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Xo`y{}do >387@“{`ylfn mnyyne`ln

Eloxnddl Ak}ldo&Mniodk

 Dod ilky}o nl f{}l, dod kdy}o nl hoqql,fn ld anfwo nwk}yo, ilnxo`l }oqql2acl x{o` anddodl, xnin k `l w}kdin,

aofk yo}}kdyk ack i%n`yo qakdin,aofk xn`nden il eloecl n`wldl$

 N hk}}o h}kiio, En}lmn`ildl.

 @n En}lmn`ildn

Qk dod hoqqk qynyo wk} `“ldxlyo ik` “{hhlalo qyo}lao n wn}ykalwn}k n` aodxkedo q{`akdyoald~{ndykqlfo nddlxk}qn}lo ik``“lfw}kqn ikl Fl``k w}omnml`fkdyk dod fl qn}kl fnl oaa{wnyo

ik``n anfwnedn fk}lilodn`k il El{qkwwk En}lmn`il k ik``n Mnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do$ @k }nelodl qodo

 wl{yyoqyo qkfw`lal: }lykdkxo ack q{ {do ike`l qaody}l wlü doyl ik` ]lqo}elfkdyo lyn`lndo al hoqqk

ndao}n woao in il}k k qa}lxk}k$ Fn aofk `o qy{ilo il Qnd Fn}yldo fl nxkxn elç ilfoqy}nyo, ~{k``n

ik` Xo`y{}do ã {dn wneldn il qyo}ln ndao}n in qa}lxk}k$ @n }nqqkedn mlm`loe}nhlan }lfndk aof{d~{k

lfw}kqqlodnyk k al ql }lkqak ni o}lkdyn}k qo`o aod fo`yn hnylan$

In {d w{dyo il xlqyn q~{lqlynfkdyk fl`lyn}k `o qaody}o aodommk q{mlyo {dn xnqyn kao n `lxk``o

k{}owko, dod qo`o n an{qn ik``k lffkilnyk aodqke{kdzk ik``n qykqqn ‑ `“nddkqqlodk ik` ]kedo ik``k

I{k Qlal`lk n` ]kedo il Qn}ikedn k `n a}knzlodk ik` ]kedo i“Lyn`ln ‑ fn ndack wk} `n xnqyn

 wn}ykalwnzlodk il xo`odyn}l k{}owkl n``o qykqqo$ L w}lfl qa}lyyl il Ucl`ck`f ]ðqyou, elç ao`oddk``o

anwo il qynyo fneelo}k ik``“Kqk}alyo fk}lilodn`k, h{}odo inyl n``k qynfwk fkdo il {d nddo iowo `n  mnyyne`ln ik` Xo y{}do aod `“kilzlodk ykikqan ik` >38>>, }lw}owoqyl `“nddo qke{kdyk ld `lde{n

h}ndakqk=$ @“kxkdyo kmmk dny{}n`fkdyk xnqyn kao ld Ldecl`yk}}n, ioxk qkfw}k dk` >38> Acn}`kq Qy{n}y

Ho}mkq w{mm`lanxn `k q{k fkfo}lk q{` n anfwnedn fk}lilodn`k1$ @k owk}nzlodl aodioyyk in

En}lmn`il dk` ]kedo ik``k I{k Qlal`lk h{}odo }nwlinfkdyk nqqlfl`nyk ndack inl fl`lyn}l qyny{dlykdql,

l ~{n`l dk` >38= q{l `o}o y}nyynyl il ynyylan k qy}nykeln fl lyn}k y}oxnxndo kqkfwl ldk}kdyl n``n

anfwnedn lyn`lndn ik` >3879$

Ld Lyn`ln `n mnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do, k y{yyn `n anfwnedn en}lmn`ildn ld ekdk}n`k, h{ nhh}odynyn ld

foio aofw`kynfkdyk owwoqyo$ Qk ql qao}}k `n mlm`loe}nhln, xnqylqqlfn, q{``“kwowkn en}lmn`ildn,

y}oxlnfo ack `n ~{nql yoyn`lyç ikl ykqyl w}oioyyl ql }lhk}lqak n``n fkfo}ln`lqylan, n` }naaodyo il acl

a“k}n k ack xo``k `nqaln}k q{``n an}yn `n w}ow}ln xk}qlodk ikl hnyyl$ Qo`o e`l qaodhlyyl ak}an}odo il

lfmnqyl}k {d“ndn`lql n` `o}o yoyn`k y}nao``o$ Ld ~{kqyo aodykdyo ql ldqk}lqak l` `nxo}o il Eloxnddl Ik``lH}ndal, elç {hhlaln`k ik` “kqk}alyo dnwo`kyndo, l` ~{n`k dk` >357 ilkik n``k qynfwk {dn w}ow}ln

xk}qlodk ike`l kxkdyl, {dn xoak ‐ndyneodlqyn‖ n``n x{`enyn ack elç ql qynxn ilhhodikdio q{l hnyyl il

ilkal nddl w}lfn;$ In wn}yk lyn`lndn h{ ldxkak eloaoho}zn kdhnylzzn}k l` }{o`o qxo`yo in``“kqk}alyo

}keo`n}k, ld wn}ylao`n}k i{}ndyk `n anfwnedn aody}o `k ho}zk wodylhlalk dk``k Fn}ack k n``“nqqkilo il

Enkyn$

> U$ ]ðqyou, Ik} lyn`lkdlqack B}lke wo`lylqac&fl`lyé}lqac mkqc}lkmkd , Zð}lac >38>$= U$ ]ðqyou,  @n E{k}}k Lyn`lkddk kd >387$ Anfwnedk ik En}lmn`il indq `kq Ik{s&Qlal`kq, ky n{y}kq ìxìdkfkdyqfl`lynl}kq j{q~“n `n anwly{`nylod ik Enkyk kd fn}q >38>$ Dn}}nylod Wo`lyl~{k ky Fl`lynl}k, Ekdìxk&Wn}lq >38=$1 A$ Q$ Ho}mkq, Yck Anfwnled oh En}lmn`il ld yck Yuo Qlal`lkq$ N wk}qodn` dn}}nylxk, Kilfm{}ec&@odiod, >38>$9 K$ Qacn`b, Q{ffn}| oh yck N}y oh Un}: u}lyyk ksw}kqq`| ho} ndi ikilanyki yo yck [$Q$ Xo`{dykkk} N}f| , Wcl`nik`wcln

>38=, w$ >17$; E$ Ik``l H}ndal, A}odlan ik``n Anfwnedn i“N{y{ddo ik` >387$ Hnyyn q{``k }lxk ik` Xo`y{}do k ik` En}le`lndoin``“Kqk}alyo Dnwo`lyndo, n``n ~{n`k ã woqyo lddndzl {d }naaodyo il hnyyl fl`lyn}l k wo`lylal nxxkd{yl dk` ]knfk ik``kQlal`lk dkl ioilal nddl ack `n w}kakikyyk}o, = xo``$, Dnwo`l >357$

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N mkd e{n}in}k `n mlm`loe}nhln qalkdylhlan q{``n mnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do ql }li{ak n woacl ylyo`l$

Woqqlnfo aodqlik}n}k xn`lil l w}lfl wlodk}lqylal `nxo}l il Eko}ek Fnan{`n| Y}kxk`|nd8 k,

qow}nyy{yyo, il N`mk}y Fnne5, kilyl ne`l ldlzl ik` doxkakdyo$ Iowo il `o}o iommlnfo nyykdik}k l` ykqyo

il Wlk}o Wlk}l ik` ><8=3  k ~{k``o il El{qkwwk En}lmn`il J{dlo} ik` ><3><, wk} }ly}oxn}k {d“ndn`lql

ynyylao&qy}nykelan ldk}kdyk nl aofmnyylfkdyl ik` Xo`y{}do$

Fn e`l qy{il wlü ldyk}kqqndyl ack qodo qynyl qldo ni o}n w}oioyyl qodo qla{}nfkdyk ~{k``l il El{`loil @o}kdzo>7$ L` q{o lfwo}yndyk `nxo}o w}kqqo `“N}aclxlo il Qynyo il Anqk}yn cn fkqqo ld `{ak {dn

qk}lk il ykqylfodlndzk hodinfkdyn`l wk} `n }laoqy}{zlodk ik``n mnyyne`ln ld y{yyl l q{ol ikyyne`ln, ndack

~{k``l fkdo doyl$ Ld wn}ylao`n}k ã qynyo hldn`fkdyk woqqlml`k aofw}kdik}k:

& `“o}endlzznzlodk ik` aofndio mo}modlao l elo}dl w}kakikdyl l aofmnyylfkdyl2

& l` nxo}o il ldyk``lekdak fkqqo ld nyyo in En}lmn`il2

& `“lfwo}yndzn ik``n M}lenyn xod Fkack` wk} `n }l{qalyn ik` wlndo qy}nykelao mo}modlao2

& `“kqnyyn wo}ynyn ike`l kxkdyl il Anqyk` Fo}}odk$

E}nzlk n ~{kqyl d{oxl `nxo}l `n mnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do kqak in``k dkmmlk ik``n `keekdin

}lqo}elfkdyn`k, k ql w}kqkdyn nl doqy}l oaacl ld y{yyn `n q{n i}nffnylan }kn`yç: `“kqy}kfo ykdynylxo il

{d kqk}alyo lfw}kwn}nyo ni {d aodh`lyyo ni n`yn ldykdqlyç il }laod~{lqyn}k ld {d qo`o ao`wo `n xlyyo}ln,l` fo}n`k, `n }kw{ynzlodk k `“ldlzlnylxn qy}nykelan$ Y}owwo omlkyylxl ld y}owwo woao ykfwo$

>$ Aofk aofmnyyk}k: l` ]ìe`kfkdy h}ndakqk k `“O}ildndzn il Q{n Fnkqyç ik` >398

Aofk elç k}n nxxkd{yo wk} `“kqk}alyo ik` ]kedo il Qn}ikedn, ndack `“n}fnyn ik` ]kedo ik``k

I{k Qlal`lk nxkxn lfwoqynyo `n w}ow}ln ioyy}ldn i“lfwlkeo k ynyylan il aofmnyylfkdyo q{l aokxl

}keo`nfkdyl ld {qo w}kqqo `“kqk}alyo h}ndakqk>>$ 

L` ]ìe`kfkdy aodak}dndy `“Ksk}alak ky `k fndő{x}kq ik `“Ldhndyk}lk ik` >5<>>=, l` ykqyo mnqk ack

lqwl}ý `k ynyylack ik``“kqk}alyo h}ndakqk i{}ndyk `k E{k}}k Dnwo`kodlack, dod qo`o dod k}n qynyo

nmmndiodnyo, fn k}n qynyo neelo}dnyo dk` >3=>>1$ L` ]ìe`kfkdy , qa}lyyo in Jknd&Ndyoldk&Clwwo`|yk ik

E{lmk}y, k}n h}{yyo il {dn w}ohodin ki na{yn ndn`lql ik``k kqwk}lkdzk il aofmnyylfkdyo ik` SXLLL

qkao`o>9$ ^{ndio xkddk nioyynyo k}n {do qy}{fkdyo n``“nxnde{n}iln k wk}hkyynfkdyk nike{nyo n``k

8 E$ F$ Y}kxk`|nd, En}lmn`il ndi yck fnblde oh Lyn`|, @odiod ><>>$ L` ykqyo il Y}kxk`|nd, n` ~{n`k qke{à En}lmn`il ndi yck Yco{qndi , @odiod ><>=, h{ l` w}lfo ykdynylxo il }laoqy}{l}k q{ mnqk ioa{fkdyn}ln `k xlakdik ik``n anfwnedn ik`

>387$ndao}n oeel {d }lhk}lfkdyo omm`lenyo wk} aofw}kdik}k `“lfwodkdyk qho}zo `oelqylao fkqqo ld nyyo in``“Ldecl`yk}}n

 wk} q{wwo}yn}k `n qwkilzlodk il En}lmn`il aody}o l` ]kedo ik``k I{k Qlal`lk$5 N$ Fnne, Ekqaclacyk ik} Qacuklzk}y}{wwkd ld dknwo`lyndlqackd Ilkdqykd >3=;&>38>$ Fly [dlho}fml`ik}d, Wo}ynlyq, Bn}ykd {d W`édkd, Zð}lac ><7<3 W$ Wlk}l, Qyo}ln fl`lyn}k ik` ]lqo}elfkdyo, Yo}ldo ><8=, ww$ 577&5>>$< E$ En}lmn`il J{dlo}, @n Mnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do, ]ofn ><3>$

>7 L ykqyl il El{`lo il @o}kdzo qodo alynyl ld doyn dk` ykqyo$>> @n mlm`loe}nhln q{``“kqk}alyo ik` ]kedo ik``k I{k Qlal`lk ã n``o qynyo nyy{n`k fo`yo wlü }laan k }kakdyk il ~{k``n ikilanyn

n``“kqk}alyo ik` ]kedo il Qn}ikedn, ndack qk fo}k qo`lyo `“nqwkyyo ik``k ynyylack il aofmnyylfkdyo k ik``k ioyy}ldk il

lfwlkeo nwwn}k l` wlü qna}lhlanyo$ O`y}k n` hodinfkdyn`k E$ A$ Mok}l, W$ A}oalndl,  @“Kqk}alyo Mo}modlao in` >53< n` >38>, 9 xo``$, ]ofn ><3<&><<3, ah}$ Y$ N}elo`nq, Qyo}ln ik``“kqk}alyo mo}modlao, Dnwo`l ><572 ]$ F$ Qk`xneel,  Dofl kxo`yl il {d kqk}alyo ilfkdylanyo$ [hhlaln`l ik``“kqk}alyo dnwo`kyndo ik` >387&8>, Dnwo`l ><<72 Y$ Mnyyne`ldl,  L` a}o``ofl`lyn}k ik` ]kedo ik``k I{k Qlal`lk, = xo``$, Foikdn ><132 LI,  @%o}endlzznzlodk fl`lyn}k ik` ]kedo ik``k I{k Qlal`lk:in An}`o LLL n``%lfw}kqn en}lmn`ildn, Foikdn ><97$>=  ]ìe`kfkdy aodak}dndy `“Ksk}alak ky `k fndő{x}kq ik `“Ldhndyk}lk$ I{ >}k$ Noòy >5<>, Wn}lq >5<=$>1  ]ìe`kfkdy aodak}dndy `“Ksk}alak ky `k fndő{x}kq ik `“Ldhndyk}lk$ I{ w}kflk} No{y >5<>$ Do{xk``k ìilylod,naaofwnedãk ik Doykq wn} FF$ M$ ky @$, ky i“{dk do{xk``k W`ndack wo{} `n Ho}fnylod kd Mnynl``k, Wn}lq >3=>$>9

  J$ N$ C$ E{lmk}y,  ]ãe`kfkdy aodak}dndy `“ksk}alak ky `kq fndo{x}kq ik `“ldhndyk}lk, Wn}lq >5<=$ L` }keo`nfkdyo

kdhnylzznxn `“{qo ik``n ao`oddn wk} f{oxk}ql l` wlü xk`oakfkdyk woqqlml`k, fkdy}k {dn xo`yn el{dyl n aodynyyo aod l`

dkflao `“{dlyç ql qaclk}nxn ld `ldkn wk} qh}{yyn}k n` fke`lo `n woykdzn il h{oao ik` }kwn}yo$ Fo`yk ik``k ndn`lql k likk il

E{lmk}y }le{n}io `k lqyly{zlodl fl`lyn}l k n``k ynyylack fl`lyn}l h{}odo lqwl}nyk in``n }kn`yç ik``“kqk}alyo k ik``n qoalkyç

 w}{qqlndn, ndack qk dod fndanxn il kqn`yn}k kqkfwl h}ndakql:  Ì`oek i{ Fn}kacn` ik Anyldny , Kilfmo{}e >55;2 K`oeki{ ]ol ik W}{qqk$ Wn} `“N{yk{} ik `“Kqqnl Ekdk}n` ik Ynayl~{k, Mk}`ld >53<2 Jo{}dn` i“{d Xo|nek kd N``kfnedk, hnly kd

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dkakqqlyç mk``lack ik` wk}loio, fn n``n fkyç ik` SLS qkao`o w}owodkxn ynyylack ik` y{yyo q{wk}nyk$

W{} }laodoqakdio n``“nzlodk il h{oao `“k`kfkdyo ilqy}{yylxo ikalqlxo, k}ndo ndao}n w}kxlqyl wk} `n

hndyk}ln `“o}fnl q{wk}nyo qaclk}nfkdyo q{ y}k }ndecl, fkdy}k l fneelo}l kqk}alyl k{}owkl, W}{qqln k

Ldecl`yk}}n dk``n hnyylqwkalk, aofmnyykxndo aod l w}ow}l mnyyne`lodl lfwoqynyl q{ i{k qo`l }ndecl$

L`  ]ìe`kfkdy  k}n ikqyldnyo n q{qalyn}k {d“ldh`{kdzn ho}ylqqlfn w}kqqo ~{k``k ho}zk n}fnyk l a{l

~{ni}l q{wk}lo}l ql k}ndo ho}fnyl dk``“kqk}alyo il Dnwo`kodk, ~{n`l nww{dyo ~{k``o Qn}io k ~{k``o Dnwo`kyndo>;$ L`  ]keo`nfkdyo wk} `k y}{wwk ld anfwnedn aod lqy}{zlodl qow}n e`l naanfwnfkdyl ldinyn >< ekddnlo >311 ik``“n}fnyn qn}in k @“o}ildndzn il Q{n Fnkqyç wk} e`l kqk}alzj k `k kxo`{zlodlik``k y}{wwk il hndyk}ln ik` >398 nioyynyo in``“n}fnyn dnwo`kyndn }lw}kdikxndo fo`yl ike`l k`kfkdyl

ik` foik``o ynyylao w}owoqyo in E{lmk}y, y}n a{l `o qaclk}nfkdyo ikl }kwn}yl il hndyk}ln q{ y}k }ndecl$

@k }kakdyl kqwk}lkdzk mk` lack ik` k anfwnedk dnwo`kodlack nxkxndo ilfoqy}nyo `“kaakqqlxn

 wkqndykzzn ik``k ho}fnzlodl q{ y}k }ndecl k `n `o}o ldhk}lo}lyç il h{oao dkl aodh}odyl il }kwn}yl wlü

qdk``l qaclk}nyl q{ i{k `ldkk$ Alnqa{d qo`inyo ioxkxn oaa{wn}k {d }kyyndeo`o il 87 af il `n}eckzzn k

89 af il w}ohodilyç, qwnzlo q{hhlalkdykfkdyk `n}eo wk} aodqkdyl}k l foxlfkdyl dkakqqn}l n`

an}lanfkdyo ik``“n}fn k n` w{dynfkdyo qwoqyndio ldilky}o l` wlkik ikqy}o n 9;·$ Yko}lanfkdyk y{yyl l

h{al`l ik` }kwn}yo ioxkxndo kqqk}k ld e}nio il hn}k h{oao aody}o l` dkflao$ Nxxkdlxn aoqà ack, n

an{qn ik``k ioynzlodl wk}qodn`l ho}fnyk in {do znldo, `n mo}}naaln k nyy}kzzl il qanxo, oed{doioxkxn n hnylan y}oxn}k `o qwnzlo wk} }l{qal}k n w{dyn}k `“n}fn$ ^{ndio l qo`inyl k}ndo w}odyl n`

h{oao, l` w}lfo }ndeo fkyykxn n yk}}n l` eldoaaclo ikqy}o, fkdy}k l` qkaodio qwoqyn `k qwn``k xk}qo

ikqy}n$  L` h{oao il hl`k ql kqke{l}ç in``n w}lfn k qkaodin }len2 `n yk}zn iox}ç qo`yndyo an}lan}k`“n}fn k wnqqn}`n ne`l {ofldl ik``n qkaodin }len, qkdzn yl}n}k elnffnl>8$ Dny{}n`fkdyk ql y}nyynxn

il {dn wln l``{qlodk, k {dn xo`yn ldlzlnyo {d aofmnyylfkdyo n h{oao k}n wl{yyoqyo ilhhlal`k hn} }ln`zn}k

in yk}}n l` w}lfo }ndeo, in` fofkdyo ack ld ~{kqyo foio e`l {ofldl ohh}lxndo n` dkflao {d

  mk}qne`lo nqqnl fkdo xlqyoqo$ Wk}yndyo l w}lfl i{k }ndecl }lfndkxn ld wlkil, fkdy}k l` yk}zo

h{dzlodnxn {dlanfkdyk in }lqk}xn wk} ao`fn}k l x{oyl ack woykxndo nw}l}ql q{` h}odyk il mnyyne`lodk$

Ql y}nyynxn i{d~{k il {dn woqy{}n ack l qo`inyl ilhhlal`fkdyk nx}kmmk}o woy{yo nww`lan}k ld mnyyne`ln,

k n yn`k w}owoqlyo elç dk` SXLLL qkao`o Jnaom Fn{xl``od, dk` q{o  Kqqnl q{} `“ldh`{kdak ik `n wo{i}kç andod indq `“n}y ik `n e{k}}k foik}dk, ldilanxn nl q{ol `kyyo}l ack dod wn}`k}ý nhhnyyo ik` yl}o,~{ndio ql hn fkyyk}k {d eldoaaclo n yk}}n n` w}lfo }ndeo, dì `o hn}ý ld n`a{dn wn}yk il~{kqy“owk}n2 wolacì ~{kqyo foxlfkdyo, aoqà aof{dk ld wlnzzn i“n}fl, dod ql khhkyy{n fnl ld e{k}}n,aoqn ik``n ~{n`k {dlanfkdyk ~{l ql y}nyyn>5$ Aoqà hnakdio n`fkdo {d yk}zo ik``“{dlyç dod kdy}nxn

lffkilnynfkdyk ld aofmnyylfkdyo, k`kfkdyo wl{yyoqyo e}nxk in` fofkdyo ack e`l kqk}alyl k{}owkl,

aofw}kqo ~{k``o dnwo`kyndo, k}ndo o}fnl y{yyl k~{lwneelnyl aod h{al`l aod lddkqao n `{fldk``o, ld

e}nio il qxl`{wwn}k {d doykxo`k xo`{fk il h{oao ni {dn xk`oalyç ~{nql iowwln }lqwkyyo nl h{al`l n

 wlky}n hoanln, wk} `“{qo ikl ~{n`l l` ]ìe`kfkdy il E{lmk}y k}n qynyo wkdqnyo$

^{kqyn acln}n qoyyoqylfn ik``n woykdzn il h{oao k}n aoqynyn fo`yo an}n nl Qn}il dk` mlkddlo >393&

>39<, ~{ndio `“kqk}alyo n{qy}lnao ilfoqy}ý il woqqkik}k fneelo}l ~{n`lyç fndox}lk}k, {d fle`lo} 

lfwlkeo ik``n hndyk}ln `keek}n k, ld ikhldlylxn, `n anwnalyç il qxl`{wwn}k {dn fneelo}k woykdzn ilh{oao$ L` d{oxo  ]keo`nfkdyo wk} `“kqk}alzlo k `k kxo`{zlodl ik``n Hndyk}ln il @ldkn ik` >3;=

}lilqy}lm{à `n hndyk}ln ik` ]kedo il Qn}ikedn q{ i{k }ndecl>3, hnxo}kdio `n foml`lyç q{` anfwo il

 mnyyne`ln ikl mnyyne`lodl$ @n anfwnedn ik` >3;< nxkxn fkqqo ld `{ak ndao}n d{fk}oqk `na{dk dk``k

ioyy}ldk il lfwlkeo ikl Qn}il, fn l w{dyl i“ofm}n }le{n}inxndo w}ldalwn`fkdyk `k owk}nzlodl

aodel{dyk y}n hndyk}ln il `ldkn k hndyk}ln `keek}n k `“o}endlzznzlodk ik``n anykdn il aofndio, w}lfn

>551, = xo``$, Wn}lq >371$ Q{``n hle{}n il E{lmk}y ah}$ K$ E}ohhlk},  @k Qy}nyãek ikq @{flk}q$ @k aofyk ik E{lmk}y #>591&>5<7, Wn}lq =77;$>; L }keo`nfkdyl ynyylal k}ndo }lfnqyl likdylal n ~{k``o h}ndakqk, k dk` >311 ld Wlkfodyk k dk` >398 n Dnwo`l

qoqyndzln`fkdyk }kinyyl ike`l ninyynfkdyl nl }lqwkyylxl kqk}alyl$ Hnyyo ~{kqyo ack xkddk doynyo elç dk` >31; in` ekdk}n`k

O{ildoy dk` q{o `nxo}o il ndn`lql q{e`l kqk}alyl lyn`lndl ik``n w}lfn fkyç ik` SLS qkao`o$ Wk} `“kqk}alyo ik` ]kedo ik``k

I{k Qlal`lk dk``o qwkalhlao ah}$ O{ildoy, Ik `“Lyn`lk k ik qkq Ho}akq Fl`lynl}kq, Wn}lq >31;, w$ =5$>8  @“O}ildndzn il Q{n Fnkqyç wk} e`l Kqk}alzj k `k Kxo`{zlodl ik``k Y}{wwk il Hndyk}ln, Xo`$ L, Dnwo`l >398, w$ 91>5 J$ Fn{xl``od, Kqqnl q{} `“ldh`{kdak ik `n wo{i}k ç andod indq `“n}y ik `n e{k}}k foik}dk, @klwzle >533, ww$ >;5&>;3$>3  ]keo`nfkdyo wk} `“kqk}alzlo k `k kxo`{zlodl ik``n Hndyk}ln il @ldkn, Xo`$ L, Yo}ldo >3;=, w$ 3=$

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ndao}n ack l` }keo`nfkdyo ynyylao xk}o k w}ow}lo$ @“kqk}alyo mo}modlao }lfnqk hkik`k nl w}kakyyl ik`

 ]ìe`kfkdy il E{lmk}y$ Nl w}lfl i{k xo`{fl ik``“O}ildndzn il Q{n Fnkqyç ik` >398><, qke{à {d yk}zo

xo`{fk ik` >3;==7$ Ld ~{kqy“{`ylfn kilzlodk xkddk}o ikqa}lyyl dk` ikyyne`lo l foxlfkdyl in kqke{l}k

ld aofmnyylfkdyo ld mnqk ni {dn qk}lk w}kalqn il qly{nzlodk dk``k ~{n`l l` mnyyne`lodk nx}kmmk woy{yo

y}oxn}ql$ Xkddk}o aof{d~{k fndykd{yl ldn`yk}nyl e`l o}ildl il yl}o kqw}kqql dk``n w}kakikdyk kilzlodk,

dodoqyndyk `k kqwk}lkdzk fny{}ndyk in` ao}wo il qwkilzlodk ldxlnyo dk` do}i Lyn`ln dk` >393 k `kowk}nzlodk il }kw}kqqlodk ik``k ldq{}}kzlodl dnwo`kyndn k qlal`lndk ik` >393 k >39<=>$

@k ynyylack il aofmnyylfkdyo ik``n hndyk}ln il `ldkn `“kqk}alyo dnwo`kyndo k}ndo i{d~{k y}n `k wlü

n}}ky}nyk i“K{}own, ndao}nyk ni {dn }kn`yç mk``lan xkaacln il o`y}k {d qkao`o$ [d el{ilzlo khhlanak nl

}keo`nfkdyl qn}io ik` >318 k dnwo`kyndo ik` >398 h{}odo kqw}kqql aod kqy}kfn `{alilyç in`

ao`oddk``o Akal`lo Hnm}lq, l` ~{n`k doyý ~{ndyo hoqqk}o lqwl}nyl in ~{k``l ik``“kqk}alyo h}ndakqk$Xo`{fldoql k w}o`lqql k qox}naan}lacl il w}kqa}lzlodl, il ilqyldzlodl nxkxndo wk} qaowo `k fndox}k

 ekofky}lack, dod ql ldyk}kqqnxndo ik``“nww`lanzlodk n` yk}}kdo, ikl anql il e{k}}n, il {d naao}io h}n `k y}k n}fl$ R$$$V Ld aofw`kqqo l` }keo`nfkdyo nxkxn wk} qaowo w}kalw{o il w}kqkdyn}k {dn mk``n k ho}yk k mkd n``ldknyn h}odyk il h{oacl w}kwn}nyn ao` aodao}qo il {d xk`o il {ofldl ilqwoqyl q{ {dn}len n `n}ecl ldyk}xn` l$ Alý y}nqwn}k in` “ldqlkfk ik` }keo`nfkdyo ik` >313 Rld }kn`yç ~{l ql y}nyyn

ik` ]keo`nfkdyo Qn}io ik` >318V , qkdzn kqqk}k ld dkqq{d `{oeo ldilanyo$ Dod xl ql wn}`n dkffkdoil nyynaao n``n mnlodkyyn dod oaao}}kdio il wn}`n}k ik``n ikalqlodk il {dn `oyyn n a{l l` }keo`nfkdyo dod n``{ik fnl$ K}n dny{}n`k ack ~{k` `lm}o fld{zloqo, w}kalqo, ack aofw}kdikxn `kdo}fk wk} hn} f{oxk}k aod mk``“o}ildk d{fk}oqk qaclk}k il {ofldl, ilxkdlqqk l` m}kxln}lo ike`l{hhlaln`l il hndyk}ln, fn k}n ndack dny{}n`k ack ilxkdkdio `n fndox}n qaowo n qì fkikqlfo qkdznfl}n}k ni n`y}o hldk ndack e`l {hhlaln`l dod e{n}inqqk}o fnl o`y}k n kqqn y}nqa{}ndio ~{k``o ackioxkxn kqqk}k l` hldk w}ldalwn`k, aloã `“lfwlkeo ik``k y}{wwk ld e{k}}n ==$ Hnm}lq nxkxn yoaanyo l` ynqyo

io`kdyk: l` }keo`nfkdyo ynyylao ilxkdlxn wlü {d k`kdao il fndox}k wk} {d kqk}alzlo ld wlnzzn i“n}fn

ack dod {d xk}o qy}{fkdyo wk} l` aofmnyylfkdyo, qkdzn n`a{d xndyneelo w}nylao in` fofkdyo ack

}ld{dalnxn n w}kqaldik}k qln n qxl`{wwn}k `n fnqqlfn woykdzn il h{oao aodqkdylyn qln n``n xk`oalyç il

fndox}n$ L foylxl il ~{kqyo }lyn}io dk``k ioyy}ldk il lfwlkeo w{ý kqqk}k qwlkenyo qo`nfkdyk aod `n

qak`yn, ilacln}nyn o fkdo ack hoqqk, hnyyn in``n anqk }kedndyk ikl Mo}modk il Dnwo`l il aodqlik}n}k `k

  w}ow}lk ho}zk n}fnyk aofk {do qy}{fkdyo il o}ildk w{mm lao, w}lfn ndao}n ack {d khhlanak

qy}{fkdyo wk} {dn e{k}}n ni n`yn ldykdqlyç k {dn ho}zn ikyk}}kdyk dkl aodh}odyl il {dn ldxnqlodk, qln

in` fn}k ack in``n yk}}nhk}fn$

Kqlqykxn aof{d~{k {d k`kfkdyo il kaak``kdzn, inyo inl mnyyne`lodl il Anaalnyo}l, ack n`

Xo`y{}do dod fndan}odo il hn} qkdyl}k y{yyo l` `o}o wkqo$  Ho}fnyl q{ 3 aofwnedlk il >87 {ofldl

#y{yyl n}fnyl aod h{al`l n anddn }lenyn=1, dk``n fndox}n k dk` aofmnyylfkdyo ql q{iilxlikxndo ld

~{nyy}o ilxlqlodl il i{k aofwnedlk alnqa{do=9$ Yn`k o}endlzznzlodk ldyk}dn aodqkdylxn nl

aofndindyl il aofwnedln {dn doykxo`k ldilwkdikdzn il foxlfkdyo, wk}fkyykxn `o qh}{yynfkdyo il

qly{nzlodl ynyylack n `o}o hnxo}kxo`k k `n ilqwoqlzlodk ike`l {ofldl n }ndecl n``n}enyl aodhk}lxn

`“lddkenml`k xndyneelo il woyk} {yl`lzzn}k y{yyl e`l nwwle`l ynyylal ack l` yk}}kdo aodqkdylxn `o}o$Fn dk` >387 `“kqk}alyo ik` ]kedo ik``k I{k Qlal`lk nxkxn n`y}l w}om`kfl, o`y}k n ~{k``o il

ldk}kdyk n``k ioyy}ldk il lfwlkeo$ Aofk elç nxkxn nxxk}ylyo y}kdy“nddl w}lfn l` ekdk}n`k O{ildoy, `n

qwnaany{}n ldyk}dn y}n `“k`kfkdyo qlal`lndo k ~{k``o dnwo`kyndo fldnxndo qkdzn }lfkilo `“khhlalkdzn

><  @“O}ildndzn il Q{n Fnkqyç wk} e`l Kqk}alzj k `k Kxo`{zlodl ik``k Y}{wwk il Hndyk}ln, = xo``$, Dnwo`l >398$=7  @“O}ildndzn il Q{n Fnkqyç wk} e`l Kqk}alzj k `k Kxo`{zlodl ik``k Y}{wwk il Hndyk}ln, Dnwo`l >3;=$=> N yn` w}owoqlyo ah}$ A$ Hnm}lq, E`l Nxxkdlfkdyl fl`lyn}l ik` >393 k >39<, Yo}ldo >3<3, Xo`$ LL, ww$ ;3&382 X$

Hldoaacln}o, @n }lxo`{zlodk qal`lndn ik` >393&9< k `n qwkilzlodk ik` ekdk}n`k Hl`ndelk}l, Anyndln ><782 ]$ xod Qyklek}, Ilk Qacuklzk}&]kelfkdyk} ld bødle`lac&dknwo`lyndlqackd Ilkdqykd ld ikd Jnc}kd >393 {di >39<, Mk}d >3;>$== A$ Hnm}lq, E`l Nxxkdlfkdyl fl`lyn}l ik` >393 k >39<, Yo}ldo >3<3, Xo`$ LL, ww$ 1;&13$=1 Dk` >387 k}ndo ilqwodlml`k i{k foik``l il an}nmldn wk} Anaalnyo}k, `n Foi$ >39< aod anddn in 1=‖ k `n wlü }kakdyk

Foi$ >387 aod anddn in =3‖$ Kdy}nfmk `k o}ildndzk nxkxndo {dn mnyyk}ln n `{fldk``o k {d an`lm}o il >5,; ff$ Ah}$ Q$

Fnqldl, E$ ]oynqqo,  N}fl in H{oao$ @k n}fl ldilxli{n`l in` –;77 ni oeel, Fl`ndo ><35, w$ >9=$ @n hndyk}ln il `ldkn

nxkxn }lakx{yo n}fnfkdyo ndn`oeo, oyykd{yo y}nflyk }leny{}k ik``k w}ow}lk n}fl o}leldn}lnfkdyk n anddn `lqaln$

Y}kxk`|nd, En}lmn`il ndi yck fnblde oh Lyn`| aly$, w$ 1=5$=9  @“O}ildndzn il Q{n Fnkqyç wk} e`l Kqk}alzj aly$, Xo`$ LL, ww$ >3>&>31$

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  mk``lan ik``“n}fnyn=;$ ^{ldil `n ilhhlikdzn k `“oqyl`lyç kqlqykdyk y}n y}{wwn dnzlodn`k k l }keelfkdyl

qxlzzk}l k}n `“kddkqlfn w}oxn il ~{k``n ack xkdlxn }laodoqal{yn aofn {dn d{oxn w}oxn ik``nfndandzn il ofoekdklyç ik` “kqk}alyo=8$ L ~{nyy}o }keelfkdyl qxlzzk}l k}ndo qynyl qalo`yl l` >

qkyykfm}k >3;<=5, fn `k }lxn`lyç ldyk}dk k `k }lxo`yk qlal`lndk nxkxndo y}nqho}fnyo `n ‐fndandzn il

ofoekdklyç‖ ld {dn a}kwn ikqyldnyn n ikqynml`lzzn}k qkdzn }lfkilo `“kqk}alyo ik` ]kedo ik``k I{k

Qlal`lk$ Fn h{ `“k`kfkdyo qy}ndlk}o ack }l{qaà ~{nql n aofwlk}k l` fl}nao`o$ L` >7 doxkfm}k >3;< {dnaofflqqlodk ho}fnyn inl ekdk}n`l ik ]lkifnyykd ik Q{}| k ik U|yykdmnac ql w}koaa{wý il

}lo}endlzzn}k y}k mnyyne`lodl kqyk}l, l` >· ki l` =· Mnyyne`lodk An}nmldlk}l @keek}l ki l` 1· Mnyyne`lodk

Anaalnyo}l$ Ql y}nyynxn n`fkdo q{``n an}yn il {dlyç wn}ylao`n}fkdyk e}ndil, ho}yl il >$19> {ofldl

alnqa{dn, n` w{dyo ack k}ndo q{iilxlqk ldyk}dnfkdyk ld i{k mnyyne`lodl il fndox}n il 9 aofwnedlk

il >89 {ofldl$ Foml`lyç q{` anfwo il mnyyne`ln k woykdzn il h{oao nx}kmmk}o iox{yo kqqk}k `n `o}o

}nelodk i“kqqk}k, n` w{dyo ack xkddk nee}kenyn `o}o {dn mnyyk}ln il 3 wkzzl in 9 `lmm}k n anddn

}lenyn$ Y{yynxln l ~{ni}l dod xkddk}o fnl aofw`kynyl$ Dk` `{e`lo >387 k}ndo qynyl n}}{o`nyl >$158

{ofldl wk} y{yyl k y}k l }kwn}yl: 981 qxlzzk}l, >=1 ykikqacl, 587 n{qy}lnal k 17 dnwo`kyndl=3$ Nl Wodyl

ik``n Xn``k il Fniin`odl h{ ~{kqyo kyk}oekdko k ldilqalw`ldnyo e}{wwo il xo`odyn}l kqyk}l ack }l{qaà,

 wk} ~{ndyo ld ldhk}lo}lyç d{fk}lan, n }lm{yyn}k ldilky}o e`l {ofldl il Mlslo k }ofwk}k l` h}odyk ik``n

>5n Ilxlqlodk=<$ Fn dod a“k}n dkqq{do w}odyo n qh}{yyn}k `“oaanqlodk$

=$  N hk}}o h}kiio, En}lmn`ildl.

En}lmn`il kmmk l` w}om`kfn, dod in woao, il ho}fn}k, niikqy}n}k k wo}yn}k n` aofmnyylfkdyo

`“Kqk}alyo Fk}lilodn`k$ A}knyo aod l` ika}kyo ilyynyo}ln`k d{fk}o 5< ik` = `{e`lo >387, yn`k kqk}alyo

k}n {d lfwnqyo woao ofoekdko il xo`odyn}l w}oxkdlkdyl dod qo`o in y{yyl Lyn`ln, fn niil}lyy{}n in

=; O{ildoy, Ik `“Lyn`lk aly$, ww$ 9;&;5$=8 O{ildoy, Ik `“Lyn`lk aly$, w$ ;5$=5 Dk` >3;< qaowwlý n Dnwo`l {dn }lxo`yn y}n e`l qxlzzk}l, dnyn dk` 1· ]keelfkdyo Qxlzzk}o, ld ~{ndyo l` Eoxk}do

K`xkylao, e{linyo ld ~{k` wk}loio inl }nilan`l, nxkxn ikhldlylxnfkdyk xlkynyo `k anwlyo`nzlodl fl`lyn}l aod `k woykdzkqy}ndlk}k k aodinddnxn e`l qxlzzk}l ack nxkqqk}o aodyld{nyo n w}kqyn}k qk}xlzlo fl`lyn}k n``%kqyk}o n``n wk}ilyn ik``n

alyynildndzn k`xkylan$ L` a`lfn k}n wn}ylao`n}fkdyk ykqo y}n `k }ka`{yk el{dyk in woao in``n Qxlzzk}n k ql }neel{dqk

`%kqnqwk}nzlodk ~{ndio ql ilhh{qk `n doylzln ack ql qn}kmmk}o iox{yk andak``n}k `k ldqkedk andyodn`l in``k mndilk}k ikl

]keelfkdyl$ N ~{k` w{dyo m{odn wn}yk ik` 1· ]keelfkdyo ql il}kqqk xk}qo Anwoilfodyk wk} aclkik}k qwlkenzlodl n` }k

H}ndakqao LL, fn ykfkdio {dn qoffoqqn l` ekdk}n`k D{dzlndyk aofndiý n` >1· Mnyyne`lodk Anaalnyo}l il nw}l}k l` h{oao

aody}o e`l ldqo}yl, ilqwk}ikdio`l$ Iowo ~{kqyo lda}kqaloqo hnyyo h{}odo qalo`yl l ]keelfkdyl Qxlzzk}l k xkddk neel}nyo l`

qlqykfn ik``k anwlyo`nzlodl a}kndio ikl Mnyyne`lodl Kqyk}l, dk``k a{l hl`n aodh`{l}odo l fl`lyn}l qxlzzk}l }lfndkdyl k ndack

fo`yl xo`odyn}l mnxn}kql k n{qy}lnal$ Q{``k anwlyo`nzlodl y}n l` }kedo k `n aodhkik}nzlodk k`xkylan wk} `n `kxnyn ikl

}keelfkdyl, ah}$ Anwly{`nylod wo{} {d }ìelfkdy i%ldhndyk}lk i{ andyod i{ Mk}dk, Dnwo`l >3=3$ @“o}leldk ekoe}nhlan ikl

qo`inyl ikl qldeo`l }kwn}yl ã y{yyn in ldinen}k, ld ~{ndyo `k wk}akdy{n`l il o}l{dil qxlzzk}l ld ~{kqyl }kwn}yl ~{nql fnl

}l{qalxn n }neel{dek}k l` >77+ ike`l khhkyylxl }laclkqyl, ndack ld ykfwo il wnak$ Wk}yndyo xkdlxndo }ka`{ynyl {ofldl ld

e}nio il aofw}kdik}k `n `lde{n ik` }kwn}yo, ld ~{kqyo anqo l` ykikqao, n ilqanwlyo ik``n `o}o w}oxkdlkdzn ekoe}nhlan$ L

}{o`ldl ikl }kwn}yl ld ~{kqylodk ikxodo ndao}n kqqk}k ldinenyl dk` ikyyne`lo, fn wk} {dn xlqlodk ik` w}om`kfn ah}$ E$Ak}ldo&Mniodk,  Nd N}f| ldqlik yck N}f|$ Yck Qulqq ]kelfkdyq oh yck Qnmn{ilnd N}f| #>59>&>5;72 ]omk}y&Wkyk} 

K|k},   Ilk N{h øq{de ik} Qacuklzk} ]kelfkdyk} ld Dnkwk` >53<2 C$ Hok}qyk,   Bnfwh ik} ]kxo`{ylod {di ik}  N}mklyq`oqlebkly oik} Kldcn`y{de ik} Dk{y}n`lyéy? Z{} Ml`i{de dk{k} ]kelfkdyk} lf Ilkdqyk xod Qn}ildldkd {di Qwndlkd dnac >5<7/<;2 LI, Ðmk}qlacy ik} Qacuklzk} Y}{wwkdqyk``{dekd hð} ikd h}kfikd Ilkdqy xo} >5<5 {di dnac>3>9/>;, ld ]$ Jn{d, W$ Qy}kly, Qacuklzk} Qo`iilkdqy$ Dk{k N}mklykd, dk{k Nqwkbyk , Wo}}kdy}| =7>7, ww$ >5>&><3, ><<&

=>9, =>;&=98, =95&=;==3 Q{l y}k mnyyne`lodl kqyk}l n` qk}xlzlo dnwo`kyndo i{}ndyk `n anfwnedn ik` >387 ah}$ H$ ik Uk}}n,  ]k`nylod clqyo}l~{k q{} `k =fk mnynl``od ik an}nmldlk}q&`ìek}q ky `kq mnynl``odq ìy}ndek}q n{ qk}xlak i{ }ol ikq Ik{s&Qlal`kq, nw}ãq `k`lakdalkfkdy ikq }ìelfkdyq anwly{`ìq$ >3;<&>387, ld ‐]kx{k Fl`lynl}k Q{lqqk‖, Do$ 18, >3<>, ww$ 9=1&915, 938&9<=$=< L` y}nyynfkdyo kaodoflao k wkdqlodlqylao en}ndylyo in` }kedo nl }kwn}yl qy}ndlk}l dod ikxk kqqk}k qoyyoxn`{ynyo$ [d

xo`odyn}lo, k`xkylao, ykikqao oi n{qy}lnao, xkikxn aoqà en}ndyl}ql {d h{y{}o kaodoflao ilqa}kyo, k mkd wlü xndyneeloqo

ack dod dk` `o}o wnkqk il o}leldk$ Aodqlik}nyl in``n qyo}loe}nhln }lqo}elfkdyn`k aofk ikl qkfw`lal ‐fk}akdn}l‖, l qo`inyl

kqyk}l iowo nddl il w}kqkdzn n Dnwo`l oi ld n`y}k wlnzzkho}yl ik` fk}lilodk ldlzln}odo n qxl`{wwn}k {d ho}ylqqlfo qkdqo il

‐qkaodin wny}ln‖$ Q{` qk}xlzlo kqyk}o ah}$ l` hodinfkdyn`k `nxo}o il Fnne, Ekqaclacyk ik} Qacuklzk}y}{wwkd aly$2 N$

Fk|`nd, Qo{xkdl}q i%{d qo`iny q{lqqk n{ qk}xlak ik Dnw`kq ik >3;5 ç >3;< , Ekdãxk >3832 J$ Qykldn{k}, ]$ Q|m{}}n&

Mk}yk``kyyo, Ao{}l} `“k{}owk$ Xn`nlqndq n{ qk}xlak ìy}ndek} >5<7&>357, Qlod =771$

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y{yyn K{}own2 e`l lyn`lndl ik` do}i k}ndo `n fneelo}ndzn, fn k}ndo w}kqkdyl ndack lde`kql, h}ndakql,{deck}kql, qxlzzk}l, ykikqacl il oedl ylwo17$ ^{l ã mkdk q{mlyo acln}l}k n`a{dl `{oecl aof{dl ack

an}nyyk}lzzndo `n xlakdin ik``n anfwnedn fk}lilodn`k$ N` w}lfo qmn}ao il >$73< xo`odyn}l n Fn}qn`n

dk qke{l}odo n`fkdo => aodxoe`l il y}{wwk w}oxkdlkdyl in Ekdoxn, `n fneelo} wn}yk ikl ~{n`l el{dyl

dk` `{e`lo ik` >3871>$ N qkyykfm}k `k ho}zk ik``“Kqk}alyo Fk}lilodn`k k}ndo o}fnl il al}an =>$777

{ofldl, k ~{nql }neel{dekxndo `n aodqlqykdzn d{fk}lan ik``“kqk}alyo mo}modlao, qylfnyo ld al}an17$777 khhkyylxl$ Dod ql y}nyynxn il {d kqk}alyo k~{lwneelnyo aod n}fnfkdyl qanikdyl o il qkaodin

qak`yn1=$ E`l {ofldl ack flqk}o wlkik ld Qlal`ln aod `k w}lfk odinyk il qmn}ao k}ndo wk} `o wlü

xkyk}ndl ik``n e{k}}n ik` >3;< aody}o `“N{qy}ln ki k}ndo k~{lwneelnyl aod l w}ow}l h{al`l in hndyk}ln

Foi$ >399 n anddn `lqaln ik``“kqk}alyo qn}io, aod `“kaakzlodk ikl An}nmldlk}l Ekdoxkql k~{lwneelnyl

aod An}nmldk Hkik}n`l qxlzzk}k$ Fn `n qly{nzlodk kmmk {d dkyyo fle`lo}nfkdyo {dn xo`yn ack l wo}yl

ik``n Qlal`ln h{}odo fkqql ld qla{}kzzn$ Iowo `n Mnyyne`ln il Fl`nzzo l` y}nqwo}yo n xnwo}k ^{kkd oh  Kde`ndi  qmn}aý l` >; neoqyo ~{n`aoqn aofk =1$;77 h{al`l }lenyl Kdhlk`i, qylwnyl ld >$>5; anqqk, n``k

~{n`l ql neel{dqk}o qkxk}n` anddodl }lenyl, y}n l ~{n`l i{k wkzzl Uclyuco}y in >= `lmm}k, ack dk` >387

}nww}kqkdynxndo ~{ndyo il fke`lo al hoqqk dk` anfwo ik``n ykado`oeln mk``lan11$ ^{kqyn fnqqn il

n}fl h{ ld e}nio il }lfwlnzzn}k yoyn`fkdyk e`l k~{lwneelnfkdyl w}kqqoacì il y{yyl e`l khhkyylxl

ik``“kqk}alyo fk}lilodn`k, n` w{dyo ack l` h{al`k Kdhlk`i ilxkddk `“n}fn qyndin}i il ldyk}k ilxlqlodl,aofk ni kqkfwlo `n >5n Ilxlqlodk il Fkilal, k {dn ik``k laodk ik``n qwkilzlodk19$

 Dodoqyndyk `k oyylfk an}nyyk}lqylack mn`lqylack ikl h{al`l n q{n ilqwoqlzlodk, `k qwkilzlodl lde`kql

qk}xl}odo n En}lmn`il qo`o ni n}fn}k `n yoyn`lyç ik``k q{k ho}zk$ Fo`yl ikl q{ol {ofldl qkfw`lakfkdyk

dod qnwkxndo aofk lfwlken}k dk` foio fle`lo}k {d h{al`k }lenyo, k qkmmkdk ld ekdk}n`k `“ldyk}n ho}zn k}n n}fnyn aod e`l Kdhlk`i, woacl aodoqakxndo aofk lfwlken}k ld foio ao}}kyyo ~{kqykfo}ylhk}k n}fl, k l` fl}ldo qkfm}nxn qo`o {dn q{wk}h`{lyç$ R$$$V [d foqackyyo o {d h{al`k, qkqqndynao`wl il f{dlzlodk, {dn moyyle`ln il na~{n k wk} `n fneelo} wn}yk {d ynqanwndk x{oyo, k ~{kqyo k}ny{yyo `“lfwkilfkdyn il {d en}lmn`ildo1;$   Ndack l` foqackyyo dod k}n {d“n}fn ilqw}kzznml`k wk} `kynyylack il En}lmn`il, ack w}kxkikxndo il nxxlaldn}ql xk`oakfkdyk l` wlü woqqlml`k n` dkflao, k n~{k` w{dyo ql ioxkxn lfwlken}k `n mnlodkyyn$ ^{kqyl foqackyyl nxkxndo `n fl}n }keo`nyn wk} l` yl}o n177 ln}ik$ Fn iowo `k w}lfk >77 ln}ik al}an k}n qo`o {dn ~{kqylodk il ho}y{dn qk e`l {ofldlao`wlxndo ioxk nxkxndo fl}nyo18$

17 ]ldho}zl el{dqk}o niil}lyy{}n in o`y}k oakndo$ L` >; neoqyo `n ]$ I$ Qckwk}i  fkyykxn n yk}}n >$;77 xo`odyn}l

qyny{dlykdql$ Ah}$ Y}kxk`|nd, En}lmn`il ndi yck fnblde oh Lyn`| aly$, w$ 1>3$1> Y}kxk`|nd, En}lmn`il ndi yck fnblde oh Lyn`| aly$, w$ 1>3$ [do ikl i{k wkzzl Uclyuo}yc aodqkednyl n En}lmn`il xkddk

ld qke{lyo aodqkednyo n Xlyyo}lo Kfnd{k`k LL in` w}ldalwk il Qndy“K`ln il Wn k}fo ki ã aodqk}xnyo ld qw`kdilik

aodilzlodl w}kqqo l` F{qko Qyo}lao Dnzlodn`k ik``“N}yle`lk}ln il Yo}ldo RLdxkdyn}lo =51 W=7;V$ Ql y}nyynxn il {d anddodk

n }ky}oan}lan `n a{l ndlfn k}n n qkzlodk kqneodn`k `k a{l hnaak ql qxl`{wwndo aoqyly{kdio {d“k`lan k e`l qwleo`l `k }leny{}k

xk}k k w}ow}lk$ @n qkzlodk wo`leodn`k en}ndylxn l` wk}hkyyo akdy}neelo ik` w}olkyyo, oelxn`k$ L` qlqykfn en}ndylxn oyylfl

}lq{`ynyl k w}kqynzlodl wk} l` wk}loio kaakzlodn`l in` fofkdyo ack k}n ld e}nio il ho}n}k m`ldiny{}k il fkilo qwkqqo}k n

377 fky}l il ilqyndzn$ Fn i{}ndyk l` yl}o w}o`{denyo `“oyy{}nyo}k, m}kxkyynyo dk` >3;;, nxkxn l` e}oqqo ilhkyyo il m`oaan}ql

 wk} khhkyyo ik``k lda}oqynzlodl }lq{`yndyl in``n aofm{qylodk ik``n wo`xk}k dk}n$ NN$XX$, Ao` Hk}}o ao` H{oao$ ]omk il N}yle`lk}ln dk``n Alyynik``n il Yo}ldo, Fl`ndo ><<;, w$ 1>5$1= @“neloe}nhln }lqo}elfkdyn`k w}kxkikxn {dn fnqqn il xo`odyn}l ld elnaan }oqqn fn`k k~{lwneelnyl k wkeelo n}fnyl ilxkaacl h{al`l k il ~{n`ack xkaaclo anddodk. H$ Hnqo`o, E$ En}lmn`il k `n mnyyne`ln ik` >$ oyyom}k >387, Anqk}yn ><75, w$

=711 Y}kxk`|nd, En}lmn`il ndi yck fnblde oh Lyn`| aly$, w$ 117$19 Dod n anqo {d Kdhlk`i F$ >3;3 k~{lwneeln  @n qkdyldk``n en}lmn`ildn il El}o`nfo Ldi{do, yk`n aodqk}xnyn w}kqqo l`

F{qko dnzlodn`k ik` ]lqo}elfkdyo il Yo}ldo$ @“Kqk}alyo Fk}lilodn`k woyì eoik}k il }lho}dlfkdyl xk}nfkdyk lfwo}yndyl

k xk}qo `n hldk ik``“kqynyk l en}lmn`ildl ilqwodkxndo il {d n}qkdn`k aofwoqyo in``n w}kqqoacì yoyn`lyç ik``k n}fl

ldilxli{n`l }lenyk w}oioyyk ld K{}own$ Ine`l Qynyl [dlyl el{dqk}o ldo`y}k >77 h{al`l Ao`y n ynfm{}o$ Y}kxk`|nd, En}lmn`ilndi yck fnblde oh Lyn`| aly$, ww$ 1=8&117$1; A$ H$ Ho}mkq, Yck Anfwnled oh En}lmn`il ld yck Yuo Qlal`lkq$ N wk}qodn` dnyyn}lxk , Kildm{}ec&@odiod >38>, w$ <=$

Ql doyl ack `o qykqqo w}om`kfn xkddk }lqaody}nyo dk``“niikqy}nfkdyo ik``k }ka`{yk i{}ndyk `n E{k}}n Alxl`k Nfk}landn, `k

~{n`l dod woyk}odo kqqk}k niikqy}nyk n` “{qo khhlanak ik` k d{oxk n}fl }lenyk, `n a{l ioyy}ldn il lfwlkeo }lfnqk

qoqyndzln`fkdyk `n qykqqn ikl h{al`l n anddn `lqaln$ W$ E}lhhlyc, Mnyy`k Ynaylaq oh yck Nfk}land Alxl` Un}, ]nfqm{}| ><35,

 ww$ 35&<7$18 Y}kxk`|nd, En}lmn`il ndi yck fnblde oh Lyn`| aly$, ww$ 1=8&1=5$

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@“kqy}kfn kyk}oekdklyç ik``k y}{wwk xo`odyn}lk, `n fndandzn il {d niikqy}nfkdyo aof{dk k ik``k

dkakqqn}ln ilqalw`ldn qln n` yl}o ack dkl aodh}odyl ikl e}ni{nyl #ik``n ilqalw`ldn a“ã `n fk}n ofm}n15

}kdikxndo lfwkdqnml`k `n aoilhlanzlodk k `“lfwlkeo il ynyylack il aofmnyylfkdyo aofw`kqqk ki

n}ylao`nyk$ @n ioyy}ldn il lfwlkeo en}lmn`ildn k}n wk}yndyo wl{yyoqyo qkfw`lak2 ‐nffo}mlil}k‖ l`

h}odyk nxxk}qn}lo aod l` h{oao ik``“n}yle`lk}ln o l` yl}o il w}kalqlodk il }kwn}yl il yl}nyo}l qak`yl, aofk l

An}nmldlk}l Ekdoxkql, k qhodin}`o y}nflyk {d fnqqlaalo nqqn`yo n``n mnlodkyyn$ E`l {ofldl dodnxkxndo hnyyo n`a{d kqk}alzlo n` yl}o ld Wn`k}fo$ Nxkxndo w}oxnyo qo`o ~{n`ack yl}o n qn`xk$ Aoqàdod h{}odo ld e}nio il lfwlken}k n` fke`lo `k `o}o n}fl$ Fn ~{kqyo dod k}ndo {d e}oqqo w}om`kfn2ld oedl `{oeo l aofmnyylfkdyl nxxkddk}o n m}kxk ilqyndzn$ L` dkflao k}n aoqà }lwn}nyo in f{}l,n`mk}l, kaa$, ack dol dod woykxnfo xkik}`o qk dod in fo`yo xlaldo, k l` h{oao h{ w}ldalwn`fkdyk nm}kxk ilqyndzn$ L` q{aakqqo h{ oyykd{yo in {dn aoqyndyk, ikalqn nxndznyn qoyyo l` h{oao xlo`kdyo kaody}o {d dkflao qlqykfnyo ld {dn ho}yk woqlzlodk, q{wk}lo}k dkl d{fk}l k dny{}n`fkdykdk``“niikqy}nfkdyo13$

[dn qlfl`k ynyylan woykxn h{dzlodn}k fo`yo mkdk aody}o {d kqk}alyo fldnyo ldyk}dnfkdyk aofk

~{k``o mo}modlao ik` >387, fn qk lfwlkenyn aody}o }kwn}yl qo`lil ho}fnyl in qo`inyl foylxnyl

}lq{`ynxn {d xk}o k w}ow}lo q{lalilo$ Qo`o ld ~{kqyo foio ql qwlkendo `k wn{}oqk wk}ilyk q{mlyk in

En}lmn`il i{}ndyk `n anfwnedn y}kdyldn ik` >3881<$

1$ L wlndl aody}nwwoqyl

@“kqk}alyo il H}ndakqao LL n hldk qkyykfm}k nxkxn }le{ninednyo `“ldlzlnylxn qy}nykelan$ L` q{o

nxxk}qn}lo il}kyyo, @“kqk}alyo Fk}lilodn`k, k}n el{dyo n``o qy}kfo ik``k w}ow}lk }lqo}qk `oelqylack k

fl`lyn}l$ En}lmn`il nx}kmmk iox{yo qyndn}k `“n}fnyn dnwo`kyndn in``n q{k ho}ykzzk fke`lo ilhkqk,

Enkyn k Anw{n, k nhh}odyn}`n ld anfwo nwk}yo$ Fn qkfw`lakfkdyk {d qlfl`k wlndo dod k}n n``n

 wo}ynyn ik``k ho}zk en}lmn`ildk, `k ~{n`l dod woqqkikxndo l dkakqqn}l wn}acl i“nqqkilo$ N}yle`lk}lk

qlfl`l ldxkak dod fndanxndo ak}yo n` ao}wo qn}io ik` ekdk}n`k Aln`ildl, o}fnl n woacl elo}dl il

fn}aln in` ykny}o owk}nylxo$ En}lmn`il nx}kmmk nyykqo l qn}il, fn H}ndakqao LL dod woykxn wk}fkyyk}ql

il nyykdik}k o`y}k k ioxkxn qaodhleek}k n`fkdo {do ikl q{ol i{k nxxk}qn}l, k `k elnaack }oqqk k}ndo

nyykqynyk w}ow}lo il h}odyk n``k f{}n il Anw{n$

Aofk ã doyo l` wlndo i“owk}nzlodl mo}modlao }lq{`yý hn``lfkdyn}k, qow}nyy{yyo wk} `n fndandzn il

{d xk}o k w}ow}lo w{dyo il e}nxlyç }laodoqal{yo$ @n q{n ndn`lql ã `n aclnxk wk} aofw}kdik}k `k

}nelodl ik``n qaodhlyyn hldn`k:

& ilqwk}qlodk ik``k ho}zk$ Dodoqyndyk l ykdynylxl il }ni{dn}k y{yyl e`l {ofldl w}kqqo Anw{n, `k

ho}zk mo}modlack nhh}odyn}odo `o qaody}o ik` > oyyom}k q{iilxlql ld i{k fnqqk, l` ao}wo w}ldalwn`k il

Anw{n #al}an =7$777 {ofldl k `n ilxlqlodk il xod Fkack` #3$777 khhkyylxl$ Qo`o ld anqo il xlyyo}ln l

i{k y}odaodl nx}kmmk}o woy{yo }l{dl}ql wk} owk}n}k qy}kyynfkdyk ao``kenyl$ @“nqqkdzn il {d w{dyo il

e}nxlyç ik``“nzlodk, `o Qacuk}w{dby  wk} il}`n ld yk}fldl a`n{qkulyzlndl, }lq{`yý hnyn`k n``k ho}zk

 mo}modlack$ Dk` SLS qkao`o, qkdzn ao` kenfkdyl }nilo k xklao l n foyo}k, ~{kqyk ho}zk k}ndoikqyldnyk n aofmnyyk}k i{k mnyyne`lk qkwn}nyk$ [dn xo`yn ld xlqyn ike`l omlkyylxl ynyylal in }neel{dek}k

l aofndindyl mo}modlal dod kqlynxndo n q{iilxlik}k `k w}ow}lk ho}zk$ Yn`k h{ `“nyykeelnfkdyo ik`

fn}kqaln``o ]ly{aal nwwkdn {qalyo in Anw{n, ld ~{ndyo ldxlý ho}zk aody}o Qndyn Fn}ln il Anw{n n

q{ikqy k aody}o Qndy“Ndek`o n do}ikqy$ Xod Fkack`, n q{n xo`yn, nwwkdn q{wk}nyo l` Xo`y{}do ikalqk

il qkwn}n}ql ik``n m}lenyn ]{lz, qak`yn ack e`l aoqyý `n xlyyo}ln nl Wodyl ik``n Xn``k2

& qak`yn il omlkyylxl ynyylal ilhhlal`l$ @k ao`oddk mo}modlack nx}kmmk}o iox{yo aofmnyyk}k wk} 

aod~{lqyn}k omlkyylxl ynyylanfkdyk ho}yl k ho}ykfkdyk w}kqlilnyl$ Qndy“Ndek`o k l Fodyl Ylhnyn k}ndo

15 Ho}mkq, Yck Anfwnled oh En}lmn`il aly$,  w$ <=$13 Y}kxk`|nd, En}lmn`il ndi yck fnblde oh Lyn`| aly$, w$ 1=3$1< Qo`o n Mkzzkaan l xo`odyn}l en}lmn`ildl `nfkdyn}odo `n wk}ilyn il >$9;7 {ofldl #<,8+ aody}o nwwkdn =75 wk}ilyk

#>,8+ n{qy}lnack, aod {dn w}owo}zlodk il 5:>$ Ah}$ [$ Zndlmodl Hk}ldo,  Mkzzkaan >388$ @n anfwnedn en}lmn`ildnin``“Niin n` En}in, Y}kdyo ><88$ Ql doyl ack ld y{yyn `n mlm`loe}nhln ikilanyn n``“k}ok ikl i{k fodil dod kqlqyk ndao}n

{do qy{ilo qwkalhlao n }laoqy}{l}k a}lylanfkdyk l` q{o wkdqlk}o fl`lyn}k k }laoqy}{l}k `k ynyylack il aofmnyylfkdyo

lfwlkenyk dk``k xn}lk anfwnedk, `k `o}o kxo`{zlodl, l w}kel k l ilhkyyl$

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{d xk}o k w}ow}lo mnqylodk dny{}n`k #k l` ilqao}qo ql woy}kmmk kqykdik}k ndack n` Fodyk An}o n Xn``k

il Fniin`odl, ld e}nio il kqqk}k w}kqlilnyo aod q{aakqqo ndack dk` anqo ld a{l y{yyn `n wlnd{}n y}n l`

 wnkqk k Anw{n hoqqk qynyn modlhlanyn$ O`y}ky{yyo l` }l`lkxo ik` Fodyk Ylhnyn #871 f il ~{oyn iofldn

yoyn`fkdyk `n wlndn ik` Xo`y{}do, woqyn ni {dn ~{oyn il al}an 17 fky}l$ N``o qykqqo foio `n

Ilxlqlodk Ynmnaacl nx}kmmk iox{yo nqqn`l}k h}odyn`fkdyk `“nmlynyo il Qndyn Fn}ln, l` a{l ykqq{yo

{}mndo k}n dk` >387 wk}qldo wlü xnqyo qln il ~{k``o il Anw{n ack il Anqk}yn$ N fkdo il ldeneeln}k{d hk}oak aofmnyylfkdyo anqn wk} anqn dod ql aofw}kdik aofk e`l {ofldl il Ynmnaacl nx}kmmk}o

 woy{yo oaa{wn}k `n alyynildn, oww{}k aodhlin}k q{ {d woao a}kilml`k ao``nqqo ik``k ilhkqk nxxk}qn}lk

n` w}lfo nwwn}l}k ik``k mndilk}k mo}modlack$ Kxlikdykfkdyk l` aodakyyo il neel}nfkdyo dod hnakxn

 wn}yk ik` mnene`lo a{`y{}n`k il fo`yl {hhlaln`l q{wk}lo}l mo}modlal2

& ldkqwk}lkdzn n` aofmnyylfkdyo$ @k qak`yk ynyylack fkqqk ld nyyo ld n`a{dk hnql ik``n mnyyne`ln,

aofk ni kqkfwlo n Anqyk` Fo}}odk, ilfoqy}ndo {dn woackzzn ynyylan in wn}yk ike`l {hhlaln`l il

H}ndakqao LL ack ql w{ý qwlken}k qo`o aod {dn woan ilfkqylackzzn dk` ekqyl}k qly{nzlodl il a}lql

ylwlack il {d aofmnyylfkdyo ni n`yn ldykdqlyç aofk ~{k``o ik` Xo`y{}do$

@“kqk}alyo mo}modlao, dodoqyndyk `k qwka{`nzlodl k `k `keekdik qxl`{wwnykql dke`l nddl q{aakqqlxl

n``n mnyyne`ln, l` > k = oyyom}k >387 dod eoikxn ik``n q{wk}lo}lyç d{fk}lan97$ @k ho}zk lfwkednyk ldaofmnyylfkdyo h{}odo aofw`kqqlxnfkdyk =3$777 khhkyylxl, ik``k ~{n`l 3$777 al}an ilqynaanyk aod `n

ilxlqlodk il xod Fkack`$ @“Kqk}alyo Fk}lilodn`k l` > oyyom}k aodynxn =7$118 khhkyylxl, l` ack wo}ynxn

l` }nwwo}yl il ho}zk y}n l i{k kqk}alyl n >:>,9 ld hnxo}k ik``“n}fnyn mo}modlan$ Dk` ikyyne`lo `n

qly{nzlodk, q{iilxlqn wk} h}odyk nyynaanyo, k}n `n qke{kdyk:

Qkyyo}k ik` h}odyk

Qndy“Ndek`o Qndyn Fn}ln Fniin`odl

]nhh}odyo ik``k ho}zk ld

anfwo y}n `“Kqk}alyo

Fk}lilodn`k k `“kqk}alyo

mo}modlao

> : >,5

Iowo l` }ldho}zoik``n m}lenyn Qnaacl

> : >,=

Iowo l` }ldho}zo ik``n

Ilxlqlodk Yð}} 

>,5 : >9>

> : =,1

Iowo l` }ldho}zo

ik``n Ilxlqlodk Yð}} 

>,= : >

>,; : >9=

L }nwwo}yl ho}zn e`omn`l ld ~{kqyo anqo dod k}ndo ak}yo n xndyneelo ik``“nyynaandyk$ Elç `k

ioyy}ldk il lfwlkeo qkyykakdykqack w}kxkikxndo wk} `n }l{qalyn il {d nqqn`yo {dn w}owo}zlodkhnxo}kxo`k n``“nyynaandyk dk``n flq{}n il 5:>$ Ld anqo il alh}k ldhk}lo}l k {d nxxk}qn}lo ikyk}fldnyo n

97 @n alh}n wlü ilhh{qn k}n ~{k``n ikl 97$777 khhkyylxl$ N qo`o ylyo`o il kqkfwlo ah}$ E$ Ndqle`lodl, Fkfo}ln ik``nmnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do ik` >o k = oyyom}k >387 , Yo}ldo >38>, ww$ =7&=> #1<&97$7772 Hnqo`o, E$ En}lmn`il k `n mnyyne`lnik` >$ oyyom}k >387 aly$, w$ =7 #l ]kel l` 5 qkyykfm}k ld Anw{n k ildyo}dl dod aodynxndo fkdo il 97 fl`n {ofldl, l` a{ld{fk}o l` >$ oyyom}k ioxkyyk kqqk}k wl{yyoqyo q{wk}lo}k ack ldhk}lo}k$ @“ndn`lql fle`lo}k }lfndk ~{k``n il Y}kxk`|nd,En}lmn`il ndi yck fnblde oh Lyn`| aly$, ww$ 19>&19=$9> @n w}owo}zlodk q{eek}lyn in En}lmn`il J{dlo}, @n Mnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do aly$, w$ 1;, il > : = dod ylkdk aodyo ikl }ldho}zl

ldxlnyl n qoaao}qo ik``n Ilxlqlodk Fkilal k ik` hnyyo ack, in wn}yk mo}modlan, `n Ilxlqlodk Ao`oddn }lfnqk qkfw}k ld

}lqk}xn qkdzn w}kdik}k wn}yk nl aofmnyylfkdyl$9= @n w}owo}zlodk q{eek}lyn in En}lmn`il J{dlo},  @n Mnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do aly$, w$ 1;, il > : >,8 n xndyneelo mo}modlao

dod ã ao}}kyyn wk} l aofmnyylfkdyl il Fniin`odl, ld ~{ndyo xl w}kqk wn}yk `“ldyk}n ilxlqlodk il Dldo Mlslo, ho}yk il ;$8;1

khhkyylxl, aody}o `n qo`n M}lenyn xod Fkack` ack ilqwodkxn ld y{yyo il 1$397 {ofldl$ Y}kxk`|nd, En}lmn`il ndi yckfnblde oh Lyn`| aly$, ww$ 19>&19;

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}kqlqyk}k `n xlyyo}ln k}n y{yy“n`y}o ack qaodynyn91$ Ld ~{kqyo anqo dod qo`o `n w}owo}zlodk y}n nyynaao k

ilhkqn k}n ~{nql n``n wn}l, fn ld n`a{dl qkyyo}l ik` h}odyk k}n niil}lyy{}n n qhnxo}k ik``k ho}zk

 mo}modlack, aofk nxxkddk n Qnd Fn}ln k n Fniin`odl k, dk``k hnql hldn`l ik` aofmnyylfkdyo, ndack

n Qndy“Ndek`o$

En}lmn`il ql nyykdikxn {d nyynaao k nxkxn elç ldy{lyo ~{n`k qn}kmmk}o qynyk `k w}ldalwn`l il}kyy}lalik` “ohhkdqlxn mo}modlan$ E`l qy{il il El{`lo il @o}kdzo cnddo ilfoqy}nyo ack l` aofndio

ik``“Kqk}alyo Fk}lilodn`k nxkxn aoqy}{lyo {dn }kyk il ldyk``lekdak anwnak il anwyn}k aod khhlanaln l

foxlfkdyl ik` dkflao$ Fn dod ql y}nyynxn il ldho}fnzlodl }naao`yk il}kyynfkdyk w}kqqo `o qynyo

fneelo}k mo}modlao, ~{ndyo in ldyk``lekdyl iki{zlodl k oqqk}xnzlodl }lhk}lyk nl en}lmn`ildl in n`a{dl

k`kfkdyl ik``n wowo`nzlodk `oan`k ack nxkxndo ldyk}kqqk dk` ao``nmo}n}k aod `k elnaack }oqqk99$ Y}k

ilxlqlodl h{}odo woqyk `{deo `k il}kyy}lal ik``“nxndznyn dkflan$ Ld wn}ylao`n}k `n >3n Ilxlqlodk Mlslo

k}n qaclk}nyn `{deo {dn qy}nin ack `n Ilxlqlodk xod Fkack` nx}kmmk woy{yo qke{l}k$ Wk} }neel{dek}k

Anqk}yn in``“n`yo ao}qo ik` Xo`y{}do, ioxk `n M}lenyn Kqyk}n ql k}n y}oxnyn lfwkednyn ld

aofmnyylfkdyo dkl elo}dl w}kakikdyl `n e}ndik mnyyne`ln ik` > oyyom}k, ~{k``n k}n qo`o {dn ik``k xlk

il aof{dlanzlodk, fn dod k}n nhhnyyo `“{dlan k `n q{n qak`yn wk} d{``n qaodynyn$

^{ldil `n ikalqlodk il En}lmn`il il ao``oan}k `n }lqk}xn, `n >;n Ilxlqlodk Yð}}, n Anqk}yn, w}ow}lodk` akdy}o ik``“ndk``o ilhkdqlxo$ ^{kqyn fnqqn il {ofldl woykxn kqqk}k lfwlkenyn ld woaclqqlfo

ykfwo qln xk}qo oxkqy ack xk}qo kqy n qkaodin ik``k dkakqqlyç$ En}lmn`il, n` aody}n}lo ikl q{ol

nxxk}qn}l, nxkxn hnyyo {d m{od {qo ik``k ldho}fnzlodl ack e`l k}ndo el{dyk k nxkxn y}nyykd{yk

}nee}{wwnyk y{yyk `k q{k ho}zk o, n`fkdo, ~{k``k ack }kw{ynxn fl`lyn}fkdyk `k wlü xn`lik$ In dod

qoyyoxn`{yn}k `k q{k anwnalyç il aofndio, ikl q{ol aofndindyl il ilxlqlodk9; k `“nqakdikdyk, ~{nql

flqylao, ack l` ekdk}n`k q{qalynxn q{l qo`inyl$ Acn}`kq Qy{n}y Ho}mkq ldilxli{ý ld ~{kqyn alkan hli{aln

dkl q{ol aodh}odyl, k dk``k qwnaany{}k w}ke}kqqk ldqlyk dk` ]kedo ik``k i{k Qlal`lk, `n }nelodk ik``n

xlyyo}ln: y{yyl, aof{d~{k, qodo ndlfnyl in {dn lda}o``nml`k hli{aln dkl `o}o anwl, qwkaln`fkdyk ldEn}lmn`il, l` ~{n`k wn}k qln ld e}nio il kqk}alyn}k {d nqakdikdyk ldilxli{n`k q{l q{ol {ofldl qkdzn

 w}kakikdyl y}n l aofndindyl foik}dl, ack qodo y}owwo lda`ldl n wo}}k `n `o}o ldh`{kdzn q{ {d qo`onqwkyyo R~{k` o ik``n ilqalw`ldnV k }lwo}}k `n `o}o hkik dk``n wn{}n Rack cnddo l qo`inyl il `o}oV$

 @“lffneldnzlodk ao}}k k `n `o}o hkik dkl aodh}odyl ik` aofndindyk }neel{dek `n q{wk}qylzlodk: alýack ilak, ã$ Ox{d~{k `{l nwwnln, `n xlyyo}ln `o qke{k ldxn}lnml`fkdyk$ ^{kqyn aodxldzlodk, {dlyn n` yoyn`k ilqw}kzzo k oilo ikl Qlal`lndl wk} l Dnwo`kyndl, ã qynyn `n wlky}n il xo`yn ik` q{aakqqo ilEn}lmn`il k ik``k xlyyo}lk oyykd{yk aod l` yoyn`k ilqw}kzzo il y{yyk `k ynyylack il e{k}}n, aoqà aofk

 qodo qynyk qa}lyyk in Jofldl k in n`y}l qy{iloql ik``k }keo`k ik``n e{k}}n98$

9$ ‐@n `o}o o}n wlü mk``n‖: Qndy“Ndek`o k Wodyl ik``n Xn``k

@n Mnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do, inyn `“nfwlkzzn ik` h}odyk k `k qak`yk owk}nylxk mo}modlack il

qkwn}n}k `k w}ow}lk ho}zk, ql qwkzzkyyý ld dod fkdo il y}k qaody}l w}ldalwn`l, Qndy“Ndek`o ld Ho}flq,Qndyn Fn}ln il Anw{n k Fniin`odl$ Wk} `“kqk}alyo il H}ndakqao LL h{ {d anfwo il mnyyne`ln ioxk `k

ynyylack k `k ioyy}ldk il lfwlkeo nioyynyk in ykfwo h{}odo wk} `n w}lfn xo`yn qk}lnfkdyk ykqynyk ld {d

aofmnyylfkdyo anfwn`k ni n`yn ldykdqlyç$ Fkdy}k `n hndyk}ln il `ldkn kmmk wk} y{yyn `n elo}dnyn

doykxo`l ilhhlao`yç il foxlfkdyo k {dn Aofmny Khhkaylxkdkqq wl{yyoqyo }lioyyn$ @k y}{wwk ack hkak}o

`n ilhhk}kdzn, k ack }l{qal}odo ~{nql n qy}nwwn}k `n xlyyo}ln h{ `“kaak``kdyk hndyk}ln `keek}n, ack in

qo`n ho}fnxn l ~{ni}l il mkd y}k m}lenyk, Wo`lzz|, Mn}mn`oden k xod Fkack`$ @k khhlanal ynyylack il

aofmnyylfkdyo mnqnyk q{e`l nel`l mnyyne`lodl il fndox}n il qo`k i{k aofwnedlk, ld e}nio il qh}{yyn}k

n` fke`lo e`l nwwle`l ynyylal ik` anfwo il mnyyne`ln k fndox}n}k khhlanakfkdyk aody}o `k ikdqk

91 >578 @k N~{l`k k l Ele`l, n a{}n il E$ Ak}ldo Mniodk, Yo}ldo =775, ww$ >9=&>91$

99 E$ il @o}kdzo,  D{oxk hodyl q{``n mnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do: Xldakdzo Xnaaclo, Moyyn}o k mn}mlk}k il I{}nzzndo , ld

‐]lxlqyn il Yk}}n k @nxo}o$ Mo``kyyldo ik``“N}aclxlo il Qynyo il Anqk}yn‖, Nddo >, D· =, nw}l`k =778, ww$ >><&>19$9; Qo`o `“k}olao aofndio il En}lmn`il k ikl q{ol `{oeoykdkdyl }kqk woqqlml`k `n xlyyo}ln $ Y}kxk`|nd, En}lmn`il ndi yckfnblde oh Lyn`| aly$, w$ 1=3$98 Ho}mkq, Yck Anfwnled oh En}lmn`il aly$,  ww$ <=&<1$

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ho}fnzlodl en}lmn`ildk flqk}o ho}ykfkdyk ld a}lql `“Kqk}alyo Fk}lilodn`k ld i{k w}kalql w{dyl, ack

ndi}kfo ni ndn`lzzn}k2 Qndy“Ndek`o k Fniin`odl

L` w}lfo qaody}o ack ndilnfo ni ndn`lzzn}k ã ~{k``o il Qndy“Ndek`o$ L` wlndo i“owk}nzlodl

 mo}modlao w}kxkikxn `n modlhlan ik``n wlnd{}n ‑ ikyyn Qanhn ik` Y}lh`lqao ‑ woqyn q{``n }lxn qldlqy}n

ik` Xo`y{}do, `“oaa{wnzlodk ik` xl``neelo il Qndy“ndek`o k `n qan`nyn n` Fodyk Ylhnyn$ Ld yn` foio e`l

nyynaandyl qn}kmmk}o qynyl ld e}nio il iofldn}k yoyn`fkdyk l` yk}}lyo}lo n q{i ik` hl{fk k `n qoyyoqyndyk wlnd{}n$ Y{yynxln qk elç qn}kmmk qynyn {d“lfw}kqn `n aod~{lqyn il {d }l`lkxo ik``k ilfkdqlodl k

ik``“n`ykzzn ik` Ylhnyn, ack iofldn aod {d ilq`lxk``o woqlylxo il o`y}k ;57 fky}l `n mnqk il wn}ykdzn

ik``“nyynaao mo}modlao, dod il fkdo oaao}}kxn qan}ildn}k l` ilqwoqlylxo ilhkdqlxo ik``n Ilxlqlodk

Fkilal, `n ~{n`k qh}{yynxn `k d{fk}oqk fnqqk}lzlk, y}nqho}fnyk ld akdy}l il h{oao, ki k}n ioynyo il

{dn w}ohodilyç fkiln il {d acl`ofky}o$ I{k ilxlqlodl, Ik ]lxk}n k Ao`oddn #ld }lqk}xn wk} {d

yoyn`k il >7$777 {ofldl, k}ndo qynyk ldan}lanyk ik``n aod~{lqyn ik` Ylhnyn k, n`fkdo ldlzln`fkdyk,

eoikxndo il {dn dkyyn q{wk}lo}lyç d{fk}lan, in` fofkdyo ack Fkilal nxkxn nl q{ol o}ildl dod wlü

il 9$777 anflak }oqqk, }ldho}znyk ld {d qkaodio ykfwo in >$377 ik``n m}lenyn Qnaacl$

 Dk` qkyyo}k il Q$ Ndek`o k}n n` aofndio ik``k owk}nzlodl l` fn}kqaln``o Enkyndo Nhçd ik ]lxk}n,

 wn`k}flyndo ~{n}ndyn~{nyy}kddk, nwwn}ykdkdyk ni {dn hnfle`ln il o}leldk qwnedo`n$ Ql k}n ilqyldyo

dk` ao}qo ik``n anfwnedn il Qlal`ln ik` >393&9<, ioxk k}n qynyo ikao}nyo aod `n fkine`ln i%o}o n`xn`o}k k `n a}oak il Q$ Elo}elo, e{lindio ld mnyyne`ln l` 9· Mnyyne`lodk Anaalnyo}l$ Nxkxn n``k q{k

ilwkdikdzk i{k oyylfl aofndindyl il m}lenyn: l` m}lenilk} ekdk}n`k Enkyndo Mn}mn`oden,

~{n}ndynald~{kddk il Wn`k}fo, ikao}nyo wk} l aofmnyylfkdyl ld An`nm}ln dk` >39< aofk anwlyndo ik`

8· ]keelfkdyo  Hn}dkqk, k l` ao`oddk``o Xldakdzo Wo`lzz|, ~{n}ndynqkyykddk ndac%ke`l wn`k}flyndo,

 m}l``ndyk {hhlaln`k i%n}yle`lk}ln, ikao}nyo i{k xo`yk dk``n anfwnedn il Qlal`ln ik` >393&9<$

@n w}lfn m}lenyn lfwkednyn ld aofmnyylfkdyo h{ ~{k``n il Wo`lzz|, ho}fnyn w}ldalwn`fkdyk in

hndyk}ln `keek}n #5·, 3·, <· k >7· Mnyyne`lodl Anaalnyo}l, Mnyyk}ln d· >1, k {do q~{ni}odk ik` >·

]keelfkdyo [qqn}l$ Lffkilnynfkdyk n``k q{k qwn``k nxndznxn `n m}lenyn Mn}mn`oden #=·, >>·, >9· k

>;· Mnyyne`lodk Anaalnyo}l, in 9 aofwnedlk ik` Mnyyne`lodk Yl}ne`lnyo}l k in``n Mnyyk}ln d· >> aod

`n h{dzlodk il }lqk}xn ynyylan$ @k i{k m}lenyk mo}modlack, aofk nmmlnfo elç ikyyo w}nylanfkdyk

aofwoqyk ~{nql {dlanfkdyk in hndyk}ln `keek}n, lfwnyyn}odo n``k ald~{k ik` fnyyldo ik` > oyyom}k

aod l` ilqwoqlylxo en}lmn`ildo il ilhkqn$ Ql woqqodo y}oxn}k fo`yk ndn`oelk y}n l` aofmnyylfkdyo

qoqykd{yo inl qo`inyl mo}modlal k n``n ilhhlal`k qly{nzlodk ynyylan ik``k y}{wwk il yk}}n lq}nk`lndk dk`

@lmndo fk}lilodn`k i{}ndyk `n e{k}}n ik` =778 aody}o Ckzmo``nc95$ L` dkflao, nwwoeelndioql n

akdy}l il h{oao n``kqylyl ld w}kakikdzn n Qnd Lo}lo, Anqldn @odeo k n``k fnqqk}lzlk Xkyyn, `n Mnikqqn

k Alw{``o, ldh`leekxn e}nxl wk}ilyk, ql }lyl}nxn, aofwn}lxn n``k qwn``k, il h}odyk, ikalfnxn aofwnedln

iowo aofwnedln, k ql qwoqynxn ld {dn fnqqk}lzln woao `odyndn in``n ~{n`k aodyld{nxn n ao`wl}k `k

ho}zk nyynaandyl$ Dod il fkdo `k ynyylack ik``n hndyk}ln `keek}n mo}modlan ql qynxndo ilfoqy}ndio

xn`lik$ @k ho}fnzlodl ld o}ildk nwk}yo }l{qalxndo ni nqqo}ml}k ki ld wn}yk xndlhlan}k `n woykdzn il

h{oao ik``“nxxk}qn}lo ki n qh}{yyn}k oedl nwwle`lo ynyylao wk} nxndzn}k ki lqo`n}k `k wk}lao`oqk

 woqlzlodl dkflack$Ld m}kxk `n `oyyn wk} q{wk}n}k `n hnqaln il qla{}kzzn il Qndy“Ndek`o aoldxo`qk y{yyk `k ho}zk ik``n

M}lenyn Wo`lzz|: iowo `n }lyl}nyn ik` >7· Mnyyne`lodk Anaalnyo}l, `n w}lfn {dlyç ni kdy}n}k ld nzlodk,

h{}odo lfwlkenyl {do iowo `“n`y}o `“3· ki l` <· Mnyyne`lodk Anaalnyo}l, l ~{n`l dod }l{qal}odo n

q{wk}n}k `o qwnxkdyoqo xo`{fk il h{oao qxl`{wwnyo inl ilhkdqo}l$ Ilxkddk ld m}kxk dkakqqn}lo

lfwlken}k `n M}lenyn Mn}mn`oden `n ~{n`k n hnylan }l{qaà hldn`fkdyk n qhodin}k `k ilhkqk il Fkilal

 w}kqqo Anqldn @odeo$ @n hndyk}ln `keek}n mo}modlan }l{qaà ld ~{kqyn hnqk n aodykdk}k n hnylan i{k

aody}nyynaacl en}lmn`ildl, ldhl`y}n}k {d ldyk}o mnyyne`lodk o`y}k Qndy“Ndek`o qldo n fldnaaln}k

`“ndylalfn ik` Fodyk Ylhnyn, l` fodyk Qnd Dlao`n$ Fn ~{kqyo w{dyo `k y}{wwk il Ik ]lxk}n nxkxndo

kqn{}lyo `n `o}o qwldyn ohhkdqlxn$ L qo`inyl mo}modlal dod ql k}ndo }lqwn}flnyl2 nxkxndo }lm{yynyo

ldilky}o `n Ilxlqlodk Fkilal qldo q{``k wkdilal ik` Ylhnyn, aod~{lqynyo l` xl``neelo il Qndy“Ndek`o

ldyo}do n``k >1 ik` wofk}leelo k fkqqo ld a}lql `“ldyk}n n`n qldlqy}n il En}lmn`il$ Oaao}}kxndo ho}zk

95   Q$ A$ Hn}~{cn},   Mnab yo mnqlaq: n qy{i| oh yck qkaodi @kmndod Un} ndi Owk}nylod ANQY @KNI , Ho}y

@knxkduo}yc =77<$

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h}kqack wk}acì l` m{od q{aakqqo ynyylao hoqqk qh}{yynyo k `k w}oxnyk {dlyç en}lmn`ildk }lm{yynyk ldilky}o

q{ Anqk}yn$ Fn `n ilxlqlodk Ao`oddn xkddk ykd{yn qkfw}k il }lqk}xn, fkdy}k `n Ilxlqlodk Ynmnaacl

 w}kdikxn i“nqqn`yo k ql aodq{fnxn inxndyl n Qndyn Fn}ln il Anw{n$ Kdy}o `k >; ]ly{aal dod nxkxn

n`y}n qak`yn qk dod ilhkdik}k l` yk}}kdo aod~{lqynyo o }lyl}n}ql kdy}o Anw{n$ Fkilal nxkxn kqke{lyo n``n

 wk}hkzlodk l` q{o aofwlyo$ L` dkflao k}n qynyo aodykd{yo n oxkqy ik` Ylhnyn$ O}n yoaanxn n``k }lqk}xk

il Yð}} }lm{yyn}k l` dkflao xk}qo l` Xo`y{}do$ Kdy}o `k >5 En}lmn`il }lfnqk wni}odk ik` anfwo il mnyyne`ln$

Aodykfwo}ndknfkdyk n``%nxndznyn q{ Q$ Fn}ln k Q$ Ndek`o, ni kqy ql f{oxkxn `n ao`oddn il xod

Fkack`93, ho}fnyn in 3777 {ofldl$ El{dyo n``“lda}oalo il Andyldk``n ilxlqk `k q{k ho}zk9<$ Ilkik l`

aofndio ik` =· ]ey$ ]keldn, ik` 9· ]ey$ W}ldalwkqqn, ik` 8· ]ey$ Hn}dkqk k ik``“3· ]ey$ An`nm}ln#;$777 {ofldl n` ao`$ ]{lz ik Mn``kqy}k}oq, aod `%o}ildk il f{oxk}k in Anlnzzo xk}qo Anqk}yn

Xkaacln, w{dyo w}kxlqyo wk} }l{dl}k y{yyk `k ho}zk aod `k ~{n`l nyynaan}k Anqk}yn$ Xo``k aof{d~{k

en}ndyl}ql ndack `n }lyl}nyn k `nqalý k`kfkdyl ik` >9· ]keelfkdyo Qnddlo n w}kqliln}k l` wodyk q{`

Xo`y{}do dk``n zodn il Anlnzzo$ Wlü ni kqy xod Fkack`, wn}ykdio in Nfo}oql aod l` >· k l` =·

Mnyyne`lodk An}nmldlk}l @keek}l, l` 1· Mnyyne`lodk Anaalnyo}l, `n fkzzn mnyyk}ln in fodynedn d· >7 k

`n mnyyk}ln in anfwnedn d· >; k {do q~{ni}odk il {qqn}l, ql il}kqqk xk}qo Fniin`odl$ Q{mlyo n do}i

il ~{kqyo wnkqk ql kqykdikxn {d yk}}kdo fodynedoqo k l}}keo`n}k, iofldnyo inl fnkqyoql Wodyl ik``nXn``k il Fniin`odl, n`ylqqlfl n}acl ik``%k`kendyk na~{kioyyo xndxlyk``lndo ack wo}ynxn `k na~{k nl

eln}ildl ik` wn}ao }kn`k il Anqk}yn$

Mlslo nxkxn acl{qo `o qmoaao n``n wlnd{}n il Anqk}yn qaclk}ndio ld ~{kqyo foio `k q{k y}{wwk:

& nxnfwoqyl & [d mnyyne`lodk xk}qo Xn``k il Fniin`odl2

& ikqy}n$ @n M}lenyn Kmk}cn}i k}n woqyn wk} fkyç `{deo xk}qndyk ik` @odendo ld xlaldndzn

ik``“Na~{kioyyo$ Ld anqo il }lyl}nyn oaao}}kxn qk}xl}ql ik``“na~{kioyyo k }neel{dek}k `n

a}kqyn il Xl` n E{n`ylk}l$ L` qkaodio }keelfkdyo ik` n m}lenyn k}n qaclk}nyo n qldlqy}n

#oxkqy ik``“na~{kioyyo2

& akdy}o$ Ld ~{kqyn woqlzlodk h{ woqyn `n M}lenyn Qwldnzzl, qaclk}nyn n ilhkqn ik``k n`y{}k il

Xl``n E{n`ylk}l$ [d qkaodio mnyyne`lodk h{ qlqykfnyo n anxn``o ik``n }oynml`k Wodyl ik``n

Xn``k & A$ Qndyo}o, aod i{k omlal in >=2

&  qldlqy}n & I{k mnyyne`lodl #Fkdoyyl En}lmn`il k Mo`i}ldl n` aofndio il Ikzzn k}ndo

qlqykfnyl q{``n alfn ik` Fodyk An}o;7, ao``“o}ildk il ilhkdik}k ~{kqyn woqlzlodk hldo

n``“kqy}kfo, wk}acì w}oykeek `k aof{dlanzlodl aod Anqk}yn, oxk ql y}oxndo `n }lqk}xn ki l`

aofndio il En}lmn`il2

& }lqk}xn & E`l n`y}l i{k mnyyne`lodl ik``n m}lenyn Ikzzn k}ndo q{``k n`y{}k il Q$ Flack`k n``k

 wo}yk il Fniin`odl$ @n ao`oddn Hnm}lzl k}n n Q$ Qn`xnyo}k, fkdy}k {d“n`y}o mnyyne`lodk

nxkxn w}kqo woqlzlodk w}kqqo `k }oxldk ik` anqyk``o il Fniin`odl$

 Dodoqyndyk `“ldhk}lo}lyç d{fk}lan, n``k 5 ik` fnyyldo ik` > oyyom}k xod Fkack` qanykdý `%nyynaao

`{deo y}k il}kyy}lal: Fodyk @{dendo, hodioxn``k, Fodyk An}o$ @k ynyylack il aofmnyylfkdyo ik``n

93 Jocndd @{anq xod Fkack` #1 oyyom}k >375 Mnql kn, < el{edo >351 Mnql kn$ Hle lo il Jocndd @{anq, wn}}{aanlo, k il

Fn}ecn}kyn Ckdqq`k}, ldlzlý `n an}}lk}n fl`lyn}k aofk {hhlaln`k i%n}yle`lk}ln #>3=8&17 dk` }keelfkdyo qxlzzk}o n` qk}xlzlo

ik``n H}ndaln, aofmnyykdio ld Qwnedn dk` >3=5&=3$ Dke`l nddl >317&97 aofndiý l Ao}wl h}ndacl mnql`kql k `k fl`lzlk

alyynildk #Qyndikqy}{wwkd$ H{ lqy}{yyo}k anwo ik``n hndyk}ln andyodn`k #>39=&;7$ In` >3;7 wnqqý n` qk}xlzlo ik` ]kedo

ik``k I{k Qlal`lk, dk` >3;= nqq{dqk l` aofndio il {d mnyyne`lodk qxlzzk}o$ Iowo `n qfoml`lynzlodk ik``k y}{wwk qxlzzk}k,

aoqyly{à {d mnyyne`lodk qy}ndlk}o$ Iowo En}lmn`il h{ qla{}nfkdyk l` qo`inyo wlü nml`k k ikyk}fldnyo ik``“ldyk}n anfwnedn

ik` >387$ [d w}ohl`o ik` ekdk}n`k qxlzzk}o, n yo}yo aodqlik}nyo `n an{qn ik``n qaodhlyyn il Wodyl ik``n Xn``k, ã ld E$ il

@o}kdzo, D{oxk hodyl q{``n mnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do: qynyo ikl ilqyldyl dk``“nzlodk ik` >· oyyom}k >387 nl Wodyl ik``n Xn``k ,

ld ‐]lxlqyn il Yk}}n k @nxo}o$ Mo``kyyldo ik``“N}aclxlo il Qynyo il Anqk}yn‖, Nddo 1, D· >, nw}l`k =773, ww$ >75&>>3$9< @n ilxlqlodk ik``k y}{wwk k}n qynyn ikalqn dod in xod Fkack`, fn in` fn}kqaln``o ]ly{aal$ E$ il @o}kdzo,  D{oxk hodyl q{``n mnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do: `n F{}naaln k `k y}ldakk ho}ylhlanyk il Xn``k , ld ‐]lxlqyn il Yk}}n k @nxo}o$ Mo``kyyldo

ik``“N}aclxlo il Qynyo il Anqk}yn‖, Nddo >, D· 1, oyyom}k =778, ww$ >7;2 LI,  D{oxk hodyl q{``n mnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do: l` }nwwo}yo ik` ekdk}n`k xod Fkack` q{` aofmnyylfkdyo qoqykd{yo aod `n q{n m}lenyn l` >· oyyom}k >387 n Xn``k , ld ‐]lxlqyn

il Yk}}n k @nxo}o$ Mo``kyyldo ik``“N}aclxlo il Qynyo il Anqk}yn‖, Nddo =, D· =, nw}l`k =775, ww$ ;=, ;8$;7 Oeel l` yowodlfo ã Fodyk An`xo$

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hndyk}ln `keek}n mo}modlan, aoqà aofk qynxn nxxkdkdio n Qndy“Ndek`o, h{dzlodn}odo

fnedlhlanfkdyk$ @k {dlyç en}lmn`ildk, fo`yo wlü }naao`yk ki ldanwnal n fndox}n}k khhlanakfkdyk,

h{}odo ao`wlyk h}odyn`fkdyk k q{l hlndacl in``“nzlodk il xod Fkack`$ @n M}lenyn Kmck}n}iy, iowo i{}l

aofmnyylfkdyl, akikyyk il qaclndyo, h{eekdio ilqo}ildnynfkdyk$ W}ow}lo ld ~{kqyo qkyyo}k, dkl w}kqql

ik` F{`ldo il Wodyl ik``n Xn``k, aniik ld aofmnyylfkdyo l` anwlyndo Kfl` xod Fkack`, hle`lo {dlao

ik` ekdk}n`k$ N` akdy}o, `o qykqqo ekdk}n`k Fkack` kqw{edý l Wodyl ik``n Xn``k, fkdy}k q{``n alfn ik`Fodyk An}o `k y}k aofwnedlk il w}kqlilo, n` aofndio ik` fneelo}k Akqn}k Mo`i}ldl, h{}odo

}lanaalnyk ldilky}o$ @n M}lenyn Ikzzn n ~{kqyo w{dyo ioxkyyk }lyl}n}ql n` woeelo ik` n Qlkwk,

aody}nhho}yk il fodyk An}o$

Y{yyo ql k}n qxo`yo aod {dn doykxo`k }nwlilyç, qwkalk qk aodh}odynyo aod ~{ndyo qynxn nxxkdkdio

n Qndy“Ndek`o$ Kdy}o `k >= `n m}lenyn xod Fkack` nxkxn oaa{wnyo l q{ol omlkyylxl ynyylal, fn dod

nxkxn qhodinyo$ Mlslo k}n ndao}n wni}odk ik``k n`y{}k il Xl``n E{n`ylk}l k il ~{k``k, hodinfkdyn`l, il

Qnd Flack`k$ Ldo`y}k y{yyk `k ho}zk mo}modlack k}ndo elç qynyk y{yyk lfwlkenyk ld aofmnyylfkdyo,

dkakqqlynxndo il }ldho}zl ikqyldnyl n qoqyly{l}k in``n w}lfn `ldkn l }kwn}yl wlü qyndacl o w}oxnyl, fn

~{kqyo dod k}n woqqlml`k$ [d aody}nyynaao ld ho}zk in wn}yk ikl en}lmn`ildl il Mlslo k}n qo`o {dn

~{kqylodk il ykfwo$ N``k >1 l` aofndindyk en}lmn`ildo nxkxn }lo}endlzznyo `k q{k m}lenyk k `ndalý {d

aody}nyynaao ack aoqy}ldqk xod Fkack` n }lwlken}k xk}qo `k y}k wofk}lilndk$ @n }lyl}nyn dnwo`kyndn h{o}ildnyn k aowk}yn ld }ky}oe{n}iln in``%n}yle`lk}ln k in` 1· Mnyyne`lodk Anaalnyo}l;>$

;$ @“kwlqoilo il Anqyk` Fo}}odk

Anqyk` Fo}}odk ì `“kwlqoilo qn`lkdyk ik``n Mnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do$ @n ilhkqn ikl }{ik}l ik`

anqyk``o, nwwo``nlnyo q{``n alfn il {dn ao``ldn woqyn `{deo `n qy}nin ack in @lfnyo`n wo}ynxn n

Anqk}yn Xkaacln, ilxkddk ld m}kxk {do ike`l kwlqoil qn`lkdyl dod qo`o ik``n anfwnedn ik` >387 k

ik``n aod~{lqyn ik` ]kedo ik``k I{k Qlal`lk, fn ik``“ldyk}o ]lqo}elfkdyo lyn`lndo$ Wl`nik M}odzkyyl;= 

oyykddk q{mlyo `n wn`fn il ‐fn}yl}k‖ ik``“{dlyç, {aalqo ld aofmnyylfkdyo wk} ilhkdik}k ~{k``k ack

ilxkddk}o ‐`k Yk}fowl`l i“Lyn`ln‖$

Oxxlnfkdyk, qwkalk ~{ndio iommlnfo qy{iln}k owk}nzlodl fl`lyn}l ik``“Oyyoakdyo lyn`lndo,

oaao}}k qwoe`ln}k l hnyyl il ~{k``“n{}kn il `keekdin ack `l al}aodin k ak}an}k il anwl}k aoqn

khhkyylxnfkdyk nxxkddk$

Iowo kqqk}ql qkwn}nyo in``n M}lenyn xod Fkack`, `n M}lenyn ]{lz fn}alnxn `kdynfkdyk, qkdzn

a{}n}ql il ykdk}k l aodynyyl aod l` }kqyo ik``k ho}zk ack ld ~{k` fofkdyo qynxndo kdy}ndio ld nzlodk n

Xn``k il Fniin`odl$ Qld in q{mlyo `“nzlodk il ]{lz qkfm}n ilqldyk}kqqn}ql il alý ack qyn nxxkdkdio

n``n q{n qldlqy}n2 `n q{n fn}aln xk}qo Anqk}yn Xkaacln nx}kmmk iox{yo kqqk}k {d nwwoeelo n``k ho}zk

ik``n M}lenyn Kqyk}n ack qynxn aofmnyykdio aody}o `n Ilxlqlodk Mlslo$

@n m}lenyn mo}modlan k}n aofwoqyn in` =· ]keelfkdyo il @ldkn #}ldho}znyo inl }kqyl ik`

]keelfkdyo An}nmldlk}l, l` 9· ]keelfkdyo il @ldkn #}ldho}znyo inl }kqyl ikl >>·, >=·, >1· k >;·

]keelfkdyo il @ldkn, l` 8· k `%3· ]keelfkdyo il @ldkn k fkyç ik``n Mnyyk}ln d· 8$ ]{lz ldxlý noaa{wn}k @lfnyo`n l` 8· ]keelfkdyo il @ldkn k n`a{dk aofwnedlk ik` =· k ik` 9· ]keelfkdyo il

@ldkn, fkdy}k ao` }kqyo ik``n m}lenyn, w}oqke{lxn wk} `%Ndd{dzlnyn ld il}kzlodk il Anqk}yn$

@k y}{wwk ik` ykdkdyk ao`oddk``o Dlao`kyyl, al}an >$;77 {ofldl, qanaaln}odo l en}lmn`ildl in

@lfnyo`n$ Inxndyl n``n ao`oddn dkflan ack nxndznxn `k woack y}{wwk en}lmn`ildk w}kqkdyl n

ilqwoqlzlodk ik``n ilhkqn woykxndo hn}k mkd woao$ @k {dlyç ldlzln}odo n }ofwk}k l` aodynyyo k n

e{ninedn}k `k ao``ldk woqyk n q{i o n oxkqy ik``n qy}nin$ Qo`o `k y}{wwk ik` >· Mnyyne`lodk Mk}qne`lk}l

il M}odzkyyl dod }l{qal}odo n }lyl}n}ql xk}qo q{ioxkqy k ql y}ldak}ý dk``k }oxldk il {d anqyk``o woqyo q{

{dn ao``ldn n 9<= fky}l il ~{oyn qow}n l` xl``neelo il Fo}}odk$ N ilhhk}kdzn ik``k Yk}fowl`l, `n

ao``ldn ik` anqyk``o dod qo`o dod qmn}}n `n qy}nin, fn ã wk}hkyynfkdyk neel}nml`k xk}qo q{i k l

;> Wk} `k hodyl q{``n mnyyne`ln nl Wodyl ik``n Xn``k ah}$ `n mlm`loe}nhln alynyn n``k doyk 93, 9< k Uk}}n,  ]k`nylod clqyo}l~{k q{} `k =fk mnynl``od ik an}nmldlk}q aly$, ww$ 9=1&915$;= Q{``n hle{}n il Wl`nik M}odzkyyl ql xkin l` }kakdyk N$ Fn}}n,  Wl`nik M}odzkyyl$ [d mk}qne`lk}k wk} `%[dlyn% i%Lyn`ln,

Fl`ndo ><<<$

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ilhkdqo}l, y}ldak}nyl y}n l }{ik}l il {d anqyk``o fkilkxn`k, aod `k w}ow}lk n}fl ldilxli{n`l dod nxkxndo

n`a{dn woqqlml`lyç il ao`wl}k l y}ndqlyl dkflal `{deo `n qy}nin qoyyoqyndyk, woqyn ni o`y}k =77 fky}l il

~{oyn wlü qoyyo$ Dlao`kyyl ikalqk il nyynaan}k aof{d~{k l` mnyyne`lodk il M}odzkyyl aod `k y}{wwk ik`

8· ]keelfkdyo xk}qo `k >> ik` fnyyldo$ ]lakxkyyk}o `“nwwoeelo w}lfn in wn}yk il k`kfkdyl ik` =·

]keelfkdyo k wol ik` 9· fkdy}k l` }kqyo ik``n M}lenyn ]{lz, ldilqy{}mnyn, w}oqke{lxn xk}qo Anqk}yn

Xkaacln$ Dod qo`o `n qly{nzlodk ynyylan dod k}n qynyn aofw}kqn khhlanakfkdyk inl aofndil mo}modlal,fn niil}lyy{}n xkddk ikalqo {d nyynaao aody}o {dn woqlzlodk y}ldak}nyn qkdzn l` dkakqqn}lo q{wwo}yo

il h{oao: qo`o `“nqqkdzn ik``“n}yle`lk}ln qwlken `k }nelodl wk} `k ~{n`l M}odzkyyl }l{qaà n }kqlqyk}k wk} 

o`y}k ~{nyy}o o}k$ N``n hldk l` }kwn}yo en}lmn`ildo xkddk ilqy}{yyo: ike`l >> {hhlaln`l k =31 qo`inyl ack

aofwodkxndo l` mnyyne`lodk, }kqyn}odo {aalql = {hhlaln`l k 3; qo`inyl, hk}lyl 8 {hhlaln`l k <5 qo`inyl$

@“ldilqalw`ldn k `n fndandzn il qkdqo ynyylao in wn}yk ike`l {hhlaln`l mo}modlal en}ndyl}odo {d

q{aakqqo `oan`k & l` >· Mnyyne`lodk Mk}qne`lk}l h{ nddlkdynyo & fn en}ndyl}odo n Mlslo l` ykfwo

dkakqqn}lo wk} q{wk}n}k `n a}lql q{` q{o h}odyk, qly{nzlodk ack dod nx}kmmk woy{yo }ka{wk}n}k qk ]{lz

hoqqk n}}lxnyo ld ykfwo xk}qo Fniin`odl;1$

8$ Aoda`{qlodl

@k wk}ilyk aofw`kqqlxk ik``n mnyyne`ln wk} l i{k elo}dl ik` > k = oyyom}k h{}odo wk} `“Kqk}alyo

Fk}lilodn`k il 178 ani{yl, >$1=3 hk}lyl k 13< ilqwk}ql, l` >7+ ike`l khhkyylxl lfwkednyl ld

aofmnyylfkdyo

@“Kqk}alyo Mo}modlao `nfkdyý =87 ani{yl, 51> hk}lyl k 59 w}lelodlk}l q{` h}odyk Qndy“Ndek`o&

Qndyn Fn}ln, n`y}l ==> {ofldl h{}odo wk}i{yl n Wodyl ik``n Xn``k$ L` = oyyom}k n Anqk}yn xkddk}o hnyyl

 w}lelodlk}l =$73< {ofldl, wk} {d yoyn`k il 1$15; wk}ilyk naak}ynyk, `“>>+ ike`l khhkyylxl ld anfwo$

L` Xo y{}do, ldqlkfk aod `n Mnyyne`ln il Qo`hk}ldo, ã xk}nfkdyk `n mnyyne`ln ikalqlxn ik`

]lqo}elfkdyo lyn`lndo k }nww}kqkdyý il hnyyo `n mnqk fl`lyn}k q{``n ~{n`k h{ kilhlanyn n` aoqy}{zlodk

ik``“{dlhlanzlodk dnzlodn`k$ Fn, n` aody}n}lo ik``k mnyyne`ln ik` >3;<, k il ~{k``k ack qn}kmmk}o

nxxkd{yk dk` >388, ql y}nyyý il {d qaody}o y}n i{k kqk}alyl lyn`lndl$ @n w}kqkdzn kqyk}n k}n doykxo`k,

fn qln dk``“Kqk}alyo Fk}lilodn`k qln ld ~{k``o ik` ]kedo ik``k I{k Qlal`lk `“nqwkyyo dnzlodn`k k}n

  w}kiofldndyk$ @n mnyyne`ln y{yynxln, `o nmmlnfo ikyyo ld nwk}y{}n, dod kmmk fnl {d“ndn`lql

nww}ohodilyn, qow}nyy{yyo qoyyo `“nqwkyyo fl`lyn}k$

@“kqk}alyo ik` ]kedo ik``k I{k Qlal`lk fk}lyn ld {do qy{ilo nww}ohodilyo$ Qnwwlnfo ndao}n woao

il aofk, dk` wk}loio w}kakikdyk n``n anfwnedn ik` >387, aodakwlqqk {d“nzlodk fl`lyn}k, ~{n`l `k

ioyy}ldk il lfwlkeo, `“lyk}nzlodk y}n `k y}k N}fl il hndyk}ln, anxn``k}ln ki n}yle`lk}ln k `“khhlanaln ike`l

n}fnfkdyl lfwlkenyl$ N` Xo`y{}do `k y}{wwk `keek}k k ~{k``k kqyk}k h{}odo xk}nfkdyk kaakzlodn`l,

fn l` `o}o xn`o}k ki nml`lyç dk` aofmnyylfkdyo dod qn`xn}odo `n elo}dnyn$ Woqqlnfo }lnqq{fk}k `k

}nelodl ik``n `o}o qaodhlyyn dkl qke{kdyl w{dyl:

& dodoqyndyk `n aodoqakdzn ik` yk}}kdo, `“kqk}alyo mo}modlao aofwlxn }keo`n}l kqk}alynzlodl

dk``n wlndn il anqk}n k n Fniin`odl, h{ fkqqo ld nyyo {d wlndo owk}nylxo y}owwo aofw`kqqoaod {dn aodyld{n ilxlqlodk ik``k y}{wwk q{` anfwo il mnyyne`ln, aod l` qo`o }lq{`ynyo w}nylao

il kqqk}k qkfw}k wlü ikmo`l ik` dkflao dk` fofkdyo ikalqlxo2

& fndandzn il anwnalyç il aofndio k il xn`{ynzlodk ynyylan in wn}yk ike`l {hhlaln`l q{wk}lo}l$

E`l kxkdyl il Anqyk` Fo}}odk dk qodo `“kqkfwlo wlü qledlhlanylxo$

@“Kqk}alyo Fk}lilodn`k il El{qkwwk En}lmn`il wn}nioqqn`fkdyk dod kmmk xlyn wlü `{den ik`

dkflao ack nxkxn qaodhlyyo, k xkddk qalo`yo$ @k }nelodl ik` q{aakqqo ik` > k = oyyom}k qodo in

nyy}lm{l}k n``“oyylfo `nxo}o il ldyk``lekdak k xn`{ynzlodk ik``k ldykdzlodl ik` dkflao ack En}lmn`il h{

;1 Wk} {dn }laoqy}{zlodk ik``“kwlqoilo il Anqyk` Fo}}odk ah}$ `“lfwo}yndyk n}ylao`o il E$ il @o}kdzo,  D{oxk hodyl q{``nmnyyne`ln ik` Xo`y{}do: }nwwo}yl k ykqylfodlndzk q{l hnyyl i“n}fk ik` >· k = oyyom}k >387 n Anqyk` Fo}}odk k Anqk}ynXkaacln, ld ‐]lxlqyn il Yk}}n k @nxo}o$ Mo``kyyldo ik``“N}aclxlo il Qynyo il Anqk}yn‖, Nddo =, D· 1, ilakfm}k =775, ww$

>>1&>1>$

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ld e}nio il hn}k$ L q{ol {hhlaln`l, n` aody}n}lo il ~{k``l ik` dkflao, kmmk}o qkfw}k {d aody}o``o il}kyyo

ki khhlanak q{l aofmnyylfkdyo ld ao}qo$

Kww{}k dod y{yyo k}n ndinyo wk} l` xk}qo el{qyo: e`l nyynaacl ld ao`oddn n``n mnlodkyyn k}ndo qynyl

hk}fnyl inl anaalnyo}l dnwo`kyndl n Qndy“Ndek`o, fkdy}k l mnyyne`lodl kqyk}l il xod Fkack` nxkxndo

ilfoqy}nyo ack dk` k owk}nzlodl ilhkdqlxk n`a{dl }kwn}yl ld anflaln }oqqn, qow}nyy{yyo l fkdo

foylxnyl, qkfw`lakfkdyk dod k}ndo ld e}nio il ykdk}k `n `o}o woqlzlodk, ilqldyke}ndioql nl w}lflnqqn`yl$ Ldhk`lal an}nyyk}lqylack ack ql }lw}kqkdyk}nddo i{}ndyk `n anfwnedn y}kdyldn ik` >388$ Fn

~{kqyn ã {d“n`y}n qyo}ln$

n, O}ildk il mnyyne`ln ik``“kqk}alyo il H}ndakqao LL n` 17 qkyykfm}k >387

Aofndindyk ld anwo fn}kqaln``o ]ly{aal

>· Ilxlqlodk @keek}n Ao`oddn #1$777 {ofldl

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& M}lenyn @n ]oqn: >· mye Anaalnyo}l #fne$ N}fkdlo, 1· mye Anaalnyo}l #y$ ao`$ Wnyk}dn, 9· mye

Anaalnyo}l #y$ ao`$ Ik``n ]oaan, 8· mye Anaalnyo}l #anw$ @{lqk, my} d· ; #anw$ Wnaan$

=n Ilxlqlodk E{n}iln ]kn`k Ynmnaacl #5$777 {ofldl

& M}lenyn i“O}ekfody: 1· mye$ Anaalnyo}l #y$ ao`$ Wkqan}n, mye Yl}ne`lnyo}l #y$ ao`$ Hk}}n}n, mnyyk}lnd· 8 #9 wkzzl in 8 `lmm}k$

& M}lenyn Fn}{` l: >· }ey E}ndnylk}l #y$ ao`$ Ik`lyn`n, =· }ey E}ndnylk}l #ao`$ E}kdky, mnyyk}ln d· >

#< wkzzl in ?$

>n Ilxlqlodk @keek}n ik ]lxk}n #>7$777 {ofldl

& M}lenyn Wo`lzz|: 5· mye Anaalnyo}l #y$ ao`$ Ykikqacl, 3· mye Anaalnyo}l #y$ ao`$ D{dzlndyk, <· mye

Anaalnyo}l #fne$ Qanwwnylaal, >7· mye Anaalnyo}l #y$ ao`$ Anwkak`ny}o, mnyyk}ln in fodynedn d· =

#9 wkzzl in 9 `lmm}k, mnyyk}ln in fodynedn d·>7 #9 wkzzl in 9 `lmm}k$

& M}lenyn Mn}mn`oden: m}e Mn}mn`oden: =· mye Anaalnyo}l #y$ ao`$ Anqyk``ndo, >>· mye Anaalnyo}l #y$

ao`$ Ik @ozzn, >9· mye Anaalnyo}l #y$ ao`$ Xkaaclodk, >;· mye Anaalnyo}l #y$ ao`$ Wlndk``,

 mnyyk}ln in fodynedn d· >> #9 omlal in >=, mnyyk}ln in fodynedn d· >1 #9 wkzzl in 9$

Ilx$ Anxn``k}ln #ekd$ Wn`flk}l

& M}lenyn Anxn``k}ln Wkqndyk Kacndlyz: >· ]ey I}neodl #ao`$ Ik``n E{n}iln, >· mye ik` ]ey

An}nmldlk}l n Anxn``o #ao`$ W{zlo2 , my} n anxn``o #anw$ K}}lao Nhçd ik ]lxk}n$

& M}lenyn Anxn` k}ln Wkqndyk ]$ ]{qqo: {d mye =· ]ey I}neodl #ao`$ N$ ]{qqo, 1· }ey I}neodl #ao`$

]$ ]{qqo$

& M}lenyn @ndalk}l Qk}en}il: {d mye ik` >· ]ey @ndalk}l #ao`$ Wl}odyl, {d mye ik` =· }ey @ndalk}l

#ao`$ Fa Iodn`i, my} d· 1 #anw$ Ao}ql$

Ilxlqlodk xod Fkack`, 3$777 {ofldl R1$777 aod `n m}lenyn xod Fkack`, ;$777 aod `n ao`oddn ]{lzV

& M}lenyn xod Fkack`: >· mye An}nmldlk}l @keelk}l #y$ ao`$ Eo`i`ld, =· mye An}nmldlk}l @keelk}l #y$

ao`$ Fle|, 1· mye An}nmldlk}l Anaalnyo}l #fne$ Enacyk}, my} Kqyk}n d· >; #anw$ Hkxoy$

& M}lenyn ]{lz: =· ]ey  ]keldn #fne$ Ik H}ndakqao, 9· ]ey  W}ldalwkqqn #ao`$ Fn}}n, 8· ]ey

 Hn}dkqk #fne$ Dlao`kyyl, 3· ]ey An`nm}ln #fne$ Aoin, my} d· 8 #anw$ Loxkdk$

m, O}ildk il mnyyne`ln ik``“Kqk}alyo Fk}lilodn`k n` 17 qkyykfm}k >387

Aofndindyk ld anwo El{qkwwk En}lmn`il$ =5$9;> khhkyylxl, ikl ~{n`l =7$777 khhkyylxnfkdyk lfwlkenyl

ld aofmnyylfkdyo$

 Doyn$ @k ilxlqlodl w}kdikxndo l` d{fk}o in``“{`ylfn ik``k ilxlqlodl aoqyly{l}k in``“kqk}alyo qn}io$

>;n Ilxlqlodk Yð}} #3$818

& M}lenyn Kmk} #=$><8: >· ]ey$ Mnqqldl, >=· ]ey$ Aoqqoxlac, mye$ Mk}qne lk}l Yndn}n, aofwnedlnkqyk}n Uo`h, @kelodk [deck}kqk, [qqn}l$

& M}lenyn Ik Elo}elq #<81: 1 mnyyne lodl lddofldnyl, mye$ Mk}qne`lk}l @ofmn}il, [qqn}l$

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& M}lenyn Nqqndyl #=$398: ]ey$ Hnzlo`l, ]ey$ Mo}eckql, ]ey$ N`m{aal, >· Mnyyne`lodk Mk}qne`k}l

M}odzkyyl, mye$ Mk}qne`lk}l Qwkaacl, mye$ Mk}qne`lk}l Qen}n``ldo$

& M}lenyn Qnaacl #>$;77: >· ]ey$ Lqdn}il, =· ]ey$ Wk``ke}ldl, 1· ]ey$ Moqql$

>8n Ilxlqlodk Fl`mlyz #;$>7<

& M}lenyn Fn`kdacldl #1$=99: ]ey$ Fn`kdacldl, ]ey$ Wn`lzzo`o, ]ey$ Wnak, ]ey$ @o{eì, ]ey

Qw}oxlk}l, ]ey$ Hn}ik``n, ]ey$ Mkdylxkedn, ]ey$ Anqn`yn, Aofwnedln Ik H`oyyk$

& M}lenyn @n Fnqn #>$38;: >· ]ey$ Ao}}no, =· ]ey$ @n Wo}yn$

>5n Ilxlqlodk Fkilal #9$3>1

& M}lenyn Qlfodkyyn #>$9;7: >· ]ey$ Anio`ldl, =· ]ey$ Xnaaclk}l$

& M}lenyn Qwnden}o #>$<8<: 8 mnyyne`lodl, ikl ~{n`l Mye$ Mk}qne`lk}l Hn}ldk``l, Mye$ An}nmldlk}l

Ekdoxkql$

& M}lenyn I{ddk #>$7<9

& M}lenyn Ao}yk #8>8: >· ]ey$ An}nxç, =· ]ey$ E}nzloyyl$

>3n Ilxlqlodk Mlslo #8$>37

& M}lenyn Ikzzn #=$577: mye$ Fkdoyyl En}lmn`il, Mnyyne`lodk Mk}qne`lk}l Mo`i}ldl, n y}l 8

 mnyyne`lodl$

& M}lenyn Kmk}cn}iy #>$8<5: >· ]ey$ Wkdzo, =· ]ey$ I{d|ou$

& M}lenyn Hnm}lzl #>$8<7: 8 mnyyne`lodl$