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jif{ @( cª\s #@$ @)&% h]7

Vol. 29 Number 324 May-June 2018

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HAMRO KALPABRICHHA

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Emerging Issues and Challenges in Conserving and Developing Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley

Rishi Ram Tripathee !)

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Pine Plantation Management in Community Forests: Application of Silviculture to Enhance Productivity, Replacement of Timber Import and Conversion into Mixed Forest

Arun Sharma Poudyal , Shiva Sapkota

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l;d;f/ eGgfn] e"ldut hn;|f]t jf jiff{sf sf/0f kfgLsf] kl/df0f /xg] jf k|fs[lts jf dfgj lgld{t, :yfoL jf c:yfoL, hd]sf] jf au]sf], :jR5 cyjf g'lgnf] kfgL ePsf] wflknf] jf


bnbn] hldg, gbLaf6 k|efljt e"ld, tfn, kf]v/L, hnfzo / s[lif e"ld;d]t a'lemG5 . t/fO{sf ;dy/ d}bfgb]lv r'/], dxfef/t kj{t x'Fb} pRr lxdfnL If]q;Dd km}lnPsf] / ljljwtfk"0f{ kl/l:ysLo k|0ffnLleq /x]sf cgluGtL l;d;f/x?n] g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] nueu %Ü cf]u6]sf 5g\ . h}ljs ljljwtf / hLjgkof]uL ;|f]tsf] wgL dflgg] oL l;d;f/ ljleGg k|hfltsf jg:klt, hLjhGt' / lkm/Gt] k+IfLx?sf nflu pQd cf>o:ynsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . kfgLsf] ;txL / e"ldut ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug{, klx/f] /f]syfd ug{ / df6f]sf] kf]ifs tTjsf] r'xfj6 /f]Sg l;d;f/n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . k/Dk/f, wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf pb\ud ynf] oL l;d;f/x?;Fu dfgj hfltsf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . Watershed jf …hnfwf/Ú eg]sf] hn;|f]tsf] cfwf/ If]q jf d'xfgnfO{ hgfpFb5 . hnfwf/nfO{ Drainage Basin klg elgG5 . g]kfnsf 7"nf–7"nf gbLx?sf] cfwf/ If]q eg]sf ;bfaxf/ lxpFn] 9fs]sf] lxdfnx? x'g\ . g]kfn hnfwf/df pRrtd\ :yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] hne08f/n] nueu *#))) d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ ;}4flGts cfFsng ul/Psf] 5 . cleofgcGtu{t n]vgfy gu/kflnsfsf] $,^,(,!),!!,!$ j8f / ?kfsf]6 uflj;sf l;d;f/ If]qdf ;g\ @))@ b]lv clen]vLs/0f ;'? ePsf] xf] . :yfgLo:t/df s[ifs ;d"x, ;fd'bflos tyf ;xsf/L ;+:yf, uflj;, gu/kflnsf, lhlj; / ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf of] cleofgdf tLg xhf/ 3/w'/L kl/rfng ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo:t/df ;d"x u7g u/L h}ljs ljljwtfaf/] 5nkmn ug'{sf] ;fy} ltgsf] vf]hL ub}{ clen]vLs/0f ug]{ sfd;d]t :yfgLoaf;Ln] u/]sf 5g\ . n]vgfydf ;d'bfoaf6 ePsf] clen]vLs/0f ;kmn ePkl5 cGo kfFr lhNnfdf klg o;nfO{ lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5 . n]vgfy If]qdf clen]v ul/PsfdWo] gAa] k|hflt tyf pkhfltsf wfgafnL dfq} km]nf k/]sf 5g\ . …clen]vLs/0f ug]{ qmddf of] 7fpF ljlrqsf] nfUof]Ú, clwsf/Ln] eg] …olt ;fgf] If]qdf olt w]/} pkhfltsf wfg ljZjd} e]l6Psf] 5}g .Ú l;d;f/ If]qdf kfOg] ;]tf] sdn, ;x/ df5f, gfaf] wfg, l;dnsfF8f a;fpg] l3/f}+nf g]kfnd} b'n{e dflgG5g\ . hgfj/df g]kfnd} b'n{e dflgPsf] cf]t a]ugf;df km]nf k/]sf] 5 . oL nufot bh{geGbf a9L k|hflt vt/fsf] ;"rLdf 5g\ . ltgsf] ;+/If0f a]n}df gug]{ xf] eg] g]kfnaf6} ;bfsf nflu x/fpg] b]lvPsf] 5Ú cleofgsf cWoIf n]vgfy 9sfnn] eg] –…;/sf/n] o;nfO{ cfkm\gf] ;DklQ agfP/ ;+/If0f ug]{ sfd rfF8f] ug'{k5{ .Ú vt/fdf k'u]sf To:tf j:t'sf] ;+/If0f ug{ cleofgn] ;+/If0f Ans agfP/ /fv]sf] 5 . …;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ y'k|} h8La'6L klg 5g\, 9sfnn] eg] …;/sf/n] klxnf oL clen]v ePsf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] k~hLs/0f ug'{k5{ clg ;+/If0f / ahf/Ls/0fdf nfUg'kb{5 . h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6n] g]kfn ljZjdf !^cf}+ wgL /fi6«df kb{5 . g]kfndf km"n km'Ng] / gkm'Ng] dfq} & xhf/ k|hfltsf jg:klt 5g\ . tLdWo] # ;o $^ /}yfg] jg:klt 5g\ . g]kfndf * ;o %) eGbf a9L hfltsf r/f km]nf kl/;s]sf 5g\ . ;+;f/df kfOg] r/fdWo] b; k|ltzt g]kfndf kfOG5g\ . ljZjdf b'n{e eg]sf r/f klg g]kfndf k|z:t 5g\ .…ljZj jGohGt'sf]if g]kfn sfo{qmdÚ sf] ;xof]udf cWoog ul/Psf l;d;f/ If]qdWo] /fd;f/ If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ cfjZos ;t{ k"/f ug{ ;Sg] If]qnfO{ /fd;f/ If]qsf ?kdf ;"rLs[t ug{ cfjZos kxn eO/x]sf] 5 . o; qmddf cWoog ePsf rf/j6f l;d;f/ If]qsf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

uf];fO{s'08—gf}s'08 l;d;f/ If]q /;'jf lhNnfl:yt nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs'~hleq kb{5 . ;d'b|;txaf6 # xhf/ % ;o ld6/eGbf dflysf] prfOdf /x]sf /;'jf lhNnfsf @ ;o lxdtfndWo]


! ;o $( j6f nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs'~hleq kb{5g\ . uf];fOs'08—gf}s'08 If]qdf ! x]S6/b]lv !& x]S6/ If]qkmn ePsf !^ j6f s'08 5g\ . uf];fOFs'08 / gf}s'08 gfdsf b'j} lxdfnL l;d;f/ If]qnfO{ aLrdf Pp6f cUnf] kxf8n] 6]s] klg b'j}sf] kfgL eg] nf}/f]ljgfsf] psfnf]eGbf k"j{k§L aUg] lqz'nL gbLdf v:b5 . uf];fOFs'08 If]qdf /x]sf !^ j6f s'08n] %$ x]S6/ e"efu cf]u6]sf 5g\ . To:t} gf}s'08 If]qsf ( j6f s'08n] $) x]S6/ e"efu cf]u6]sf 5g\ . uf];fOFs'08sf] hnfwf/ If]q nueu ! xhf/ $) x]S6/ / gf}s'08sf] hnfwf/ If]q sl/a & ;o ^@ x]S6/df km}lnPsf] 5 . cWoogsf] qmddf uf];fOFs'08 / gf}s'08 If]qdf kfOPsf sDtLdf Ps ;o @% k|hfltsf jg:kltdWo] g]kfndf dfq kfOg] /}yfg] la?jfsf ^ hft jg:klt / s'6\sL, h6fd;L, kfvgj]b, zdf{u'?, ljif, ljv'Ddfh:tf h8La'6L kb{5g\ .

b'O{ cnu zAbsf] ;+of]hgaf6 ag]sf] zAb …l;d;f/Údf …l;dÚ n] kfgL g;'Sg] hldg / …;f/Ú n] kfgL eGg] a'emfpF5 . o; cy{df l;d;f/n] …e"ldut hn;|f]t jf jiff{sf sf/0f kfgLsf] kl/df0f /xg], k|fs[lts jf dfgj lgld{t, :yfoL jf c:yfoL hd]sf] jf au]sf] :jR5 jf g'lgnf] kfgL ePsf] wflknf] tyf bnbn] hldg, gbLaf6 k|efljt e"ld, tfn, kf]v/L hnfzo / s[life"ld;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 . ljZjsf l;d;f/ If]qx? h}ljs ljljwtfsf] e08f/ xf] . l;d;f/ If]qx? dfgjx?sf] nflu dfq geO{ ljZjaf6 nf]k x'g nfu]sf sltko dxTjk"0f{ hnr/, gjr/, peor/ cGo hLjx?, 3fF;, af]6j[Ifx? tyf kmnkm"nx?sf nflu af;, k|hgg tyf vfB kbfy{x? tyf cf}ifwLd"nf]sf nflu k|of]u x'g] jg:kltx?sf] pj{/ ynf] xf] . xfn;Dd ljZjdf !,#@* -t]x| ;o c7\7fO;_ l;d;f/ If]qx? /fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . h;n] !!),(^!,!(^ x]S6/ hldg cf]u6]sf] 5 .

l;d;f/sf] dxTj M

h}ljs ljzfn ahf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] l;d;f/ h;af6 3fF;, bfp/f, h8La'6L, vfB jg:kltx?, y'k|} hLjhGt'x? pknAw x'G5g\ . of] eGbf klg o;n] kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod /fVgdf klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . o;n] kfgLsf] ;|f]tnfO{ ;+/If0f ub{5 . of] xfd|f] z/L/sf] ;+j]bgzLn c+u h:t} xf] . o;n] af9L lgoGq0f ub{5 . To:t} t6Lo If]qsf] IfoLs/0f x'gaf6 arfpF5 . clxn] t o;sf] dxTj emg} a9\b} cfPsf]n] jGohGt'sf] cf/If0f :ynsf] ?kdf :yflkt x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . To:t} ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu dgf]/~hg k|bfg ug]{ :ynsf] ?kdf dT:okfng Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ nufot cGo dxTjk"0f{ cfocfh{g x'g] ynf]sf] ?kdf klg ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] x'/Latf;, lgoGq0f tyf wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf If]qx?sf] lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu klg Tolts} dxTj /fVb5 . ljleGg r/fr'?ËLx?, hLjhGt'x?, df5fx? / af]6j[Ifx?nfO{ kfgL, cfxf/f, cf>o / k|hgg :yn k|bfg ug]{ x'gfn] of] clt g} dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf 5g\ . o;af6 kfgLsf] :yfgfGt/0f / z'4Ls/0f ug]{ sf/0fn] of] dxTjk"0f{ x'g uPsf] 5 . k|foM h;f] k|frLg zx/sf] lgdf{0f klg l;d;f/ If]qaf6 ePsf x'g\ tyf oftfoftsf dfu{sf lgdf{0f klg l;d;f/af6} ePsf 5g\ . h;sf] pbfx/0f sflGtk'/, lj/f6gu/, ltnf}/fsf]6, kf]v/f OToflb . g]kfndf sl/a % k|ltzt e"efu hldg l;d;f/ If]qn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . oxfF sl/a @) y/Lsf hghfltx? k/Dk/fut?kdf l;d;f/df cfwfl/t ljleGg ;|f]tx?af6 hLljsf]kfh{g ub{5g\ . Tolt dfq xf]Og, tL hghfltsf] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/nufot ljljw ;+:s[ltsf] plrt ;+/If0f


tyf Joj:yfkgåf/f ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ko{6sLo ljsf;sf] k|z:t ;Defjgf ag]sf] x'G5 . :yfgLo ;|f]t, ;fwgnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ / :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;'/lIft ub}{ w]/} k|hfltsf hnLo jg:klt, k|f0fL / r/fx?sf] nflu klg Tolts} dxTjk"0f{ aGg k'Ub5 .

l;d;f/If]qsf] ;+/If0f, pkof]u tyf r'gf}tL

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf b[li6n] l;d;f/ If]q dxTjk"0f{ ;Dkbfdf kb{5 . /fd;f/ dxf;lGwkZrft\ g]kfnn] klg o:tf If]qsf] ;+/If0f tyf ljj]szLn pkof]udf hf]8 lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f sltko l;d;f/ If]q cGt/f{li6«o?kd} dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf 5g\ . o; qmddf g]kfnsf t/fO{ If]qdf cjl:yt $ j6f l;d;f/ ljZj /fd;f/ ;"rLdf kl/;s]sf 5g\ . kf]v/fsf km]jf;lxt cgo tfn, /f/f tfn, uf];fOFs'08, ;] kmf]S;'08f], ;+v'jf;efsf] ;ef kf]v/Lh:tf ;of}F tfntn}ofsf] :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o dxTjsf] klxrfg x'g cem} afFsL g} /x]sf] 5 . l;d;f/ If]qsf] dxTj kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL;Fu k|ToIf?kdf ufFl;g] eP klg g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df o;sf] ;+/If0f tyf a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u r'gf}tLk"0f{ g} /x]sf] 5 . clwsf+z l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf ;jfndf :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;dGjo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] z;lQms/0fdf oy]i6 Wofg glbOg', z}lIfs ultljlw tyf hgr]tgf clej[l4sf sfo{ gfd dfqsf x'g', :yfgLo k|ljlw, 1fg / cfjZostfk|lt c;+j]bgzLn eP/ Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd emf/f] 6fg]{ Wo]on] dfq ;~rfng ePsf sf/0f cfGtl/s åGå a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm xfn d'n'sdf rln/x]sf lx+;fTds åGån] klg o:tf If]qsf] ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ emg} cf]em]ndf kf/]sf] 5 .

;/sf/n] l;d;f/ If]qsf] 3f]if0ff ubf{ jf ;+/If0f If]q lj:tf/ ubf{ lj:yflkt ePsf :yfgLo hgtfsf] k'gjf{; tyf /f]huf/Ltkm{ Wofg lbg;s]sf] kfOFb}g . o;n] hLjgofkgsf] ;d:of tLj|?kdf a9fPsf] dfq 5}g . l;d;f/;lxt cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf / dxTj klg cf]em]ndf kf/]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k :yfgLo ;d'bfo ;+/If0f lqmofsnfkk|lt ;sf/fTds aGg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . ;+/If0fsf ;Gbe{df agfOPsf gLltut Joj:yfsf] c:ki6tf, cltqmd0f, v]taf/Ldf k|of]u x'g] u'0f:t/xLg /;fog / ljiffbLsf] lgjf{w cfoft / k|of]u l;d;f/ If]qsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0fsf nflu r'gf}tL ag]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf qmlds?kdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] hg;+Vofsf nflu cfjZos vfBfGg tyf cGo pkef]Uo j:t'sf] dfu klg lg/Gt/ a9L/x]sf] 5 . cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf ?kdf /x]sf] vfBfGg pTkfbgsf nflu dflg;n] v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] vf]hL ul//x]sf] x'G5 . hg;+Vof a9\b} hfFbf vfBfGgsf] dfu klg a9\g] x'Fbf v]tL lj:tf/ ub}{ hfg] k|j[lQ /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotM l;d;f/If]q pAhfp x'g] ePsfn] cltqmd0fsf] l;nl;nfdf dflg;sf cfFvf To:tf If]qd} kb{5g\ . oxL sf/0fn] sltko :yfgLo tfn–tn}of tyf kf]v/L cfjfb x'Fb} / gfl;Fb} uPsf 5g\ . o;/L a9\bf] hg;+Vof / l;d;f/ If]qaLrsf] åGåfTds cj:yf klg o; If]qsf] ;+/If0fdf b]lvPsf] k|d'v r'gf}tL xf] .

;+/If0f sfo{qmd

kfs{ lkk'n sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;~rflnt ;kmn tyf k|efjsf/L sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf, ;'b[9Ls/0f Pjd\ ;+:yfut ug]{ p2]Zon] /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefun] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf;


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IntroductionWetlands are the link between land and water and are some of the productive ecosystems in the world. They are sometimes described as the "the kidney's of the landscape" because of their role in the hydrologic and chemical cycles. There are many different kinds of wetlands and many ways to categorize them. All types of wetlands can be grouped into five categorizes. They are; marine (ocean), estuarine (estuary), riverine (river), lacustrine (lake) and Palustrine (marsh). The function of wetlands are; to provide habitat for a wide variety and number of wildlife and plants; to filter, clean, store water; collect and hold flood waters; absorb wind and tidal forces and provide places for beauty and many recreational activities. Wetlands are very important resources of any country. They play critical roles in the human survival and development. These resources should be conserved and use sustainably. The convention on wetlands also called Ramsar which was established in 1971 in Ramsar city of Iran for the conservation and sustainable us of wetlands Nepal is also one of its party .Nepal is rich in wet lands which are found in terai, middle hills and high mountains A survey shows that there are more than five thousands wetlands including lake, ponds and other wetlands In Nepal. Among these wetlands few are listed in the Ramsar list of international importance. Koshi Tappu is the first Ramsar site of Nepal which was listed in 1987. Ten wetlands covering 60561 hectares are under Ramsar list whose details are shown in Table 1. These sites are under the management of different institutions such as National Parks, District Forest Office and District Development Committee. The wetlands which are inside the protected area are managed by the concerned National Parks and outside of the protected area are managed by the concerned District Forest Office but the Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley are supposed to be managed by the district development committee of Kaski district but in present context district development committee does not exists, and is confused who is responsible for the management of these lakes. The lakes cluster of Pokhara valley are strong hold for tourism development, biodiversity, ecological and socio-cultural importance. Efforts to promote and protect these resources against degradation, destruction and loss have involved. However, these lake areas and their

Emerging issues and challenges in conserving and developing Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley

Rishi Ram Tripathee

* Ex Joint secretary, Government of Nepal


watersheds have long been subjected to a number of emerging issues and challenges. These issues and challenges include unsustainable farming, soil erosion & land slide, encroachment of lake land, habitat degradation, illegal resource extraction, wildfire, pollution , unsustainable infrastructure development and climate change. However, the government of Nepal has given importance for the conservation and development of wetlands by formulating National Wetlands Policy 2003 and new Forest Policy 2014 but these policies are not implemented properly in the field. This paper tries to integrate lake conservation and development activities in the watershed areas of lake cluster of Pokhara valley. I conclude recommending some pro-active measures that may enhance sustainability Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley resources for the benefit of the current and future generations.

Table 1List of Ramsar Sites of Nepal

S N

Name of wetlands Area (hectares)

Ramsar list year

Management authority

1 Koshi Tappu 17500 1987/12/17 Koshi tappu Wildlefe Reserve

2 Beeshazari and associates lakes

3200 2003/08/13 Chitwan National Parks

3 Ghoda Ghodi Lake area 2563 2003/08/13 District Forest Office , Kailali

4 Jagadispur Reservoir 225 2003/08/13 District Forest Office, Kapilbastu

5 Rara lake 1583 2007/09/23 Rara National Parks

6 Phoksundo lake 494 2007/09/23 Shephoksundo National Park

7 Gosai Kunda and Associ-ated Lakes

1030 2007/09/23 Lamtang National Park

8 Gokyo and Assiciated lakes 7770 2007/09/23 Sagarmatha National Parks

9 Mai POkhari 90 2008/10/28 District Forest Office , Illam

10 Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley

26106 2016/02/02 District Development Committe, Kaski

Total 60561(Source: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conversation, 2016)

Lake Cluster of Pokhara ValleyLake Cluster of Pokhara Valley is the beauty and ornaments of Pokhara. It consists of nine lakes which lies in the northern foothill from east to west of Pokhara valley.


The nine lakes are Phewalake, Kamalpokahri, Gundelake, Neurenilake, Depanglake, Maidilake, Begnaslake and Rupalake. These lake cluster of Pokhara Valley are listed in Ramsar list on Feb 2, 2018. This is the tenth Ramsar site of Nepal. The management plan of these lakes are prepared but not implemented due to some reasons. These lakes have separate watershed areas. The source of water for these lakes are streams, small nala running from their watersheds and mostly fed by the rain water. Since Pokhara receives highest rainfall than other parts of the country. The Details of lakes and their watershed are shown in the Table 2

Table 2Details of Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley

S. N

Lakes Altitude (M) Watershed area (sq.

km)

Water Sur-face Areas

(sq.km)

Main Settlements in the Water-shed Areas

1 Phewa 762 to 2488 119 4.51 Panchase, Bhaure tamagi, Kaskikot, Dhikurpokhari, Sa-rangkot and Pumdibhumdi

2 Ka fedmal-pokhari

550 to 1439 1.2 0.02 Kanhu

3 Gunde 741 to 944 0.6 0.08 Jaldhera, Baraldanda

4 Neurani 744 to 863 0.2 0.02 Paite

5 Khaste 744 to 1192 2.7 0.09 Kandanidanda, Rakhi, Kalika

6 Depang 694 to 1266 2.4 0.06 Archale, Aarupata

7 Maidi 702 to 1102 1.6 0.01 Aarupata, Lamswara

8 Begnas 637 to 1439 18.4 3.27 Pachabhaiya,Beganas, Magha-thana, Lamaswara

9 Rupa 590 to 1422 27.6 1.07 Rupakot,Kaure,Lipiyani, Begnas

Total 173.7 9.13Source:Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, 2016)

The watershed area of the Phewalake is highest among all other lakes. Neurani lake has lowest watershed area. Similarly, there are many densely populated settlements in the Phewa lake watershed areas. In these lakes, there are also marsh area excluding water surface area. The water surface and swampy and marsh area are shown in the Table 3


Table 3Water surface and marches & swampy areas Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley

S N Lake Water Surface (hectares) Marsh and swampy area (hectares)

1 Phewa 506.4720 33.2080

2 Kamalpokhari 2.2840 0.3150

3 Gunde 8.6480 1.1850

4 Neurani 4.1610 ---

5 Khaste 137370 1.0170

6 Dipang 18.7500 2.8140

7 Maidi 0.8330 20.0990

8 Begnas 309.0200 3.2080

9 Rupa 121.7680 8.7560

Total 985.6730 70.4740 Source: Department of Survey Nepal, 2009

Maidi lake has very little water surface and swampy area is high. Neurani lake consists only water surface area no swampy area. Phewa, Begnas and Rupa lakes has more water surface than their swampy areas

Lake Conservation and Development endeavorThe lakes of Pokhara valley were suffered very much from soil erosion and landslides from the watershed simply because of unsustainable farming and haphazard construction of infrastructure in the watershed in early seventies. The government of Nepal initiated a integrated Phewa Lake conservation program in its watershed for the conservation of lake in mid seventies. This program was only focused for the soil and water conservation as a pilot project. A couple of soil conservation activities such as checkdam construction in the gulley and landslide areas and terrace improvement in agricultural lands, conservation education, were carried to reduce soil erosion. Similarly, a dam was constructed in the downstream of Phewa lake to increase the water level of the lake, to irrigate agriculture land down below and 100kw electricity power house was constructed. Moreover, a dam was constructed in Begnas lake for the purpose to increase the water level in the lake and for fisheries and irrigation in the downstream.A couple of community forestry user groups were formed for the protection,


development and proper utilization of the national forests in watershed areas. In this programme some new forest established and existing natural forests were protected. This program also enhance the quality of the forest in the watershed of the lakes. After the establishment of National lake Conservation and Development Committee, awareness has been increased for the protection and conservation of lake cluster of Pokhara valley. An integrated management plan for the conservation and development has been initiated but not fully implemented.Panchase is the important hotspot for socio-cultural values, biodiversity and permanent sources water in the phewa lake. It is the highest point of phewa lake watershed and one of the Protected Forests in the country.

Emerging issues and challengesEfforts were concentrated for the conservation and development of Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley in the past but could not be fully materialized. The lakes are still facing different types of issues and challenges. They are briefly described below

Unsustainable FarmingThe people living in the watershed of all lakes are dependent on agriculture and livestock rearing for their livelihood. The agriculture land is used for growing mainly rice, millet, maize every year by telling land. At the rainy season all the top soil is being lost due to heavy rainfall. The process is repeated every next seasons. In this way the top soil reached the lakes surfaces every years. Due to this reasons, lake are under threat. The number of cattle grazing in and around barren lands and forest causes soil erosions

Encroachment of lake landThe lakes were used to be a common property and nobody was responsible for the conservation and management of it resources. The land owners adjoining to lake land were free to extend their land towards lake lands. Many property owners in and around lake land continuously encroaching lake area. In this ways the area of the lakes are reducing every year

Illegal resources extractionIllegal extraction of forest products and poaching of wildlife still persists in the watershed of lakes, specially, in the Phewa watershed area. Illegal fishing in the lakes are frequently occur.


WildfireWild fire is one of the major causes of forest destruction in the watershed area of lake cluster of Pokhara valley. It destroys thousands hectares of forest and flora and fauna every year.

PollutionIn Phewa and Begnas lakes are under threat to water pollution since many hotels and restaurants are located in and around the lakes. Boating is also another polluting agent in Phewa and Begnas lake.

Unsustainable infrastructure developmentThe major challenge is the construction of roads in the watershed areas of the lake in the name agriculture road, ring road, national roads by the use of bulldozers without constructing side drains and without any proper soil conservation measures. The soil coming from these roads goes directly to the lake for siltation. This makes the future of lake uncertain.

Climate changeClimate change is increasingly being recognized as a global crisis threatening human survival and biological resources. There is growing evidence that climate change, particularly increasing temperature is already having significant impacts on the world's physical biological and human system and it expected that these impacts will become more severe in the future. This has lead to the destruction of habitat reduced biodiversity and destruction of water sources as observed in the Annapurna Himalaya Range in western Nepal close to Pokhara valley. The rise in temperature, change of rainfall patterns further illustrate the impact of climate change on the wetlands biodiversity.

Recommendation on potential solutionThe Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley plays critical roles in the local community's survival and development. It supports a varieties of benefit as well as socio-cultural and ecological importance. However, there are many issues and challenges that the lake cluster are facing till now. The following recommendations will address these issues and challenges.

• local communities should be actively involved in the decision making and planning of conservation, including development-related intervention. The


traditional farming system should be shifted by applying new tools and techniques and also adopt multi-year cropping so that their investment will reduce drastically.

• Conservation education with urban and rural communities should be emphasized. Conservation education may help realign the people minds towards the soil erosion

• A campaign should be set for the plantation of barren lands and both sides of the streams. It is necessary to build check dams in different sections of the streams so that soil from erosion will be blocked and resisting to reach in the lake from the watershed

• Promotion of bio-engineering and mechanical measures to control landslides, erosion and siltation

• Poverty reduction needs income generation and employment creation activities in and around lakes which will help them to earn more money and the people will participate in conservation and development of lakes. A appropriate mechanism might be the establishment of a cooperatives involving all the people in and around the lake.

• All development policies, projects or activities should be subjected to Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) in order to identify their potential impacts. Proactive efforts should be made to restore the degraded or damaged watershed areas, which are preceded by the development activities such as unsustainable farming area, road construction etc

• Encroachment of the lake land must be reclaimed by detail cadastral survey with the consensus of the stakeholders concerned. The lake land and private land must be separated by fixing physical symbol in the field

• The hotel restaurant and boat owners must be aware of about the pollution created by their different activities in and around the lake. Similarly, the paragliding company should operate their activities environment friendly manner so that there will be minimum adverse impacts in the environment.

• The road construction should be minimized and if it is necessary must adopt soil conservation measures. The roads construction must be environment friendly.

• The problem of climate change and its potential impacts on lake and its watershed areas should be addressed by the adoption of varieties of mitigation and adoption measures. The measures include limiting or controlling anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, road construction, adoption of


proper land management practices, changing energy technologies, ensuring proper fire management as well as fire reduction strategies for watershed areas

ConclusionThe Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley has very important role for the attraction of foreign and domestic tourists to Pokhara. Moreover, it is the biggest and latest Ramsar site of Nepal. If these prevailing challenges continue, the future of lakes will be uncertain and socio economic condition of the people decline. A strong entity should be formed either by the Pokhara Lekhnath Metropolitian or Provinceial Government to implement mitigation measures contained in the integrated lake conservation and development plan and sustainable funding for the activities.

ReferencesNational Wetlands Policy of Nepal 2003Forest Policy 2014Reports of Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, 2016Department of Survey , Nepal , 2009Report of National Lake Conservation and Development Committee, 2007Integrate Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley Management Plan 2016nature conservation.pensoft.net/article1351


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CEE

DIN

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184

Proceedings of the First National Silviculture Workshop

Pine Plantations Management in Community Forests: Application of Silviculture to Enhance Productivity, Replacement of Timber Import

and Conversion into Mixed Forest

Arun Sharma Poudyal1 and Shiva Sapkota2

Abstract

Community forestry is a process of forest resources management with the participation of local community since the last 40 years in Nepal. There are 518 CFUGs in Sindhupalchowk district alone with area coverage of 29,056 ha out of which about 13,000 ha is pine plantation. Among these 10,000 ha are accessible for intensive management to enhance production of timber and fuel wood. In Sansari community forest intensively thinning operation has been carried out with the application of silvicultural operations in 18 ha of area with the production of 11,000 cft of timber and 7,500 kg of fuelwood. Almost 1,348 man days employment has been generated with potential income to the CFUG was NRs. 2,511,928 from the sales of timber and fuelwood. However, since last few years Nepal is importing the timber from different countries in large amount. According to the Foreign Trade Statistics of the Department of Custom , timbers have been imported in the fiscal year alone. Besides there is large amount of veneers and particle boards almost 36,278,684 SQM are also imported. Therefore, the management of pine plantations in community forest in Sindhupalchowk alone could be produced 5,000,000 cft of pine timber, which obviously replace the foreign import of timber in Nepal.

The sustainable forest management with the basic principles of silviculture system creates the room for production of indigenous broad leaf species to develop mixed forest in community forest areas. Similarly, application of silviculture systems in forest management helps the community forest to increase the forest products and productivity of the forest. Utilization of forest products from community forests creates off-farm employment and income generating activities to improve the livelihoods. Community forests have got opportunities to increase productivity of timber, fuel wood, fodder, non-timber forest products with the practice of silviculture systems in forest management. Application of silviculture in community forest thus helps to ameliorate the economy, ecology, and strengthen social institutions.

Keywords: Community forestry, import, income, silviculture, timber

1 Kathmandu Forestry College (KAFCOL), Kathmandu2 DFO Sindhupalchowk

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1. IntroductionSindhupalchowk district lies in the central region of Nepal. The Government of Australia supported plantations and forest resources management in the district. Forest management and plantations on the degraded land was initiated from the beginning of Nepal-Australia Community Forest Development Project in 1978. However, Community Forestry (CF) development was initiated in a planned way since 1990. At the beginning, the project was started by the initiation of plantations in the degraded areas with the involvement of local community. The project was also focused on the orientation of forestry staffs in CF and the formation of Forest User Groups (FUGs). These groups become effective community based institutions to protect, to manage with plantations on degraded lands, and to utilise natural resources. The project continuously emphasis on the capacity building of district forestry organisation, FUG formation, and post formation support.

he ma or intervention was the capacity building and support to district office and a shift to develop multi-partnership approach to CF development through Service Providers (SP) and Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs). Out of the total 29,056 ha area (518 CFs) about 13,000 ha are covered with pine plantations, which has been handed over to the community to a population of 362,316 in 64,268 households. During the process and operations of CF various new learning and experiences have been evolved to develop new technology and operational systems in CF resource management, Non-timber Forest Product (NTFP) management and livelihoods for weaker section of FUGs. These learning and experiences have become guiding principles for the forest resource management in the district. These learning processes are important for pine plantations management to enhance the production and conversion into mixed forest to fulfill the need of local community and to ‘scale up’ pine plantation management with appropriate silviculture system in the potential 10,000 ha of CF.

The second-generation issues envisaged in CF are sustainable forest management (SFM), livelihood improvement and good forest governance with social inclusion. Good forest governance aims at equitable distribution of resources, make sure that the voice of different groups of people particularly the poor and excluded groups are heard and enhance the economic and social welfare of the people through management of forest resources (Pokharel, 2001; Timsina et al., 2004). In particular forest management increases the productivity and enriches the biodiversity for income generation. But there is very meager amount of 3% of total expenditure of Community forestry user group (CFUG) income allocated to pro-poor income generation activities also needs to increase (Kanel, 2004; NACRMLP, 2004). Sansari CF has initiated the thinning operations in 18 ha area of CF as a piloting to generate income for the expenditure in pro poor activities. t has been recognised that CF has potential to contribute significantly to improve the forest condition, change of forest composition into mixed forest and increase the production of timber and fuel wood to improve people’s livelihoods.

2. Community Forestry and Silviculture SystemRural communities of Nepal are highly dependent on subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods. Forest and forestry are inevitable for sustaining any agriculture system. The organic manure and agriculture tools are available from the SFM. SFM is one way or the other linked with the application of silviculture system or the tending operations. Applications of silviculture system and tending operations are very important in light of forest management to enhance the


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Pine Plantations Management in Community Forests: Application of Silviculture to Enhance Productivity, Replacement of Timber Import

and Conversion into Mixed Forest

Arun Sharma Poudyal1 and Shiva Sapkota2

Abstract

Community forestry is a process of forest resources management with the participation of local community since the last 40 years in Nepal. There are 518 CFUGs in Sindhupalchowk district alone with area coverage of 29,056 ha out of which about 13,000 ha is pine plantation. Among these 10,000 ha are accessible for intensive management to enhance production of timber and fuel wood. In Sansari community forest intensively thinning operation has been carried out with the application of silvicultural operations in 18 ha of area with the production of 11,000 cft of timber and 7,500 kg of fuelwood. Almost 1,348 man days employment has been generated with potential income to the CFUG was NRs. 2,511,928 from the sales of timber and fuelwood. However, since last few years Nepal is importing the timber from different countries in large amount. According to the Foreign Trade Statistics of the Department of Custom , timbers have been imported in the fiscal year alone. Besides there is large amount of veneers and particle boards almost 36,278,684 SQM are also imported. Therefore, the management of pine plantations in community forest in Sindhupalchowk alone could be produced 5,000,000 cft of pine timber, which obviously replace the foreign import of timber in Nepal.

The sustainable forest management with the basic principles of silviculture system creates the room for production of indigenous broad leaf species to develop mixed forest in community forest areas. Similarly, application of silviculture systems in forest management helps the community forest to increase the forest products and productivity of the forest. Utilization of forest products from community forests creates off-farm employment and income generating activities to improve the livelihoods. Community forests have got opportunities to increase productivity of timber, fuel wood, fodder, non-timber forest products with the practice of silviculture systems in forest management. Application of silviculture in community forest thus helps to ameliorate the economy, ecology, and strengthen social institutions.

Keywords: Community forestry, import, income, silviculture, timber

1 Kathmandu Forestry College (KAFCOL), Kathmandu2 DFO Sindhupalchowk

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1. IntroductionSindhupalchowk district lies in the central region of Nepal. The Government of Australia supported plantations and forest resources management in the district. Forest management and plantations on the degraded land was initiated from the beginning of Nepal-Australia Community Forest Development Project in 1978. However, Community Forestry (CF) development was initiated in a planned way since 1990. At the beginning, the project was started by the initiation of plantations in the degraded areas with the involvement of local community. The project was also focused on the orientation of forestry staffs in CF and the formation of Forest User Groups (FUGs). These groups become effective community based institutions to protect, to manage with plantations on degraded lands, and to utilise natural resources. The project continuously emphasis on the capacity building of district forestry organisation, FUG formation, and post formation support.

he ma or intervention was the capacity building and support to district office and a shift to develop multi-partnership approach to CF development through Service Providers (SP) and Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs). Out of the total 29,056 ha area (518 CFs) about 13,000 ha are covered with pine plantations, which has been handed over to the community to a population of 362,316 in 64,268 households. During the process and operations of CF various new learning and experiences have been evolved to develop new technology and operational systems in CF resource management, Non-timber Forest Product (NTFP) management and livelihoods for weaker section of FUGs. These learning and experiences have become guiding principles for the forest resource management in the district. These learning processes are important for pine plantations management to enhance the production and conversion into mixed forest to fulfill the need of local community and to ‘scale up’ pine plantation management with appropriate silviculture system in the potential 10,000 ha of CF.

The second-generation issues envisaged in CF are sustainable forest management (SFM), livelihood improvement and good forest governance with social inclusion. Good forest governance aims at equitable distribution of resources, make sure that the voice of different groups of people particularly the poor and excluded groups are heard and enhance the economic and social welfare of the people through management of forest resources (Pokharel, 2001; Timsina et al., 2004). In particular forest management increases the productivity and enriches the biodiversity for income generation. But there is very meager amount of 3% of total expenditure of Community forestry user group (CFUG) income allocated to pro-poor income generation activities also needs to increase (Kanel, 2004; NACRMLP, 2004). Sansari CF has initiated the thinning operations in 18 ha area of CF as a piloting to generate income for the expenditure in pro poor activities. t has been recognised that CF has potential to contribute significantly to improve the forest condition, change of forest composition into mixed forest and increase the production of timber and fuel wood to improve people’s livelihoods.

2. Community Forestry and Silviculture SystemRural communities of Nepal are highly dependent on subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods. Forest and forestry are inevitable for sustaining any agriculture system. The organic manure and agriculture tools are available from the SFM. SFM is one way or the other linked with the application of silviculture system or the tending operations. Applications of silviculture system and tending operations are very important in light of forest management to enhance the


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growth and promotion of desirable tree species in forest composition to develop into mixed forest in order to maximize the ecosystem services from the forest. Therefore, SFM, conservation and wise use are crucial for the continuation of agriculture system with the sustained yield of forage and organic manure. The perennial water source for irrigation is because of intact forest coverage in catchments. The forest coverage in the watershed recharges the ground water and improves the source of natural water springs. The mixed forests composition is more appropriate for rural setting to get the diversity of forest products required to local community. There are two broad factors that enhance the productivity of the forest, the first one is the application of silviculture operations in the CF, and the second one is the management and distribution of forest resources to keep ecological functions intact. Thus, the intrinsic linkages of silviculture system and forest resources management to improve the livelihood have been depicted in the following flow diagram.

The rural community has generated self-employment by cultivating, managing and marketing forest products in the CF (Poudyal and Thapa, 2004) available from the application of silviculture operations. Thus it is necessary to have SFM with the application of appropriate silviculture practices to increase the productivity to improve livelihoods. However, there are various elements, which bring the hurdle in the productivity of the forest, for instance forest fires, smuggling of timber, and encroachments are crucial. oss of soil erosion and fertility and lack of natural regeneration also plays vital role in the loss of forest productivity. Conservation and management of these adverse elements could enhance the productivity of the forest with the applications of tending operations.

3. Materials and MethodsThe study was carried out in Sansari CF (91.81 ha) in an area of 18 ha in Sindhupalchowk district, which is located in the Central Development Region in the Middle Mountain. Sansari CF was selected because i it is close to the district forest office ii covered with Pinus ro burghii and Pinus patula forest management with the initiatives to develop mixed forest (iii) produce timber for earthquake victims (iii) easy to demonstration and (iv) eagerness of the FUG. The CF in the Middle Mountain has been created with the plantations of Chir pine Pinus ro burghii and Pate salla Pinus patula to increase tree coverage in the denuded hills. In the geo-climatic condition of the Middle Mountain pine species has got higher economic potential for the establishment of plantations and to fulfill the daily requirements of fuel wood and small timber for local community. n Sansari CF plantations was done in the fiscal year which is of

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years of age. The study was focused on how the silviculture system and tending operations are applied for SFM to improve the forest condition, conversion into desirable mixed forest, increase the production of timber and fuelwood to improve the livelihood of the people. The numbers of tree stands are high per ha so that the growth is stagnated. Although, the ‘Guidelines for thinning of Chir pine and Pate salla plantations, 20643 has been prepared, it did not applied so far. The thinning guidelines has been applied in 18 ha area for the production of timber to reconstruct buildings for earthquake damaged houses. The application of silviculture system has substantial effects on the improvement of forest in biodiversity conservation and livelihood improvement of the people.

A study team was formed comprising two forest officers as an expert with one ranger and forest guard including user group committee members to provide the required information in the field using forest inventory. Total enumeration was carried out in 18 ha area to determine the number of stems and estimation of growing stock and volume. Application of mechanical cum selective thinning at a distance of 5.5 m x 5.5 m has been determined with retaining five mother trees per ha.

Systematic data collection formats were designed to collect the data. The inventory data collected were inserted in excel 2010 to calculate the actual volume estimation in the study area. CFUG operational plan and other related documents were reviewed. Various field visits and meetings were organi ed with executive committee and FUG members to understand the application of silviculture operation in the process of forest resource management. The user group committee has kept all the records of expenditure, income and distribution of forest products intact. Analytical discussions were also performed regarding the findings and validity of the research by the team of authors.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1 Application of Silviculture Practices

The silvicultural operation has been applied in 18 ha area of the Sansari CF in accordance with prescription of approved forest plantation guidelines of Chir pine and Pate salla in Nepal. Based on the detailed inventory, thinning objective of different types of thinning was assessed and site suitable thinning types and intensity was prescribed and carried out. In the process of developing the prescriptions, theoretical and practical aspects of thinning were well integrated with due consideration of forest composition and the site quality. The prescriptions were applied with the

3 Thinning Guidelines for Plantation Forest of Chir pine and Pinus patula in Nepal, 2064.

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growth and promotion of desirable tree species in forest composition to develop into mixed forest in order to maximize the ecosystem services from the forest. Therefore, SFM, conservation and wise use are crucial for the continuation of agriculture system with the sustained yield of forage and organic manure. The perennial water source for irrigation is because of intact forest coverage in catchments. The forest coverage in the watershed recharges the ground water and improves the source of natural water springs. The mixed forests composition is more appropriate for rural setting to get the diversity of forest products required to local community. There are two broad factors that enhance the productivity of the forest, the first one is the application of silviculture operations in the CF, and the second one is the management and distribution of forest resources to keep ecological functions intact. Thus, the intrinsic linkages of silviculture system and forest resources management to improve the livelihood have been depicted in the following flow diagram.

The rural community has generated self-employment by cultivating, managing and marketing forest products in the CF (Poudyal and Thapa, 2004) available from the application of silviculture operations. Thus it is necessary to have SFM with the application of appropriate silviculture practices to increase the productivity to improve livelihoods. However, there are various elements, which bring the hurdle in the productivity of the forest, for instance forest fires, smuggling of timber, and encroachments are crucial. oss of soil erosion and fertility and lack of natural regeneration also plays vital role in the loss of forest productivity. Conservation and management of these adverse elements could enhance the productivity of the forest with the applications of tending operations.

3. Materials and MethodsThe study was carried out in Sansari CF (91.81 ha) in an area of 18 ha in Sindhupalchowk district, which is located in the Central Development Region in the Middle Mountain. Sansari CF was selected because i it is close to the district forest office ii covered with Pinus ro burghii and Pinus patula forest management with the initiatives to develop mixed forest (iii) produce timber for earthquake victims (iii) easy to demonstration and (iv) eagerness of the FUG. The CF in the Middle Mountain has been created with the plantations of Chir pine Pinus ro burghii and Pate salla Pinus patula to increase tree coverage in the denuded hills. In the geo-climatic condition of the Middle Mountain pine species has got higher economic potential for the establishment of plantations and to fulfill the daily requirements of fuel wood and small timber for local community. n Sansari CF plantations was done in the fiscal year which is of

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years of age. The study was focused on how the silviculture system and tending operations are applied for SFM to improve the forest condition, conversion into desirable mixed forest, increase the production of timber and fuelwood to improve the livelihood of the people. The numbers of tree stands are high per ha so that the growth is stagnated. Although, the ‘Guidelines for thinning of Chir pine and Pate salla plantations, 20643 has been prepared, it did not applied so far. The thinning guidelines has been applied in 18 ha area for the production of timber to reconstruct buildings for earthquake damaged houses. The application of silviculture system has substantial effects on the improvement of forest in biodiversity conservation and livelihood improvement of the people.

A study team was formed comprising two forest officers as an expert with one ranger and forest guard including user group committee members to provide the required information in the field using forest inventory. Total enumeration was carried out in 18 ha area to determine the number of stems and estimation of growing stock and volume. Application of mechanical cum selective thinning at a distance of 5.5 m x 5.5 m has been determined with retaining five mother trees per ha.

Systematic data collection formats were designed to collect the data. The inventory data collected were inserted in excel 2010 to calculate the actual volume estimation in the study area. CFUG operational plan and other related documents were reviewed. Various field visits and meetings were organi ed with executive committee and FUG members to understand the application of silviculture operation in the process of forest resource management. The user group committee has kept all the records of expenditure, income and distribution of forest products intact. Analytical discussions were also performed regarding the findings and validity of the research by the team of authors.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1 Application of Silviculture Practices

The silvicultural operation has been applied in 18 ha area of the Sansari CF in accordance with prescription of approved forest plantation guidelines of Chir pine and Pate salla in Nepal. Based on the detailed inventory, thinning objective of different types of thinning was assessed and site suitable thinning types and intensity was prescribed and carried out. In the process of developing the prescriptions, theoretical and practical aspects of thinning were well integrated with due consideration of forest composition and the site quality. The prescriptions were applied with the

3 Thinning Guidelines for Plantation Forest of Chir pine and Pinus patula in Nepal, 2064.

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positive discrimination for the protection of indigenous broad leaf species for the conversion it into the mixed forest type. The mechanical cum selective thinning of the mature pine crops has been practiced with the consensus of user group committee. The expected resultant crop is to get an uneven-aged forest mixed together over every part of CF. The outcome of thinning is to retain five mother trees per ha with priority to promote indigenous broad leaf trees in CF. he spacing has been determined 5.5 m x 5.5 m leaving almost 330 tree stands per ha in the CF. The conversion into mixed forest of pine and broad leaf species initiatives took place in concentrated approach so as to change from one set of species to another. Conversion stipulates a change in crop composition to increase the yield of desired species in CF. Subsequent thinning operations have to carry out to cover all over the CF area for SFM and income generation.

Why do thinning?

There are many reasons of thinning and harvesting of trees and poles in the process of forest management.

• To provide more light to the ground for the promotion of regeneration.

• To give tree and pole crops more space to enhance the growth.

• To implement the management and silviculture system in the course of thinning operation.

• To improve the forest habitat for the better management of wild animal.

• o meet the local demand of small timber, poles and fire wood of the local community.

The prescribed thinning was of course the ground thinning. All the trees and poles of suppressed, crooked and tilted have been removed to improve the quality of the forest. The prescription is based on to create enabling environment to enhance the growth of the retaining crops. The thinning has been considered to maintain diversity of the crops; however the local indigenous species has given priority.

4.2 Timber and Fuelwood Production

Large areas of pine plantations have been established in the mid-hills during the late 1970’s and 80’s. In the Sindhupalchok alone there are almost 130 km2 of pine plantations that could be worth NRs. 1 billion a year in terms of saw mill gate prices. The districts of Kabhrepalanchowk, Ramechaap, Dolakha, Makawanpur, Kathmandu and Bhaktapur also hold substantial additional pine plantation areas, which are also in the acute need of silvicultural operations to enhance the production, improve quality of forest, employment and income generation. These plantations have been established, and many more also but for what purpose? They could be providing hundreds of much needed jobs and livelihood opportunities in the uplands and providing a base for thriving wood processing industries but they are not, and the plantations are degrading. Therefore, it is very urgent the application of silvicultural operations according to the pine plantations guidelines, 2064.

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The thinning in 18 ha has builds on lessons to attainment of pine plantation management for creating hundreds of job opportunities, for broad based sustainable poverty reduction, for development of the national wood processing industries and supply of low cost building material for reconstruction of earthquake damaged houses and even export.

Potential production of the pine plantations seems very generous for yield regulations. The 18 ha area of Sansari CF thinned and removed total number of 1,064 trees of Chir pine Pinus ro burghii and Pate salla Pinus patula with total timber production 10,658 cft. Of the total production of the timber 1,782 cft has been distributed internally to user groups and 8,876 cft has been sold through the tender. The income from the internal sales was NRs. 135,476 and the income from external was sales NRs. 2,511,928. The total income from the timber alone was NRs. 2,647,404. Appropriate way of application of silviculture operation in CF could significantly increase the production of the timber. However, if total pine plantations managed with appropriate technology the production could be rocketed to 5,000,000 cft in Sindhupalchok district alone. The large amount of pine timber produced needs seasoning and treatment to make it more useful within FUGs for the reconstruction of earthquake damaged houses.

4.3 Timber Import

Nepal is rich in forest resources, the latest Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) envisaged that the forest coverage has increased to 44.74%, however 4.38 % are delineated as the other woodlands. Accessible potential forest areas are handed over to community for conservation, management and utilisation. According to the Community Forest Division of the Department of Forest (DoF), a total of 1,652,654 ha of national forest have been handed over as CFs and 2,177,858 households have been benefited. Although, of the national forest has been handed over, their potential production is not being utilised. Forest management initiatives are ignored and alienated in CFs. The knowledge of silviculture, tending operations and management are sidelined. The potential national production of timber is not harvested, however artificial timber deficit has been created in the market and the timber is imported from Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia and many other countries. The national level of consensus has never been built to import the foreign round wood and lumber and/ or the consent from Ministry of Forest Soil and Soil Conservation (MoFSC) has

not been taken. The policy dialogues never have been happened, what are the possibilities to increase the national production of timber? What is the actual deficit of timber hat are the alternatives to make use of softwoods? The feasibility of development of seasoning and treatment plant did not discuss to materialize the use of softwoods in construction.


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According to the Foreign Trade Statistics, Department of Custom4, in the FY 2070-71 alone a total of 162,186 MTQ of timber including round wood and lumber as well as large amount of veneers and particle boards almost 36,278,684 SQM were imported. In the absence of our resources management large amount of foreign currency has been drained out to create trade deficit. he trade balance of last four years is given in the following able .

Table 1. Trade balance of last four years.

Particulars 2069/70 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73

Import (NRs‘000) 613635949 716129853 786191403 774712277

Export (NRs’000) 77402265 89622727 85194754 70254165

Trade balance (NRs’000) (-536,233684) (-626,507126) (-700,996649) (-704,458112)

Source: Annual Foreign Trade Statistics, Department of Customs, Tripureshowar, Kathmandu

he above data shows that the trade deficit gradually increasing every year. he import of timber in the fiscal year increased the trade deficit almost by s. . billion. his huge amount of deficit could be slashed by the application of silviculture operation in forest management to increase the timber and fuelwood production.

4.4 Sustainable Forest Management Initiatives

CF is one of the most successful approaches for SFM. The government has transferred the right and responsibility of managing the forest on sustainable basis to the local committees. Thus, the essence implies on the concept of sustainable management and wise use of CF (Kanel, 2004). SFM not only concern to the contribution of forest products but also to sustainable development. The SFM is only possible through technical applications of silvicultural operations in CF. This sort of development builds on the basis of economic viability, environmental benign and social benefits at present and all through the future needs (Higman et al. . here are various definitions about sustainable forest management. he most accepted definition according to , criteria indicators for sustainable management of Natural Tropical Forests, 1998 sustainable forest management is the process of managing forests to achieve one or more clearly speci ed ob ects of management ith referred to the production of continuous o of desired forest products and services ithout undue reduction of its inherent values and future productivity and

ithout undue undesirable effects on physical and social environment .

Thus, the approach of SFM not only concentrated on sustained yield but also recognized social and environmental concerns at broader perspective. One of the objectives of the sustainable management of the forest is also the conservation of biodiversity and protection of indigenous tree species. The

nternational rade Statistics, fiscal year . athmandu epartment of rade Custom.

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application of silviculture operations was the conversion of CF into mixed forest composition. The prescribed thinning operation would be helpful to bring back the forest into the mixed forest mainly dominated by pine trees. Therefore, the thinning operations enable the environment to promote the regeneration of local tree species. On top of it, the SFM initiatives taken are described below.

4.5 Improvement Felling

The mechanical cum selective thinning in CF area is done from the perspective of the improvement tree stand for sustainable harvest of timber for the future generation. The dead, dying, diseased and fallen trees were also collected from the designated area of 18 ha. A technical team was formed to locate 3-D and selected trees were marked for harvesting recording the height and the girth of those trees. Then the silviculturally available trees were marked for harvesting to level with thinning guideline 2064. The estimated volume was determined with the control by area allocated for thinning operation. The total annual harvestable timber production available was thus prescribed in the operation plan to have yield regulation under area control method. The timber and fuel wood production and the income from the thinning in 18 ha area is given in the Table 2.

Table 2. Production of timber, fuelwood and income.

ParticularsActual Production Total Income

(NRs)Timber (cft) Income (NRs) Fuel wood (tons) Income (Rs)

Sales of timber (internal users) 1,782 135,476 7.5 00 135,476

Sales of timber (outside tender) 8,876 2511,928 00 00 2511,928

Sales of Tender form 108,000 00 00 108,000

Total 10,658 1876251.70 00 00 2754,404

The timber production is about 592 cft per ha from the harvesting of the prescribed thinning material. he production of fuelwood is significantly low because of thinning operation has been carried out only in pine trees, which produce the low amount of fuelwood material. The fuel wood has been distributed free of cost among the local user groups, which was equivalent to NRs. 37,500 in the local market price. It has been managed with caution and carefully for sustained yield and conversion into mixed forest. However, the forest stands at the beginning , after thinning and the stands retained are given in the Table 3.

Table 3. Timber stands distribution.

SNStands before thinning Stands after thinning Harvested stands

Species No. stands Vol(cum) No.stands Vol(cum) No.stands Vol(cum)

1 Pinus roxburghii 5241 1445.37 4231 1182.44 1010 282.8

2 Pinus patula 665 262.21 611 238.29 54 21.06

3 Schima wallichii 987 50.26 987 50.26 00 00

4 others 216 2.78 216 2.78 00 00

Total 7109 1760.62 6045 1473.77 1064 286.85

The above distribution shows that CF has distributed the tree stands with the dominance of pine species. However, the subsquent thinning operations helps the forest composition to change into mixed forests.


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5. Conclusion and RecommendationsAt first stage CF was focused on plantations in denuded hills in Sindhupalchowk district mainly with peoples’ participation. The primarily concerned was recovery of the greenery and strict protection for the conservation of degraded areas with the participation of local people. CF at its second stage has addressed the acute shortage to fuelwood, small poles and timber to meet the local needs of the people. Most of the FUGs at the local level and many research literatures revealed that the degradation of forests has been averted and nevertheless sustainable flows of forest products have not been attained due to alienation from plantation forest management. The basic need of forest products for domestic uses could be increased with the application of silviculture operations in the process of forest management.

CF at third stage was concerned with SFM, good governance and livelihoods. Now onwards CF particularly of pine plantations has to work with the application of silvicultural system to remove the over mature crops to enhance the growth of existing crops, promote regeneration for future, remove intermediate crops and promote the diversity of local species. Only the prescribed annual allowable cut (AAC) does not meet the desired management objective of conversion to mixed forest. SFM has to initiate all over CFUGs to maintain ecological functions, economic viability and desirable social benefits. However, without the application of silviculture system and operations sustainable management is impossible and potential production needs to harness to increase the production and productivity. Potential production from the CFs really replaces the timber import and subsidies the trade deficit to some extent. For the effective management of CF in totality revision of thinning guideline including final felling and intermediate felling of naturally regenerated pine is very crucial. The management prescriptions for pine and broad leaved mixed forest are required as field guide to execute silviculture operations.

The use of local timber, processing, seasoning and establishment of treatment plants creates new jobs in forestry sector and support for improvement of livelihoods of CFUGs. The scaling up of the ‘seasoning and treatment plant’ with reasonable investment is suggested to create jobs for the poor to bring more benefit and production of quality timber in the market.

ReferencesHigman, S., Bass, S., Judd, N., Mayers, J. and Nussbaum, R. 2002. The Sustainable Forestry Handbook.

London: Earthscan Publication Ltd.

Kanel, K. R. 2004. Economics of Forestry Policy Changes: Perspective from Nepal. A paper Prepared at the International Workshop on Community Forestry. Bloomington: Indiana University, USA.

NACRMLP. 2004. LIP Process Workshop Report (in Nepali). Tuki Prepared by Manohara Khadka and Parbati Nepali. Kathmandu: NACRMLP.

Pokharel, B. K. 2001. Community Forestry and People’s Livelihoods. Journal of Forest and Livelihoods:1(1): 16-18.

Poudyal, A.S. and Thapa R.B. 2004. Community Forestry for Poverty Reduction: Scaling up Learning Process from Dolakha District. Proceedings of the Fourth National Workshop on Community Forestry. Kathmandu: Nepal.

Timsina, N.P., Luintel, H., Bhandari, K. and Thapalia, A. 2004. Action and Learning: An Approach Facilitating Change in Knowledge and Power Relationship in Community Forestry. Forest and Livelihoods: 4(1): 5-12.

>f]t M k|yd jg ;Daw{g sfof{zfnf uf]i7L !(–@! February, 2017 af6 lnOPsf]


PRO

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DIN

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192


5. Conclusion and RecommendationsAt first stage CF was focused on plantations in denuded hills in Sindhupalchowk district mainly with peoples’ participation. The primarily concerned was recovery of the greenery and strict protection for the conservation of degraded areas with the participation of local people. CF at its second stage has addressed the acute shortage to fuelwood, small poles and timber to meet the local needs of the people. Most of the FUGs at the local level and many research literatures revealed that the degradation of forests has been averted and nevertheless sustainable flows of forest products have not been attained due to alienation from plantation forest management. The basic need of forest products for domestic uses could be increased with the application of silviculture operations in the process of forest management.

CF at third stage was concerned with SFM, good governance and livelihoods. Now onwards CF particularly of pine plantations has to work with the application of silvicultural system to remove the over mature crops to enhance the growth of existing crops, promote regeneration for future, remove intermediate crops and promote the diversity of local species. Only the prescribed annual allowable cut (AAC) does not meet the desired management objective of conversion to mixed forest. SFM has to initiate all over CFUGs to maintain ecological functions, economic viability and desirable social benefits. However, without the application of silviculture system and operations sustainable management is impossible and potential production needs to harness to increase the production and productivity. Potential production from the CFs really replaces the timber import and subsidies the trade deficit to some extent. For the effective management of CF in totality revision of thinning guideline including final felling and intermediate felling of naturally regenerated pine is very crucial. The management prescriptions for pine and broad leaved mixed forest are required as field guide to execute silviculture operations.

The use of local timber, processing, seasoning and establishment of treatment plants creates new jobs in forestry sector and support for improvement of livelihoods of CFUGs. The scaling up of the ‘seasoning and treatment plant’ with reasonable investment is suggested to create jobs for the poor to bring more benefit and production of quality timber in the market.

ReferencesHigman, S., Bass, S., Judd, N., Mayers, J. and Nussbaum, R. 2002. The Sustainable Forestry Handbook.

London: Earthscan Publication Ltd.

Kanel, K. R. 2004. Economics of Forestry Policy Changes: Perspective from Nepal. A paper Prepared at the International Workshop on Community Forestry. Bloomington: Indiana University, USA.

NACRMLP. 2004. LIP Process Workshop Report (in Nepali). Tuki Prepared by Manohara Khadka and Parbati Nepali. Kathmandu: NACRMLP.

Pokharel, B. K. 2001. Community Forestry and People’s Livelihoods. Journal of Forest and Livelihoods:1(1): 16-18.

Poudyal, A.S. and Thapa R.B. 2004. Community Forestry for Poverty Reduction: Scaling up Learning Process from Dolakha District. Proceedings of the Fourth National Workshop on Community Forestry. Kathmandu: Nepal.

Timsina, N.P., Luintel, H., Bhandari, K. and Thapalia, A. 2004. Action and Learning: An Approach Facilitating Change in Knowledge and Power Relationship in Community Forestry. Forest and Livelihoods: 4(1): 5-12.

cWoog÷hfgsf/L

u'RrLRofp

kl/ro ljZjdf kfOg] !$ k|hfltsf] u'lR5Rofp -Morcella_ dWo] g]kfndf Morchella sf] kfFrj6f

k|hfltx¿ Morchella conica, M. angusticeps, M. deliciosa, M. esculenta M. vulgaris kfOPsf] 5 . t/ cTolws ?kdf u'RrLRofp eg]/ ;+sng ul/g] k|hflt Morchella conica xf] / s]xL dfqfdf Morchlla escu klg ;+sng ul/G5 . of] jif]{gL pd|g], * ;]=dL= ;Dd cUnf] x'g], 9';L -fungi_ ju{sf] jg:klt xf] . o;sf] 8fF7 @=% ;]=dL= ;Dd df]6f] x'G5 . 8fF7sf] dflyNnf]kl§ y}nf] h:tf] 5ftf x'G5 . of] e'F8L;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'g] ePsf]n] s;} s;}n] o;nfO{ e'F8LRofp klg eGb5g\ . y}nf]leq dl;gf l5b|x¿ x'G5g\ . o;sf] /+u wldnf] ;]tf], gf}gL h:tf] x'G5 / df;' h:tf] g/d x'G5 .

of] kmfu'g–h]7;Dddf w]/} pd|g] ub{5 . ;fpgdf klg kmf6\km'6\ ¿kdf pd|g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf] hLjgrqm Ps dlxgfdf ;dfKt x'G5 . kl/kSj cj:ydf k'u]kl5 kfFr lbg;Dddf dfq of] /fd|f] cj:yfdf x'G5 . To;kl5 s'lxg yfNb5 / l6Kg ldNb}g .

pkof]uL efuk"/f jg:klt

pkof]uLtfo;nfO{ cToGt /fd|f] kf}li6s vfgf dflgG5 . zlQmjw{s Rofpsf] ¿kdf pkof]u ul/G5 . o;n]

of}gzlQm a9fpFb5 / x[bo/f]uLnfO{ kmfObf ub{5 . :yfgLo ?kdf o;sf] n]knfO{ kf]n]sf] 7fpFdf nufOG5 . o;nfO{ b"wdf pdfn]/ klg vfg] ul/G5 .

k|fs[lts jf;:yfg tyf pb\udof] k|fs[lts cj:yfdf @)))–#%)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf k"j{, dWo / klZrd g]kfndf

kfOG5 . lxdfno If]qdf sfl:d/b]lv pQ/ k|b]z;Dd / rLgdf kfOG5 . ef]hkq, a'Fu];Nnf, lrdfn, uf]a|];Nnf, l7+u'/];Nnf / v;|' cflbsf] h+undf kfOG5 .

v]tL ty k|;f/0fo;sf] k|;f/0f o;sf] ljhf0f' -Spore_ af6 ug{ ;lsG5 . k|fs[lts ?kdf dfq k|;f/0f eO/x]sf]

o; k|hfltnfO{ s[lqd ?kdf cGo vfg] Rofpsf] k|hfltx¿ h;/L g} pdfg{ ;lsg] s'/f cg';Gwfgx¿af6 b]lvPsf] 5 . k|of]uzfnf;Dd dfq ;Lldt Tof] k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg cfjZos ePsf] b]lvG5 . 89]nf] nufP/ u'RrLRofpm pd|G5 eGg] dfGotfn] dflg;x¿n] sflt{s–d+l;/ dlxgflt/ jg h+unlt/ cfuf] nufpg] ub{5g\ t/ lgoldt ¿kdf j;Gt Ct'df nfUg] 89]nf]n] o;sf] k'g?Tkfbgdf gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofpFb5 lsgls 89]nf]n] df6f]nfO{ ;'Vvf agfpF5 . To;sf/0f o;nfO{ lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu jgnfO{ 89]nf]af6 arfpg' kb{5 . o:tf] k/Dk/fut ljlwn] o;sf] k'g?Tkfbgdf kfg]{ c;/sf] af/]df cg';Gwfg x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 .


xfjfkfgL / df6f]u'lRrRofp zLtf]i0fb]lv pk–lxdfnL k|b]zsf] lr;f], pQ/L df]x8flt/sf] kfvfx¿df kfOG5 . of]

lj?jf s'lxP/ ag]sf] dlnnf] df6f] ePsf] If]qx¿df /fd|f];Fu pld|Psf] kfOG5 . cl3Nnf] jif{ 9n]sf] ?vsf] d'lGt/sf] hldgdf cyjf To:tf 7fpFx¿sf 5]p5fpdf pd|g] ub{5g\ . cGoeGbf of] a9L clDnokg -kL=Pr_ ePsf] df6f]df kfOG5 .

;+sng tyf e08f/0f o;sf] k"/f efu cyf{t\ 5ftfh:tf] efu / 8fF7 b'j} ;+sng ul/G5 . o;sf] ;+sng j}zfvb]lv

c;f/;Dddf ug'{ kb{5 . o;nfO{ xftn] pv]n]/ ;+sng ul/G5 . ;+sng ul/;s]kl5 8fF7 gefFlrg] tl/sfn] tTsfn} 3fddf ;'sfpg' kb{5 . 3fd gnfu]df cfuf]sf] /fkdf %–^ ldg]6;Dd ;'sfpg' kb{5 . lxdfnL a:tLlt/ ;'s]sf u'RrLRofpnfO{ wfuf]df pg]/ efG5fsf] 5fgf]d'lg ;'Vvf 7fpFdf e'm08\ofpg] rng 5 . cfuf]df ;]sfpFbf w'Fjfn] ubf{ o;sf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpF5 .

ahf/ tyf pTkfbgof] cToGt kf}li6s / :jflbnf] ePsf]n] ;fy} ljz]if lsl;dsf] ;'uGw ePsf]n] o;sf] dfu :jb]z

tyf ljb]zdf a9L 5 . g]kfnsf tf/] xf]6nx¿df / o'/f]k, hfkfgsf w]/} dxFuf] xf]6n, /]:6'/]G6xdf lxdfno df]/nsf] gfdn] :jflbnf] vfgfsf] ?kdf vkt x'g] ub{5 . o;sf] d"No 7fpF / u'0f:t/ x]/]/ k|lt s]=lh= ? %)))–&))) kb{5 . ;fdfGotof pknAwtf x]/]/ Ps lbgdf Ps hgfn] @–^ s]=hL= ;Dd u'RrLRofp ;+sng ug{ ;Sb5 . ! s]=hL= df sl/a !)) j6f hlt cfnf] u'RrLRofp h'Dnf lhNnfaf6 dfq} k|ltjif{ !=@ 6g ;+sng x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

gLltut Joj:yfk|fs[lts cj:yfaf6 ;+sng ubf{ u'lRrRofpsf] k|lt s]=hL= ? @)) /fh:j a'emfpg' kb{5 .

k|d'v /f;folgs tŒjo;df *(=)& Ü hnf+z -Moisture_, #=%(Ü k|f]l6g -Proteins_, %=&#Ü sfjf]{xfO8«]6

-Carbohydrates_, )=@&Ü af];f] -Flat_ SoflN;od -Calcium_, kmnfd -Iron_, km:kmf]/; -Phosphorus_ / le6fldgx¿ -Vitamines_ kfOGG5g\ .

lgisif{ M of] k|hflt clt pkof]uL / :yfgLo :t/df cfDbfgLsf] /fd|f] ;|f]t;d]t x'g ;Sg] k|z:t ;Defjgf

ePsf]n] yk cg';Gwfgdf hf]8 lbO{ v]tL lj:tf/ ug'{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . k|fs[lts ¿kdf klg lbuf] ;+sngnfO{ k|>o lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .


cGt/jftf{

lhNnf jg sfof{no d'u'sf lhNnf jg clws[t >L k|]dz+s/ rf}w/L;Fu ;=j=c= >L vu]Gb|k|;fb b'nfnn] :ynut

ul/Psf] cGt/jftf{

tkfO{+sf] cfˆgf] k"/f kl/ro lbg'xf]; g .

d]/f] gfd k|]dz+s/ rf}w/L xf] . d]/f] hGd ynf] xfnsf] cf]d ;ltofdfO{ ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= % xf] . d]/f] a'af lqe'jg cfb{z df=lj=;b/d'sfd :ofª\hfsf] k|wfg cWofks x'g' x'GYof] . To;} sf/0fn] d]/f] afNosfnb]lv P;=Pn=;L=;Ddsf] cWoog lqe'jg cfbz{ df=lj=;b/d'sfd :ofª\hfdf g} eof] . d}n] jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg kf]v/faf6 @)$% – @)$& df cfO{=P:f=;L= km/]i6«L u/]+ . O{=;+=!((( – @))@ df la=P:f=;L=/ O{=;+=@))@ – @))$ df Pd=P;=;L= OGefO/f]d]G6 ljifodf cWoog u/] . O{=;+=@))$ – @))^ df dfgjzf:qdf Pd=P= lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 u/] . ljs|d ;+jt\ @)$* ;fnaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z u/L lj=;=@)^^ – @)^* ;Dd c5fddf, @)^* – @)&) ;Dd dgfªdf, @)&) – @)&@ ;Dd 8f]Nkfdf / @)&@ b]lv xfn;Dd d'u'df u/L rf/ lhNnfdf nuftf/ ?kdf lhNnf jg clws[t e} sfdsfh ub}{ cfPsf] 5' .

tkfO{+sf] hGd dfq t/fO{ /x]5 k"/} hLjg kxf8d} ljt]sf] /x]5 .

xf] . d]/f] hGd ;fljs k6vf}nL uf=lj=; jf8{ g+= @ df ePsf] xf] t/ d]/f] jfNosfn :ofª\hfdf ljTof] . To;kl5 kf]v/f, sf7df8f}+df ljTof] . hflu/sf] bf}/fg klg ;'? lgo'lQm 88]Nw'/f eof] . To;kl5 ?kGb]xL, u'NdL, bfr'{nf, jg ljefu, c5fd, dgfª, 8f]Nkf / clxn] d'u'df 5' . hflu/sf] bf}/fgdf klg t/fO{df vf;} a;]sf] 5}g . To;}n] nueu k"/} hLjg kxf8df g} lat]sf] 5 .

d'u'df h8La'6Lsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <

g]kfnsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ hl8a'6Lsf] xj g} d'u' lhNnf klg xf] . oxfF dxFuf] h8La'6L h:t} of;f{u'Daf, h6fd;L, u'RrL Rofp, s'6\sL, ;'uGwjfn, jg n;'g, ;t'jf, lznflht, clt;, ljifh/f, ;fwf/0f Rofp nufotsf h8La'6Lx? k|z:t kfOG5 . Jfg h+un, r/g If]q Pjd\ 3fF;] d}bfg / aFfemf] 8fF8f dfq} lx;fj ug]{ xf] eg] klg *( k|ltzt hldg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; lhNnfsf] d'Vo pTkfbg g} h8La'6L xf] t/ h8La'6Lx?sf] lbuf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg gx'Fbf ;Dk"0f{ dxFuf h8La'6Lx? cf]em]ndf k/]sf] b]lvG5 . olb plrt h8La'6Lx?sf] lbuf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug{


;Sg] xf] eg] / Jojl:yt ;+sng ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] h8La'6Lx?af6 7"nf] dfqdf /fh:j ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 .

tkfO{+ lhNnf jg clws[t eO{ c5fd, dgfª, 8f]Nkf / clxn] d'u'df x'g'x'G5 . h8La'6L sf] ;Gb{edf tkfO{+sf] nfdf] cg'ej 5, ca h8La'6LnfO{{ lbuf] agfpg s] ug'{ knf{ <

xh'/n] ;xL k|Zg ;f]Wg' eof] . ca olb h8La'6Lx?sf] lbuf] ;+/If0f ug'{ 5 eg] xfdL cfpFbf lbgx?df /f]6]zgn ;+sngsf] tj/n] hfg' k5{ . o;sf] dtnj Ps jif{ h8La'6L ;+sng ug{ lbg] / Ps jif{ aGb ug]{ cyf{t ;+sng ug{ glbg] o;f] ubf{ h8La'6Lx? kl/kSj x'g] cj;/ kfpg] ;fy} pTkfbgdf klg j[l4 x'G5 . h8La'6Lx? kl/kSj gxF'b} ;+sng ug]{ rng / kl/kf6L 5 . To;nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf aGb]h ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .

tkfO+{sf] nfdf] cg'ej 5, hl8a'6Lsf] ;Gb{edf ca h8La'6LnfO{{ lbuf] agfpg sfg'gL tj/df s] ug'{ knf{ <

s'g} klg hl8a'6Lx?sf] ;+sng ug{ lbg] ;DaGwdf lhNnf cg';f/ ljljwtf -km/s_ 5 . b]ze/L g} lhNnf jg clws[tx?n] cfˆgf] :j–ljj]s k|of]u u/L h8La'6Lx?sf] ;+sng ug{ lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ lhNnf, lhNnfaLr sd{rf/L tyf h8La'6L Joj;foL aLr åGå a9]sf] b]lvG5 . h8La'6Lsf] ;+sng s'g ;dodf -s'g ldltb]lv s'g ldlt;Dd_ lbg] xf] . slt ;dosf] nflu lbg] xf], cfiff9b]lv c;f]h;Dd hl8a'6L ;+sng lbg] xf] jf glbg] st} klg pNn]v ePsf] blvFb}g . jg ljefun] h8La'6L ;+sngsf] ljifodf ;femf a'emfOsf] h8La'6L ;+sng ;do tflnsf agfpg' cToGt h?/L b]V5' d}n] . h8La'6Lsf] ;+sng lnPsf] slt lbgleq;Dd 5f]8k'hL{ lnO{ ;Sg'kg]{ xf] . hl8a'6L cf];f/L k;f/ ubf{ Dofb ;lsPdf slt lbgleq Dofb yk ul/;Sg'kg]{ xf] st} pNn]v ePsf] blvFb}g . o;n] ubf{ lhNnf jg clws[tx?nfO{ sfd ug{ hl6ntf 5 . o; ;DaGwdf klg jg ljefun] 7f]; sfg'g agfpg h?/L b]V5' d}n] .

tkfO{+nfO{ lhNnfdf sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f af/]df elGbg' g <

lhNnfdf sfd ug{ s'g} ;d:of x'g] lyPg t/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] cefjn] ubf{ jgsf] ;+/If0f, ljsf;sf sfdx?, ;fd'bflos jgsf] gljs/0f, d'2f cg';Gwfg / 8fo/L ug{ 7"nf] ;d:of 5 . lsg eGg' x'G5 eg] % hgf ;xfos jg clws[t k"/} vfnL 5 . km/]:6/, 6fOlk:6, n]vfkfn klg vfnL g} 5 . bIf hgzlQm 5}g . Onfsf jg sfof{nox? km/]:6/ / jg /Ifsn] rnfO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . bIf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cefjsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ lhNnfdf sfd ug{ lgs} r'gf}tL 5 .

tkfO{sf] dgdf nfu]sf c? s]xL s'/f 5g\ eg] eGg' <

ljutdf ePsf] dnfO{ Pp6f s'/f eGg dg nfUof] / b'Mv klg nfu]sf] 5 . of] 8f]Nkfsf] s'/f xf] . d


lhNnf jg clws[tsf] ?kdf lhNnf jg sfof{no 8f]Nkfdf x'Fbf @)&! ;fnsf] s'/f xf] . lhNnfdf of;f{u'Dafsf] ;+sngaf6 @)–#) nfv p7\g klg ufx|f] x'GYof] . d}n] @)&! ;fndf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, /fhg}lts bnx?, k|x/L k|d'v, z;:q k|d'v tyf cfˆgf df}h'bf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;xof]u lnO{ rLg tyf ltAat cj}w ?kdf lgsf;L x'g] of;f{u'DafnfO{ d'Vo d'Vo gfsfx?df hgky k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an / cfˆgf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ t}gfy u/L gfsfaGbL ul/of] . pQm ;dodf xfdLnfO{ of;f{u'Daf Joj;foLx?af6 wDsL;d]t cfof] . ;f] cj;/df cfd hg;d'bfo / k|x/L, ;z:q aLr le8Gt;d]t eof] / !#) /fG8 k|x/L / ;z:qaf6 uf]nL klg rNof] . of] ;dfrf/ /fli6«o:t/sf] ldl8ofdf klg km}lnof] . k"0f{ ?kdf gfsf aGb ePkl5 of;f{u'Daf Aoj;foLx?n] afWo eP/ ;+sng / 5f]8k'hL{ lng' k¥of] . h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ pQm jif{ Ps s/f]8 /fh:j p7fpg xfdL ;kmn eof}+ . Hofgsf] hf]lvd nufP/ lxdfnL clt las6 Pjd\ b'u{d lhNnfaf6 Ps s/f]8 /fh:j p7fpg' ;fgf] s'/f lyPg . t/ xfdL ;a} ldnL ul/of] t/ dflyNnf] lgsfoaf6 s'g} klg d"Nofª\sg ePg . To;}n] hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd ubf{ klg dflyNnf] lgsfoaf6 d"Nofª\sg gx'Fbf dg b'Vbf] /x]5 . h'g s'/f :jefljs klg xf] h:tf] nfU5 dnfO{ .


;flxTo

hgtf hfu/0f j[Iff/f]k0f

s[i0fk|;fb e§x/la;f}gf, c>fª, uf]/vf

jgsf] hLj kz' / kIfL cfcfkm\gf] :j/dfufpFb} / lkmb}{ lxF8\b} / 8'Nb} cfcfkm\gf] w'gdfSof /fd|f] jg xl/ofnL 5 sf] g]kfn ;'Gb/xl/of] kf/f}+ cfk;df ldnL phf8 rp/ .

cf>dxLg hLjnfO{ ;w}F af; lbg] jgnfO{hf]ufpg'k5{ ldnL / h'nL g]kfnL bfh'efOcfkm"n] u/] kfOG5 kSs} /f]k] t pd|G5 jgnfO{ hf]ufcf}+ kmObf kSs} xfdLn] kfOG5 .

hn]sf] j[If Pp6}n] ;f/f jg phf8 kfb{5 Pp6}n] ubf{ ;j{gfz kfg{ ;lhn} ;Sb5 ;a}n] ;f]rf}+ ;a}n] u/f}+ kmfObf ;a}nfO{la?jf /f]kf}+ xl/ofnL kf/f}+ h'6]/ bfh'efO .

Ps–Ps j[If ldn]/ jg ljzfn aGb5;a}nfO{ /fd|f] ;a}nfO{ kmfObf o;n] ub{5 ?vsf] kft em/]/ vft ;8]/ s'lxG5 .kfgLdf auL v]tdf k'uL dlnnf] kfb{5 .

sf7 bfp/f 3fF; jiff{ / dn ;lhn} kfOG5 xl/of] jg h'6]/ ha ;a}n] hf]ufOG5 slt a]/ nfU5 eL/ / kfvf un]/ n8\gnfO{h/fn] /f]S5 df6f]nfO{ h]nL klx/f] hfgnfO{ .

cf}ifwL d'nf] h8L / a'6L kfOG5 jgdf g]kfn ;fgf] kSs} lg 5}g k|fs[lts wgdflxdfnr'nL vf]nf / gfnf xl/of] jgsf] a6'nL kmfObf pkof]u u/f}+ g]kfnL hgxf] .


g]kfnsf nflu a]nfotL /fhb"t l/h8{ dl/;n] jg tyf jftfj/0fdGqL zlQmaxfb'/ a:g]t;Fu lzi6frf/ e]6jftf{ ug{' ePsf] 5 . l;+xb/af/l:yt dGqfnodf ePsf] e]6df pxfFx?aLr låkIfLo lxt / rf;f]sf ljljw ljifodf s'/fsfgL ePsf] lyof] . e]6sf qmddf dGqL a:g]tn] g]kfn / a]nfotaLr s"6gLlts ;DaGw :yflkt ePsf] b'O{ ;o jif{ k"/f ePsf] rrf{ ub}{ g]kfnsf] ljsf;df a]nfotn] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf nflu wGojfb hfgsf/L lbg' ePsf] lyof] . /fhb"t dl/;sf] Ps lh1fzfsf] hjfkmdf dGqL a:g]tn] g]kfn jftfj/0f kl/jt{gsf] c;/ Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljZjJofkL bfloTj axg ug{ cfˆgf] tkm{af6 lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ e"ldsfsf nflu tof/ /x]sf] :ki6 kfg{' ePsf] lyof] . o:t} /fhb"t dl/;n] g]kfnsf] jg tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf If]qdf o;cl3 ub}{ cfPsf] ;xof]unfO{ a]nfotn] o; jif{ klg hf/L /fVg] hfgsf/L lbFb} vf; u/L jGohGt' t:s/L lgoGq0fsf nflu sfd ug]{ rfxgf /x]sf] cjut u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] .

l;Gw'kfNrf]s÷hgk|ltlglw, pkef]Qmf / ljz]if1x¿n] jgsf] j}1flgs Joj:yfkg u/L cfo;|f]t a9fpg'kg]{ atfPsf 5g\ . 7f]skfl/:yt af3e}/jdf ;fd'bflos jg cGt/f{li6«o cg';Gwfg s]G› agfpg] l;nl;nfdf cfof]lht 5nkmndf x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf d'n'ssf !( xhf/eGbf a9L ;fd'bflos jgnfO{ Joj:yfkg u/]/ o;sf] cfDbfgL kl/rfng ug{'kg]{df ;/f]sf/jfnfn] hf]8 lbP . k|b]z # sf pBf]u, ko{6g, jg tyf jftfj/0fdGqL c?0f g]kfnn] jgsf] xl/ofnL x]/]/ dfq ga;L o;sf] cfDbfgLnfO{ pkef]Qmfsf] hLjgdf hf]8\g'kg]{ atfpg' eof] . 5nkmndf lhNnf jg clws[t /fh' IfqL / jg dGqfnosf pk;lrj k|sfz nD;fnn] d'n'se/sf] ;fd'bflos jgsf] cj:yfaf/] hfgsf/Lkq k|:t't ug{' ePsf] lyof] . jg tyf jftfj/0f ;lrj 8f= ljZjgfy cf]nLn] s]G›sf] k|f/lDes sfdsf nflu xfn ;/sf/n] #) nfv /sd ljlgof]hg u/]sf] hfgsf/L lbg' eof] . ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] cg';Gwfg s]G› agfP/ ;a} vfnsf ;Defjgfsf] cWoog ug{ ;lsg] pxfFn] atfpg' eof] . jg ljefusf dxflgb]{zs s[i0fk|;fb cfrfo{n] pb\ud:ynsf] ;fd'bflos jgsf] Joj:yfkg gd'gf x'g'kg]{ atfpg' eof] .

emfkf÷ j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkgsf nflu lhNnfsf tLgj6f ;fd'bflos jgnfO{ ? $% nfv cg'bfg pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 .jg ;+/If0fsf] bL3{sfnLg /0fgLltcg';f/ ;/sf/n] j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkgsf nflu klxnf] r/0fdf sflnsf, rG›u9L / xft]dfnf] ;fd'bflos jgnfO{ ? !%÷!% nfvsf b/n] /sd pknAw u/fPsf] ;xfos jg clws[t b]j]G› pk|]tLn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . klxnf] ls:tfdf ? !) nfv lbOPsf] 5 . afFsL /sd bf];|f] ls:tfdf lbOg]5 .

kfl/jfl/s lghL jg ;+3 g]kfnsf] k|yd /fli6«o kl/ifb\ a}7sdf ;xefuLx?n] ;ft] a'Fb] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf 5g\ . Ps kl/jf/ Ps kfl/jfl/s lghL jg, ;Dd[4 g]kfn xfd|f] cleofg d'n gf/fsf ;fy ;DkGg ePsf] a}7sn] ;ft] a'Fb] k|lta4tf u/]sf x'g . b]zsf] ;Dd[l4 k|flKtsf nflu jgdf cfwfl/t pBdsf] ljsf; tyf k|a4g ub}{ xl/t /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ / ax';+Vos kfl/jfl/s jg ls;fgx?sf] hLjg:t/ psf:gnufotfsf k|lta4tf hfo/ u/]sf 5g\ . 3f]if0f kqdf k|lta4tf / cfXjfgsf ljifodf a'Fbfut ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ls;fgd'vL gLlt lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ kfl/jfl/s lghL jg ;+3sf] dfu /x]sf] 5 .

k;f{–jL/u+h k|x/Ln] hª\unaf6 sf6]/ NofpFb} u/]sf] cj:yfdf cj}w sf7 a/fdb u/]sf] 5 . k|x/L rf}sL /ª\uk'/ 6f8Laf6 vl6Psf] u:tL 6f]nLn] k;f{sf] k6]jf{ ;'uf}nL ufpkflnsf j8f gDa/ @ af6 & yfg ;fnsf] sf7 a/fdb u/]sf] xf] . t:s/x?n] af]s]/ NofO/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|x/LnfO{ b]v]kl5 sf7 5f8L t:s/x? km/f/ ePsf lyP . a/fdb ul/Psf ;fnsf] sf7 k|x/L rf}sL /ª\uk'/df /flvPsf] 5 .

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lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no s}nfnLn] ;fnsf] uf]lnof;lxt wgu9L pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f gDa/ * sflGtk'/ 6f]naf6 b'O{ hgfnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] 5 . lhNnf k|x/L sfof{noaf6 v6]sf] k|x/L 6f]nLn] d's]z /fgf / Zofd /fgfnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] xf] . uf]?uf8f -8Nnk_ df /fv]/ & lkm6 nDafO{ / # bzdnj $ lkm6 uf]nfO{ ePsf] ;fnsf] sf7 Nofpg] qmddf pgLx?nfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] xf] . kqmfp k/]sf JolQm, b'O{ uf]?, 8Nnk / sf7nfO{ cfjZos sf/jfxLsf nflu lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf k7fPsf] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{non] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 .

jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqL zlQmaxfb'/ a:g]tn] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fdf Wofg lbg ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ lgb]{zg lbg' ePsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o h}ljs ljljwtf lbj;sf cj;/df nlntk'/df ul/Psf] sfo{qmddf pxfFn] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f geP ljgf; lglDtg] vt/f a9\b} hfg] atfpg' eof] . h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;DaGw dfgj;Fu hf]l8Psfn] o;sf] ;+/If0fdf Wofg gk'u] dfgj hLjgsf] ljgf; x'g] tkm{ ;r]t /xFb} ;+/If0fdf h'6\g pxfFn] cfu|x ug{' eof] . k|fs[lts ;Dkbf, h+unL hgfj/sf] ;+/If0fn] d'n'ssf] ko{6gdf ;d]t ;3fp k'Ug] atfpg' eof] . g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtfdf ljZjs} pTs[i6 /x]sfn] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cWoog s]G› g]kfnnfO{ agfpg'kg]{ atfpg' eof] . o; jif{sf] h}ljs ljljwtf lbj;sf] gf/f …h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGwsf @% jif{, k[YjLdf ;'/lIft hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttfÚ eGg] /x]sf] 5 . sfo{qmddf h}ljs ljljwtf;DaGwL j[Qlrq;d]t k|bz{g ul/Psf] lyof] .

jg tyf jftfj/0fdGqL zlQmaxfb'/ a:g]tn] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] ;d"lrt Joj:yfkg u/]/ cl3 a9\g] atfpg'ePsf] 5 . ljZj jGohGt' sf]if -8An'8An'Pkm_ g]kfnsf] @% cf}F :yfkgf lbj;sf cj;/df cfof]lht ;df/f]xdf pxfFn] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f d'n'ssf] clxn]sf] klxnf] sfo{;"rL ePsf] x'Fbf k|fyldstf / cfjZostfnfO{ tfnd]n ldnfP/ sfd ul/g]5 eGg'eof] . ljZj jGohGt' sf]if g]kfnsf lgb]{zs 8f 3g u'?ªn] d'n'ssf] lbuf] ljsf; / ko{6g k|j4{gdf jGohGt' ;+/If0fsf] lgs} 7"nf] of]ubfg /xg] ljZjf; lbnfpg'eof] . ;f] cj;/df g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ k|s[lt / jGohGt' ;+/If0fdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/:j?k …k|s[lt ;+/If0f /ht dxf]T;jÚ ;Ddfg k|bfg ul/of] . ;f] cj;/df hg;+Vof / e"uf]nsf] lx;fan] g]kfn demf}nf d'n's eP klg nf]kf]Gd'v jGohGt' ;+/If0f / h}ljs ljljwtfsf lx;fan] ljZjd} wgL /x]sf] tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0fdf xfl;n u/]sf] k|ultsf] of]ubfg emNsg] j[Qlrq k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . ;df/f]xdf g]kfndf jGohGt' ;+/If0f / h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yf / JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfg / k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/of] . ;g\ @)!! b]lv @)!* sf] cjlwdf g]kfndf u}F8fsf] z"Go rf]/L lzsf/ sfod ug{ ;kmn ePsf] egL g]kfnL ;]gfsf ;DalGwt lgs'~hdf t}gfy u0fnfO{ k'/:s[t ul/of] . ;df/f]xdf tfKn]h'ªsf] 3'G;fdf x]lnsK6/ b'3{6gfdf lgwg ePsf k|s[lt ;+/If0fdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf JolQmsf] :d[ltsf nflu :yflkt k|s[lt ;+/If0f k'/:sf/ ljleGg 5fq5fqfnfO{ k|bfg ul/of] . g]kfndf ljZj jGohGt' sf]ifn] %) jif{b]lv sfd u/] klg sfof{no :yfkgf u/]/ sfd u/]sf] @% jif{ dfq k'u]sf] 5 . sf]ifsf sfo{qmd !)) eGbfa9L d'n'sdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnL ;]gfn] sf7df8f}+ -t/fO{ dw]; ›'tdfu{sf] 6«ofs vf]Ng] qmddf s6fg u/]sf] sf7 tyf bfp/f ;d'bfod} x:tfGt/0f ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . ;]gfn] dfu{sf] If]qflwsf/leq k/]/ s6fg u/]sf] ?v tyf bfp/f ;fd'bflos jgnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{ yfn]sf] xf] . kmf:6 6«ofssf] 6«ofs lgdf{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] ;]gfn] dsjfgk'/ If]qdf ?v s6fg / Joj:yfkgsf] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . s6fg / Joj:yfkg ;Fu} ;]gfn] dsjfgk'/sf] ;fd'bflos jg If]qdf s6fg ePsf sf7 tyf bfp/f ;fd'bflos jgnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] xf] . ;]gfn] dsjfgk'/u9L ufpFkflnsf /fgLjg ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d'xsf] jg If]qdf ul/Psf] s6fg sf7 / bfp/f ;DalGwt jg pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] xf] .

;|f]t M k|ljlw ;Fufnf] n'Dn] If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb| / jg 8fo/L @)^%, ;fd'bflos jg dxfzfvf, jg ljefu . -cWofjlws @)^&_

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" of] dlxgf /f]k0f ug{ ;lsg] aLp M s'6ld/f] , v;'{, ;]tf] r'n]qf], 6fFsL, lsDa', w'kL, sf]O/fnf, 6'gL .

" j[If/f]k0fsf] nflu vf8n vGg afFsL 5 eg] cem} a]nf 5, vgL xfnf}+ . " g;{/Lsf la?jfdf h/f nfdf] eO{ e'FOdf ufl8g hfg] ;Defjgf 5, Wofg lbg' e} l;s]r/n] dl;gf h/fx¿ sfl6lbg' xf]nf .

" g;{/Ldf c+s'l/t aLpx¿ arfpg 5fx/L xfNg gla;f}{+ . " cfif9df j[If/f]k0f ug]{ :yfgsf] Ifgf}6 ug]{ sfo{ u/f}+ . " j[If/f]k0f / k|fs[lts jgnfO{ clgolGqt jg 89]nf]af6 hf]ufcf}+ . " rl/r/0faf6 jg h+unnfO{ hf]ufcf}+ . " jg ;d"xn] jg rf]/L s6fgL /f]syfdf ug{ jg u:tL kl/rfng u/f}+ . " jg ;d"xsfx¿sf] jg jl/kl/ /x]sf ufpF÷6f]ndf a}7s /fvf}+ / ;fd"lxs ¿kdf jg rf]/L s6fgL / jGohGt' rf]/L t:s/L lgoGq0fdf nfuf}+ .

" dlxnf / ljkGg ju{sf] pTyfgsf nflu sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/f}+ . " lhNnf jg sfof{nox¿n] lhNnf jg If]q ;dGjo ;ldltsf] a}7s lgoldt ¿kdf cfof]hgf ug'{xf];\ .

" jg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] jg P]g @)$(, jg lgodfjnL @)%! tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g @)%# / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL @)%$ sf] /fd|/L kfngf u/f}+ .

" cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] Ps dlxgf leq ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿n] jflif{s k|ltj]bg a'emfpg' k5{ t;{y k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ yfNg'xf];\ .


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jg ljefu, k|rf/ k|;f/ zfvfaf6 k|sflzt x'g] dfl;s klqsf æxfd|f] sNkj[IfÆ sf nflu n]v÷/rgf k7fpFbf lgDg Joxf]/f dgg u/L k7fO{ lbg'x'g n]vsx¿df cg'/f]w ul/G5 .w jg, jftfj/0f jGohGt', e"–;+/If0f h}ljs ljljwtf ljifodf n]lvPsf] jf tT;DaGwL

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