Tavi 2 araqristianuli religiebi - Liberty

177Tavi 2. araqristianuli religiebi

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araqristianuli religiebiaraqristianuli religiebiaraqristianuli religiebiaraqristianuli religiebiaraqristianuli religiebi

iudaizmi

iudaizmi anu, Zveli qarTuliT, huriaeba ebraelTa nacionaluri konfesiaa.

iTvleba, rom mas dasrulebuli saxe rabinma mose maimonidma Cv.w. X I I s-Si misca.

Tumca Semdegac ganicada cvlileba.

Zveli aRTqma saerTo pirvelwyaroa rogorc qristianTa, ise iudevelTaTvis, magram

mis dedaazrs TiToeuli sxvadasxvanairad acnobierebs. es pirvel rigSi gamosyidvis

dogmatis mimarT iTqmis. iudaizmSi areklilia ebraelTa erovnuli Tvalsazrisebi

da interesebi. misTvis ucxoa `rCeuli eris~ simboluri gageba; am cnebis ganvrcoba

da gaRrmaveba universalurobamde, e.i. erovnuli zRudeebis msxvreva da `rCeuli

eris~ qveS yoveli naTelRebuli da mironcxebuli pirovnebis moazreba.

Zv.w. 929 wels, mefe solomonis Semdeg, israelis erTiani samefo daiSala. war-

moiSva ori saxelmwifo: israeli da iudea. ukanaskneli, ZiriTadad, iudas toms

aerTianebda, sadac daviTis Stodan unda dabadebuliyo erovnuli gmiri, mxsneli,

mesia (cxebuli). amdenad, ebraelebi, dampyrobTagan devnilni da Seviwroebulni,

mesiisagan elodnen da elian erovnul xsnas _ erTiani, Zlieri samefos aRdgenas.

mxsneli ki (gavixsenoT winaswarmetyveleba da aRTqma) marTlac iudas tomidan

unda gamosuliyo. amitom ewoda ebraelTa religias iudaizmi.

533 wels, babilonis tyveobidan dabrunebis Semdeg, ebraelebma ierusalimSi

iahves sadideblad solomonis taZari aRadgines, daaweses dResaswauli xanuka

(~satfureba~, ~ganaxleba~) da Camoayalibes axali religiuri Temi. winamZRvrebma

am TemSi ar Seiyvanes isini, vinc tyveobaSi ar iyvnen namyofi da palestinaSi dar-

Cnen. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am Temis wiaRSi miiRo iudaizmma, rogorc religiurma

sistemam, Camoyalibebuli saxe.

axali religiuri Temis gareT darCenilma ebraelebma samarielTa seqta Seqm-

nes, romelic dResac arsebobs.

amis Semdeg ebraul sazogadoebaSi konfliqti kidev ufro gaRrmavda. igi gada-

izarda religiur antagonizmSi. erovnuli sxeuli daiyo da daqucmacda. iudaizmis

SigniT (Zv.w. I I s-Si) farisevelTa da sadukevelTa religiur-politikuri partiebi

warmoiqmna, romlebmac Toris (xuTwigneulis) mcnebebis axleburi gaazreba scades.

farisevelTa da sadukevelTa arsebiTi niSani iyo rjulis kanonebis zedmiwevniTi,

pedanturi dacva, yuradRebis gadatana sarwmunoebis garegan mxareze.

178 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

Zveli welTaRricxvis dasasrulsa da axal eraSi ramdenime seqta Camoyalibda,

maT Soris _ nazorevelTa seqta, romelic mkvdari zRvis sanapiroebze moqmedebda.

mas eseelTa Temsac uwodebdnen, sadac, savaraudebelia, aRizarda ioane naTlis-

mcemeli. am seqtis wevrebi ar Wamdnen mcenareul sakvebs. gavixsenoT, rom ioane

naTlismcemelic mxolod velur Taflsa da kaliebs (mkals) Wamda. maT mdidari

literaturuli memkvidreoba darCaT, romelTa fasi Tanamedrove mecnierebisaT-

vis ganuzomelia.

1947 wlis gazafxuli Cveni saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani arqeologi-

uri aRmoCeniT aRiniSna. mkvdari zRvis auzSi, iordanes udabnoSi, ierusalimis aRmo-

savleTiT, yumranSi, erTi beduini, rodesac dakarguli Txis saZebrad daexeteboda,

waawyda uZveles samalavs. igi moTavsebuli iyo mRvimeSi, romelic ramdenime darbazs

Seicavs. darbazebi savse iyo sxvadasxva daniSnulebis sagnebiT _ sayofacxovrebo da

sakancelario nivTebiT, romelTagan Tvals xvdeboda etratis gragnilTa simravle.

beduini mixvda, rom bedma gauRima da es ambavi mezoblebs axara. gairkva, rom im raionis

mkvidrni kldis napralebSi Turme adrec poulobdnen xelnawerebs, romelTac

fexsacmelSi Casafenad xmarobdnen. axla ki igrZnes, rom maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia

gamdidreba da aRmoCenis Taobaze adgilobriv sasuliero pirebs acnobes. saqmeSi

male mecnierebi da saxelmwifoTa meTaurebic Caerien. daiwyo manuskriptTa Sesyidva

kolosalur fasebSi _ dolarebze, ramac beduinTa enTuziazmi gaacxovela da pirvels

sxva aranakleb sayuradRebo aRmoCenebi mohyva. 10 weliwads grZeldeboda gaTxrebi.

gamovlinda 10.000 fragmenti 400-mde nawarmoebisa. maT mecnierul SeswavlaSi

monawileoba miiRes msoflios saukeTeso specialistebma. isini mividnen daskvnamde:

aRniSnuli dasaxlebis patroni iyo xalxi, romelic istoriaSi cnobilia eseelTa

(esevelTa) saxeliT. savaraudebelia, rom maTi centri iyo yumranSi. isini iq

saxlobdnen Zveli welTaRricxvis 150 wlidan axali eris 70 wlamde. seqta simkacriT

gamoirCeoda. amas adasturebs maTi biblioTeka da iq aRmoCenili `Temis wesdeba~.

esaa sakmaod vrceli teqsti, romelic exeba seqtis organizacias da misi wevrebis

ufleba-movaleobas, maT religiur ritualebs da Seicavs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss.

es dokumenti adasturebs Cv.w. I s-is ebraeli mwerlebis ioseb flabiusisa da filon

aleqsandrielis uwyebebs am `ucnauri xalxis~ cxovrebasa da zne-Cveulebebze. filoni

ambobs, rom eseelni miekuTvnebian ebrael ers; isini arian oTxasze meti; cxovroben

soflebSi da eridebian qalaqebs; dasaqmebulni arian xelosnobis im dargebiT, ro-

melTac araferi aqvT saerTo omTan. maT ar hyavT monebi da ar gaaCniaT sakuTari

saxlebi. samagierod aqvT saerTo sawyobebi da salaroebi, aqvT saerTo tansacmeli,

saerTo sakvebi... isini icaven mama-papaTa kanonebs. am kanonebs maT gamudmebiT uqa-

dageben. maTi cxovrebis wesebs sami ZiriTadi safuZveli ganapirobebs: RvTis siy-

varuli, saTnoebis siyvaruli da qvelmoqmedeba. gansxvavebiT TavianTi winaprebisagan,

RvTismsaxurebisas `cxovelebs ki ar swiraven RmerTs, aramed ganiwmenden suls~...


zogierTi cnobis Tanaxmad, eseelni (anu igive nazorevelni) ubiwod cxovrebas

eweodnen: ar hqondaT ojaxebi. sabolood garkveuli araa, Tu ra iyo seqtis ase

swrafad gadaSenebis mizezi. cxadia erTi: am ganStoebam qristianul moZRvrebasa da

eklesias garkveulwilad niadagi Seumzada, razec migvaniSnebs ioane winamorbedis

qadageba: `ganmzadeniT gzani uflisani da wrfel-hyveniT alagni misni~ (maTe 3:3).

Cv.w. V I I I s-Si eraySi, siriasa da palestinaSi warmoiSva yaraimTa seqta, romelic

uaryofda oficialuri iudaizmis mraval debulebas. maT Soris mesiis movlinebisa

da mkvdarTa aRdgomis dogmatebs. amdenad, es mimdinareoba TiTqmis mTlianad

moswyda da CamoSorda iudaistur religias, radgan uaryo am religiisaTvis

mTavari da specifikuri _ mesiis rwmena.

iudaizmis istoriaSi TvalsaCino roli Seasrula kabalam. esaa wigni, romel-

sac safuZvlad daedo religiuri zepirgadmocemebi. amaze mianiSnebs TviT ter-

mini _ kabala (ebr. kab. `gadmocema~). es wigni TariRdeba X I I I -XIV ss-iT. mas axasiaTebs

misticizmi da zogierTi Teologiuri sakiTxebis Taviseburi interpretacia. mis

mimdevrebs swamT sulebis gardasaxvis SesaZlebloba (metemfsiqozi), ris gamoc,

rogorc amboben, kabalisturi mistika iqca jadoqrobisa da magiis iaraRad.

kabalis zegavleniT X V I I I s-Si poloneTsa da ruseTSi, Semdeg ki dasavleT

evropasa da aSS-Si aRmocenda iudaizmis axali mimdinareoba _ xasidizmi (ebr.

RvTismosavi). misi ZiriTadi mizani iyo da aris iudeuri RvTismsaxurebis reforma,

ritualebis ricxvis Semcireba. samagierod _ yuradRebis gadatana TiToeuli pi-

rovnebis rolsa da adgilze samyaroSi, suliersa da zneobriv srulyofaze. xasi-

dizmis mamaTmTavrad iTvleba moxetiale mkurnali israel ben eliezeri anu beSti

(1700-1760). igi ar uaryofda wignier sibrZnes, ebraelTa aTaswlovan tradiciebs

da religiur ritualebs, magram ambobda, rom xasidis Rvawli ufro aRmatebulia,

vidre Talmudis wesebis gulmodgined Sesruleba, radgan pirveli efuZneba Sina-

gan rwmenas da sindiss, meore _ kanons; pirvels warmarTavs siyvaruli, meores _

SiSi da movaleoba. mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom xasidTa moZRvrebis zogierTi deta-

li exmianeba im WeSmaritebebs, romlebic qristianobis, rogorc universaluri

religiis safuZvelSia Cadebuli. es arcaa gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT tertu-

lianes sityvebs, rom adamianis suli dabadebiT qristiania. marTlac, xasidebis

religiuri intuicia gasaocari gamWriaxobiT Caswvda RvTis inkarnaciis (gansxe-

ulebis) dogmatis siRrmes. amas cxadyofs `xasiduri swavlani~, romelic qarTul

enaze Targmna da komentarebi daurTo zurab kiknaZem (Jurn. `religia~, 1992, N 6).

iq vkiTxulobT: Tu gvinda vixsnaT lafSi Cavardnili adamiani, sakmarisi ar aris

xelis gawvdena. mxsneli Tavadac unda Cavides ormoSi, lafSi; mxsnelma Tavis Tavze

unda itirTos is sibinZure, romelic dagrovda adams aqeT am wuTisofelSi...

vfiqrobT, Cveni mkiTxvelebisaTvis am Segonebis azri gamWvirvalea.

iudaizmis pirvelwyaro, Torasa da Zveli aRTqmis sxva wignebTan erTad, aris


Talmudi. `Talmudi~ ebrauli sityvaa da niSnavs `Seswavlas~. Talmudi aerTianebs

iudaistur RvTismetyvelebas, saRvTismsaxuro praqtikas da samarTals. Talmudi,

faqtobrivad Zveli aRTqmis egzegeza anu Targmanebaa farTo da mravalmxrivi pro-

filiT. Talmudi Taobidan Taobas zepirad gadaecemoda. Semdeg ki daiwyes misi

Cawera, rasac saTave farisevlebma da sadukevelebma daudes. misi srulyofis pro-

cesi 7-8 saukunis manZilze mimdinareobda da dasrulebuli saxe V s-Si miiRo. ase

Seiqmna veeberTela krebuli, romelic iyofa 6 ganyofilebad da 63 traqtatad.

mxolod masze dayrdnobiTaa SesaZlebeli iudaisturi religiis arsSi garkveva.

iudaizmi monoTeisturi religiaa; aRiarebs erTaderT RmerTs, _ samyaros

Semoqmeds, romelsac mravali epiTetiT vuxmobT: iahve (damaxinjebuli formaa

`ieRova~), adonai, eli, sabaoT da sxva. iudaizmis Tanaxmad, RmerTi aris ara mxo-

lod erTi, aramed _ erTsaxovanic. ebraelTaTvis miuRebelia erTarseba-samebis

rwmena. maT dauSveblad miaCniaT agreTve RvTis gankacebis saidumlo.

iudaisturi moZRvrebis ZiriTadi dogmatebi rabinma mose maimonidma reziumes

saxiT warmoadgina (qristianuli `rwmenis simbolos~ msgavsad). mas ewodeba `rwme-

nis 13 simbolo~. esenia: 1. arsebobs RmerTi, romelmac Seqmna samyaro; 2. is erTia;

3. is usxeuloa; 4. is maradiulia; 5. unda vilocoT mxolod masze; 6. RvTiuri

gamocxadebani WeSmaritebaa; 7. mose yvelaze didi winaswarmetyvelia; 8. Tora, e.i.

bibliis pirveli xuTi wigni, RmerTma ukarnaxa moses; 9. moses kanonis Secvla sxva

kanoniT ar SeiZleba; 10. RvTiuri gangeba marTavs samyaros; 11. arsebobs keTili-

saTvis jildo da borotisaTvis sasjeli; 12. israelSi mova mesia; 13. mkvdreTiT

aRdgoma WeSmaritebaa.

rogorc vxedavT, aqaa rwmena, rom mesia anu cxebuli (e.i. qriste) mova israelSi.

es azri ormxrivadaa sayuradRebo. pirveli _ igi mianiSnebs iudaizmis nacionalur

xasiaTze: mesia ixsnis mxolod da mxolod ebraelTa modgmas; meore _ mesia TiTqos

jer ar mosula: `rCeuli eri~ mas elodeba dRes da yovel dRe. swams, rom igi

iqneba daviT-ieses Zis STamomavali, `ieses ylorti~ _ ben iSai. `ratom ar modis

ben iSai?~ _ swuxda espaneTis galuTSi (gadasaxlebasa da ltolvilebaSi) myofi

ebraeli poeti XI saukunisa. Tumca, qristianTa rwmeniT, `ben iSai~ didi xnis mo-

suli, jvarcmuli da mkvdreTiT aRmdgari iyo.

iudevelebis anu, Zveli qarTuliT, huriebis (ebraelebis) saerTo ricxvi bolo

monacemebis mixedviT 20 milions aRemateba. maTgan yvelaze meti israelsa da aSS-

Si cxovrobs, Tumca ebraelebs diasporebi msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi aqvT.

saqarTveloSi ebrauli dasaxlebebis istoria, qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT,

Zv.w. VI s-idan, nabuqodonosoris mier ierusalimis dalaSqvris xanidan, iwyeba. met-

naklebi masStabis Semosaxlebebs SemdegSic hqonda adgili. gansakuTrebiT ax.w.

70 wlis axlo xans, rodesac romaelebma iudevelTa ajanyeba sisxlSi CaaxSves,

ierusalimi wartyvevnes da solomonis taZari nacartutad aqcies. wm. nino,


rodesac qarTlSi Semovida, Tavidan ebraelTa baginSi (sinagogaSi) cxovrobda da

misi qadagebis Sedegad pirvelad ebraelebi gaqristiandnen (mRvdeli abiaTari,

sidonia da sxv.). Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebi da ukanaskneli xanis arqeologiuri

aRmoCenebi (samarxebi da epigrafikuli Zeglebi) Cvens istoriaSi maT aqtiur

monawileobaze metyvelebs. ebraelebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raionSi kompaqtu-

rad saxldebodnen da, rogorc wesi, qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebs uyridnen safuZ-

vels. isini vaWrobdnen, mogzaurobdnen da eqsport-imports misdevdnen, riTac

Cveni qveynis garesamyarosTan urTierTobis gaRrmavebas uwyobdnen xels. am faqts

ki, Tavis mxriv, wvlili saqarTvelos civilizebul msofliosTan kulturul in-

tegraciaSi Sehqonda.

qarTvelma ebraelebma SemoqmedebiTi unari mecnierebis, xelovnebisa, litera-

turisa da sportis asparezzec gamoavlines. maTi Zveli sinagogebi, saflavTa komp-

leqsebi Tu xelnawerebi (maT Soris lailaSis X s-is Tora) rogorc ebrauli, ise

qarTuli kulturis istoriis Semadgeneli nawilebia.

ebraelTa dasaxlebebi saqarTvelos bevr raionSi gvxvdeba. maTi qarTuli di-

aspora adre mravalricxovani da Ronieri iyo, magram mas Semdeg, rac ssrk-dan

ebraelTa deportacia daiwyo, saqarTveloSi iudaizmis mimdevarTa ricxvi erTob

Semcirda da dRes 10.000-s ar aRemateba. yvelaze didi sinagoga (sakrebulo) Tbi-

lisisaa, Semdeg _ goris, quTaisis, rusTavis, baTumis, axalcixis, onis da a.S.

ebraeloba dRes locvisa da rjulismieri cxovrebis stilis mixedviT ZiriTa-

dad or nawiladaa gayofili: sefaradebad da aSqenazebad. sefaradebad aRmosav-

luri wesis ebraelebi iwodebian, aSqenazebad _ dasavluri wesisanni. qarTveli

ebraelebis didi nawili (80%) Tavis Tavs sefaradad Tvlis. isini ZirZveli qarTu-

lenovani ebraelebi arian. aSqenazebi XIX s-Si gadmosaxldnen ruseTidan, polone-

Tidan da dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebidan. saqarTveloSi maT ufro rusulenovan

ebraelebad icnoben.

islami

V I I s-is 20-ian wlebSi arabeTis naxevarkunZulze Camoyalibda axali religiuri

sistema saxelwodebiT islami, _ mahmadianoba, muslimanoba. esaa sinkretuli

religia, sxvadasxva konfesiis Serwymis Sedegad aRmocenebuli moZRvreba da kul-

ti. pirvel rigSi aq igulisxmeba iudaizmisa da qristianobis gavlena, radgan bib-

liis kvali, raSic davrwmundebiT, SesamCnevia mahmadianTa azrovnebisa da yofa-

cxovrebis yovel nabijze.

V I I s-is pirvel naxevarSi arabeTis naxevarkunZuli warmoadgenda TiTqmis yvela

aRmosavluri sarwmunoebis TavSesayars; aq batonobda warmarToba, romelic war-

modgenili iyo rogorc adgilobrivi, ise iranidan da romis imperiidan Semotanili


kultebiT. arabeTSi gadasaxlebulTa Soris iyvnen ebraelebi da qristianebi, ume-

tesad _ mwvalebelni, gankveTilni saeklesio krebaTa da devnilni marTlmadi-

debel imperatorTa mier. rogorc amboben, iq sarwmunoebaTa da konfesiaTa qaosi

iyo. miT umetes, rom naxevarkunZulze ar arsebobda centralizebuli saxelmwifo

da TiTqmis ar vrceldeboda romelime qveynis gavlena. imxanad yvelaze metad iq

yureiSelTa tomi dawinaurda, romelic upiratesad pativs miagebda Rvaebas

allahi. uneblied gvaxsendeba ebraelTa uzenaesi RmerTis erT-erTi saxeli eli,

elohim. saqme isaa, rom ebraeli xalxi da maTi religia arabebisaTvis ZvelTaganve

iyo cnobili. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom orive semiti xalxia da, maSasadame, maT

enebs saerTo fuZe aqvT. arabTa tomebma ebraelebisagan istoriuli kontaqtis

Sedegad SeiTvises bibliuri rjulis zogierTi elementi, rac unda asaxuliyo

yureiSelebis kultmsaxurebaSic, kerZod ki RvTaebis saxelsa da SinaarsSi _ al-

lahi. arabeTis naxevarkunZulze, ZiriTadad bibliuri gadmocemis safuZvelze,

aRmocenda rjuli, romelic gaaforma da gaavrcela muhamedma anu mahmadma (aqedan,

_ mahmadianoba, maxmadianoba).

veyrdnobiT gamokvlevebs: miuleri, mahmadi da misi moRvaweoba, d. uznaZis

redaqciiT, quT. 1914; misive, islami da arabTa saxelmwifo, quT. 1914

(erTvis d. uznaZis werili: xalifatis warmoSoba da ganviTareba); a. masse,

islami (istoriuli narkvevi), moskovi, 1963.

muhamedi 570-632 wlebSi cxovrobda. igi yureiSelTa tomidan, haSimis gvaridan

iyo. daibada da aRizarda qalaq meqaSi, romelic arabeTis sakulto centrad iTv-

leboda wmida taZris _ qaabas gamo. es iyo panTeoni, _ sinkretuli salocavi,

romelsac TiTqmis yvela sarwmunoebis warmomadgeneli akiTxavda. warmarTebTan

erTad iq SexvdebodiT iudevelebs da qristianebsac ki. maT yuradRebas ipyrobda

taZris umTavresi siwmide _ Savi qva (arab. hajar al-asvad), romelsac saswaul-

moqmed Zalas miawerdnen. legendis mixedviT, igi alahma uboZa adams. adamis Svilma

misTvis aago pirveli taZari, romelic warRvnis Semdeg ganaaxles `alahis megob-

rebma~ _ abraamma da ismailma. bunebrivia, rom am salocavs ar aklda Tayvanismce-

melTa ricxvi. maT Soris aqtiurobda vaWari muhamedi, romelsac rTuli cxovrebis

gza ganevlo. igi, Raribi vaWris _ abdalahis _ Svili, adre daoblebula da bavSvoba

mojamagireobaSi gautarebia. iyo mwyemsi, Semdeg _ qaravnis gamyoli (aqlemTa

gamrekavi). mere mdidari qali _ hadija _ SeirTo da gaxda vaWari. hadija vaWris

Svili iyo da, ori qmris gardacvalebis Semdeg, Tavadac vaWrobas mihyo xeli.

muhamedma da hadijam umwikvlo ojaxi Seqmnes da savaWro operaciebs erToblivad

awarmoebdnen. mistikosi vaWari xSirad ismenda ebraeli da qristiani sasuliero

pirebis qadagebebs.

muslimanTa rwmeniT, muhameds 610 wels euwya zeciuri sibrZne, romelsac igi


sxvaT gadascemda. TandaTan, moZRvris qadagebaTa Sesabamisad, es sibrZne etratze,

palmis furclebsa da Tu qvis filebze gadaitanes misma wera-kiTxvis mcodne

mimdevrebma. ase Seiqmna yurani, rac arabulad `kiTxvas~ niSnavs. muhamedis saxeli

ki mociqulis pativiT Seimosa.

pirvel xanebSi warmarTebi muhamedis qadagebas nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen,

magram Semdeg seriozuli zomebi miiRes. axali rjulis moZRvarma droze Seityo

mosalodneli safrTxe, datova meqa da mowafeebTan erTad iasribSi gadaixvewa,

romelsac `winaswarmetyvelis qalaqi~ _ madina rasul alah, SemoklebiT _ medina

ewoda. gadmocemis mixedviT, medinaSi gadasaxleba anu hijra moxda 622 wels. am

faqts muslimanebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben, radgan miiCneven islamis pirvel

triumfad. es weli maTi eris (welTaRricxvis) dasawyisad iqna aRiarebuli.

medinaSi axali sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa ricxvi swrafad gaizarda. maT iq aages

salocavi saxli _ meCeTi da ganaCines religiuri gangeba. amis Semdeg muhamedi,

axali saxelmwifos damaarsebeli da sardali, dabrunda da 630 wels, hijridan 8

wlis Semdeg, zar-zeimiT Sevida meqaSi, daamyara iq xelisufleba da gardaicvala

medinaSi 632 wels. gviandeli cnobis Tanaxmad, muhamedi ierusalimsac swvevia da

wmida adgilebi moulocavs. amitom aRniSnuli qalaqebi _ meqa, medina da

ierusalimi _ muslimanTa udidesi sakulto centrebia.

islamis gavrcelebis misia ikisres muhamedis mowafeebma da mimdevrebma, metad-

re _ xalifebma. maT did warmatebas miaRwies. es religia male gabatonda arabeTis

naxevarkunZulze da mis farglebs gareTac _ aziisa Tu afrikis mraval qveyanaSi,

agreTve kavkasiis did nawilSi.

islamis pirvelwyaroa yurani. xSirad mas muslimanur biblias uwodeben, razec

metyvelebs meore saxeli _ qiTab (arab. `wigni~).

islamuri RvTismetyvelebis Tanaxmad, yurani bibliisagan _ Zveli da axali

aRTqmisagan _ gancalkevebiT ki ar dgas, aramed misi srulyofili saxea. yurani

aris zecis wigni, romelic eboZa yvela Rirs winaswarmetyvels: adams, noes, abraams,

moses, ieso qristes da, ra Tqma unda, winaswarmetyvelTa gvirgvins _ muhameds. aq,

cxadia, yuranis anu qiTabis qveS moazrebulia uzenaesi sibrZne anu saRmrTo

werili zogadad. musulmanebi fiqroben, rom yvela bibliuri wigni, Tora Tu sa-

xareba (injili) Cvenamde Seryvnili saxiTaa moRweuli. yurani aris erTaderTi,

romelic srulyofilad Seicavs WeSmaritebas. xiluli yurani, muslimTa TqmiT,

mxolod aslia ciuri yuranisa, romelic dedamiwaze mTavarangelozma gabrielma

Camoitana, mimadla rCeulTa rCeuls _ muhameds, vinac Caiwera msaxurTa meSveobiT.

muslimTa rwmeniT, yurani RvTis Semecnebis gzaze saboloo nabijia da msgavs

RvTiur gamocxadebas adgili aRar eqneba.

yurani dawerilia gariTmuli proziT. Sedgeba 114 Tavisagan, romelTac arabu-

lad surebi ewodeba. TiToeuli sura gulisxmobs gamocxadebas anu xilvas, rac


winaswarmetyvels miemadleboda xolme eqstazuri locvebis Jams. surebs sakuTari

saxelebi (saTaurebi) aqvT. isini dayofilia muxlebad anu leqsebad (aiebad). sul

6211 leqsia. maTgan zogierTi, maRalmxatvruli saxeebisa da Rrmaazrovnebis gamo,

msoflio poeziis Sedevradaa aRiarebuli. aq islamuri RvTismetyveleba da msof-

lgageba gacxadebulia ZiriTadad da arsobrivad. Txroba SegonebiTi xasiaTisaa.

Warbobs sentenciebi da alegoriebi, saRvTismetyvelo da zneobrivi Sinaarsis

mowodebebi.

yurani moklebulia siuJets. amitom iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom iq sxvadasxva

azrebi da legendaruli ambebi, ama Tu im personaJis istoria gadmocemulia

usistemod, logikuri kavSiris, qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobisa da raime gegmis

gareSe. yurani iziarebs bibliur uwyebas samyarosa da sazogadoebis Tavgadasa-

valze, samyaros eqvs dReSi Seqmnaze, samoTxeze, pirvelcodvaze, msoflio warR-

vnaze, patriarqebze, rCeul erze, winaswarmetyvelebze, ieso qristesa da mociqu-

lebze, meored mosvlasa da mkvdarTa aRdgomaze. ase rom, saRmrTo istoriis game-

orebis aucilebloba qiTabis winaSe TiTqos arc dgas. es istoria areklilia mis

striqonebsa da strofebs _ aiebs _ Soris. Zveli da axali aRTqmis ama Tu im pasaJs

SexvdebiT yuranis yovel gverdze. sxva sakiTxia, Tu ramdenad zustad da obieq-

turadaa warmodgenili da gaSuqebuli muslimanTa pirvel wignSi bibliuri moti-

vebi. fiqroben, rom muhamedi uSualod ar icnobda saRmrTo werils. man Zveli da

axali aRTqmis Tqmulebani an ebraelebTan da qristianebTan saubrisas, an zepir-

sityvieri gadmocemebidan SeiTvisa. qristian informatorebad ki, upiratesad,

meqaSi mcxovrebi eretikosebi unda vigulvoT.

muhamedi fiqrobs, rom qristianebma ver gaiges sworad da daamaxinjes iesos

moZRvreba. savalaloa, rom isini ar cxovroben maTive maswavleblis mcnebaTa Sesa-

bamisad, yovel nabijze arRveven rjuls da Seuracxyofen udidesi winaswarmet-

yvelisa da mociqulis _ ieso qristes (isa feiRanbaris) _ saxels. amdenad, muhamedi

akritikebs ara qristes da mis saxarebas, aramed qristianebs, maT moZRvrebas da

zne-Cvevebs.

muhamedma uaryo qristianuli dogma samebis Sesaxeb. magram irkveva, rom mas

mcdari warmodgena hqonda am sakiTxze. kerZod, misTvis ucxoa cneba erTarseba-

sameba. igi yovelTvis sam RmerTze, sam RvTaebaze laparakobs. esenia: mama, ieso da

mariami. unda vifiqroT, rom muhamedi qristianuli moZRvrebis Sefasebisas ganic-

dida im seqtis gavlenas, romelsac RvTismSobeli RvTis rangSi ahyavda, anda mis

kults erTob zrdida. yuranis ganmcxadebeli uaryofda ara mxolod mariamis,

aramed misi Zis _ qristes _ RvTaebobas. misi argumentebia: 1. iesosa da mariams

axasiaTebdaT yvela is moTxovnileba, rac bunebrivia adamianisaTvis; 2. ieso araa

yovlisSemZle. aqac savaraudebelia, rom meqeli vaWari monofizitebis garemoc-

vaSi cxovrobda da maTi moZRvrebis mixedviT sjida qristologiis kardinalur


sakiTxebs; ar iTvaliswinebda marTlmadideblur moZRvrebas, rom qriste bunebiT

ara mxolod RmerTi, aramed adamianicaa.

yurani gamsWvalulia mariamisadmi udidesi pativiscemiT, Tumca qristianebs

sayvedurobs, igi RmerTad rad SeracxeTo. amaSi, cxadia, brali miuZRvis seqtantTa

im wres, romelSic axali religiis qadagi trialebda da, misda uneburad, samebis

dogmatze mcdari Sexeduleba uyalibdeboda.

arasaxarebiseuli da eklesiis mier Seuwynarebeli apokrifebis beWedi azris

agreTve aiebs qristes Sobis Sesaxeb. me-19 sura gvamcnobs: rodesac moaxlovda

Jami, mariami ganerida sazogadoebas da wavida `aRmosavleT adgilas~. RmerTma

gaugzavna mas Tavisi suli (rux), romelmac srulyofili adamianis saxe miiRo...

mariams tkivilebi palmis xesTan miiyvans. igi kvnesis da itanjeba. am dros qvemodan

(muclidan) Semoesmeba xma, romelic amxnevebs da xalxTan wasvlas urCevs. palmis

Ziridan ankara wyaro amoxeTqavs, xolo palma nayofs miscems mariams. roca mariami

dabrundeba bavSviT, mas lanZRaven rogorc meZavs, magram yrma laparaks daiwyebs

da xalxs daarwmunebs Tavis RvTaebrivobaSi. orientalistTa azriT, aSkaraa mu-

hamedze iudauri kritikis gavlena, romelic celsiuss aqvs dafiqsirebuli da

romelic mariams aRwers rogorc feiqar qals, romelsac eyola Svili gaqceuli

romaeli jariskacisagan. am gadmocemis Tanaxmad, mariamma Cumad imSobiara sadRac

trial mindorSi. ucnobi iudeveli avtoris mier mogonili es istoria mariamisa

da misi Zis komprometacias isaxavda miznad. Tumca muhamedi akritikebs da sasti-

kad gmobs maT, vinc mariam qalwulis mSobiarobis ambavs eWvis TvaliT uyurebs,

iudauri Woris gavlenas mainc ganicdis.

muhamedi Tvlis, rom ieso RvTis sulisaganaa naSobi. igi aris `alahis~ sityva

da suli. RmerTi angelozebis meSveobiT Tavis suls, anu STagonebas, ugzavnis

kacTagan mas, visac gamoirCevs. am suls damoukidebeli substancia eniWeba, rome-

lic adamianSi rCeba rogorc masze RvTis zemoqmedebis produqti. ase Seiqmna adami,

_ RvTis nebisa da sulis erTjeradi mobervis Sedegad. adamis msgavsad ki _ qriste.

gansxvaveba isaa, rom pirvels ar hyavs xorcieli deda. sxva mxriv ki erTic da

meorec adamiania, RvTis mier Seqmnili da movlenili.

ieso qristes qveynad movlinebis mizezs yurani Semdegnairad xsnis: vinaidan

moses rjuls yavli gauvida, saWiro gaxda misi reforma. es misia daekisra mariamis

Zes, romelic eubneba ebraelebs: `davamtkiceb WeSmaritebas, rac mogecaT Cemamde

rjulSi (igulisxmeba moses kanonebi) da davrTav nebas zogierTi ramisa, rac iyo

akrZaluli TqvenTvis~. `nebis darTva~ aq zneobriv Tavisuflebas unda gulisxmob-

des. esaa kanonisadmi monuri morCilebis Secvla siyvarulis dauwereli kodeqsiT,

razec miuTiTebda mociquli pavle. amitomaa, rom, sxva winaswarmetyvelebTan

SedarebiT, iesos moraluri saxe yuranSi vrcladaa warmodgenili. igi sakuTari

magaliTebiT aZlevs xalxs zneobrivi cxovrebis gakveTils. ieso aris wmida da


umanko, rogorc uwinaswarmetyveles mariams. igi amasTanave iqms saswauls, raTa

mociqulebsa da mowafeebs Soris ganamtkicos rwmena.

muhamedisa da, Sesabamisad, islamisaTvis ucxoa gamosyidvis qristianuli

dogmati. misi moZRvrebis mixedviT yvela Tavis Tavze agebs pasuxs. amitom, yuranis

TqmiT, ieso soflis mxsneli da macxovari ki ara, _ winaswarmetyvelia. igi gakvirve-

bulia qristianebis rwmeniT mesiis jvarze sikvdilis Sesaxeb da ambobs: rogor

dauSvebda RmerTi aseTi winaswarmetyvelis sikvdils da isic sxvaTa codvebis

gulisaTvis?

muhamedma icis, rom iesos sikvdilis gamo `kamaTobs wm. werilis xalxi~.

man scno sayovelTao da miRebuli faqti qristes amaRlebisa. Tu misi sikvdilis

faqtsac scnobda, maSin mkvdreTiT aRdgomac unda mieRo, rac iesos RvTaebobis

damamtkicebeli sabuTi iqneboda. amitom man gaiziara zogierTi mwvaleblis

Teoria da ganacxada: ieso qriste ar momkvdara, mis magivrad sxva (svimon kviri-

neli) gaakres jvarze, xolo Tavad zecad amaRlda enoqisa da elias msgavsad; pir-

dapir Sevida samoTxeSi, sadac jerjerobiT, sayovelTao aRdgomamde, mxolod

winaswarmetyvelebi da mociqulebi arian. muhameds swams, rom ieso qriste kvlavac

mova dedamiwaze, `roca dadgeba saaTi~ qveynierebis aRsasrulis da gankiTxvisa.

es dro xalxisaTvis ucnobia. adamianebi mxolod niSnebiT mixvdebian mis moaxlo-

ebas. jer gaqreba rwmena kacTa Soris da gamravldeba codva. aqedan gamomdinare

_ SuRli, Wiri da omebi. maSin gamoCndeba ori meomari eri _ gogi da magogi, ro-

melTa Setakebis dros ganadgurdeba kacobrioba. mere aRdgeba saocari cxoveli,

romelic aRniSnavs morwmuneT da urwmunoT, maSin mova qveynad ieso da yvela ir-

wmunebs mas.

muslimanebi da qristianebi erTxmad aRiareben, rom mesia aris RvTis sityva.

uTanxmoeba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ieso qriste, islamuri RvTismetyvelebis (qa-

lamis) Tanaxmad, Seqmnilia, xolo yurani maradiuli da Seuqmneli. ase rom, islami

upirispirdeba eklesiis mrwamss, romelic gvamcnobs: RvTis sityva aris `Sobili

da ara qmnili~. am sakiTxSi muhamedi da misi mimdevrebi ariozis poziciaze dganan

(ix. zemoT). es Tvalsazrisi ki, bunebrivia, qristianTa mZafr reaqcias iwvevda;

amtkicebdnen, rom yurani ar aris RvTis sityva, miTumetes _ Seuqmneli; maradiuli

RvTis WeSmariti sityva aris misi mxolodSobili Ze.

irkveva, rom swored ieso qristes dausabamobisa da maradiulobis dogmats asa-

buTebda mefe daviT aRmaSenebeli islamis apologetTa winaSe (ix. g. jafariZe,

raze ekamaTeboda daviT aRmaSenebeli ganjis yadis? `religia~, 1993, N 3-4).

islami, romelic arabuli sityvaa da morCilebas niSnavs, monisturi religiaa;

aRiarebs erTsaxovan RmerTs. igi mkveTrad daupirispirda poliTeizms. man qris-

tianuli triada sam RmerTad moiazra da uaryo igi. yuradReba SeaCera ebraul

Teologiaze, rac gaxda wyaro misi mrwamsis ZiriTadi formulisa, Sahadisa: `la


ilaha illa-l-lahu va muhamadu rasuluhu~ (ar ars RmerTi garda alahisa da muha-

media alahis mociquli).

islami, rogorc yvela religia, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: dogmatika (anu moZ-

RvrebiTi mxare) da kulti, e.i. RvTismsaxureba. moZRvreba xuT elements Seicavs:

1. erTi RmerTis, alahis rwmena; 2. angelozebis rwmena; 3. saRvTo werilis anu

yuranisa da winaswarmetyvelTa sxva wignebis rwmena; 4. sayovelTao aRdgomisa da

ukanaskneli samsjavros rwmena da 5. bedisweris rwmena. yurani ase ayalibebs is-

lamis ZiriTad doqtrinas: `morwmuneno, iwameT RmerTi, misi mociquli, wigni, ro-

melic mas mouvlina; mis uwinares movlinebuli werili. visac ara swams RmerTi,

misi angelozebi, misi wignebi, misi mociqulebi da ukanaskneli dRe, Rrma cdomi-

lebaSia~. rogorc qristianuli RvTismetyveleba emyareba nikea-konstantinopo-

lis rwmenis simbolos, islamuri moZRvrebac gamomdinareobs zemoaRniSnuli xuTi

debulebidan, _ islamis xuTi mcnebidan.

es moZRvreba warmodgenilia wignebSi, romlebic V I I I -IX ss-Si Seiqmna arabul ena-

ze. maTgan, yuranis garda, aRsaniSnavia suna da SariaTi. `suna~ niSnavs `gadmoce-

mas~, ganmartebas. muslimanTaTvis esaa ~sulismargebeli krebuli~, sadac asaxulia

muhamedisa da sxva pirvelmuslimanTa cxovreba, rogorc etaloni Semdgomi Ta-

obebisaTvis. didi mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve `SariaTs~, rac aris kanonTa kodeqsi,

e.i. muslimanTa rjulis kanoni.

sunas Seqmnis mizezi asea axsnili specialur literaturaSi: yuranis bevri ad-

gili bundovania da orazrovani. maTgan zogierTis mniSvneloba gasagebi iqneba im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu gvecodineba: ra garemoebaSi eboZa muhameds esa Tu is `gamocxade-

ba~, rogor esmoda mas yuranis esa Tu is adgili, vin da ra igulisxmeba konkretul

SemTxevaSi ama Tu im frazis miRma. amis gamo muslimani RvTismetyvelebi Tavidanve

agrovebdnen cnobebs winaswarmetyvelis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis detalebze.

maTTvis pirvelwyaro iyo zepirgadmocema, romelic TviTmxilvelTa bageTagan

momdinareobda. erT-erT sarwmuno informatorad iTvleboda muhamedis sayvareli

coli aiSa, romlis naambobs sunitebisaTvis (ix. qvemoT, gv. 188) didi fasi aqvs.

islamur kultmsaxurebis ZiriTadi elementebia rwmenis formula (Sahadi), loc-

va, marxva, mowyaleba anu qvelmoqmedeba (zaqaTi) da piligrimoba (haji) anu salo-

cavad mogzauroba meqasa da medinaSi. locvas, rogorc wesi, win uZRvis mosamzade-

beli safexuri _ ganbana. dawesebulia dReSi xuTgzis locva: diliT _ mzis amosv-

lamde, SuadRisas, naSuadRevs, saRamos da daRamebisas (dawolis win). yoveli locva

iwyeba zemoaRniSnuli formuliT: `ar ars RmerTi...~ am formulas muslimani war-

moTqvams yvelgan, yovel mniSvnelovan momentSi, maT Soris _ sikvdilis win. locvis

dros Sahadi ramdenjerme meordeba.

muslimanebi valdebuli arian Seinaxon ramazani da gadaixadon dResaswaulebi.

ramazani dawesebulia muslimanuri mTvaris kalendris me-9 Tves, rac moZravia da


sxvadasxva dros modis. am dros morwmuneni mzis amosvlidan mzis Casvlamde

arafers Wamen, arc svamen, arc ibanen da arc sqesobriv cxovrebas ewevian.

islams aqvs dResaswaulTa mdidari cikli. `dResaswaulis~ arabuli saxeli _

`yidun~, romlis Ziri `dabrunebas~, `ganmeorebiT gakeTebas~ niSnavs, _ naTlad

gamoxatavs samaxsovro dReTa periodulad aRniSvnis religiur arss. misi mizani,

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aris adamianTa sulsa da gulSi im madlis SenarCuneba,

rasac gulisxmobs saTayvanebeli dRe da ambavi. muslimebisaTvis aseTi dReebia:

uraza-bairami (gazafxulis marxvis damTavrebis anu gaxsnilebis dRe), yurban-

bairami (uraza-bairamidan 70 dRis Semdeg: esaa msxverplSewirvis dRe, _ klaven

cxovelebs), mavlidi _ muhamedis dabadebis dRe, mihraji _ muhamedis zecad amaR-

lebis dRe, Sahsei-vahsei anu aSura da sxva. ukanaskneli samgloviaro dResas-

waulia, riTac muslimebi ixsenieben muhamedis SviliSvilis _ huseinis _ mowamebriv

Rvawls. esaa religiur-samgloviaro ceremoniali, rasac axlavs TviTgvema: morw-

muneebi danebiT iseraven tans, iborkaven xel-fexs, icemen mjiRs da mosTqvamen _

`Sah husein, vah husein!~

muslimanTa sazogadoeba daarsebis pirveli aswleulidan or nawilad: sunite-

bad da Siitebad gaiyo. sunitebi Tavs Tvlian `sunas~ _ muhamedisa da misi mowafe-

ebis cxovrebis amsaxveli wignis _ mimdevrebad. igi islamis ZiriTadi mimarTule-

baa da iTvleba orTodoqsulad. miCneulia, rom sunizmi, SiizmTan SedarebiT, de-

mokratiuli, lmobieri, Semwynarebeli da swavla-ganaTlebis pativismcemeli kon-

fesiaa. Siitebis partia (arab. Sia-seqta, partia, mimdevarTa jgufi) Seiqmna arabTa

saxalifoSi V I I s-is Sua wlebSi, rogorc erT-erTi politikuri dajgufeba. igi,

sunitebisagan gansxvavebiT, kanonier xalifad (imamad) mxolod muhamedis asulis

fatimasa da misis meuRlis alis STamomavlebs Tvlida da maTi uflebebis dasaca-

vad gamodioda. es partia politikur sarbielze damarcxda, magram gadaizarda

religiur-politikur mimarTulebad. isini jiutad aRiarebdnen alisa da misi

STamomavali 12 imamis (alidebis) kanonier xelisuflebas da ukanonod acxadebdnen

arabeTis pirvel xalifebs _ abu baqris, omars, osmans da sxvaT. am ukanasknelTa

gverdiT muhamedis sayvareli coli aiSa idga. alis mimdevrebma (Siitebma) ar ir-

wmunes `suna~ da sunitebs gaemijnen. antagonizmma sunitebsa da Siitebs Soris

mwvave xasiaTi miiRo, rac araerTxel gadazrdila religiur omebSi.

islamis istoriaSi, aRniSnuli mimdinareobebis garda, cnobilia seqtebi, romel-

Tagan zogi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba kanonikuri, oficialuri da tradiciuli

islamisagan rogorc garegnulad, ise SinaarsiT. am seqtaTa Soris yvelaze Zvelia

xarijizmi, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, mimarTuli iyo xalifebis ganusazRvrel

uflebaTa winaaRmdeg. mas hqonda lozungi xalifebis demokratiulad arCeviTo-

bis Taobaze. qadagebda zneobisadmi meti yuradRebis gamoCenas, ritualebis Sem-

cirebas, pirovnebis Rirsebas, arCevanis Tavisuflebas da a.S.


aRmosavleTis religiur da politikur sarbielze TvalsaCino roli Seasrules

Siizmis ganStoebebma: ismailitebma, muTazilizmma (rac gandgomas, ganmxoloebas

niSnavs), aSarizmma (damfuZnebeli abu-al-hasan aSari) da sxvam, romelTac, SesaZ-

lebelia, islamuri protestantizmi vuwodoT, radgan ewinaaRmdegebodnen ofici-

alur kultmsaxurebas. zogi met simkacres moiTxovda, zogi _ piriqiT, qadagebda

Tavisuflebas dogmatikisa da ritualebis TvalsazrisiT. maTi SexedulebiT,

religiaSi mniSvneloba aqvs Sinagans, mistiur mxares. wes-gangebani da yovel-

dRiuri cxovrebis moTxovnilebani ubralo formalobaa. isini saWiroa mxolod

mdabioTaTvims, romelTac Zala ar SeswevT Seignon maTi simboluri mniSvneloba.

amdenad, islamur seqtebSi Tavi iCina individualurma mistikam.

mkiTxvelTa yuradRebas ismailitebze SevaCerebT.

ismailitTa seqta warmoiSva V I I I s-is 60-ian wlebSi da dResac arsebobs. isini

Tvlian, rom imamebis xazi wydeba ara Tormetze (rogorc Siitebs miaCniaT), aramed

Svidze. sagulisxmoa istoriuli faqti: daaxloebiT 760 wlis meeqvse imamma _ ja-

far sadikma _ memkvidreoba waarTva Tavis Svils _ ismails, radgan spirtiani sasme-

lebisaken miswrafeba SeamCnia. jafaris TqmiT `RvTiuri Tvisebebis matarebel

imams loTobasTan araferi saqme aqvs~. Siitebis umravlesobam gaiziara imamis gada-

wyvetileba. umciresobam ki gailaSqra am moqmedebis winaaRmdeg da Seqmna seqta,

romelic gamoirCeoda liberalobiT, kerZod, alkoholTan damokidebulebis sa-

kiTxSi. am seqtam SeimuSava religiur-filosofiuri sistema, romelic efuZneboda

antikuri moazrovneebis _ platonisa da aristoteles _ ideebs, agreTve _ neop-

latonizms. danerga yuranis alegoriulad gaazrebis tradicia da moiTxova Tavi-

sufleba cxovrebis sxvadasxva ubanze. XI-X I I ss-Si ismailitebs gamoeyvnen jgufebi,

romelTagan Cvens yuradRebas gansakuTrebiT ismailit-mulidebis anu asasinebis

ordeni ipyrobs.

`vefxistyaosnis~ zogierTi mkvlevris winaSe wamoiWra sakiTxi: sworupovar po-

emaSi qajebisa da maTi cixe-simagris qveS xom ar igulisxmebian ismailit-asasinebi

da maTi qalaqi almuTi? am kiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi gasca akad. k.kekeliZem

(ix. gamokvleva _ avtori vefxistyaosnisa da dro misi dawerisa, etiudebi..., X I I ).

manve mimoixila problemis istoriuli foni, rac mravali kuTxiTaa saintereso.

mulidebi anu molidebi warmoadgendnen ismailitebis erT-erT Stos. es, Tavda-

pirvelad sarwmunoebrivi seqta, SemdegSi iqca samxedro-politikur organiza-

ciad, romelic Camoyalibda 1081 wlis maxloblad. igi gasaidumloebuli sazoga-

doeba iyo da, cxadia, gancalkevebuli danarCen mahmadianTagan. miuval mTebSi,

sal kldeebsa da napralebSi, asasinebs hqondaT cixe-simagreebi, saidanac avrce-

lebdnen TavianT gavlenas. centrad seqtisa, sadac cxovrobda maTi meTauri, iTv-

leboda almuTi (rac `arwivis budes~ niSnavs. amis gamo qarTul wyaroebSi mulidebi

`almuTelebad~ iwodebian). es iyo cixe-qalaqi CrdiloeT sparseTSi, yazvinis max-


loblad, gaSenebuli cicaboebsa da napralebze, romelSiac Sesvla gvirabebiTa

da xvrelebiT SeiZleboda mxolod. selCuqianTa sulTanebma mTeli TavianTi Rone

da energia Sealies mas, magram aRebiT mainc ver aiRes, imdenad Zlieri da miuvali

iyo is. Zlierebis ZiriTadi mizezi ki is iyo, rom asasinebi, darwmunebulni imaSi,

rom emsaxurebian RvTis saqmes, ar eridebodnen araviTar xifaTs da gansacdels,

sixaruliT egebebodnen sikvdils. amasTanave, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, isini,

ordenis wevrebi, flobdnen meomrisaTvis udides Zalas da xelovnebas, rasac

aRwevdnen sagangebo wvrTnis, fizikuri da fsiqologiuri, sportul-religiuri,

asketuri momzadebis Sedegad. maT SeTvisebuli hqondaT gauCinarebis fandebi,

rasac saidumlod inaxavdnen. amis wyalobiT asasinebi metad moxerxebuli adami-

anebi iyvnen: ar iyo iseTi dabrkoleba, romelic maT ar gadaelaxaT miznis ganxor-

cielebisas; ar iyo iseTi saqme, romelic maT ar scodnodaT mowinaaRmdegeTa bana-

kidan; ar iyo iseTi sajaro adgilebi da dawesebuleba, sadac isini SeumCnevlad,

rogorc uxilavi suli da grZneuli arseba, ar Separuliyvnen da isic ara marto

RamiT, aramed dRisiTac. isini midiodnen Sors, cxra mTas iqiT, raTa sasikvdilo

dana CaecaT Zlevamosili mtrisaTvis misi jaris Tvalwin, Zlier sulTanisaTvis

fxizeli darajebiT garSemortymul sasaxleSi, gavleniani moxeleebisaTvis maT

garSemo Semokrebili mdivnebis wreSi. almuTelebi Tavzars scemdnen mTeli aR-

mosavleTis mefe-batonebs da jvarosan raindebs... da mainc qarTvelTa, monRolTa

da sparsTa SeerTebulma laSqarma, udidesi Zalisxmevis Sedegad, Svidwliani da-

ucxromeli da sisxliani brZolebis Semdeg, 1256 wlis 24 noembers, Semusra almuTi

da gaaqarwyla miTi misi uZlevelobis Sesaxeb.

mulidebis ucnaur ordensa da `qajTa samefos~ Soris msgavseba SesamCnevia.

mkvlevarebs gamoaqvT daskvna, rom islami da islamuri samyaro ar aris erTsa-

xovani. iq, sxva relegiebis msgavsad, ganirCeva ori mxare _ egzoTeruli (garegani)

da ezoTeruli (Sinagani). pirveli gulisxmobs masebisaTvis, e.i. martivmorwmune-

TaTvis gankuTvnil kultsa da dogmas, meore ki _ mistiur moZRvrebas, TviTSemec-

nebis gziT pirovnebis iniciacias anu sulier zeaRsvlas. amis saukeTeso magaliTia

sufizmi.

sufizmi aris saerTo saxeli mistiur-asketuri seqtebisa, romlebic Caisaxa

islamis wiaRSi. misi udidesi warmomadgeneli da Teoretikosia al-Razali. man

arabul enaze Seqmna traqtatebi, romlebSic warmodgenilia pirovnebis sulieri

srulyofis sistema. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sufizmi aris islamis ezoTeruli mxare.

misi arsebiTi niSania pirovnebaSi absolutis aRmoCena da individis erTyofa

uzenaesTan. iq maswavleblebs erqvaT Seixebi, mwir-moZRvrebs ki _ derviSebi,

mowafeebs _ miuridebi. pirovneba srulyofis gzaze gadioda sam ZiriTad etaps:

1) tarikaTi anu `gza~. es niSnavs mowafis dadgomas marTebul gzaze. igi gulisxmobs

garkveuli wesebis dacvas da ritualebis Sesrulebas, mistiur savarjiSoebs. maTi


Tavyriloba xSirad musikisa da rokvis fonze mimdinareobda; 2) hakikaTi anu WeSma-

riteba. aq mowafe ukve Tvals usworebs WeSmaritebas. garkveuli azriT, esaa tari-

kaTis Sedegi, rodesac miurids exsneba sulieri mzera da ufaqizdeba cnobiereba.

ase rom, hakikaTi sakmaod maRali donea; 3) saboloo etapi, rasac cotani Tu aRwe-

ven, aris fana anu danTqma. igulisxmeba universalur gonTan absoluturi erTi-

anobis damyareba. Teozisis anu ganRmrTobis am stadiaSi pirovneba qreba da mTli-

anad erwymis absoluts.

sufizmis filosofiur safuZvels neoplatonizmi warmoadgenda, romelmac srul-

yofili saxe me-3 s-Si plotinis mier miiRo. misi moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, yofiereba

warmoadgens RvTis emanacias (gamoSvebas, SeiZleba iTqvas _ gamosxivebas), romelic,

manZilis gamo, TandaTan klebulobs da uxeSdeba. magaliTad: sxivi, rac ufro Sordeba

sawyiss, fermkrTaldeba da bolos wyvdiadSi qreba. aseve, _ safexuridan safexuramde

sustdeba RvTaebrivi eminaciis Zala. bolos igi materiis, xiluli samyaros, xorcis

saxiT gvevlineba. amitomac, qveyana degradaciis Sedegia. maSasadame, Cveni sisxli da

xorci, rogorc materialuri samyaros nawili, aris wyvdiadi, sruli gauxeSeba,

boroteba. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna: Tuki gsurs, Tavi daaRwio borotebas,

moiZule xorci da grcxvenodes misgan. mxolod eqstazi, sulis aRtyineba, sxeulis

sapyrobiledan gaTavisufleba migvaaxlebs uzenaes ideals, agvamaRlebs transcen-

dentur sinamdvilemde da dagvnTqavs maradiul naTelSi. es rTuli procesia, rome-

lic adamianma sulis ganwmendiT (kaTarzisiT) unda daiwyos. Semdegi safexuria as-

ketoba, vnebaTagan gandgoma, xorcis naWuWSi myofobis dros imave xorcisadmi zizRisa

da omis gamocxadeba. iniciaciis gza marad zeaRmavalia.

sufizmi gavrcelda TiTqmis yvela muslimanur qveyanaSi. vinaidan igi mwignob-

ruli da inteleqtualuri sistema iyo, dadebiTi gavlena iqonia kulturaze.

metadre klasikur sparsul da Turqul poeziaze, romlis saxelovani warmomadgen-

lebi arian: jalal ed-din rumi, omar xaiami, hafezi, nizami ganjeli, abdul-rahman

jami da sxva.

saqarTveloSi islamis gavrceleba arabobis xanidan (V I I -IX ss-idan) daiwyo. ro-

gorc ioane sabanisZe gvauwyebs, Cveni Tanamemamuleebis nawili, zogi nebiT, zogi

ZaliT, zogi cdunebiT, zogi angarebiT, zogi `siyrmesa Sina umecrebiT~ muslimani

anu, Zveli qarTuliT, sarkinozi, ismaiteli gaxda. samxreT saqarTvelos (aWaris,

tao-klarjeTisa da mesxeT-javaxeTis) islamizacias adgili XVI-XV I I ss-Si hqonda.

qarTveli muslimanebis ricxvs is kaxelebic Seematnen, romlebic Sah-abasma iranSi

gadaasaxla da maTi STamomavalni dResac iq cxovroben (fereidneli qarTvelebi),

politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu sxva motivebiT islams zogjer Cveni xalxis elita-

ruli nawilis warmomadgenlebic aRiarebdnen. SemorCenilia qarTvelTa gamah-

madianebis osmaluri wesis teqsti (ix. Cveni saxelmZRvanelo `religiis karibWe~,

gv. 336-337).


ase rom, saqarTvelos geografiuli da istoriuli pirobebis gamo islamur

samyarosTan intensiuri urTierToba hqonda, ramac kvali qarTuli kulturis isto-

riasa da eTnografiul yofaSic datova. `oqros xanas~ da aRorZinebis periodSi (XI-

XII I da XVI-XV I I I ss.) qarTul enaze islamuri sityvakazmuli mwerlobis TiTqmis yvela

pirvelxarisxovani Zegli iTargmna. ueWvelia, rom gamuslimanebuli qarTvelebidan

SemoqmedebiTi unariT ara erTi da ori pirovneba gamoirCeoda. maTgan zogi mSob-

liur enaze agrZelebda moRvaweobas (magaliTad, XV I I s-is istorikosi farsadan

gorgijaniZe), umravlesoba ki sxvaenovan garemos Seesisxlxorca. maTi saxelebis

gamovlena da warmoCena Cveni aRmosavleTmcodneebis kvleva-Ziebis sagania.

gamuslimanebuli qarTvelebi, Suasaukuneobrivi erovnul-politikuri xedvisa

da mentalitetis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebad aRar iTvlebodnen. Tanamedrove cnobi-

erebiT, es gaugebrobaa da am gaugebrobisagan Cveni xalxi mTlianad gaTavisuf-

lebuli dResac araa, rac azianebda da azianebs erovnuli erTianobis ideas. am

ideis mixedviT qarTveli eri _ qristianic da muslimanic _ aris erTiani da ganu-

yofeli. Tu gvinda gavufrTxildeT mas, pativi unda vceT TiToeulis sindiss da

sarwmunoebas keTilmorwmune daviT aRmaSeneblis msgavsad.

magaliTad Cveni qveynis axlo warsulidan saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis

oficialuri gancxadebac gamogvadgeba:

`... nuravin ifiqrebs, rom sarwmunoeba xels SeuSlis qristian da mahmadian qarT-

velebis erTobas. rjuli rjulia, magram sisxli da erovneba kidev sxvaa. Cven mah-

madian Zmebs rjuli aerTebs sxva mahmadianebTan, magram eniT, sisxliT, ieriT qris-

tian qarTvelebTan arian... qristiani qarTvelebi ar vicnobT mahmadis sarwmuno-

ebas da bevrs hgonia, rom igi saerTod ganaTlebisa da dawinaurebis winaaRmdegia.

es marTali araa. arabebi da sparselebi mahmadianebi arian, magram erT dros Tavis

ganaTlebiT evropis yvela erze maRla idgnen. TviTon mociquli mahmadi qristi-

anebis saxarebas didad afasebda da ambobda _ saxareba RvTisgan movlenili

wigniao. mahmadis yuranSi bevria qadageba siyvarulisa da keTili saqmeebis da

yoveli qristiani qarTveli yovelTvis pativs unda scemdes mahmadis rjuls,

romlis aRmsarebelia mravali milioni sxvadasxva xalxi da romelsac misdevs Cveni

RviZli Zmebic. mahmadis rjuli Cveni Zmebis rjulia da mudam gansakuTrebulis

yuradRebiT unda vepyrobodeT mas. pativs unda vscemdeT yoveli adamianis rjuls,

miT ufro Zmisas.

unda gavimeoroT kidev erTxel: rjuli sxvadasxva gvaqvs mahmadian da qristian

qarTvelebs, magram oriveni erTi saqarTvelos Svilebi varT. erTi ena, erTi sis-

xli, erTi xasiaTi gvaqvs. Cveni Zala SeerTebaSia. bednierebas mxolod erToba da

Zmoba mogvitans.

aravin unda daiviwyos es. amisaTvis unda vmuSaobdeT yvela~ (`mahmadiani qarT-

velebi~, tf. 1920, gv. 15-16).


saqarTveloSi dRes islams naxevar milionze meti moqalaqe aRiarebs. aWareli

da afxazi muslimanebi sunitebi arian. maTi zusti ricxvi cnobili araa. aRmosav-

leT saqarTveloSi, azerbaijanelTa Soris, Siizmia gavrcelebuli. Tbilisis meCe-

Ti aRmosavleT saqarTavelos muslimanTa centrad iTvleba. iq aRmosavleT saqar-

Tvelos mTavari mola da axundi (zedamxedveli) msaxurobs (b-ni ali alievi). Tbi-

lisis meCeTSi Siitebi da sunitebi erTad loculoben, rac iSviaTobaa.

muslimTa kompaqturi dasaxlebebi yvarlis, lagodexis, Telavisa da axmetis

raionebSic gvxvdeba. isini daRestnelebi (lekebi) da qistebi arian. maTi sarwmu-

noeba sunituria, radgan islami kavkasiaSi TurqeTidan, sunitebis qveynidan, Sevi-

da, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, daRestnur-CeCnur-inguSuri islamisaTvis niSan-

doblivia sufizmis, kerZod, tarikaTizmis (ix. zem.) gavlena da sunitur-sufiuri

praqtikis mTis adaT-wesebTan Sexameba.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mZafr interess pankisis xeobis (axmetis raionis)

qistebi iwveven. eTnikurad da enobrivad isini CeCnebis monaTesave tomia da XIX s-

is Sua wlebamde axlandeli CeCneTis teritoriaze saxlobdnen.

CeCen-qistebi ufro metad soflur (paganizebul) qristianobas misdevdnen,

Tumca Cans, rom adre iq eklesiur-kanonikuri qristianobac sakmaod fesvgadgmuli

yofila. rodesac Crdilo kavkasias ruseTis jarebi moadgnen, adgilobrivma to-

mebma yuradReba islamis mimarT gaamaxviles, radgan misi droSis qveS erovnuli

TavisTavadobis SenarCunebas da rusebisagan Tavis mozRudvas cdilobdnen. 1785

wlis gazafxulze CeCneTSi Seixi mansuri, adrindeli, mwyemsobisdroindeli sa-

xeliT, _ uSurma, gamoCnda. rusebis winaaRmdeg man hazavaTi (saRvTo omi) gamoac-

xada da mxaris islamizaciis procesi gaaaqtiura. qistebi, romlebic pankisis xe-

obaSi XIX s-is 20-30-ian wlebSi jguf-jgufad Camosaxldnen, metwilad qristianebi

iyvnen. gaSenda sami sofeli, romelTagan erTSi, duisSi, muslimanebi cxovrobdnen,

orSi, joyolosa da omaloSi _ qristianebi. ucnauria, rom isini, TiTqmis masob-

rivad, XX s-is Sua wlebSi, komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi, gamuslimandnen. maT

Soris islamis, ufro zustad, _ sunizimis is saxeoba dainerga, romelic XIX s-is

60-ian wlebSi CeCenTa religiurma liderma Seixma qunT-hajim Camoayaliba. mas

zikrullaxi anu, meorenairad, ziqrizmi ewodeba. `ziqr~ arabuli sityvaa da

`xsenebas~ niSnavs. igulisxmeba uflis mouklebelad gaxseneba da misi saxelis

`allahis~ mudmivi ganmeoreba.

zikrullaxi, igive ziqrizmi, romelsac qunT-hajis mimdevrobasac uwodeben,

sinkretuli konfesiaa, _ sunizmisa da aRmosavluri misticizmis konglomerati.

igi Sexamebulia adgilobriv koloritTan da tradiciebTan da mTis qristianuli

wes-Cveulebebis mimarTac (saklavis dakvla, sanTlis danTeba, jvar-xatebSi siaru-

li) loialobiT gamoirCeva. mas eqstazuri ritualebi da locvebi axasiaTebs, rac

mamakacTa ritualur wrebrunvebSi, mZafr meditaciebsa da egzaltaciebSi gamo-


ixateba. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa nazmebi (galobani), romelsac qalebi mistiuri

gznebiT da TavdaviwyebiT asruleben.

qistebis umravlesoba, 4000-mde, qunT-hajis mimdevaria. maT sulier liders

imami ewodeba. am Tanamdebobaze dRes idriz ciciaSvilia. arian sxva wesis musli-

manebic. maTgan yvelaze metad vahabitebi aqtiuroben.

vahabizmi islamuri protestantizmia. igi X V I I I s-is Sua wlebSi saudis arabeTSi

aRmocenda. saxelwodeba damaarseblis muhamed ibn abd al-vahabis gamo SeiZina. vahabi

Tavis moZRvrebasa da religiur praqtikas `sufTa islams~ uwodebda da rwmenis

erTaderT wyarod yurans miiCnevda. igi yovelgvari siaxlis danergvis winaaRmdeg

gamovida. man gailaSqra tradiciuli islamis winaaRmdeg, romelic, misi azriT, iseT

elementebs Seicavs, rac yuranSi mocemuli araa. vahabma msoflios islamizaciis

idea wamoeyena, rac misma mimdevrebma aitaces da mezobel qveynebSic danerges.

vahabitTa cnobierebaSi wamyvani adgili jihads uWiravs. esaa omi urwmunoebisa

da urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg. isini qmnian TanamoazreTa Temebs _ jamaaTebs, romleb-

sac cxovrebis mkacri reglamenti aqvT. jamaaTi upirispirdeba islamur, magram

Ria sazogadoebas, romelic saero kulturaze, zogad ganaTlebaze, xelovnebaze,

sportze uars ar ambobs. jamaaTis wevrebs rjulisadmi totaluri morCileba da

sabrZolo mzadyofna evalebaT, _ maTi sporti omi da saomari xelovnebis dauf-

lebaa. vahabizmi saudis arabeTis oficialuri religiaa.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi vahabizmi arabuli qveynebidan Semosulma mujahedebma Se-

moitanes. maTgan yvelaze cnobili iordaneli arabi xatabi iyo (ruseTis sainfor-

macio wyaroebis Tanaxmad, igi daiRupa), romelmac `sufTa islami~ CeCen meomrebs

Soris warmatebiT gaavrcela. maTi meSveobiT ki igi pankisis xeobaSi gadmoinerga.

amjerad, 2002 wlis ivlisisaTvis zepiri da arazusti informaciis Tanaxmad,

pankiseli vahabitebis ricxvi 500-s aRemateba. isini, qunT-hajis mimdevrebisagan

gansxvavebiT, adgilobriv islamur-qristianul tradiciebs globalurad upiris-

pirdebian. amis niSani balTagoris wm. giorgis salocavis (Zveli bazilikis) afeT-

qebaa, rac, xalxSi moaruli xmebis Tanaxmad, vahabitebis namoqmedaria. isini Seiara-

Rebulebi arian. maTi organizaciis struqtura gasaidumloebulia.

zoroastrizmi

Caisaxa da aRmocenda sparseTSi. amis gamo mas xSirad farsizmsac eZaxian. misi

damaarsebelia zoroastri anu zaraTuStra. am saxelisganaa warmomdgari termini

_ zoroastrizmi.

zaraTuStra cxovrobda da moRvaweobda Zv.w. V I I -VI ss-Si. igi iyo mazdeani anu

RvTaeba ahuramazdas erTguli msaxuri. ase rom, zoroastrizmi mazdeanobis mem-

kvidrea.


mazdeizmi erT-erTi uZvelesi dualisturi religiaa. saxelwodeba dakavSire-

bulia uzenaes da keTil RvTaebasTan _ ahuramazdasTan. igi gavrcelebuli iyo

sparselTa winaprebs _ arielebs Soris. mis dogmatebsa da RvTismsaxurebis wesebs

saboloo saxe zaraTuStram (berZnuli warmoTqmiT _ `zoroaster~) misca, risTvi-

sac ukanasknels moixsenieben reformatorad da winaswarmetyvelad. man dawera

gaTebis anu sagaloblebis krebuli, romelic Sesulia aRniSnuli religiis fuZe-

mdebel wignSi _ avestaSi (gaTebis krebuli qarTulad Targmna prof. giorgi axvle-

dianma. daibeWda 1979 wels). àvesta~ dawerilia Zveli iranuli enis erT-erT di-

aleqtze. misi pirvandeli sruli teqsti ar gadarCenila: rogorc varaudoben,

nawili ganadgurda aleqsandre makedonelis mier iranis dapyrobis dros, nawili

moispo iranSi islamis SemoWris Sedegad.

garkveulia, rom es wigni iqmneboda da ivseboda aTasze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi

(Zv.w. IX _ ax.w. I I I ). masSi warmodgenilia locvebi (iasnebi) da sagaloblebi (gaTebi);

Camoyalibebulia zoroastrizmis arsi.

uzenaesi RvTaebaa ahuramazda anu ormuzdi. mas dasabamidanve upirispirdeba

da ebrZvis arimani _ borotebisa da wyvdiadis meufe. brZola sikeTesa da boro-

tebas Soris ganuwyvetelia. es Widili ki, Tavis mxriv, msoflios ganviTarebisa

da civilizaciis safuZvels warmoadgens, radgan sikeTe uZlevelia. ahuramazdas

gverdiT keTili Zalebi dganan. esenia: misi Svili miTra, romelic cidan qveynad

Camovida da kacis saxe miiRo. agreTve keTili angelozebi, e.w. iazatebi. xolo

arimanTan boroti sulebi _ devebi arian, igive demonebi da eSmakebi. ahuramazdas

simboloa cecxli. igi asaxierebs RvTis samarTals. amitomac, qadagebda zaraTuS-

tra, adamianma pativi unda miagos cecxls, rogorc marTlmsajulebis amqveyniur

saxes. cecxli adamians unda axsenebdes zeciur samsjavros da iq Cauqrobel als,

rom iyos fxizlad, _ ar gadaiqces geeniis tyved. aqedan warmodgeba cecxlTay-

vanismcemloba. mazdeanur taZrebSi, sakurTxevlis win, Cauqroblad enTo koconi,

rasac morwmuneni sasoebiT emsaxurebodnen. pirovnebis uzenaesi valia, gaakeTos

arCevani sikeTis sasargeblod, TiToeulma Cvenganma monawileoba unda miiRos bo-

rotebis Semusrvis saqmeSi. zaratustra ambobda: borotebis daZlevis saSualebaa

`keTili azri~, `keTili sityva~, `keTili saqme~.

wuTisofelSi kacobriobas Semwed da xelisampyrobelad egulveba miTra (zoro-

astrizmis ganStoebaa miTraizmi). igi, ahuramazdas meore piri, Suamavalia Rmer-

Tsa da adamians Soris da icavs samyaros mzis, mTvarisa da varskvlavebis daxmare-

biT. miTra guSagiviT dgas sinaTlesa da sibneles _ ahuramazdasa da arimans Soris

da TeTrcxenebiani etliT daqris zRvasa da xmeleTze dev-qajebis Sesamusravad.

misi pirdapiri da ZiriTadi misiaa kanonisa da wesrigis dacva; moixsenieba epiTe-

tebiT: àTasyuriani~, àTasTvaliani~, ùsamarTloTa damsjeli~, dovlaTisa da

naxiris, Zalauflebisa da nayofierebis mboZebeli. naTqvamia, rom `zeciur arse-


baTa Soris miTra pirveli Tanamgzavria ukvdavisa da swrafmavali mzisa da Tavisi

mowyale TvaliT zecidan umzers arielTa sadgomebs, anayofierebs maT miwas da

saqonelsac vrcel saZovrebs aZlevs~. miTra Zlieri mxedaria da mxedarTa mfar-

velic: `miTra vercxlis Cafxutiani mxedaria, tanze acvia oqros abjari, hkidia

gamgmiravi xanjali, xelSi uWiravs grZeli maxvili da TeTr cxenze zis~.

zaraTuStras moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, miTras meoxebiT sabolood mainc daiTr-

guneba boroteba da qveynis dasasrulis Jams adamianebi Tav-TavianT sxeulTan

erTad mkvdreTiT aRdgebian: damyardeba caTa sasufeveli.

saistorio wyaroebi adasturebs, rom zoroastrizmi erT dros saqarTveloSic

iyo gavrcelebuli. es bunebrivia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aRniSnuli sistema

saukuneTa manZilze sparseTis samefo dinastiebis _ aqemenidebisa da sasanianebis

_ oficialuri konfesia iyo. Cvens qveyanas politikurad, ekonomikurad da kultu-

rulad ZvelTaganve mWidro kavSiri hqonda mezobel qveynebTan. maT Soris, aRmo-

savleTis civilizaciebTan da cxadia, egrisisa da iberiis samefoebSic SemoaR-

wevda ormuzdisa da miTras kultebi, e.i. cecxlTayvanismcemloba. amas adasturebs

Cvenamde moRweul literaturul ZeglTa Soris uZvelesni _ wm. SuSanikis, wm. evs-

taTisa da wm. abibos nekreselis `wamebani~. metadre `SuSanikis wameba~, sadac naT-

qvamia, rom qarTlis erT-erTma gavlenianma pitiaxSma _ varsqenma _ aRiara ~arto-

Sani (e.i. cecxli) da SeerTo igi uRmrToTa~. `moqcevai qarTlisai~ gvamcnobs, rom

wmida ninom mcxeTis maxloblad, mTaze, ixila kerpebi. maT Soris upiratesi _

armazi, romelsac emosa mxedris atributebi: `aha, dga kaci erTi spilenZisai da

tansa missa ecva jaWvi oqrosai da Tavsa missa edga Cafxuti oqroisai. da samxarni

esxnes... da xelsa missa aqunda xrmali lesuli~. safiqrebelia, rom es iyo ahura-

mazdas Zis _ miTras _ qandakeba. marTlac, miTra yvela, dRemde aRmoCenil, bare-

liefze warmodgenilia rogorc mxedari. mas asxia samxare, Tavze axuravs Cafxuti-

seburi qudi da xelSi uWiravs alesili xanjali, riTac is xars hklavs (amis gamo

miTra espaneli toreadorebis saTayvanebeli RvTaeba iyo). me-5 s-is somexi isto-

rikosi mose xoraenelic adasturebs, rom qarTvelebi Turme, adre, ahuramazdas

anu ormuzds dilaadrian TavianTi saxlebis banidan Tayvans scemdnen. `qarTlis

cxovrebaSic~ vkiTxulobT, rom V s-is Sua wlebSi arCil mefem dasva episkoposi,

saxeliT mobidani, romeli iyo `mogvi usjulo da SemSleli wesTa... romeli faru-

lad werda wignebs yovlisa sacTurisao~. fiqroben, rom mobidani SefarviT maz-

deanobis propagandas eweoda.

miTraizmis kvali, istoriul-literaturuli teqstebis garda, gamovlenilia

Zvel qarTul onomastikonSic (sakuTar saxelebSi): miTridate, mirdat (`miTras

boZebuli~), mirian (`miTraseuli~) da sxva. agreTve _ eTnografiaSi. dasavleT

saqarTveloSi _ samegrelos, svaneTsa da guriaSi _ SemorCienilia wes-Cveuleba,

romelsac misroba (mirsoba) ewodeba. esaa didmarxvis wina dReebSi, yvelieris


orSabaTamde, Roris dakvla, romelsac garkveuli rituali axlavs. am dros `mir-

sas~, rogorc sinaTlis RvTaebas, xalxi Tvalis Cinsa da gamWriaxobas SesTxovs.

mkvlevrebi `misras~ sparsuli `miTras~ qarTul variantad miiCneven (ix.

s. makalaTia, miTras kulti saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos muzeumis moambe, 1926, N 3).

gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom sparsuli religiis gavlena qarTvel mosaxleobaze IV

s-is Semdegac grZeldeboda. mis aRmosafxvrelad didi Sroma gawies sirielma

mamebma VI s-Si.

zogierTi qristiani RvTismetyveli da religiaTa mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom maz-

deanoba da miTraizmi qristes qveynad mosvlas mistiurad, dafarulad winaswar-

metyvelebda da maradiuli qristes gankacebas moaswavebda. igi amiT kacobriobas

ubiwod Sobis, jvarcmisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis saidumloebaTa saidumlosTan

misaaxleblad amzadebda. mas Semdeg ki, rac winagangebulebam xorci Seisxa da deda-

miwaze mxsneli movida, zaraTuStras moZRvrebam misia amowura da ramdenime sau-

kunis ganmavlobaSi arsebobas inerciiT ganagrZobda.

dReisaTvis igi Secvlili saxiTaa SemorCenili indoeTsa da iranSi: indoeTSi _

farsebis seqta, iranSi _ gebrebisa. zoroastrizmis elementebs Seicavs agreTve

iezidebis religiuri rwmena da praqtika.

iezidebi

iezidebi anu, rogorc TavianT Tavs uwodeben, ezdiebi eTniurad da enobrivad

qurTebi arian. maTgan mxolod religiiT gansxvavdebian, ris gamoc calke eTnoss

Seadgenen. maTi religia sinkretulia, axlos dgas zoroastrizmTan, magram, amave

dros, masSi qristianobis, iudaizmisa da islamis elementebicaa asaxuli. iezidTa

religiis fuZemdeblad iTvleba Seixi adi (XI I s.), romelsac winaswarmetyvels uwo-

deben.

iezidebi aRiareben erT RmerTs da Tayvans scemen amomaval mzes, romelic, maTi

rwmeniT, RvTis amqveyniuri xatia. Tayvans scemen agreTve varskvlavebs, mTvares da

cecxls. maTi mTavari dResaswaulia `mzis dabadeba~, romelic 20 dekembers aRes-

ruleba. morwmuneTa sazogadoeba or kastadaa gayofili _ saerod (miuridebad) da

sasulierod. sasuliero wodeba ierarqiulia: arian firebi da arian Seixebi.

iezidebis religiis ZiriTadi literaturuli wyaroebia: `gamocxadebis wigni~

(`ejilva~) da `Savi wigni~ (`masxavi raSi~). Tumca firebisa da Seixebis umravlesobas

rjuli da RvTismsaxurebis wesebi ara wignebiT, aramed zepirmetyvelebis gziT

aqvs SeTvisebuli. TiToeul ojaxs Tavisi firi da Seixi hyavs. sakulto nagebobebi,

Seix adis taZrisa da misi saflavis garda (erayi, laleSi), iezidebs ara aqvs.

saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi qurT-iezidebi 1875 wlis axlo xans TurqeTidan gad-

mosaxldnen, meore nakadi ki 1917-1918 wlebSi Semovida. saqarTveloSi maTi ricxvi

dRes 30000-s aRwevs. aqvT saTvistomo da kulturis centri.


vedebi, brahmanizmi da induizmi

induizmi Camoyalibda indoeTis naxevarkunZulze. mas sinkretul religias uwo-

deben, radgan fiqroben, rom igi Seiqmna iranul-siriuli da indoeTis adgilobrivi

kultebis Serwymis Sedegad. aborigenebis Zveli religia Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi

cnobilia vedebis saxeliT. igi iyo poliTeisturi, magram, arielTa zegavleniTa

Tu Sinagani potenciis wyalobiT, Z.w. I I -I aTaswleulebis mijnaze monoTeizmSi

gadaizarda, Tumca mravalRmerTianobis elementebi SeinarCuna. TandaTan gamoik-

veTa brahmas kultis primati da, Sesabamisad, _ brahmanizmi, romlis wiaRSic, erTi

mxriv, warmoiqmna damoukidebeli konfesia _ budizmi, xolo, ganviTarebisa da

srulyofis momdevno etapze (a.w. VI-V I I ss-Si), _ rTuli religiuri sistema, romelic

dRes induizmis anu hindumatas, hindusamaias, hindu dharmas saxeliTaa

cnobili. amdenad, vedebi da brahmanizmi induizmis wina safexurebia.

indoelTa fuZe religia moicavda magiasa da msxverplSewirvas, mravalricxovan

legendebs, miTebs sxvadasxva RmerTze, ritualebs, locvebsa da sagaloblebs,

romelTac TandaTan iwerdnen. ase Seiqmna veda, rac sanskritze codnas niSnavs.

veda induri literaturis uZvelesi Zeglia. igi aerTianebs sakulto-saRvTis-

metyvelo literaturas, umTavresad _ himnebis krebulebs. amitomac ixmareba

forma _ vedebi. esaa qvemodasaxelebuli wignebis erToblioba:

1. oTxi veda, sxvagvarad _ samhita: a) yvelaze arqauli da mniSvnelovania rig-

veda (qebaTa codna). dawerilia sxvadasxva saleqso sazomiT da dayofilia 10 cik-

lad (mandalad). aqaa aTasze meti qeba anu himni RvTaebaTadmi. Sedgenilia daax.

3000 wlis winaT. qarTulad Targmnilia ori qeba _ `dasabami nivTTa~ da `cisa da

dedamiwisadmi (`armaRani~, Tb., 1965); b) samaveda (simReraTa veda. saman-simRera).

igi sainteresoa induri musikis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, radgan Seicavs sanoto

niSnebs; g) iajurveda (samsxverplo veda); msxverplSewirvis dros warmosaTqmeli

formulebi da locvaTa teqstebi, xSirad _ prozauli, romelsac komentarebis

saxe aqvs; mogvianebiT maTT daemata _ d) aTharvaveda: Seicavs magiur formulebs

da Selocvebs leqsad da proziT; gamoirCeva xalxuri xasiaTiT.

SedarebiT gvianaa Seqmnili:

2. brahmana (axsna); 3. araniaka (tyis wigni); 4. upaniSadebi (komentarebi)

da bolos, danarTis saxiT, 5. sutra (sityvasityviT: Zafi, samarTi, Targi).

pirveli oTxi _ samhita, brahmana, araniaka da upaniSadebi _ miCneulia RmerTis

_ brahmas _ sityvad, mis RvTaebriv gamocxadebad. maT ewodeba Sruti (mosmenili,

gagonili) sapirispirod sutrasi, romelic aris politikuri xasiaTis teqstebisa

da kanonTa krebuli.

vedebis gverdiT dgas `mahabharata~ (didi bharata), _ vrceli poema, romlis

fasi indoelTa sulieri kulturisaTvis ganuzomelia. amas cxadyofs indoeTis

respublikis saxeli hindi enaze _ bharata.


`mahabharata~ gvamcnobs istoriul, Zv.w. XI-X ss-is, ambavs _ ZalauflebisaTvis

brZolas bharatTa gvaris or Stos _ pandavebsa da kauravebs, e.i. pandusa da kurus

STamomavlebs Soris. es iyo sastiki omi, rasac auracxeli msxverpli mohyva. sis-

xlma daafiqra sazogadoeba da gaaRviva mSvidobisa da saTnoebis impulsi; Serige-

bis, patiebis, Sewyalebis, saRmrTo valis Segnebisa da gaTavisebis suliskveTeba,

rac aris ZiriTadi saTqmeli aRniSnuli Zeglisa zogadad da, kerZod, ramdenime

CarTuli epizodisa, romelTagan zogs damoukidebeli nawarmoebis saxe aqvs. ase-

Tebia: `ramaiana~, `bhagavatgita~, `savitri~ da sxva (samive Targmnilia qarTul

enaze da gamoqveynebulia komentarebiT).

Teologiur-filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT gamoirCeva `bhagavatgita~, romelSic

warmodgenilia meetlisa da sardlis _ kriSnasa da arjunas _ dialogi. kriSna

RmerTia, movlenili dedamiwaze pandavebis naTesavad, megobrad da samxedro mrCev-

lad, maTi gamarjvebis sawindrad. amkobs epiTetebi: brZeni damrigebeli, meomari,

borot sulTa dammarcxebeli, RvTaebrivi mwyemsi. legendebi mis siyvarulze mwyem-

si gogonebisadmi uZvelesi droidan Sesulia indur literaturasa da xelovnebaSi.

misi sityva _ `bhagavatgita~ (RvTaebrivi simRera) _ filosofiuri poeziis Sedev-

ria msoflio masStabiT.

ganxilul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT Seiqmna saRvTismetyvelo-filosofiuri

traqtatebi, rasac, Cveulebriv, vedebs urTavdnen. aqedan warmodga saxelwodeba

vedanta, rac sanskritze niSnavs `vedas dasasruls~. amave saxeliT cnobilia ag-

reTve indusTa eqvsi mTavari skolidan erT-erTi, romelsac Semajamebeli saxe

hqonda, radgan iq yvealaze safuZvlianad damuSavda aRniSnuli religiis sakiT-

xebi. am skolis mier Camoyalibebuli moZRvreba, saxeldebuli vedantad, iTvle-

boda da iTvleba induizmis orTodoqsul mimarTulebad. mas uwodeben `mimanzas~

(gulmodgined gamokvleuls) da aRiareben avtoritetad. misi Seqmnis zusti Ta-

riRi cnobili araa. es unda momxdariyo budas Semdeg, radgan uZveles vedantur

ZeglSi `brahma-sutra~ gvxvdeba polemika budistebTan garesamyaros realurobis

Taobaze.

vedanta, rogorc filosofiur-Teologiuri sistema, aris vedas Teoria. aqedan

gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, _ vedanta aris induizmis `codnis wyaro~, misi Teo-

logiis jami, vedebSi warmodgenili sibrZnis mecnierul enaze gadmocema, srulyo-

faSi moyvana. udides warmomadgenlebad iTvlebian badaraiana da Sankara (anu

Sankara aCaria). ukanaskneli cxovrobda daax. V I I I s-Si q.S.

vedanta gvamcnobs (vsargeblobT vladimer soloviovis statiiT brokhauz-ef-

ronis enciklopediidan):

WeSmariti moZRvrebisa da msaxurebis, e.i. religiis, safuZvelTa safuZvelia

gamocxadeba (Sruti), da gadmocema (smriti). gamocxadeba, razec mivaniSnebdiT,

daunjebulia vedebSi. maSasadame, veda, maRali azriT, Seqmnilia qveynis uwinares


(yuranis msgavsad) uzenaesi arsis mier. istoriul xanaSi igi mxolod Caiweres wmida

da brZenma kacebma. maTve SeTxzes misi pirveli komentarebi _ upaniSadebi, rom-

lebic cnobilia vedas filosofiur nawilad da warmoadgens xids vedasa da ve-

dantas Soris. gamocxadebis sadari avtoritetiTaa Semosili saRmrTo gadmocema,

razec agebulia manu ~samarTlis wigni) da mahabharata, metadre _ misi Teosofi-

uri epizodi hagavatgita. gadmocema emsaxureba gamocxadebis Semecnebasa da Sev-

sebas, mis ukeT gagebas (aq sruli analogiaa qristianul saRmrTo werilsa da saRm-

rTo gadmocemasTan).

Tumca gamocxadebuli sibrZne daunjebulia vedebSi, marTebuli Semecnebis

misaRwevad sakmarisi rodia saRmrTo werilis swavla. saWiroa winapirobebi:

1) maradisobisa da wuTisoflis erTmaneTisagan garCeva; 2) garegan jildosa Tu

gasamrjeloze uaris Tqma saaqaosa da saiqioSi; 3) e.w. eqvsi niWis anu talantis,

gnebavT _ saxsris floba: sulieri simSvide, zomiereba, gandegiloba, moTmineba,

gulisxmiereba, rwmena; 4) swrafva xsnisaken.

marTebuli Semecnebis meoxebiT veziarebiT adamianTa da RvTaebaTa uzenaes

ideals _ WeSmaritebas, romelic gamoiTqmis sami formuliT: 1) arsebobs is, mxolod

erTi, _ sxvis gareSe; 2) esaa _ Sen; 3) me Tavad var brahma. ai, indusTa rwmenisa da

filosofiis reziume, romelic gvamcnobs: xiluli da araxiluli samyaro,

mikrokosmosi da makrokosmosi arsobrivad erTi da igive realoba. ufro zustad

_ erTi sinamdvilis ori gamovlineba. maTi urTierTmimarTeba ase gamoiTqmis: es

qveyana da aqauri feradovneba aris maia, iluzia. misi xilva da gancda `uvicobis~

(avidias) Sedegia. vinc ganikurneba uvicobisagan, Tvals gausworebs WeSmaritebas:.

WeSmaritebis mecani ki yvelgan da yvelaferSi Wvrets erTs, radgan misi suli (atmana)

aris msoflio sulis anu umaRlesi RvTaebis (parama-atmanas) nawili, xolo mizani

_ masTan erTyofa, samadhi, romelic iTargmneba `danTqmad~ (igulisxmeba _ uflis

wiaRSi damkvidreba). rac metad aRwevs Tavs pirovneba maias (moCvenebiT sinamdviles),

miT metad erwymis uzenaes arss, romlis mTavari saxelia brahma.

brahma aris samyaros suli, romlisganac Sedgeba yoveli da romelic yvelgan

sufevs realurad da arsobrivad. igi gvauwyebs: `me var dauSreteli Tesli yove-

live arsebulisa. me var sinaTle, nayofTa sitkbo, yvavilTa surneli, mamakacTa

sicocxlis Zala, brZenTa codna, guladTa Zalgulovneba, mistikosTa aRmafrena,

TavSekavebis unari asketTa~. brahma ixilveba yovel saganSi, wuTisoflis nebismier

movlenaSi: qvaSi, xeSi, cxovelSi, cxadia _ adamianSi, qarsa Tu mzeSi, omsa Tu

qorwilSi. aqedan gamomdinareobs misi epiTetebisa da simboloebis simravle. me-

tadre _ sakulto xelovnebis Tavisebureba, indusTa taZrebis mravalgamosaxu-

lebiani bareliefebi. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom iq uamravi RmerTia, magram Tevzebis,

gvelebis, yvavilebisa da sxvaTa saxiT morwmune Tayvans scems brahmas, romelmac

miiRo es droebiTi da iluziuri formebi. amdenad, brahma samyaroSia da samyaro


brahmaSi. esaa panTeisturi Tvalsazrisi, rasac efuZneba indusTa kosmologia.

erT-erT wignSi naTqvamia: ~brahmas Tavi cas ebjineba, misi Tvalebi mze da mTvarea,

misi sunTqva qaria da dedamiwa _ misi saZirkveli~.

brahma marto ar aris: sufevs or TanaarsTan _ viSnus (vedebis mixedviT, rud-

rasa) da SivasTan - erTad. esaa trimurti, rac erTarseba-samebis qristianul dog-

mats mogvagonebs.

trimurti sanskritze niSnavs samsaxovnebas, samgvamovnebas, triadas (tri _ sami,

murti _ saxe, xati, sxeuli). am terminiT aRiniSneba sami RmerTis _ brahmas, viSnus

(igive rudras) da Sivas _ erTianoba, erTeba. e.i. trimurti aris erTi da igive

RvTaebis sami gamovlineba, sami sxvadasxva forma, sami gvami. mahabharatas dama-

tebaSi _ garivanSaSi _ vkiTxulobT: `is, vinc aris viSnu, aris imavdroulad Siva;

is, vinc aris Siva, aris brahma. arsebiT erTia, magram sami RmerTia: Siva, viSnu,

brahma~. trimurti aerTianebs sam kosmiur princips _ Semoqmedebas, ngrevas da

SenarCunebas: Semoqmedia brahma, damangreveli _ Siva. xolo mcveli anu SemanarCu-

nebeli _ viSnu. samive arsebobs erT RvTaebaSi da TiToeuli _ samebaSi.

trimurts gamosaxavdnen samTavian arsebad: SuaSi brahma, marjvniv viSnu da mar-

cxniv Siva.

specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom Sua saukuneebSi trimurtis idea

TandaTan dakninda. brahmas saxeli TiTqmis mTlianad daiviwyes. samebis danarCeni

wevrebi ki _ Siva da viSnu _ calcalke aRzevdnen uzenaesi RvTaebis rangamde.

maTgan TiToeuls Tayvanismcemlebi gamouCndnen ramdenadme gansxvavebuli kult-

msaxurebiT: indusebi gaiyvnen. ase Camoyalibda ori mimarTuleba: Sivaizmi da viS-

nuizmi, Tumca maT Soris arsebiTi sxvaoba araa da antagonizmic ar SeimCneva. aRsa-

niSnavia isic, rom indoTa sityvierebasa Tu saxviT xelovnebaSi vxvdebiT araerT

Teonims, _ RvTis saxelsa Tu saxes. esenia RmerTebi da naxevarRmerTebi: indra

(cisa da amindis mmarTveli, Zlevisa da gamarjvebis wyaro), iama (sikvdilisa da

suleTis meufe), suria (mzis RvTaeba), soma (mTvarisa), varuna (wyalTa mflobeli),

kuvera (simdidrisa), maruti (qarisa) da sxva. gansakuTrebiT _ kriSna (viSnus mecxre

xorcSesxma anu inkarnacia; mwyemsi, mwyemsebis mfarveli) da rama (mefeTa ideali,

viSnus ukanaskneli gardasaxva dedamiwaze). maTi ricxvi, erTi wyaros mixedviT,

udris ocdacamets (`ramaiana~, Tb., 1951, gv. 20). aq TiTqos saqme gvaqvs poliTeizm-

Tan. sinamdvileSi ki TiToeuli aris an viSnus, an Sivas inkarnacia TavTavianTi

funqciis mixedviT. ukanasknelni _ viSnu da Siva arian kosmiuri erTis _ brahmas,

yovlis mizezisa da miznis, sawyisTa sawyisis, Semoqmedis ori sxeuli, ori piri,

ori atributi, ori Zala: SemanarCunebeli da damangreveli. maTi erTadyofna da

Tanadgoma aris samyaros maradiulobis, sikvdil-sicocxlis monacvleobis safuZ-

veli. vuxmobT ra zemoCamoTvlilTagan romelimes, vukavSirdebiT uzenaes erTs,

romelmac Seqmna yovelive cisqveSeTsa Tu zesTasofelSi.


kosmiuri Sesaqme `rigvedaSi~ aRwerilia ase (Targmani g. axvledianis. _ `arma-

Rani~, Tb., 1965, gv.9):

`mas Sina ara iyo ra: arc yofna da arc aryofna.

ar iyo sivrce, arc saaqao, arc saiqio...

riT ifarvoda yovelive, an ra iZvroda?

vin flobda wyals da ufskrul siRrmeT?

ar iyo maSin arc sikvdili da arc sicocxle.

ar iyo maSin dRisa da Ramis sxvadasxvaoba.

mxolod sunTqavda TavisTavad erTi, urxevi...

arara iyo Tvinier misa...

maSin pirvelad gaCnda survili,

pirveli Tesli azrovnebisa...

vin uwyis namdvil, vis ZaluZs axsna,

viTarmed iSva qmnileba igi?

RmerTni qmnilebis aqeT arian,

vin ityvis, viT warmoiqmnen TviTon igini~?

maSasadame, Tavdapirveli erTis, `TavisTavad msunTqavi da urxevi~ arsebis sur-

vilisamebr Seiqmna araxiluli da xiluli samyaro.

xiluli samyaro arsebiT aseTia: qmnilebebi daxarisxebulni arian zeaRmavali

kibis msgavsad. RmerTi wuTisoflis yovel saganSi sufevs sxvadasxva doziT, yve-

laze metad ki _ adamianSi. amitomac iTvleba pirovnebis, individis, e.i. `mes~ suli

uzenaesi arsis _ RmerTis _ nawilad, mis anasxletad. aqedan cxadia yoveli suld-

gmulis ideali _ ganicados samadhi da daubrundes pirvel sawyiss. es martivad

ar xdeba: uzenaesTan misaaxleblad suls momzadeba sWirdeba. man unda gaiaros

ganwmendisa da gaumjobesebis vrceli gza. amisaTvis erTjer dabadeba ar kmara.

pirovneba dedamiwas evlineba sxvadasxva dros da aRniSnuli gzac ramdenime cxov-

rebis jaWvisagan Sedgeba. amas gvauwyebs moZRvreba karmasa da samsaraze. esaa

metemfsiqozi anu reinkarnacia. e.i. xelaxali gansxeulebis, sulebis gardasaxvis

rwmena da Teoria.

karma sityvasityviT niSnavs `saqmes~, `moqmedebas~, iTargmneba `misagebelad~,

`sazRaurad~, `sanacvlod~, SeiZleba gaviziaroT `bedadac~. religiuri aspeqtiT

karma aris keTili da boroti saqmeebis jami, rasac wuTisoflis stumari yovel

nabijze daatarebs rogorc tvirTs JamiTiJamad Cadenili codvebisa Tu momuSake-

buli madlis mixedviT. karmazea damokidebuli adamianis bedi, misi momavali. ami-

tomac, bunebrivia, adamiani cdilobs piradi karmis gaumjobesebas, tvirTis Semsu-

buqebas. bolos ki _ uRlis, e.i. karmis Tavidan moSorebas, mospobas, radgan igi

qveezideba suls da atyvevebs dedamiwaze.

karma aris mizezi imisa, rom adamiani daqvemdebarebulia samsaras (gamoiTqmis


`sansarad~). es sityva sanskritze niSnavs `mogzaurobas~. mocemul SemTxvevaSi _

sulis mogzaurobas sxeulidan sxeulSi, arsebidan arsebaSi. e.i. samsara aris axal-

axal dabadebaTa, axal-axal gardasaxvaTa, gansxeulebaTa wrebrunva.

riT SeiZleba davaRwioT Tavi samsaras? _ wuTisoflis ukeTurebaTa daTrgun-

viT, ganwmendiT, ganspetakebiT da amaRlebiT SevZlebT reinkarnaciis jaWvis gaw-

yvetas da msoflio sulTan miaxlebas, mis wiaRSi danTqmas _ samadhis. arsebaTagan

am idealis srulyofa mxolod adamians, zeaRmavali kibis umaRles safexurze

mdgoms, ZaluZs. amasTanave _ ara yvelas, aramed _ brahmanT, Tanac Rirseul brahmanT.

vin arian brahmanebi?

indusTa rwmeniT, RmerTebma sazogadoeba dayves varnebad, anu, evropuli ter-

miniT _ kastebad. `varna~ niSnavs fers.

kacobrioba Sedgeba oTxi feris anu varnisagan: brahmanebis, qSatriebis, va-

iSiebis da Sudrebisagan. maTgan TiToeuls sakuTari funqcia, Rirseba da warmo-

mavloba aqvs. amis Taobaze vedebSi naTqvamia (ix. `savitri~, Sesavali, Targmani da

komentarebi e. aleqsiZisa, Tb., 1986, gv. 5). brahmanebi Seiqmnen brahmas bageTagan,

qSatriebi _ xelebisagan, vaiSiebi _ TeZoebisagan da Sudrebi _ fexis terfebisagan.

ase rom, umaRlesi fena brahmanTa varnaa. is emsaxureba RmerTebs. misi wevrebi

arian wminda gonebisa da saqmis erTgulni. maTi niSania sattva _ wmida saqme,

sulieri siwmide, xolo simbolo _ TeTri feri; qSatriebi meomarTa klasia,

romelTac agreTve miekuTvnebian mefeebi (rajebi) da sefekacebi. maTi niSania

rajas _ gzneba, vneba, swrafva, feri _ wiTeli; vaiSiebi saSualo fenis warmomad-

genlebi arian _ xelosnebi, miwaTmoqmedni, mejogeebi da vaWrebi. am varnaSi are-

ulia brahmanebisa da qSatriebis niSnebi da maTi feric yviTelia (wiTelisa da

TeTris narevi ZvelindoelTa warmodgeniT); uqvemoesi kastaa Sudrebi _ mojamagi-

reni, romelTa feri aris Savi, _ sibnelis, umecrebis, tamasis (prakritis, e.i. bu-

nebis umdablesi Tvisebis) simbolo.

varna STamomavlobiTi institutia: adamiani, dabadebuli romelime varnaSi, rCe-

ba am varnis warmomadgenlad sicocxlis bolomde. Tu romel varnad unda moev-

linos dedamiwas konkretuli suli, ganapirobebs winare cxovrebaSi Cadenili saq-

meebis Sedegi, e.i. karma. vinc wesier, RvTismosawon cxovrebas eweva, Semdegi gans-

xeuleba umaRles varnaSi aResruleba. xolo uRirsi _ mdabali adamiani qvemo rangs

daubrundeba, anda sulac cxovelad an Wiad moevlineba qveyanas.

iTvleba, rom varnebis rwmena sazogadoebaSi amyarebs Tanxmobasa da wesrigs,

radgan moqalaqeebs morCilebasa da pasuxismgeblobas STaagonebs. am cnebebzea

dafuZnebuli dharmis principi, rac indusTa eTikis amosavali wertilia. dharma

aris samarTlianobis principi da Sesabamisad: misi wesi, kanoni, adaTi, movaleoba,

zne da Cveuleba dharmad iwodeba, rac niSnavs agreTve umaRles WeSmaritebas. ku-

rus veli _ kuruqSetra, sadac gaimarTa zemoxsenebuli brZola, gaazrebulia


dharmis, e.i. Rirsebis, movaleobisa da kanonis velad. sardal arjunas anu, Tar-

gmanebiT, _ `naTels~, `dilis riJraJs~, aRar surs omi, radgan mowinaaRmdegeTa

banakSi Tvis sisxlsa da xorcs xedavs: biZaSvilebs, megobrebsa da maswavleblebs.

meetle kriSna anu `Savi~, romelic RvTaeba viSnus inkarnacia e.i. RmerTia xorc-

Sesxmuli, amcnobs mas saRmrTo velis _ dharmis _ aRsrulebis aucileblobas. omi

gardauvalia, radgan problemis mSvidobianad mogvarebis yvela saSualeba amo-

iwura: kauravebis jiutobas da Tavxedobas sazRvari aRar aqvs. amis gamo RmerTi

TvalSeudgami kanonierebis safuZvelze aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi akurTxebs Zalis

demonstracias da kacTmoyvareobis motiviT xmaldaSvebuli raindic kvlav aRig-

zneba, aRiWurveba da gairjeba diaxac rom erisa da moyvasis sakeTildReod, boro-

tebis daTrgunvisa da sikeTis ZlevamosilebisaTvis, urCTa moTvinierebisa da da-

fiqrebisaTvis, yvelgan da yvelaferSi dharmis danergvisaTvis.

ama qveynis moqalaqeobrivi asparezic dharmis velad moiazreba. TiToeul

pirovnebas sakuTari dharma akisria im kastis Sesabamisad, romelSic iSva. yvelam

unda moixados vali RvTisa da kacis winaSe, _ gaumjobesdes zneobrivad da daicvas

rjuli.

indusTa RvTismsaxurebi iwodebian qurumebad an brahmanebad. Temis winamZ-

Rvari da maswavlebelia guru. wuTisoflis xmaurs gandegil-ganmxoloebuli mor-

wmuneebi, e.i. berebi da monazvnebi, cxovroben aSramebSi (monastrebSi), romlebsac

qalaqis an soflis gareT, ufro xSirad _ tyeebSi ageben. cnobilia moxetiale

RvTismsaxurebis anu, Cveneburad, mwirmonazvnebis institutic. bevr sakulto wess

ojaxis ufrosi asrulebs saojaxo sakurTxevlis winaSe.

indusTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia animizmi, winaparTa kulti, fetiSizmi, magia. Tay-

vans scemen wmida mTebs, mdinareebs (gansakuTrebiT _ gangis), mcenareebs (mag.

lotoss), cxovelebs (maimuns, spilos, gvels, metadre _ Zroxas).

amboben, rom gamoirCevian rjulSemwynareblobiT. Tumca religiuri Sexla-

Setakebebi arc maTTvisaa ucxo. gansakuTrebiT bolo dros _ siqebTan, ramac

mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba indoeTis istoriis samarcxvino furceli: premier-

ministris, indira gandis mkvleloba.

indusTa saerTo ricxvi 2000 wlis monacemebiT 859 milionamde aRwevs.

siqizmi induizmis ganayofi konfesiaa (budizmis msgavsad). aRmocenda penjabSi

saprotesto-reformatoruli moZraobis Sedegad, romelic mimdinareobda XV-XVI

ss-Si guru nanakis meTaurobiT (termini warmodgeba sityvisagan siq, rac hindi

enaze mowafes niSnavs). misi arsebiTi niSnebia: mkveTri monoTeizmi, varnebis

uaryofa, socialuri Tanasworoba, gamartivebuli kultmsaxureba, gansakuTrebu-

li tansacmeli da moSvebuli wveri. aRiarebs indoeTis mosaxleobis 1,8%. mcire

mrevli afrikaSic hyavs, saerTo ricxvi daaxloebiT 10,4 milionia.


budizmi

budizmi gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT aziaSi, magram mimdevarni TiTqmis yvela

kontinentze hyavs. warmoiSva Zv.w. VI-V ss-Si CrdiloeT indoeTSi. misTvis niSandob-

livia Zveli da Semdgomdroindeli sinkretizacia sxvadasxva sistemasTan _ brah-

manizm-induizmTan, daoizmTan, ZenizmTan da a.S., ris gamoc budizmis Tavdapirveli

saxe advilad gaiTqvifa adgilobriv kultebSi. ukanasknelT ki, Tavis mxriv, axa-

li gezi da orientacia misca. ase moxda imitom, rom budizms, rogorc sistemas,

ar axasiaTebs monoliTuroba, dogmatizmi. ar gaaCnia wes-gangebis dadgenili saxe

anu tibikoni. visac budistur qveynebSi umogzauria, ambobs, rom aramcTu olqebsa

da qalaqebs, aramed soflebsa da ubnebsac ki erTmaneTisagan SesamCnevad gansxvave-

buli kultmsaxurebis tradicia aqvs. ase rom, es religia, dRidan daarsebisa, ga-

nicdis cvalebadobas da Cvens droSi warmodgenilia nairgvari formiT. miuxedavad

amisa, mas aqvs ZiriTadi da ucvalebeli ideebic. maTgan umTavresia xsnis idea da

misi realizaciis specifikuri gza.

budizms zogjer aTeistur religias uwodeben da arcTu usafuZvlod. budis-

tebisaTvis ucxoa pirovnuli RmerTis rwmena. maTi religia arc monoTeisturia,

arc poliTeisturi da arc panTeisteri. isini yuradRebas ar amaxvileben samyaros

Semqmnelis, mfarvelisa da ganmgeblis Sesaxeb. RmerTi, maTi gagebiT, ganusazRvre-

lobaa, okeanea, saidanac gamosxlta adamiani da sadac unda dabrundes misiis aRs-

rulebis Semdeg. bunebrivia, aseT RmerTs _ nebis, fiqrisa da survilis armqone

arsebas (ufro sworad, ararsebobas) _ ver vigulvebT mxsnelad. gza xsnisa pirov-

nebam TviTon unda moZebnos. esaa cxovreba budas moZRvrebis kvaldakval.

buda cxovrobda VI s-Si qristemde. igi iyo indoeTis erT-erTi tomis, Sakiebis,

ufliswuli, gautamas gvaridan. misma dedam _ maiam (maha-maiam `didma maiam~) Svilis

dabadebamde sizmarSi TeTri spilo ixila, romelic ferdSi Seuvida. sidhartac,

ase daarqves bavSvs, dedis ferdidan daibada. deda ki gardaicvala. saswaulebrivi

Soba damaxasiaTebelia gansakuTrebuli momavlisa da daniSnulebis pirovnebisaT-

vis. aseTi iyo sidharta, rac niSnavs `mowodebis aRmsrulebels~. mogvebmac uwinas-

warmetyveles mamas: Seni Svili mefe gaxdeba, oRond ara ama qveynisao. mSobeli, amis

gamgone, daizafra, radgan ar surda, rom memkvidre religiur moRvaweobas Sed-

gomoda da amqveyniur didebaze uari eTqva. igi Svils fufunebaSi _ sagangebod

mowyobil sasaxlesa da baRnarSi zrdida, garesamyarosagan izolirebiT; cdilob-

da, momaval mefes cxovrebis Wirvarami da Crdilovani mxareebi ar exila, wuTisof-

lis xmaurs mis yuramde ar mieRwia, rom misgan ganSorebis survili ar gasCenoda.

miuxedavad amisa, sidharta Tavs bednierad ver grZnobda. xSirad ganmartovdebo-

da, dajdeboda sadme kunWulSi da miecemoda fiqrebs. mamas ar eama es faqti. ifiq-

ra: Svili gandegilad ar wavideso da saswrafod SerTo mSvenieri asuli _ iasidori.

magram moxda sabediswero ram: 29 wlis iyo ufliswuli, roca ineba da msaxurTan


erTad sra-sasaxlis galavans gadaabija. sidhartam oTxi `siaxle~ ixila, ramac

SeZra igi da Secvala misi cxovreba. mas jer sazarlad dawylulebuli, sneuli

adamiani Semoeyara, mere ki _ welSi moxrili, Rrmad moxuci kaci; naxa Sromisagan

ilajgawyvetili, mSieri da daglaxakebuli arseba; waawyda samgloviaro procesias,

da bolos dainaxa mZime fiqrebSi Caflul-CaZiruli moxetiale gandegili.

hkiTxa msaxurs mixrwnil moxucze: nuTu aseTi daibadao? _ ara, is iseTive

axalgazrda da ayvavebuli iyo, rogorc Sen; mere bevria magisTanao? _ bevri, Cemo

xelmwifev, aseTia cxovrebis kanoni, yvelani unda davberdeTo; meco? _ diax, Cemo

xelmwifev, Senc!

... da ufliswulma imave RamiT datova sasaxle, axalgazrda coli, ToTo vaJi da

ganmxolovda sazogadoebisagan; iwyo fiqri, Tu rogor unda daexsna Tavi adamians

borotebisa da satanjvelisagan. Svidi wlis manZilze sidharta gautama amaod

Trgunavda xorcs, amaod gvemda sakuTar sxeuls, raTa gamoesyida Tavisi uzrunve-

li da fufunebiani cxovreba sasaxleSi; amaod ukirkitebda wmida wignebs am wuTi-

soflis saidumlos amosaxsnelad. ase uSedegod grZeldeboda TviTgvema...

da, ai, erTi mdinaris napiras, bodhis xis Ziras, igi gasxivosnda: gamoecxada oT-

xi WeSmariteba. aq daerqva mas budha (`gasxivosnebuli~). misi pirveli zraxva iyo

xalxisaTivis gaecxadebina es WeSmaritebani, rogorc wamali tanjvisa. magram bo-

roti suli, mara, SeuCnda mas da yovelmxriv _ aTasgvari xiblebiT, muqarebiT,

daSinebebiT _ cdilobda aeZulebina sidharta ufliswulyofili, aw ukve budha

anu `gasxivosnebuli~, uari eTqva am ganzraxvaze, im mowodebaze, risTvisac moev-

lina igi wuTisofels. budam daZlia cTunebani da SiSebi, avsulisagan movlenili,

da Tavisi moZRvrebis qadagebas Seudga (gavixsenoT maTes saxarebidan, rogor ga-

moscdida eSmaki iesos udabnoSi ormoc dRes, raTa daebrkolebina igi). misi pirve-

li msmenelebi iyvnen xuTi adamiani da ori iremi. qadageba ase daiwyo: `bWeni xsnisa

dae gancxaddes suyvelasaTvis! adamianebo, ganixveniT yurni Tqveni da mismineT me:

gza xsnisa napovnia! me gmoZRvravT Tqven da, Tu Cemi swavlis Tanaxmad icxovrebT,

miiRebT imas, ris gulisTvisac keTilSobilni Wabukni toveben samSoblos da midian

ucxo qveynebSi gasanaTleblad. Tqven pirispir ixilavT WeSmaritebas~.

WeSmariteba aris oTxi:

1. arsebobs tanjva. yvelaferi tanjvaa wuTisofelSi. mTeli sicocxle gadis

moralur, sulier an fizikur tanjvaSi. dabadeba aris tanjva, sneuleba aris tan-

jva, siyvaruli aris tanjva, siyvarulis saganTan ganSoreba aris tanjva, siyvaru-

lis vermixvdoma aris tanjva, sibere, sikvdili aris tanjva...

2. arsebobs tanjvis mizezi. es aris wyurvili yofnisa, arsebobisa, sicocxlisa,

rasac adamiani mihyavs dabadebidan dabadebisken. tanjvas iwvevs survilebi, vne-

bebi, swrafvani survilTa dasakmayofileblad da sxva.

3. arsebobs gankurneba: gaTavisufleba yoveli survilisgan.


4. arsebobs gza gankurnebisa da xsnisa, romelic rva safexurisgan, bilikisagan

Sedgeba: a) marTali sarwmunoeba anu rwmena, rom sicocxle tanjvaa; b) marTali

ganzraxva, raTa moviqceT am oTxi WeSmaritebis Sesabamisad; g) marTali sityva

anu marTali ganzraxvis gamoxatva marTali sityviT; d) marTali saqme anu marTali

qceva, rogorc marTali sityvis realizacia, raTa erTi iyos sityva da saqme im

oTxi WeSmaritebis Sesatyvisad; e) marTali cxovreba: aravis avno, ar miayeno ziani

cocxal arsebas; v) marTali swrafva: miswrafebani, tendenciebi im oTxi WeSmari-

tebis kvaldakval; z) marTali mexsiereba: adamians sulmudam unda axsovdes, Tu

kidev ra rCeba gaukeTebeli WeSmariti cxovrebis gzaze; c) marTali TviTdaunjeba:

mexsierebaSi, xsovnaSi aRar unda inaxebodes miwieri cxovrebis STabeWdilebebi,

radgan miwieri cxovreba iluziaa.

tanjvaTa mospobis gza moicavs agreTve xuT mcnebas: 1. ar mokla arc erTi kaci,

arc erTi cxoveli, arc erTi cocxali arseba; 2. ar moiparo; 3. ar imruSo; 4. ar

icruo; 5. ar iloTo!

mxolod aRniSnul WeSmaritebaTa da mcnebaTa meoxebiT aRwevs adamiani nirvanas.

nirvana aris sruli simSvide: ara sicocxle, ara sikvdili, aramed _ Taviseburi

yofna, ufro _ zeyofna, roca yoveli SegrZneba nulovan wertilSia moqceuli.

pirveli mokvdavTagan, vinc miaRwia nirvanas, iyo buda, romelic ise ar momkvda-

ra, rogorc mokvdavni kvdebian. ormoci wlis xetialisa da WeSmaritebaTa qadage-

bis Semdeg, oTxmocdaxuTi wlis asakSi, igi wavida nirvanaSi, rasac budistebi amgva-

rad saxeldeben: maha-pari-nirvana anu `didi gadasvla nirvanaSi~. gadmocemiT,

budas ase miumarTavs Tavisi mowafeebisTvis: `axla ki, berebo, mets verafers get-

yviT, garda imisa, rom yoveli qmnileba dasaRupavad aris ganwiruli. mTeli Za-

liT eswrafeT xsnas~.

xsna swored nirvanaSia. iq wyvets moqmedebas karmisa da samsaris kanoni. gavixse-

noT: imis mixedviT, Tu ras iqmoda pirovneba saaqaoSi, ganisazRvreba momavali.

zneobrivi cxovrebis xarisxi ganapirobebs xelaxali dabadebis saxes. Cven, winare

cxovrebaSi mopovebuli madlis kvaldakval, SeiZleba davibadoT mcenared, cxo-

velad, umaRlesi an umdablesi kastis adamianad. ideali ki dabadeba-sikvdilTa

ciklidan gasvla da nirvanas miRweva, e.i. budad (`gaRviZebulad~, `gasxivosnebu-

lad~) gardasaxvaa.

ismis kiTxva: yvelas SeuZlia nirvanaSi gadasvla, misi miRweva? am sakiTxSi

budistebi gayofili arian or did Stod. esenia: 1. hinaiana anu `viwro gza xsnisa~

(`viwro etli~), romlis Tanaxmad yvela ver miaRwevs nirvanas, mas mxolod rCeulni

miaRweven da 2. mahaiana anu `farTe gza xsnisa~ (`farTo etli~), romelic aRiarebs

or princips: a) yvela adamians SeuZlia nirvanas miRweva anu budad qceva, radgan

yvela adamianSia erTgvari kosmiuri substancia – buddhata da b) arseboben bod-

hisatvebi, romlebic nebasyoflobiT gadadeben nirvanaSi gadasvlas, raTa


wuTisofelSi darCeniT Semweoba gauwion sxvebs tanjvisgan xsnaSi, karmis gaumjo-

besebaSi, samsarisagan Tavis daRwevasa da, sabolood, nirvanis miRwevaSi. maTi es

aqti _ nirvanaze uaris Tqma sxvaTa gadasarCenad _ udides Tavganwirvad iTvleba.

nirvanas, cxadia, samsaris naskvis gaxsnis Semdeg veziarebiT. idealTan wuTiso-

felSi yvelaze axlos asketebi dganan. isini arian berebi, romlebmac ama qveynis

yvela cdunebaze gaimarjves da amaRldnen. berebi qmnian saZmos _ monasters _ da

deben aRTqmas, rom daicaven ara marto zemoCamoTvlili mcnebebs, rac eriskaceb-

sac moeTxovebaT, aramed _ danarCen xuTsac. esenia: 1. marxva (SuadRis Semdeg),

2. garToba-sanaxaobebze (cekvaze, simReraze, Teatrze) uaris Tqma; 3. morTva-

mokazmulobaze xelis aReba; 4. mdidruli sawolis uaryofa da 5. oqro-vercxlis

saCuqrad miReba.

budizmi pasuxs ar cems kiTxvaze, rogor warmoiSva samyaro. yvelaferi, rac

arsebobs, mudam arsebobda, yvelaferi mudmiv cvalebadobaSia. samyaro mxolod

iluziaa. erTaderTi realuri, WeSmariti arseboba aqvs nirvanas, riskenac unda

miiswrafodes adamiani.

budistebi mizanSewonilad ar Tvlian fiqrs imazec, Tu ra elis adamians sikv-

dilis Semdeg. maTi TqmiT, es Semecnebis wyurvilia, rac iwvevs tanjvas. unda vico-

deT erTi ram: Tavidan rom aviciloT gardasaxvaTa wrebrunva, vicxovroT bune-

basTan SeTanxmebiT. yvelaferSi saWiroa zomiereba. unda vimoqmedoT gonivrulad,

yovelTvis SevinarCunoT sulieri simSvide. unda SeveguoT, rom yovelive warma-

valia. Cveni erTaderTi sazrunavia: gaviumjobesoT karma, raTa momavalSi ufro

da ufro maRali registris arsebad movevlinoT wuTisofels. bolos ki _ vZlioT

igi, vZlioT samsara da miveaxloT nirvanas. buda gvaswavlis: `mwuxarebis samefoSi

nirvana ar arsebobs, nirvana mwuxarebis uaryofaa. me, gautama, zneobis TviTgaum-

jobesebas vwirav Cems Tavs, raTa umaRles zneobriv simSvides, nirvanas mivaRwio~.

budizmSi, qristes moZRvrebis msgavsad, uaryofilia borotebis winaaRmdeg

borotebiTve brZola, orivegan umaRlesi zneobrivi principia mtris siyvaruli

(`giyvardeT mterni Tqvenni~, maTe 5:44). budistur wignebSi vkiTxulobT: `vai imas,

vinc Zaladobas ZaladobiT ebrZvis!... mtroba arasodes mospobila mtrobiTve,

aramed siyvaruliT... nu gvZuls, visac vezizRebiT. moviklaT gulSi mtrobis

grZnoba... ganrisxeba sikeTiT daamarcxe, boroteba _ siqveliT~. sxvagan: `man

gamlanZRa, mcema, mtanja!... vinc ase hgodebs, mtrobis grZnoba daixSos gulSi,

radgan mtroba mtrobiTve ver moispoba. misi Zleva aramtrobiT Tu SeiZleba.

amgvari wesia ukunisidan~.

ra gziT davZlioT wuTisofeli?

erTi budisturi igavi gviambobs:

axalgazrda, lamaz da mdidar qals _ kasagotamis _ moulodnelad gardaecvala

mxolodSobili Ze. dedam fiqradac ar gaikara Cvilis sikvdili. mkerdze miikona


igi da kar-kar siaruls Seudga: avadaa balRi da wamali SemawieTo. mxolod buda

Tu giSveliso, _ uTxra erTma berma. sasowarkveTilmac ar daayovna... kargio, uTxra

budam, mxolod mdogvis marcvali momitane im ojaxidan, sadac aravin momkvdara.

kasagotami davalebis Sesrulebas Seudga, magram amaod, radgan yvela ojaxs hyavda

mkvdari: zogi Svils mistiroda, zogi ded-mamas, zogi megobars. pasuxic aseTi

iyo: cocxlebi cotani arian, mkvdrebi bevrio. maSin gaSuqda mSoblis goneba da

moiwminda cremli, radgan darwmunda, rom mkvdari iyo misi vaJi, godeba ki _ uqmi,

mwuxareba _ ugunureba. budamac uTxra: ugunurebaa giyvardes is, rac warmavalia,

rac Cvens xelT ar aris da rac sapnis burTiviT ikargeba... axalgazrda qalma Seigno

WeSmariti sicocxlis arsi.

marTalia budizmi indoeTSi warmoiSva, magram ufro farTo gavrceleba am qvey-

nis gareT hpova, gansakuTrebiT CineTSi, CineTis gziT ki iaponiaSi, koreaSi, Sore-

uli aRmosavleTis bevr sxva qveyanaSi. budizmis Zlieri kera arsebobda tibetSi,

sadac tibetur enaze Seiqmna umdidresi budisturi literatura. tibetis gavle-

niT budizmi monRolebs Sorisac gavrcelda. am moZRvrebiT dainteresebuli arian

Tanamedrove anTroposofebi. maTi Teoria ZiriTadad efuZneba rwmenas karmasa

da samsaraze.

budistebis saerTo ricxvi dRes 359 milions aRwevs.

`kriSnas cnobiereba~

XX s-is 60-ian wlebSi amerikisa da evropis mraval qveyanaSi gavrcelda religiur-

Teosofiuri sistema, romlis mimdevarni kriSnaitebad an vaiSnavebad iwodebian.

maTi konfesiis istoria aseTia.

indoeTSi gurum mowafes, profesiiT qarxnis menejers, uTxra: wadi amerikaSi

da iq indusTa RmerTis _ kriSnas _ moZRvreba, konkretulad, _ ufal Caitanias

epistole gaavrceleo.

davaleba Sesrulda.

guru Sriala bhaqtisiddhanta sarasvati gosvami maharaja prabhupada iyo,

SemoklebiT sarasvati gosvami, indoeTSi cnobili mecnieri da mravali veduri

institutis damaarsebeli.

mowafe _ bhaqtivedanta svami prabhupada, kriSnas cnobierebis saerTaSoriso

sazogadoebis Semqmneli _ aCaria.

svami prabhupada daibada kalkutaSi 1896 wels. daamTavra adgilobrivi univer-

siteti, 1922 wels gaxda xsenebuli gurus mowafe da 1933 wels q. alahabadSi inici-

rebul (xeldasxmul) iqna brahmanad. guru `kriSnas cnobierebaze~ uambobda, prab-

hupda bejiTad Sromobda da dawera `bhagavadgitas~ komentarebi. 1950 wels man

Tavi daaneba samenejero saqmianobas, miatova coli, xuTi Svili da ganeSora yovel-


dRiurobas, raTa religiuri rudunebisaTvis Seewira sicocxle. dasaxlda wmida

qalaq vrindavanSi. eweoda samecniero da literaturul saqmianobas. 1965 wels

Cavida amerikaSi. iq man, indoeli wmindanis samoselSi gamowyobilma, yovelgvar

materialur saxsars moklebulma, daiwno kriSnas moZRvrebis qadageba. imedgacru-

ebuli, sapyari da narkomani xilxis didma nawilma mas mousmina. maT 1966 wlis

ivnisSi `kriSnas cnobierebis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~ daaarses, romelmac sa-

moRvaweo veli msoflio masStabiT gaafarTova.

prabhupadam 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi 14-jer Semouara msoflios. qadagebda da

leqciebs kiTxulobda. iyo moskovSic, sadac SeiZina TanamoazreTa jgufi. maT

1978-80 ww-Si organizaciebi Camoayalibes moskovSi, peterburgSi, kievSi, talinSi,

erevanSi, Tbilissa da soxumSi. Taosnobis iniciatorebi _ ricxviT 50 _ sabWoTa

kanonmdeblobiT gaasamarTles da dasajes. devna perestroikamde gagrZelda.

`kriSnas cnobierebis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~ daarsebis dRidanve amerikasa

da evropaSi intensiur muSaobas Seudga. daaarsa asobiT taZari, aSrami da skola.

maT Sorisaa aRniSnuli sazogadoebis Tbilisis filiali _ veduri kulturis

centri, romelic 1986 wels Seiqmna (registrirebulia 1992 wlidan). mas aqvs aSrami

(keliebi) erTgulTaTvis da taZari _ ZiriTadi RvTismsaxurebisaTvis. analogiuri

centrebi moqmedebs soxumSi, quTaissa da baTumSi. qarTveli kriSnaitebi, reli-

giur da sagamomcemlo-literaturul saqmianobasTan erTad, ewevian qvelmoqme-

debas: xsnian ufaso sasadiloebs. afxaz separatistebTan omis dros gaWirvebul-

TaTvis sakvebi mihqondaT.

`kriSnas cnobierebas mindobilni~, aSramis mkvidrni, gansakuTrebuli reJimiT cxov-

roben: dilis 4.30-ze iwyeba msaxureba _ mangala arati (ciskris Tayvaniscema), `hare

kriSna _ mahamantras~ individualurad krialosanze ganmeoreba (japa meditacia), rasac

mosdevs RvTaebaTa misalmeba, didi sulieri moZRvris _ Sriala (svami) prabhupadas _

gaxseneba da leqcia. esaa maTi wmida werilis _ `Srimad-bhagavatamis~ _ kiTxva-

komentireba, e.i. Studireba. Semdeg miirTmeven prasads (wyalobas) anu ufal kriSnasadmi

SeTavazebul saWmels. ewevian vegeterianul cxovrebas, magram Cai, yava, alkoholi,

Tambaqo akrZalulia. dagmobilia azartuli TamaSobebi. dawesebulia sqesobrivi

cxovrebis mkacri reglamenti. atareben specialur samosels. Sublze Tixis xsnarisagan

dasmuli aqvT niSani. iparsaven Tmas (garda kowolisa). daaqvT patara naWris abgebi.

`kriSnas cnobiereba~ dafuZnebulia vedur literaturaze, ZiriTadad ki _ `bha-

gavatgitaze~. svami prabhupadas TqmiT, radgan `ar arsebobs gansxvaveba kriSnasa

da mis sityvebs Soris, `bhagavatgita~ iseTive Tayvaniscemas imsaxurebs, rogor-

sac Tavad ufali kriSna, rameTu orive absoluturia~. gvmarTebs, gavixsenoT, rom

kriSna, Zvelinduri tradiciiT, viSnus xorcSesxma da gardasaxvaa. aqedan daskvna:

kriSna da viSnu erTi da igivea, _ erTi RmerTis ori saxeli. amitom misi Tayvanis-

mcemlebi kriSnaitebadac iwodebian da vaiSnavebadac.


miuxedavad imisa, rom kriSnaitebis moZRvreba vedantas eyrdnoba, TviTSegnebiT

igi damoukidebeli konfesiaa. mis damaarseblad iTvleba Caitania mahaprabhu,

uzenaesi uflis kriSnas inkarnacia, e.i. ufali Caitania, romelic, kriSnas cnobi-

erebis Tanaxmad, igive ufali kriSnaa. igi XV s-Si cxovrobda, qadagebda bengaliaSi.

mas literaturuli memkvidreoba ar dautovebia, magram uflebamosilebiT aRWur-

va mowafeebi, CaeweraT sityvierad Camoyalibebuli moZRvreba. ase gaformda reli-

giuri sistema, rasac axal epoqaSi msoflio masStabi Srila prabhupadam SesZina.

Caitania-prabhupadas mimdevrebs swamT:

kriSna uzenaesi pirovnebaa; Tavdapirveli ufali, mizezTa mizezi. yvelaferi

mas ekuTvnis da emorCileba; yvela naxevarRmerTi: brahma, Siva, Candra, varuna da

sxv. misi msaxurebi arian. kriSnas hyavs uricxvi piradi eqspansia, romlebic ar

gansxvavdebian misgan. esenia: viSnu, naraiana, damodara, vamana da sxv. kriSna yoveli

cocxali arsebis gulSi imyofeba zesulis saxiT. misi cnobiereba Tvlems nebismi-

eri adamianis gulisa da gonebis wiaRSi. kacis mizania moiZios, gamoafxizlos da

aaRorZinos es cnobiereba. kriSna materialuri samyaros miRma, sulier samyaroSi,

planeta vriSnalokaze imyofeba, magram energiebiT yvelganaa. cocxali arsebebi

misi maradiuli msaxurebi arian, magram masTan sxvadasxva saxis urTierToba

akavSirebT: SeiZleba iyvnen neitralurni, SeiZleba _ msaxurebi, megobrebi, an

SeiZleba masTan mSoblis an satrfos damokidebuleba iqonion. siyvaruli imasac

ki aviwyebinebs maT, rom kriSna RmerTia. Tavi rom davaRwioT samsaras anu sikvdil-

sicocxlis borbals da sulier samyaroSi davbrundeT, unda mivendoT kriSnas,

gavxdeT misi msaxuri. maSin materialuri energia, gnebavT, _ karmis kanoni, veRar

moaxdens samsaraze gavlenas da aRar mogviwevs wuTisofelSi Semosvla. es ideali

da srulyofis gza gvamcno Tavad kriSnam bhaqtis anu siyvarulis iogas saxiT,

rac gulisxmobs RvTis saTno cxovrebas anu misi mcnebebis kvaldakval svlas.

esenia: RvTis sityvis smena, mis Sesaxeb baasi, misi saxelis galobiT gandideba,

vedreba da Tayvaniscema, qvelmoqmedeba, gandegiloba, sulisa da gonebis ganspe-

takeba, rasac Tan sdevs materialur survilTagan Tavis daRweva, fufunebis, dide-

bis, saxelovnebis arad Cagdeba. samagierod _ RvTis siyvarulis ganviTareba da

samadhi.

bhaqtis anu RvTaebrivi siyvarulis aRzrdisa da ganviTarebis saukeTeso saSu-

alebaa mahamantra, e.i. didi mantra. `mantra~ sanskritze niSnavs marcvals, sityvas,

frazas, `mahamantra~ _ did, zebunebriv sityvas, romelsac mistiuri da STamagone-

beli Zala aqvs. iq, mindobilTa rwmeniT, areklili da kodirebulia aRniSnuli

moZRvrebis siRrme. igi meditaciis (sulieri Wvretis) saSualebaa. misi daxmarebiT

_ am sagaloblis maradis da `moukleblad~ warTqmiT _ individi maRldeba warmaval

sinamdvileze, aRwevs eqstazs da navardobs wmida sulebis samflobeloSi zeciur

planetebs Soris.


mahamantras Tavisuflebis anu, Zveli qarTuliT, gaxsnilebis diad sagalobels

uwodeben:

`hare kriSna, hare kriSna,

kriSna kriSna, hare hare,

hare rama, hare rama,

rama rama, hare hare~.

`hare~ niSnavs uflis energias, kriSna da rama ki uflis, RmerTis saxelebia (ix. zem.).

maTi warmoTqmiT mlocveli imoseba RvTis energiiT, riTac, SeiZleba iTqvas, Trgu-

navs maiad wodebul samyaros da Sinagan `mes~ amave energiis wyarosTan aziarebs.

es wyaro ki yvelaze cxovlad kacTa winaSe kriSnasa da ramas saxiT gacxadda. ami-

tomac erTgulebi cxovrebisa da Sromis yovel monakveTze warmoTqvamen maha-

mantras. atareben krialosnebs (fskvnils), romlis 108 kvanZi asaxierebs kriSnas

108 Seyvarebul mwyems qals. TiToeul mZivTan igalobeba `mahamantra~. amtkiceben,

rodesac pirovneba amgvarad adidebs RvTaebriv saxels, Tavisufldeba tkivili-

sagan da ganicdis eqstazs anu aRtaceba-aRfrTovanebas. Cndeba cekvis moTxovni-

leba. xSirad ki, Tu saTanado pirobebia, _ marSisa instrumentebiT, simReriTa da

rokviT quCebsa da bunebis wiaRSi. esaa kirtana, sityvasityviT _ galoba. am ritu-

alis safuZveliao, gvaswavlis prabhupada, arjunas sityvebi uzenaesi brahmani-

sadmi _ kriSnasadmi: `samyaros uxaria Seni saxelis mosmena da yvela Sen Semognat-

ris!~

bolo wlebSi qarTveli kriSnaitebis aqtiuroba Semcirda.

bahaizmi

`bahais sarwmunoeba~ axali epoqis nayofia. misi samSoblo irania, damaarsebeli

_ baha-ula. saxeli arabulia da `RvTis didebas~ niSnavs.

baha-ula XIX s-is Sua wlebSi cxovrobda. igi muslimani iyo, magram qristianuli

da sxva monoTeisturi literaturiT dainteresda da mowiful asakSi sakuTari

religiur-Teologiuri sistema SeimuSava, romelsac bahai (`dideba~) ewoda, mis

mimdevrebs ki bahaelebi.

xelisuflebasa da molebs axali moZRvrebis antiislamuri orientacia SeumCne-

veli ar darCeniaT. baha-ula da bevri misi Tanamosagre daapatimres. baha-ula yve-

laze mkacr sapyrobileSi daamwyvdies da sastikad gauswordnen, magram bahaelTa

ricxvis Semcireba ver moaxerxes da arc baha-ulas Seuwyvetia saqmianoba. igi samo-

Rvaweo asparezze gamosvlidan ormoci wlis Semdeg, 1892 wels, gardaicvala. dak-

rZalulia wmida miwaze, israelSi, q. bahdJiSi. misi saflavi bahaelebis saTayvane-

beli adgilia.

bahaelebi Tvlian, rom axal moZRvrebas da mis mqadagebels RmerTma winamorbedi


daaxvedra. misi saxelia babi, rac arabul enaze kars niSnavs. mis mizans da misias

bahaelebi ioane naTlismcemlis mizanTan da misiasTan aTanabreben da amboben:

ramdenime wlis winaT, vidre baha-ula Tavis saRvTo misias gaacxadebda, RmerTma

maxarebeli moavlina, romelsac misTvis gza unda moemzadebina da karibWis funqcia

Seesrulebina. babi qadagebda: `vadastureb, rom RvTis aRTqmuli dRis ganTiadi

dadga... miwieri survilebisagan ganwmindeT gulebi da angelozebs daemsgavseT,

raTa aRTqmas eziaroT, vinaidan RvTis gamocxadebis Secnoba mxolod ganwmendil

gulebs ZaluZT~. cnobilia babis epistole, romelmac iranSi sakmao popularoba

moixveWa. avtori Seipyres da TebrizSi gadaasaxles. iq 1850 wels daxvrites da

gvami TxrilSi Caagdes, magram mowafeebma amoiRes, Seinaxes, ramdenime wlis Semdeg

wm. miwaze gadaasvenes da qarmelis mTaze dakrZales.

babisa da baha-ulas ideebi maTma mowafeebma gaavrceles. am saqmeSi yvelaze

didi wvlili baha-ulas ufros vaJs abdul-bahas miuZRvis. sikvdilis win mamam

igi `aRTqmis centrad da Tavisi moZRvrebis erTaderT ganmmarteblad~ gamoacxada.

fiqroben, rom amiT (`erTaderT ganmmarteblad~ gamocxadebiT) religiis damfuZ-

nebels samomavlod azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa da uTanxmoebebisaTvis safuZvelis ga-

mocla hqonda Cafiqrebuli. SesaZlebelia asec iyos, radgan, rogorc bahaelebi

amtkiceben, maT Soris seqtantur dayofas da ganxeTqilebas dRemde adgili ar

hqonia.

abdul-baham mamis xvedri gaiziara. igi didxans ijda satusaRoSi, magram iranis

Sahma, romelsac humanizmsa da civilizaciaze pretenzia hqonda, abdul-baha gaaTa-

visufla da sazRvargareT wasvlis saSualeba misca. man, xandazmulobis miuxeda-

vad, evropisa da amerikis kontinentebi Semoiara da mimdevarTa SesamCnevi ricxvi

SeiZina. ase rom, bahaelTa sarwmunoebas saboloo saxe abdul-baham misca.

bahaelTa rwmeniT RmerTma samyaro siyvaruliT Seqmna da adamianebi imdenad

uyvars, rom maTTan aRTqma anu xelSekruleba dado. xelSekruleba ki ormxriv

valdebulebas gulisxmobs, ris gamoc RmerTi Cven oblad ar gvtovebs da Tavis

nebas da ganzraxvas gvatyobinebs. rodesac kacobrioba gzidan gadauxvevs da suli-

erad avaddeba, RmerTi dedamiwaze Tavisi nebis warmomCensa da ganmcxadebels gzav-

nis. igi adamianebs RvTis sityvas da ganzraxvas auwyebs. amgvari ganmcxadebeli

Zvel droSi qriste iyo, axal droSi ki _ baha-ula. erTic da meorec, bahaelTa

TqmiT, ise areklaven RvTis saxes, rogorc gaprialebuli sarke mzis sxivebs. Tu

gvinda SevimecnoT RmerTi da gavigoT misi neba, qristes da baha-ulas unda mo-

vusminoT. RvTis neba ki erTi mwyemsis erT samwysoSi kacobriobis gaerTianebaa.

Tvalis erTi gadavlebac sakmarisia, rom SevniSnoT _ bahais sarwmunoebis arse-

biTi niSani rasaTa da tomTa erTianobisaken, kacobriobis erTianobisken mowode-

baa. bahaelTa ideali kacobriobis erTi sarwmunoebis orbitaSi gaerTianeba da am

saxiT RvTis sasufevlis dedamiwaze damkvidrebaa. es sarwmunoeba aris baha-ulas


moZRvreba, romlis Tanaxmad kacTa modgma mSvenieri baRis msgavsia, sadac sxvadas-

xva formisa Tu surnelis yvavilebi xaroben. mSvenierebis sawindari swored yvavi-

lebis simravle da mravalferovnebaa. kacobriobis xiblic rasaTa da tomTa nair-

gvarobaa. àdamianebo, Tqven erTi xis nayofebi da erTi totis foTlebi xarT!~ _

qadagebs baha-ula.

bahaelTa RvTismsaxurebis mTavari momenti yoveldRiuri individualuri loc-

vaa. locva SesaZlebelia yvelgan, radgan RmerTi yvelganmyofia: sagangebo Seno-

bebi saWiro araa. mTavari aqcenti pirovnebis gaumjobesebaze unda iqnas gadata-

nili, unda aikrZalos magari sasmelebi da uazro garTobebi, raTa sazogadoebaSi

mSvidobam da harmoniam daisadguros. baha-ulas moZRvreba àxal msoflio wes-

rigs~, axali qveynis mSeneblobas gulisxmobs.

bahaelebs dadginebuli sasuliero pirebi ar hyavT. TiToeuli sakrebulo

yovelwliurad irCevs cxra pirovnebas, romlebic àdgilobriv sasuliero kre-

buls~ qmnian. maT specialuri skolebi ara aqvT. rjulSi ganswavla urTierTkon-

taqtis Sedegad xdeba.

bahaizmi sinkretuli (gaerTianebuli) religiaa. rogorc Teoriis, ise praqtikis

TvalsazrisiT igi qristianobis, iudaizmis, islamisa da zoroastrizmis konglo-

meratad warmogvidgeba.

saqarTveloSi, TbilisSi, 1993 wlidan `bahais sasuliero asamblea~ moqmedebs,

romelic qveynis masStabiT 500-mde moqalaqes aerTianebs.

ioga

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis didi nawilis TvalSi ioga niSnavs fizikuri varji-

Sebis kompleqss, romelic emsaxureba janmrTelobas, sulisa da sxeulis harmonias.

asecaa, magram es mainc garegani mxarea. SeiZleba iTqvas, _ meoradi mniSvneloba.

sinamdvileSi ki, milionobiT adamianisaTvis aRmosavleTSi, ioga aris cxovrebis

gza, romelic STagonebuli da gasxivosnebulia filosofiuri da religiuri ide-

ebiT, kerZod, budizmisa da induizmis TeologiiT, kultiT, eTikiT.

aqedan cxadia, rom ioga, rogorc religiur-filosofiuri sistema, Caisaxa da

aRmocenda aRmosavleTSi, indoeTSi, iqauri religiebis wiaRSi. igi erT-erTia

indoeTis eqvsi filosofiuri skolidan (vedantas msgavsad). fuZemdeblad iTvleba

brZeni patanjali (Zv.w. I I s.). amis gamo iogas patanjalis sistemasac uwodeben,

romlis Tanaxmad WeSmaritebis Semecnebisa da praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis auci-

lebelia naTeli goneba, sulisa da sxeulis ganwmenda.

sityva ìoga~ momdinareobs zmnis Ziridan ìuj~, rac sanskritze niSnavs èrTad

Sekonvas~, `SeuRlebas~, gadataniT _ kavSirs, jgufs, jams. igulisxmeba kavSiri

absolutTan: pirovnuli, konkretuli `me~-s ziareba uzenaes `me~-sTan.


amrigad, cneba ioga dakavSirebulia religiur idealebTan, kaTarzisTan

(ganwmendasTan), fizikur da sulier qmedebasTan, varjiSTan, romlis reglamenti

saukuneTa manZilze viTardeboda da mdidrdeboda.

ase rom, dRevandelobis TvaliT, ioga religiur-fsiqologiuri da fsiqo-fi-

zikuri varjiSebis saerTo saxelia, romelTac aqvT pirdapiri an iribi kavSiri

indur-tibetursa da Cinur samyarosTan. amdenad, gamoiyofa ori ZiriTadi mi-

marTuleba: tibeturi ioga (budizmi) da Cinuri ioga (daoizmi).

arsebobas iogas uamravi saxe anu, rogorc xSirad ityvian, _ biliki, romelTac

mivyavarT idealTan, RvTaebriv sindisTan, samadhisTan. ukanaskneli gulisxmobs

saboloo kavSirs RmerTTan da yovelive RvTaebrivTan.

es bilikebia: 1. `Jnana ioga~ _ kavSiri codniT, SemecnebiT; 2. `bhaqTi ioga~ _

kavSiri siyvaruliT; 3. `karma ioga~ _ kavSiri msaxurebiT, saqmiT; 4. `mantra ioga~

_ kavSiri sityviT; 5. `haTha ioga~ _ kavSiri sxeulis kontroliT; 6. `raja ioga~ _

kavSiri gonebrivi kontroliT. maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebuli da popularulia

haTha ioga da raja ioga. Tumca sxva gzebic ar aris ignorirebuli da daviwyebuli.

bevri srulyofili iugis anu ioguri cxovrebis misaRwevad TiTqmis yvela aRniS-

nul gzas mihyveba.

ioga qadagebs TviTganwmendis rva saSualebas: 1. iama _ Tavis Sekaveba anu daTmena

codvebisa: sicruis, qurdobis, mruSobis, Zunwobis; 2) niama _ kultura, rac gulis-

xmobs sulieri da fizikuri cxovrebis daxvewas, sxeulis movlas, sisufTaves,

kvebis reJims. agreTve, _ aklimatizaciis unaris SeZenas; 3) asana _ fizkultura

janmrTelobisaTvis, metadre _ nervuli sistemisaTvis; 4) pranaiama _ sunTqviTi

sistemis mowesrigeba; 5) pratiahara _ emociebis daZleva; 6) drahana _ yuradReba;

7) dhiana _ Wvreta da 8) samadhi _ gonebis koncentrireba raimeze (yuradRebis

daZabva).

amtkiceben, rom maRali rangis iogebi gansakuTrebul Zalas iZenen. SeuZliaT

mxecebis moTviniereba, nivTebis survilisamebr gaCena (dematerializacia da rema-

terializacia), winaswarmetyveleba, daxSul oTaxSi Sesvla, stiqionTa _ wylis,

cecxlis, haerisa da miwis _ damorCileba, telepatia, telekinezi da sxva. Tumca

saswaulmoqmedebas, rasac zogi jadosnobad naTlavs, erTguli iogebi ukidures

SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven. maTi uzenaesi mizania TviTkontrolis daxvewa da am gziT

sazogadoebis gajansaReba. es suliskveTeba msWvalavs axali drois Teoreti-

kosebis _ rama kriSnas, vivekanandas da iogandandas _ Semoqmedebas.

ioga aswavlis: RmerTi aris bunebaSi da buneba _ RmerTSi. amdenad, mecnierebaSi

miRebuli klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, esaa panTeisturi moZRvreba, vinaidan iq abso-

luts, e.i. msoflio sulsa Tu kosmiur Zalas iazreben samyaros msgavs arsebad da

yovelive xilulisagan ganuyofel substanciad.

sainteresoa iogas damokidebuleba qristianobasTan. maTi azriT, qristes cxov-


reba aris Zvirfasi magaliTi CvenTvis, magram qriste ar aris unikaluri: qristi-

anoba RvTaebis anu absolutis mier STagonebul moZRvrebaTagan erT-erTia. gvax-

sendeba rama kriSnas sityvebi: ~ar dagaviwydes arasdros, rogorc did adamians,

rom qriste, kriSna da buda unapiro okeanis talRebia da Sen Tavad xar okeane~...

iogas meTodebi gamoiyeneba medicinaSi. dRes Tbilissa da saqarTvelos sxva

kuTxeebSic moqmedebs haTha-iogas sistemis moyvarulTa jgufebi, romelTa klini-

kebSi mkurnaloben sxvadasxva saxis Sinagan Tu fsiqonervologiur daavadebebs.

Tavi 2 araqristianuli religiebi - Liberty

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