbmdeedlt qud lkus ld pkuvnkls p`s àkutdr md prjnxds ul r`mnb`h e`ns

sduhdedlt mds msnldlbds. Md phus, pdut-kl bklsnmrdr s bkeed t`lt h` i`sd

ekrpckhkfnqud mds `rtnbhds mjnlns ; _kur bds r`nskls, dt indl qud bds ulnts pkssmdlt mds

v`rn`tnkls dl fdlrd dt dl lkeird, lkus hdur `vkls `pphnqu ul ekmhd bc`buld. @nlsn, hd

ekmhd Mdt?0 j`nt rjrdlbd su(`rtnbhd mjnln e`sbuhnl snlfuhndr), Mdt?9 rdlvknd s`(`rtnbhd

mjnln jenlnl snlfuhndr) dt Mdt?2 s`pphnqud ns(`rtnbhd mjnln e`sbuhnl/jenlnl phurndh).

Dl rdv`lbcd, hds ùtrds mtdrenl`lts, s`vknr hds `madbtnjs pkssdssnjs dt meklstr`tnjs

e`ns ùssn hds `rtnbhds nlmjnlns, pkssmdlt mds b`r`btrnstnquds jhdxnklldhhds `l`hkfuds dt nh dst

pkssnihd md hdur `pphnqudr ul ekmhd bkeeul (Mdt?=) 1

- @rtnbhd nlmjnln 1 lulusl`l`s

- @madbtnj pkssdssnj 1 tutust`t`s

- @madbtnj meklstr`tnj 1 bstubstusbst`bst`s

Rduh h`madbtnj pkssdssnj nlsruld pkssmd p`s md jkred jhbcnd bdst pkurqukn lkus hun

`vkls `pphnqu hd ekmhd Mdt?4.



MD]?0 RT E`sbuhnl esMD]?9 R@ Jenlnl jsMD]?2 NR E`sbuhnl / Jenlnl ep/jp

MD]?= -T E`sbuhnleu, lstu,

bssu

esep sjs u `

jp u `sMD]?4 NLRKYT E`sbuhnl / Jenlnl es/js


19/23


0>

9.=. H` jhdxnkl mds vdrids

Dl flr`h, bd qun b`r`btrnsd hd vdrid dst h` rnbcdssd md s` bklauf`nskl. Dl djjdt, nh v`rnd

dl fdlrd dt dl lkeird k nh sd bklaufud h`nmd mds prklkes pdrsklldhs `tklds suadts e`ns

ùssn dl jklbtnkl mds bklauf`nskls (ùx mnjjrdlts tdeps dt ekmds). Hd s`rmd bkeptd qu`trd

ekmds 1 hnlmnb`tnj, hd suiaklbtnj, hnepr`tnj dt hd bklmntnklldh.

H` h`lfud s`rmd bkeptd trkns ùxnhn`nrds 1 `n (`vknr), dssn (trd) dt tdlln (`vknr m`ls hd

sdls md pkssmdr). Dhhd pkssmd f`hdedlt trkns bklauf`nskls rfuhnrds 1 h` msnldlbd md

hnljnlntnj pkur h` prdenrd bklauf`nskl t`lt -@N, -N pkur h` sdbklmd dt -NYN pkur h` trknsned.

H` sdbklmd bklauf`nskl bkepkrtd uld euhtntumd md skus-bh`ssds qun sd mnstnlfudlt sdhkl

h` jkred mu p`rtnbnpd p`ss 1

Rkus-bh`ssd _`rtnbnpd p`ss

-NEN NENT-DRRN DRRNT-TRN TRNT-TMN TMNT

-DLMN DLMNT-DMN DMNT-N]N N]NT-FN AT

-TMN TMNT

_kur nhhustrdr hds mnjjrdltds bklauf`nskls rfuhnrds, kl pdut mklldr ul dxdephd `vdb

hds vdrids b`lt`n(bc`ltdr), tnen(br`nlmrd) dtp`rtnrn(p`rtnr) ù prsdlt md hnlmnb`tnj 1

B`lt`n ]nen _`rtnrn

b`ltu tneu p`rtub`lt`s tnens p`rtnsb`ltt tnent p`rtnt

b`ltùs tnedus p`rtdusb`lt`ns tnedns p`rtdnsblt`lt tnenlt p`rtnlt

Nh sdeihd vnmdlt md pkuvknr tìhnr mds rkutnlds jhdxnklldhhds pkur hds bklauf`nskls

rfuhnrds. Bdpdlm`lt, h` jkre`tnkl md bdrt`nls tdeps ld lkus pdredt p`s mtìhnr mds

ekmhds md jhdxnkls pkur hds vdrids. _`r dxdephd, hd jutur snephd dst jkre md hùxnhn`nrd `n

sunvn md h` prpksntnkl `sunvnd md hnljnlntnj mu vdrid 1

- `p ` b`lt`n(ad bc`ltdr`n)


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Bkeed bc`qud nljnlntnj dst mnjjrdlt mul vdrid hùtrd, lkus ld pkuvkls p`s tìhnr

md ekmhds md jhdxnkls pkur hds vdrids. Lkus rdlbkltrkls mklb hd eed prkihed qud pkur

hds lkes bd qun lkus bkltr`nlt `ssnfldr bc`qud vdrid ul ekmhd md jhdxnkl ulnqud.

Lkus `vkls mklb 4= ekmhds md jhdxnkls pkur bc`qud vdrid mu mnbtnkll`nrd. _kur bd qun

dst md h` bklauf`nskl, lkus mkllkls h` bklauf`nskl mds vdrids pkur hnlmnb`tnj (prsdlt,

nep`rj`nt, jutur dt hds mnjjrdltds jkreds mu p`rtnbnpd p`ss).

9.4. Hd prklke

H` b`tfkrnd mds prklkes rdfrkupd hds prklkes pdrsklldhs, rdh`tnjs, nlmjnlns,

meklstr`tnjs dt pkssdssnjs. Bdttd b`tfkrnd dst trs v`rnìhd, bdst lktèedlt hd b`s p`r

dxdephd mds prklkes pdrsklldhs suadts 1

- mdu, tun, nssu, lksu, iks`trus, nssus

Bkeptd tdlu md bdttd v`rnìnhnt, lkus `vkls prjr `pphnqudr ul ekmhd md jhdxnkl

pkur bc`buld mds dltrds.

Lkus `vkls pu rde`rqudr tkut ù hklf md bd tr`v`nh, qud hds mnjjnbuhts sklt nlcrdltds

h` br`tnkl mds mnbtnkll`nrds ekrpcksylt`xnquds.

_`r dxdephd, lktrd i`sd md mkllds ld s`pphnqud p`s h`maklbtnkl md prjnxds. Dl

djjdt nh ldst p`s pkssnihd m`ls skl t`t `btudh màkutdr mds prjnxds. Nh jùmr`nt brdr mùtrds

kpr`tdurs qud dlhdvdr dt àkutdr p`rtnr md h` jnl mu ekt. Bdttd èhnkr`tnkl

pdredttr`nt md pkuvknr ekmnjndr uld dltrd s`ls `vknr h` supprnedr nltfr`hdedlt pkur h`

rdeph`bdr p`r s` jkred jhbcnd mklt sduh hd miut mu hdeed dst ekmnjn.

_`r `nhhdurs, nh ldst ìskhuedlt p`s vnmdlt md b`hbuhdr h` i`sd `mqu`td mu hdeed. Dl

djjdt, hkrsqukl utnhnsd hds prnlbnpds md h` ekrpckhkfnd jhdxnklldhhd pkur flrdr

ùtke`tnqudedlt hds mnjjrdltds jkreds m'ul ekt, bdh` ld sd rsued p`s `bbkhdr mds sujjnxds

h` jkred b`lklnqud mul ekt. Lkus pkuvkls prdlmrd hdxdephd dl jr`l`ns k pkur prkmunrd

h` jkred jenlnl snlfuhndr md tr`mubtdur, nh dst lbdss`nrd md b`hbuhdr h` i`sd`mqu`td (n.d.

"tr`mub-") dt md hun `sskbndr p`r h` suntd h` jhdxnkl jenlnl bklvdlìhd (n.d. "-trnbd"). Dl

bklsqudlbd, h` pc`sd md flr`tnkl ekrpckhkfnqud sd mrkuhd dl mdux p`rtnds jklmèdlt`hds

indl mnstnlbtds, s`vknr, hd b`hbuh md h` i`sd dt bdhun mds jhdxnkls `pprkprnds.


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BKLBHTRNKL

Hd tr`v`nh r`hns pkur bd prkadt ` pdrens md edttrd dl ph`bd ul mnbtnkll`nrd ekrpck-

sylt`xnqud pkur uld mds v`rn`ltds md h` h`lfud s`rmd 1 hd bèpnm`l`ns. Bkeed lkus h`vklsdxpks prbmdeedlt, h` h`lfud s`rmd (qudhqud sknt h` v`rn`ltd tumnd) skujjrd mul e`lqud

md mdsbrnptnkl hnlfunstnqud jh`fr`lt. H` mkbuedlt`tnkl utnhnsd l` mklb t qud trs j`nihd mu

j`nt md h` r`rdt mds rdsskurbds dxnst`ltds.

_`r `nhhdurs, kutrd hds mnvdrs prkiheds pkss p`r h` ensd dl uvrd mu mnbtnkll`nrd, h`

prdenrd mnjjnbuht dst vdlud md h` mnsp`rnt mds v`rn`ltds md h` h`lfud. Dl djjdt, lkus `vkls

t bkljrklt ul prdendr prkihed tckrnqud qu`lt ù bcknx md h` v`rn`ltd tumndr.

Hd rdbkurs uld i`sd md mkllds t`nt md hknl hd ekydl hd phus djjnb`bd e`hfr hds

bkltr`nltds qudhhd nepksd (p`r dxdephd pkur h` s`nsnd mds mkllds). Bdpdlm`lt lkus `vkls pu

bklst`tdr p`r hds mnjjnbuhts qud lkus `vkls rdlbkltrds, qud h` strubturd md lktrd i`sd pkuv`nt

pksdr mds prkiheds (kpr`tdurs pdredtt`lt màkutdr mds prjnxds).

Bd mnbtnkll`nrd ld prtdlm vnmdeedlt p`s trd dxcùstnj e`ns kjjrd ma uld prdenrd

i`sd md tr`v`nh nltrdss`ltd pkur mds tumds uhtrndurds sur bdttd v`rn`ltd md h` h`lfud, dt md

j`kl phus flr`hd pkur hdlsdeihd mds v`rn`ltds mu s`rmd. Nh pkurr`nt lktèedlt trd

nltrdss`lt mdlrnbcnr md lkuvdhhds dltrds dt md jkurlnr uld b`r`btrns`tnkl vdri`hd phus

prbnsd mds hdeeds. Tld ùtrd pc`sd mèhnkr`tnkl sdr`nt md pkuvknr `btu`hnsdr bd

mnbtnkll`nrd dl hd rdlm`lt euhtnhnlfud (dl nltfr`lt mds h`lfuds supphedlt`nrds).


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RN]KFY@_CND

MKBTEDL]R DL HNFLD (`rtnbhds dt tcsds)1

IH@LB K., BKLR]@L] E., R@R]YD A., Nltdrj`bd hdxnqud-frèe`nrd dt hdxnqudssylt`xnquds dt se`ltnquds

cttp1//www.`t`h`.krf/mkb/AD[?4?209/Hdxsylt-Ih`lb.pmj

BKTY]KNR I., Iuts dt etckmds md hhìkr`tnkl mds mnbtnkll`nrds hdbtrklnquds mu H@MH

JY@LBK_KTHK F. (9??2), _rkpksntnkl md lkred mds hdxnquds pkur hd tr`ntdedltùtke`tnqud mu h`lf`fd

cttp1//pùnhh`b.nlrn`.jr/`tkhh/YLNH/]B26RB=-mkbs/L?6.pmj

EKL]DHDKLD E. (9??2), Hdxnbkfr`pcnd dt mnbtnkll`nrds hdbtrklnqudscttp1//nfe.ulnv-ehv.jr/HìNljk/tcdsds/9??2/ekltdhdkld.pmj

ZDYKLNR A., GCKTYN H.,Dtnqudt`fd frèe tnb`h euhtnhnlfud 1 hd prkadt euhtdxtcttp1//ùld.hph.ulnv-`nx.jr/prkadbts/euhtdxt/HDS/HDS9[0.cteh

HNDLR RTY H@ H@LFTD R@YMD 1

Mkllds fkfr`pcnquds, mek-hnlfunstnquds, st`tut hnlfunstnqud md h` h`lfud s`rmdcttp1//www.thjq.uh`v`h.b`/`xh/durkpd/nt`hnds`rm`nfld.cte

@rtnbhd sur h` h`lfud s`rmd (Dlbybhkpmnd Vngnpmn`) 1 @spdbts hnlfunstnquds (pckltnqud,ekrpckhkfnd, sylt`xd) dt `spdbts skbnk-hnlfunstnqudscttp1//jr.wngnpdmn`.krf/wngn/R`rmd

H` h`lfud s`rmd 1H` hnlfu` s`rm`1 prsdlt`tnkl md h` h`lfud md h` frèe`nrd dt md bdrt`nls `spdbtshnlfunstnquds (pkssninhnt md thbc`rfdr uld frèe`nrd bkephtd mu s`rmd ù jkre`t _MJ dlnt`hndl)cttp1//www.eklmks`rmdfl`.ldt/hnlfu`s`rm`/hnlfu`s`rm`.cte

@spdbts md h` hnttr`turd s`rmdcttp1//yvds.i`rlkux.jrdd.jr/s`rmd/hnttdr`turd.cte

Mntznklrnu md s` hnei` s`rm`(ùtdur E`rnk _ummu)1 Mnbtnkll`nrd se`ltnqud euhtnhnlfud dlh`lfud s`rmd. Hds rdbcdrbcds pduvdlt sdjjdbtudr p`rtnr mu s`rmd mnrdbtdedlt (v`rn`ltds) ku p`rtnr mùtrds h`lfuds 1 hnt`hndl, hd jr`l`ns, h`lfh`ns ku h`hhde`lm. Bd mnbtnkll`nrdbkeprdlm >2 ??? hdeeds dl s`rmd, 03 ??? ekts tr`munts dl nt`hndl, 03 ??? dl `lfh`ns, 06 ???dl jr`l`ns dt >??? pkur h`hhde`lm.cttp1//www.mntznkl`rnu.krf/


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92

DSDE_HDR MD MNB]NKLL@NYDR DHDB]YKLNPTDR EKY_CKR^L]@SNPTDR

- IMHDS 1cttp1//www.nrnt.jr/@B]NZN]DR/DP[NCE_]/rdss[hnlf.v0/rimhdx.pcp- BDHDS 1

cttp1//skhutnkls.akurl`hmuldt.bke/???:/???:?6bdhdx.scteh -ETH]DScttp1//www.up.ulnv-ers.jr/vdrklns/pmj/0>>4t`h.pmj