sarCevi CONTENTS - Greekstudiesgreekstudies.tsu.ge/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Logosi-1... · 2012....

logosi. weliwdeuli elinologiasa da laTinistikaSi 1, 2003

sarCevi

CONTENTS

medea abulaSvili, berZnuli saSobao misteria ............................. 9

Medea Abulashvili, The Greek Christmas Mystery ....................................... 14

valeri asaTiani, misionerobis istoriisaTvis bizantiaSi ........... 15

Valeri Asatiani, On the History of Missions in Byzantine ............................. 25

SuSanik asaTiani, melania romaelis cxovrebis qarTuli

TargmanebisaTvis .................................................................... 27

Shushanik Asatiani, For the Georgian Interpretation of The Life of

Melania from Rome .................................................................................. 30

Tamar afciauri, Tavisufali nebis idea grigol noselis „moses

cxovrebis“ mixedviT ............................................................... 31

Tamar Apziauri, Die Idee der Willensfreiheit nach dem

"Leben des Mose" Gregors von Nyssa ..................................................... 45

qeTevan bezaraSvili, efrem mciris mTargmenlobiTi

tendenciebisaTvis: dinamikuri ekvivalentis tipis Targmani

elinofiluri maxasiaTeblebiT .............................................. 46

Ketevan Bezarashvili, Translation Tendencies of Ephrem Mtsire:

Translation of the Type of Dynamic Equivalence with Hellenophile

Peculiarities .............................................................................................. 82

qeTevan bezaraSvili, formaluri ekvivalentis tipis Targmanis

maxasiaTeblebi grigol RvTismetyvelis liturgikuli

homiliebis efrem mciriseul versiaSi .................................... 84

Ketevan Bezarashvili, The Peculiarities of the Translation of Formal

Equivalence in Ephrem Mtsire's Version of the the Homilies of

Gregory the Theologian ......................................................................... 110

svetlana berikaSvili, dativis gaqroba berZnul enaSi .............. 111

Svetlana Berikashvili, The Disappearance of Dative in Greek Language .... 117

Contents 6

iamze gagua, oqtavianus avgustusi da principatis xanis

saxotbo poezia .................................................................... 118

Iamze Gagua, Augustus and the Laudatory Poetry of the Principate Age .... 134

cisana gigauri, sicilis antikuri modeli fransua rables

`gargantua da pantagruelSi~ ............................................... 135

Tsisana Gigauri, Antique Model of Laugh in "Gargantua and Pantagruel"

by Fransua Rable .................................................................................... 143

qeTevan gurCiani, Zveli berZnuli locvis erTi Taviseburebis

Sesaxeb ................................................................................. 144

Ketewan Gurtschiani, Über eine Eigenart des altgriechischen Gebets ......... 151

irine darCia, mewamuli xaliCis funqciisaTvis esqiles

àgamemnonSi~ ........................................................................ 152

Irine Darchia, For the Function of Purple Carpet in the Agamemnon

by Aeschylus ......................................................................................... 158

nino dvaliZe, dimitris xaZisis òrmagi wignis~ Janris

dadgenisaTvis ...................................................................... 159

Nino Dvalidze, For the Identification of the Genre of the Book by

Dimitris Khadzis "The Double Book" .................................................... 169

Tea dulariZe, termin -is gagebisaTvis homerosis

eposSi .................................................................................. 170

Tea Dularidze, For the Interpretation of the Concept of

in Homer’s Epos ..................................................................................... 182

nestan egetaSvili, dionises metamorfozebi nonos

panopoliselis `dionisiakas~ mixedviT ................................. 183

Nestan Egetashvili, Dionysos’ Methamorphosis in the "Dionysiaca"

of Nonnos ............................................................................................... 196

Tamar TarxniSvili, qurumTa funqciebi pavsaniasis èladis

aRwerilobis~ mixedviT ........................................................ 198

Tamar Tarkhnishvili, Duties and Functions of Priests According

to the Description of Hellas by Pausanias .............................................. 207

Tamar mirianaSvili, klemens aleqsandrielis Tvalsazrisi

antikur xelovnebaze ............................................................ 208

Tamar Mirianashvili, The Clement of Alexandria's Conception of the

Ancient Art ............................................................................................. 223

medea abulaSvili 7

magda mWedliZe, mama, deda, Svili _ rogorc metafizikuri

terminebi neoplatonizmSi da maTi gaazreba ioane petriwis

`ganmartebaSi~ ...................................................................... 224

Magda Mtchedlizé, Le père, la mère, l’enfant – comme les termes

métaphysiques néoplatoniciens et ses explications par Ioané

Petritsi .................................................................................................... 241

daviT paiWaZe, siyvarulis koncefcia da misi funqcia

istoriul dramaSi `oqtavia~ ............................................... 242

Давид Паичадзе, Функция концепции любви в исторической

драме «Октавия» .................................................................................. 246

maia rafava, N Sin 50 xelnaweris erTi cnobis Sesaxeb ................. 247

Maia Raphava, On One Note of the Georgian Ms N Sin 50 ........................ 259

nani reviSvili, individualurisa da msoflmxedveluris

urTierTmimarTeba senekas `medeaSi~ ..................................... 261

Nani Revishvili, The Individual and Conteptional Interrelation in

Seneca's "Medea" ................................................................................... 265

mari fiCxaZe, terenciusis komediaTa siuJetebi ......................... 267

Мари Пичхадзе, Сюжеты комедий Теренция .......................................... 298

giorgi qajaia, berZnuli freskuli warwerebis istoriidan ..... 300

Георгий Каджаиа, Из истории греческих фресковых надписей ............ 308

nino qajaia, litania da proskomidiis (Jamiswirvis) locva

winaanaforul ritualSi ..................................................... 309

Нино Каджаиа, Литания и молитва проскомидии в

преданафорном ритуале ....................................................................... 334

nana Cikvatia, efTvime mTawmidelis damokidebuleba `gareSeTa

sibrZnisadmi~ ....................................................................... 336

Nana Tchikvatia, L ‘attitude d’Euthyme l’Hagiorite envers la sagesse

des autres ................................................................................................ 352

nino CixlaZe, amaZonebis, amaZonobisa da qalis rolisaTvis

homerosis eposSi ................................................................. 353

Нино Чихладзе, О роли амазонок, амазонства и женщины в эпосе

Гомера ................................................................................................... 360

rusudan canava, totemizmis Suq-Crdilebi ................................ 361

Rusudan Tsanava, Totemism as a Conception ............................................. 391

Contents 8

nino cincaZe, odisevsis mogzaurobis dro-sivrculi

Taviseburebani – ogigia da sqeria........................................ 393

Nino Tsintsadze, Spatial – Temporal Peculiarities in Odysseus' Travels

– Ogygia and Scheria ............................................................................. 398

viqtoria juReli, Teodorite kvirelis siriulidan

Targmnili ori Txzuleba..................................................... 400

Victoria Jugeli, Two Works of Theodoret of Cyrus translated from Syriac .... 420


medea abulaSvili

warmarTuli, qristianuli da xalxuri

detalebi berZnul sagazafxulo ritualebSi

saberZneTi is qveyanaa, sadac mravlad SexvdebiT taZrebs antikuri epoqis saZirkvliT, adreqristianuli xanis zednaSeniTa da bizantiuri gumbaTiT.

saocari da harmoniuli Tanaarseboba uZvelesis, gviandelis da axlisa aramxolod istoriul, aramed, saliteraturo Zeglebsa da folklorSic aisaxeba. yvelaze ukeT ki erovnul msoflxedvas ritualebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli xalxuri simRerebi warmoaCenen.

Tu berZenTa mier Seqmnil kanonikas mTeli marTlmadidebluri samyaro misdevs, maTi sawesCveulebo cxovreba taZris gareT gansxvavebul saxes gviCvenebs. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Tanamedrove saberZneTis is ritualebi da sasimRero nimuSebi, romlebic gazafxulsa da qristianTa udides dResaswauls, aRdgomas ukavSirdebian.

berZnuli sagazafxulo cxovreba Cvens droSic saritualo simRerebiT iwyeba: pirvel marts kardakar mosiarule bavSvebi mercxlebsa da gazafxulis SemobrZanebas umRerian. arcTu iSviaTad JRers saaxalwlo kalandebic zustad imave teqstiT, rogoriTac _ Soba-axali wlis dResaswaulze.

es rituali uCveulod ar mogveCveneba Tu gavixsenebT, rom Zveli romauli tradicia axali wlis pirvel marts Sexvedrisa bizantiam VII saukunemde SeinarCuna. swored am epoqis gamoZaxilad unda CavTvaloT "sagazafxulo kalandoba", romelsac pirveladi datvirTva gamoecala, Tumca, saritualo wesi ar dakargula, rac SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom gazafxulis pirveli Tvis agrarul-sameuneo mniSvneloba saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi ar Semcirebula.

warmarTuli, qristianuli da xalxuri detalebi berZnul sagazafxulo

ritualebSi

10

pirveli martis Tanamdevia saberZneTSi franebis caSi aSveba. aziel xalxebSi (sadac qaRaldi, franis mTavari komponenti, ufro adre Sevida, vidre - saberZneTSi) msgavs tradicias dRemde calsaxa religiuri safuZveli aqvs da didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva: zogan igi zecaSi survilTa gagzavnis saSualebaa, sxvagan ki - avadmyofobebis moSorebisa da avi sulebis dafrTxobis. amgvari ram antikuri saberZneTisTvisac ar unda yofiliyo ucxo, razedac, berZen eTnografTa mtkicebiT,1 ZvelTuZvelesi WurWlis gamosaxulebani miuTiTeben. dazustebiT ver vityviT ramdenadaa aRniSnuli Cveuleba elinuri warmomavlobis, magram qristianuli Ziris rom ar aris, – es faqtia.

Mmarti sxva warmarTuli CveulebebiTacaa aRsavse, imisda miuxedavad, rom es Tve, berZenis warmodgenaSi, winasaaRdgomo marxvis ganuyofeli nawilia:2

karnavalebs, romlebic saberZneTis teritoriaze didmarxvisaTvis mzadebis kviraSi imarTeba, pirdapiri kavSiri aqvT dionises kultTan. marTlmadideblobam ki eris sisxlSi gamjdar am tradicias Tavisi saxeli mianiWa (νη

απνθξηέο)3 da yvelieris Svideuls daukavSira. ucnauria saberZneTis zogierTi regionSi

gavrcelebuli Cveulebac marxvis dasawyisSi muyaosa da bumbulisan Svidfexa qalis figuris damzadebisa,4 romelsac yoveli kviris gasvlis Semdeg TiTo fexs aWrian. AaSkaraa, rom am wess, qristianuli garsis garda, warmarTuli elferic aqvs, misi warmoSoba ki, vfiqrobT, dakavSirebulia adamianur saWiroebasTan Seiqmnas fsiqologiuri garemo, romelic mas grZeli da mZime marxvis gayvanas gauadvilebs.

Ffsiqologiuri sayrdenia saWiro demonTagan TavdacvisTvisac, romlebic, winaqristianuli rwmenis mixedviT, gansakuTrebiT Zlierdebian gardamaval periodebSi (ori wlis an sezonis gasayarze). zamTargamovlili

1 Λνπθάηνο Γεκ. ., Παζραιηλά θαη ηεο άλνημεο, Αζήλα, 1995, 17. 2 arsebobs berZnuli andaza: Γελ ιείπεη ν Μάξηεο από ηελ

αξαθνζηή,δsityvasityviT: didmarxvas marti ar aklia anu daaxl. didmarxva martis gareSe ar arsebobs.

3 etimologiurad iSifreba rogorc "uxorco", "xorcis gareSe". 4 Βαθεηάδνπ Β., Ήζε θαη έζεκα σδνπόιεσο, Λανγξαθία 29, Αζήλα, 1974, 129.

medea abulaSvili

11

mavnebeli arsebebi gazafxulze (berZenTa rwmeniT, isini, weliwadis am dros, mdedrobiTi sqesisani arian) mravldebian da cdiloben xeli SeuSalon bunebis ganaxlebis process, RamiT Seusvenebliv daZrwian da saxlis gareT darCenil nivTebs bilwaven. maTdami SiSis gaZlierebis Sesabamisad aqtualuri xdeba Tavdacvis saSualebanic: Mwminda orSabaTs (θαζαρή Δεσηέρα) - marxvis pirvel dRes – berZeni qalebi swored avi sulebisagan dasaxsnelad asufTaveben keras, rac araerT ritualur simReraSicaa areklili.5 Tu naTlisRebis dResaswaulze saxl-karis ganwmenda nakurTxi wyliT xdeba,6 pirveli martis dilas msgavs rituals ojaxis diasaxlisi Widan amoRebuli e. w. utyvi wyliT (ακίιεηο λερό) aRasrulebs.7

bavSvebs xSirad feradi Zafebisagan dawnul samajur "martisa"-s ("Μάρηε", "Μαρηηαθό") ukeTeben, romelsac xsnian aRdgomas - roca boroti Zalebi daZleulni arian. dResaswaulis wina dReebi ki (kaTolikeTa warmodgenis mixedviTac) demonTa maqsimaluri aqtiurobis droa, radgan am ukanasknelebs macxovari gardacvlili egulebaT.

didmarxvis bolo periodSi avi sulebisagan momdinare safrTxis SeCereba cecxliT (qarTuli "Wiakokonobis" precedenti) berZenTa sagazafxulo tradiciaSi ar gvxvdeba, maSin roca, maT saSobao CveulebebSi saxmili demonebisadmi SiSis daZlevis TiTqmis erTaderTi saSualebaa. winasaaRdgomo ritualebSi berZnebi cecxls mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi iyeneben, - roca iudas fitulis saxiT, simbolurad yvela gamcemels wvaven.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saberZneTis zogierT kuTxeSi sasuliero piris uwyebas macxovris aRdgomis Sesaxeb yiJiniT xvdebian. marTalia, borotebaze macxovris ueWveli da xmauriani gamarjvebis gamo sasixarulo ovaciebi bunebrivia, magram Cveni azriT, es demonur ZalTa xmauriT daSineba-gandevnis warmarTuli tradiciis gagrZeleba ufroa, vidre – sadResaswaulo artyineba.

5 magaliTisTvis ix. Πεηξόπνπινπ, Γ. Διιεληθά Γεκνηηθά Σξαγνύδηα Β, Αζήλα, 10, Α΄,

23-25. 6 saberZneTSi am dRes nakurTxi wylis pkurebis ufleba, mRvdlebis gar-

da, bavSvebsac eZlevaT. 7 Νηθήηα Π., Σν Λεζβηαθό Μελνιόγην, Μπηηιήλε, Αζήλα, 1953, 59-62.


ritualebSi

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gazafxulTan dakavSirebuli "sezonuri safrTxe" marto mavnebeli uxorco Zalebis momravlebiT ar gamoixateba. Bbunebis aRorZinebasa da ganaxlebas, samiwaTmoqmedo Tu sameurneo process SesaZloa sxva faqtorebmac SeuSalos xeli, magaliTad, _ naleqTa simwirem. amitomac, berZnul sagazafxulo simReraTa Soris gvxvdeba wvimis gamowvevasTan dakavSirebuli saritualo nimuSebi. mosalodneli iyo, rom isini mimarTuli iqnebodnen wminda lazares an wminda giorgisadmi, radgan maTi dReebi gazafxulzea. eTnologiurad ki dadasturebulia, rom wmindanTa mosaxseniebeli dReebis ganlageba wlis konkretul periodebSi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs maTdami mimarTuli saTxovris Sinaarssa da ritualis formas. amgvari logika gamarTlda qarTul SemTxvevaSi, radgan Cvens zepirsityvierebaSi wminda lazare swored wylis stiqias ganagebs (mag: "lazare, lazare, cas Rrublebi ahyare, aRar gvinda cis nami"...). wylis fenomens ukavSirdeba wminda giorgic araerTi xalxis tradiciaSi, sadac wmindani warmogvidgeba, rogorc wylis gveleSapisagan damxsneli.8 berZnul saritualo simRerebSi ki es funqcia sruliad warmarTulma figuram, e. w. enatartaram (Περπερούλα, Περπερία) itvirTa. mas unaleqobis dros (ZiriTadad, maisSi) umRerian, roca yvavilebiT morTul axalgazrdas sofelSi kardakar daatareben da wyals apkureben.9

zemoxsenebul wmindanebTan mimarTebaSi unda aRiniSnos, agreTve, rom maTi saxeebi berZnul xalxur simRerebSi TanxmobaSia religiur gadmocemebTan. Tumca, wm. lazaresa da wm. giorgisTan dakavSirebuli wesebi saberZneTSi sxva qristian xalxTagan gansxvavebulad aRiniSneba:

giorgoba aq gardamavalia da aRdgomis kviradRes mosdevs. ase rom, wmindanis vaJkacuri xateba Tanxvdeba borot Zalaze gamarjvebis saaRdgomo suliskveTebas. am dResTan dakavSirebuli mravalze umravlesi simRera

8 Χαηδεθώζηα Αξρηκ. Λενληίνπ, Αε Γηώξγεο, ν δεκνθηιήο κεγαινκάξηπξαο, Α΄ πκπόζην

Κππξηαθήο Λανγξαθίαο, Πξαθηηθά,1985, 207. 9 Πεηξόπνπινο, 34.

medea abulaSvili

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Seimoinaxa berZenTa mexsierebam,10 sadac wmindani miwaTmoqmedTa, meTevzeTa, mwyemsTa, jariskacTa, anu yvela imaTi mfarvelia, visac kerasagan moSorebiT, bunebaSi uxdeba muSaoba da gansakuTrebul dacvas saWiroebs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom marTalia, wminda giorgis kulti bevr xalxSi arsebobs, magram GgveleSapis mkvleli gmiris berZnuli saxe yvelaze adreulia (persevsi, herakle). wmindanis saxelis etimologiasac mxolod berZnuli ena gvawvdis: γεώργηολ samiwaTmoqmedo saqmes ukavSirdeba da iSifreba, rogorc damuSavebuli niadagi.Aamave dros, epiTeti (Χρηζηού Γεώργηολ), romlis Tanxlebidac wmindani berZnul homnografiaSi moixsenieba, gulisxmobs adamians, romelsac aqvs sulieri Rvawli da amisaTvis igi RmerTma gamoarCia.

rac Seexeba wminda lazares, misi saxelobis SabaTs berZeni qaliSvilebi (Λαδαρήηες - lazarelebi) ojaxebSi dadiodnen da qristes mier megobris gacocxlebis ambavs maspinZlebs simReriT amcnobdnen.11 es erTaderTi dResaswauli iyo, roca saritualo simReras mxolod gogonebi asrulebdnen, rac, Cveni azriT, iyo simboluri gamoxatuleba lazares debis, mariamisa da marTas sixarulisa. garda amisa, migvaCnia, rom Cveuleba eTnografiulad gamarTlebuli iyo Semdegi mizezis gamo: iwureboda marxva, modioda siyvarulis da jvrisweris dro, razedac sagazafxulo berZnuli simRerebi araerTgzis miuTiTeben. kalandobis zemoaRniSnuli forma ki saSualebas aZlevda gasaTxovar qaliSvilebs warmdgariyvnen, rogorc momavali sarZloebi Tu sacoleebi.

pirvel marts, lazares SabaTsa da bzobas, mokalandeTaTvis saboZvari kvercxis saxiT gaicemoda. marTalia, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, igi qristes aRdgomas ukavSirdeba, magram xazgasasmelia is momentic, rom kvercxi, rogorc erTgvari wyaro cxovrebisa, ganaxlebis simbolo iyo winaqristianul xanaSic. garda amisa, marxvis dros kvercxebis moWarbebis fonze wyalobis amgvari saxiT gacema metad mosaxerxebeli gaxldaT. ase rom, warmarTuli,

10 bevri nimuSia Tavmoyrili wignSi Διιεληθά δεκνηηθά ηξαγνύδηα, Γ. Κ ππξηδάθε,

ππξ. Γ. Πεξηζηέξε, Γ΄, Αζήλα, 1968. 11 Sesabamisi simRerebi ix. Πεηξόπνπινο, Β΄, 13-17.


ritualebSi

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qristianuli da xalxuri motivebi ritualis am patara detalSi erTmaneTs kveTavdnen.

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos did xuTSabaTs Sesasrulebeli berZnuli xalxuri simRera "RvTismSoblis godeba" (ΜΟΙΡΟΛΟΓΙ ΣΗ ΠΑΝΑΓΙΑ). mkvlevari d. lukatosi am sasimRero nimuSis 256 saxeobis arsebobas gvamcnobs da uZveles xelnawers XIV saukuniT aTariRebs.12 evangelistebis mier mkrTalad daxatuli mgloviare deda RvTisas saxeze dayrdnobiT,13 berZenma xalxma sasimRero SedevrebSi aramarto gaiziara didi dedis mwuxareba, aramed gamoxata sakuTari tkivilic yvela gardacvlili axloblis gamo.

vnebis Svideulis saritualo teqstebisa da simRera-godebaTa damZimebul tons mosdevs gardauvali aRdgomiT gamowveuli sixaruli.

saberZneTSi yovelTvis arsebobda mzadyofna, ganwyoba, tradicia didi sagazafxulo dResaswaulisa. qristianul swavlebasTan erTad ki Semovida yvelaze didi da yvelaze simboluri uwyeba macxovris aRdgomiT borotebasa da sikvdilze samudamo gamarjvebisa. religiuri WeSmariteba Seerwya gazafxulis Tanamdev ganxlebis suls da Semoqmedebis gacocxleba-gacxovelebasTan dakavSirebul bunebriv sixaruls. ase Seiqmna berZnuli paseqis ganwyoba da dResaswauls axali saxeli Λακπξή SeurCia berZenma xalxma. jer kidev Zveli berZnulidan momdinare am sityvas, sinaTliTa da brwyinvalebiT aRsavses, eklesiam ukidegano aRtacebis, aRmafrenis asociacia mianiWa gazafxulis yvelaze ufro naTel dros. EaRdgomis dResaswaulis erovnuli saxeli, cxadia, ufro metad aitaces berZnulma xalxurma simRerebma, vidre – paseqi (Πάζτα).

saaRdgomo liturgiis Semdeg berZeni mrevli taZridan gamodis da moZRvris winamZRolobiT sada, saferxulo cekvas iwyebs. ACveulebis axsnas saritualo simRerebi gvawvdian, romelTa mixedviTac, am dRes zecaSic cekvaven.14

12 Λνπθάηνο, 1995, 85. 13 ix. luka 2, 35, 2,51, 19, 25-27. 14 "θη ζηοσς οσραλούς απάλω γίλεηαη τορός κεγάιος, γίλεηαη τορός θαη ζθόιε θαη τορεύοσλ οη αποζηόιοη"...

Λνπθάηνο, 1995, 130.

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TurqTa batonobis xanaSi qristianul dResaswaulTa am formiT aRniSvna did vaJkacobas moiTxovda, magram cekvis Tanmxlebi simRerebi borotebis damarcxebaze xalxs imediTa simamaciT aRavsebda. uRelqveS myofi adamianebi erovnul mtrebSi macxovris mtrebsac gulisxmobdnen.

male saberZneTis Tavisuflebis mopoveba saaRdgomo dResaswaulebs daemTxva da amgvarad, jer kidev uZvelesi xanidan momdinare gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba gazafxulisadmi samudamod aRivso religiuri Tu erovnuli sixaruliTa da suliskveTebiT. es saocari sinTezi ki Sesabamisma ritualebma da simRerebma mTeli sisavsiTa da brwyinvalebiT airekles.

Medea Abulashvili

Pagan, Christian and Folk Details in Greek Spring Rituals

Greece is the country where one frequently comes across the temples with an-

cient basement, early Christian superstructure and Byzantine cupola. The marvelous

and harmonious co-existence of the ancient, the later and the new is reflected not only

in historical monuments, but in literary ones and folklore as well. In fact, the national

outlook is best expressed in rituals and the related folk songs. Greek canonical laws are observed by the entire Christian world; however, the

latter differs a lot from Greek customs and song patters outside the church. For in-

stance, if Georgian ritual s ongs present St Lazarus as the patron of the water ele-

ment, in Greek songs the same function is assigned to an altogether pagan figure. A

number of the like remarkable details are included in Greek rituals and songs related

to the greatest holiday of Spring and Christianity – Easter.


valeri asaTiani

bizantiuri humanizmis zogierTi aspeqtis

Sesaxeb

gvaqvs Tu ara safuZveli vimsjeloT bizantiuri humanizmis Sesaxeb? tradiciulad humanizmis cneba renesansis epoqas ukavSirdeba. amas aqvs sruli safuZveli da ar iwvevs davas. amasTanave aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom cnobili mkvlevarebi (k. krumbaxeri da sxv.) swored humanistebad moixsenieben calkeul bizantiel avtorebs. isini imasac aRniSnaven, rom bizantia italiurisagan gansxvavebiT naklebadaa dakavSirebuli am movlenasTan. gamoTqmul mosazrebebSi ganviTarebulia azri, rom bizantielma moRvaweebma _ anna komnenem, planudem, metoqitem, paximerem da sxvebma erTgvarad Seamzades evropuli humanizmi da isini evropel humanistTa winamorbedni arian. amgvari mosazrebebi garkveuli sifrTxiliT gamoiTqmeboda, radgan araerT mkvlevars miaCnda da dResac miaCnia, rom, damkvidrebuli azris Tanaxmad, viwro gagebiT, humanizmi renesansis epoqaSi damkvidrebuli filosofiur-literaturuli mimdinareoba dasavleT evropis istoriis sruliad garkveuli kulturuli xanaa. amdenad, termini "bizantiuri humanizmi" mraval kiTxvas badebda da sirTuleebs ukavSirdeboda. aq uTuod unda iTqvas Semdegi: namdvilad Znelia bizantiis istoriaSi gamovyoT renesansis xana Tundac im formaluri gagebiT, ucxour istoriografiaSi myarad damkvidrebuli mniSvnelobiT antikurobis aRorZineba.1 antikuri tradiciebis gareSe warmoudgenelia bizantiuri samyaro. antikuroba ganuwyvetliv asazrdoebda bizantiur

1 s. yauxCiSvili, bizantiuri literaturis istoria, Tbilisi, 1973, 248-

250.

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azrovnebas, igi misi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi safuZveli iyo. Tu humanizms antikur tradiciad aRviqvamT, maSin gasagebi xdeba mravali mecnieris cda erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuliyvnen antikuri msoflmxedveloba da italiuri humanisturi azrovneba.2 iTqva isic, rom antikurma nakadma erTgvarad gaarTula kidec bizantiaSi SemoqmedebiTi procesi, romelic TiTqos "unayofo iyo". ufro metic, zogierTis azriT, antikurobis gadametebulma "dozam" sabolood zianic miayena renesanss (g. neimani). bunebrivia, bevri ar fiqrobda ase. hqonda Tu ara safuZveli mosazrebas, rom bizantiur kulturas ar ZaluZda aRmosavleT evropa axal sulier, mxatvrul, zneobriv da socialur simaRleebze aeyvana? poldemerli asabuTebs oTxi "bizantiuri renesansis" arsebobas. pirvels igi akavSirebs fotiosTan, leon maTematikosTan da areTa kesarielebis (X saukune) saxelebTan; meores _ miqael fselosisa da ioane italosis (XI saukune) SemoqmedebasTan; mesames _ planudesTan, trikliniosTan da xartasmenesTan (XIII-XIV ss.) da meoTxes _ pliTonis naazrevTan. bevrni paleologosTa xanas "ukanasknel bizantiur renesansad" ganixilavdnen, zogni ki xuTi bizantiuri renesansis arsebobasac aRniSnavdnen. Zalze gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Tavisi aTaswlovani istoriis manZilze bizantiis wiaRSi ori humanizmi ikveTeba: humanizmi jvarosanTa laSqrobebamde (IX-X ss), rodesac dasavleTSi e. w. "bneli saukuneebi" iyo, mcire gamonaklisebis garda da paleologosTa humanizmi (XIII-XIV ss), rodesac kontaqtebi myardeba dasavleTTan da saqme gvaqvs urTierTgavlenebis mravalferovan procesTan. bizantiaSi humanizmis winamorbedad metoxites asaxeleben da aRniSnavdnen mis did sulier siaxloves XV-XVI saukuneTa humanistebTan. mxedvelobaSi hqondaT swrafva mecnierebisaken, enciklopedizmi, dakarguli antikuri sulieri memkvidreobis aRorZineba, wignis siyvaruli, Sinagani samyaros sityvaSi gamoxatvis survili da sxv. calkeul avtorTa mier wignisa da sakuTari biblioTekis uzomo siyvaruli da Tayvaniscema gagebuli iyo rogorc niSani RmerTis siyvarulisa. amasTan erTad mainc ganasxvavebdnen bizantiur humanizms italiurisagan da,

2 Krumbacher K., Geschichte der Bizantinischen Litteratur, München, 1897.

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vTqvaT, XIV saukunis bizantiur kulturas aRniSnavdnen terminiT "klasikuri kulturis aRorZineba" _ rinascita della

cultura classica, an terminiT "elinisturi kulturis aRorZineba _ rinascita della cultura ellenistica (a. pertuzi). mTavari mainc is iyo, rom TiTqmis yvela aRiareba qristianuli humanizmis tradiciis mniSvnelobas. gamoikveTa humanizmis qristianizebis, qristianizaciis tendencia da am TvalsazrisiT Zalze didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda antikuri kulturis, elinuri racionalizmis "Serigebas", Sexamebas qristianul moZRvrebasTan da ideebis sistemas. amdenad, "bizantiuri humanizmis problema ar unda warmovidginoT miTiur problemad. esaa realuri da arsebiTi problema bizantiuri kulturisa". bizantiasTan mimarTebaSi mecnierebi frTxilad iyeneben termin "humanizms" da ZiriTadad msjeloben calkeuli humanisturi tendenciebis, mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb da zogjer bizantiuri kulturis "humanistur Seferilobaze" mianiSneben.3 bizantiaSi Zalze popularuli iyo Teatri. magram Teatri misi tradiciuli gagebisagan gansxvavebiT konstantinopolSi sxva datvirTvas iZenda. TeatrSi igulisxmeboda Senoba, romelSic ZiriTad imarTeboda literaturul-filosofiuri xasiaTis gansjani, Sexvedrebi. literaturuli "qmedeba", disputi emsgavseboda Teatralur sanaxaobas, rac met mimzidvelobas sZenda mas. Tematika Zalze mravalferovani iyo. ixilavdnen axal Txzulebas, usmendnen romelime mWermetyvels, ecnobodnen panegirikebs da a. S. zogjer amgvar sanaxaobaSi musikosebic monawileobdnen. bizantiel inteleqtualTa Soris gamoirCeodnen sakuTari "Teatris" mqoneni, romlebic literaturul wreebs afuZnebdnen ZvelberZen poetTa msgavsad. erTi sityviT, amgvari moRvaweoba amdidrebda bizantielTa yoveldRiur cxovrebas. am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas iqcevda nikifore xumnosi. didi saxeli moipova imperator andronike II paleologosis "Teatrma", romelmac Tavi mouyara da Tavis irgvliv Semoikriba imdroindeli saukeTeso mecnierebi. amitomac es Teatri aRiares rogorc "yovelgvar siqveleTa skola", "erudiciis gimnazia" (nikifore grigora). erT-erT disputze saubari iyo

3 Nicol D. M., The Last Centuries of Byzantium, London, 1972.

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astronomiis Sesaxeb. oratorma miznad daisaxa misi gandideba da astronomiis moSveliebiT Seecada aRdgomis TariRis Secvlas imgvarad, rom xsenebuli dResaswauli erTdroulad aRniSnuliyo mTel qristianul samyaroSi. zust gaangariSebaze dafuZnebuli dasabuTeba imdenad damajerebeli iyo, rom msmenelebSi sruli mxardaWera hpova, magram, imperatori andronike SeaSina mosalodnelma religiurma mRelvarebebma. man Tavi Seikava imisagan, rom gansxvavebuli civilizaciebis xalxebi am reformis aucileblobaSi daerwmunebina. sagulisxmoa, rom am Tavyrilobebze gamoikveTa saero inteligenciis roli. cnobilia, rom dasavleT evropis (Sua saukuneebi) inteligencia ZiriTadad sasuliero pirTagan Se dgeboda da igi saeklesio ierarqiis Semadgeneli nawili iyo. amitomac eklesiaSi moRvawe ganaTlebul adamianebs ar miiCnevdnen damoukidebel socialur fenad, ar aRiqvamdnen inteligenciad. gamoTqmuli mosazrebis mixedviT, inteligenciis, rogorc aseTis, ganviTareba maSin moxda, rodesac ganaTleba aRar eqvemdebareboda eklesiis Zalauflebas. inteligencia maSin Camoyalibda damoikidebel fenad, rodesac ganaTlebulTa arsebis ZiriTad wyarod codna da gamocdileba iqca. bizantia imiTac iqcevs yuradRebas, rom sazogadoebaSi didi pativiT sargeblobda saero inteligencia. es garemoeba xels uwyobs bizantiaSi humanisturi tradiciis swored gaazrebas. gamonaklisebis garda bizantieli inteleqtualebi ZiriTadad dabal fenebs, RaribTa wres ekuTvnodnen. aq ZiriTadad imperiis arsebobis bolo ori saukune igulisxmeba, radgan adrindel etapebze sruliad gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo. imxanad Zalze ganviTarda epistolografia. igi iqca sazogadoebis erTi nawilis yvelaze rafinirebul inteleqtualur gamovlinebad. rogorc aRniSnaven, am TvalsazrisiTac bizantiur epistolografias SemdgomSi analogi gauCnda italiaSi italiuri humanisturi epistolografiis saxiT. bizantielTa filosofiur da literaturul traqtatebSi naTlad gamoixata imdroindeli inteleqtualur-esTetikuri ideali _ keTilSobileba, sifaqize da daxvewiloba ( antikurobidan momdinare ideali, romelic bizantiur sinamdvileSi sicocxlis axlebur aRqmas gamoxatavda, warmoadgenda adamianis zneobriv RirebulebaTa


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da enciklopedizmis sinTezs, racionalurisa da mSvenieris harmoniis renesansul gamosxivebas. bizantieli humanistebi Zalze mgrZnobiareni iyvnen xelovnebis Zeglebisa da bunebis saocrebaTa, landSaftebis mimarT. amis SesaniSnav magaliTs warmoadgens Tundac Teodore metoqites Txroba zRvisa da varskvlaveTis Sesaxeb. bunebrivia, rom mSvenierebis Secnoba da Wvreta unda ganvixiloT rogorc STagonebis wyaro da bunebis humanisturi aRqma. bizantiaSi Seiqmna traqtati "aRzrdis Sesaxeb", romelSic gandidebulia gonebrivi Sroma, rogorc tkbobis umaRlesi forma. ufro metic, werdnen mecnierisa da swavlulis cxovrebis kodeqsis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT, mecnierebis sakeTildReod adamianma uari unda Tqvas yoveldRiurobaze, naklebad izrunos sakuTar ojaxzec ki. mecnieri ar unda mowydes mTavar mizans. didad fasobda bizantiaSi wigni. igrZnoboda swrafva universalizmisadmi. iwereboda eniklopediuri xasiaTis cnobarebi. erT-erTi amgvari cnobaris Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT, rom igi warmoadgens ganZs, afTiaqs, romelic gvTavazobs nebismier wamals, rom igi mdidari, mravalferovani biblioTekaa, TiTqos "cocxali damrigebelia". Zalze dafasebuli iyo bizantiaSi ritorika. mWermetyvelebis ganviTarebis mizniT sagangebo skolebi iqmneboda, Rrmad iqna aTvisebuli umdidresi antikuri gamocdileba, sofistika. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda gardacvlil warCinebulTa Rvawlis Semkobas (monodiebi da epitafiebi). j. verpos azriT, "bizantiuri ritorika gvagonebs aalebuli goTikis didebulebas da barokos emfatikur grZnobadobas". mWevrmetyvelebis humanisturi idealis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiTac mecnierebi bevr saerTos pouloben bizantiasa da italias Soris. terminebi "filosofosi" da "ritori" sinonimebad iqcnen.4 Znelia erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gavmijnoT bizantiur tradiciaSi saRvTismetyvelo da saero sawyisebi. orive erTad viTardeboda "Tanacxovrebis" pirobebSi, orive TiTqos gadaxlarTuli iyo erTmaneTSi. jer kidev giorgi paximere, rodesac patriarq ioseb galitiotes Sesaxeb werda, gancvifrebuli iyo imiT, rom igi cxovrebis berul wess (galoba, marxuloba, fxizloba da sxv.) uxamebda

4 Haussig H. W., A History of Byzantine Civilization, London, 1971.

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Cveulebriv adamianur Tvisebebs, siqveles. sagulisxmoa, rom berZnul teqstSi Sesuli sityva ( ) Zalze uaxlovdeba dasavlur humanitas -s, riTac xazi esmeba humanistur miswrafebebs orive samyaroSi da, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, maT garkveul siaxloves terminologiis mxrivac. humanisturi tendenciebis ganviTareba bizantiaSi didad Seaferxa isixazmma, misticizmis damkvidrebam. bizantielma inteleqtualebma periferias da sazRvargareTs miaSures da XIV-XV saukuneebSi iq Seqmnes erToba. maTTvis ukve gacilebiT misaRebi iyo evropaSi (italiaSi) arsebuli sulieri atmosfero. bizantiuri humanisturi kulturis centrad mistra iqca. iteleqtualur wreebSi gamoirCeoda filosofosi pliToni. misi "kanonebi" antikurobis originaluri interpretaciis warmatebul cdadaa miCneuli. platonis "kanonebis" Semdeg xsenebuli Txzuleba erT-erT mniSvnelovan manifestadac ki aRiares. marTalia, pliTons zogierTebma islamis gavlenac miaweres, magram misi Semoqmedeba arsebiTad antikur kulturas eyrdnoba da mas ganixilavs bizantiuri sinamdvilis WrilSi. 1438 wels pliToni italiaSi Cavida. manamde ki, 1431-1437 wlebSi "pliTonis skola" gaiara SemdgomSi romis kaTolikuri eklesiis kardinalma besarionma. swored pliTonTan eziara besarioni logikas, maTematikas, eTikas, Teologias da sxva mecnierebebs. rac mTavaria aq ganicada man "zogadi humanisturi gavlena". mistraSi pliTonis wreSi moRvaweobda, agreTve, maSindeli inteleqtualuri moZraobis uTvalsaCinoesi warmomadgeneli ioane evgenike. isiqazmis reaqciam da Turqebis Semosevam dafanta mistras humanistebi. bizantieli humanistebi Seerwynen italiel humanistebs da "ganumeorebeli ferebiT gaamdidres italiuri humanisturi kultura". dasavleTs isini aziarebdnen antikur memkvidreobas, aswavlidnen universitetebSi da amiT monawileobdnen evropuli aRorZinebis istoriul procesSi.5

dRes ukve mecnierebaSi davas aRar iwvevs is faqti, rom platonizmma xeli Seuwyo saero filosofiis Camoyalibebas. platonizms ewoda "humanistebis inteleqtualuri kapitali" (e. mucupulosi). isic ki iTqva, rom "rogorc ki dauberavs humanizmis qari, platonizmi

5 Zakythinos D. A., Byzantinische Geschichte, Köln, 1979.


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maSinve iqceva modad". mainc riT aixsneba humanistTa didi daintereseba platonis filosofiiT? am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gvyavs bizantieli humanistebi. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas mkvlevarebs mravali argumenti mohyavT. platonisa da pliTonis Sexedulebebis ganxilvisas xazgasmulia maTi swrafva TanamemamuleTa "moraluri gadaiaraRebisaken", individuumis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisaken obieqturi codnisa da piradi keTildReobis mopovebisas. mizani iyo saxelmwifos myari safuZvlebis Seqmna, moqalaqeobrivi sikeTisa da religiis mniSvnelobis aRiareba, sulis ukvdavebis, rogorc individualuri da RvTaebrivi substanciis Rrmad Secnoba. amasTan zogierTi macnieris (f. maxai) azriT, bizantieli humanistebis interess iwvevda is garemoebac, rom "platonizmis rigi doqtrinebi ewinaaRmdegeboda qristianuli TvTismetyvelebis principebs". bizantiel humanistebs xiblabda da izidavda platonuri filosofiis poetur-miTologiuri da zogjer mistikuri Seferiloba. aTeneli filosofosi, romlis Semoqmedebac italiuri renesansis safuZvladaa miCneuli", iqca ganaTlebuli kacobriobis axali inteleqtualuri civilizaciis simbolod" (b. knosi). zogierTi filosofosi, magaliTad, miqael fselosi, gamoricxavda yovelgvar kavSirs platonis ideebsa da qristianul dogmatebs Soris. rodesac platons ganixilavdnen qristianobis winamorbedad, ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeboda mis Sexedulebebze sulis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb da maT qristianobis "racionalur bazad" ganixilavdnen, ramac xeli Seuwyo qristianuli dogmatebis Camoyalibebas. platonSi imdenad xedavdnen Teologs, ramdenadac filosofosma SeZlo mTeli codnis Tavmoyra zegrZnobadi samyaros Sesaxeb. bizantiuri humanisturi kulturis TiTqmis yvela cnobili warmomadgenlis maqsime planude, Toma magistrosi, Teodore metoxite, nikifore grigora, giorgi pliToni, besarion nikeeli da sxv.) platonis moZRvrebis mimdevari iyo. amave dros TiToeul maTgans platoni Taviseburad esmoda. zogjer formalurad baZavdnen mas da dialogis formas mimarTavdnen. bizantiur humanistur literaturaSi advili SesamCnevia platonis gavlena (intonacia, leqsika da sxv.). platonis mimbaZvelebs kritikosebic gamouCndnen, magaliTad, mistikos kavasilas

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saxiT. antikuri kosmogonia da poliTeizmi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs bizantiel avtorTa SemoqmedebaSi. xSirad isini platonis Semoqmedebas neoplatonizmis WrilSi ikvlevdnen. bizantiel humanistebs italiuri akademiebis sulier mamebad aRiarebdnen. SemdgomSi platonizmma Rrmad gaitaca dasavleTi da es mkafiod gamovlinda franCesko petrarkas SemoqmedebaSi.

humanistebisaTvis mTavari iyo adamiani, adamianuroba, kacobrioba da bedniereba, rogorc adamianis cxovrebis mizani. bizantiaSi Seiqmna "qristianuli humanizmis koncefcia". iyo cda humanistebis mier SemuSavebuli principebis Sexamebisa qristianul moZRvrebasTan. bizantiel filosofosTa azriT, adamiani, romelic Sedgeba sulisa da xorcisagan, materialurisa da aramaterialurisagan, warmoadgens mcire samyaros _ mikrokosmoss. es mikrokosmosi ireklavs mTel samyaros. bizantielma humanistebma daamkvidres azri, rom adamianis ideals warmoadgens yovelmxriv ganviTarebuli pirovneba _ homo

universalis. aseT pirovnebad nikifore grigora Teodore metoqites miiCnevda. aq mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT isic, rom samyaros Secnoba, "Wvreta", bizantielebs ber-monazvnobaSic esaxebodaT. ufro metic, cxovrebis amgvar wess isini aidealebdnen kidec. "samyaros aRqma" gvianbizantiur filosofiaSi diferencirebulad moiazreboda. siqveles zogierTi bizantieli moazrovne ganixilavda rogorc RmerTis mibaZvas. yovelive sulieri, maTi azriT, arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac igi baZavs RmerT, cdilobs miemsgavsos da dauaxlovdes mas. siqvele mJRavndeba RmerTTan miaxloebaSi. siqveles bizantiur tradiciaSi mravalnairad ganmartavdnen. adamianis cxovrebaSi gamohyofdnen sam ZiriTad formas _ tkbobas, saxels da qonebas. am moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba, Tavis mxriv, emyareboda siqvelis cnobil principebs, gamovlinebebs. tkbobas ukavSirebdnen wesierebas, marTebulobas; qonebis flobas _ guluxvobas, xelgaSlilobas; saxelis Ziebas _ zomierebas. araerTi ganmarteba mosdevda simamaces. erTmaneTisagan ganarCevdnen gansacdels, tanjvas RvTis mier movlenils da tanjvas adamianebis mier erTmaneTisadmi miyenebuls. epikures msgavsad, pliToni Tvlida, rom tkbobaSi TavSekavebul


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adamians upiratesoba aqvs sxvebTan SedarebiT, radgan am Tvisebas moklebulni zians ayeneben sakuTar Tavs, janmrTelobas da iqamde miadian, rom saerTod kargaven tkbobis unars. pliToni msjelobs adamianTa pativmoyvareobis, Zalauflebisken swrafvis da saxelis moxveWis Sesaxeb. misTvis ucxo araa qristianuli morCileba, magram amave dros, mTavaria ara umecarTa da moSurneTa, aramed znekeTilTa azri. mTavaria keTili reputaciis swored am wreSi mopoveba. filosofosi miiCnevs, rom keTilSobili, Tavmdabali da TavSekavebuli pirovnebisaTvis, romelmac icis sakuTari Tavis fasi, ar unda iyos saintereso brbos azri. misTvis mniSvneloba unda hqondes im pativsacemi xalxis Sexedulebebs, visac wona aqvs sazogadoebaSi. maT Soris aRiarebis mopovebaa mTavari. am SemTxvevaSi, fr. mazes azriT, saqme gvaqvs Tanamedrove respeqtabelobasTan, "aristokratul siqvelesTan". zneobrivi srulyofilebis erT-erT safexurs bizantielTaTvis guluxvoba warmoadgenda. igive miaCnda pliTons, rom materialurad uzrunvelyofili adamiani mSvenierebisadmi siyvarulSi unda gamJRavndes. am mosazrebas zogni ar iziarebdnen da Sua saukuneebisTvis aradamaxasiaTebel xedvad miiCnevdnen. mTavari mainc isaa, rom pliTonis "samoqalaqo humanizmi" _ koncefcia homo civilis upiratesobas aniWebs wesierebas da moqalaqeobriobas, sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis piradulze maRla dayenebas. amgvarad, bizantiel humanistTa mier Seqmnili zneobrivi Rirebulebebis sistema, romelic mocemulia filosofiur traqtatebSi, literaturul Txzulebebsa da epistolografiaSi,6 miznad isaxavda idealTan miaxloebuli gmiris Cvenebas. am gmirisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo rogorc garegnuli, fizikuri srulyofileba, aseve simamace, keTilgoniereba, samarTlianoba, moyvasis siyvaruli da keTilSobileba.

rodesac vmsjelobT bizantiuri humanizmis Sesaxeb uTuod unda aRiniSnos mecnierebaSi dRemde arsebuli sifrTxile, zogjer skepticizmic am terminis mimarT bizantiur sinamdvileSi. TviT italiuri humanizmis gansazRvraSi arsebobs mravali sirTule. isic ki iTqva, rom

6 Аверинцев С. С., Поэтика ранневизантийской литературы, Москва, 1977.

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renesansi da Sua saukuneebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogorc ori calke aRebuli istoriuli periodi, radgan esaa erTi epoqa, romelsac Sua saukuneebi unda vuwodoT. antikurobis didi restavraciis xana, romelsac, Cveulebriv, renesanss vuwodebT, gansakuTrebuli epoqis ukanasknel etaps warmoadgenda. amitomac rTuldeba bizantiuri da italiuri humanizmis saerTo da specifikuri niSnebis garkveva da dadgena. p. kriteleri italiur kulturul sivrceSi gamorCeul adgils uTmobs ritorikas. amasTan igi, winamorbedTa msgavsad, humanistur moZraobaSi upiratesobas aniWebs filologiur ganswavlulobas, xazs usvams kontinuitets sqolastikasa da renesanss Soris. sayuradReboa isic, rom xsenebuli mkvlevari uaryofs humanizmis filosofiis originalurobas. am koncefciis uarmyofelni aRniSnaven, rom bizantiel humanistTa erToba araa mxolod profesiuli urTierToba. esaa ideologia, romelic gamoixata mecnierul da filosofiur erTianobaSi, humanistur ocnebaSi Tavisufali da ganaTlebuli pirovnebis Sesaxeb, adamianis bunabaSi arsebul Rirsebasa da umaRles sikeTeSi. am erTobis ideur safuZvels, ZiriTad dasayrdens Seadgenda antikuri memkvidreobis Rrmad SeTviseba, misi SemoqmedebiTi gadaazreba da msoflmxedvelobis umniSvnelovanes faqtorad qceva. amis erT-erTi magaliTia axali filosofiis safuZvlad platonizmis gamoyeneba, agreTve, SexedulebaTa sruliad axali sistemis _ neopaganizmis danergva. cnobilia, rom es ukanaskneli mraval SemTxvevaSi qristianobisagan gansxvavebuli principebis damkvidrebas cdilobda. amis gaTvaliswinebiT bizantiuri kulturis ori saukune (XIV-XV) gansxvavdeba adrindeli periodebisagan, ris safuZvelzec istoriis am monakveTis bizantiis sulier-inteleqtualuri, fsiqologiuri da esTetikuri gamocdileba daukavSirda humanizmis cnebas. aRiniSna misi erTgvari siaxlove italiur humanizmTan. sruliad mkafiod iTqva, rom italiur humanizmTan axlomdgom kulturul movlenaTa Soris, ufro metic, vinc garkveuli gavlena iqonia masze, swored bizantiuri humanizmi iyo. amis dasadastureblad aRiniSneba saerTo problematika, inteleqtualuri urTierTobis formebi, ideebisa da gemovnebis, esTetikuri principebis, saliteraturo stilis ganviTarebis tendenciebis,


26

bizantiel da italiel humanistTa fsiqologiuri ganwyobis Tanxvedra da sxv. am istoriuli fenomenis axsnis procesSi istoriografiaSi Rrma fesvebi gaidga koncefciam, romlis mixedviT, bizantiur humanizms ganixilavdnen italiuri humanizmis fuZemdeblad, mamamTavrad. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom italianistebisagan gansxvavebiT met sifrTxiles iCenen Tavad bizantinistebi, romlebic, marTalia, yovelTvis aRniSnaven bizantiuri kulturis rols italiur aRorZinebaSi, magram xazgasmiT miuTiTeben am ukanasknelis erovnul fesvebze, erovnul niadagze. yovelive es mainc ar niSnavs imas, rom mecnierebaSi ar gabatonebula azri aRorZinebis, rogorc mimdinareobis, moZraobis dasavlurobis Sesaxeb. dasavluri xasiaTi ukavSirdeboda axal suliskveTebas da amocanebs. bizantiur da italiur humanizmze saubrisas, vfiqrobT, marTebulia msjeloba ara kulturuli gavlenis procesis calmxrivi xasiaTis Sesaxeb, aramed im saerTo inteleqtualur wyaroebze da ekonomikur-politikur Tu religiur winamZRvrebze, mxedvelobaSia mTeli "berZnul-italiuri kompleqsi", romelic XIV-XV saukuneebSi Camoyalibda centralur da aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi. am periodSi Zalze gaRrmavda SemoqmedebiTi kontaqtebi. 1438 wels florenciaSi Sedga filosofosTa pirveli saerTaSoriso kongresi. bizantiel mecnierTa interesi mezobeli xalxis, misi kulturis mimarT didad gaizarda. igrZnoba aSkara orientacia dasavlur mwerlobaze, intensiurad iTargmneba literatura laTinuri da italiuri enebidan. maqsime planudem laTinuridan berZnulad Targmna ciceronis "scipionis sizmari", ovidiusis "metamorfozebi", avgustines traqtati "samebis Sesaxeb", iuvenalis "satirebi" da sxv. yovelive es xdeba im dros, rodesac berZnuli ena gaigivda marTlmadideblobasTan da laTinuri azrovneba maincdamainc did pativSi ar iyo. amitomac aRniSnavs k. krumbaxeri planudes Rvawls romaelebTan "Catexili xidis" aRdgenaSi. amitomac SeiZina mniSvneloba dimitri kidonisis frazam, rom "axalma romma (e. i. bizantiam _ v.a.) unda aRiaros da pativi miagos romaelTa memkvidreobas". TurqeTTan dapirispirebis procesSi zogni upiratesobas aniWebdnen laTinur dasavleTs da aRniSnavdnen saerTo kulturul-istoriuli tradiciebis rols. erTni bizantiaSi

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laTinuri kulturis SeRwevas mcire nakadad warmoidgendnen, romelic moedineboda "didi berZnuli inteleqtualuri mdinaris" gverdiT. meoreni sakuTriv berZnuli kulturuli nakadis gavlenas mxolod italiis elitarul wreebSi xedavdnen. amis sailustraciod mecnierebi aseT magaliTsac imowmeben: florencieli silvestro di zanobi di marianos wignis daxlze ganTavsebuli 290 tomSi mxolod ciceronis, horaciusis, ovidiusis, senekas, iuvenalis, dantes, bokaCos da sxva Zvelromael Tu Semdegdroindel italiel avtorTa Txzulebebi iyo da maT Soris arcerTi berZeni Tu bizantieli avtorisaTvis ar moiZebna adgili. berZnuli da bizantiuri xelnawerebi humanistebisa da mecenatebis kerZo koleqciebsa da universitetebis biblioTekebSi iyo daunjebuli. rasakvirvelia, am samyaroTa kulturuli erToba renesansis xanaSi udavoa. igi "ganzavebulia" da mJRavndeba zne-CveulebebSi, leqsikaSi, logikur procedurebSi, mxatvrul stilistikaSi da a. S. msgavsebaTa miuxedavad, bizantiurs italiuri humanizmisagan bevri ram ganarCevs. Tvisobrivad bizantiuri humanizmi mainc sxva movlenas warmoadgenda. italiuri humanizmis Sefasebisas mkvlevarni aRniSnaven, rom igi sruliad axali masStabebis epoqis dasawyisia, romelic pirovnebas aTavisuflebs Suasaukuneobrivi azrovnebis wnexisgan ("borkilebisgan"), originalurad axorcielebs dasavluri qristianobis ideebs, safuZvels umzadebs individualizmis gafurCqvnas, gamoimuSavebs sinamdvilesTan racionalistur, pozitiur midgomas, emyareba axalgazrda kapitaluri meurneobis ekonomikur aRmavlobas. italiuri humanizmi "gaJRenTilia sixarulis momgvreli, hedonisturi, sagazafxulo ganwyobilebebiT". rogorc aRniSnaven, sul sxva xasiaTisaa bizantiuri _ e. w. paleologosTa renesansi".7 igi kravs did kulturul cikls da warmoadgens misi ganviTarebis damasrulebel etaps. mis safuZvelze ar iqmneba cxovrebis axali individualisturi stili, radgan aq pirovneba SezRudulia, SeboWilia eklesiisa da saxelmwifos avtoritetiT. mTeli rigi saerTo tendenciebis miuxedavad yofasa da xelovnebaSi mZlavrobs religiuri avtokratuli principi, Zveli feodaluri meurneobis CarCoebi aferxeben

7 Hunger H., The Classical Tradition in Byzantine Literature, Birmingham, 1981.


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axali klasis Camoyalibebas, msoflmxedveloba Tavis tradiciul konservatiulobas inarCunebs. saboloo jamSi yovelive es zemoxsenebuli gazafxulisagan gansxvavebiT, zogierTis mier fasdeba rogorc "saSemodgomo Wknobis ganwyobileba". es mosazreba ar iqna gaziarebuli imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom bizantiuri civilizaciis bolo etapze bizantiur sazogadoebaSi xdeboda sulier RirebulebaTa gadafaseba, ingreoda warmodgenaTa yavlgasuli tradiciuli sistema, rac moaswavebda Suasaukuneebis orTodoqsul-qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis kriziss. aRiniSna isic, rom xsenebuli periodis bizantiaSi xdeboda Zveli Sexedulebebis msxvreva, magram, amave dros sazogadoebis progresuli Zalebi cdiloben axali ideologiis damkvidrebas, rac Zalze rTuli aRmoCnda. amitomac Zneldeba bizantiaSi humanizmis, rogorc axali ideologiis, farTo kulturuli moZraobis Tamamad aRiareba. bizantia feodalur saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, romelic SesaZloa Tavisi ideologiuri reminiscenciebiT iyo dakavSirebuli aRorZinebis arsTan".8 faqtia isic, rom imperia iqca ganviTarebuli italiis "ekonomikur danamatad", moeqca veneciisa da genuis adrekapitalistur urTierTobaTa qselSi. amave dros bizantiasa da italias bevri saerTo hqondaT _ saqalaqo kulturis ganviTarebis maRali done, qalaqebis emansipacia, politikur struqturaSi unitaruli principis Sesusteba, sakmaod farTo inteleqtualuri Tavisufleba, ramac xeli Seuwyo kulturuli, humanisturi mimdinareobebis warmoqmnas. amasTanave didi socialuri safuZvlebis uqonnloba bizantiur humanizms sagrZnoblad zRudavda, myifes xdida mas. gvianbizantiur saxelmwifoSi gamefebuli siRaribe SeuZlebels xdida aRorZinebis xanis italiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi institutis ganviTarebas, rogoricaa mecenatoba. usafuZvlodaa miCneuli misi gaigiveba mecnierTa Tu sxva sferos warmomadgenelTa mfarvelobasTan. amgvari ram gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi xdeboda da sasurvel masStabebs ver miaRwia. raoden sainteresoc ar unda iyos bizantiel moRvaweTa naazrevi, bunebrivia, maT ver miaRwies iseT simaRleebs, rogoricaa aRorZinebis mwvervalebis _

8 Медведев И., Византийский гуманизм XIV-XV вв., М., 1976, 169.

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leonardos, rafaelis, miqelanjelos, bokaCos, petrarkas da sxvaTa Semoqmedeba.9 amdenad gamarTlebuli iqneba Tu aRvniSnavT, rom bizantiuri humanizmi saZiebelia mecnierTa gansazRvruli wris farglebSi. TavisTavad esec sagulisxmo movlenaa. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom bizantiel humanistTa naazrevi ver gamoirCeva sagrZnobi siaxliT ZvelberZen Tu adrebizantiel avtorebTan SedarebiT. amitomac wers erTgan Teodore metoxite winaparTa mier datovebuli didi memkvidreobis CrdilSi yofnis Sesaxeb. aq mxedvelobaSia rogorc antikuri azrovneba, aseve qristianuli eklesiis ideebi. antikurobisa da patristikuli klasis es tvirTi amZimebda bizantiel humanistebs, romelTa moRvaweoba saboloo jamSi mainc dagvirgvinda imiT, rom bizantiuri civilizaciis miwuruls Seiqmna imgvari kulturuli, sulier-inteleqtualuri, fsiqologiuri da esTetikuri "veli", rac Tavisi niSan-TvisebebiT, rogorc aRniSnaven, SeiZleba miCneul iqnas italiuri humanizmis analogad. aq, rasakvirvelia, ZiriTadad humanisturi tendenciebia mxedvelobaSi. aq saubaria antikuri memkvidreobis, warmarTobis, rogorc SexedulebaTa sistemis gardaqmnaze msoflmxedvelobis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes faqtorad. uTuod unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom XX saukunemde damkvidrebuli iyo azri, rom bizantiisa da bizantinizmis arsi "totalur eklesiurobas", saRvTismetyvelo tradiciebis arnaxul momZlavrebas da moZaleobas ukavSirdeboda. amasTan uaryofili da ignorirebuli iyo yovelive, rac dawesebul CarCoebSi, sqemebSi ver Tavsdeboda. bizantiuri civilizaciis Rrma Sreebis yovelmxrivma Seswavlam naTelyo, rom didi saeklesio cxovrebis gverdiT viTardeboda "saero humanizmic" da araerTi bizantieli moazrovne momavals elinizmis gzebis ganviTarebaSi xedavda. evropuli civilizaciis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom "enobrivi kulturisa da humanisturi codnis samefos adeptebi, pirvelyovlisa bizantieli humanistebi iyvnen". maT memkvidreobas ukavSirdeba axali drois adamianebis

9 Грабарь-Пассек М. Е., Античные сюжеты и формы в западоевропейской литературе,

Москва, 1966; Лосев А. Ф., Проблема символа и реалистическое искусство, Москва,

1976.


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azrovnebis principebis Camoyalibeba. yovelive es zrdis bizantiuri civilizaciis mniSvnelobas kacobriobis istoriaSi, kerZod, evropuli civilizaciis Camoyalibebis procesSi.

Valeri Asatiani

Byzantine Humanism

Humanism, according to traditional understanding, is the intellectual movement

established during the epoch of Renaissance. Therefore the term "Byzantine human-

ism" was the cause of arising lots of questions and complications. If a significant

manifestation of humanism is a renascence of antiquity, wich laid was the firm the

foundation of Byzantine thinking, then it is natural to relate the antique outlook with

Byzantine.

The paper deals with certain humanistic tendencies in the Byzantine world.


SuSanik asaTiani

wm. melania romaelis moRvaweobis zogierTi

aspeqtis Sesaxeb

melania romaeli msoflio mniSvnelobis moRvaweTa Soris erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeulia. misi saxeli Tavidanve Cndeba uZveles asketikur krebulebsa Tu hagiografiul TxzulebebSi da dRemde gansakuTrebul Tayvaniscemas imsaxurebs.

am wmindanma qarTvel mkvlevarTa yuradRebac miipyro. ris Sedegadac, qarTulad misi "cxovrebis" ramdenime redaqcia mogvepoveba da TiToeuli maTgani sayuradReboa rogorc teqstologiuri, ise literaturuli TvalsazrisiT.

arsebuli qarTuli Tu araqarTuli wyaroebi gvidastureben, rom cxovrebisa da msaxurebis wesiT melania romaels iSviaTad Tu SeiZleba daeZebnos analogi sxva qal moRvaweTa Soris.

romaeli aristokrati, morwmune da RvTismoSiSi mSoblebis STamomavali melania srulwlovani rom gaxda, misi daqorwineba gadawyvites da melanias gadaWriT uaris miuxedavad miaTxoves aseTive mdidar, keTilSobil aristokrats _ apimianes.1 Tavdapirvelad col-qmars asuli eyolaT, Semdeg ki _ vaJi, romelic maSinve gardaicvala. am mSobiarobis Semdeg melanias ise gaurTulda janmrTeloba, rom apimianem aRTqma dado uflis winaSe: Tuki misi coli gadarCeboda, igi amao cxovrebaze uars ityoda da berad aRikveceboda. marTlac, melania gamojanmrTelda. amas isic daemata, rom mcire xanSi qaliSvilic gardaecvalaT da col-qmari monazvnad aRikveca. mamis aRsrulebis Semdeg,

1 xelnawerSi es saxeli sxvadasxvagvarad gvxvdeba: "apelianosi",

"apimiane", "pimiane", "ampimiane".

wm. melania romaelis moRvaweobis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb

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melaniam da apimianem sakuTari saxl-kari datoves da monastrul cxovrebas mihyves xeli.

amasobaSi maTi sakuTrebis xelyofa daiwyo severianosma, apimianes Zmam da melaniac iZulebuli gaxda TviT dedofals wveoda daxmarebis saTxovnelad. Sedegad, maTi qoneba mTlianad gaiyida da monagebi uklebliv Caabares melanias da apimianes.

melaniam bevri imogzaura apimianesTan erTad. moiloca wminda adgilebi, aaSena ramdenime monasteri da erTi eklesia. Sexvda araerT maRal ierarqs Tu meudabnoe mamas da bolos ierusalimSi missave agebul monasterSi aResrula.

melania romaeli saocrad didi gavleniT sargeblobda mTel imdroindel maRal sazogadoebaSi, xeli miuwvdeboda rogorc Zveli, ise axali romis samefo karze. mas udidesi pativiT iReben imperiis pirveli pirebi. igi aZlevs Tavs uflebas dabebkil kabaSi gamocxaddes saimperatoro karze. mis mier aSenebuli eklesiis kurTxevas ierusalimSi eswreba TviT dedofali. igi aSenebs rogorc dedaTa, ise mamaTa monastrebs, eweva grandiozuli masStabebis qvelmoqmedebas, rac mTeli misi qonebis Sewirvas iTxovs; qonebisas, romlis gamo melania romaelis toli mxolod mefe iyo. "xolo iyvnes igini ufal mravalTa agarakTa, mravalTa adgilTa araTu qalaqsa Sina, gina garemoÁs soflebTa, aramed SorTaca queyanaTa italias da sikilias, panias da vertanias". am qonebiT, melania saqvelmoqmedo miznebiT TiTqmis sicocxlis bolomde sargeblobda. imdenad mdidruli iyo maTi saxlebi, rom "vervin hromisa mkÂdrTaganman SeuZlo syidaÁ maTi, aramed gancemiT ganscnes igini kacTa megobarTa". garda imisa, rom melania megobrobda ama qveynis ZlierebTan da maTi gansakuTrebuli mfarvelobiTac sargeblobda. melanias sakmaod farTo urTierToba hqonda maRal ierarqebTan: episkoposi pavliane, romelic maTi sulieri moZRvari iyo, kirile aleqsandrieli, episkoposi prokle...

melanias "cxovrebaSi" aRniSnulia, rom man aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo mwvaleblebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. kerZod, maSin gavrcelebuli yofila cnobili nestoris moZRvreba. am mwvaleblobidan melaniam mravali moaqcia qristianobaze.

SuSanik asaTiani

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melania romaelma qmarTan da, mogvianebiT, dedasTan erTad miuxedavad Tavisi statusisa (igi monazoni iyo), mravali imogzaura mosalocad da saqvelmoqmedo miznebiT palestinas, egviptesa da konstantinepolSi.

gasakviri araa, rom imperiis umaRlesi wreebidan wamosuli es moRvawe usazRvrod ganaTlebuli iqneboda. garda imisa, rom is bevrs kiTxulobda saRmrTo werils, qadagebda, bevrs werda kidec. samwuxarod Cvenamde mis nawerebs (misi saxeliT mainc) ar mouRwevia, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, jer-jerobiT ar aris cnobili.

melanias Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs agreTve aseve paladi helenopolelis "lavsaikoni".

samwuxarod, am wmindanis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis amsaxveli qarTuli wyaroebi naklebad aris Seswavlili.

garkveuli xnis win gamoqveynebul Cvens werilSi aRvniSnavdiT,2 rom qarTulad melanias ori metafrasuli "cxovreba" arebobs erTi moTavsebulia XIII saukunis xelnawerSi (A-90, 142v-159r, "dekenbersa la, cxovrebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ Rirsisa melaniaÁsi hromisaÁ"). meore _ XII-XIII ss. aTonuri (242v-253v, "cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ Rirsisa melania romisaÁ").3

garda metafrasulisa, arsebobs melania romaelis kimenuri

cxovreba. es aris A-199, gadawerili XII-XIII saukuneebSi ierusalimis

jvris monasterSi.4

melania, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, eklesiam wmindanad aRiara da, ra Tqma unda masTan dakavSirebuli litrugikuli sakiTxavebic arsebobs: sadResaswauloebi, prolog-svinaqsarebi, tropar-kondakebi, Tvenebi, saweliwdo saxarebebsa da tipikonebSi moTavsebuli cnobebi (A-59, S-

2 asaTiani S., "melania romaelis cxovrebis qarTuli TargmanebisaTvis",

logosi, weliwdeuli elinologiasa laTinistikaSi, Tb. 2003, 27. 3 ix. kekeliZe k., etiudebi, 154, 196. "cxovrebis" am redaqciis mTargmnelad,

savaraudod, efrem mcire miiCneva. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am xelnaweris erT-

erTi minaweri melanias xsenebis TariRad aRniSnavs "dekenbersa iz", maSin roca

yvela xelnawerSi aRniSnulia "dekenbersa la". 4 teqsts Tan SeniSvnebi axlavs, romlebSiac aRniSnulia, rom fragmenti dalagda A-382-is mixedviT. am ukanasknels aklia furclebi. moRweuli teqsti ar aris gabmuli. garda amisa, pirveli 11 striqoni ar aris amokiTxuli furclebis dalaqavebis gamo.

wm. melania romaelis moRvaweobis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb

34

34

3639, A-112...). melanias xsenebis dRe Sobis Semdgom udgeba, 31 dekembers Zveli stiliT. amitom xSirad dResaswaulis sakiTxavebi sadResaswaulodan ikiTxeba, melania ki mxolod moxseniebulia.

Cvenamde moRweuli metafrasuli teqstis qarTuli Targmani qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis meore periods ganekuTvneba da mas efrem mciris saxels ukavSireben. kimenuri Targmanis sakiTxi jer kidev gasarkvevia.

garda amisa, qarTul fondebSi paladi helenopolelis "lavsaikonic" aris, romelSic ori Tavia eTmoba melanias Sesaxeb.

"lavsaikonis" am or TavSi mokled aris moTxrobili melanias cxovreba, moRvaweoba da misi umTavresi damsaxurebani. Tumca ki am mcire TxrobebSic sakmaod kargad Cans misi gavlena da didi mniSvneloba imdroindel politikurad da religiurad metad aqtiur samyaroSi.

IV saukunis dasasrulsa V saukunis I naxevarSi moRvawe es wmida deda qristianobis didi aRmavlobis saTaveebTan dgas da arc Tu umniSvnelo adgili uWiravs msoflio moRvaweTa did TanavarskvlavedSi.

saarakod didi qonebis patronma "litonad da undod cxorebaÁ aRirCia", amis gamo igi hagiografma "dedaTa Soris sakvirvelad" moixsenia da "nergi igi Suenieri" uwoda.

Shushanik Asatiani

For Some Aspects of the Life of Melania from Rome

Melania from Rome is one of the outstanding figures in all over the world. Her

name is mentioned in the ancient ascetic titerature and hagiographical wprks.

Saint Melania from Rome is in the centre of attention of Georgian people. There

are several versions of her "Life" found in Georgian. All of the versions are very

important from their literary and textological point of view.

Existed Georgian and other sources prove that the of Melania from Rome and

the way of her divine servise seem to be unuque and have no analogy with other

divine serrant women.


qeTevan bezaraSvili

terminologiuri zedmiwevniloba da

sityvaTqmnadoba efrem mciris mier Targmnili

grigol RvTismetyvelis liturgikuli

homiliebis mixedviT

leqsikuri kalkebis, terminologiuri zedmiwevnilo-bis da sityvaTqmnadobis gaaqtiureba damaxasiaTebelia eli-nofiluri TargmanisaTvis. V saukunidan moyolebuli cal-keuli Teologiuri termini sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva avtoris mier iqmneboda da moiTxovda yofiTi leqsemisagan gansxvavebul erT formalur da semantikur sistemaSi moqce-vas, rac ganxorcielda gelaTis skolaSi.1 XI-XII ss.-is eli-nofilur moRvaweTa SromebSi Seiqmna specialuri mzamza-reuli samecniero terminologia, romelTagan zogi dResac gamoiyeneba samecniero an yofiT enaSi. isini Seiqmna ara me-qanikuri sesxebis da kalkirebis saSualebiT, aramed qarTu-li masaliT, qarTuli sityvaTqmnadobis mdidari SesaZleb-lobebis gamoyenebiT (qarTuli ZirebiTa da afiqsebiT, isto-riulad Camoyalibebuli, zogjer "mkvdari" modelebis, ar-qauli da dialeqturi afiqsebis gaaqtiurebis gziT).2 ter-minTqmnadobis mizani iyo daaxloeboda berZnul filoso-fiur enas da Seeqmna berZnuli filosofiuri cnebis adekva-turi termini. marTalia, saboloo da daxvewili saxiT sa-mecniero terminologiis sistematizacia, filosofiur-Teologiuri terminologiis erTiani monostruqturuli sistemis Camoyalibebis Segnebuli cda ioane petriwis Sro-mebSi xdeba prokles sqolastikuri sistematurobis mibaZviT,

1 d. meliqiSvili, Zveli qarTuli filosofiur-Teologiuri

terminologiis istoriidan, Tb., 1999, 3-32. 2 elinofilTa mier gamoyenebuli axalwarmoebebi qarTulSi

gavrcelebuli Tu ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ucxo ar iyo (d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 31-32.).

terminologiuri zedmiwevniloba da sityvaTqmnadoba efrem mciris mier

Targmnili grigol RvTismetyvelis liturgikuli homiliebis mixedviT

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magram sistematizaciis es procesi gacilebiT adre daiwyo jer kidev giorgi aTonelidan da efrem mciridan moyole-buli.3 am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze sayuradRebo iyo efremis mier Targmnili areopagituli korpusis da ioane damaskelis "dialeqtikis" terminologia. erTSi antikuri filosofiis terminologiaa gamoyenebuli, meoreSi ki, aristoteledan da misi komentatorebidan momdinare logikuri cneba-terminebis ganmartebebia mocemuli. es iyo qarTuli filosofiuri ter-minologiis sistemaSi moyvanis pirveli cda, amdenad, es sistema berZnuli enis polisemiurobisa Tu zogierT filo-sofiur mniSvnelobaTa gaurkvevlobis gamo uzustobebisagan Tavisufali ar aris. erTi da igive berZnuli termini sino-nimuri leqsemebiTaa gadmocemuli, an kidev erTmaneTTan se-mantikurad axlomdgomi sxvadasxva cnebis aRmniSvneli berZ-nuli terminebi mTargmnels erTi leqsemiT gadmoaqvs.4

efrem mcire Ziebis procesSia terminologiis siste-muri damuSavebisas. magram cxadia, rom sityvaTwarmoebiTi saSualebebis farTo gamoyenebiT man Seqmna axali mecnieru-li leqsikis udidesi baza. efremis bolodroindel Sromebs

3leqsikuri kalkebi da sityvaTqmnadobisaken swrafva gelaTuri skolis

Targmanebamde bevrad adre gvxvdeba efTvime aTonelTan (c. qurcikiZe, basili kesarielis "swavlaTa" efTvime aToneliseuli Targmani, Tb., 1983, 064; T. oTxmezuri, maqsime aRmsareblis Ambigua ad Iohannem qarTul mTargmnelobiT tradiciaSi, mravlaTavi, XVIII, Tb., 1999, 245-246), giorgi aTonelTan da bolos, efrem mciresTan (d. meliqiSvili, ioane petriwis filosofiur SromaTa ena da stili, Tb., 1975, 69-152; d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 3-84). efTvimes magaliTebs qvemoTac vnaxavT, magram arsebiTia is, rom elinofiluri TargmanisaTvis es movlena ufro intensiuri da sistemuria. am TvalsazrisiT igi pirvelad srulyofilad Seswavlil iqna ioane petriwis Sromebis mixedviT (d. meliqiSvili, 1975); Semdgom ki gelaTuri skolis sxva elinofili moRvaweebis Sromebis mixedviT (m. rafava, amonios ermisis Txzulebani qarTul mwerlobaSi, Tb., 1983, 058-069; n. meliqiSvili, ioseb flaviosi, Tb., 1987, 26-38; q. bezaraSvili, grigol nazianzelis poezia qarTul mwerlobaSi, macne, els, 3, 1986, 100-105. l. xoferia, maqsime aRmsareblis "pirosTan sityÂsgebis" Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi, dis., 1998, 90-121). yvela am SromaSi berZnizmebi ZiriTadad ganxilulia d. meliqiSvilis mier warmodgenili modelebis mixedviT. amitom qvemoT TiToeul SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT am Sromebs cal-calke aRar warmovadgenT da ZiriTadad d.meliqiSvilis fundamentur Sromebs daveyrdnobiT.

4 d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 15-20.

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daefuZna arsen iyalToelis terminologia, rasac mohyva gelaTuri skolis da ioane petriwis terminologia.5

winamdebare nakveTSi ganvixilavT grigol RvTismety-velis SromaTa or TargmanSi warmodgenili sityvaTwarmoe-bis sxvadasxva SemTxvevas, raTa vnaxoT, Tu rogor eyreba efremis TargmanebSive safuZveli myar terminologiur Sesa-tyvisebs _ erTterminianobas SesityvebaTa nacvlad da ter-minTqmnadobas.

1) leqsikuri kalkebi da terminologiuri zedmiwev-

niloba. sayuradReboa, rom efrem mcires zogierTi kanonize-buli terminis Targmnisas (bibliuri wignebis, basili kesa-rielis, ioane oqropiris, ioane damaskelis TxzulebaTa SemTxevaSi) ar gamouCenia mkacri Seuvaloba.6

efremis mecnierul-filosofiur zust Targmans da-debiTi mxarec gaaCnda. es iyo terminologiis Camoyalibeba sinonimiis ugulebelyofis gziT, rac niSnavda polisemiuri sityvebis Targmnas ara konteqsturi mniSvnelobis dazuste-biT, aramed erTi konkretuli qarTuli SesatyvisiT.7 Sede-gad, berZnul polisemiur sityvas umetesad qarTuladac er-Ti polisemiuri sityva Seesabameba da igi xdeba berZnulis darad mokle da sxarti. amasTan, imisaTvis, rom terminis Sinaarsi erT sityvier erTeulSi moaqcios, yofiTi mniSvne-lobis leqsikuri erTeulebi terminebad iqceva. mag., : 1. arseba (substancia); 2. dabadeba, gaCena, arseboba, realoba, buneba, myofoba; - sityua (efremTan). efTvime xmarobs mis sxvadasxva konteqstur mniSvneleobas da a. S.

a) transliteracia, anu uTargmnelad gadmosuli berZnuli sityvebi8 yovelTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli qarTu-lad naTargmni ZeglebisaTvis. mag., igi efTvime aTonelTanac

5e. WeliZe, Zveli qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo terminologia, I, Tb., 1996. e.

WeliZe, ioane petriwis cxovreba da moRvaweoba, I, religia, 3-5, 1994, 123. d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 20.

6k. danelia, qarTuli samwerlo enis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1983, 296-358; e. xinTibiZe, qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli urTierTobis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1982, 163, 176; r. miminoSvili, "gardamocemis" qarTuli Targmanebi, Tb., 1966, 142-157.

7 d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 14-16. 8 ix. S. Brock, Towards a History of Syriac Translation Technique, in: Studies in Syriac Chris-

tianity (CS 357), 1992, X : 7.



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sakmaod gvxvdeboda.9 grigol RvTismetyvelis liturgikuli sityvebis TargmanebSi ki, amgvari formebi, Cveulebriv, efremTan ufro gvxvdeba. es, ra Tqma unda, elinofilizmis gamovlinebaa, radgan uTargmneli formebi elinofiluri TargmanebisTvis ufroa damaxasiaTebeli.10 grigol RvTisme-tyvelis homiliebis efremiseul teqstSi uTargmneli sityve-bi ar aris warmodgenili imgvar berZnul-qarTuli sinoni-muri wyviliT, rogorc es ioane petriwTan gvxvdeba, axlad-nawarmoeb leqsemasTan SeCvevis mizniT11 (amgvari ram gvxvde-ba mag., areopagituli korpusis efremiseul TargmanSi: "ta-Zrisa RmrTisa ieroTeosisa",12 romlis ganmartebas mTargmneli aSiazec iZleva - ix. qvemoT: b) da misT.). sanac-vlod, efremi zogierT SemTxvevaSi mkiTxvels sTavazobs ucnobi sityvis Sesabamis ganmartebas (ix. qvemoT: a, b, e).13

grigol RvTismetyvelis liturgikul homiliebSi amgvari transliterirebuli (fonetikuri cvlilebebiT war-modgenili) formebia mag., mihroni M. sulneli E

(or. 45, 24, 116) / nelsacxebeli E (or. 14, 17, 75) / sakumeveli E (or.

21, 29, 156); orRanoÁ M. embani da qnari E (14, 24,

111) / saxiobaÁ E (16, 19, 79); orRanoÁ M. WurWeli E (44, 4, 13); asari M. wulili E (= fulis erTeu-li. or. 14, 4, 17); Termuzi M. cercvi E (14, 4, 17);

erani M. nawili E (= boZebuli niWi. or. 14, 6, 27);

eqsoria-yofa M. gankueTa E (21, 13, 68);

kuritni M (= qurumebi). misanni E (39, 4, 9);

siraÁ M. jaWu E (21, 6, 28); tÂfoni M. niavqari E (21, 27, 141); usupi M. sapkurebeli E (40, 11, 44);

9c. qurcikiZe, 1983, 053-054. leqsikuri berZnizmebis gadmocemis Sesaxeb

Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi ix. i. abulaZe, Sromebi, I (1975), II (1976), III (1982), IV (1985). m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli eno-brivi urTierTobis istoriidan, Tb., 1966. n. maxaraZe, bizantiuri berZ-nulis warmoTqmis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1978. s. yauxCiSvili, adiSis xelnawe-ris berZnizmebi, enimkis moambe, XIV, 1944. T. yauxCiSvili, kompozitebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tsu Sromebi, 47, 1952. k. danelia, narkvevebi qarTuli samwerlobo enis istoriidan, I, Tb., 1998 da sxv.

10 S. Brock, 1992, 7 sq. m. rafava, 1983, 063-064 da sxv. 11 d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 45. 12 s. enuqaSvili, fsevdo-dionise aropagelis Sromebi, Tb., 1961, 29. 13 ix. agreTve z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis

Sesavali, Tb., 1984, 201-204, 211 da Semdg.

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leqsi M. sityuaÁ E (16, 2, 4); epitafiaÁ M.

sityuaÁ E (45, 21, 103); aseTivea saeklesio dResaswaulebis saxelebi: geneTliaÁ M. ÃsenebaÁ E (45, 21, 103). Sdr. ganmartebebi: "geneTliaÁ ("Sobisa dRe", xolo epi-tafia ("saflavis zeda" (or. 45, 21, 103. A109, 200v);

enkeniaÁ M (44, 2, 1) / enkeniobaÁ M (44,2,5). satfure-baÁ E; agreTve sofisturi ritorikidan miRebuli tropebi: meTeatrone M. saxiobaTa mxilveli E (44,9,36); sa-Teatrono M. urakparakTa E (41, 10, 42); to; qevatron - TeatroÁ M.

krebuli E (39, 11, 45); to; stavdion - stadioni M. sarbieli T (24,

14, 54); ojlumpionivkh" - ulÂmpio mZle M. mÃedari E (15, 9, 26) da sxv.

Tuki efTvimesTan gvxvdeba amgvari berZnizmi, is ume-tesad aris qarTul enaSi ukve arsebuli, berZnulidan transliterirebuli forma. mag., vasiliskoÁ M.

aspiti E (hJ ajspiv", ido". 21, 32, 166).

zogierTi sityva orive mTargmnelTan erTnairad gad-modis, radgan qarTulSi ukve damkvidrebuli formebia an im droisaTvis mkvidrdeba: sabarbarozoÁ EM (42, 21,

74) / barbarozebrivi M. barbarozebri E (43, 31, 140);

kankeli EM (42, 26, 99); litaniobaÁ EM (43,

54, 218); margaliti EM (39, 16, 85);

mamonaÁ EM (14, 18, 83); faseki EM (45, 10, 54);

RrammatikosobaÁ EM (43, 23, 112); ritorebrivi M. ritorobaÁ E (43, 23, 112);

ritori M. metyueli ritori E (42, 24, 89) / metyueli E

(42, 26, 101). ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi Cans, rom efTvimes mainc uWirs am leqsikuri erTeulis damkvidreba.

zogierTi aseTi forma TiToeul TargmanSi sxvadasx-vanairi fonetikuri gaformebiTaa warmodgenili. aseT SemTxvevaSi efremi zustad imeorebs berZnulis fonetikur JReradobas da zogjer saTanado leqsikur ganmartebasac urTavs mas: spÂridi M. sfÂridi E (41, 4, 17);

pitÂ M. fiWÂ E (16, 19, 80; 42, 6, 20). "Seiswave, rameTu berZul ars sityuaÁ ese "pitÂad" - ara didi xe, aramed mcire kicÂ fiWÂsaÁ uzardi" (A109, 143v).

b) derivaciuli kalki, berZnuli modelebis darad gaformebuli sityvaTqmnadoba, igive etimologiuri Targma-



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40

nia, romelic berZnul kompozitebs Targmnis Semadgeneli sityvebis mixedviT.14 es aris semantikur-formaluri termi-nologiuri kalki. amgvari sityvaTqmnadoba umTavresad exeba afiqsoidur warmoebas da kompozitebs.15 aseTi ornawiliani formebi umetesad efremTan gvxvdeba.16 efTvime arCevs qar-Tuli enisaTvis bunebriv konteqstur mniSvnelobas da qmnis Sinaarsobriv Targmans. aseTia prefiqsiani da sufiqsiani nawarmoebi sityvebi, maT Soris ukuTqmiTi Sinaarsis saxel-Ta warmoeba (efremi poulobs qarTulisaTvis Sesaferis sa-derivacio afiqsebs), sxvadasxva morfologiuri kategorie-biT Sedgenili kompozitebi (windebuli+ saxelzmna, sax-eli+saxeli, saxeli+zmna da a. S.) da sxv. (ix. qvemoT: 2. e. f. g).

sayuradReboa, rom efremi Tavis kolofonebSi Ta-vadve ganmartavs sagulvebeli derivaciuli kalkis Sinaarss Semadgeneli sityvebis mixedviT: "Seiswave, viTarmed "iero-Teos" (= "taZrad RmrTisad" () gamoiTarg-manebis enisagan berZulisa" (A110, f. 45).17 "amas wignsa ewode-bis "filoTeon istoria" (=, romel ars "RmrTismoyuarebiT TxrobaÁ" (Teodorite kvirelis Txzule-ba igulisxmeba. A689, 187r); "WeSmaritad filosofosobad, ese igi ars "sibrZnismoyuarebaÁ", WeSmaritsa monazonebasa saxel-edebis" (A689, 187v);

18 "Seiswave ... "sibrZnismoyuareba", romel ars filosofosoba" (Gr. Naz. or.7,9. A292, 359v; Sdr. or.7,11.A292,

360r; or.19,16,89. Jer.43, 13r da sxv.)19 da a. S.

14 S. Brock, 1992, 7. S. Brock, Aspects of Translation Technique in Antiquity, in: Greek-

Roman and Byzantine Studies, 20, 1, 1979, 84-85. S. Brock, The Syriac Version of the Pseudo-Nonnos Mythological Scholia, Cambridge, 1971, 42.

15d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 44-45. 16 es movlena grigolis erTi homiliis ori qarTuli Targmanis mixedviT

ganxilulia SromaSi: B. Coulie, Les traductions Géorgiennes du Discours I par Eu-

thyme l' Hagiorite et Ephrem de la Montage Noire, dans Studia Nazianzenica, I, ed. B. Cou-

lie (Corpus Christianorum, Series Graeca 41. Corpus Nazianzenum 8), Turnhout, 2000, 256. es movlena jer kidev giorgi aTonelTan iwyeba (d. meliqiSvili, qar-Tuli mecnieruli terminologiis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis gzebi, mnaTobi, 2, 1983).

17s. enuqaSvili, 1961, 261, kom. 4. 18 z. sarjvelaZe, 1984, 218-219. 19Sdr. termin -s gadmotana efTvimesa da efremis mier rogorc

"sibrZnismetyueleba" E da "sibrZnismoyuareba" M. q. bezaraSvili, "Rrma wignuri sityvis" gagebisaTvis efrem mciris kolofonebSi. macne, els, 1-4, 2002.

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efremi rom Segnebulad, Camoyalibebuli elinofi-luri Teoriis mixedviT mimarTavs derivaciul kalkebs, cxadyofs misi erTi kolofoni. efremi basili minimusis ko-mentaris Sesabamisad (sadac ganmartebulia Sedgenili sityva misi Semadgeneli sityvebis mixedviT: sanacvlo, samagie-ro; - naxelavi, namoqmedari), grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa Targmnisas qmnis amgvar leqsikur kalks: ÃelisÃeladni M. nacvalni E (19,14,81. PG35,

1060D1). Sdr. basili minimusis komentari: "moqmedebisagan ÃelTaÁsa SemoRebul ars sityuaÁ ese, viTarca sasyidelsa namuSakevisasa miiRebda" (or.19, com.81. Jer.15, 8r).

20

amgvari derivaciuli kalkiT efremis TargmanSi iqm-neba berZnulis adekvaturi lakoniuroba, rac efTvimes TargmanSi ar aris daculi. amasTan dakavSirebiT saintere-soa efremis Tu misi mimdevari elinofilis mier grigol RvTismetyvelis krebulze darTuli kolofonebi. erT ko-lofonSi ganmartebulia berZnuli kompozitis qarTulad adekvaturad gadmotanis principi: ori sityvis erTad Sedg-mis (anu kompozitad qcevis) wesi simoklisaTvis. amisaTvis pirvel sityvaSi ikveceba bolo xmovani, romelic kompozi-tis Semadgenel nawilTa Semtkicebas uSlis xels (naTesao-biT brunvaSi dasmuli marTuli msazRvreli ikvecs emfati-kur -a-s); amave mizniT ori sityva ebmis erTmaneTs, rac xel-nawerebSi berZnulis mixedviT SemoRebuli Sesabamisi pro-sodiis niSnebiT aris gaformebuli. mag., Jamismeoredad M. Semdgomad raodenTame JamTa E (or.43,2,8. PG36, 496B10). Sdr. ganmarteba: "ese Ãelovne-baÁ ... amas sakiTxavsa Sina ixilvebis, ... rameTu aha, raJams uÃmda Tqumad, viTarmed: "meoredad Jamisa davemTxÂe mas", si-moklisaTÂs orTa sityuaTa erTad Seadgams da "ansa" (=a) mohkueTs "Jamisagan" da mokueTilisa mis wil asoÁsa sanisasa (=s) zeda iotaÁ (=apostrofi) uzis. xolo raÁTa ara organ gahkra esreT, viTarmed: "Jamisa meoredad", romeli-ese orsi-tyuaobaÁ ars, amisTÂs quemoÁT Sesakravad uzis sÂnembaÁ (=Âfeni, Semkvreli) ..., raÁTa esreT erTsityuaÁ hyvne, vi-

20komentaris gamoyenebis Sesaxeb efremis mier terminologiuri

sizustisaTvis da am pasaJis analizisaTvis ix. T. oTxmezuri, komentarTa gavlena grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa qarTul Targmanebze. filologiuri Ziebani, II, Tb., 1995, 157.



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Tarmed: "Jamis ' meoredad". komentatoris mixedviT, aseve ga-moiTqmis sityvebi: "RmrTis ' moyuare", "RmrTis ' msaxuri", "RmrTis ' mSobeli" (nacvlad grZeli formebisa: "RmrTisa moyuare", "RmrTisa msaxuri" da "RmrTisa mSobeli"). "xolo raJams sTqua: "RmrTiv Semosilo", "RmrTiv goniero", aha or-ni erTad Sedgmulni, romelTa sÂnembaÁ una, raÁTa erTgan gahkra, xolo iotaÁ arRara una, rameTu asoÁ ara akls, aramed Sedgmuli oden arian" (or.43, com.14. Jer.15, 22v; Jer.43, 24r;

Jer.13, 300v-301r).21

asevea ganmartebuli kidev erTi amgvari si-tyva, romelsac xmovnis mokveca ar sWirdeba, magram kompo-zitia: friadmeoredi M (om. E. 43,2,15. PG36,

497A14). Sdr. ganmarteba: "aha sityuaÁ orsityuaÁ erTad Sedg-muli..". (or.43, com.7. Jer.15, 23v; Jer.13, 301v). aseTivea minaweri: "Seiswave, viTarmed "yovladsaTnoebaÁ" erTi sityuaÁ ars" (A689, f.158).

22

sayuradReboa efremiseuli SeniSvna, rom erT-erTi amgvari axladwarmoebuli kompoziti (TavTmnde [=Tavisi Tavis moimede] M. om. E.

14,3,12. PG35, 861B5) mokled da lakoniurad aRiqmeba. "Seiswave: "TavTmnde" axlad sityuad amis wil mokled, viTarmed: "min-dobil iyvnes TavTa TÂsTa" (Jer.15, 165v).

SeniSnulia, rom efremi qarTul kompozitebs yo-velTvis ar qmnis berZnuli kompozitebis mixedviT. igi zog-jer qarTul lakoniur erT sityvaSi aerTianebs berZnul msazRvrel-sazRvruls an or da orze met sityvas (orive tipis magaliTebi ganxilulia qvemoT). magram sityvaTa Sedg-mis xelovneba da masSi gamoyenebuli niSnebi mas berZnuli-dan aqvs aRebuli. efremis mier gamoyenebuli es xerxi da prosodiis niSnebi, romlebic mis sxva xelnawerebSic das-turdeba, ufro farTod iqna gamoyenebuli Semdegdroindel elinofilur, anu gelaTis skolaSi da gansakuTrebiT, ioane petriwTan.23

c) terminologiuri zedmiwevniloba gulisxmobs sity-vis erTi zusti etimologiuri mniSvnelobis gadmocemas

21am pasaJis interpretaciisaTvis ix. T. oTxmezuri, erTi gramatikuli

xasiaTis SeniSvna. vels qarTul mwerlobaSi. macne, els, 3, 1992. 22z. sarjvelaZe, 1984, 244. 23 T. oTxmezuri, 1992.

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konteqsturi an sinonimuri mniSvnelobis ugulebelyofiT. am ukanasknel xerxs, Cveulebriv, efTvime aToneli mimarTavs. mag., war)mdinari M (=warmavali). ganÃrwnadi E (or.14,12,52); warmdinare M. ganÃrwnadi E (45,3,13);

ganWabukeba M (=gabedva Wabukuri siTamamiT). kadreba E (or.42,2,5); RmrTissaxe M. RmrTivSuenieri E

(39,10,42; 45,3,17); Cudkecoba M (=ormagoba). Zniad ga-mosaTargmanebeli E (14,28,134); - grZelsityuaobaÁ M. mravlismetyuelebaÁ E (41,9,41); (mo)TxrobaÁ M.

aRweraÁ cxorebisaÁ E (21,5,21; 41,4,12);

Txrobisaebr M (=istoriuli mniSvnelobiT). moswaveba E (or.45,16,82); uÃelovnoÁ M. umecari E

(40,11,49) / bunebiTi E (43,61,250) / uSromeli E (45,8,39).

efremi cdilobs daamkvidros erTi ZiriT gamoxatu-li formebi erTi da imave ZiriT nawarmoebi berZnuli ter-minebis Sesabamisad. mag., fuZiani sityvebis erTi jgu-fi24 efrems umetesad gadmoaqvs Sesabamisi qarTuli fuZiT - "goneba": - mogonebuli M. gulisÃmisyofiTi E

(45,16,82); mogoneba M. gulisÃmis-yofa E (14,15,69);

mogoneba M. zraxva E (14,32,153);

mogonebaÁ M. guliszraxvaÁ E (21,17,85);

gonebaÁ EM (39,3,7) / mogonebaÁ M (42,3,9); gonebaÁ M. bunebaÁ E (40,45,48); gangonebaÁ M. guli E (45,2,10); gamonak-lisia: cnobaÁ M. guli E (38,6,21).

25 aseTivea mag.,

24zemoT ganxiluli derivaciisaTvis axal terminTa warmoebis

TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli aqtivobiT xasiaTdebian garkveuli semantikis leqsemaTa Zireuli morfemebi: gon, can, guar, ars Cen/Cin, mizez, guam, yof, ziar da sxv. Zirebi (e. WeliZe, 1996, 196-216; 218-230; 327-355; 362-370; 412-457; 669 da sxv. d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 29-30). rogorc vxedavT, amgvari terminologiuri zedmiwevnilobis miRwevis cda ukve efremTan gvxvdeba. efremis ramdenime terminis analizisaTvis ix. n. meliqiSvili, zusti Targmanis roli terminTa Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. macne, els, 4, 1991.

25 rogorc aRniSnaven, berZnuli noeturi (gonebasTan, azrovnebasTan, cnobierebasTan, SemecnebasTan dakavSirebuli) terminologiis qarTulad gadmocemis saqmeSi sistemuroba efrem mciridan iwyeba, Tumca arc efremi da arc Semdgom arsen iyalToeli icaven myar kanonzomierebas terminTa am jgufis gadmocemisas (Sdr. m. maCxaneli, berZnuli Sesatyvisobani efrem mciriseuli Targmanisa "saxe". Zveli



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44

sibrZnismoyuareba M. gulisÃmis-yofa E (21,2,13) /

gamoTquma E (38,8,35); filosofosoba M. Tquma E (39,17,86) / war-moTquma E (45,6,30) / gamoTquma E (45,4,25).

aseve mag., fuZiani sityvebi efrems qarTulad yvelgan "grZnoba" fuZiani SesatyvisiT gadmoaqvs: grZnobaÁ M. sacnobeli E (40,38,173) / sacnobeli ÃorcTaÁ E (41,1,3) / xilvaÁ E (45,7,33); grZnoba M. mo-goneba E (14,9,43) / gulisÃmisyofa E (43,17,86);

grZnoba M. cnoba E (42,9,32); - mgrZno-beli M. smena E (16,16,59); grZnobadi M. xiluli E

(21,1,5); sagrZnobeli M. sacnobeli E (11,5,16) da a. S.26

d) terminis da terminTSesityvebis Sinaarsis erT leqsikur erTeulSi moqceva upirispirdeba mis gadmotanas SesityvebiT da a. S.27 aseT SemTxvevaSi zogjer elinofili mTargmneli ufro lakoniur formas gvTavazobs, vidre Ta-vad dedanSia warmodgenili. mag., berZnuli Sesityvebebi efremTan erTi leqsemiT gadmodis: siTamame, TviTdajerebuloba; ) TavTmnde M. (=Tavis Tavis moimede.

qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, 27, 1988). gamonaklisi da siaxle am TvalsazrisiT mxolod ioane petriwia (e. WeliZe, 1996, 412-413, 416).

26rogorc aRniSnaven, efrem mciresTan sensorulobis mniSvnelobiT aijsqesi" da masTan fuZeziari terminebi gadmodis rogorc "sagrZnobelni", aseve rogorc "sacnobelni" (mag., ioane damaskelis "dialeqtikis" TargmanSi). sazogadod, efrem mciris dros ukve karga xania damkvidrebulia terminebi "grZnobaÁ", grZnobiTi", "grZnobadi" da misT. (grigol noselis "kacisa Sesaqmis" uZveles VIII-IX ss. TargmanSi). efTvime aTonelisaTvis "grZnobis organoTa" gadmosacemad umTavresia termini "sacnobelni" da masTan: "cnobaÁ", "gulisÃmisyofaÁ", "mecnierebaÁ", "xiluli", "sacnauri" da sxv. efremi orsave tradicias asaxavs (e. WeliZe, 1996, 343-344). rogorc Cans, ukve bolodroindel elinofilur TargmanSi (grigol RvTismetyvelis homiliebi) efremi amkvidrebs erTterminianobas "grZnoba" da masTan fuZeziari sityvebis saxiT. cxadi xdeba, rom XI saukunis II naxevridan efrem mcire saTaves udebs erTterminianobis am process xsenebul terminTan dakavSirebiT. Sedegad, es termini gvxvdeba arsen iyalToelTan, xolo ioane petriwi kidev ufro srulyofs am berZnuli terminis qarTulad Targmnis process (ix. e. WeliZe, 1996, 344, 348).

27amgvari viTareba iyo winaelinofilur TargmanebSi.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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or.14,3,12). rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, efremi ganmartebas urTavs am sityvas (ix. b), rogorc lakoniurad gaformebul axal formas. cxadia, rom misTvis axali sityvaTwarmoeba sru-liad Segnebuli da mizandasaxulia. aseTivea: ÃorcTmridi M. aRvikrZalav ÃorcTa CemTa E (14,3,12); ZeyofaÁ RmrTisaÁ M. Svil RmrTisa yofaÁ E (14,23,103);

enaTmetyuelebaÁ M. enaTa Tquma E (42,22,80);

sityÂsmsaxuri M. msaxuri saRmrToÁsa si-tyÂsaÁ E (14,33,157); sityÂsgankueTaÁ M. ganwva-lebaÁ morwmuneTaÁ E (21,35,191); sityuaÃelovani M. sityÂTa brZeni E (21,3,19); zeSTasityÂsaÁ M.

sityÂsa uzeSTaesi E (42,18,61); queyaniszedaÁ M.

queyanisa zeda E (45,18,89); kacTazeSTaÁsaÁ M. uaRres da uzeSTaes kacTaÁ E (45,29,141).

bunebrivia, rom dednis erTsityviani formebi efremis TargmanSi erTi leqsikuri SesatyvisiT gadmovidoda. aseTia, mag., windebuliani formebi: zeSTcaTaÁ M. caTa zeda E (45,2,8); zeSTbunebisaÁ M. cnobaTa uaRresi E

(45,22,105); Tanatkivneuloba M. Ãelis apyroba E

(14,29,138); Tanamoqmedi M. Semoqmed yofa ... Tana E (41,14,56); Tanasaxleuloba M. saxed TÂsad Seyvana E (14,11,55); Tanamwyemsni M. Cuen Tanave moyuasni mwyemsobisani E (42,1,1).

aseTivea kompozitebi: saqmismcemeli M. ze-damdgomeli saqmisaÁ E (45,15,73); sambrwyinvale M.

samebiT mnaTobi E (44,3,9); lamparSemosilobaÁ M.

naTliTa SemosilobaÁ E (45,2,7); cudsaxeli M. si-tyuaÁ calieri E (21,24,127); saxekeTilobiT M. xa-tad Suenierad E (40,37,172); ferkeTilobaÁ M. feri Suenieri E (44,6,21); erTnebebobaÁ M. erTobaÁ gonebisaÁ E (21,8,39); erTnebebobaÁ M. erTobaÁ nebisaÁ E (41,12,48); TanaRmerTi M. erT RmrTisa Tana E

(45,13,65). aseTia mag., iseTi nawarmoebi formebi, romelTac

efTvime, Cveulebriv, ganmartebiTi TargmaniT gvTavazobs: nivTierobaÁ M. nivTieri saqme E (45,16,78);



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winagangeba M. saRmrTo gangebuleba E (14,32,154) da sxv..

lakoniuri forma gamonaklisis saxiT efTvimesTanac arsebobs: Seucvalebeli E. Sdr. egreTveobis mqonebeli M (14,23,104). efremi kalkis sizustiT qmnis termi-nologiur Sesityvebas. efTvime ki sinonimur mniSvnelobas gvTavazobs.

e) terminologiuri stabiluroba gulisxmobs regu-laruli leqsikuri Sesatyvisis xmarebas, semantikur kalks, erTi sityvis erTi terminiT gadmocemul sxvadasxva mniSv-nelobas, nacvlad konteqsturi mniSvnelobisa, rasac ste-reotipizaciis principi ewodeba.28

amis Sesaxeb sayuradReboa Tavad efremis kolofoni, areopagitul korpusze darTuli, romelic erTi terminis (saukuno) zusti regularuli mniSvnelobis dadgenas exeba (romelsac, rogorc Cans, Zveli mTargmnelni konteqs-tis mixedviT sxvadasxvagvarad Targmnidnen: saukuno, sawu-Tro, sofeli, Jami da sxv.): "Seiswave, viTarmed berZenTa eni-Ta mravalguarad iÃmareben saxelsa saukunoÁsasa wmidaTa werilTa Sina. amisTÂsca me, viTa TÂT maTiTa eniTa arian, egreT damiwerian sityuani ese, aw werilTagan SemoRebulni, raÁTa scna, viTarmed amaT sityuaTa Sina yovelgan sauku-noÁsa saxeli ars berZulad, romeli wmidaTa mamaTa da mo-ZRuarTa qarTulisa TargmanebisaTa odesme sawuTrod uT-quamT da odesme soflad da odesme Jamad friad jerovniTa gangebiTa. xolo aqa saWiro iyo, TÂT viTa maTsa enasa ars, egreT dawera, raÁTa ara mouzavebel iyos maTda Targmani maTi" (A110, f.167).29

ioane damaskelis "gardamocemis" kolofonSi efremi ganmartavs regularuli Sesatyvisis meore siZneles _ ter-minis gagebis sirTules berZnuli enis polisemiurobis gamo. igi ambobs, rom sityvas "saukuno" mravali mniSvneloba aqvs

28 S. Brock, 1979, 85-86. S. Brock, 1992, 7. J. Barr, The Typology of Literalism in Ancient

Biblical Translations, in: Mitteilungen des Septuaginta - unternehmens (MSU) XV. Verge-

legt in der Sitzung vom 12 Januar, # 11, Göttingen, 1979, 305-314. Tumca gamonakli-sebi arc elinofili mTargmnelebisaTvis aris ucxo. ioane petriwis terminologiuri sistemac qmnadobis procesSia (ix. d. meliqiSvili, 1979, 35-36. l. xoferia, 1998, 120).

29 s. enuqaSvili, 1961, 262, kom. 10.

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berZnulad (amqveyniuri dro, maradiuloba da a. S.). amitom igi amocnobil unda iqnes yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi konteqstis mixedviT: "saukuno saxel-edebis "awindelsa amas sawuTrosa cxorebasa" da "saukuno yofadsa mas Semdgomad aRdgomisa dausrulebelsa cxorebasa" (mT. 12, 32) .... Tana-Seatyu awindelsa amas sakiTxavsa da can, viTarmed mraval-saxed iTqumis berZulad saxeli saukunisaÁ" (A24, 51rv).

30

Sdr. saukune M. dasi E (or.41,2,5);

saukunoÁ EM (or.14,21,93). amgvaradve dadgenili Cans grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa TargmanSi efremis mier Semdegi terminebi: zenaÁ M. mermeÁ E (14,14,67) / zeci-saÁ E (42,27,103) / zecaTaÁ E (14,2,8) / zeciTi E (39,7,23) / waruvali E (43,13,66) da a. S.zenaÁ sofeli M. savaneni ze-cisani E (14,18,82) / zecisa sasufeveli E (45,17,73);

aRmodabadebaÁ M. meored SobaÁ E (40,2,5) / ganaxle-baÁ E (39,2,4); kualad dabadebaÁ M. ganaxlebaÁ E (38,16,80);

mdgomare M. mtkice da Seucvalebeli E (14,12,60) /

waruvali E (19,2,2); mdgomi/mdgmoÁ M. mtkice E (14,20,89);

mdgomoÁ/mdgmoÁ M. waruvali E (14,20,89);

mimordomobaÁ / mimomrdomi M. Secvaleba E

(39,12,54; 14,20,89); mimomrdomi M. Secvalebadi E

(14,21,94).aseTivea: sityÂsgebaÁ M. ganmarTlebaÁ E

(16,19,31) / pasuxis micemaÁ E (16,19,31) / mizezobaÁ E (39,14,71) / morCilebaÁ E (43,40,174); sityÂssagebeli M. mizezi E (14,27,128) /

pasuxi E (21,23,125); agreTve: saxisdasabami M. maga-liTi E (43,1,2) / pirmSoÁ E (38,13,59); saxisdasabamobaÁ M. saxe da wesi E (19,2,6); dasabami EM (45,4,20;21,6,30); dasabamo-baÁ M. mTavrobaÁ E (40,43,194); dasabami M. Sobili E (42,15,50) /

dawyebaÁ E (44,5,19) / pirveli E (38,13,58);31

agreTve: wesi

30 r. miminoSvili, 1966, 119. 31 efremi amkvidrebs termin "dasabams" -s Sesatyvisad (ix. k. danelia,

1983, 308-309. n. meliqiSvili, 1991, 93. e. WeliZe, 1996, 627-628). -s fardad "dasabams", nacvlad Zvel mTargmnelTa "pirvelisa" (=sistemurad xmarobs ioane petriwi da specialur msjelobas uZRvnis mas (e. WeliZe, ioane petriwis cxovreba da moRvaweoba, II, religia, 1-3, 1995, 87. d. meliqiSvili, wminda werilis interpretaciis ramdenime nimuSi ioane petriwis "ganmartebasa" da arsen iyalToelis "dogmatikonSi", a. aleqsiZisadmi miZRvnili, Tb., 2000, 172-173).



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48

M. gangebulebaÁ E (14,23,104) / ricxÂ E (16,11,40) / Jami E (21,3,15) /

dasi E (40,5,15) / dgomaÁ E (40,5,15) / sazomi E (45,11,59) / wesiere-baÁ E (45,15,72). gamonaklisia: dasi M. sazomi E (40,13,54) da sxv.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia: sityuaÁ M. werili E (14,27,128) / mizezi E (19,2,7) / pirmetyuelebaÁ E (21,2,17) / mo-ZRurebaÁ sityÂsaÁ E (21,3,16) / moZRurebaÁ E (21,30,158) / Tqumuli E (39,11,45) / saidumloÁ E (39,15,81) / saxe E (40,38,13) / TqumaÁ E

(41,5,21) / gulisÃmisyofaÁ E (43,12,60) / gangebulebaÁ E (43,20,108)

/ gamometyuelebaÁ E (43,1,3) / marTlmetyuelebaÁ E (41,9,42) da a. S.32

efremi rom terminologiuri stabilurobis Seqmnis procesSia, amas cxadyofs agreTve magaliTebi or.38/45-s pa-raleluri adgilebidan (e. w. dubletebidan): ganuzomeli / wiaRuvleli M . miuwdomeli E (38,7,24;

45,3,14); usazRvroÁ / SeusazRvrebeli M. usazRvroÁ E (38,7,24; 45,3,14); sibrZnismoyuareba / filosofo-soba M. gamoTqma E (38,8,35; 45,4,25); mxedvelobaÁ / xed-vaÁ M. xedvaÁ E (389,36; 45,5,26); keTilSezavebulebaÁ / keTilSenawevrebaÁ M. SezavebaÁ E (38,10,41; 45,6,31) da sxv.

2) sityvaTqmnadobas da terminTqmnadobas miekuTvneba sxvadasxva tipis warmoeba:

a) abstraqtul cnebaTa gamomxatveli erTsityviani substantivi-terminebis sawarmoeblad xSirad gamoyenebuli -oba/eba sufiqsebiani formebi orive mTargmnelTan gvxvdeba,33 magram gansakuTrebiT aqtiuria es formebi efremTan, rac Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi arc ise xSiri iyo.34 amdenad, am formebis intensiur gamoyenebas safuZveli ukve efrem mci-

32ix. n. meliqiSvili, // efTvime aTonelisa da efrem mciris

Targmnil grigol RvTismetyvelis 16 homiletikur TxzulebaSi. mravlaTavi, XVI, Tb., 1991. Sdr. r. enuqaSvili, "sityua" samociqulos arTul redaqciebSi. Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, 27, 1988.

33giorgi mTawmidelis mier amgvari sityvawarmoeba ufro -eba sufiqsiT iyo gaformebuli (d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 16). rogorc Cans, amgvari warmoeba efTvime aTonelidanve iRebs saTaves.

34sazogadod, Zveli qarTuli enis adrindel ZeglebSi abstraqtul cnebaTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi iseTi didi sixSiriT da mravalferovnebiT ar gvxvdeba, rogorc XI-XII ss.-is filosofiur ZeglebSi (d. meliqiSvili, 1975, 74-94).

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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resTan eyreba.35 rogorc miuTiTeben, efremma metad gaafar-Tova abstraqtul saxelTa warmoeba -oba sufiqsiT, romel-sac igi urTavs ara mxolod arsebiT da ricxviT saxelebs, aramed nebismier fuZes (mimReobebs, nacvalsaxelebs, war-moqmnil fuZeebs da kompozitebs). am sufiqsis amgvari funq-ciiT xmareba kidev ufro gaaqtiurda gelaTur skolaSi.36

aseTia mag., orive mTargmnelTan dadasturebuli na-warmoebi formebi: myudroebaÁ E. velisobaÁ / msoflelobaÁ M (or.42,24,87; or.43,16,80);ÃelmwifebaÁ E.

mTavrobaÁ M (21,9,47) / mTavrobaÁ E. dasabamobaÁ M (40,43,194);

meudabnoebaÁ EM (14,4,16); cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ E. cxorebulobaÁ M (19,14,83);

ganwvalebaÁ E. ganmyofelobaÁ M (39,11,49); ziarebaÁ EM (45,18,91); sazogadobaÁ M (43,11,56);

aRsrulebaÁ E. TavdgmulebaÁ M (45,28,138);

agebulebaÁ E. SezavebulebaÁ M (14,7,35);

TÂTmpyrobelobaÁ E. erTmTavrobaÁ M (40,41,188);

erTarsebaÁ E. TanaarsebaÁ M (21,35,188);

mesibrZneoba M. sibrZnisxmareba E (45,20,97).

oba/eba-sufiqsiani formebi umetesad mxolod efrem-Tan gvxvdeba: mogonebaÁ / gangonebaÁ M. gonebaÁ / guli E (42,3,9; 45,2,10); mdgmoobaÁ M. simtkice E

(14,35,166); ganmÃedreba M. mÃedrobiTi mowevna E

(43,31,140); wÂmierebaÁ M. wÂmaÁ E (42,5,16);

ganRmrToba M. RmerT-yofa E (45,9,49);

TavdgmulebaÁ M. gÂrgÂni E (43,5,25);

aRyvanebaÁ M. warZRoma E (45,20,96);

yvanebaÁ M. wesi E (14,31,147);

gamomwulilvelobaÁ M. gamomeZiebeli E (21,10,55);

mcTomobaÁ M. mimoslvaÁ E (21,16,82);

ganmvlevelobaÁ M. Semwuveli E (45,16,78);

sacnaurebaÁ M. saxe E (14,25,115);

sagoneblobaÁ M (43,39,171);

35 ix. s. enuqaSvili, 1961, 0116. 36d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 17-18; 54-60. d. meliqiSvili, sityvawarmoebis

saerTo saSualebani ioane petriwisa da efrem mciris enaSi, Tsu Sromebi, B 6-7 (151-152), 1974, 117.



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sacnobelobaÁ M. cnobaÁ E (21,1,7); mavaloba M. slva E (43,60,248); mezRueuroba M. curva E (14,28,131);

mesjuleoba M. marTlmadideblobiT gamoTquma E

(41,10,42); TanaarsebaÁ M. sityuaÁ erTarsebisaÁ E

(21,22,113); frTovnoba M. frTovan qmna E (44,10,40);

[] - mesibrZneoba M (14,12,58);

ganmgonebloba M (45,16,78);

nivTierobaÁ M. nivTieri saqme E (45,16,78);

saxeobaÁ M. saxe E (14,4,18);

mxedvelobiTobaÁ M. gulisÃmisyofaÁ E (43,11,54);

gamomeZieblobiTobaÁ M. gamoZiebaÁ E (43,11,54).

efTvimesTan SedarebiT, efremTan ukve gavrcelebuli formaa abstraqtul saxelTa warmoeba mimReobis ukuTqmiTi formebisagan an saerTod, uqonlobis Sinaarsis u-o afiqse-bian zedsarTav saxelTagan imave sufiqsebis darTviT: umecreba M. umecar-yofa E (45,13,64); ucnaurebaÁ M.

ver cnobaÁ E (42,22,80); gamoucdelobaÁ M. arca gamocdili E (43,62,254); uqorwineblobaÁ M. qalwule-baÁ E (14,3,14); usworoebaÁ M. uwesoÁ E (14,31,148);

uÃorcoebaÁ M. uÃorcoÁ E (21,10,56).

iSviaTad orive mTargmneli paralelur formebs gvTavazobs: miuwTomelobaÁ EM (45,3,18);

uSobelobaÁ EM (39,12,53); umecrebaÁ EM

(21,24,128); ugunurebaÁ E. umecrebaÁ M (38,2,3).

b) mimReobaTa warmoebis saSualebiT terminTa Seqmna, romelic metad aqtiuri gaxda elinofilur skolaSi, dasa-bams efremis nawerebSi iRebs.37 rogorc Cans, ioane petri-wamde jer kidev efremi aaqtivebs sasubieqto mimReobis ram-denime tipidan zogierT Zvelsave qarTulSi ukve arqaul models (m, me, ma, mo, m-ad, m-ar, ma-e, me-e, me-o, mo-e), romleb-ic dRes gasubstantivebis warmoebaSia damkvidrebuli.38 amg-varad Seqmnili terminebi moklea da sxarti. mag.,

aseTia sasubieqto mimReobis m-, ma-, me-, mo- prefiqsia-ni da m-e, m-ar(e), m-el, ma-el, me-el, me-e, mo-e afiqsebiani

formebi: winaganmwyobi M. mbrZoli E

37 ix. s. enuqaSvili, 1961, 0115. 38ix.. d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 60-63; 34-35. d. meliqiSvili, 1975, 115. d.

meliqiSvili, 1974.

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(or.43,44,187); myofi M. arsi E (or.38,8,32);

malemqcevi M (21,19,98); mdgomi / mdgmoÁ M. mtkice E (14,20,89/91); mdgomoÁ / mdgmoÁ M. waruva-li E (14,20,89) / samaradiso E (45,26,126); meTrevi M. warmavali E (19,1,2); mezRueuri M. menaveTmoZRu-robaÁ E (39,14,71); mezRueuri M. zRuaTa Sina mavali E (14,28,131); igurdivmoqcevi M (or.38, com.3. Jer.43,

13v. PG36, 313A3. Th. Schmidt ed., 2001, 14: 38,4);39

mobaZavi / moSurne M. moSurne / SurismaZiebeli E (14,14,68; 16,16,61);

TÂTmoZravi M. TÂTmavali E (41,9,39).

TavTmnde M (14,3,12); mzuaobari M

(43,12,58); (war)mdinari M. ganÃrwnadi E (14,12,52);

warmdinare M. ganÃrwnadi E (45,3,13); - Semdi-nare M. Semavali E (43,8,37); - mdgomare M. mtkice da Seucvalebeli E (14,12,60) / waruvali E (19,2,2).

orsave mTargmnelTan paraleluri formebia _ m-are: mdebare EM (14,28,131); - winamdebare EM

(45,12,60); me-: mecnieri EM (14,10,46).

TiTqmis paraleluria orsave mTargmnelTan (efremis upiratesobiT) m-el, ma-el, me-e, mo-e afiqsebiani formebi:

gamomcnobeli M. mecnieryofaÁ E (14,28,138);

mcvalebeli M (14,20,90); mcnobeli M.

cnobili E (21,1,6); dambadebeli EM (43,11,53);

mZrveli M. dambadebeli da mpyrobeli E (16,5,14);

mimcvalebeli EM (43,62,252);

warmmarTebeli M. moqmedi E (21,36,194);

gamomkuleveli M. gamomeZiebeli E (14,27,123;

42,11,38); aseTivea ma-el: maSuebeli M (39,5,17);

mayenebeli M. maiZulebeli E (43,24,118);

momaqceveli M (43,17,86); armetyueli M. arametyueli E (44,11,44); aseTivea me-e afiqsebiani formebi:

meusamarTloe M. mavnebeli E (14,11,54);

meubneÁ M (43,64,266); mesjule M

(21,21,109); mesrule M (42,23,84); meTeatrone

39 Basilii Minimi in Gregorii Nazianzeni orationem XXXVIII commentarii, ed. a Th. Schmidt

(Corpus Christianorum, Series Graeca, 46. Corpus Nazianzenum, 13), Turnhout-Leuven, 2001.



52

52

M. saxiobaTa mxilveli E (44,9,36); mesiRode M. me-mReri da memTrvale E (44,9,36); medResaswaule M. dResaswaulismoyuare E (14,13,64); meifqle M

(43,34,153); mo-e: moRuawe M. morkinali E (21,6,27) /

RuawliT Semosili E (21,27,143); mocale M. calieri E (39,10,37).

saobieqto mimReobis formebi, nawarmoebi na-, sa- pre-fiqsiT, -il, -ul sufiqsebiT, sa-el, sa-o afiqsebiT, orive mTargmnelTan aris warmodgenili. odnav ufro metad siste-muria igi efremTan. mag., naTxevari EM (39,14,68);

anagebi M. mogonebaÁ E (45,15,74); naqonebni M

(14,18,92); sacnauri EM (42,15,50); ganbrZnobili EM (42,16,54); ganwyobili E. ganyofili M (16,14,53);

dadgromili M (43,42,181); cTomili EM

(14,32,153); - (Se)cTomili EM (14,15,70; 45,26,125);

Sewyobili M. aRsruleba E (14,31,148);

SeerTebuli E. Sewyobili M (14,13,62);

aRwevnuli M (45,12,60); dawyebuli M.

dasabami / dasabamieri E (45,3,14; 44,3,9); awRa damt-kicebuli E. awRa Seyinebuli M (44,1,3); gamoCinebuli E. Seswavebuli M (43,70,287); aRniSnuli M

(43,71,294); warmatebuli (saTnoebiTa) E. warmarTe-buli M (44,7,26); dabadebuli EM. agebuli / Seqmnuli M (45,26,124; 42,17,59; 45,9,46); cvalebuli M

(14,20,90); SesazRvrebuli M. Seiwreba E

(45.4.24); mimZlavrebuli M. Wirveuli da ZÂrxi-luli E (14,36,171); mosagebeli M. sasyidlis mo-gebaÁ E (19,6,26); sasmeneli EM (43,66,275);

sawadeli E. sayuareli M (14,8,39);

sacnobeli M. sacnauri E (14,11,52);

sagonebeli EM (44,9,35); gamosacxadebeli E.

saCuenebeli M (40,10,40); misawdomeli M. sacnauri E (45,3,18); misawTomeli EM (45,3,18) / sacnobeli E

(14,33,161). mosagoneli EM (45,6,32); saxedveli M. Tuali E

(14,13,62) / saxedavi E (44,3,11); sadayudebuloÁ EM

(43,62,255); sabarbarozoÁ EM (42,21,74);

samuSakoÁ EM (21,7,36); sasibrZnoÁ M

qeTevan bezaraSvili

53

53

(43,16,79); saTeatrono M. urakparakTa E (41,10,42);

sacxenoÁ M. cxenTa sarbieli E (42,22,76);

SesaZleblobis mimReobis termin-substantivTa sawar-moeblad efremi, efTvimesagan gansxvavebiT, marjved iyenebs masdaris viTarebiTi brunvis formas, sadac -ad sufiqsi derivaciul funqcias asrulebs.40 mag., aRdgomadi EM (45,2,9); RmerTyofadi E.

ganRmrTobadi M (41,9,38); ganÃrwnadi E. daÃsnadi M

(41,1,3); cnobadi EM. gulisÃmisyofaÁ E (45,28,138;

45,8,40); yofadi EM (45,28,138) / momavali E. miwevna-di M (41,11,44); dacxromadi M. dasrulebadi E

(44,3,9) / dasasruli E (45,3,14); srulyofadi EM

(43,73,300); mxolod efremTan gvxvdeba -ad sufiqsiani warmoeba:

yofadi M. ukudavi E (38,8,32); yofadi M. arsi E (44,9,35); grZnobadi M. xiluli E (21,1,5);

molodebadi M. damarxuli E (21,17,85);

molodebadi EM. sasoebaÁ / momavali E (45,2,9;

14,21,92; 43,8,35); aRyvanebadi M (43,26,124);

dadgromadi M. mtkice da waruvali E (14,21,92);

micvalebadi M. amier warslvaÁ E (14,18,80);

yofadi M. saukunoÁ E (14,20,89) / momavali E (16,20,83);

ardacalierebadi M. arasada warmavali E

(45,2,12); aradaÃsnadi M. warmoucalierebeli E

(14,21,93); danTqmadi M. danTqmad miaxlebuli E

(14,28,132); cnobadi EM. sacnauri E (21,1,5/6);

cnobadi M. uxilavi E (45,7,36);

ÃelisÃeladi M. nacvali E (19,14,81); iSviaTad mxolod efTvimesTan gvxvdeba: dalevnadi E. warma-vali M (14,21,92).

40 Zvel qarTulSi arsebuli es formebi kidev ufro farTovdeba XIs.-is

samwerlobo enaSi giorgi mTawmindelis da gansakuTrebiT, efrem mciris nawerebSi (d. meliqiSvili, 1975, 130). brunvis formantebis (-iT, -ad) gamoyeneba derivaciuli afiqsebis funqciiT giorgi aTonelis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT gaaaqtiura efrem mcirem (d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 63, 67-68; 16, 18. s. enuqaSvili, 1961, 0115; d. meliqiSvili, 1974, 118-119). Canasaxis saxiT, amgvari warmoeba, rogorc Cans, efTvimedanve iRebs saTaves.



54

54

c) msazRvrelis funqciis mqone adieqtivuri terminebi, zogjer gasubstantivebuli, nawarmoebi -iT sufiqsiT (war-moSobiT atributuli msazRvreli, umetesad berZnuli -sufiqsiani derivaciuli tipis badali),41 Cveulebriv, efremTan ufro xSiria: RirsebiTi EM (or.45,2,10);

winadadebiTi M (43,23,112); moZRvrobiTi M (45,19,94); gamokuleviTi M (43,56,225);

sagoneblobiTi M (43,42,181); aRrCeviTi M. mimRebeli E (45,8,38); gulisTqumiTi M. gu-lissityua E (45,18,89) / gulisTqumisa kerZi E (45,18,91);

dayudebiTi M. myudroÁ E (21,20,100);

cxovelobiTi M (45,15,76);mxedvelobiTi M. xedvaÁ E (45,18,91) /xedviTi M. gulisÃmisyofisa kerZi E

(43,23,112) / mxedvelobiTi M. mxedveli E (45,12,60);

SeuRlebiTi M. eriskaci E (21,10,55);

martoebiTi / martoobiTi M. monazoni E (21,10,55;

42,4,15); areobiTi M. samwysoÁ E (44,10,41);

ganwyobiTi M (43,23,112); mesibrZneobiTi M. mopovnebuli E (21,23,117); TanaaRyvanebiTi M

(43,12,58); TanaaRorZinebiTi M (43,12,58);

gamomeZieblobiTi M. gamoZiebaÁ E (43,11,54).

amgvarive funqciisaa efremTan -is sufiqsiani modeli, romelic warmoSobiT marTuli msazRvrelia, magram sazRvrulis Cavardnis da Sesityvebis elifsisis Sedegad iZens terminologiur Rirebulebas.42 meudabnoebisaÁ /udabnoÁsaÁ M. meudabnoe E

(21,10,57; 43,81,323); xedvisaÁ / mxedvelobisaÁ M.

mxedveli / gulisÃmismyofeli E (21,10,55; 43,81,323);

martiobisaÁ M. uswavleli E (43,81,323).

efremTan -iT sufiqsianma derivaciam gamodevna misi sinonimuri jgufi -ier da -ovan sufiqsiani modelebi.43 amitom isini orsave TargmanSi Zalian iSviaTia: sulieri E. sityÂeri M (45,19,94); sjulieri EM (45,13,64); salmobieri M. salmobisaÁ E (43,80,320);

41 d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 65-67. 42ix. d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 65-66. 43aseTive viTarebaa Semdegdroindel elinofilur skolaSi (d.

meliqiSvili, 1999, 70).

qeTevan bezaraSvili

55

55

nivTieri EM (45,11,58); wylovani M (14,25,113);

zRveoani M (43,28,132); Tavedovani M

(42,18,65); winaSesavalovani M (or.43, com.15. Jer.15,

23v. R. Cantarella, 1926, 232).44

efremTan arc ise xSiria aseve adieqtivuri

terminebis warmoeba -ebri//-ebr-iv an -obriv sufiqsiT, romelic ase gavrcelda gelaTur skolaSi da berZnul sufiqsian terminebs Seesatyviseboda:45 barbarozebrivi M. barbarozebri E (43,31,140);

sjulieri da aCrdilebri M. Zuelisa SjulisaÁ E

(39,3,7); aCrdilebri M. aCrdilebr ganqarvebadi E

(39,15,79); - ritorebri M (or.43, com.46. A109, 25r. cod.

Paris.Coisl.240, s.XI, f.23v); sofistikov" - filosofosebri M (or.43,

com.46. A109, 25r. cod. Paris.Coisl.240, s.XI, f.23v); -

dedobrivi M. dedaTa msgavsi E (21,21,108); dedobrivi M (43,13,66); kacobrivi EM (45,2,6).

orive mTargmneli iyenebs, magram arc ise xSirad, ukuTqmiTi Sinaarsis saxelTa produqtiul mawarmoeblebs: u- prefiqsiT an u-o, u-el/il afiqsebiT. es modeli berZnuli uaryofiTi Sinaarsis mqone prefiqsiani formebis Sesatyvisia (an berZnuli uaryofiTi nawilakis -s Sesatyvisi qarTuli "ar" nawilaki) da gavrcelebuli iyo

gelaTur skolaSi.46 mag., (Se)uZravi EM

(45,22,109;45,6,32); ucnauri EM (43,23,111);

uxilavi EM (14,32,154); uxedvoÁ M. usruli E

(45,16,78); ugerSoÁ M (45,13,68); uJamoÁ EM

(14,11,53; 42,4,13/15); daubadebeli E. augebeli M

(41,12,52); uwereli EM (14,27,123); usazRvroÁ E. SeusazRvrebeli M (45,3,14); gareSeuwereli EM

(39,13,60); Seuzavebeli EM (40,7,25);

miuwTomeli EM (14,30,145); miudrekeli EM

(43,52,212); amaTgan mxolod efremTan gvxvdeba: u-

cxadoÁ M. dafaruli E (45,10,55); u-ÃelovnoÁ M.

44 R. Cantarella, Basilio Minimo, I. Scolii inediti con introduzione e note, Byzantinische

Zeitschrift, 26, 1926, 1-34. 45 d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 70-71. 46 d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 72-73.



56

56

naklulevani ... Ãelovnebisagan E (14,31,49) / umecari E (40,11,49);

[] - uÃelovno M (or.43, com.154. A109, 54r. R. Cantarella, 1926,

30); aradacemuli M. mdgomare E (14,26,120);

arsaxilveli M. uxilavi E (14,21,93);

aradaÃsnadi M. warmoucalierebeli E (14,21,93).

Sdr. - araarsi EM (40,7,26).

xarisxis formebis u-es mawarmoeblebi gvxvdeba orive mTargmnelTan, gansakurebiT ki efremis TargmanSi.47

d) arabrunebadi sityvebis gasubstantiveba brunebis gziT (zmnizedis, Tandebulis da sxv.) Tumca iSviaTad iyo gamoyenebuli Zvel qarTulSi, magram mainc gamocdili saSualeba iyo (aseT SemTxvevebSi berZnulSi gamoiyeneboda arTroni, xolo qarTulSi brunvis niSani). amitomac igi moCvenebiTad "xelovnuri" sityvaTwarmoebis saSualeba Canda. qarTuli sityvaTwarmoebis es iSviaTi xerxi farTodaa gamoyenebuli da gaaqtiurebuli gelaTis skolis terminologiur SemoqmedebaSi. manamde mas aseve Tavisuflad iyenebdnen giorgi mTawmindeli da efrem mcire.48 amgvari warmoeba gvxvdeba grigol RvTismetyvelis liturgikuli homiliebis efremiseul TargmanSic: munaÁ M.

mermeÁ E (or.14,5,22) / saukuneÁ E (19,7,29); munaÁ M. mun myofi E (43,21,100); aqaÁ / aqaTaÁ M. sawuTroÁ E

(21,2,11) / soflisa amis E (14,20,90); amieri M.

sawuTroÁ E (14,19,87); aqaÁ / aqaÁT M. soflisaÁ E (14,22,98) /

sawuToÁsa amis cxorebisaÁ E (14,31,147);

quenaÁ M. queyanisaÁ / Ãorcieli E (14,21,92;

40,13,55); quenaTagani M. quemdgomare E (43,81,322).

jer kidev efrems axasiaTebs terminTa warmoeba zmnis piriani formis gasubstantivebiT, rac Semdgom ase damaxasiaTebeli gaxda gelaTuri skolis TxzulebebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT, ioane petriwisaTvis. mag., grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa efremiseul TargmanebSi gvxvdeba: iyoÁ M. yofna (iyo) E (38,7,23;45,3,13);

47 q. bezaraSvili, formaluri ekvivalentis tipis Targmanis

maxasiaTeblebi grigol RvTismetyvelis liturgikuli homiliebis efrem mciriseul versiaSi. logosi. weliwdeuli elinologiasa da laTinistikaSi, I, Tb., 2003, 102-107.

48 d. meliqiSvili, 1974, 120. d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 46.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

57

57

iyosi M. yofna (iyos) E (38,7,23;45,3,13). forma "arsi" ki jer kidev Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi iyo farTod gavrcelebuli da bunebrivia, rom efremTanac gvxvdeba: arsi EM (45,9,50); arsi EM (14,21,92); arsi M. samaradisoÁ E (14,21,92).

49

e) e. w. kompozituri formebis afiqsoidur warmoebas miekuTvneba windebuliani da Tandebuliani kompozitebis warmoeba. isini gvxvdeba Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSic, magram maTi gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli gaxda elinofiluri skolis terminologiuri sityvaTwarmoebisaTvis. gasubstantiveba umetesad xdeba elifsirebis gziT. orive es warmoeba gardamavali safexuria kompoziciisaken. terminis cnebiTi Sinaarsis gadmosacemad misi Seqmna kalkirebis gziT ZiriTadad swored rTul sityvebze, kompozitebze modis.50

windebuliani warmoebiT iqmneba berZnuli formebis kalkebi. berZnulma modelma gaaaqtiura adgilis zmnizedebis adgilobiTi zmniswinis funqciiT xmareba.51 magram miiCneven, rom gaaqtiureba moxda qarTuli enis potenciaSi ukve mocemuli formisa. am modeliT miiRweoda lakoniuri sityvaTwarmoeba.52 windebuliani kompoziciis tipi ukve giorgi aTonelisa da gansakuTrebiT, efrem mcirisaTvis aqtiurad aris miCneuli.53 gansakuTrebiT gavrcelda amgvari warmoeba elinofilur skolaSi.54 efremTan gvxvdeba que, wina, zeda, Tana, zeSTa da sxv. windebuliani formebi.

49 efremisaTvis damaxasiaTeblad miiCneven terminTa warmoebas zmnis

piriani formebis gasubstantivebiT, gansakuTrebiT areopagituli korpusis TargmanSi: iyoÁ, iyosi, arsi, iqmnaÁ, iqmnesi, iqmnebisi (areop. 64, 1-3. s. enuqaSvili, 1961, 0117). d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 18. d. meliqiSvili, 1975, 129. d. meliqiSvili, 1974, 120.

50 amgvar warmoebas saTaves isev giorgi mTawmindeli udebs (d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 16; 76-78).

51 k. danelia, 1983, 145. 52 d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 77. k. danelia, berZnul adgilobiT zmniswinTa

gadmocemisaTvis qarTulSi. narkvevebi, I, 1998. 53 d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 18. d. meliqiSvili, 1974, 120. 54 m. rafava, 1983, 061-063; n. meliqiSvili, 1987, 29-31. l. xoferia, 1998, 114-

118. q. bezaraSvili, 1986, 101.



58

58

efremis TargmanebSi gansakuTrebiT iyo gavrcelebuli windebuliani formebis kalkireba: quemeTreobaÁ M. sofeli E (or.40,15,67);

winasaxe M (43,80,321) / winadasaxvaÁ M. saxe E

(42,15,50); winadadebaÁ M. saxe E (39,12,50);

winamemsxuerple M. Semwirveli msxuerplebisaÁ E

(43,72,296); winaganwmedili M. ganwmedili ... pirvelve E (45,9,49); - winamjdomare M. yovelTa mTavari E (43,14,67); winadampyrobeli M.

malemsrboli E (43,7,34); winagangebaÁ M. gangebulebaÁ E (14,32,158) / gangebaÁ E (43,6,27); zedamdgomelobaÁ M.

winamZRurobaÁ E (42,14,48) / mowyalebaÁ, zrunvaÁ E (14,13,13);

winadadeba M. dadeba E (43,80,321);

winadadebaÁ M. warmoTquma E (14,13,64);

winadasaxvaÁ M. saxe E (40,46,210) / igavi E (45,11,56);

winaaRrCeva M. goneba E (=arCevani, gadawyvetileba. or.14,2,6); TanaSezomaÁ M.

Semsgavsebuli E (43,38,165); TanaSemzomi M. guaneba E (41,5,24); TanasibrZnismoyuare-qmna M (43,39,169);

erTÃmobaÁ M. SeTqmulebaÁ E (21,22,112) / SeerTebaÁ E

(43,33,148); TanaaRracxa M. SerTva E (38,14,66);

- TanaSenawevrebuli M. Senawevrebuli E

(19,8,38); TanamedResaswauloba M. dResaswauloba E (44,10,38); Tanalocva M. locva E (14,1,2);

TanamonaÁ M. moyuari E (14,6,30);

Tanatkivneuloba M. wyaloba E (=TanagrZnoba. or.14,13,63); zeSTaganzomisaÁ M. auracxeli E

(14,30,145); zeSTaÃdoma M. aRmateba E (21,2,20);

zeSTaaRmatebuli M. gardareuli E (21,11,60);

zeSTaaRslvaÁ M. warÃdoma E (14,22,101);

- zeSTamoxarulobaÁ M. xareba E (42,9,32); - zeSTasoflisaÁ M. zecaTaÁ E (39,14,62) /

dausabamoÁ E (43,45,191); zeSTabrwyinvale M.

brwyinvale E (19,11,54); zeSTambrZoli M.

winambrZoli E (43,31,141); zeSTaRrubelTobaÁ M.

mzuaobari E (43,64,263); zeSTaaRmoCena M. mowevna E (43,7,33).

qeTevan bezaraSvili

59

59

Tandebuliani warmoebiTac, romelic ufro bunebrivia qarTulisaTvis, vidre adverbialuri warmoeba, iqmneba berZnuli formebis kalkebi. aRniSnaven, rom Tandebuliani derivacia ukve giorgi aTonelTan da efrem mciresTanve xdeba produqtiuli.55 efremTan gvxvdeba Sina, gan, Tana, zeda, queSe, garemo, gamo TandebulebiT nawarmoebi

formebi: ÃelmwifebisSinaÁ M (or.21,30,159);

romlisaSinaÁ M. misa mimarT E (39,12,50);

amieriTgani M. Semdgomi E (43,13,64);

dasabamiTgani M (43,8,38);

romlisagani M. misgan E (39,12,50);

Serevnisagani M (43,81,323);

moyusobisagani M (43,17,85);

dapyrobadTagani M. waruvali E (44,8,30); dasabamisTanaÁ M. gamosruli E

(42,15,50) / gamomavali E (42,15,52);

dausabamoÁsTanaÁ M. gamomavali E

(42,15,51); queyaniszedaÁ M. queyanisa zeda E

(45,18,89); CuenzedaÁ M. Cuen zeda E (39,13,58);

RmrTisgaremoÁ M. garemo RmrTisa myofi E

(45,5,28); haerisgamoÁ M. haerovnebaÁ E

(44,8,30); wuergamoÁ M (39,4,13);

muclisqueSeÁ M. gulisTqumaÁ E (14,17,79);

uRlisqueSeÁ M. meuRle E (21,10,57).

f) kompoziti-terminebi lakoniurobiT gamoirCeva, gansxvavebiT terminologiuri Sesityvebisagan. es modeli berZnuli kompozitis formalur kalks warmoadgens, magram kargad miesadageba bunebriv qarTul kompozitur tips. amitom igi farTod gavrcelda da damkvidrda qarTul sityvaTwarmoebaSi. misi xmarebis are Zvel qarTulSive farTo iyo, magram metismetad gafarTovda elinofilur skolaSi. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis "TÂT" nacvalsaxelian kompozitebze.56

TÂT nacvalsaxeliani kompozitebi, romlebic TiTo-orola gvxvdeba Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi,

55d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 78, 18. d. meliqiSvili, 1974, 119. s. enuqaSvili, 1961,

0115. 56d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 140; 80-82. d. meliqiSvili, 1975, 143.



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60

gansakuTrebiT iyo gavrcelebuli elinofilur skolaSi. igi berZnuli ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxeliani kompozituri modelis kalkirebiT miiRweva. igi SeiZleba afiqsoidTa rigsac miekuTvnos. amgvari erTsityviani terminis warmoebis xelsayrel saSualebas (romelic berZnuli kompozitis formaluri kalkia, magram kargad esadageba bunebriv qarTul kompozitur tips) farTod iyenebdnen XIs. moRvaweebi _ giorgi mTawmindeli da efrem mcire. aseTi formebi farTod gavrcelda da damkvidrda qarTul sityvaTwarmoebaSi _ specialur terminologiaSic da yofiTSic.57 misi gamoyeneba ki saTaves, rogorc Cans, ukve efTvime aTonelidan iRebs.58 mag., TÂTZlieri EM

(or.41,9,39) / TÂTZali M (41,9,39); TÂTmoZravi M.

TÂTmavali E (41,9,39); TÂTSjulobaÁ EM (39,7,24);

TÂTyvanebuli M. TaviT TÂsiT E (14,32,153); TÂTy-vanebaÁ M. Zali da gangebaÁ E (14,33,159); TÂTmcenare M (43,7,33).

mainc efremi ufro sistemuria, rogorc yovelTvis. atributul da marTul-msazRvreliani kompozitebisa-

ken miswrafeba ukve efremTan gvxvdeba, rac Semdgom viTar-deba elinofilur skolaSi. mag., mravalyuavilovani M. yuavilovani E (or.14,1,4);

naTelTyvanebaÁ M. brwyinvalebaÁ E (45,2,7);

uRliTmbrZoli M. winaaRdgoma E

(14,2,10) / ciloba E (42,16,55); cxovelTmwerali M.

Ãelovani mxatvari E (11,2,4) / mxatvari E (43,26,125);

- sityuawerili M. dawera wignisaÁ E

(42,18,63); aCrdilismwerlobaÁ M. aCrdili E

(45,11,56); swornawilobaÁ M. sworebaÁ E (14,23,104);

sworpativobaÁ M. sworebaÁ E (14,26,114) / pa-tiviTa sworebaÁ E (14,23,103); erTpativi M. swori E

(42,11,38); erTsaxe M. ziari E (45,14,71);

erTnebebobaÁ M. erTobaÁ nebisaÁ E (41,12,48);

TanaRmerTi M. erT RmrTisa Tana E (45,13,65);

ÃelTdasxmaÁ M. kurTxevaÁ E (43,58,235);

cudadmzuaobrobaÁ M. zuaobaÁ E (40,10,40);

57 d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 18, 80-81. d. meliqiSvili, 1975, 142-143. d.

meliqiSvili, 1974, 120. 58 ix. c. qurcikiZe, 1983, 064.

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61

keTilwesierebaÁ M. wesierebaÁ E (42,11,38);

keTilSenawevrebaÁ M. SezavebaÁ E (45,6,31);

keTilSewyobilebaÁ M. wesierebaÁ E (42,26,97);

keTilcnobaÁ M. keTili sityuaÁ E (41,6,26) / gonie-ri E (45,24,114); keTilfarToebaÁ M. SuebulebaÁ E

(14,18,81); keTilpovnierebaÁ M. bednierebaÁ E (16,18,71);

keTilcnobieri M. gonieri E (39,1,1);

qalaqmwuervali M (43,68,280); - eSmakbo-roti M. cTomili E (39,3,7); saxisdasabami M. maga-liTi E (43,1,2) / pirmSoÁ SuenierebaÁ E (38,13,59); saxisdasabamo-baÁ M. saxe da wesi E (19,2,6); RmrTismetyuelebaÁ EM

(43,67,277) da sxv.59 orsave TargmanSi erTnairad gaformebuli kalkebic

gvxvdeba. maTgan umetesi ukve gavrcelebuli iyo qarTul mwerlobaSi: ucxoTmoyuarebaÁ EM (14,2,6);

glaxakTmowyalebaÁ EM (14,2,7); - ZmaT-moyuarebaÁ EM (14,2,7); sulgrZelebaÁ EM (14,2,9);

erTRmrTeebaÁ EM (45,4,25);

ZeglisweraÁ EM (42,15,50);

TanamkÂdrobaÁ EM (44,8,29); TanamkÂdri EM

(14,27,128); sityÂsmoyuare EM (41,2,4);

arasacnauri EM (14,31,149) da misT.(kompozitebisaTvis ix. agreTve zemoT: 1.d).

g) zmna-terminebi filosofiuri terminologiis Seqm-naSi gulisxmobs saxelTagan axal-axali cnebebis aRmniSv-neli zmnebis (anu nasaxelari zmnebis) da kompoziti zmnebis warmoebas.

nasaxelari zmnebi Zvel qarTulSi neologizmadaa miCneuli, magram farTod moukidebia fexi. filosofiuri teqstebis gadmoRebasTan dakavSirebiT maTi warmoeba kidev ufro gafarTovda da es formebi kargad miesadaga elino-

59 marTalia, iSviaTad zogierTi kompoziti mis wevrTa qarTuli rigiT

aris gaformebuli, mag., bolo magaliTebSi (sazRvrul + msazRvreli. Sdr. k. danelia, kalkuri kompozitebi Zvel qarTulSi. narkvevebi, I, 1998), magram am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTia is, rom efremi imeorebs berZnul ornawilian formas da qmnis mis kalks, Tundac qarTuli arqauli formiT gaformebuls, efTvime ki _ ara.



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filuri skolis lakoniur da metaforul stils.60 nasax-elari zmnebi originalur qarTul mwerlobaSic gavrcelda (gelaTuri skolis iambikoebi, mexotbeebi, rusTaveli). amgva-ri formebi ukve efremTan Cans. magram gansakuTrebiT gaaq-tiurda maTi warmoeba ioane petriwis originalur ganmarte-bebSi. mag., efremTan gvxvdeba: pevSeba (ipevSebodis) M.

pevSiT aRmovseba (aRmoivsis) E (or.21,35,187);

mesibrZneoba (isibrZne) M. sibrZnis xmareba (sibrZnÀ iÃmare) E (45,20,97). mezRueuroba (mezRueurobdes) M.

curva (curvides) E (14,28,131); ganmÃedreba (ga-nimÃedra) M. mÃedrobiTi mowevna (mÃedrobiTa moiwia) E

(43,31,140); ganRmrToba (ganaRmrTo) M. RmerT-yofa (RmerT-yo) E (45,9,49); mesjuleoba (vmesjuleobdeT) M. marTlmadideblobiT gamoTquma (gamovityodiT) E (41,10,42)

da sxv. kompoziti-zmnebi (saxeli+zmna) Zvel qarTulSive

produqtiuli iyo, magram filosofiur termin-zmnaTa war-moebaSi ZiriTadad "yofa" da "qmna" zmnebi iReben monawileo-bas.61 es formebi efremTanac gvxvdeba: umiroan-yofa M (or.43,17,88); ellen-yofa M (Gr.Naz. or.43,23,112.

PG36, 528A5-7. basili minimusis komentari 70: cod. Tbilisi A109,

29r; cod.Paris.Coisl.240, s.XI, f.27r; R. Cantarella, 1926, 27-30);

Sezavebul-yofaÁ M. SezavebulebaÁ E

(45,3,19); miuwdomel-yofaÁ M. miuwTomel ars E

(45,3,18); Ze-yofaÁ M. SÂl ... yofaÁ E (14,23,103);

TanasibrZnismoyuare-qmna M (43,39,169) da sxv.

daskvna: efrem mciris mier Targmnili grigol RvTismetyve-

lis liturgikuli homiliebi Sesrulebulia formaluri ekvivalentis tipis Targmanis maxasiaTeblebiT. igi dednis enisa da stilis mimbaZveli imitaciuri Targmania da emsax-ureba qarTuli enis gaelinurebis tendencias berZnuli enis normebis mixedviT. amdenad, am nawilSi Seswavlilia Tavad berZnuli enis lakoniurobis Semqmneli elementebis gadmo-tana qarTulad, rac igulisxmeboda grigol RvTismetyvelis

60d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 60, 82-83. d. meliqiSvili, 1975, 132-140. 61 d. meliqiSvili, 1999, 83. d. meliqiSvili, 1975, 148.

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stilis efremiseul SefasebaSi. gaelinurebuli Targmanis mizania terminologiuri sizuste da dednis daxvewili da maRali, lakoniuri stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gramati-kuli niuansebis, leqsikur-sintaqsuri kalkebis Seqmna, nac-vlad hipotaqsuri grZeli winadadebebisa da mravalsityviani terminuli Sesatyvisebisa. amgvari grecizmebi, romlebic adreul TargmanebSi aqa-iq gvxvdeboda, ukve sistemuria eli-nofilur TargmanebSi da mis pirvelsave warmomadgenelTan, efrem mciresTan. efremis mier Catarebuli enis elinizaciis mizania berZnuli filosofiuri SromebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-beli mokle sintaqsuri konstruqciebis gaxSireba azris lakoniurad gadmocemis mizniT, aseve ritorikuli niuanse-bis dasacavad, kolonaTa TanabarJReradobisaTvis dednis ritmulobis kalkirebisas da misT. amas cxadyofs saTanado ritorikuli ganmartebebi TargmanSi.62 misi mizania agreTve berZnuli filosofiuri cnebis adekvaturi terminis Seqmna, terminis Sinaarsis erT leqsikur erTeulSi moqceva simok-lisa da sisxartisaTvis, berZnulis darad gaformebuli etimologiuri Targmani sityvaTqmnadobisas, kompozitad qcevis lakoniuri wesi, terminologiuri stabilurobis Seqmna da sxva, rac aRWurvilia efremTan saTanado ganmar-tebebiT da amdenad, sruliad gacnobierebuli xasiaTi aqvs. sayuradReboa, rom elinofili efremi qarTul enaSi arse-buli iSviaTad gamoyenebuli afiqsebis da sintaqsuri kon-struqciebis xmarebis ares afarToebs. lakoniuri konstruq-ciebis kalkireba mas sWirdeba dednis adekvaturi ritmuli JReradobisaTvis, radgan grigolis liturgikuli homiliebi gamoirCeva Tavisi gansakuTrebuli ritorikulobiT sxva av-torebis TxzulebebTan SedarebiT.

Ketevan Bezarashvili

Terminological Preciseness and Wordbuiding in the Liturgical Homi-

lies of Gregory the Theologian Translated by Ephrem Mtsite

62 ix. q. bezaraSvili, 2003. q. bezaraSvili, ritorikuli ornamentebi

grigol RvTismetyveli liturgikul homiliebsa da maT qarTul TargmanebSi. literaturuli Ziebani, XXV, 2004 (ibeWdeba).



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In the present paper the methods of terminological preciseness and

wordbuiding are analyzed which are characteristic of the translations of formal

equivalence: creating terms adequate to Greek philosophical notions; expressing

the meaning of the term by one lexical unit for the sake of laconism and flex-

ibility; creating etymological translation similar to Greek in word-building;

forming compound words according to the laws of laconism; creating termino-

logical stability, etc. All these are supplied by Ephrem with due explanations,

which implies the conscious character of this work.

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svetlana berikaSvili

vokativis problemisaTvis berZnul enaSi

nebismier enaSi TiToeuli brunvis zogadi

mniSvneloba ganpirobebulia mocemuli enis BbrunvaTa mTeli sistemiT da misi gansazRvra mxolod am sistemis struqturis Seswavlis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli.1

wodebiTi brunva bevr enaSi gvxvdeba: sanskritSi, Zvel berZnulSi, laTinurSi, Zvel slavurSi da sxv. mas aqvs sakuTari forma da gansxvavdeba sxva brunvebisagan: 1) daboloebiT; 2) arTronis ugulvebelyofiT; 3) SorisdebulebiTi nawilakis darTviTa da 4) intonaciiT. wodebiTi brunva gaqra frangul, germanul, iglisur, rusul, polonur enebSi, vinaidan am enebSi igi ar gansxvavdeba saxelobiTisagan daboloebiT.

sxva enebis msgavsad berZnulSic mwvaved dgas sakiTxi unda miviCnioT Tu ara vokativi brunvad. jer kidev antikuri epoqidan moyolebuli, sxvadsxva mosazrebas vxvdebiT amis Taobaze.

rogorc cnobilia, pirvelad termini "brunva" aristotelesTan "poetikaSi" dasturdeba, sadac igi metyvelebis nawilTa sistemaSia Sesuli. "yovel saTqmels Semdegi nawilebi aqvs: aso , marcvali ( ), kavSiri ( ), saxeli ( ), zmna ( ), saxsari (sadreki, ), mTxveva ( ) da debuleba ( )".2 aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom brunvas aristotelesTan ufro farTo mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre SemdgomSi. kerZod, aristotelesTan aris sityvis yvela is forma, romelic gadaxrilia "normaluri" (sawyisi) formisagan. es exeba

1 Якобсон Р., Избранные работы, Москва 1985, 136. 2 aristotele, poetika, Targmani s. daneliasi, Tbilisi 1979, 187.


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TiTqmis yvela metyvelebis nawils.3 magram aristotele jer kidev ar msjelobs saxelis calkeul brunvaTa klasifikaciaze, Sesabamisad, arc vokativzea saubari.

brunva uSualod rogorc gramatikuli kategoria pirvelad stoelebTan ganixileba. stoelebi xuT brunvas gamoyofdnen. cnobilia, rom qrisiposis erT naSroms erqva "xuTi brunvis Sesaxeb". xuTwevriani brunvaTa sistema Sedgeboda "pirdapiri brunvisa" da oTxi "iribi brunvisagan" pirdapir brunvas saxelobii brunva erqva. irib brunvaTagan samis saxelwodebas diogene laerteli gvawvdis. esenia: naTesaobiTi brunva micemiTi brunva

da braldebiTi brunva rogorc Cans, mexuTe brunvad stoelebs wodebiTi brunva unda hqonodaT, magram samwuxarod im masalebis mixedviT, rac Tanamedrove mecnierebas gaaCnia, es mkafiod ar Cans.

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT germaneli mecnieri h.StainTali amtkicebs, rom ar SeiZleba stoelebs mexuTe brunvad wodebiTi hqonodaT, radgan isini wodebiTis formas calke ganixilavdnen, rogorc mimarTvaso

aleqsandriel filologTa cnobebi brunvaTa Sesaxeb sakmaod mwiria da, ZiriTadad, brunvis zogadi definiciiT Semoifargleba. brunvebze dawvrilebiTi msjeloba mxolod dionisios Trakielis "gramatikis xelovnebis" mixedviT SegviZlia. dionisios Trakieli wodebiTs brunvaTa sistemaSi ganixilavs, aqve aRniSnavs, rom wodebiTs svanairad mimarTviTsac uwodeben. "

".5 e. i. dionisios TrakielTan wodebiTi mainc brunvaa.

magram arc dionisios Trakieli da arc sxva imdroindeli gramatikosebi ar msjeloben uSualod vokativis problematikaze anu imaze unda Tu ara ganixilebodes vokativi brunvaTa sistemaSi Tu misi adgili sintaqsSia an sityvaTwarmoebaSi.

3 Gudeman A., Grundriss der Geschichte der klassischen Philologie, Leipzig und Berlin 1909,

88. 4 qarosaniZe l., dionisios Trakielis "gramatikis xelovneba" da Zveli

qarTuli gramatikuli azrovneba, Tbilisi 2000, 18. 5 iqve, 102.


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berZnuli enis brunvaTa sistemaSi vokativi ganyenebulad dgas. rogorc Zvel, ise axal berZnulSi es aris brunva, romelic mimarTvis formad gamoiyeneba. amitomac Zveli berZeni gramatikosebi mas πξνζεγνξία-s (mimarTvas) uwodebdnen.6 Zvel berZnulSi vokativis formebs xSirad win uZRoda Sorisdebuli igi SeiZleba zedsarTav da arsebiT saxelebs, anu msazRvrel-sazRvruls Sorisac dasmuliyo. magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vokativi warmodgenili iyo winadadebaSi, romelic gamoxatavda brZanebas, risxvas, rCevas maSin SeiZleba gamotovebuliyo. magaliTad,

Sorisdebuli garkveulwilad megobrul tons gulixmobs. amitomac homerosi arasodes ar iyenebs s maSin, rodesac adamiani RmerTs mimarTavs, magaliTad,

Tumca dionisios Trakieli vokativis Sorisdebul s arTronis wodebiT brunvad asaxelebs, da ara Sorisdebulad. rasac ukve Zvel periodSive ewinaaRmdegebian sqoliastebi: ar aris arTroni - weren stefane da heliodore. arTroni rom iyos samive ricxvis forma unda hqondes.9

axal berZnulSi wodebiT brunvaSi aRar mogvepoveba. koinedan moyolebuli is sul ufro naklebad gamoiyeneba. saxarebaSi is mxolod samjer dasturdeba, magaliTad,

miuxedavad imisa, rom wodebiTi brunva bevr enaSi gaqra, axal berZnulSi igi ara mxolod SenarCunda, aramed zogierTi mecnieris azriT gaamyara kidevac Tavisi poziciebi.11 Zvel berZnulSi vokativis forma ZiriTadad, niminativs emTxveoda, axal berZnulSi ki gansxavavebuli viTarebaa. mxolobiT ricxvSi igi zogjer saxelobiTis,

6 Φιώξνο Α., Ιζηνξηθό θαη ζπγθξηηηθό ζπληαθηηθό αξραίαο, λέαο ειιεληθήο θαη ιαηηληθήο,

Αζήλα 1988, 122. 7 gordeziani r., darCia i., Samanidi s., Zveli da axali berZnuli

(SedarebiTi gramatika), Tbilisi 2002, 171. 8 Φιώξνο Α., 124. 9 qarosaniZe l., 145. 10 Φιώξνο Α., 124. 11 iqve, 124.


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zogjer ki naTesaobiT-braldebiTis formebs imeorebs, xolo mravlobiTSi ki - nominativ-akuzativis, magaliTad, sax. ν

παηέξαο - wod. παηέξα (= naT., brald.), sax. ε κεηέξα - wod. κεηέξα

(= sax., brald.), sax. νη παηέξεο - wod. παηέξεο (= sax., brald.), sax. νη κεηέξεο - wod. κεηέξεο (= sax., brald.)..12

Zveli berZnulis mxolod meore kankledobis ν fuZian saxelTa vokativis ε aris SenarCunebuli axal berZnulSic, magaliTad, sax. ν άλζξσπνο - wod. άλζξσπε. Tumca, aq isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom rig SemTxvevebSi wodebiTSi ν daboloeba gvaqvs ε-s magivrad. ZiriTadad, ν daboloeba aqvT: a) sakuTar saxelebs, romelTac maxvili bolodan meore marcvalze moudis, magaliTad, Αιέθν, Γηώξγν, Χξίζην, Πέηξν, πύξν da sxv. b) kninobiT-alersobiT saxelebs, magaliTad, Γηαλλαθό, Μαλσιηό,

Γεκεηξό da a. S. es faqti TavisTavad migviTiTebs imaze, rom garkveulwilad vokativi kargavs Tavis Zvel funqciebs anu brunvas aRar gaaCnia morfologiuri gamomxatveli.

marTalia, vokativis daboloeba ε ar warmoadgens brunvis niSans, igi aris fuZiseuli ν-s ablautis ε safexuri, magram faqtia, rom brunvebSi igi mxolod vokativSi dasturdeba da garkveulwilad brunvis niSnis rols asrulebs. gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, magaliTad, skirosis dialeqtSi, rodesac wodebiTSi ε daboloebis mqone saxelebs, saxelobiTSi aqvT ara -νο aramed -εο daboloeba, magaliTad, γακπξέο, άλζξσπεο.

13 axal berZnulSi, gansakuTrebiT ki xalxur

simRerebsa da zRaprebSi xSiria nominativis gamoyeneba vokativis nacvlad, an orives paralelurad, erTmaneTis gverdigverd xmareba. magaliTad, Πνπ είζηε ηνπ Λάκπξνπ ηα παιδιά

an Ξππλάηε, η δόλια ζσνηροθιά θαη καπεηάνε Μήηρο.14

rogorc Cans, aseTi tendencia saerTod damaxasiaTebelia indoevropuli enebisaTivs, sadac Tavdapirvelad, nominativis da vokativis funqciebi ar iyo gayofili. cnobilia, rom indoevropul enebs mravlobiT ricxvSi nominativis da vokativis sinkretizmi axasiaTebs,

12 gordeziani r., darCia i., Samanidi s., 171. 13 Σξηαληαθπιιίδε Μ., Άπαληα, Γεύηεξνο ηόκνο, Δξεπλεηηθά Β΄, Θεζζαινλίθε 1965, 158. 14 Σδαξηδάλνπ Α., Νενειιεληθή ζύληαμηο (ηεο θνηλήο δεκνηηθήο), Σόκνο Α ΄, Θεζζαινλίθε,

1996, 83.


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rac Seexeba mxolobiTi ricxvs aq es brunvebi gansxvavebulia, kerZod: a) sxvadsxvaa brunvebis funqciebi; nominativs - pirveladi funqcia axasiaTebs, xolo vokativs - damatebiTi. b) nominativs vokativTan SedarebiT grZeli xmovnebi axasiaTebs: -ē(r), -ō(r), - ē(n), - ō(n), - ē(s), - ō(s) da ara -er,

-or, -en, -on, -es, -os. g) raodenobrivad gansxvavdeba vokalizmi am or brunvaSi: nominativSi gvaqvs -os, xolo vokativSi -e

daboloebebi, e. i. aq saqme gvaqvs o/e monacvleobasTan. Tumca, winareindoevropulSi mxolobiTSic erTi brunva gvqonda nominativ-vokativis gadmosacemad, e. i. es dayofa ufro gviandelia.15 vokativis problematikisadmi gansakuTrebul interess Cven uaxles XX-XXI saukunis enaTmecnierTa naSromebSi vxvdebiT. aq wodebiTis problematikasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba sami SemTxveva gamovyoT:

1) rodesac wodebiTs brunvad miiCneven; am azrs Tanamedrove enaTmecnierTa umravlesoba emxroba. magaliTad, am azrisaa e. Sviceri,16 v. brandenStaini, m. triandafilidisi, a. ZarZanosi, a. copanakisi da sxv.

2) rodesac morfologiurad igi brunvebSi ar Sedis da mxolod formaluradaa SenarCunebuli brunvaTa sistemaSi; am Tvalsazrisisaa g.babiniotisi. misi azriT, radgan wodebiTs gansakuTrebuli funqcia gaaCnia, da igi mxolod mowodebisas gamoiyeneba, amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wodebiTSi dasmuli saxeli yvelaze naTlad saxelis pirvelad saxes gviCvenebs. magram wodebiTs ar SeuZlia winadadebaSi brunvaTa ZiriTadi funqciebis Sesruleba (igi ver akavSirebs or saxels, zmnisgan ar imarTeba da a. S.). amitomac igi brunvaTa sistemaSi ar unda ganixilebodes,17 Tumca arc sityvaTwarmoebiTi

15 dawvrilebiT ix. Kurylowicz J., The inflectional categories of Indo-Eyropean, Heidel-

berg, 1964, 197-198. 16 dawvrilebiT ix. Schwyzer E., Griechische Grammatik, II, München 1968, 59-64. 17 Κιαίξεο Χ., Μπακπηληώηεο Γ., Γξακκαηηθή ηεο Νέαο Διιεληθήο, Ι, Σν όλνκα, Αζήλα 1998,

50-51.


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funqcia axasiaTebs, amitom is formaluradaa mocemuli brunvaTa sistemaSi.

3) rodesac wodebiTi brunvad ar miiCneva. am Tvalsazriss i. stamatakosi emxroba. misi azriT, vokativi brunva ki ar aris, aramed gansazRvruli winadadebaa, romelic mimarTvas gamoxatavs.18

Cveni azriT, am sakiTxis swored gadaWrisaTvis ori faqtoria gasaTvaliswinebeli: erTia, sityvis sintaqsuri mniSvneloba, meore misi morfologiuri maCvenebeli.

1) sintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT vokativi Tavisufalia, igi winadadebaSi ganyenebuladaa mocemuli, ar imarTvis arc saxelis, arc zmnis mier. Sesabamisad misi adgilic winadadebaSi araa gansazRvruli. garda amisa, sxva brunvebisagan is imiTac gansxvavdeba, rom mas Tavisi funqciidan gamomdinare (vgulisxmobT mimarTvas) intonacia axasiaTebs.

2) morfologiuri maCvenebeli anu brunvis niSani mas ar gaaCnia, igi zogjer saxelobiTis, zogjer ki naTesaobiT-braldebiTis formebs imeorebs, erTaderT gamonaklisad SeiZleba CavTvaloT, ν fuZian saxelTa vokativi, sadac ε

daboloeba aris SenarCunebuli, magram aq isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom es daboloeba brunvs niSani ki ar aris, aramed ablautis safexuria.

garda amisa, xSiria vokativis nacvlad nominativis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi, rac Tavis mxriv, gviCvenebs, rom vokativi garkveulwilad kargavs Tavis ZiriTad, mimarTvis funqciasac. amrigad, SeiZleba vivarudoT, rom berZnul enaSi Cans vokativis gaqrobis tendencia. misi funqcia SeiZleba romelime sxva brunvas daekisros. amrigad, Cveni azriT, gaumarTlebelia vokativis brunvaTa sistemaSi Casma.

For the Problem of Vocative in Greek Language

The paper offers to the problem of Vocative in Greek language. The

question to be decided is: shall we consider or not Vocative as part of the case

18 dawvrilebiT ix. ηακαηάθνο Ι., Ιζηνξηθή γξακκαηηθή ηεο Αξραίαο Διιεληθήο θαη ηα

πνξίζκαηα ηεο ζπγθξηηηθήο γισζζνινγίαο, ηόκνο Ι, Αζήλα 1949, 104-105.


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system. Short history of the case system is given in the paper, particularly -

usage of Vocative from the Antic period till today. There are three points of

view:

1) Vocative is regarded as a case. Most of the scientists: E.Schwyzer,

W.Brandenstein, M.Triandafilidis, A.Tsopanakis etc. agree with this opi-

nion;

2) Vocative is formally part of the case system, it has no morphological mark

and should not be considered in the case system by its function. This opi-

nion was worked out by G.Babiniotis;

3) According to I.Stamatkos, Vocative is not a case, but a clause, that shows

appeal.

From all these opinions it becomes clear, that there really exists the

problem concerning with Vocative. According to my consideration, Vocative

should not be put in the case system, though its place in the grammatics is to be

distinguished. We have to consider the problem of usage of Nominative instead

of Vocative, because it can easily show that Vocative, itself loses its function

and in the future it can disappear. To decide this problem we must state very

careful the value of the above mentioned opinions and its solution needs addi-

tional research.


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iamze gagua

eneasi, HOMO ERRANS ET OBEODIENS

Arma virimque cano - am sityvebiT iwyebs vergiliusi "enei-das" da amiT mianiSnebs Tavisi poemis "iliadasa" da "odi-seasTan" damokidebulebaze. vergiliusi umReris eneass, ro-gorc qvel vaJkacs da mis brZolebs. eneasSi gaerTianebu-lia aqilevsisa da odisevsis saxe, Tumca igi Tavisi bediT, xasiaTiT gansxvavdeba orivesagan. aqilevsi aris mamaci, Seudarebeli Zalis meomari, romelic saxelisaTvis ibrZvis; odisevsis xifaTiani mogzaurobis mizani Sin dabrunebaa. eneasi aris gansakuTrebuli misiiT aRWurvili gmiri, ro-melic RmerTTa nebiT tovebs almodebul troas, raTa "da-brundes" Tavis axal samSobloSi. rogor yalibdeba eneasis xasiaTi, rogor iqceva igi samSoblis damcveli, mamaci, magram impulsuri mebrZolidan RmerTTa morCil, maTi nebis aRmsrulebel gmirad. rogoria eneasi trois dacemis periodSi? igi aris uSiSari mebrZoli, romelic mzadaa xmliT xelSi Seegebos sikvdils da daiRupos almodebul, mSobliur qalaqTan er-Tad (II 317, 354). eneasi Tavsdatexili ubedurebiT isea dab-neuli, rom swori gansjis unari dakarguli aqvs. saso-warkveTilma ar icis, rogor iZios mterze Suri; igi ele-neze moindomebs javris amoyras, Tumca icis, rom qalze xe-lis aRmarTva ara vaJkacuri saqcielia (II 575 - 586). mxo-lod dedis, venusis rCeviT moegeba gons. qalRmerTi arw-munebs Svils, rom trois dacemaSi adamianebs ki ar miuZR-viT brali, aramed RmerTebs (II 603). es aris miniSneba im-isa,rom adamianTa beds ERmerTebi ganageben da saWiroa maTi keTilganwyobis mopoveba. venusi urCevs eneass, gaecalos

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cecxlSi gaxveul qalaqs, hpirdeba, rom miiyvans mas mSob-liur adgilebamde ( patrio limine II 620). eneasma irwmuna, rom RmerTebma zurgi aqcies troelebs ( II 623). venusze adre mas heqtoris aCrdili moevlina, romelmac urCia, daetovebina troa da penatebTan da TanamebrZolebTan erTad daearsebina axali qalaqi (II 293 - 295). roca mamam, anqizem uari Tqva troidan gaqcevaze, eneasma ar miatova mama da gadawyvita, kvlav mters Sebmoda ( II 668 - 670). mxolod RvTaebrivma ni-Sanma, cecxlis alma askaniusis Tavze da mowyvetili varskvlavis mier miniSnebulma gzam daafiqra anqize (II 694 - 697). gadawyda, RmerTTa neba iyo trois datoveba. eneasi mxrebze Seisvams anqizes, romelic simbolurad Zvel troasTan, warsulTan aris gaigivebuli, Svils,Aaskaniuss (e. i. trois momavals) win waiZRolebs, xolo cols, kreu-zas (e. i. pirad, adamianur bednierebas) ubrZanebs, ukan ga-hyves eneass. kreuzas ucabedi gauCinarebis Semdeg eneasi kvlav brundeba almodebul qalaqSi colis mosaZebnad, sanam kreuzas aCrdili ar gamoecxadeba, romelic urCevs eneass, gza ganagrZos hesperiisaqken. raki kreuza cocxlebSi aRar eguleba,eneasi agrZelebs gzas. magram igi ugulisyurod ismens colis darigebas. SemdgomSi arc axsendeba, rom kreuzam hesperia dausaxela mogzaurobis bolo punqtad. eneasi Txovs mamas, aiRos penatTa gamosaxulebani, radgan Tavad sisxlian xelebs ver Seaxebs wmindanebs (II 718 - 720). sagulisxmo detalia, eneasi ver bedavs Seexos penatebs, radgan xelebi mtris sisxliT aqvs SeRebili, mtrisa, ro-melmac mas samSoblo gaupartaxa. amrigad, trois datovebamde eneasis xasiaTSi ikveTe-ba Semdegi Tvisebebi: simamace, samSoblosaTvis, ojaxisaTvis Tavganwirva. gabeduleba, mowiweba RvTaebeTa winaSe, amave dros dabneuloba, gardacvlilTa sulebis rCeva - darigebe-bis gauTvaliswinebloba. eneasi tovebs almodebul qalaqs, tovebs adamianur bednierebas (kreuzas) da warsulTan (anqizesTan) da moma-valTan (askaniusTan) erTad mieSureba ucnobi, magram mSob-liuri mxarisaken. eneasis xasiaTs erTi axali Tviseba emate-ba. es aris sifrTxile. troaSi mesamed mibrunebuli eneasi Tavs aridebs brZolas. igi daeZebs cols da SiSobs ar gadaawydes mters. misi SiSi da sifrTxile TanamgzavrTa

eneasi, homo errans et obeodiens

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usafrTxoebiT aris ganpirobebuli. maTi gadarCena trois gadarCenas niSnavs. eneasma unda iswavlos moTmineba, RvTiuri niSnebis amocnoba da maTi damaxsovreba da gaTvaliswineba. man ar icis, sad midis, sad unda SeCerdes (kreuzas sityvebi ar axsovs), ar icis, ra urTierToba unda daamyaros im xalxTan, visTanac mouwevs Tanacxovreba. eneasma ar icis, rom brZo-la mouwevs, raTa damkvidrdes axal samSobloSi, Tumca mkiTxvelisTvis es cnobilia, iupiteri auwyebs amas venuss (I 262 - 263). eneasi RvTis moSiSia, magram uWirs RvTiuri niSne-bis amocnoba da igi Secdomebs uSvebs. Trakiis miwaze misu-li troeli gmiri axalSens aarsebs, magram sisxliani miwa miaxvedrebs, rom es ar iyo aRqmuli qveyana (III 14 - 68). kun-Zul delosze SeCerebul eneass apolonis qurumi auwyebs, rom maT eliT winaparTa fuZe (III 91 - 99). yvelas aintere-sebs, romeli qveyanaa apolonis nawinaswarmetyvelebi mxare. anqize cdilobs amoxsnas es saidumlo da gadawyvets, rom es aris kunZuli kreta, sadac odesRac damkvidrebulia troelTa winapari tevkrusi. gaxarebuli troelebi mieSure-bian kretisaken da iq iwyeben qalaqis mSeneblobas. roca iq SimSiloba daiwyo, maSinRa dafiqrdebian troelebi, rom ar Secdnen. eneass penatebi gamoecxadebian ZilSi da auwyeben, rom hesperiaSi unda Cavidnen, romelsac axla italias uwodeben. iq iSvnen troelTa winaparni: dardanusi da iazi-usi. anqize aRiarebs Tavis Secdomas, gaixsenebs kasandras winaswarmetyvelebas, romelmac swored es adgili dausax-ela axal samSolod troelebs (III 183 - 187). anqizemac iolad daiviwya kasandras sityvebi, iseve rogorc eneasma - kreuzasi.ase rom, mokvdavTa winaswarmetyvelebas sakmaod ugulisyurod ekidebian eneasica da anqizec. hesperia samjer dasaxelda troelTa axal samSoblod (kreu-za,kasandra,penatebi). gulmaviwyoba, sakuTari istoriis (troelTa sxvadasxva teritoriaze ganTesilobis) cudad codna aris troelTa mravali Secdomis mizezi, aseve ucxo xalxTa zne-Cveulebebis gauTvaliswinebloba, maTi RvTaebe-bisadmi upativcemloba, rac umetesad ucodinarobiT aris gamowveuli. harpiebTan misuli eneasis Tanamgzavrebi xocaven mozvrebs, raasac mohyveba brZola harpiebTan. harpia kele-

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no miaxvedrebs eneass am Secdomaze. isic adasturebs im wi-naswarmetyvelebas, romlis Tanaxmad troelebi italiaSi unda damkvidrdnen. keleno erT sagulisxmo informaciasac awvdis eneass _ es maSin xdeba, roca troelebi SimSilis gamo magidasac ki gamoxraven (III 255 - 256). buTrotumSi misul troelebs Tavisianebi gamoegebe-bian _ helenosi, priamosos vaJi da andromaqe. aq apolonis qurumisagan kvlav axal miniSnebas poulobs eneasi. sadac TeTr Rors ipovnian ocdaaTi goWiT, iq iqneba axali qala-qis fuZe. garda amisa, eneasma unda moisminos sibilas wi-naswarmetyveleba, romelic momavali brZolebis ambavs gaac-nobs mas (III 458). ai, eneasma ukve icis, rom mouwevs brZole-bi. aq fiqsirdeba pirvelad, rom umtkivneulod ar moxdeba troelTa damkvidreba axal samSobloSi. kunZul ortigiaSi misuli troelebi Tayvans scemen adgilis RmerTebs (III 697), magram amis aucileblobas Tavad ki ar xvdeba eneasi, aramed RmerTebi ubrZaneben, ase moiqces. am kunZulze troelebi sa-mudamod eTxovebian anqizes. amiT simbolurad kavSirs wyve-ten Zvel troasTan, warsulTan, Zvel samSoblosTan. didos kunZulze moxvedrili eneasi adamianur si-sustes iCens, SeeuRleba karTagenis dedofals, siamovnebiT monawileobs axali qalaqis mSeneblobaSi. mas moenatra mSvidobiani cxovreba. es iyo bangi, romelmac daaviwya eneass RmerTTa mier dakisrebuli valdebuleba. man, roca ukve zustad icoda, sad, romel qveyanaSi unda eZebna axali samSoblo, am dros gaiRviZa masSi adamianma. am dros da-karga RmerTTa nebis aRmasrulebeli gmiris funqcia. iupiteris mier gagzavnili merkuriusi uzenaesi RvTaebis sayvedurs gadascems troel gmirs. man daiviwya, rom axali qalaqebi unda aeSenebina, rom tevkrTa sisxlis-gan unda ganeaxlebina troelTa modgma. Tu aseTi dideba aRar xiblavda, ratom aRudga win Svilis bednierebas (IV 225 - 234). am brZanebam Tavzari dasca eneass. igi gamofxizlda buranidan. eneasma dauSva udidesi Secdoma, romelsac uvi-coba ar SeiZleba ewodos. es iyo gulmaviwyoba. eneasis di-dosadmi siyvaruli, vfiqrob, ar iyo ise didi d Rrma, romlis gamo mas SeeZlo daeviwyebina Tavisi movaleoba. eneasi myisve Seudga mzadebas gasamgzavreblad da, rogorc vergiliusi ambobs, "sanetaro mxaris dasato-veblad (dulces relinquere terras IV 281). mas mxolod erTi ram afi-


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qrebs _ rogor gaumxilos didos es ambavi. amitom gadawy-vets malulad wasvlas. igi SfoTavs, wuxs, Tumca ar yoyma-nobs. eneasi usityvod Tmobs adamianur vnebas, sisustes, ma-gram ara iolad. amis mizezi aris eneasis saTnoeba, mova-leobis grZnoba didos winaSe. igi Tavs imarTlebs, rom karTagenSi didosTan SeuRlebis mizniT ar Casula, mis beds RmerTebi ganagebdnen, misi survili ar emTxveoda RmerTTa nebas. ase rom yofiliyo, eneass erCivna troaSi darCena da dangreuli qalaqis aRdgena, magram RmerTebma sxva misia daakisres. eneasis TavismarTlebaSi sayveduris kiloc ismis: Tu Sen karTageni gxiblavs _ mimarTavs igi didos _ ratom miSli RmerTTa nebiT davmkvidrde avzoniaSi, sadac melis trfoba, mamuli, Svilsac xom ver davukargav samSobloso (IV 340, 355). aqedan gamomdinare, eneasis didosTan SeCerebis mTavari mizezi, vfiqrob, iyo mSvidobiani cxovrebis mona-treba. eneasi cdilobs daarwmunos dido, rom saWiroa, isic Seeguos beds. miuxedsavad imisa, eneasis gadawyvetileba mtkice da Seuryevelia, merkuriusi kvlav ecxadeba gmirs da aCqarebs, albaT imitom, eneasi ar Seeswros didos TviTmkvlelobas, ramac SeiZleba daabrkolos troeli gmiri da kidev cota xniT Seayovnos kunZulze. eneasi elvare xmals iZrobs da bagirs gadaWris (IV 597 - 580). es unda iyos miniSneba imaze, rom eneasma sabolood gawyvita saxifaTo kavSiri didosTan da imisic, rom troel gmirs maxviliT mouwevs axal miwaze damkvidreba. siciliaSi misul eneass gulTbilad miiRebs troeli akeste. iq anqizes sulis mosaxseneblad garkveuli ritua-lis Catarebis Semdeg imarTeba didi sportuli Sejibri. es albaT simbolurad mzadebaa momavali sastiki omisaTvis. es aris damarcxebuli troelebis reabilitacia. am SejibrSi vlindeba gmirTa siZliere, sisastike da daundobloba, rac omSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa. sporti aris uwyinari forma omisa.1 am kunZulze eneass kvlav gansacdeli elis. misma Ta-namgzavrebma, xangrZlivi xetialiT gabezrebulebma, qalR-merT irisis CagonebiT, eneasis gemebi dawves, raTa akestes kunZulze darCeniliyvnen. eneasi imdenad daabnia am moulod-nelobam, rom pirvelad dadga dilemis winaSe: gaegrZelebi-na gza italiisaken, Tu darCeniliyo am kunZulze (V 702 _

1 R. F. Glei, Der Vater der Dinge, BAC, B. 7, Trier, 1991, 287.

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709). msgavsi urCoba ERmerTTa winaSe eneass manamde ar ga-movlenia. es yoymani TanamgzavrTa amboxma gamoiwvia. man ver gauZlo am gansacdels. saWiro iyo gmiris gamxneveba. moxuci navtusi urCevs eneass, moTmineba gamoiCinos, Tan waiyvanos mxolod isini, romlebic mzad arian gmiruli brZolisaTvis. igive urCia anqizes sulmac. eneasma gadawyvita, mieRo es rCeva. eneasi eCveva im azrs, rom brZola gardauvalia. man am kunZulzec axali qalaqi daaarsa. es iyo erTaderTi SemTxveva, roca eneasma SecdomiT ki ar aago qalaqi, aramed Tavis darCenil Tanamgzavrebs dautova TavSesafari. eneasma daZlia Secdomebi, nebsiTi Tu uneblie. mixv-da, rom movaleobam adamianTa winaSe ar unda SeuSalos xe-li, Seasrulos RmerTTa mier dakisrebuli vali. amrigad, eneasi swor gzas daadga. kumeSi Casuli troeli gmiri ukve aris im Tvisebebis matarebeli, rac RvTaebis rCeul gmirs axasiaTebs. mas aRar izidavs piradi bedniereba. eneasi Txovs sibilas, misces troelebs TavSesa-fari laciumSi, TavisTvis mas araviTari samefo ar surs (VI 66 - 68). anqizes aCrdili eneass gaacnobs romis momaval di-debas, gmirul brZolebs. es aris faqtobrivad eneasis fsi-qologiuri Semzadeba momavali brZolisaTvis. saTno eneasi, ltolvili, mterTagan Zleuli, eZebs meore samSoblos, RmerTTa mier miniSnebuls. ramdenad aqvs mas imis ufleba, iaraRiT xelSi daupirispirdes adgilobriv mkvidrT da moiTxovos teritoriebi dasasaxleblad. eneasi uzenaesi RmerTis mier aris uflebamosili. mas evaleba, romis momav-al didebas Cauyaros safuZveli, romisa,romelsac daekisre-ba msoflio mSvidobis dacva (VI 851 - 854). es aris mtkice argumenti, ris gamoc eneasis momavali brZola samarTlianad CaiTvalos. mSvidobis, Tavisuflebis dacvis mizniT omi sapatio da samarTliania. amis magaliTad anqizes aCrdili brutusis tarkviniusze SurisZiebas asaxelebs. rac ar unda Tqvas masze STamomavlobam _ ambobs anqize _ brutuss samSoblos siyvaruli da qebis wyurvili gaamarTlebs. Vis et Tarquinios reges, animamque superbam

ultoris Bruti, fascesque videre receptos?

Consulis imperium hic primus saevasque secures


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accipiet, natosque pater, nova bella moventes,

ad poenam pulchra pro libertate vocabit infelix! Utcunque ferent ea facta minores.

Vincet amor patriae laudumque immensa cupido.

VI 818 - 824 es adgili mkvlevarTa interess iwvevs. ratom aris brutusis misamarTiT gamoyenebuli termini "amayi suli", maSin roca superbus tarkviniusis epiTetia. rac ar unda kargi mniSvnelobiT iyos igi gamoyenebuli, mainc ambivalenturia da dakavSirebuli Saevas secures ( mZime sekirebi) - Tan. marTalia viliamsi, roca fiqrobs, rom fraza "didebis survili" TiTqos abaTilebs brutusis patriotizms.2 cxadia, aq aSkarad miTiTebulia keisris mkvlel, iunius brutusTan kavSirze. SeiZleba amitom uwodebs vergiliusi brutuss "ubedurs" (infelix), rom misi brZola Tavisuflebisa da tiraniis winaaRmdeg mainc uRvTo, samoqalaqo omia, risganac Tavis aridebas urCevs eneass anqize (VI 831 - 832). aris azri, rom brutusi imitom aris infelix, rom Tavis pirad bednierebaze maRla Tavisuflebas ayenebs.3 RvTis morCili, sakuTari Secdomebis maRiarebeli eneasi CaaRwevs italiaSi. axla saWiroa RmerTTa meore brZanebis Sesruleba _ troelTa damkvidreba axal samSobloSi. eneasi msxverpls swiravs adgilTa mfarvel RvTaebas (VII 136 - 139), as rCeul orators, zeTisxilis rtoebiT, mosakiTxiTa da saCuqrebiT xeldamSvenebuls, gzavnis mefe latiniusTan (VII 245 - 250), raTa gamoiTxovon misgan zavi (pacem) (VII 156). eneasi mokrZalebulia. igi iTxovs mcire adgils penatebisaTvis, sanacvlod hpirdeba, rom ar Searcxvens maT samefos, didebas Sehmatebs maT, gaaZlierebs (VII 229 - 233). latinusi mzadaa miiRos igi, rogorc mokavSire (VII 264), SesTavazos zavi da miaTxovos Tavisi qaliSvili, radgan aseTia RmerTTa neba. miuxedavad imisa, rom eneasma icis, rom brZola mouwevs, ar cdilobs AZalis gamoyenebas, mas surs Tanxmoba daamyaros

2 G. Williams, Technique and Ideas in the Aeneid, Yale University Press, New Haven and

London, 1983, 215. 3 G. Williams, dasax. naSromi, 220.

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adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. magram eneasisa da latinusis xelSekrulebas arRvevs turinusi qalRmerTebis: iunosa da

iuturnas waqezebiT. igi amxedrebs rutulelebs ara marto tevkrebis, aramed latinTa winaaRmdegac, raTa daicvan italia momxvduri mtrisagan (VII 469). turnusi eneassa da troelebs agresorad aRiqvams. igi SiSobs, rom eneasi Seecileba mefobaSi, troelTa sisxli Seereva italiis mosaxleobas (VII 578 - 579). turnusis danaSauli is aris, rom igi xels uSlis italiel xalxTa momaval didebas. eneasis mier SeTavazebul mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis winadadebas turnusma iaraRi da mtroba daupirispira. eneasi ar emzadeba omisaTvis. igi Sewuxebuli da aRelvebulia imis gamo, rom unda daupirispirdes turnuss (VIII 29). mdinaris RmerTi amSvidebs eneass da urCevs, uari ar Tqvas saomar moqmedebaze, ar SeuSindes oms (VIII 40), eZebos mokavSireni da daxmarebisaTvis mefe evanders mimarTos. amrigad, omi aSkarad Tavs moaxvies eneass. igi iZulebulia Caebas omSi, miiRos gamowveva. eneasi Tavad ar iwyebs oms. amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs imis gasarkvevad, samarTliania Tu ara eneasis brZola turnusis winaaRmdeg. troeli gmiri ar Cqarobs. igi SeukavSirdeba arkadiel evanders, romelic anqizes kargad icnobda. evanderi eneasTan kavSirSi xedavs Tavisi xalxis gadarCenis Sanss, romelTac tuskulebi da tirani mefe mezenciusi emuqrebian (VIII 475 - 477). amrigad, eneasi latinTa zogierTi tomis dacveladac gvevlineba. magram sanam RvTiuri niSani ar iqneba, troeli gmiri ar Caebmeba brZolaSi. Weqa - quxili da caze mbzinvare iaraRis aelveba iyo is niSani, ramac eneass auwya brZolis dawyeba (VIII 527-530). deda venusma misTvis vulkanuss gamoaWedina iaraRi. eneasi ukve mtkiced aris darwmunebuli omis garduvalobaSi, igi fsiqologiurad Semzadebulia. es gamosWvivis turnusisadmi mis muqaraSi (VIII 537-538). mniSvnelovani brZolis win troelTa winamZRols axali iaraRi sWirdeba, troidan gamoyolili, damarcxebuli meomris saWurveli, an mtrisTvis warTmeuli iaraRi eneass ar gamoadgeba. rogoria eneasi am axal omSi? ra Tvisebebs avlens igi, brZolis rogor wesebs iyenebs? eneasisaTvis italiaSi omi Tvisobrivad axali omia. troaSi igi samSoblos icavda


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momxvduri elinebisagan, aq ki Tavad ebrZvis adgilobriv mkvidrT. magram es mainc samarTliani omia eneasi ebrZvis zavis damrRvevs _ turnuss, igi icavs sastiki mefis _ mezenciusisagan Seviwroebul mefe evanders. sagulisxmoa, rom eneasi ar iwyebs Setevas, igi elodeba mtris Tavdasxmas. es umoqmedoba rutulelebma troelTa silaCres miaweres (X 55). eneasis saxe, rogorc mebrZolisa, kargad Cans turnusTan SepirispirebaSi. eneasi iseTive Zlieria, rogorc misi metoqe, iseTive Seubralebeli da zogjer sastikic. igi dundoblad klavs mters (X 585-602). miuxedavad amisa, vergiliusi troelTa meTaurs pius-ad moixseniebs. Cndeba kiTxva: xom ar aris es sarkazmi? es ar aris kritika gmirisa. ara! es aris omis daundobeli kanoni. eneasi keTili saqmisaTvis ibrZvis. amas ki zogjer sisastikiTa da araadamianuri qmedebebiT asrulebs. swored am saSualebebiT qmnis igi mSvidobas. es aris omis umowyalo logika,4 romelzedac keTilSobil gmirsac ki ar SeuZlia uaris Tqma. magram sisatikeSic saWiroa zomierebis dacva. gamarjvebuli turnusis siSmage Zleuli mtris mimarT gamovlenili, damarcxebul meomarTa moWrili Tavebis Subze acma da amiT aRtaceba, vergiliusis koncefciiT, omis kanonebiTac Seuwynarebelia. amas migvaniSnebs avtoris parenTeza _ "saocari sanaxavia" (visu mirabile IX 466). damarcxebuli mtrisadmi aseTi sastiki cinizmi uxeSi Zalis demonstrirebaa da sulieri siZlieris niSani. siamovnebas aniWebs turnuss mokluli palantis xilva, mas sixaruls gvris imis warmodgena, Tu ra daemarTeba Wabukis mamas Svilis usulo sxeulis xilvisas (X 443, X 490). turnusi sisxliT gaamayebulia. igi ise Seipyro xocvis Jinma, rom Secdoma dauSva. mas rom koSkis kari gaeRo TavisianebisaTvis, SesaZlo iyo saboloo gamarjveba moepovebina (IX 758-760).5 turnuss sibrZne da gonebamaxviloba aklia. mas mxolod Zalis demonstrireba

4 R. F. Glei, dasax. naSromi, 219-220. 5 R. Heinze, Vergils epische Technik, Druck und Verlag B. G. Teubner, Leipzig - Berlin,

1915, 211.

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SeuZlia. igi aris Zala da ampartavneba.6 amas mianiSnebs mis muzaradze gamosaxuli qimera.7 turnusi aris mSvidobismoZule (XI 460-461), eneasi ki _ mSvidobisaTvis mebrZolo. igi siamovnebiT Tanxmdeba turnusTan orTabrZolaze, iTxovs winaswar zavs latinusTan. e. i. misi saboloo mizani troelTa da latinTa kavSiria. eneasi im ganwyobiT erTveba brZolaSi, rom misi daRupvis SemTxvevaSic ki es zavi damyardes. amitom aris eneasi keTilSobili gmiri. usafuZvlod meCveneba disputi imis Taobaze, pacifistia eneasi Tu omis moyvare. eneass uWirs gapartaxebuli qalaqis mitoveba da urCevnia iaraRiT xelSi daiRupos mSobliur miwaze, vidre gaecalos mas. amas omis siyvaruls ver davarqmevT. magram verc pacifists vuwodebT imis gamo, ro laciumSi misuli cdilobs omi aicilos Tavidan da ise damkvidrdes axal miwaze. eneasi iaraRiT upirispirdeba samSoblos dampyroblebs, es bunebrivi instiqtia. igi ibrZvis maSinac, roca mis mier damyarebul xelSekrulebas latinusTan uxeSad arRveven, ibrZvis, raTa RmerTTa neba Seasrulos. eneasi ramdenjerme idga cdunebis winaSe, roca daiviwya, an ar isurva Tavisi misiis Sesruleba. laciumSi Casuli eneasi mtkice da Seuvalia. man icis, unda aRsruldes RmerTTa neba, igi ibrZvis ara piradi, aramed Tavisi xalxis keTildReobisaTvis da momavali romis didebisaTvis. mas omi ar surs, magram RvTaebaTa survils win ver aRudgeba.8 turnusi da misi mebrZolebi gambedavni da mamacni arian, ukadris brZolasac eridebian. mezenciusi zurgSi ar esvris mters da ibralebs kidevac mas (X 735-737). turnusi, iseve rogorc eneasi, wuxs Tavis TanamebrZolebze (X 670-674). magram misTvis ucxoa sinanuli da mtrisadmi sibraluli: mxolod poemis bolos ubrundeba mas es adamianuri Tviseba (XII 931). igi xvdeba, rom qalRmerTTa mier motyuebuli gmiria. turnusi eneasis Rirseuli metoqea. turnusis erTgvari reabilitacia xdeba poemis bolos, roca mas

6 S. F. Wilsthire, Public and Privat in Vergil's Aeneid. The University of Massachustts Press,

Amherst, 1989, 96. 7 V. Buchheit, Vergil über die Sendung Roms Heidelberg, 1963, 92-93. 8 ix. R. F. Glei, dasax. naSromi, 137.


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sinanuli Seipyrobs (XII 931). magram is mainc aris impius, radgan RvTis nebas ar ugdebs yurs, ar aSinebs RmerTTa misnoba (VII 883-884, IX 134). turnusi adamianur samarTals iyenebs argumentad eneasis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. igi ebrZvis sacolis wamrTmev ucxotomels (IX 132), e. i. pirovnuli interesebis gamo upirispirdeba troel gmirs. arian Tu ara eneasi da misi TanamebrZolebi idealuri gmirebi? isini didebisaTvis ibrZvian (evrialusi da nizusi,IX 186-187, 197, 205-206), erTmaneTisaTvis swiraven Tavs (IX 445), samSoblos dacva maTi upirvelesi movaleobaa (palanti X 370-374). magram maTac axasiaTebT siSmage da idealur gmirTaTvis Seuferebeli saqcieli. nizusisa da evrialusis gadawyvetilebas _ RamiT, malulad gaarRvion mtris banaki - raTa daukavSirdnen eneass, troelebi mowonebiT xvdebian, magram maT ar ician, rom evrialusi da nizusi mZinare mters gauswordebian. SesaZlebelia es anazdad moifiqres (IX 324-354), vergiliusi am epizodiT xazs usvams omis sisastikesa da Seubraleblobas, roca adamianSi iRviZebs cxoveluri instiqtebi. amas zomierebis grZnobis dakargva iwvevs. vin icis, rogor dasruldeboda es gaxelebuli angariSsworeba daucvel mterTan, rom nizuss ar SeeCerebina megobari. SeiZleba mZinare mtris daxocva aucilebeli iyo gzis gakvlevisaTvis.9 nizuss surda usafrTxod gaeyvana megobari mtris banakidan (IX 323-324), iqneb am megobrobam aiZula nizusi, iaraRi Caeca mZinare ramnetisaTvis, raTa daecva TanamebrZoli. misi sikvdilis Semdeg nizusi TavganwirviT ekveTa mters da Tavi Seakla (IX 444). albaT amisTvis uwodebs maT bednierebs vergiliusi. maTi mamacoba, Tavdadeba aneitralebs mZinare mtrebze SurismaZiebeli mebrZolebis gaafTrebas, rasac cxoveluri instiqti SeiZleba ewodos; vergiliusi maT garindul farexSi SeWril mSieri lomis mZvinvarebas adarebs (IX 339-341). "eneidas" gmirebi ara marto brZolis wesebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, aramed nadavlis, mtrisaTvis arTmeuli saWurvelisadmi damokidebulebiTac. nadavlis mopoveba, damarcxebuli mtris saganZuris xelSi Cagdeba, brZolaSi moxveWili simdidris gamarjvebul meomarTa

9 ix. G. Williams, dasax. naSromi, 229.

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Soris ganawileba omis kanonia. nadavli aris didebis niSani. asea homerosTan da asevea vergiliusTan. magram aq erTgvari wesis dacvaa saWiro. nadavls daxarbeba, daxocili mtris Zarcva da amiT Tavismowoneba araeTikuri saqcielia. askaniusi hpirdeba evrialussa da nizuss, rom gamarjvebis Semdeg nadavls wilis yris wesiT gaiyofen, piradad am gmirebs ki aRuTqvams turnusis cxensa da oqros iaraRs (IX 267- 270). evrialusi da nizusi imedovneben, rom nadavliT dabrundebian ukan (IX 242-243, 252). es niSnavs imas, rom isini gamarjvebulebi iqnebian. Tumca, maTi mTavari mizani es ar aris. isini ganurCevlad rodi agroveben nadavls (IX 359-360). maT gulgrilad auares gverdi mraval Zvirfas nivTs, mxolod ramnetis qamarsa da lamaz yelsabams daswvda evrialusi (IX 359). mtris iaraRis misakuTreba gamarjvebis simboloa. palanti brZolaSi Cabmis win ikvexnis, rom an gaimarjvebs, an mokvdeba. amas ki aseTi sityvebiT gadmoscems: Aut spoliis ego iam raptis laudabor opimis

aut leto insigni. Sorti pater aequus utrique est.

X 449-450 e. i. nadavli gamarjvebasTanaa identificirebuli. ra gansxvavebul Tvisebas avlenen rutulelebi nadavlTan mimarTebaSi. turnusi sixaruls ver malavs nadavlis dauflebisas (X 500). vergiliusis parenTeza am epizodTan dakavSirebiT kargad gamoxatavs avtoris koncefcias: rom yvelaferi warmavali da cvalebadia, rom nadavls daxarbebuli mebrZolis siamaye da mediduroba wuTieria (X 501-505). mezenciusi Svils lavsuss asaCuqrebs mtris saWurveliT (X 700-701), masve hpirdeba, rom eneasis iaraRSi gamoawyobs (X 774-776). "eneidis" mixedviT meomrisaTvis mudam ubedureba moaqvs mtris iaraRs. mas TiTqos Tan sdevs winandeli patronis bedi. evrialuss ar SerCa mravali mebrZolis xelSi gamovlili iaraRi, romelsac bolos ramneti atarebda. arc lavsuss moutana gamarjveba mtris iaraRma, romelic mama _ mezenciusma aCuqa mas (X 700-710). ilionis kedlebTan elinTa iaraRiT aRWurvili troelebi Tavisianebma mtrebad Seicnes da isrebi dauSines (II 410- 413).


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e. i. mtris iaraRi ar ekuTvnis gamarjvebuls, igi omis RvTaebas unda mieZRvnas. ase iqceva eneasi (X 542). omis RvTaebas hpirdeba mtris saWurvels palanti (X 424). latinusis sasaxleSi eneasi damarcxebuli mtris mraval saWurvels ixilavs (VII 183-186). is damarcxebul mters Tavad ar ahyris iaraRs, amas misi TanamebrZolebi akeTeben da mtris saWurvels omis RmerTs _ marss miuZRvnian (X 540-543). erTaderTi SemTxveva "eneidaSi", roca damarcxebuli mtris iaraRs gamarjvebuli ar epatroneba da arc omis RmerTs swiravs, aris lavsusis epizodSi. eneass Seebrala misgan gangmiruli Wabuki lavsusi, mamaSviluri siyvarulis grZnobam Seipyro, moixibla Wabukis vaJkacobiT da gadawyvita, Rirsebis niSnad iaraRi daetovebina misTvis da ezruna, rom Tavisianebs pativiscemiT daekrZalaT igi (X 825-830). amiT eneasma uCveulo Tviseba gamoavlina, mterSic SeiZleba davinaxoT Rirseuli pirovneba da davafasoT igi. SeiZleba eneasi moxibla lavsusis Tavdadebam mamisadmi, mSoblis mimarT gamoxatulma faqizma siyvarulma (X 790-810) aaRelva troeli gmiri. eneasi aris gulwrfeli gmiri, ar aris cbieri, romelic zavs sTavazobs italiis mosaxleobas da amave dros iaraRs lesavs masze, rasac swamebs masze ganrisxebuli qalRmerTi iuno (X 80). eneasi aris samarTliani meomari. igi ar ipyrobs. igi ibrZvis Tavisi xalxis bednierebisaTvis. turnusi ki piradi keTildreobis SesanarCuneblad ebmeba omSi (XI 359, 371) eneass ar surs omi (XI 110-114), igi iZulebulia iomos. eneasis gamarjveba turnusze aris kanonzomierebis aRdgena, or xalxs Soris mSvidobisa da kavSiris damyareba (XII 185). eneasi ar aris bednieri gamarjvebiT, igi mudam TavismarTlebaSia. wuxs, rom zavis darRvevis gamo mouxda brZola (XII 580-582). bedisweris neba rom ar yofiliyo, eneasi laciumSi ar mividoda. eneasma Tavisi misia Seasrula, moupova samSoblo troelebs, daubrunda winaparTa Zvel fuZes, magram brZolis fasad. mas adamianuri bedniereba ar upovia, igi troaSi datova. eneasi askaniuss arigebs, rom siqvele da namdvili gmirobis nimuSi SeiZleba mamis _ eneasisagan aiRos, Tumca Tavis xvedrs ar usurvebs mas:

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DDisce, puer, virtutem ex me verumque laborem,

fortunam ex aliis.

XII 435-436

RvTiuri nebis aRmsrulebeli eneasi laciumSi

Casvlamde uars ver ambobs adamianur survilebze, magram igi xvdeba, rom ar SeiZleba mihyvebode RmerTis nebas da amave dros amqveyniur siamovnebazec fiqrobde. igi TandaTanobiT iSorebs adamianur sisusteebs, siyvaruls karTagenSi tovebs, mSvidobiani cxovrebiT tkbobis survils _ rac qalaqebis mSeneblobaSi gamoixateba _ sxvadasxva kunZulze ikmayofilebs, warsulTan mWidro kavSirs anqizes sikvdilTan erTad eTxoveba. ase, ganZarcvuli adamianuri sisusteebisagan Cadis igi italiaSi, sadac daamkvidrebs penatebsa da Tavis xalxs, amave dros momavali romis didebas Cauyris safuZvels. Secdomebi, uneblie Tu nebsiTi, mtris mimarT gamovlenili risxva da sisastike ar amcirebs eneass. vergiliusi qmnis gmiris cocxal da ara sqematur saxes. "samarTliani, RvTismoSiSi, brZolaSi da omSi gamocdili eneasi" (I 544-545, VIII 235) xdeba dakvirvebuli, RmerTTa survilebis amomcnobi da morCili gmiri. igi rwmundeba, rom RvTis rCeuloba sapatio, magram mZime tvirTia, mas unda Seswiro piradi bedniereba, adamianuri siameni. Iamze Gagua

Aeneas, homo bellans et oboediens

The paper deals with the development of the character of Aeneas.

New islands seem to prepare new danger for Aen

eas, wanderer in the seas.

Aeneas himself makes some mistakes that are difficult and painful to

correct. Aeneas, who is pius, iustus, bello et armis expertus, displays new fea-

tures of his character. He becomes a careful, observant and obedient hero wo is

able to learn the desires of gods and thinks only of the happiness of his people.


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Tea gamrekeli

paraleluri dayofis principi konstantinos

kavafisis leqsebSi

konstantinos kavafisis leqsebSi realizebuli

kompoziciuri organizaciis principebi, romlebic ZiriTadad homerosis eposidan iRebs saTaves, poetis Semoqmedebis uarsebiTesi niSania da Suqs fens misi nawarmoebebis poetur struqturas. amave dros, igi axali masalaa mecnierebisaTvis, romelic kidev erTxel adasturebs kavafisis stilis originalurobasa da TviTmyofadobas, mis ukve aRniSnul kavSirs antikur poeziasTan, imas, rom poeti qaoturad ki ara qmnida Tavis leqsebs, aramed gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad icavda mkacrad organizebul literaturul formas.

kompoziciuri organizaciis erT-erTi yvelaze uZvelesi xerxia paraleluri dayofa. nawarmoebis paraleluri dayofis principiT ageba gulisxmobs am nawarmoebis elementTa gameorebas e. w. paraleluri mimdevrobis Sesabamisad. Tavisi klasikuri formiT am prin-cipiT agebuli leqsi gviCvenebs struqturas ABC…

A"B"C"… kompoziciuri organizaciis es xerxi ZiriTadad kavafisis orstrofian leqsebSi gvxvdeba. igulisxmeba, rom erT strofSi warmodgenili elementebis mimdevrobas arek-lavs an garkveuli TvalsazrisiT imeorebs meore strofSi mocemul elementTa rigi. aq SeiZleba moqmedebdes msgavse-bis, sruli analogiis, dapirispirebis an sakvanZo sityvebis gameorebis principi. paraleluri dayofis xerxiTaa agebuli kavafisis ocdaeqvsi leqsi. ramdenime maTgans Cven dawvrile-biT ganvixilavT.

Tea gamrekeli

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91

paraleluri dayofis principi klasikuri saxiTaa realizebuli leqsSi "qalaqi" (1910), romelic kavafisis Se-moqmedebis simbolistur periodSia Seqmnili. masSi warmod-genilia qalaqidan gaqcevis, sxva qalaqis moZebnis survili, Tumca arsad Cans konkretulad romel qalaqzea saubari. rogorc poetis mier leqsze darTuli komentarebidan irkve-va, is geografiul adgils ki ar warmoadgens, aramed sim-boluri datvirTvisaa: "adamiani, romelic xvdeba, rom cxo-vreba fuWad gaflanga, cdilobs ufro Rirseulad, eTiku-rad icxovros. qalaqi, fantastikuri qalaqi, mas aedevneba, gauswrebs da imave quCebsa da ubnebSi daxvdeba".1 kavafisi-seuli "qalaqi" aris simbolo adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi arsebuli problemisa, romelsac veraviTari garegani faq-tori ver aRmofxvris. xsna unda veZioT mxolod sakuTar TavSi, romelsac versad gaveqceviT - "rac ufro metad gvsurs sakuTari Tavisgan gaqceva, miT ufro mZlavrad vgrZnobT mis marwuxebs".2

axla, rac Seexeba nawarmoebis struqturas: leqsi ori strofisa da aTi azrobrivi monakveTisagan Sedgeba. pirveli strofi rva saleqso striqons da xuT azrobriv monakveTs Seicavs. analogiur suraTs gviCvenebs meore strofic, romlis elementTa mimdevrobac imeorebs pirveli strofis elementebis rigs:

Η πόλις3

Δίπεο˙ "Θα πάγσ ζ’άιιε γε,

ζα πάσ ζ’άιιε ζάιαζζα.

Μηα πόιηο άιιε ζα βξεζεί

θαιιίηεξε από απηή.

Κάζε πξνζπάζεηα κνπ κηα

θαηαδίθε είλαη γξαθηή˙

θ’εηλ’ε θαξδηά κνπ – ζαλ

λεθξόο – ζακέλε.

Ο λνπο κνπ σο πόηε κεο ζηνλ

qalaqi A (1) [Tqvi: "waval sxva miwaze, wav-al sxva zRvaze.] B (2) [qalaqi sxva moiZebneba sam-jobi amis.] C (3-4) [yoveli Cemi mcdeloba aris ganwiruli da aris guli Cemi, rogorc mkvdari, damarxuli.]

D (5) [goneba Cemi am simdovreSi rodemde darCeba.]

1 Γ. Λερσλίηε, Καβαθηθά απηνζρόιηα, Αιεμάλδξεηα, 1942, gv. 24. 2 Μ. Γ. Μηξαζγέδε, Ο Καβάθεο θαη άιινη Αιεμαλδξηλνί, Νενειιεληθή ινγνηερλία, ΙΙ ηόκνο,

Αζήλα, 1982, gv. 325. 3 Κ. Π. Καβάθε, Πνηήκαηα, 1969, A, gv. 15.

paraleluri dayofis principi konstantinos kavafisis leqsebSi

92

92

καξαζκόλ απηόλ ζα κέλεη.

Όπνπ ην κάηη κνπ γπξίζσ,

όπνπ θη αλ δσ

εξείπηα καύξα ηεο δσήο κνπ

βιέπσ εδώ,

πνπ ηόζα ρξόληα πέξαζα θαη

ξήκαμα θαη ράιαζα."

Καηλνύξγηνπο ηόπνπο δελ ζα

βξεηο, δελ ζάβξεηο άιιεο

ζάιαζζεο.

Η πόιηο ζα ζε αθνινπζεί.

ηνπο δξόκνπο ζα γπξλάο

ηνπο ίδηνπο. Καη ζηεο

γεηηνληέο ηεο ίδηεο ζα γεξλάο˙

θαη κεο ζηα ίδηα ζπίηηα απηά

ζ’αζπξίδεηο.

Πάληα ζηελ πόιη απηή ζα

θζάλεηο. Γηα ηα αιινύ -κε

ειπίδεηο-

δελ έρεη πινίν γηα ζε, δελ έρεη

νδό.

Έηζη πνπ ηε δσή ζνπ ξήκαμεο

εδώ

ζηελ θώρε ηνύηε ηελ κηθξή,

ζ’όιελ ηελ γε ηελ ράιαζεο.

E (6-8) [sadac ki mzeras mivapyrob, sadac ki gavixedav, Cemi cxovrebis Sav udabnos vxedav aq, sadac amdeni weli gavatare da gavflange da wavaxdine".] A" (9) [axal adgilebs ver ipovi, ver ipovi axal zRvebs.] B" (10a) [qalaqi Sen agedevneba.] C" (10b-12) [imave quCebSi iboria-leb, imave samezobloebSi daber-debi da imave saxlebSi gaTeTrde-bi.] D" (13) [mudam am qalaqSi CamoaRwev, sxva - nu geqneba imedi -] E" (14-16) [ar aris gemi SenTvis, ar aris gza. ase, rom Seni cxovreba gaflange aq. am patara miwis naglejze, am mi-waze waaxdine.]

leqsis pirveli strofis pirveli azrobrivi monak-veTia: [Tqvi: waval sxva miwaze, waval sxva zRvaze] A (1), ro-melsac dapirispirebis principiT miemarTeba meore strofis pirveli elementi: [axal adgilebs ver ipovi, ver ipovi axal zRvebs] A" (9). pirveli strofis meore azrobriv monakveTs: [qalaqi sxva moiZebneba samjobi amis] B (2) upirispirdeba meore strofis meore azrobrivi monakveTi: [qalaqi Sen age-devneba] B" (10a). pirveli strofis mesame azrobriv monakveTs: [yoveli Cemi mcdeloba aris ganwiruli da aris guli Cemi, rogorc mkvdari, damarxuli] C (3-4) - exmianeba meore strofis mesame azrobrivi monakveTi: [imave quCebSi iborialeb da imave samezobloebSi daberdebi da imave saxlebSi gaTeTrde-bi] C" (10b-12). pirveli strofis meoTxe elements: [goneba Cemi am simdovreSi rodemde darCeba] D (5) aireklavs meore stro-

Tea gamrekeli

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fis meoTxe elementi [mudam am qalaqSi dabrundebi, sxva - nu geqnebi imedi -] D" (13). amgvari mimarTeba arsebobs orive strofis ukanasknel elementebSic: [sadac ki mzeras mivapy-rob, sadac ki gavixedav, Cemi cxovrebis Sav udabnos vxedav aq, sadac amdeni weli gavatare da gavflange da wavaxdine] E

(6-8) - [ar aris gemi SenTvis, ar aris gza. ase, rom Seni cxo-vreba gaflange aq. am patara miwis naglejze, am miwaze waaxdine] E" (14-16). rogorc vxedavT, leqsi "qalaqi" agebulia Tezebisa da antiTezebis or strofSi gadanawilebis prin-cipze. pirveli iZleva Tezebis Tanmimdevrul CamoTvlas, xolo meore - antiTezebis Sesabamis mimdevrobas. Sesabami-sad, adgili aqvs azrobrivi monakveTebis dapirispirebis principiT arekvlas: is, rac miznad aris dasaxuli leqsis pirvel strofSi, ignorirebulia meore strofSi. am mimarTe-bas aZlierebs sakvanZo sityvebis gameorebac: "qalaqi", "zRva", "cxovreba", "gaflange", "waaxdine". vfiqrobT, rom paralelu-ri dayofis principi am leqsis mTavari azris ganviTarebis logikasTan organuladaa dakavSirebuli. amgvarad, leqss aqvs Semdegi struqtura: ABCDE A"B"C"D"E".

leqsi "monotonia" (1908), rogorc saTauridanac Cans, yoveldRiuri movlenebis monotonurobis Temazea Seqmnili. rogori warmogidgeba cxovreba, roca xvalindeli dRe ara-fers gpirdeba, roca ar arsebobs siaxlis, cvlilebis imedi da yvelaferi winaswar gansazRvrulia. aseT SemTxvevaSi dro yovelgvar azrs kargavs da momavalic mxolod ganmeo-rebadi awmyoa:4

4 berZeni kritikosi g. Temelisi marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom am leqsSi

dro mkvdaria. Sdr. Γ. Θεκέιεο, Η πνίεζε ηνπ Καβάθε, δηαζηάζεηο θαη όξηα,

Θεζζαινληθε, 1970, gv. 78.


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Μονοτόνια5

Σελ κηα κνλόηνλελ εκέξαλ άιιε

κνλόηνλε, απαξάιιαθηε

αθνινπζεί. ζα γίλνπλ

ηα ίδηα πξάγκαηα, ζα μαλαγίλνπλ

πάιη –

νη όκνηεο ζηηγκέο καο βξίζθνπλε

θαη καο αθίλνπλ.

Μήλαο πεξλά θαη θέξλεη άιινλ

κήλα.

Απηά πνπ έξρνληαη θαλείο

εύθνια ηα εηθάδεη˙

είλαη ηα ρζεζηλά ηα βαξεηά

εθείλα.

Καη θαηαληά ην αύξην πηα ζαλ

αύξην λα κε κνηάδεη.

monotonia

A (1-2a) [erT usaxur dRes mo-notonuri, Seucvleli mos-devs meore.] B (2b-3) [moxdeba igive, gan-meordeba kvalad igive.] C (4) [msgavsi wamebi gvpouloben da gveyrebian.] A" (5) [Tve gadis, mohyavs sxva Tve.] B" (6-7) [is, rac modis yvelam kargad uwyis, rom guSindeli mosawyeni ramaa isev] C" (8) [da xvalindeli dRec xvalindels aRar hgavs ukve.]

leqsi "monotonia" ori Tanabari moculobis

strofisagan Sedgeba. orive strofi moicavs oTx-oTx striqonsa da sam azrobriv monakveTs. aqedan pirveli strofis pirvel elements: [erT usaxur dRes monotonuri, Seucvleli mosdevs meore] A (1-2a) exmianeba meore strofis pirveli elementi [Tve gadis, mohyavs sxva Tve] A" (5). pirveli strofis meore elements: [moxdeba igive, ganmeordeba kvalad igive] B (2b-3) aireklavs meore strofis meore elementi: [is, rac modis yvelam kargad uwyis, rom guSindeli mosawyeni ramaa isev] B" (6-7), xolo pirveli strofis mesame elements: [msgavsi wamebi gvpouloben da gveyrebian] C (4) miemarTeba meore strofis mesame elementi: [da xvalindeli dRec xvalindels aRar hgavs ukve] C" (8). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom leqsSi Cven mier gamoyofili azrobriv monakveTebs Soris garkveuli msgavseba SeiniSneba. marTalia, aq adgili ar aqvs sakvanZo sityvebis gameorebas, magram poeti xazs usvams da imeorebs mTavar saTqmels, rac monotonurobis Temas ufro mkveTrad warmoaCens. vfiqrobT, rom msgavs elementTa paraleluri dayofis principis monotoniis stiqiisaTvis

5 Κ. Π. Καβάθε, Πνηήκαηα, A, gv. 22.

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misadageba kavafisis metad saintereso mignebaa. amrigad, leqsis struqturaa: ABC A"B"C". leqsi "dilis zRva" (1915) gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi peizaJia asaxuli. kavafisi ufro qalaqis poetia. mis leqsebSi moqmedeba viTardeba saxlebSi, sasaxleebSi, tavernebSi, yavaxanebSi, quCebsa Tu moednebze, xolo buneba iSviaTad figurirebs. es SesaZloa bevrs ucnaurad moeCvenos imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom poezia da zogadad xelovneba bunebasTan sakmaod mWidro kavSirSia. kavafisisaTvis ki es kavSiri xSirad xelovnuria.6 zemoT dasaxelebuli leqsi uTuod gamonakliss warmoadgens im TvalsazrisiT, rom poeti masSi gulwrfelad gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas bunebis mimarT. is misTvis Cveuli lakonurobiT aRwers dilis zRvis suraTs, romelic, albaT, aleqsandriis sanapiroze ixila da ramdenime fraziT srulad warmoadgens kargad nacnobi adgilis mSvenierebas. poeti xvdeba, rom bunebaSi (am SemTxvevaSi gareT) gasvla aucilebelia. SeuZlebelia adamiani oTaxis kedlebSi gamoketili cxovrobdes, magram, rogorc irkveva, kavafisisTvis sakuTar TavSi Caketiloba aucilebeli moTxovnilebaa da amitom lamazi sanaxaobis miRma Tavs iCens poetis sulis simxdale, misi winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse survilebi, fantaziebi, mogonebebi, siyvarulis aCrdilebi, romlebic mas ar asveneben da bunebis lamazi peizaJiT datkbobis saSualebas ar aZleven.7 am erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli ori realobis reliefurad warmoCenas poeti saukeTesod axerxebs leqsis msgavsi da

6 Tavis erT-erT adreul leqsTan "niqori" (1885) dakavSirebiT kavafisi

aRniSnavs: "arasodes micxovria qalaqgareT... erTi leqsi davwere, ra-Ta xotba Sevasxa agaraks (bunebas), Tumca es aris yvelaze ara-gulwrfeli ram, rac gamikeTebia, mtknari sicruea". ix. Γ. Π. αββίδεο, Βαζηθά ζέκαηα ηεο πνίεζεο ηνπ Καβάθε, Αζήλα, 1993, gv. 17.

7 kritikosi i. sareianisi kavafisis sakuTar TavSi Caketilobis moTxov-nlebas ovidiusis medeas siyvaruls adarebs - orive grZnoba iseTi Zlieria, rom SeuZlebelia maTze uaris Tqma. aqve mohyavs citata "me-tamorfozebidan": "video meliora proboque, deteriora sequor" ("sxvas Wvrets go-neba, rac kargia, vuwyi, vadideb, cuds ki veswrafvi", ix. publus ovi-dius nazoni, metamorfozebi, wigni VII, iasoni da medea, Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 169), Sdr. Ι. Α. αξεγηάλλε, ρόιηα ζηνλ Καβάθε, Αζήλα, 1994, gv. 61.


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dapirispirebuli azrobrivi monakveTebis paraleluri dayofis principiT agebis saSualebiT:

Θάλασσα του πρωϊού

8

Εδώ ας ζηαζώ. Κη ας δω

θ’εγώ ηελ θύζη ιίγο.

Θάιαζζας ηοσ πρωϊού θη

αλέθειοσ οσραλού

ιακπρά καβηά, θαη θίηρηλε

ότζε˙όια

ωραία θαη κεγάια

θωηηζκέλα.

Εδώ ας ζηαζώ. Κη ας

γειαζζώ πως βιέπω ασηά

(ηα είδ’αιήζεηα κηα ζηηγκή

ζαλ πρωηοζηάζεθα).

θη ότη θ’εδώ ηες θαληαζίες

κοσ,

ηες αλακλήζεης κοσ, ηα

ηλδάικαηα ηες εδολής.

dilis zRva A (1a) [aq SevCerdebi.] B (1b-3a) [dae mec vnaxo buneba cota xniT.

dilis zRva da uRrublo ca - naTeli, iisferi da yviTeli napiri,] C (3b-4) [yovelive mSvenivrad da didad ganaTebuli.] A" (5a) [aq SevCerdebi.] B"(5b-6) [dae Tund movtuyvde, rom vxedav maT (isini marTla vnaxe im wams ros gavCerdi)] C" (7-8) [da ara Cems fantaziebs, Cems mogonebebs, siyvarulis aCrdi-lebs.]

leqsi "dilis zRva" moicavs or strofs, rva stri-qonsa da eqvs azrobriv monakveTs. leqsis meore strofis pirveli azrobrivi monakveTi srulad imeorebs pirveli strofis pirvel azrobriv monakveTs: [aq SevCerdebi] A (1a) / A" (5a). pirveli strofis meore elementi asaxavs bunebis la-mazi peizaJebiT datkbobis survils: [dae, mec vnaxo buneba cota xniT, dilis zRva da uRrublo ca, naTeli, iisferi da yviTeli napiri] B (1b-3a), maSin, roca meore strofis Sesaba-mis elementSi gamoTqmulia azri, rom SesaZlebelia Tvali tyuvdebodes da ver xedavdes am suraTs: [dae Tund mov-tyuvde, rom vxedav maT (isini marTla vnaxe im wams ros gav-Cerdi)] B"(5b-6). pirveli strofis mesame azrobrivi monakveTi sagnebs naTlad warmogvidgens: [yovelive mSvenivrad da di-dad ganaTebuli] C (3b-4), xolo meore strofis mesame ele-mentSi ki gamoTqmulia azri, rom es yovelive iluziaa: [da


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ara Cems fantaziebs, Cems mogonebebs, siyvarulis aCrdilebs] C" (7-8). rogorc vxedavT, pirvel SemTxvevaSi azrobriv mo-nakveTTa gameorebas, xolo sxva SemTxvevebSi ki maT dapi-rispirebas aqvs adgili. msgavs elementTa gameorebiT kava-fisi sakuTari survilis siZlieres usvams xazs, xolo dapi-rispirebul elementTa warmodgeniT - am survilis axdenis SeuZleblobas. amrigad, leqsis struqturaa: ABC A"B"C".

leqsSi "patruqi" (1895) warmodgenilia swored iseTi garemo, romelic gansakuTrebiT axlobelia poetisaTvis. esaa patara, carieli oTaxi, romelic patruqis SuqiTaa ga-naTebuli. berZeni kritikosi t. malanosi kavafiss o. ualdis sityvebiT axasiaTebs: "is gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea mSve-nieri garemos mimarT da arasodes iRleba im sawoli oTax-ebis aRweriT, sadac cxovrobda an surda, rom ecxovra".9 marTlac, kavafisis Zalze bevr leqsSi moqmedeba swored saZinebel an zogadad oTaxSi viTardeba, ZiriTadad ki im leqsebSi, romelTac poeti hedonisturs uwodebs:

Πολσέλαιος10

ε θάκαξε άδεηα θαη κηθξή, ηέζζαξεο

ηνίρνη κόλνη,

θαη ζθεπαζκέλνη κε νινπξάζηλα παληά,

θαίεη έλαο πνιπέιαηνο σξαίνο θαη

θνξόλεη˙

θαη κεο ζηε θιόγα ηνπ ηελ θαζεκηά

ππξόλεη

κηα ιάγλε πάζεζηο, κηα ιάγλε νξκή.

κεο ζηελ κηθξή ηελ θάκαξε, πνπ

ιάκπεη αλακέλε

από ηνπ πνιπειαίνπ ηελ δπλαηή θσηηά,

δηόινπ ζπλεηζηζκέλν θσο δελ είλ’απηό

πνπ βγαίλεη.

Γη’άηνικα ζώκαηα δελ είλαη θακσκέλε

patruqi

A (1-2) [oTaxi carieli da patara, oTxi kedeli mxolod, SefuTuli mwvane tiloTi.] B (3) [iwvis mSvenieri patruqi da ixarjeba] C (4-5) [da Tavis cecxlSi yovelives aTbobs erTi tkbili vneba, tkbili alersi.] A" (6a) [patara oTaxSi,] B" (6b-8) [romelic elvarebs

9 Σ. Μαιάλνπ, Ο πνηεηήο Κ. Π. Καβάθεο, Αζήλα, 1957, gv. 310. 10 Κ. Π. Καβάθε, Πνηήκαηα, A, gv. 60.


98

98

απηήο ηεο δέζηεο ε εδνλή.

patruqis Zlieri SuqiT, Cveuli sinaTle sulac ar iRvreba.] C" (9-10) [mxdali sxeulebisTvis ar aris Seqmnili am siTbos siyvaruli.]

leqsi "patruqi" or strofs, aT striqonsa da eqvs azrobriv monakveTs moicavs. orive strofis pirveli azrobriv monakveTebSi aRwerilia patara oTaxi: [oTaxi carieli da patara, oTxi kedeli mxolod da SefuTuli mwvane tiloTi] A (1-2) - [patara oTaxSi] A" (6a), meore elementebSi ki - patruqis elvareba: [iwvis mSvenieri patruqi da ixarjeba] B (3) - [romelic elvarebs patruqis Zlieri SuqiT, Cveuli sinaTle sulac ar iRvreba] B" (6b-8). mesame azrobriv monakveTebSi patruqis siTbo vnebasTan, siyvarulTan aris dakavSirebuli: [da Tavis cecxlSi yovelives aTbobs erTi tkbili vneba, tkbili alersi] C (4-5) - [mxdali sxeulebisTvis ar aris Seqmnili am siTbos siyvaruli] C" (9-10). vfiqrobT, savsebiT naTelia, rom am SemTxvevaSi leqsis pirveli da meore strofebis elementebi msgavsebis principiT arekvla xdeba. msgavsebas aZlierebs sakvanZo sityvebis ("patara", "oTaxi", "patruqi") gameorebac. msgavsi azrobrivi monakveTebis monacvleoba mTavari Temis srulyofilad warmoCenas emsaxureba. amrigad, leqss Semdegi struqtura aqvs: ABC A"B"C".

leqsi "rom movidnen" (1920) kvlav gardasuli siyvarulis mogonebas eZRvneba. droTa ganmavlobaSi grZnoba sulSi daivanebs da Semdeg misi mogoneba gansakuTrebul mRelvarebas aniWebs poets. am mogonebebs ki is mkrTali Suqis fonze eZleva. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kavafisTan erotiuli xilvebi mWidro kavSirSia ganaTebasTan, rac aucilebeli pirobaa mogonebebis gasacocxleblad.11 esaa

11 saintereso dakvirvebas gvTavazobs berZeni kritikosi m. pierisi, ro-

melic kavafisis leqsebSi sinaTlisa da sibnelis dramatul Sepiris-pirebas Seiswavlis. misi azriT, poetis leqsebSi, romlebic 1900 wlamde daiwera, ZiriTadad bunebrivi Suqi iRvreba (gamonakliss war-moadgens mxolod erTi leqsi "sanTlebi" (1899), romelic poetSi SiSs

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ZiriTadi tendencia, romelic Tavs iCens kavafisis hedonisturi leqsebis umravlesobaSi:

Για ναρθοσν12

Έλα θεξί αξθεί. Σν θσο ηνπ ην

ακπδξό

αξκόδεη πην θαιά, Θαλαη πην

ζπκπαζέο

ζαλ έιζνπλ ηεο Αγάπεο, ζαλ

έξζνπλ ε θηέο.

Έλα θεξί αξθεί. Η θάκαξε απόςη

λα κελ έρεη θσο πνιύ. Μέζα ζηελ

ξέκβελ όισο

θαη ηελ ππνβνιή, θαη κε ην ιίγν

θσο-

κέζα ζηελ ξέκβελ έηζη ζα

νξακαηηζζώ

γηα λάξζνπλ ηεο Αγάπεο, γηα

λάξζνπλ ε θηέο.

rom movidnen

A (1a) [erTi sanTeli kmara.] B (1b-2) [misi mbJutavi Suqi ufro saamo iqneba] C (3) [ros movlen siyvarulis, ros movlen aCrdilebi.] A" (4) [erTi sanTeli kmara.] B (4b-5a) [oTaxs am saRamos nu gaanaTebs didi Suqi.] C" (5b-8) [zmanebebsa da warmodgenebSi, patara SuqSi viocnebeb, rom movidnen siyvarulis, rom movidnen aCrdilebi.]

leqsi "rom movidnen" or strofs, rva striqonsa da

eqvs elements moicavs. leqsis meore strofis pirveli azrobrivi monakveTi absoluturad imeorebs pirveli strofis Sesabamis azrobriv monakveTs: [erTi sanTeli kmara]

aRZravs. es SiSi pirvelad kavafisis Semoqmedebis adreuli xanis erT inglisurenovan leqsSi "sibnele da aCrdilebi" vlindeba. am leqsis mixedviT, sanam mze anaTebs, adamianis suli sibneliT iqneba moculi. misi ganaTebis erTaderTi saSualebaa adamianis mzesaviT gabrwyineba. amisaTvis mze unda daikargos, radgan orive erTad ver iarsebebs.

1900 wels kavafisma dawera leqsi "roca filaqsma ixila Suqi", sadac Cans, rom is pirvelad ganTavisuflda Suqis tiraniisgan. am periodidan moyolebuli mis leqsebSi ufro xelovnuri Suqi sWar-bobs, romelic ZiriTadad poetis erotiul mogonebebTanaa dakavSire-buli. swored xelovnuri sinaTlis fonze igonebs kavafisi gardasul siyvaruls. Sdr. Μ. Πηεξήο, Σν "κέζα" θαη ην "έμσ", Χώξνο, Φσο θαη Λόγνο, Αζήλα,

1992, gv. 261-287. 12 Κ. Π. Καβάθε, Πνηήκαηα, B, gv. 17.


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100

A" (4) / A (1a). orive strofis meore azrobrivi monakveTi sanTlis Suqs axasiaTebs: [misi mbJutavi Suqi ufro saamo iqneba] B (4b-5a) - [oTaxs am saRamos nu gaanaTebs didi Suqi] B" (4b-5a). am SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori sxvadasxva saxis ganaTeba, romelic gansxvavebul emociebs aRuZravs poets. dapirispirebas aZlierebs opoziciuri wyvilic "mbJutavi Suqi" – "didi Suqi". mesame azrobriv monakveTebSi "siyvarulis aCrdilebis" mosvlaa asaxuli: [ros movlen siyvarulis, ros movlen aCrdilebi] C (3) - [zmanebebsa da warmodgenebSi, patara SuqSi - zmanebebSi viocnebeb, rom movidnen siyvarulis, rom movidnen aCrdilebi] C" (5b-8). aq mesame martivi azrobrivi monakveTi msgavsebis principiT airekleba meeqvse gavrcobil azrobriv monakveTSi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, pirvel SemTxvevaSi mTeli elementi gameorda, xolo danarCen SemTxvevebSi - sakvanZo sityvebi: "Suqi", "siyvarulis aCrdilebi". vfiqrobT, savsebiT naTelia is msgavseba, romelsac kompoziciuri organizaciis TvalsazrisiT avlens es leqsi zemoT ganxilul poetur nawarmoebTan. amrigad, leqsis struqturaa: ABC A"B"C".

garda zemoT moyvanili magaliTebisa, paraleluri dayofis principi kavafisis ori araTanabari moculobis mqone strofisgan Semdgar leqsebSic realizdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs erTi azrobrivi monakveTis mier meoris reducirebuli saxiT arekvlasTan, anu rTul, gavrcobil da martiv azrobriv monakveTTa urTierTmimarTebasTan.

paraleluri dayofis swored amgvari principi gvxvdeba leqsSi "dabrundi" (1912), romelic kavafisis cnobil hedonistur leqsTa ricxvs miekuTvneba. masSi asaxulia poetis siyvarulis, netarebiT savse SegrZnebis dabrunebis, misi kvlav gamocdis didi survili. agebulebis mxriv, es leqsi ori araTanabari moculobis strofisgan Sedgenil nawarmoebs warmoadgens. TavisTavad is faqti, rom pirveli strofi eqvsi saleqso striqonisgan Sedgeba, xolo meore - orisgan, imaze migvaniSnebs, rom aq paraleluri dayofis principi zemoT ganxiluli leqsebis msgavsad Tavisi wminda saxiT ver ganxorcieldeba. da marTlac, am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs pirveli strofis elementebis

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paraleluri dayofis principiT arekvlasTan meore strofSi, oRond reducirebuli saxiT:

Επέστρευε

13

Δπέζηξεθε ζπρλά θαη παίξλε κε,

αγαπεκέλε αίζζεζηο επέζηξεθε θαη

παίξλε κε –

όηαλ μππλά ηνπ ζώκαηνο ε κλήκε,

θ’επηζπκία παιεά μαλαπεξλά ζην

αίκα˙

όηαλ ηα ρείιε θαη ην δέξκα

ελζπκνύληαη,

θ’αηζζάλνληαη ηα ρέξηα ζαλ

λ’αγγίδνπλ πάιη.

Δπέζηξεθε ζπρλά θαη παίξλε κε

ηελ λύρηα,

όηαλ ηα ρείιε θαη ην δέξκα

ελζπκνύληαη...

dabrundi A (1-2) [dabrundi xSirad da dameufle, sayvarelo grZnobav, dabrundi da dameufle,] B (3-6) [roca iRviZebs sxeulis xsovna da Zveli survili kvlav iWreba sisxlSi, roca tuCebs da kans axsendebaT da grZnoben xelebs, romelnic TiTqos kvlav exebian.] A" (7) [dabrundi xSirad da dameufle RamiT] B" (8) [roca tuCebs da kans axsendebaT...]

ase magaliTad, meore strofis pirveli martivi azrobrivi monakveTi: [dabrundi xSirad da dameufle RamiT] A" (7) exmianeba pirveli strofis pirvel gavrcobil azro-briv monakveTs da imeorebs mis erT-erT striqons: [dabrundi xSirad da dameufle, sayvarelo grZnobav, dabrundi da da-meufle] A (1-2). analogiuri mimarTebaa orive strofis meore azrobriv monakveTebs Soris: [roca tuCebs da kans axsende-baT...] B" (8) - [roca iRviZebs sxeulis xsovna da Zveli sur-vili kvlav iWreba sisxlSi. roca tuCebs da kans axsende-baT da grZnoben xelebs, romelnic TiTqos kvlav exebian] B

(3-6). rogorc vxedavT, aq meordeba mTeli sakvanZo winada-debebi ("dabrundi xSirad da dameufle", "roca tuCebs da kans axsendebaT") gameoreba. am leqsSi msgavsi azrobrivi



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monakveTebis paraleluri principiT dayofa da sakvanZo wi-nadadebebis gameoreba xazs usvams poetis sayvareli SegrZnebis xSirad dabrunebis Zlier survils. amrigad, leqsi gviCvenebs struqturas: AB A"B".

yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg SesaZlebelia im daskvnamde mivideT, rom kavafisi Tavis leqsebSi sakmaod xSirad iyenebs elementTa paraleluri dayofis princips. yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoebac, rom, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi es principi Tavisi klasi-kuri saxiT gvxvdeba. Cveni azriT, kavafisTan azrobrivi mo-nakveTebis paraleluri dayofis xerxis gamoyenebas sponta-nuri xasiaTi ar unda hqondes. vfiqrobT, rom poeti am xerxs mimarTavs mxolod garkveuli jgufis leqsebSi, romlebic poeturi azris ganviTarebis gansazRvrul e. w. paraleluri dayofis principzea dafuZnebuli. kavafisi am princips iye-nebs garkveuli logikuri struqturis mqone leqsebSi, sa-dac umeteswilad pirvel strofSi an leqsis pirvel nawil-Si mocemul informacias, romelic warmoadgens raRac garkveul faqts, poetis survils, azrs, adasturebs, imeo-rebs, upirispirdeba an uaryofs meore strofSi an leqsis meore nawilSi gadmocemuli informacia.

aseT leqsebad SeiZleba miviCnioT kavafisis filo-sofiur da hedonistur leqsTa garkveuli jgufi. am jgufis filosofiur leqsebSi erTi strofis azrobriv monakveTebSi gadmocemul poetis survilebs, azrebs, ocnebebs upirispir-deba meore strofis azrobriv monakveTebSi asaxuli mkacri realoba, xolo hedonistur leqsebSi amave principiT xdeba, erTi mxriv, grZnobis, survilis da, meore mxriv, sazogadoe-baSi gabatonebuli zneobrivi normebis dapirispireba. an pi-riqiT, erT strofis azrobriv monakveTebSi warmodgenili poetis survilebi, azrebi Tu grZnobebi msgavsebis principiT airekvleba meore strofis azrobriv monakveTebSi maTi xaz-gasmis, srulyofilad warmoCenis mizniT.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom kompoziciuri organi-zaciis es principi konstantinos kavafisis sxvadasxva peri-odis leqsebSi gvxvdeba. maTSi azrobrivi monakveTebis pa-raleluroba ar Semoifargleba msgavsi an dapirispirebuli elementebis SezRuduli raodenobis gameorebiT mTel leqs-Si. am SemTxvevaSi vgulisxmobT struqturas ABC A"B"C". mis zogierT nawarmoebSi SesaZlebelia erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi

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myofi oTxi an xuTi elementi gamovyoT. yovelive es ki poe-tis mier am principis intensiur da mizanmimarTul gamoyene-baze miuTiTebs. kavafisi azrobriv monakveTTa paraleluri dayofis gziT axdens leqsis azrobrivi mxaris gaxsnas. aR-niSnul kompoziciur sqemas aseve didi formobrivi dat-virTva aqvs: cnobilia, rom gameoreba leqsTmcodneobaSi si-tyvieri masalis Semkvreladaa miCneuli.14 rogorc ukve aRv-niSneT, paraleluri dayofis principi jer kidev homerosis "iliadaSi" gvxvdeba. Tu eposSi azrobrivi monakveTebis aR-niSnuli kompoziciuri sqema fabulis da moqmedebis erTia-nobas emsaxureba, lirikaSi azrobrivi monakveTebis igive simetriuli urTierTimarTeba erTi Temis varirebas da sa-fexurebad daSlas uwyobs xels, rac lirikuli nawarmoebis kompoziciis safuZvelia.15 konstantinos kavafisic parale-luri dayofis principis saSualebiT saukeTesod axerxebs mcire zomis leqsSi saTqmelis srulyofilad gadmocemas da mis kompoziciur gamTlianebas.

The principle of Parallel Division in Konstantinos Kavafis’ poems

The theme presents the analysis of Kavafis’ poems composed after

the principle of parallel division. This pattern implies the reiteration of elements

of a literary text in accordance with the so-called parallel sequence principle.

The classical structure of the pattern is ABC…A"B"C"…. The principle of

parallel division is chiefly distinguished in two-verse poems. The sequence of

elements in the first verse recurs or is somehow reflected in the arrangement of

the elements in the second verse. This pattern implies either full analogy, or

opposition, or recurrence of key words.

The principle of parallel division occurs throughout Kavafis’ whole

poetry. Another remarkable point is that sometimes the poems patterned after

this principle have up to four or five correlated elements. Another remarkable

point is that the poet chiefly uses the classical pattern of the principle. All the

above points out that Kavafis’ application of the principle is highly elaborate

and intensive.

14 Sdr. М. Жирмунский, Теория стиха, Ленинград, 1975, gv. 451. 15 Sdr. Ю. Лотман, Анализ поэтического текста, Ленинград, 1972, gv. 39-40, 90.


qeTevan gardafxaZe

arCil sulakauris `minotavri~ da xorxe luis

borxesis `asteriosis saxli~

kacobriobis istoriis ganviTarebis manZilze arcerT sxva kulturas ise ar dawafebia axali azrovneba, rogorc berZnuls. miTologiuri saxeebi antikuri kulturis erTgvar simboloebad iqca, romelTac yoveli epoqa, mwera-li mniSvnelobis aspeqtebs ucvlida, semantikur vels ufar-Toebda da amiT kidev ufro tevads xdida eqspresemas.1

rac ufro rTuli da kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa miTolo-giuri saxe, miT ufro didia Tanamedroveobis interesi mis mimarT. aseT miTologiur saxeebSi fokusirdeba sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqebi matriarqatidan dawyebuli gviani berZ-nuli civilizaciis esTetikiT damTavrebuli.2

swored aseTia kreteli minotavrosis saxe. minota-vrosi _ adamiani xaris TaviT, romlis warmoSobac adreul matriarqats ukavSirdeba, periods, rodesac adamiani nakle-bad ganasxvavebda sakuTar Tavs cxovelTa samyarosagan. ma-gram amave dros es saxe kosmiuri azrovnebis niSniTacaa aR-beWdili. minotavrosis astronomizmi mis zoomorfizmTan unda davakavSiroT, radgan igi im epoqaSi Camoyalibda, ro-desac adamiani Tavs bunebisagan (Sesabamisad cisa da ciuri movlenebisagan) ar gamohyofda. minotavrosi aris kacic da xaric erTdroulad. amasTanave igi mzis SviliSvilia, sax-eladac asteriosi, rac ara marto varskvlavovans, SesaZloa mziansac niSnavdes. aq saqme gvaqvs ukve kosmiur ganzogade-basTan.3 amasTanave minotavrosis erT-erTi yvelaze popula-ruli mSobeli poseidonis mier zRvidan movlenili xaria.

1 G.Highet, The classical Tradition, Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature, Ox-

ford, 1967. 2 А. Лосев, Философия, Мифология, Культура, Москва 1991. 3 А. Лосев, Античная мифология в ее историческом развитии, Москва 1957.

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miTopoeturi azrovnebis mixedviT ki es xari Tavad poseido-ni unda iyos. e. i. minotavri zRvis stiqiasac ukavSirdeba. sayuradReboa is momenti, rom minotavrosi miwisqveSeTis mcxovrebia, Sesabamisad igi garkveuli simboloa miwisqveSe-Tisac. faqtobrivad, minotavrosi Tavis TavSi moicavs da ganasaxierebs cis, zRvis, miwisa da miwisqveSeTis somboli-kas.

isic ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom minotavross klavs Tezevsi, berZnuli heroikuli samyaros erT-erTi yvelaze didi warmomadgeneli. heroizmi ki miTSi mxolod mas Semdeg gaCndeboda, rac socialur-politikur sferoSi win wamoi-wevda mamakacuri individuumi, rac matriarqatis patriarqa-tiT Secvlas ukavSirdeba. yuradReba maxvildeba miTSi ati-kuri tradiciis rolze. swored aTeni (Tezevsi) amarcxebs minotavross, aTenel dedaloss miewereba aseve kretaze la-birinTis agebac.4

arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom kretuli saxviTi xe-lovneba imazec migviTiTebs, rom minotavrosi iyo aseve ubralo niRabic, Teatraluri kostumi, rac imas niSnavs, rom im periodSi minotavrosi ukve aRiqmeboda, rogorc sce-nis personaJi, rogorc garkveuli Teatraluri pirobiToba.

yovelive zemoT CamoTvlili erT mTlian miTologiur kompleqsSi iyris Tavs da bunebrivia, rom Tavisi ganzogade-bulobisa da polivalentovnebis wyalobiT Zalian Rrma sim-bolur figurad yalibdeba, romelic mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs Tanamedrove poeturi azrovnebis istoriaSi.

magram vidre minotavrosis zogierT Tanamedrove li-teraturul recefciaze visaubrebde, sul oriode sityviT, minda saxviT xelovnebasac Sevexo.

sainteresoa, rom andre masoni, pirveli iyo XX sauku-nis mxatvarTagan, vinc minotavrosis miTisaken mobrunda da misi gamococxleba daiwyo. gvaxsendeba anri matisis "minosis simRera", jeqson polokis "pasifae", jorjo de kirikos "mZi-nare ariadne", maqs ernstis "labirinTi", "mzis Tvali" da sxva.5 aRsaniSnavia, rom matisis garda, romelic neoimpre-

4 n. tonia, asparezze gamodian gmirebi, berZnuli miTebis samyaro,

Tbilisi, 2000. 5 Encyclopedia of Art and Artists, Phaidon, Oxford, 1978.

arCil sulakauris `minotavri~ da xorxe luis borxesis `asteriosis saxli~

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sioonizmis warmomadgeneli iyo, yvela zemoTCamoTvlili mxatvari siurealistia.

"me mjera sizmrisa da realobis, am ori garegnulad srulad Seusabamo mdgomareobis Serwymisa erT absolutur realobaSi, siurealizmSi" _ am sityvebiT gamoxata andre bretonma axali esTetikuri filosofiis pozicia, romelic aqamde ignorirebul formebs _ xilvasa da azrovnebis ara-mizanmimarTul TamaSs emyareboda. am xelovanTa Semoqmedeba iyo erTgvari "mogzauroba qvecnobier samyaroSi" da swored maT gaaxsendaT minotavris miTi, rogorc emociurad erT-erTi yvelaze datvirTuli simboluri saxe da metafora cxovrebisa.6

calke unda gamovyoT pablo pikasos mier suraTebis mTeli seria, Seqmnili minotavris Temaze. XX saukunis udidesma mxatvarma sakuTari esTetikuri grZnobebis WrilSi gaatara da ise warmogvidgina Tavisi drois samyaro. rogorc espanelisaTvis, xarebi, xarebis brZola da miTumetes minotavrosi iyo mTrTolvare cxovrebisa da saocari grZnobebis _ siamayis, guladobis, veluri impulsis matarebeli saxe. am Tematikaze muSaoba pikasom Tavdapirvelad albert skiras gamomcemlobis wignebis garekanis ilustraciebiT daiwyo.7 suraTze aRweril orgias, sadac gamoxatulia mZinare qalebi minotavrosTan erTad, alfred miusem "sikvdilis kanonis pirveli daskvna" uwoda. amas mohyva naxati, romelzec qali Wreli fardidan gascqeris mZinare minotavross. Semdeg 1934 wels tavromaxia xaris zurgze gadagdebul evropeTi, romelic Zalian mogvagonebs Tavisi ganwyobiT kretis akrobatebs da Canaxati, romelzec, faqtobrivad, mTeli miTi aris moqceuli, Tezevsi gemze mxleblebiTurT, minotavrosi, ariadne, labirinTi. gansakuTrebul seriozul mniSvnelobas pikasos minotavris seria mas Semdeg iZens, rac 1935 wels gamoCnda misi minotavromaxia. Cawvda ra miTis Rrma plastebs, mxatvarma gamoiyena igi rogorc drois axsna-ganmartebis saSualeba. misi es komentari Semdeg ukve kulminacias pikasos cnobil panoSi "gernikaSi" aRwevs, romelic cxovrebisa da

6 C. Yung, Civilization in Transition, tr. R. Hull, Bollingen Series XX, Pantheon Books, N.Y.,

1964. 7 Picasso and the Myth of the Minotaur, Art Journal, winter, 1972/1973 XXXII/2.

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anticxovrebis nacrisfer xatad gvevlineba. mogvianebiT "gernikas" Sesaxeb karl iungi ityvis: rodesac qmnida "gernikas" pikaso imas ki ar gamoxatavda, rasac fiqrobda samyaros Sesaxeb, aramed cdilobda Cawvdomoda samyaros "gernikaze" muSaobisas.

pikasos minotavrosi ukve uwesrigo drois gamoxatulebas warmoadgens, igi antiTezaa gmirisa, romlis brZolis xerxic mxolod dadebiTi energiaa. minotavri _ SecdomaSi Seyvanili xaria. is, romelic sanslavs labirinTSi axalgazrdebs, RmerTisa da kacis Secdomaa, simaxinjea. mTlianad miTi minotavrosis Sesaxeb cxovrebis, adamianis sicocxlis metaforad iqceva, sicocxlis, romelic arCevania mSvidaobasa da marcxs Soris.

XX saukunis saxviT xelovnebaSi minotavrosis miTis absoluturi ganzogadeba xdeba da igi cxovrebis, wuTisoflis metaforis saxes iRebs. igive suraTs vawydebiT Tanamedrove msoflio da qarTul literaturaSic.

arCil sulakauris leqsi "minotavri",8 ramdenadac vici, erTaderTia Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaSi, romelic am konkretuli miTis poetur xorcSesxmas warmoadgens.

Cvens winaSea poeti, romelic Segnebulad uars acxadebs vizualur metaforaze da axal, inteleqtualur, ara konkretul, aramed abstraqtul metaforas gvTavazobs. "minotavrSi" ara saxeebi da striqonebi, aramed rTul, mravalmniSvnelovan metafora-simbolod mTlianad leqsi iqceva. poeti, miuxedavad imisa, rom miTis siuJets gadmoscems, Tavs ikavebs zedmeti konkretizaciisagan. misi paTosi ufro ganzogadebisaken aris mimarTuli. Sesabamisad Secvlilia gmirTa moqmedebis motivacia da xasiaTebi. mTeli miTi emsaxureba ori ZiriTadi simbolos gamokveTas. erTi mxriv labirinTi _ cxovrebis alegoria, romelsac CaTreuli hyavs adamiani Tavis "Tavbrudamxvev ormotrialSi". es aris gaqcevebisa da ukan dabrunebis grZeli mwkrivi, aRsavse uTvalavi kiTxviT, romelzec pasuxi kacobriobas ar gaaCnia. meore mxriv ki Tavad minotavri _ xati Tanamedroveobis yvelaze mZime da rTuli problemis _ martoobisa da gaucxoebis.

"adamianis sxeuli mqonda,

8 a. sulakauri, Tzulebani sam tomad, t. I, Tbilisi, 1997.


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xolo Tavi meba xarisa. xaris Tavian adamianad anu urCxulad Semqmnes RmerTebma, oRond sxeulSi martoobis suli Camberes. ai aseTi saSineli martoobis xatad maqcies da, rogorc me _ labirinTSi RmerTebma CemSi martooba gamoamwyvdies. qveynierebas Cemi saxiT moaSores martoobis umZimesi grZnoba da gancda, rom bednierad ecxovraT Tavad". mTeli leqsi monologi-aRsarebaa minotavrosisa,

romelSic mTeli kacobriobis sevda _ martoobaa akumulirebuli. amitom aris, rom rodesac Cven leqss vkiTxulobT, uTanagrZnobT ara xarisTavian urCxuls, aramed sakuTar Tavs. yvela adamiani xom sabolood martosulia, marto ibadeba, marto ebrZvis cxovrebas da marto kvdeba. grZnobs minotavrosi Tavisi aRsasrulis moaxloebas, icis, rom igi iseTive xandazmulia, rogorc TviTon kacobrioba da dgeba dro misi ganTavisuflebisa. "Tavmobezrebuli martoobisagan" igi mSvidad elis sakuTar sikvdils da ebraleba adamianebi, romelTac Tavs unda daatydes es "mtanjveli grZnoba".

"ukve vicodi: ganwiruli Svidi vaJidan erT-erTi rom Tezevsi iyo _ Tavisi nebiT wasuli Cems mosaklavad, scodnoda mainc, sad modioda. gmiris saxels daxarbebuli Cemken jiutad moiwevda. man ar icoda: Cemi mokvliTY anu sikvdiliT rom martoobas ukvdaveba eniWeboda".

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Tu Cven mier ganxilul saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebs

gavixsenebT, advilad SevniSnavT, rom minotavrossa da Te-zevss a. sulakauris leqsSi erTgvarad rolebi aqvT gac-vlili. mxatvrobaSi minotavrosi uwesrigobis simboloa, an-tiTezaa, rogorc aRvniSneT, gmirisa, romlis brZolis xer-xic mxolod dadebiTi energiaa, aq ki minotavrosi kacobri-obis stabilurobis, simSvidis garantiaa, romelic marto zidavs sakuTar TavSi (marTalia ara nebayoflobiT) moq-ceul mZime tvirTs. Tezevsi kacobriobis daufiqrebeli na-bijebis, iseTi qmedebebisa simboloa, romelic mZimed ubrundeba Semdeg samyaros. leqsis bolo strofic sakiTxi-sadmi poetis am damokidebulebas amyarebs.

"ise ki: Zneli ar unda iyos TviT minotavrTan Sesvla, rodesac xelTa gaqvs Zafi ariadnasi". arCil sulakauris "minotavri" naTeli magaliTia imisa,

Tu rogori siRrmeebi SeiZleba gaxsnas niWierma xelovanma berZnul miTologiur saxeSi. "minotavri" filosofiuri xasiaTis leqsia, romelic erTgvarad Slis zRvars realobisa da warmosaxvas Soris, xdeba miTisa da cxovrebis gaigiveba da metafora poeziis miznad iqceva.

leqss xorxe luis borxesis sityvebi aqvs epigrafad wamZRvarebuli: "daijereb, ariadna? _ Tqva Tezevsma, _ minotavri arc ki SembrZolebia". es aris nawyveti borxesis fsiqologiuri essedan "asteriosis saxli",9 sadac mwerlisTvis damaxasiaTebel siRrmiseul metaforul plastebs amovicnobT. borxesis moTxrobebi adamianis mxatvruli azrovnebis sazomad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tu ramdenad maRali da amave dros Rrma SeiZleba iyos poeturi Semoqmedebis fsiqologiuri da mxatvruli mizani. borxesis SemoqmedebaSi realuri da fantastikuri erTmaneTSi airekleba rogorc sarkeSi. sarke labirinTi, sizmari _ es saxeebi gansakuTrebiT uyvrs mwerals.10 "asteriosis saxlic" cxovrebis, labirinTis metaforaa, Tumca moTxrobaSi TviTon sityva labirinTi ar gvxvdeba, magram yvela

9 Хорхе Луис Борхес, Проза разных лет, Москва, 1984. 10 J. Irbi, Borges and the Idea of Utopia. In: "The cardinal points of Borges", Oklahoma, 1971.


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miniSneba amaze migvaniSnebs (oTaxebi, derefnebi, Sesasvlelebi, karebebi).11 martoobis, gaucxoebis, cxovrebis gzaze daRlilobis idea borxesTanac da a. sulakaurTanac erTia. magram esseSi wina planzea wamoweuli garesamyarosTan gaucxoebis Sedegad nebayofilobiTi izolaciis sakiTxi. borxesis minotavrosi tyve ar aris, igi aRiqvams ra Tavis erTaderTobasa da unikalurobas, Tavadve gaurbis garesamyaros da sakuTari cxovrebis labirinTSi ikargeba, TumcaRa martoobisagan daRlili Tavis msgavs, meore minotavross eZebs da warmosaxviT kavSirs amyarebs masTan: "magram yvelaze metad me meore asteriosis TamaSi momwons. warmovidgen, TiTqos stumrad mewvia da saxls vaTvalierebineb".12

Tu a. sulakauri labirinTSi cxovrebis metaforas moiazrebs, borxesi pirdapir saubrobs amaze: "saxli samyaros hgavs, ufro sworad, igi Tavad aris samyaro", gansxvavebulia orive avtorTan minotavrosis funqcia da roli im adamianTa mimarT, vinc labirinTSi xvdeba. a. sulakauris leqsSi labirinTSi moxvedrili axalgazrdebi "erTmaneTs veRar pouloben" da martoobisagan ixocebian. borxesis asteriosi ki imisTvis aris mowodebuli, rom labirinTSi moxvedrilebi borotebisagan gaaTavisuflos: "cxra weliwadSi erTxel saxlSi cxra kaci gamoCndeba, raTa me borotebisagan gavaTavisuflo.…mTeli procedura sul ramdenime wuTs ikavebs. isini erTmaneTis miyolebiT ecemian Zirs da me verc ki vaswreb xelis sisxliT gasvras".

borxesis asteriosic martoobam gaTanga da isic mSvidad elis Tavis mxsnels, magram gansxvavebiT "monotavrisagan" asteriosis sikvdils dilis mze mosdevs, sinaTle axlavs Tan. esse Tezevsis swored im sityvebi sruldeba, romelic epigarfad aqvs wamZRvarebuli a. sulakauris leqss. mokle mimoxilvidan naTeli xdeba, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom orive nawarmoebis forma identuria (monologi), metaforebic, principSi, msgavsi, mTlad aRqma da gadamuSaveba miTologiuri masalisa gansxvavebulia. borxesTan aSkara miniSnebaa gakeTebuli asteriosze,

11 Nataly Tcherepashents, Revisiting the Minotour in the Postmodern World: the House of

Asterion by Jorge Luis Borges, SCLA – 2002. Annual Meeting. 12 qarTul enaze Sesrulebuli Targmani me mekuTvnis _ q. g.

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rogorc samyaros mTavar Semoqmedze: "ori ram aris samyaroSi ganumeorebeli: zeviT _ amoucnobi mze, qvemoT ki me _ asteriosi. SesaZloa, varskvlavebi, mzec da es uSvelebeli saxlic me TviTon Sevqmeni". am azrs, vfiqrob, isic amyarebs, rom nawarmoebSi ramdenjermea gakeTebuli aqcenti orpiriculis (zevsis erT-erTi hipostasis) Sesaxeb.

Sesabamisad asteriosi Tavad aris damnaSave, rom samyaro asea mowyobili da cxovreba damqancvelia. misi sikvdiliT ki kacobriobis istoriaSi axali dRe dgeba. am mxriv borxesis "asteriosis saxli" ufro axlos dgas XX saukunis saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebTan, xolo a. sulakauris "minotavri" SeiZleba miTis sruliad originalur gaazrebad CaiTvalos Tanamedrove mwerlobaSi.

Ketevan Gardapkhadze

The Minotaur by Archil Sulakauri and The House of Asterion by Jorge Luis

Borges

Summary

Archil Sulakauri used an extract from Jorge Luis Borges’ psychological essay

The House of Asterion as an epigraph to his poem The Minotaur. In spite of

both works being put in form of monologue and having similar metaphors, the

myth is interpreted in different ways in these works:

1. In the poem of Archil Sulakauri, Minotaur and Theseus have changed

their roles. Presented as the symbol of peace and stability of the man-

kind, Minotaur solely carries (although involuntarily) heavy burden –

loneliness. And Theseus symbolizes hasty steps of the humankind,

which afterwards always bring harm back to the universe.

2. Minotaur of Borges is intended to save the humankind (people in laby-

rinth) from the evil. In the text Minotaur is referred as the creator of

the universe.


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3. The death of Sulakauri’s Minotaur is the sign of the beginning disord-

er in the universe. However, in Borges’ essay the death of Asterion is

attended by the rising sun, brightness.

Thus, The House of Asterion by Jorge Luis Borges represents philosophic un-

derstanding of the traditional version of the myth of Minotaur, while The Mino-

taur by Archil Sulakauri can be perceived as the unique interpretation of the

myth in modern literature

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cisana gigauri

sokrate rogorc pirovneba da filosofosi

elianesTan

originaluri arqiteqtonikis, mravalferovani masalis Semcveli klavdius elianes "Wrel-Wreli istoriebi" gvaZlevs saSualebas, nairnair, sakmaod saimedo, cnobebze dayrdnobiT, ama Tu im pirovnebis moqmedeba da masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi obieqturad ganvixiloT. elianesTan popularul pirovnebaTa Soris erT-erTi TvalsaCino adgili sokrates ukavia da amdenad Cemi mizania elianesTan mocemuli informaciis safuZvelze warmovaCino sokrates literaturuli portreti da amav dros, garkveulwilad, sxva wyaroebis moSveliebiT, TvalnaTliv gamovkveTo, Tu raSi mdgomareobda sokrates filosofiis umTavresi principebi. sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanis win, sokratem Tavisi cxovrebis kredo Semdeg sityvebSi asaxa: "CemTvis sikvdili, ubralod rom vTqvaT, araferia, magram Tavis Sekaveba yovelgvari usamarTlobisa da biwierebisagan - yvelaferia".1 vfiqrob, es sruliad sakmarisia, raTa ganvsazRvroT didi filosofosis individualoba, misi fsiqologia, cxovrebis principebi da msoflSegrZnebis specifika. sokrates sulieri interesebisa da fsiqikis urTulesi xveulebi Tavis asaxvas pouloben rogorc emociuri gamovlinebis aspeqtebSi, aseve obieqturi sinamdvilis kanonebis yovelmxriv gaSuqebaSi. sokrate TviTonaa obieqti urTierTsapirispiro Sexedulebebisa, rac mudmiv interess

1 Apologia Socratis. Platonis opera, rec. I. Burnet, t. I. Oxonii, 1952, 32d.

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iwvevda da iwvevs misi pirovnebisadmi. eliane swored ase udgeba sokrateze mocemul cnobebs. eliane sokrates dabadebas did dResaswaulad miiCnevs da aRniSnavs, rom gazafxulis me-6 dRe bednieri iyo ara mxolod aTenelebisaTvis, aramed yvela elinisaTvis. am dRes daibada sokrate da sparselebi damarcxdnen.2 Tu qronologiurad SevapirispirebT faqtebs, unda miviCnioT, rom eliane berZnebisaTvis sasiamovno ambavSi gulisxmobs salaminis brZolaSi mopovebul gamarjvebas. aRniSnuli dRe elianes RirsSesaniSnavad miaCnia imitomac, rom amave dRes aleqsandre makedonelma sparselebi gandevna, es dRe sabediswero aRmoCnda dariosisaTvis (is mokles gaqcevis dros - c.g.), xolo, rogorc amboben, TviTon aleqsandres dabadebisa da gardacvalebis dRe swored am TariRs ukavSirdeba.3 romaeli elianes ocneba, romelic berZnul enaze werda, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aRorZinebuliyo ZvelTa maRali zneoba da masTan dakavSirebuli WeSmaritad maswavlebluri suli.4 elianes istoriebis sxvadasxvagvari masala, romelic fabulur informacias da istoriul faqtebs Seicavs, "plutarqeseul moralistur-fsiqologiur etiudebs"5 ki ar warmoadgens, aramed ufro megobruli saubris elferi dahkravs, rodesac avtori gatacebiT gviambobs mniSvnelovan ambebs. Tu gulisyuriT wavikiTxavT elianes mier mowodebul informaciebs, SevamCnevT maTSi, marTalia lakonurad, magram mainc, avtoriseul interpretaciebs, mis sakuTar mosazrebebs ama Tu im personaze, faqtze. rac mTavaria, calkeuli momentebi realur movlenebs aRwers da imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom SeiZleba maTze Tavisuflad dayrdnoba. zemoaRniSnuli, elianes did survilTan dakavSirebuli didaqtikuri motivi, pirvel rigSi unda ukavSirdebodes Zvel berZenTa mier yvelaze didi upiratesobis mqone princips, rogoricaa jansaRi Taobis aRzrda. eliane aqcents akeTebs imaze, rom sokrate Zlier

2 Claudii Aeliani Varia Historia, ed. R.Hercher, Lipsiae, MDCCCVI, II, 25. 3 iqve. 4 С. Полякова. Клавдий Элиан и его "Пѐстрые рассказы, М.-Л., 1963, с. 127. 5 Аверинцев С., Плутарх и античная биография, М., 1973.

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janmrTeli iyo. avtori mogviTxrobs, rom sokrate gamoirCeoda didi fizikuri ZaliT da didi gamZleobiT. roca peloponesis omis dros Savi Wiris epidemia musrs avlebda aTenelebs, sokrates ver moeria avadmyofoba. avtori askvnis: "rogori jansaRi suli unda hqondes esoden Zlier sxeuls".6 aq mJRavndeba elianes Tayvaniscema Zvel berZenTa aRzrdis sistemis mimarT. janmagar sokrates udides fizikur Zalaze metyvelebs elianes sxva informaciebic, romlebic filosofosis mier samxedro laSqrobebSi monawileobas exeba. "gana filosofosebma ar gamoiCines Tavi rogorc Cinebulma meomrebma?" - kiTxulobs avtori7 da TviTonve iZleva pasuxs: "...sokratem samjer miiRo monawileoba saomar moqmedebebSi".8 cxadia, aq igulisxmeba filosofosis monawileoba peloponesis omSi, magram aranakleb sayuradReboa elianes daskvna filosofosTa moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. is wers: "xom sul erTia, riT aRwevs filosofosi warmatebas - sibrZniT Tu iaraRiT".9 eliane aRniSnavs, rom sokrates ar moswonda Tavisi qalaqis saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba, radgan aTenis demokratiaSi xedavda tiraniis da monarqiis niSnebs... magram, roca saWiroebam samSoblosaTvis Tavdadeba moiTxova, is dauyonebliv gaeSura sabrZolvelad.10 cxadia, ukanaskneli elianes miswrafebaTa gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos. mas surs, rom xalxis gzis maCvenebeli, am SemTxvevaSi - filosofosi, Zlieri iyos gonebiT, sulieri simtkiciT da janmrTelobiT. imis Sesaxeb, rom sokratem samjer miiRo monawileoba samxedro laSqrobebSi, platonic mogviTxrobs, rodesac sokrates axasiaTebs.11 Tu rogor afasebda sokrate sxvis fizikur Zlierebas, metyvelebs misi damokidebuleba platonis mimarT. rogorc cnobilia, ukanasknelis namdvili saxelia aristokli. es saxeli mas papis sapativcemod daarqves. platoni misi fsevdonimia, Serqmeuli sokratesagan

6 Cl. Ael..., XIII, 27. 7 Cl. Ael..., VII, 14. 8 iqve. 9 iqve. 10 Cl. Ael..., III, 17. 11 А. Ф. Лосев. Сократ. ix. Платон. Сочинения в трех томах. Т. 1. с. 15.

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("Platos" berZnulad "farTos" niSnavs) misi ganieri mxrebisa da moWidavis gulmkerdis gamo.12 eliane mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor moxda platonis "gafilosofoseba" sokrates gavleniT: "siymawvileSi platoni poeturi xelovnebiT iyo gatacebuli da epikur poemebs werda, magram zizRiT dawva isini, rodesac dainaxa, ramdenad uxeirod Candnen homerosTan SedarebiT.13 Semdeg platons bedi tragediaSic ucdia da Tavisi tetralogiiT dionises dResaswaulze apirebda SejibrSi monawileobis miRebas, magram SemTxveviT sokratesTvis mousmenia. platoni ise moxiblula filosofiiT, rom saerTod uari uTqvams poeziaze da gadauwyvetia filosofiisaTvis daekavSirebina Tavisi bedi.14 arsebobs sxva cnobac imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor apirebda platoni laSqrobaSi monawileobis miRebas, raTa gamoesworebina Tavisi finansuri mdgomareoba, magram rogorc ki Sexvedria sokrates, sabrZolo iaraRis duqanSi, uari uTqvams Tavis ganzraxvaze, radgan sokrates saubriT daurwmunebia platoni, rom filosofiisaTvis Seewira Tavi.15 platonTan vxvdebiT sokrates garegnobis aRweras. ubralo wridan gamosul sokrates saSinlad uSno garegnoba da arc Tu daxvewili manerebi hqonia. Tavmotvlepili, Caskvnili, Sublze uSvelebeli kopiT, CaWyletili cxviriT, sqeli tuCebiT da didi gadmokarkluli TvalebiT. sokrate xSirad fexSiSveli dadioda bazrebsa da moednebze, tansacmeli erTi da igive ecva zamTarsa da zafxulSi da, rogorc ambobdnen, daglejil-dafleTili tansacmliT ar gansxvavdeboda monebis Cacmulobisagan. araviTari specialoba ar gaaCnda da aravin icoda, ras saqmianobda. principulad gaurboda saxelmwifo samsaxurs.16 es genialuri filosofosi saocari ulazaTobiT da imiTac, rom tvins umRvrevda msmenelebs, zedmiwevniT hgavs, aRniSnuli TvisebebiT, msoflio moazrovneTa Soris yvelaze popularul personas - karl marqss. rogorc cnobilia,

12 Платон до встречи с Сократом, iqve, с. 9. 13 Cl. Ael..., II, 30. 14 iqve. 15 iqve, III, 27. 16 А. Ф. Лосев, dasax. naSr., gv. 15.


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sokratesaviT araakuratuli marqsi imdenad did mxardaWeras poulobda masebSi, rom, rogorc amtkiceben, Tu SevadarebT qristes, muhameds da budas, mas savsebiT Tavisuflad SeeZlo konkurencia gaewia am didi religiuri moRvaweebisaTvis.17 Tu paralels gavavlebT sokratesa da marqss Soris, davinaxavT, rom erTis mxriv dgas "paTologiuri zizRiT Sepyrobili",18 mefistofeliseburi demoni, romelic yvelas da yvelafris ganadgurebaze ocnebobs proletariatisa da Tanamzraxvelebis CaTvliT,19 xolo meore mxriv - RvTismosavi, spetaki, keTilSobiluri miswrafebebiT aRsavse, sulieri kaTarzisis maZiebeli, romelic krazanasaviT "kbenda" TanamoqalaqeT, raTa gamoefxizlebina, ganewminda isini da daeyenebina keTilgonierebis gzaze. sainteresoa, rom TviTon marqsi imdenad Tayvans scemda sokrates, rom uwodebda mas "filosofiis gansaxierebas". sayuradReboa, rom sokrate saerTod ar zrunavda Tavis garegnobaze, radgan amas saWirod ar miiCnevda. platonsa da aristoteles Soris ki, rogorc eliane amtkicebs, uTanxmoeba swored garegnuli Sesaxedaobis Taobaze Camovarda, rac dauZinebel mtrobaSi gadaizarda. mwerali mogviTxrobs, rom platons ar moswonda aristoteles manerebi Tavis daWerisa da Cacmulobis mxriv, radgan is did mniSvnelobas aniWebda Cacma-daxurvas, did dros uTmobda Tavis Tavis wesrigSi moyvanas. is Tmasac iWrida platonisagan gansxvavebiT da Tavs iwonebda mravalnairi beWdebiT. saxis gamometyveleba qedmaRluri Hhqonda.20 eliane sakuTar daskvnas iZleva: "aristoteles mravalsityvaoba amJRavnebda mis zneobriv amaoebas. araa sakamaTo, rom es Tvisebeba ar axasiaTebs WeSmarit filosofoss".21 aRsaniSnavia, Tu ra didi Zala hqonda WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi sokrates kiTxva-pasuxis meTods. misi

17 Fisher S., Dornbaush R. Economics, USA, 1992. 18 Ю. Кунтелия. Мученики Сиона, Тбилиси, 2000, с. 43. 19 lazares aRdgineba, V, 1991, gv. 75. 20 Cl. Ael..., III, 19. 21 iqve.

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filosofiis amosaval debulebas warmoadgenda eTikuri debuleba, romelic delfos orakulis frontons devizad ewera: "ican Tavi Seni".22 aRniSnuli TviTSemecnebas AaRniSnavda, e. i. "Seimecne Tavi Senio", rac erTi debulebaa - saTave rogorc codnis, ise zneobisa23 da umaRlesi moraluri kanonia. metad sainteresoa sokrates mosazreba, rom is ar iyo brZeni, magram aris sibrZnismoyvare; man araferi ar icis, magram unda rom icodes.24 yvelafris Seswavlis mizniT akvirdeboda yovelives da paeqrobaSi iwvevda calkeul pi-rovnebebs. profesiad gadaiqcia sokratem kiTxvebis dasma, romlebic erTi SexedviT uwyinari iyo, magram SinaarsiT xrikis Semcveli. yovelTvis saqme mTavrdeboda imiT, rom mis mosaubres, zogjer Tavis TavSi darwmunebul Tavxeds, Tavg-za ereoda da bolos verafers pasuxobda. magram sokrate gulubryvilod aCvenebda Tavs da Tavisi mosaubris waruma-teblobas TviTon ibralebda.25 sokratesaTvis damaxasiaTe-bali iyo egreT wodebuli maievtikis meTodi, rac cnebis axsnas niSnavs Tanamimdevruli SekiTxvebis procesSi. didi gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs eliane: "aTenelebs rom sokrate-saTvis daejerebinaT, isini did bednierebas miaRwevdnen"-o.26 elianesTan vxvdebiT qsenofontes27 metad saintereso infor-macias. is moixseniebs sokrates saubrebs mSvenier hetera TeodotesTan da kalistosTan, romelmac uTxra: "me sofro-niskes Svili var da Senze Zlieri var. Sen ar ZalgiZs megobrebi CamomaSoro, xolo, Tu me moviwadine, yvela Sensas gadmovibireb"-o.28 sokrates dinjad upasuxebia: "savsebiT gasagebia. Sen xom isini mTis ZirSi dagyavs, me ki vaiZuleb, raTa miaRwion saTnoebas, xolo es ki umravlesobisaTvis uCveulo da cicabo gzaa".29 elianes moaqvs metad saintereso informacia imis Se-saxeb, Ty rogor aRiqvavdnen sokrates mSvenier saubrebs

22 s. wereTeli, antikuri filosofia, Tb., 1968, gv. 210. 23 iqve, dasax. naSr., gv. 211. 24 iqve, gv. 210. 25 А. Ф. Лосев, dasax. naSr., gv. 16. 26 Cl. Ael..., XII, 25. 27 Ксенофонт Афинский. Сократовские сочинения. Перевод Соболевского, М., 1935. 28 Cl. Ael..., XIII, 32. 29 iqve.


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aTenelebi. "sokrates sityvebs adarebednen pavsonusis sura-Tebs. erTxel pavsonusma miiRo SekveTa daexata cxeni, roca is zurgze kotrialobda, magram cxeni srbolisas daxata. damkveTi saSinlad ukmayofilo darCa, razedac mxatvarma upasuxa: "Seatriale suraTi da cxeni zurgze aRmoCndebao". sokratec Tavis saubrebSi pirdapir ar miuTiTebda, Tu ra surda, magram, Tu Seatrialebdnen, daukvirdebodnen mis naTqvams, maSin yovelive naTeli xdeboda. is yovelTvis gaurboda mosaubris gaRizianebas, amitom Tavis azrebs idu-malebiT mosavda da ise gadmoscemda.30 sokratem antikur filosofiaSi axali epoqa Seqmna, kosmologiidan da naturfilosofiidan man gadainacvla adamianis, saxeldobr, gonierebis problemaze. Tavis droze, cxadia, es iyo revolucia filosofiaSi. xolo yvela revo-lucia Tavisi gmirebisagan msxverplis gaRebas moiTxovs. aseTi gmiri, mitanili samsxverploze, aRmoCnda sokrate. is mudmivad iswrafoda kritikuli analizis safuZvelze tra-diciuli adamianuri cnebebi Seefasebina, garkveuloba Seeta-na maTSi, musri gaevlo yovelive sisaZaglisTvis da, bune-brivia, amiT sagonebelSi agdebda mis mraval Tanamedroves, zogSi SiSis grZnobasac ki iwvevda, xolo zogs saSinel gancdebSi agdebda arnaxuli kriticizmiT.31 RvTismosav sokrates gaognebuli aTenelebi RmerTis uaryofaSi adanaSaulebdnen, axalgazrdobis zneobrivad srulyofis nacvlad mas mis garyvnaSi sdebdnen brals, da bolos iqamde mivida saqme, rom saxelmwifo wyobilebis sa-fuZvlebis Seryeva da axali RmerTebis Semoyvana daabrales. am mizniT aristofane gamoiyenes, romelmac Tavis "Rrubleb-Si" gamoiyvana sokrate axali RvTaebebis Tayvanismcemlad, romlebsac man ironiulad Rrublebi uwoda. a.losevis azriT, es aris im gaRizianebis Sedegi, ro-melsac iwvevda glexebis interesebis damcvel komediograf-Si qalaquri civilizacia. aristofaneSi moqmedebda Zveli glexuri instiqti; ar SeiZleba tradiciuli RmerTebis Sex-eba da msjeloba maT Sesaxeb.32 eliane, mogviTxrobs ra, Tu rogor emterebodnen sokrates, zemoxsenebulTan dakavSire-

30 Cl. Ael..., XIV, 15. 31 Платон. Сочинения в трех томах. Т. I, с. 495. 32 iqve, gv. 20.

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biT aseT komentars akeTebs: "es adamianebi, (e. i. mtrebi - c.g.) ar iyvnen darwmunebulebi, rom sokrates gaamtyunebda sasamarTlo (is xom saxelganTqmuli iyo imiTac, rom amxi-lebda sofistebis zerele codnas da maT fuWsityvaobas), amitom gadawyvites misi saxeli ciliswamebiT SeebRalaT. isini Riad ver moqmedebdnen da verc uCiodnen sokrates imis SiSiT, rom misi megobrebi sastikad dasjidnen maT im ada-mianis ciliswamebisaTvis, romelic aramc Tu araferSi ar tyuoda qalaqis winaSe, aramed misi namdvili samkauli iyo.33 guliswyromiT agrZelebs eliane Tavis moTxrobas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor daiTanxmes didi komikosi poeti, romelic gonebamaxvilobiT gamoirCeoda, gamoeyvana filo-sofosi ybedad, enatartarad, romelsac ZaluZs sust mosa-zrebebs siZlieris elferi misces; igonebs axal RmerTebs, xolo namdvili RmerTebisadmi urwmunoebas amJRavnebs, Tavis gavlenis qveS aqcevs, visac ki gaesaubreba.34 aristofane didi mondomebiT Seudga am amocanis ga-dawyvetas: mas xom Tavisi dacinvis samizned yvelaze brZeni elini unda eqcia, romelic yvela RmerTs uyvarda, gansaku-TrebiT ki apolons.35 aq aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rom sokrateze "nadiro-bis" faqti TariRdeba 423w. Cv. w. a., e. i. masze procesis dawyebamde, daaxloebiT 20 wliT adre. procesi 399w. Cv. w. a. Catarda. elianes azriT, sokrates komikur scenaze gamoCena gaugonari da gasaocari ambavi iyo. "Rrublebma" yuradReba Tavisi uCveulobiT miipyro, xolo Semdgom aTenelebis aRtaceba gamoiwvia, radgan bunebiT isini Surianebi arian da uyvarT sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifo sarbielze gamorCeul adamianebs dascinon, gansakuTrebiT ki imaT, vinc Tavi isaxela sibrZniT da maRali zneobiT. Teatri taSs ukravda aristofanes da mayurebeli xmamaRla iTxovda "RrublebisaTvis" pirveli adgili miecaT, solo poetis saxels, pirvels daemSvenebina gamarjvebulTa sia".36

33 Cl. Ael..., II, 13. 34 Cl. Ael..., II, 13. 35 iqve. 36 iqve.


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rogorc cnobilia, komedia bolo adgilze aRmoCnda. sainteresoa sokrates pozicia yovelive am saSinel, gaavebul TavdasxmaSi. is xom iSviaTad eswreboda Teatrs, mxolod evripides axal dramebs; komikuri speqtaklebi mas ar itacebda. swored amiT isargebles misma mtrebma da komediografi aamxedres mis winaaRmdeg. aristofane materialuradac daaintereses, magram sokrateze gamarjveba ver moaxerxes. gonebaCamqrali mayurebeli dionises dResaswaulebzec irTobda Tavs "RrublebiT", dascinoda scenaze gamoyvanil sokrates, saxeliTac ki mimarTavda mas. ucxo qveynebidan mosuli xalxi kiTxulobda, Tu vin iyo sokrate.37 moTxrobas metad originaluri dasasruli aqvs, sadac Cans didi moazrovnis sabrZne. rodesac sokratem yuri mohkra, rom mas kiTxulobdnen, pirvel rigSi mjdomma, datova adgili, avida scenaze da amayad, Tavaweuli idga piesis dasasrulamde. aseTnairad gamoxata man Tavisi zizRi am komediisa da Tavisi moqalaqeebisadmi.38 am SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba ar davsZinoT, rom sokrates zizRi ar vrceldeboda mTlinad xalxze, aramed mas sZulda warmodgenaze myofi xalxi, romelic seiris sayureblad mosuliyo da Tavs irTobda im adamianis SeuracxyofiT, vinc maTze zrunavda da vinc im spetak sazogadoebaze ocnebobda, sadac bedniereba da sixaruli izeimebda. rac Seexeba dacinvas, gvsurs movitanoT elianes azri amis Sesaxeb: "dacinva da abuCad agdeba, QWoraoba, Cemi azriT, araferia. Tu is mimarTulia Zlieri sulis matarebeli adamianisadmi, isini masze ar moqmedeben; sxva saqmea, Tu adamiani sustia da araraoba; dacinva ara mxolod aRizianebs mas, aramed spobs fizikurad. amis dasamtkiceblad sakmarisia moviyvanoT Semdegi: "roca mas komediaSi dascines, sokratem siciliT upasuxa, poliagrem ki dacinvis gamo Tavi CamoixrCo".39 TviTon sokratesaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ironia ar gamoparvia elianes da am kuTxiT mas ramdenime anegdoti mohyavs.

37 iqve. 38 iqve. 39 Cl. Ael..., V, 8.

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erTxel alkibiades sokratesaTvis didi, mSvenivrad gaformebuli namcxvari miurTmevia. qsantipem CaTvala, rom saCuqari, miRebuli sayvareli mowafisagan, ufro gaaRrma-vebda misi meuRlis keTilganwyobas misadmi. amjeradac ar uRalata Tavis brazian bunebas, namcxvari iatakze daagdo da fexiT gasrisa. sokrate miubrunda da siciliT uTxra: "ai exla is Senc ar Segxvdeba".40 rogorc cnobilia sokrate colisadmi ironias ar iSurebda, raSiac Semdegi moTxrobac gvarwmunebs: "erTxel, rodesac qsantipem sazeimo svlis xilva ar isurva, sokratem uTxra cols: "rogorc Cans, Sen sxvisi yu-reba ar gsurs, aramed ginda Sen giyuron".41 literaturis istoria sokratesaviT maxvilgonier mraval mwerals icnobs, romelTa gamonaTqvamebi xalxSi trialebs da mudmivad meordeba. mimaCnia, rom sokrates xu-mrobebi Tavisi mizanswrafviT waagavs akakiseul moswrebul nakvesebs da Tavisi daundoblobiT masaviT uwvavs yurebs mis obieqts. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT erT-erTs. cnobilia, rom popularul somex poets, arwruns, romelsac saSinel garegnobasTan erTad kuzi hqonda, akakim, mis SeniSvnaze, So-vinisti xaro, ase upasuxa: "Senze ufro Sovinisti vinc iyos, RmerTma Searcxvinos, ararati Tan dagaqvso".42 gana ar hgavs sokrates dacinva zemomoyvanil xumro-bas, roca dainaxa ra, rom antisTenesi cdilobda mosaCve-neblad tansacmlis daglejili adgilebi gamoemzeurebina, moswrebulad uTxra: '"morCi Tavis mowonebas".43 cnobilia sokrates zizRi simdidrisa da fufunebi-sadmi. saSinel protests iwvevda masSi ltolva fufunebis sagnebisadmi. elianesTan vxvdebiT moTxrobas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gaugzavna pativmoyvareobiT Sepyrobilma alki-biadem, aTenis romeliRac dResaswaulze, mdidruli saCuqre-bi. qsantipe gaocebuli Sescqeroda ZRvens da sTxova qmars daetovebina isini, magram filosofosma brZnulad upasuxa:

40 iqve, XII, 12. 41 iqve, VII, 10. 42 mogonebebi akakize, Semdgenlebi S. baramiZe, a. lomiZe, Tb., 1990, gv. 26. 43 Cl. Ael..., IX, 35.


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"modi, Cvenc nu CamovrCebiT pativmoyvareobaSi alkibiades da uari vTqvaT yoveliveze, rac misganaa morTmeuli"-o.44 magram ratomRac diogenes ar daundvia fexSiSveli, ZonZebSi gaxveuli brZeni Tanamosagre da, rogorc elianes-Tan vkiTxulobT, aseTi daskvna gamoutania: "sokratec ki ar iyo fufunebisagan Sors, radgan maSin ar eqneboda saxli, sawoli, Tundac ubralo, ar eqneboda sandlebi, romlebsac drogamoSvebiT xmarobda".45 diogenes sayveduri sikratesadmi simdidris mimarT SeiZleba usafuZvlod miviCnioT. amas amt-kicebs elianes Semdegi istoria: "Tavis survilebSi sokrate metad mokrZalebuli iyo. rodesac mas viRacam mimarTa, rom didi sikeTea, rodesac miaRwev imas, rac gsurso, filoso-fosma misTvis Cveuli Rrmaazrovani pasuxi gasca: "kidev ufro didi sikeTea, rodesac ar cdilob, rom raime gsurde-so.46 absoluturad yvela cnobaSi sokrates Sesaxeb, iqneba es filosofiuri, literaturuli Tu sxva saxis wyaro, so-krate moixsenieba rogorc ukiduresad Raribi adamiani. eliane, rodesac saxelganTqmul uRaribes berZnebs CamoTvlis, maT Soris sokratesac asaxelebs.47 sokratesaTvis simdidre imdenad umniSvnelo atribu-ti iyo, rom, rodesac "alkibiade Tavs iwonebda Tavisi didi qonebiT da gansakuTrebiT ki miwebiT, sokratem igi dedami-wis amsaxvel naxatTan miiyvana da sTxova atika moeZebna. Semdeg urCia mas iq Tavisi samflobelosaTvis miegno. rode-sac imedgacruebulma ymawvilma es ver moaxerxa, filoso-fosma uTxra: "Sexede Sen amayob imiT, rac miwis umcires nawilsac ki ar Seadgens",48 e. i. dedamiwis wertilic ki araa. cxadia, yovelive zemoaRniSnuli TvalnaTliv amtki-cebs sokrates maRal zneobas, sulier sispetakes, saocar zizRs simdidrisadmi, rasac Tavis mowafeebsac unergavda. sokrates Sesaxeb arsebul masalebSi, SeiZleba iTq-vas, epoqis istoriuli surneli sufevs. lamaz da yvelasaT-vis sayvarel aTenSi cxovrobs da sibrZnes aswavlis Tanamo-

44 Cl. Ael..., IX, 29. 45 iqve, IV, 11. 46 iqve, IX, 29. 47 iqve, II, 43. 48 iqve, III, 28.

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qalaqeT didi filosofosi, romlis Segonebani gamsWvalu-lia magiuri zemoqmedebiT. erT-erTi Tanamosaubre sokrates mimarTavs: "Sen me momajadove da momnusxe, goneba sul ami-rie. da Tu SeiZleba gagexumro, Sen Zlier Mmagoneb brtyel zRvis skaross. is xom yvelas, vinc ki miuaxlovdeba, visac Seexeba, aSeSebs. Sen igive gamikeTe me - me gaSeSebuli var. sulic da enac gamiSeSda, ar vici, rogor gipasuxo".49 misi sayvareli mowafe - alkibiade "nadimSi" aRiarebs, rom, roca sokrates usmenda gulis cema auCqardeboda xolme da Tva-lebidan cremlebi mosdioda.50 swored amgvarma zemoqmedebam dasca SiSis zari gavlenian aTenelebs da seriozulad Caa-fiqra, radgan uSiSar da brZen kacSi safrTxe dainaxes. Tvi-Ton sokrates ki arafris da aravisi ar eSinoda. eliane am Temasac exeba. amis dasadastureblad sakmarisia gavixsenoT ramdenime epizodi sokrates cxovrebidan. eliane mogviTxrobs: "erTxel sokrate nadimidan gvian RamiT brundeboda. ramdenime TavzexelaRebulma ymaw-vilma, romelTac amis Sesaxeb icodnen, gakaSkaSebuli Ci-raRdnebiT xelSi da eriniebis niRbebiT, mouwyes mas Tav-dasxma. es usaqmurebi yovelTvis amasxaravebdnen xalxs. so-krate ar SeSinebula, wynarad SeCerda da SekiTxvebiT mi-marTa, rogorc amas akeTebda likeasa da akademiaSi.51 sidarbaisle, auRelvebloba da simSvide Tanamgzavri-viT Tan sdevda sokrates. is yvela movlenas da sazogadoe-briv kataklizmebsac ki filosofiuri sidinjiT akvirdebo-da. amis Sesaxeb qsantipes informacia moaqvs elianes: "qsan-tipe amtkicebda, rom, miuxedavad uamravi cvlilebisa qalaq-sa Tu sakuTar cxovrebaSi, sokrate yovelTvis ucvlel ga-mometyvelebiT gadioda da brundeboda saxlSi. is advilad egueboda yvelafers, ar kargavda sulis simSvides da ar emoneboda xolme SiSsa da sevda-wuxils".52 ar SeSinebula sokrate maSinac, roca sasikvdilod gaimetes aTenelebma da sasjelis umaRlesi zoma gamoutanes sikeTis mqmnel adamians, pirovnebas, romelic ise iyo gata-cebuli sikeTisa da samarTlianobis apoTeoziT, rom sau-

49 Платон, dasax. naSr. gv. 16. 50 Platonis opera.., 215d-216a. 51 Cl. Ael..., IX, 29. 52 iqve, IX, 7.


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brobda zebunebriv movlenebze, rac mas cnobierebaSi "xmis" saxiT Camouyalibda. jer kidev homerosTan Cven vxvdebiT sulebis zemoq-medebis moments (magaliTad, "odiseas" XI simRera), roca ti-resiasi darigebas aZlevs odisevss, Tu rogor unda moiqces saqmroebis gaJletis Semdeg da a. S. sokrates sulebis ga-mocxadebis nacvlad esmis "xma", romelic ki ar ubiZgebs mas raime moqmedebisaken, aramed afrTxilebs mosalodneli ambe-bis Sesaxeb. elianes TqmiT, sokrate aRiarebs, rom, Tu vinme megobarTagani rCevas sTxovs, filosofoss xma esmis, ro-melic mas mxolod afrTxilebs. sokrate ambobs: "rasac xma mirCevs me, gadavcem xolme imas, vinc mTxova rCeva da, vemor-Cilebi ra RvTis gafrTxilebas, Tavs vakavebineb im saqcie-lisagan, rac mas unda Caedina".53 amis dasamtkiceblad so-krates mohyavs magaliTebi, roca mas ar daujeres da saqme warumateblad damTavrda. Sinagani xma yovelTvis uSlida sokrates, rom mona-wileoba mieRo sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi, rasac TviTon swored Tvlida, radgan, misi azriT, ar SeiZleba patiosani kaci Seeguos im uricxv usamarTlobas, romliTac savsea sa-zogadoebrivi saqmianoba.54 saubris kiTxva-pasuxis forma, rodesac sokrate aZlevda kiTxvebs mosaubres an TviTon is-menda maT, RmerTisagan hqonda davalebuli da SeuZlebelia mis dialogebSi raime uaryofiTis danaxva im dros, rodesac gaavebuli mowmeebis saqcielSi mravlad moiZebneboda aseTi ram. sokrate sofistebis arakomunikabelobis postulats, (maT xom ar SeeZloT erTmaneTis gageba da serTo enis gamo-naxva), upirispirebs Tavis dialogs rogorc komunikaciis miRwevis specifikur saSualebas obieqturad arsebuli WeS-maritebis safuZvelze.55 sokrates winaaRmdeg agorebuli Tavdasxma, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saocari usamarTlobaa, rac ki odesRac adamianebs CaudeniaT. TviTon sokrates miaC-nia, rom mis Rirsebas ar Seefereba mowyaleba sTxovos mosa-marTleebs da Tavi Seabralos Tavisi bavSvebis da naTesave-bis miyvaniT sasamarTloSi. cnobilia isic, rom mas ar surs

53 Cl. Ael..., VIII, 1. 54 Apologia Socratis..., 31d. 55 А. Подосинов. К проблеме сократовского диалога. См.: "Античная культура и

современная наука", М., 1985, с. 23.

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sapyrobileSi yofna, radgan is araa mona, arc gandevna surs sakuTari qveynidan, radgan ltolvilis sacodavi statusi Seufereblad miaCnia, arc jarima surs rom daakisron, rad-gan araviTari fuli ara aqvs, arc TavdebobiT gaSveba miaC-nia sworad, rom misma mowafeebma Seitanon gamosasyidi Tan-xa, radgan RmerTis nebiT da adamianTa sasargeblod, is mainc arasdros ar Sewyvets saTnoebisaken swrafvasa da ada-mianTaTvis rCeva-darigebis micemas.56 sokrate olimpiuri simSvidiT Sexvda sabraldebo daskvnas. rogorc eliane gadmogvcems, sokrates megobrebs bevri uzruniaT, raTa igi sapyrobiledan gaenTavisuflebinaT, magram sokrates ar mousurvebia amis gakeTeba57 da gmirulad Sexvedria sakv-dils. is imdenad kanonmorCili iyo, rom aseTi ram kanonis ugulebelyofad miaCnda (52a-53a). cnobilia, rom sasikvdilod ganwirul sokratesTan sapyrobileSi mivida misi megobari apolodore, romelmac miutana lamazi Salis kvarTi da aseTive Zvirfasi zeda tanisamosi. man sTxova, rom swored aseT tansacmelSi gamowyobils mieRo sokrates Sxami. misi azriT, aseTi tansacmliT ar iqneboda sircxvili sokrates samareSi Casveneba da misi usulo sxeulic Sesabamisad gapa-tiosndeboda. sokratem mSvidad mimarTa kritons, simiass da fedons: "maRali azrisa yofila Cems Sesaxeb apolodore, Tu SeuZlia ifiqros, rom imis Semdeg, roca me Sevsvam am Tass, mas kidev eqneba saSualeba, rom ixilos sokrate. Tu is fiqrobs, rom persona, romelic iqneba ganrTxmuli Tqven fexebTan iatakze, es me viqnebi. mas, rogorc sCans, saerTod ar ucvnivar".58 cnobilia, rom Sxami, romliTac, ganaCenis mixedviT, sokratem Sewyvita Tavisi sicocxle, laTinurad atarebs "koniumis" saxelwodebas. mas hqonia narkotikuli efeqtic da is toqsikuri gamovlineba, romelic damaxasiaTe-belia nikotinisaTvis. sokrates saxelTan dakavSirebiT sa-wamlavis miRebis process "sokrates Tasi" ewoda. platoni-seuli aRwera, Tu rogor moxda es, poulobs gamoZaxils sxva wyaroebSiac. sokrates, rom daunaxavs cixis zedamxed-veli, ukiTxavs, Tu rogor unda moqceuliyo da miuRia mi-TiTeba, rom Tasis bolomde daclis Semdeg, unda eara win

56 Apol. Socr..., 35e-38b. 57 Cl. Ael..., II, 6. 58 iqve, I,16.


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da ukan, sanam ar daumZimdeboda barZayebi, Semdgom dawoli-liyo, raTa Sxams gaegrZelebina Tavisi moqmedeba. sokrate Tavs mxned grZnobda da Tasic auRelveblad dacala.59 sokrates sikvdili miaCnia sulis mdgomareobis Sec-vlad, gadasvlad sxva adgilze. is fiqrobda, rom sikvdili hgavs iseT Zils, roca araferi gesizmreba. amdenad sikvdili saocari SenaZenia.60 filosofosi mimarTavs aTenelebs: "aTenelebo, Tqveni saxeli SeibRaleba imiT, rom Tqven mokaliT sokrate, brZeni kaci".61 rodesac sokrateze vfiqrob, romelic, saSinel mdgomareobaSi myofi, mainc Tavisi qalaqis saxels ufrTxildeboda, uneblied maxsendeba qristes sityvebi: "mi-uteve, ufalo, rameTu ar ician, ras scodaven". aTenelebs, Cadenili saSineli danaSauli, ukve aris-totelem daayvedra. elianesTan vxvdebiT cnobas imis Sesax-eb, rom, rodesac filosofoss hkiTxes, Tu ratom datova aTeni, man upasuxa: "ar msurs, rom aTenelebma meored Caidi-non borotmoqmedeba filosofiis winaSe".62

Ц. Гигаури

Сократ как личность и философ у Элиана

Резюме

Римлянин, писавший на греческом языке, Элиан мечтал о

возрождении высокой нравственности, характерной древним. В своих

оригинальных по архитектонике, пестрых по содержанию, историях, он

информирует нас о значительных событиях и популярных персонах, среди

которых фигурирует Сократ. Благодаря подлинности его сведений, мы

постарались представить литературный портрет великого философа и

акцентировать основные положения его мировозренческого кредо.

59 ix. Вспомогательное пособие по русскому языку для студентов аграрного

университета. Составитель.: Ц. Гигаури. Тб., 2002. 60 Apol. Socr., 40d. 61 iqve, 38d. 62 Cl. Ael..., III, 36.

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TinaTin giorgobiani

kidev erTxel berZnuli perfeqtis Sesaxeb

droTa uZveles formebad indoevropul enebSi miCneulia prezensi, aoristi da perfeqti. jer kidev me-19 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi iyo diskusia imis Taobaze, _ perfeqtis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba drois gamoxatva iyo Tu gvarisa, anu ra aris perfeqti _ dro Tu gvari. mxedvelobaSi hqondaT is, rom indoevropul enaTa mediumsa da perfeqtis piris niSanTa sistemaSi iyo saerTo.1 perfeqtis mniSvnelobaTagan gamoyofen, erTi mxriv, gansakuTrebul, intensiur moqmedebas, rogorc arqauls da meore mxriv, aRniSnaven perfeqtis funqcias gamoxatos mdgomareoba. kuriloviCi da baderi miiCneven, rom indoevropuli perfeqtis daboloebebi uwinaresad gamoxatavdnen gvaris gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas da rom sakiTxi – ramdenad axloa indoevropuli perfeqtisa da indoevropuli mediumis piris daboloebebi, _ Sesaswavlia;2 miaCniaT, rom arsebobs genetikuri kavSiri berZnuli mediumis -s, Zvelinduris e/ai da perfeqtis -s Soris. fiqroben: rom perfeqti upirvelesad iyo ara kategoria zmnur sistemaSi, aramed warmoadgenda fizikuri da sulieri mdgomareobis gamomxatvel sityvebs; is gamoxatavda subieqtis mdgomareobas, rac winamoqmedebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, magram jer es kidev ar niSnavda perfeqtis sabolood CarTvas zmnis uRlebis sistemaSi; rom perfeqti yvela zmnidan ar iwarmoeboda da igi iyo

1 stangi, "perfeqti da mediumi" 1932, gv. 29; ix. giorgobiani T.,

"perfeqti Zvel berZnulSi", saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XVI, 2004, gv. 129. 2 baderi, 1971, gv. 301.

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ara marto mdgomareobis gamomxatveli, aramed moqmedebisac,3 rom TiTqmis yvela enaSi perfeqtma da mediumma ganviTarebis erTnairi gza gaiares, _ perfeqtma naratiuli warsuli mogvca, mediumma dakarga ukuqceviToba da mediopasivi miviReT; rom perfeqti mdgomareobaa awmyoSi, rac Sedegia wina moqmedebisa. anu: igi axlandeli mdgomareobaa; rom mis warmoSobaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula medialurma formam, romelmac miiRo zogierTi funqcia arqauli perfeqtisa; rom medialuri daboloeba perfeqtma prezensisagan SeiZina da a. S. rogorc vxedavT, azrTa sxvadasxvaobas qmnis sakiTxis sirTule. e. benvenistma indoevropuli perfeqtis problema mraval statiaSi dasva da es statiebi warmodgenilia "zogad lingvistikaSi".4 igi aRniSnavs, rom indoevropuli Zireuli perfeqti igive germanikuli perfeqto _ prezensebi ar nawildeboda sxvadasxva semantikur klasebSi, da rom am zmnuri Zirebis semantikur Taviseburebebs warmoadgens is, rom isini subieqtis garkveul emociur, afeqtur mdgomareobas gviCveneben. da marTlac, zmnebi, rogoricaa "vici" codna maqvs; "SemiZlia" SeZleba maqvs; "msurs", "minda" survili maqvs; "meSinia" SiSi maqvs da a. S. _ siRrmiseul struqturaSi "qonebis" semantikas Seicavs. analogiuri semantikis zmnebi qarTulSic garkveul klass qmnian, romlebic inversiuli (resp. afeqturi, obieqturi wyobis) zmnebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. am e. w. inversiuli zmnebis siRrmiseul struqturaSic "qonebis" semantika mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli. e. benvenisti aRniSnavs, rom "qoneba" zmna sxva araferia, Tu ara inversirebuli anu obieqturi wyobis "yofna". meSveli zmna "yofna", romelic pirveli da meore obieqturi piris formebSi gvaqvs, arsebiTad "qonebis" da ara "yofnis" Sinaarss gamoxatavs. naTelia, rom berZnulis

dativSi warmodgenil subieqtTan erTad "qonebis" Sinaarss gadmoscems ( "RmerTebs hqondaT", aseve:

"adamianebs hqondaT an hyavdaT").

3 Schmidt K., Das Perfectum und indodermanischen Sprachen, Glotta, Bd., 42. 4 Мейе А., Введение в сравнительное изучение индоевропейских языков, М.-Л., 1938.


132

germanikuli perfeqto _ prezensebi ukve karga xania indoevropuli perfeqtis gagrZelebad miiCneva da am zmnaTa prezensi Zveli perfeqtidan momdinareobs. indoevropul Zireul perfeqts, e. w. mediums, saSual gvars miakuTvneben, magram man, rogorc e. benvenisti aRniSnavs, Tanamedrove indoevropul enebSi icvala saxe da amJamad Sesabamisi zmnebi gardamaval zmnebs ganekuTvnebian; isini akmayofileben gardamaval zmnaTa sintaqsur moTxovnebs, Tumca maTi semantika subieqtis emociur, afeqtur mdgomareobas gadmoscems. e. benvenisti amitomac am zmnebs, aqtiuri moqmedebis gamomxatveli gardamavali zmnebisgan gansxvavebiT, "fsevdogardamavlebs", "fsevdotranzitul" zmnebs uwodebs. aqve azustebs: "perfeqti iseTi formaa, romelic gviCvenebs, rom "qonebis" cnebasTan Serwymuli "mdgomareobis" cneba moqmed pirs ganekuTvneba"; moqmedeba subieqtisTvisaa gankuTvnili.5 cnobilia, rom indoevropulma perfeqtma ganicada evolucia, rac gamoixata Zireuli perfeqtis (romelic mxolod garkveuli leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone zmnaTa klass exeboda) gardaqmnaSi gramatikul perfeqtad, romelmac garkveuli roli Seasrula; indoevropul enaTa zmnuri sistemebis TiTqmis yvela ubani moicva. indoevropuli gramatikuli perfeqtis CamoyalibebaSi yola _ qonebis rolis Sesaxeb e. benvenisti aRniSnavda: "is garemoeba, rom perfeqtis gamosaxva am enebSi dakavSirebulia am meSvel zmnasTan da rom perfeqts ar gaaCnia gamoxatvis sxva SesaZlebloba, naTels hfens perfeqtis kategoriis bunebaso".6 gardauvali zmnis perfeqtis warmoebis wesi aseTia: subieqti nominativSi + "yofna" zmna + ZiriTadi zmnis namyo drois participiumi. gardamavali zmnis perfeqtis warmoeba ori gziT xdeba: 1. subieqti nominativSi + "qoneba" + ZiriTadi zmna (an participiumi); 2. subieqti (romelime irib brunvaSi) + yofna (= qoneba) + ZiriTadi zmna (an participiumi). gardamavali perfeqtis gamoxatvis wesis arCeva enaSi damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor iwarmoeba am enaSi

5 Бенвенист Э., Общая лингвистика, М., 1974, ст. 145. 6 benvenisti e. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 144-146.

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"qonebis predikati". Tu "qoneba" zmna enaSi qmnis nominatiur konstruqcias, maSin gardamavali perfeqtic am enaSi nominatiuri konstruqciiT iwarmoeba. Sdr. frang. il a

une maison (nominatiuri konstruqciis mqone "qonebis predi-kati"); il a vu (nominatiuri konstruqciis mqone gardamavali perfeqti). Tu enaSi "qonebis predikati" moiTxovs irib brunvaSi dasmul subieqts, maSin gardamavali zmnis per-feqtic Sesabamisad aigeba.7 gardamavali perfeqti: mas (dati-

vus) daunaxavs, gardauvali perfeqti: igi (nominativus) mosu-la. aseve: gardamavali perfeqti: mas davunaxivar (misgan var danaxuli), gardauvali perfeqti: igi mosuli aris (igi mosula). Suxardti, da sxva mkvlevarebic, qarTuli zmnis TurmeobiTis formebs perfeqtul formebad miiCnevs. mar-Tlac, TurmeobiTebs gramatikuli perfeqtis yvela Tviseba gaaCniaT. gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTebis siRrmiseul struqturaSi aSkarad igrZnoba "qoneba" zmnis semantika (damixatavs > daxatuli maqvs). rogorc ukve aRniSnuli gvaqvs, bevri mecnieri Tvlis, rom prezensi, aoristi da perfeqti uZvelesi for-mebia indoevropul enebSi. prezensi da aoristi moqmede-bis gamomxatveli formebisagan warmoSobilad miaCniaT, perfeqti _ mdgomareobis gamomxatveli formebisagan. va-raudoben, rom mediumis, rogorc gvaris formis arseboba daiwyo im droidan, roca mdgomareobis kategoria gaiyo or gramatikul formad, romelTaganac erTma miiRo gvaris mniSvneloba, meorem ki aspeqtisa. xolo gansxvaveba medium-sa da perfeqts Soris iyo Semdegi: mediumi gamoxatavda mdgomareobas, rogorc process, perfeqti _ rogorc faqts. orive iyo mdgomareobis kategoriis ori saxesxvaoba.8 es procesi metnaklebad saerTo iyo da sxva sistemis enebSic moqmedebda. indoevropul enebSi perfeqtis semantikis trans-formacia, rogorc e. benvenistma gviCvena, ori mimarTule-biT warimarTa: 1. gardamavali zmnis SemTxvevaSi _ qonebis

7 Сахокия М., Сопоставительный анализ форм посессивности и переходности в

древнеперсидском, древнеармянском и древнегрузинском языках. автореф. канд. дисс.,Тб., 1974.

8 Савченко, Категория среднего залога в индоевропейском языке, Л., 1960.


134

kategoriisaken da 2. gardauvali zmnis SemTxvevaSi _ mo-dalobis kategoriisaken. modaluroba (laT. modus kilo [zmnisa]) _ gramatikuli kategoriaa, romelic aRniSnavs metyvelebis Sinaarsis damokidebulebas sinamdvilisadmi da gamoixateba zmnis sxvadasxva kilos formebiT, intona-ciiT, CarTuli sityvebiT. posibilitivi, igive potencialisi, anu SesaZleblo-bis vnebiTebi (romlebic aRniSnaven, rom moqmedeba Sesa-Zlebelia an nebadarTulia, anu uflebamosilia moxdes

"SemiZlia", "ZalmiZs"), miCnevis vnebiTebi (romlebic gviCveneben imas, Tu gramatikuli subieqti gramatikul obieqts rad miaCnia an rad eCveneba "vTvli", "mimaCnia", "mgonia"), gunebis vnebiTebi (romlebic gviCveneben adamianis sulier ganwyobilebas, mis survils _ "minda", "msurs", "vxarob", "mixaria") _ gamoxataven garkveul modalur mniSvnelobebs, isini datiur kons-truqcias qmnian (qarTuli enis gramatikaSi ganixilebian inversiul zmnebad) (inversio "gadasma"), maTi leqsikuri mniSvnelobani Seicavs "SemiZlia", "minda", "mgonia" inver-siuli zmnebis Sinaarss. magaliTad: meWmeva _ e. i. Wama Se-miZlia, Wama nebadarTulia; melamaza (vaJasTan) = lamazi meCvena, memRereba e. i. simReris xasiaTze var da a. S.9 zo-gierT zmnas aqvs aRwerilobiTi anu perifrastuli, anali-tikuri formebi. anu: aRebulia perfeqtis participiumi da

"yofna" zmna koniunqtivSi an optativSi, e. i. perfeq-tis moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobisa da zmnis kavSirebi-Ti da natvriTi kiloebis meSveobiT iwarmoeba perfeqtis moqmedebiTi gvari zemodasaxelebuli kiloebisa. peri-frastuli vnebiTi marto absolutur formebs gvaZlevs; ar xdeba garCeva suliersa da usulos Soris da yvelgan "iq-neba" da "iqna" moiazreba. kavSirebiTi da natvriTi kiloebi iwarmoeba aRwerilobiT anu: aRebulia perfeqtis saSuali da vnebiTi gvaris participiumi da _ zmnis aseve kav-SirebiTi da natvriTi kiloebi:

9 SaniZe a., qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, 1974, gv. 291.

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135

aRwerilobiTi formebi gvxvdeba perfeqtis indikativSic.10 rac Seexeba vnebiTi gvaris III myofads, isic SeiZleba iwarmoos aRwerilobiT _ sauRlebeli zmnis perfeqtis, saSuali da vnebiTi gvaris mimReobisa da zmnis futurumis (myofadis) meSveobiT:

vnebiTi gvaris III myofads (futurum III) aqtiuri mniSvneloba aqvs, Tu perfeqtis mediopasivi amave mniSvnelobisaa. es is zmnebia, romlebic gviCveneben "SeZenas". mag: "SeviZine" (perf.), "SeviZen" (futurum III). indoevropuli perfeqtis semantika upirvelesad aRniSnavda mdgomareobas winare moqmedebasTan mimarTebis gareSe da rogorc Cans, geneturad ukavSirdeboda ufro Zvel, gansakuTrebuli jgufis zmnebs. protoindoevropuli enis zmnaTa es jgufi, didi albaTobiT, SegviZlia davayenoT araindoevropuli enebis "statikuri" da "afeqturi zmnebis gverdiT"11 _ wers i. stepanovi, ixilavs ra sintaqsis sakiTxebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT Cveni yuradReba miiqcia a. SaniZisa da a. Ciqobavas naSromebma da maTi gaTvaliswinebiT ki b. jorbenaZis Sexedulebam _ igi statikur vnebiTebs perfeqtul formebad miiCnevs, statikur vnebiTSi perfeqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli semantikis arsebobas adasturebs.12 amgvarad, statikuri vnebiTebis perfeqtul formebad aRiareba, qarTveli mecnierebis azriT, warmoadgens mravlismTqmel faqts, romelic Suqs hfens qarTuli perfeqtis gzas (msgavsad indoevropuli

10 uruSaZe a., Zveli berZnuli ena, gv. 175. * qarTulSi perifrastuli vnebiTi unda ganvasxvavoT Sedgenili Semasmenlisagan, iq gvWirdeba zmna "iyo" (ix. SaniZe a., gv. 292). 11 Степанов Ю., Перфектный центр в русском синтаксисе, АНСССР, серия литературы

и языка, № 4, 1978. 12 SaniZe a., qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1873, gv. 320-1. ix.

Ciqobava a., ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, Tb., 1948, gv. 5. ix. jorbenaZe b., zmnis gvaris formebis war-moebisa da funqciis sakiTxebi qarTulSi, 1975, gv. 23-24.


136

perfeqtisa) _ Zireuli perfeqtidan gardamavali zmnis perfeqtamde. maT statikuri vnebiTebi im Sualedur rgolad miaCniaT,romelic Zireul perfeqts gramatikul perfeqtTan akavSirebs. da marTlac, tipologiuri analogia indoevropul da qarTvelur perfeqtebs Soris aris.

Tinatin Giorgobiani

Ones again about the Perfect tense in Old Greek

Even in 30-ies of 19th century there was discussion about the initial

expression of the perfect tense. There has been arisen the question: perfect

tense is a tense or a voice. It is well known that Indo-European initial perfect

was the form, where the meaning of "to have" was tightly connected with the

meaning of "condition" and referred to the person who did the action. That

means that is expresses the action which refers to a subject. E. Benvenist

calls such kind of verbs as a "pseudo-transitive".

We think that the grammatical categories of the language supposed

to be determined by morpho-syntactical function and by semantically as

general, as it is possible. So that, the action which is dedicated to subject is

one of the function of the medium voice in Old Greek language, which means

that medium voice in Old Greek, perfect tense and subjective action or so

called "version" in Georgian language (subjective version in Georgian

language expresses the action, when subject does something for

subject/himself) are the same phenomenon.

TinaTin giorgobiani

137


qeTevan gurCiani

antikurobaSi Cumad da xmamaRla locvis

Sesaxeb

Zveli berZnuli locvisTvis1 ucxoa mkacri wesebi. igi sakmaod Tavisufalia, rogorc struqturis, ise Sinaarsis mxriv. Tumca mainc arsebobs ramdenime norma. berZnul antikurobaSi normad iTvleboda xmamaRla locva, iseve rogorc xmamaRla kiTxva. igi imdenad miRebuli iyo, rom aRniSvnis Rirsi am normidan gadaxveva xdeboda xolme: Cumad locva. xmamaRla loculobs magaliTad qrisesi "iliadaSi" 1. 450:2 Cruvsh" mevgal! eu[ceto. amis paralelurad gvxvdeba, magram iSviaTia fraza: o{n kata; qumovn3 anu gulSi locva.4 rogorc Cans, xmamaRla locvas ZiriTadad ori mizezis gamo aniWebdnen upiratesobas: 1. xalxSi gavrcelebuli warmodgenis mixedviT, antikuri RmerTi ar iyo yovlisSemZle an yovlismcodne. ar icoda, ra xdeboda

1 termini "locva" aq da statiaSi yvelgan gamoiyeneba misi araqristia-

nuli mniSvnelobiT. igi ar gulisxmobs raime dogmatur teqsts. zo-gierTi mosazrebiT, SesaZlebelia am terminis "vedrebiT" Canacvle-ba, magram vfiqrob, rom umjobesia gaviziaroT klasikur mecniere-bebSi gavrcelebuli tradicia, rodesac antikur "locvasaca" da qristianul "locvasac" erTi terminiT aRniSnaven: germ. Das Gebet,

ingl. The Prayer da a. S. 2 asevea Il. 3. 275, 8. 347, 15. 369. 3 Od. 5. 444, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi aianti urCevs TanamebrZolebs,

Cumad ilocon: Il. 7. 193. 4 Cumad da xmamaRla locvis zogierT aspeqtTan dakavSirebiT ix. S.

Sudhaus, "Lautes und leises Beten", ARW 9 (1906) 185-200.

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adamianis gulSi da amitom, RmerTs unda gaegona (fizikurad moesmina) mlocvelis Txovna. da meore 2. xmamaRla locvas socialuri funqcia hqonda. amgvari locva uzrunvelyofda jgufis erTianobas da amasTanave, misi saSualebiT xorcieldeboda socialuri kontroli. antikuri warmodgeniT, Tuki ar arsebobs gansakuTrebuli mizezi, Cumad ar loculoben. axla ufro dawvrilebiT zemoT CamoTvlil mizezebze. xmamaRla locvasTan dakavSirebulia RmerTis anTropomorfuli warmodgena. ama Tu im RvTaebas unda realurad gaegona mlocvelis sityvebi. qristianobaSic ki, romlis RmerTic yovlismcodne da yovlisSemZlea, xmamaRla locva miRebuli iyo qristianobis gavrcelebis pirvel etapze. normad iTvleboda xmamaRla locva ebraul kulturaSic. bibliaSi am normidan gadaxveva, anu Cumad locva sagangebod aRiniSneba. asea magaliTad pirvel mefeTaSi, roca hana Cumad loculobs, eli fiqrobs, rom igi mTvralia. antikurobaSi warmodgena RmerTis Sesaxeb, romelsac unda gaagono, Tanaarsebobs warmodgenasTan yovlismcodne RmerTis Sesaxeb. literaturaSi paralelurad gvxvdeba es ori sapirispiro damokidebuleba. erTis mixedviT, RmerTebma yvelaferi ician, meore warmodgeniT ki RmerTebis zurgs ukan bevri ram xdeba, isini SeiZleba gaacuro da a. S. pirveli warmodgenis magaliTad gamodgeba iliada 16. 515,

sadac aqilevsi mimarTavs Tetiss sityvebiT: "Sen yvelafris mosmena SegiZlia". xSirad mohyavT xolme nawyveti herodotedan, sadac apoloni ambobs, rom uTqmelis gagonebac SeuZlia.5 Tumca gacilebT metia sapirispiro magaliTebi imave homerosTan, roca RmerTebi erTmaneTs atyueben an roca maT ar ician, ra xdeba moSorebul adgilebSi. SegviZlia gavixsenoT, hera rogor aZinebs zevss idas mTaze an eTiopiaSi wasuli poseidoni "odiseaSi" rogor verafers ityobs RmerTebis gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb. aseve naTeli iyo, rom Zalian bevri Txovna ar sruldeboda da aqedan xSirad askvnidnen, rom RmerTebs

5 Herod. I, 47. 3. aseve Pind. Pyth. 9. 45.

antikurobaSi Cumad da xmamaRla locvis Sesaxeb

140

ver Seasmines. yuradRebas ipyrobs Zeuv" eujcodovth" kulti: zevsisa, romelsac kargad esmis. am saxelze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom arsebobda zevsic, romelsac ase kargad ar esmoda.6 RmerTis anTropomorfuli warmodgenidan modis agreTve locvebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi mimarTva "mismine", "modi", "Semomxede" (enobrv doneze amgvar mimarTvebi dRemdea CvenTan SemorCenili) da a. S. amas emsaxureba agreTve im adgilebs CamoTvla, piris im mxarisken mibruneba sadac savaraudod unda imyofebodes RmerTi da a. S. mosmenasTanaa gadajaWvuli Sesmena. mogvianebiT gavrcelda warmodgena, rom RmerTebi yvelafers xedaven. aq, savaraudod, saWiroa "xalxuri" warmodgenis gamijvna filosofiuri midgomisagan. rogorc Cans, mosmenas imdenad didi mniSvneloba hqonda, rom zogierTi cnobiT RmerTis statuas pirdapir yurSi eubnebodnen saTxovars.7 amas mogviTxrobs pavsaniasi (7, 22, 2) feraSi hermesis statuis Sesaxeb. vainraihis hipoTezis mixedviT, arsebobda yurebis Sewirvis tradicia.8 Tuki RmerTebi locvis Seismendnen, madlieri mTxovneli Tixis yurs swiravda am RvTaebas da es yuri sakurTxevelze an taZris kedelze inaxeboda.9 es saintereso da naklebad gamokvleuli sakiTxia da jer-jerobiT ar aris cnobili, ramdenad iyo amgvari votivuri yurebi gavrcelebuli. meore ZiriTadi aspeqti, romelic xmamaRla locvasTan aris dakavSirebuli, aris socialuri funqcia. 1. xmamaRla locvisas xorcieldeboda socialuri kontroli. ras niSnavs es? berZnuli locva xSirad Cveni gagebiT wyevlaa. ziari terminiTac sargebloben: ajravomai.10 qrisesi aris ajrhthvr.

11

6 ix. Th. Drew-Bear, Noevelles Inscriptions de Phrygie, Zutphen 1978, 48, Nr. 24. cit. H.

S. Versnel, Religious Mentality in Ancient Prayer, 29 Smdg. in: H. S. Versnell (ed.),

Faith, Hope and Worship, Leiden 1981. 7 Txovnis warmoTqmisas RmerTis gamosaxulebasTan miaxloebis wesi

tragediaSic aris daculi Eur. Androm. 1117. 8 O. Weinreich, Qeoi Ephkooi, Athen. Mitt. 37, 1912, 57. 9 am sakiTxis mimoxilva ix. H. S. Versnel, 27, 35-36. 10 Il. 1. 33; 1. 345; 1. 302 da sxv. 11 Il. 1.11.

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romelime mlocvelis keTildReoba xSirad aris gadajaWvuli misi mowinaaRmdegis cudad yofnasTan. amitom sakuTari TavisTvis kargis survilis Tanabrad mlocveli avs iTxovs sxvisTvis.12 roca mlocveli sxvebs imis mosmenis saSualebas aZlevs, rasac RmerTs sTxovs, e. i. am Txovnis sajarod Tqmas ar erideba, TavisTavad naTelia, rom gamoiricxeba boroti ganzraxva im jgufis winaaRmdeg, romelsac mTxovneli ekuTvnis. mogvianebiT seneka me-10 werilSi13 ixsenebs aTenodoresTan wakiTxuls: "maSin darwmundebi, rom yvela avi zraxvisgan Tavisufali xar, Tuki SeZleb, rom mxolod is sTxovo RmerTs, risi Txovnac yvelas Tvalwin sajarod SegiZlia". socialur kontrolze saubrisas unda ganvasxvavoT ori ZiriTadi saxis locva: 1. locvebi, romlebsac axlavs rituali da sajaroa, da 2. piraduli locvebi. locva komunikaciis erT-erTi formaa. xSirad es iyo koleqtiuri komunikacia anu jgufi erTad mimarTavda RmerTs. aseT locvasTan umetesad dakavSirebulia rituali (ZiriTadad libaciis), romelic Tavisi xasiaTidan gamomdinare koleqtiuri movlenaa. ritualSi monawileebi konkretuli TxovniT warsdgebian ama Tu im RmerTis winaSe da radgan is, vinc locvas aRavlens, yvelas nacvlad saubrobs, jgufma Sesabamisad zustad unda icodes, ras da rogor iTxovs mlocveli. locvis socialur funqciaSi Sedis aseve meore aspeqti: igi ayalibebs jgufis erTianobis SegrZnebas.14 iqneba es krizisuli situacia (omSi saerTo mtris winaamdeg brZola) Tu saojaxo kulti, erTad da xmamaRla locva jgufis erTianobas badebs. amiTve aixsneba, Cemi azriT, liturgiisas erTad da xmamaRla locvis dRemde gavrcelebuli wesi. locvisas komunikacia erTdroulad xorcieldeba vertikalur da horizontalur doneze. kavSiri myardeba 1. mlocvelsa da RmerTs Soris, 2. jgufis wevrebs Soris.

12 Sdr. Aristoph. Thesm. 282. 13 Seneca, Epist. 10, 5. 14 locvis socialuri funqciis Sesaxeb sainteresoa T. Scheer, Die Götter

anrufen: Die kontaktaufnahme zwischen Mensch und Gottheit in der griechischen Antike,

48-51 in: Kai Brodersen (Hrsg.) Gebet und Fluch, Zeichen und Traum, Münster, 2001.


142

kidev erTi dadebiTi mxare aqvs xmamaRla locvas Zv. berZnuli sinamdvilisTvis: Zv. berZnuli locva ZiriTadad da ut dem an da quia dedi principzea agebuli anu mTxovneli an axsenebs RmerTs, ra gaukeTebia mis pativsacemad an raimes hpirdeba mas. xmamaRla locvisas mlocvels saSualeba eZleva, warmoadginos sakuTari Tavi da sxvebis gasagonad Tqvas, ra SeuZlia, rogori RvTismosavia da ris gakeTebas apirebs, rac gavlenas axdens mis socialur statusze. socialuri kontroli xmamaRla locvisas arajgufuri locvebisasac xorcieldeboda. arsebobs magaliTebi, rodesac mag. sasamarTloebSi braldebisas an Tavdacvisas argumentad mohqondaT locvisas gagebuli. roca romelime taZarSi Sesuli berZeni Tavisi locvis mosmenis SesaZleblobas aZlevda iq myofebs, amiT igi xazs usvamda, rom am locviT igi ar apirebda vinmesTvis zianis miyenebas da avi ram ar surda. radgan xmamaRla locvis tradicia arTulebda sxvisTvis sajarod avis survils, amitom wyevlam umetesad magiaSi gadainacvla.15 wyevlisas xSirad mimarTavdnen miwisqveSeTis RmerTebs. amis dasturia uamravia firfita, romlebic saflavebSia aRmoCenili.16 rogorc Cans, locvasTan dakavSirebulma socialurma kontrolma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba miiRo magiis gavrcelebasTan erTad da swored magias daukavSirda mdumared locva. zogadadMmagias izolaciisken midrekileba axasiaTebs.17 igi amiTic upirispirdeba "Cveulebriv" polisur religias, romelic ZiriTadad jgufuria (iqneba es ojaxi, klani, qalaqi Tu sxva). izolacia gansakuTrebiT daukavSirda magiis im saxes, romelic vinmesTvis zianis miyenebas isaxavda miznad. magia, rogorc normis inversia, antikurobaSi xSirad aRiqmeboda safrTxed. aseve saxifaTod iTvleboda Cumad locva, rogorc magiuri ram.18 klemens aleqsandrielis sityviT, piTagora fiqrobda, rom saWiroa xmamaRla locva (meta; fwnh'" eu[cesqai), radgan

15 Martial I, 39, 5 Smdg. Sdr. Horatius, epist. I, 16, 59. 16 T. Scheer, ibid. 17 ix. Fr. Graf, 197, 204-205. 18 Apuleios, Apologia 54.

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locvebi unda iyos samarTliani, iseTi, rom aravis Sercxves maTi Tqma mowmeebis Tvalwin.19 epikure mdumare locvebis Sesaxeb ambobs, rom Tuki RmerTebi Seasrulebdnen yvela im Txovnas, rasac locvebSi iTxoven, adamianebis modgma aRar iarsebebda. garda uaryofiTi mxarisa, arsebobs mdumared locvis dadebiTi mxarec da misi gamamarTlebeli garemoebebi. zogjer mdumared locva literaturul xerxs warmoadgens, zogjer ki dakavSirebulia xalxSi gavrcelebul romelime warmodgenasTan an kultTan, Tumca es iSviaTobaa. homerosTan gvaqvs magaliTebi, roca situacia gardauvals xdis mdumared locvas da es sagangebod aRiniSneba xolme. asea magaliTad aiantis epizodSi, rodesac aianti TanamebrZolebs urCevs, Cumad ilocon, rom mtrebma ar gaigonon, ras sTxoven zevss,20 odisevsi zRvaze o}n kata; qumovn iTxovs Svelas,21 evripides "eleqtraSi" (808) eleqtras egisTes Tvalwin ar SeuZlia xmamaRla ilocos. sainteresoa gulSi locva, rogorc literaturuli xerxi herodotesTan dacul istoriaSi amasisis da misi colis, ladikes, Sesaxeb. amasisi sikvdiliT emuqreba ladikes, radgan misdami ltolva gauqra. SeSinebuli ladike gulSi loculobs da afrodites hpirdeba statuas, Tuki amasiss misadmi siyvaruli isev gauRvivdeba. situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, ladikes aq erTaderTi gamosavali hqonda, gulSi eloca da iyenebs kidec mas.22 zemoT CamoTvlili situaciebi gansakuTrebulia da mdumared locva erTaderTi gamosavalia dasaxelebuli personaJebisTvis. rogorc Cans, krizisul situaciaSi iRviZebda imedi, rom RmerTebma isedac yvelaferi ician. asea magaliTad "eleqtraSi" sofoklesTan. klitemnestra farulad loculobs apolonis winaSe (638 Smdg.) da xazs usvams: "farulad vambob, radgan megobarTa Soris ar var", bolos ki dasZens, rom yvelafers ar ambobs, radgan imedi

19 Clem. Al. Strom. 4. 26 (171, 1). 20 Il. 7. 193-195. 21 Od. 5. 444; Il. 23. 709. 22 Sdr. S. Pulleyn, Prayer in Greek Religion, Oxford 1997, 186-187.


144

aqvs, danarCeni RvTiuri Zalias wyalobiT isedac icis apolonma (657). darCa erTi sfero, sadac miRebuli iyo mdumared an CurCuliT locva. rogorc Cans, berZnebic iziarebdnen mosazrebas, rom "siyvarulsa malva unda" da siyvarulTan dakavSirebuli locvebis waCurCulebas amjobinebdnen. ase ganviTarda afrodite psiTurosis da eros psiTurosis kulti aTenSi.23 Zveli psiTurosis kulti (moCurCule RvaTaebis an herosis kulti), romelic RmerTsa da mlocvels Soris Suamavlis rols asrulebda, SemTxveviT ar dakavSirebia afrodites da eross, rogorc siyvarulis RmerTebs. sasiyvarulo survilebs berZnebi da mogvianebiT romaelebi yurSi uCurCulebdnen am RmerTebs. mdumare locvas an sulac dumils is RmerTebic moiTxovdnen, romlebic miwisqveSeTTan iyvnen dakavSirebuli. "oidipos kolonosSi" gundi urCevs oidiposs, eriniebs ise mimarTos, rom veravin gaigonos (489). zogierT saflavTan sruli dumiliT Caivlidnen xolme, radgan micvalebulis sulis gaRviZebis da misi yuradRebis mipyrobis eSinodaT. zemoT CamoTvlili magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom antikurobaSi gavrcelebuli iyo xmamaRla locvis wesi. es tradicia, romelic saTaves RmerTis anTropomorful warmodgenaSi iRebs, sazogadoebis mier gamoiyeneboda socialuri kontrolis funqciiT. yvela gadaxveva am normidan an kultis gansakuTrebulobas ukavSirdeba an literaturul xerxs warmoadgens.

Ketevan Gurchiani

Leises und lautes Gebet in der Antike

Im Artikel wird das Thema des lauten und leisen Betens in der griechischen

Antike untersucht. Als Norm gilt lautes Beten. Dieser Norm liegen m. E. zwei

Aspekte zugrunde: 1. Die von Anthropomorhismus bedingte Vorstellung,

23 Harpokrates, 186, 14 Smdg.: etimato de de Aqhnhsi kai Yiquros Afrodith kai

Erws Yiquros. Sdr. Eustath. Od. 1881, 1Smdg.

qeTevan gurCiani

145

dass die Götter Gebete akustisch wahrnehmen sollen, um sie zu erfuellen und

2. soziale Funktion: beim lauten Beten wird soziale Kontrolle ausgeuebt.

Leise wird nur in Ausnahmefaellen gebeten und es gilt als Abweichung von

der Norm. In manchen Faellen ist es situationsbedingt, manchmal hat es lite-

rarische Funktion, meistens gehoert aber das leise Beten zum Bereich der

Magie und wird als gefaehrlich angesehen. Der einzige Bereich, wo leises

Gebet legitimiert wird, ist der Bereich der Liebe. Das Thema wird anhand der

griechischen und teilweise roemischen literarischen Beispielen besprochen.,

dabei wird auch epigraphisches Material beruecksichtigt.


146


irine darCia

feri da berZnuli tragediis scenografia

sayuradRebo cnobebs Zveli berZnuli Teatris Sesaxeb gvawvdis atikuri komedia, arqeologiuri masala, vazuri ferwera, Zvel berZen avtorTa cnobebi, xolo tragediis teqsti Zalian mwir informacias iZleva imis Sesaxeb, ras warmoadgenda Zveli berZnuli Teatri, ra STabeWdilebas axdenda igi mTlianobaSi.1 dReisaTvis bevri ram – musika, qoreografia, scenografia, msaxiobTa xmis tembri, maTi mimoxra da Jestikulacia – dakargulia da es namdvilad aunazRaurebeli danaklisia,2 radgan dramis Teatraluri aspeqtebi, savaraudod, mniSvnelovnad zrdida misi zemoqmedebis Zalas.3 Zveli berZnuli dramis Teatraluri teqnikis Seswavla XIX saukunidan iwyeba siZveleTmcodneobis wiaRSi.4 pirvelad k. miulerma5 da g. hermanma6 miaqcies saTanado yuradReba im faqts, rom Zveli berZnuli tragedia iqmneboda upirveles yovlisa TeatrSi, scenaze warmosadgenad, Tumca gansakuTrebuli wvlili dramatuli teqnikis sistemuri

1 vazuri ferweris safuZvelze Zveli berZnuli Teatraluri sanaxao-

bebis rekonstruirebis Sesaxeb ix.: Taplin O., Comic Angels and Other

Approaches to Greek Drama through Vase-Painting, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1994. 2 Fagles R. and Stanford W. B., A Reading of the Oresteia, The Serpent and the Eagle, in:

Aeschylus, The Oresteia, Viking Penguin, New York 1979, 35. 3 Fagles R., Stanford W. B., op. cit., 35. 4 mimoxilvisTvis ix.: Taplin O., The Stagecraft of Aeschylus, The Dramatic Use of

Exits and Entrances in Greek Tragedy, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1977, 488-489. 5 Müller A., Lehrbuch der griechischen Buchnenalterthümer, Freiburg 1886. 6 Hermann G., Opuscula, Leipzig 1827.


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Seswavlis saqmeSi u. fon vilamovicisa7 da f. leos8 moswavleebma Seitanes. pirvel msoflio omamde da mis ganmavlobaSic bevri saintereso disertacia iqna daculi. maT Sorisaa t. fon vilamovicis naSromi sofokleze, romelmac kvlevis swori mimarTuleba dausaxa Semdgom Taobebs.9 misi TqmiT, "piesis struqtura yovelTvis Seesabameboda mis ZiriTad mizans: warmodgeniliyo scenaze". meore msoflio omamde moRvawe mkvlevarTagan gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos v. Sadevaldtis, v. nestlesa da v. krancis, r. flikingeris, a. peretisa da J. duSeminis Rvawli.10 tradicia tiubingenSi gagrZelda v. Sadevaldtisa da v. iensis11 moswavleTa mier, romelTa naSromebic erT krebulad gamoica.12 mas erTi nakli hqonda: "scenaze msaxiobTa moqmedebas da vizualur teqnikas" saTanado yuradReba ar eTmoboda. Zvel berZnul TeatrSi msaxiobTa saSemsruleblo teqnikis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo gamokvlevebi ekuTvnodaT g. kapones, f. Sislersa da a. SpicbarTs, Tumca isini sakiTxs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, "antikvarulad" udgebodnen da ugulebelyofdnen piesaTa literaturul aspeqtebs.13 aRniSnul sferoSi pirvel, yvelaze seriozul naSromad iTvleba k. rainhardtis monografia esqiles Sesaxeb,

7 Wilamowitz U. von, Aischylos, Interpretationen, Berlin 1914; Analecta Euripidea, Berlin

1875; Einleitung in die griechische Tragödie, Berlin 1921; Kleine Schriften, Berlin 1935-

1972; Die Perser des Aischylos, Hermes, 32, 1897, 382-398. 8 Leo F., Der Monolog im Drama: ein Beitrag zur griechisch-römischen Poetik, Abh. Ges.

Wiss. Göttingen phil.-hist. Kl. N. F. 10, 5, Berlin 1908. 9 Wilamowitz Tycho von, Die Dramatische Technik des Sophokles, Berlin 1917. 10 Duchemin J., L’ dans la tragédie grecque, Paris 1968; Flickinger R. C., The Greek

Theater and its Drama, Chicago 1936; Kranz W., Stasimon: Untersuchungen zu Form und

Gehalt der griechischen Tragödie, Berlin 1933; Kranz W., De forma stasimi, Diss. Berlin 1910; Kranz W., Studien zur antiken Literatur und ihrem Nachwirken, Heidelberg 1967;

Nestle W., Die Struktur des Eingangs in der attischen Tragödie, Stuttgart 1930; Peretti A.,

Epirrema e tragedia, Florence 1939; Schadewaldt W., Hellas und Hesperien, Zurich 1970; Schadewaldt W., Monolog und Selbstgespräch, Untersuchungen zur Formgeschichte der

griechischen Tragödie, Berlin 1926. 11 Jens W., Strukturgesetze der frühen griechischen Tragödie, Studium Generale, 8, 1955,

246-53. 12 ix.: Jens W., op. cit. 13 Capone G., L’arte scenica degli attori tragici greci, Padova 1935; Shisler F. L., The Use of

Stage Business to Portray Emotion in Greek Tragedy, AJP, 66, 1945, 377-397; Spitzbarth

A., Untersuchungen zur Spieltechnik der griechischen Tragödie, Zürich 1946.

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romelic XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi gamoqveynda.14 mTeli Semdgomi oci wlis manZilze mxolod v. Sadevaldtis, r. gouinisa da h. kitos gamokvlevebma miipyro samecniero wreebis yuradReba.15 ufro gviandel avtorTagan aRsaniSnavia i. dingeli, v. Staidli, h. ortkemperi da a. barneti (gansakuTrebiT did yuradRebas isini evripides uTmoben),16 xolo gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebidan sagangebod unda aRiniSnos a. lebekisa da o. taplinis monografiebi esqiles Sesaxeb, romlebic dRemde paradigmatulia.17 ismis kiTxva, ra daskvnebis gakeTeba SeiZleba Zveli berZnuli Teatris scenografiasTan dakavSirebiT Zvel berZnul dramaSi feris fenomenis Seswavlis Sedegad.18

14 Reinhardt K., Aischylos als Regisseur und Theologe, Bern 1949. 15 Goheen R. F., Aspects of Dramatic Symbolism, Three Studies in the Oresteia, AJP, 76,

1955, 113-137; Kitto H. D. F., Form and Meaning in Drama, London 1956. 16 Burnett A. P., Catastrophe Survived, Euripides Plays of Mixed Reversal, Oxford 1971;

Dingel J., Das Requisit in der griechischen Tragödie, Diss., Tübingen 1967; Ortkemper

H., Szenische Techniken des Euripides, Untersuchungen zur Gebärdensprache im antiken Theater, Diss. Berlin 1969; Steidle W., Studien zum antiken Drama, unter besonderer

Berücksichtigung des Bühnenspiels, Studia et testimonia antiqua, 4, Munich 1968. 17 Lebeck A., The Oresteia: A Study in Language and Structure, Washington 1971; Taplin

O., 1977, op. cit.; Zveli berZnuli tragediis Tanamedrove interpreta-ciebis Taobaze ix. agreTve: Mercouris S. (ed.), A Stage for Dionysos, Theatrical

Space and Ancient Drama, Kapon Editions, Thessaloniki 1997; Taplin O.,

: . 18 o. taplinis gancxadebiT, scenis mowyobilobis bevr mniSvnelovan moments dramaturgebi piesaSic miuTiTeben, Torem sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli iqneboda Teatraluri teqnikis Sesaxeb saubari (Taplin O.,

1977, op. cit., 75). unda aRiniSnos, rom am Tvalsazriss mowinaaRmdegenic hyavs. kerZod, a. harmons miaCnia, rom esqile ar miuTiTebs xolme scenasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva "usargeblo" detalebs, Tumca, taplinis azriT, termini "usargeblo" aq didad bundovani da gaugebaria (Taplin O., 1977, op. cit., 75). i. dingelis TqmiTac, berZnuli tragediis vizualuri aspeqtebi "sityvisagan damoukidebelia" (mkvlevari iyenebs termins wortunabhänging. dawvrilebiT ix.: Jens W.

(Hrsg.), Die Bauformen der griechischen Tragödie, Poetica, Beiheft 6, Münich 1971). germaneli mkvlevris am gancxadebas namdvilad ver gaviziareb da savsebiT veTanxmebi o. taplinis komentars, rom am SemTxvevaSi azri ekargeba Tavad i. dingelis naSroms, romelic scenis SesaZleblobebis warmoCenas cdilobs (Dingel J., op. cit.; o. taplinis komentarisTvis ix.: Taplin O., 1977, op. cit. 75-76).


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Zveli berZnuli dramis Tanamedrove mkiTxveli zogjer saTanado yuradRebas ar uTmobs dramaturgTa teqsts, romelic gacilebiT met informacias gvawvdis piesis vizualuri mxaris Sesaxeb, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans da gvgonia. kerZod, Cemi azriT, mkvlevarni sruliad daumsaxureblad ugulebelyofen Zvel berZnul dramaSi gamoyenebul ferebs da maT saTanado yuradRebas ar uTmoben. maSin, roca maTze dakvirvebiT SegviZlia aRvadginoT Zveli berZnuli scenografiis calkeuli detalebi. informacia maT Sesaxeb teqstSi arsebobs, ubralod mas moZieba sWirdeba.19 Zvel saberZneTSi dramaturgebi ar iyvnen ubralod Teoretikosebi, romlebic piesebis teqsts werdnen, isini Teatris spraqtikosebic iyvnen. qmnidnen ( ) dramas da zogjer Tavad TamaSobdnen masSi. imavdroulad iyvnen kompozitorebic da qoreografebic; dgamdnen anu "aswavlidnen" ( ) msaxiobTa metyvelebas, moZraobas, Jestikulacias, masobriv scenebs; savaraudod, isini zrunavdnen dekoraciaze, kostumebze, niRbebze, scenis teqnikur aRWurvilobaze. udavoa, rom maT hyavdaT damxmareni, Cveni gagebiT "asistentebi", magram, ZiriTadad, yvelafers isini ganagebdnen. maTze iyo damokidebuli speqtaklis vizualuri da akustikuri mxarec. swored amitom Zveli berZnuli dramis teqstSi Zalian mcirea e. w. "sasceno, scenuri miTiTebani": rodesac dramaturgi Tavad dgams piesas, sagangebo ganmartebebi teqstSi azrs kargavs. magram "mniSvnelovani sasceno miTiTebani impliciturad aris mocemuli piesis teqstSi".20 Cemi azriT, dramaturgis

i. dingels magaliTad mohyavs menelaosis Tmis feri evripides

"orestesSi", romlis Sesaxebac verbalur informacias mwerali 1532 striqonamde ar gvawvdis. o. taplinis ganmartebiT, TiToeuli personaJis niRabs hqonda garkveuli feris Tma, magram misi feris xazgasma mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeboda, rodesac amis saWiroeba arsebobda (Sdr.: evripides "orestesi", 1532; "bakqi qalebi", 235 da sxv.) (Taplin O., 1977, op. cit., 75, n. 4).

19 unda mivyveT o. taplinis rCevas, rom rodesac xelTa gvaqvs nawarmoebi, romelic srulyofilad mxolod scenaze realizdeba, misi analizis dros es faqtori arasodes unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan. 20 Taplin O., 1977, po. cit., 28.

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mier gamoyenebuli ferebic am "implicitur" miTiTebad unda miviCnioT. Zveli berZnuli Teatri mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT mxolod Cvens warmosaxvaSi Tu iarsebebs. samagierod Cven gvaqvs sityva, romelic TiToeuli piesis arsis gamomxatvelia da Cvenc iZulebuli varT mas moveWidoT. Cemi dakvirvebiT, "sparselebSi" esqiles mier gamoyenebul ferTagan scenografiaSi – dekoraciasa da kostumebSi – mxolod oqrosferi SeiZleboda asaxuliyo. TeTri rZe da mooqrosfro-moyviTalo zeTisxili, SesaZloa, rekvizitad gamoiyeneboda, Tumca es gansakuTrebul optikur efeqts namdvilad ver moaxdenda. danarCeni ferebi mxolod mayureblis warmosaxvaze iyo gaTvlili.21 rac Seexeba tragedias "Svidni Tebes winaaRmdeg", misi qromatizmidan, SesaZloa, rom rekvizitSi, kerZod, meomarTa farebSi, aisaxeboda Savi, TeTri da oqrosferi. "mavedrebel qalebSi" ferebis kvleva mxolod ori scenografiuli detalis gamovlenis saSualebas gvaZlevs. vinaidan araerTgzis aris xazgasmuli egviptidTa "Savkanianoba", unda vivaraudoT, rom maTi niRbebic Sesabamisi iqneboda. garda amisa, maT, TavianTi kanis feris sapirispirod, TeTri samosi unda scmodaT. savaraudoa, rom mTeli dekoracia swored am ori feris kontrasts emyareboda.22 "agamemnonis" mewamuli xaliCa, aSkarad, esqiles scenografiis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalSisacemi da efeqturi detali unda yofiliyo. "qoeforebis" qromatizmidan

21 o. taplini Tavis naSromSi wers, rom "atosas samosi misi pirveli

gamoCenis dros, udavod, brwyinvale iyo (iseve rogorc misi mxleblebisa), xolo meored Semosvlisas mas Savebi unda ecvas" (Taplin O., 1977, op. cit., 99, 126). ingliseli mkvlevris varaudi savsebiT misaRebia dramaSi movlenebis ganviTarebidan gamomdinare, magram unda iTqvas, rom Tavad esqile am saxis informacias arsad gvawvdis.

22 "mavedrebeli qalebis" sxva scenografiuli detalebis, kerZod, dekoraciebisa da esqiles reJisoruli principebis Sesaxeb ix.: Lesky

A., :

363;

; Taplin O., 1977,

op. cit., 192-240.


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mxolod motiralTa da eriniaTa tansacmlis Savi feri SeiZleboda asaxuliyo speqtaklis scenografiaSi, rogorc qoros kostumis feri. h. blumes miTiTebiT, "oresteas" eriniebi sakmaod Zlier fsiqologiur gavlenas axdendnen mayurebelze TavianTi gamoCeniT maSinac ki, rodesac esqiles tragediebis ganmeorebiT warmodgena dakanonda da speqtakls sul sxvadasxva Taobis reJisorebi axorcielebdnen.23 savaraudod, mayurebels qalRmerTTa pirquSi ieric, maTi Savi tansacmelic Trgunavda. "evmenidebSi" gamoyenebuli ferebi ki, SesaZloa, aisaxeboda speqtaklis rekvizitSi, TeTrbewvSemovlebul zeTisxilis rtoebSi, eriniaTa jer Sav, xolo Semdgom mewamul kostumSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom sofokle scenis mxatvrobis fuZemdeblad iTvleba, Cvens xelT arsebul mis tragediebSi feri imgvarad gamoiyeneba, rom, TiTqmis ar migviTiTebs piesaTa dekoraciis, msaxiobTa kostumebisa da niRbebis Seferilobaze. gamonakliss warmoadgens orad-orad detali. esenia: Savi maxvili "aiasSi"24 da polinikesis fari "antigoneSi". rac Seexeba evripides, misi ferTametyveleba, ZiriTadad, msaxiobTa tansacmelsa da niRbebze aisaxeboda. "alkestisSi", savaraudod, qoroca da alkestisic Sav kostumebSi unda yofiliyvnen gamowyobilni (215-217, 425-427, 922-925), aseve Savi peplosi unda scmoda frTosan arsebas, sikvdilis personifikacias, Tanatoss apolonTan dialogis dros (843-845). "hipolitosSi" fedrasa da hipolitoss oqrosferi Tma hqondaT (131-133, 219-222, 1342-1346), xolo "hekabeSi" poliqsenes – oqros samkaulebi (145-150) da hekabes – WaRara Tmebi (493-496). "andromaqeSi" hermiones samosi da Tavsaburavi oqrosferi iyo (147-153), xolo "herakleSi" qoros WaRara Tmebi (909),

23 gordeziani r., berZnuli literatura, elinuri epoqis eposi,

lirika, drama, programa "logosi", Tbilisi 2002, 341. 24 "aiasis" sxva scenografiuli detalebis Sesaxeb ix.: Adams S. M.,

Sophocles the Playwright, in: The Phoenix, Journal of the Classical Association of

Canada, Supplementary volume III, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1957, 7-8.

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heraklesa da mis erT-erT Svils, likoss mooqrosfro-moyviTalo Tma hqondaT (232-235, 359-363, 992-993). "eleqtraSi" orestesisa da eleqtras Tma mooqrosfro-moyviTalo iyo (513-515, 1069-1071), xolo "ifigenia tavroselebSi" warmogvidgenda sisxlisgan gawiTlebul samsxverplos artemisis taZris win (73, 256-259). "eleneSi" elenes Savi peplosi ecva (1186-1190) da mooqrosfro-moyviTalo Tma hqonda (1224), "finikiel qalebSi" ki iokastes TeTri Tma (322-326) da Savi peplosi (371-373), polinikesis Savi Tma (305-309) da TeTri jiRa (119-121), antigones zafranisferi samosi (1486-1492) figurirebda. "orestesSi" menelaoss mooqrosfro-moyviTalo Tma hqonda (1531-1532), xolo elenes ki oqrosferi fexsacmeli ecva (1465-1473). "ifigenia avlisSi" menelaossa da ifigenias mooqrosfro-moyviTalo TmiT warmogvidgenda (171-178, 681-683, 1365-1366). rac Seexeba "bakq qalebs", aq dionises – mooqrosfro-moyviTalo Tma (233-235), TeTri (455-459) an Rvinisferi ieri hqonda (233-235, 936-938). iTvleba, rom esqile da evripide, sofoklesgan gansxvavebiT, sagangebo yuradRebas uTmoben sxvadasxva Teatralur, scenur efeqtebs. Cemi azriT, ferebisadmi maTi gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebac, am tragikosebTan ferTa optikuri funqciac am WrilSi unda ganvixiloT. u. Staidlisa da e. bodenStaineris dakvirvebiT, esqile, sofoklesa da evripidesgan gansxvavebiT, ise werda, rom naklebad iTvaliswinebda mkiTxvels. Sesabamisad, teqstSi nakleb asaxavda scenografiul detalebs, rasac o. taplini didad ar eTanxmeba.25 Cemi dakvirvebiT, esqile sakmaod xSirad migviTiTebs ama Tu im scenografiuli detalis ferze da evripidesgan gansxvavebiT ara mxolod kostumebTan da msaxiobis Tmis ferTan mimarTebaSi, aramed dekoraciasa da rekvizitTan dakavSirebiTac. ismis kiTxva: ramdenad SeiZleba gamoadges Tanamedrove reJisors Zvel berZnul dramaSi moZiebuli ferTan dakavSirebuli scenografiuli informacia?

25 Steidle W., op. cit., 11; Bodensteiner E., Szenische Fragen über den Ort des Auftretens

und Abgehens von Schauspielern und Chor im griechischen Drama, Jb. f. cl. Phil.

Suppbd. 19, 1893, 66; Taplin O., 1977, op. cit., 76.


154

Cemi azriT, antikur xanaSi dramaturgTa mier teqstSi mimobneul scenografiuli xasiaTis detalebs, maT Soris fersac, savaraudod, iTvaliswinebdnen.26 dRes, rodesac cdiloben, rom drama scenaze aRadginon im formiT, romelic mas antikurobaSi hqonda, bevr sxva detalTan erTad, niRbebis, kostumebisa da dekoraciis fersac unda gauwion angariSi.27 rac Seexeba Zveli berZnuli dramis Tanamedrove interpretaciebs, aq reJisori, dRevandeli Teatris specifikidan da mayureblis esTetikuri moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinare, bevrad ufro Tavisufalia.28 rodesac "agamemnoni" idgmeba sagiJeTSi

26 ra Tqma unda, gadaWriT ver ganvacxadebT, rom speqtaklis reJisori an scenografi absoluturi sizustiT mihyveboda teqsts da yvela is feri, romelic masSi iyo mocemuli, scenazec aisaxeboda, magram amis albaToba namdvilad arsebobs. Cemi azriT, Zvel berZnul dramaSi moZiebuli ferebi SeiZleba sakmaod Tamamad ganvixiloT rogorc scenografiis erT-erTi savaraudo detali imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom xSirad dramaturgica da reJisoric erTi da igive pirovneba iyo. 27 rogorc vazuri ferwera cxadyofs, niRbebi SeZlebisdagvarad

naturalisturi iyo. iTvaliswinebda Tmisa da saxis fers, varcxnilobas, saxis nakvTebs da sxv. (Seale D., Vision and Stagecraft in

Sophocles, Croom Helm, London / Canberra 1982, 15; Wiles D. The Masks of Menander, Sign and Meaning in Greek and Roman Performance, Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, New York, Port Chester, Melbourne, Sydney 1991, 71, 151, 165, 189). 28 germaniis scenaze Zveli berZnuli dramis interpretaciebis Sesaxeb (ix.: Schadewaldt W., Die griechische Tragödie, Tübinger Vorlesungen, Band 4, Unter

Mitwirkung von M. Schadewaldt hrsg. von I. Schudoma, 1996); dReisaTvis msoflios mraval universitetsa da samecniero-kvleviT dawesebulebaSi arsebobs Zvel berZnul dramaTa Teatraluri interpretaciebis Semswavleli centrebi, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos oqsfordisa da aTenis e. w. qselebi. o. taplins Zveli berZnuli dramis saukeTeso interpretaciebad

Tanamedrove berZnuli dadgmebi miaCnia, gansakuTrebiT saberZneTis nacionaluri Teatris mier epidavrosSi ganxorcielebuli. mkvlevris azriT, maTi umetesoba cdilobs, gaiTvaliswinos dramaturgis Teatraluri Canafiqri ise, rom ar iqces "usicocxlo antikvarad" (Taplin O., 1977, op. cit., 23, n. 3). o. taplins mxolod nawilobriv veTanxmebi; mis mier idealad miCneuli saberZneTis nacionaluri Teatris speqtaklebma Tavis droze ueWvelad Zalian pozitiuri roli Seasrula Zveli berZnuli dramis Tanamedrove scenaze gacocxlebis saqmeSi, magram dRes maTi esTetika da Teatraluri xedva cota moZvelebulad da konservatiulad unda

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(reJisori: m. kasteluCi), rodesac klitemnestra epidavrosis scenaze sigarets abolebs (reJisori: r. sturua), rodesac sofokles eleqtras aseve epidavrosSi fexebSekruli msaxiobi TamaSobs, xolo agamemnonis argosSi dabruneba da misi sazeimo daxvedra popularuli rok-momRerlis koncertad warmogvidgeba (reJisori: m. marmarinosi), bunebrivia, rom dramaturgTa mier gaTvaliswinebuli ferTa niuansobrivi mniSvnelobebi TavianT funqcias kargavs. Tumca es yovelTvis ase ar xdeba.29 amis magaliTad "oresteas" m. reinhardtiseuli sruliad araordinaluri interpretaciac gamodgeba. 1911 wels, saxalxo dResaswaulebisa da sanaxaobebis aRdgenis motiviT, germanelma reJisorma "orestea" dadga cirkis arenaze, romelsac sagangebod gadaakres Savi maudi. speqtaklis scenografs amgvari gadawyvetisken ubiZga antikurma vazurma ferweram, sadac muq fonze Ria feris figurebia gamosaxuli.30 Cemi azriT, speqtaklis fonad Savi maudis gamoyeneba absoluturad Seesabameba "oresteas" qromatizmsac, sadac erT-erTi warmmarTveli feri swored Savia. Zveli berZnuli drama (da saerTod nebismieri Zveli piesa) yovel epoqaSi idgmeba drois moTxovnilebis, teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis, esTetikisa da mxatvruli xedvis, gnebavT, modis Sesabamisad. gavixsenoT Tundac is faqti, rom sanam likurgosi esqiles, sofoklesa da evripides teqstebis oficialur, anu originalTan maqsimalurad miaxloebul variantebs daadgenda da msaxiobebsa da reJisorebs maT gadakeTebas aukrZalavda, dramebs sakmaod Tavisuflad epyrobodnen; ara mxolod damdgmelTa, aramed mayureblis gemovnebisa da sazogadoebriv-politikur

miviCnioT. Cemi azriT, aseve konservatiulia o. taplinis mier p. brukisa da i. grotovskis "seminal" figurebad miCneva (Taplin O., 1977,

op. cit., 24, n. 1). 29 magaliTad, mewamuli xaliCis scenaSi feris funqcia mTeli sisavsiT aisaxa "oresteas" iseT Tamam ferwerul interpretaciaSi, rogoric f. beikonis triptiqia. 30 Эсхил, Трагедии, Перевод с древнегреческого С. Апта, Издательство

"Художественная литература", Москва 1971, 339.


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cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebis gavleniT, piesaTa teqstSi xSirad sxvadasxva cvlilebebi SehqondaT.31 ra Tqma unda, sasurvelia maqsimalurad gaewios angariSi TiToeuli piesis dramaturgiul detalebs, magram Tu reJisori maTi mona gaxdeba, maSin, o. taplins rom davesesxoT, xelovnebis nawarmoebis Teatraluri intepretaciis nacvlad monografias miviRebT.32 Tanamedrove reJisors kategoriulad ver movTxovT, Zvel berZnul dramaSi moZiebuli garkveuli reJisoruli Tu dramatuli miTiTebebis absolutur gaTvaliswinebas. es misi gadasawyvetia.

Irine Darchia

Colour and Greek Tragedy Scenography

A modern reader of an ancient Greek drama sometimes fails to pay due atten-

tion to the playwright’s texts which provide far more information about the

visual aspect of the play than it may seem at first sight. In particular, to my

strong belief, scholars unjustifiably neglect colours used in ancient dramas

while they may help us to restore certain details of the ancient Greek sceno-

graphy. Appropriate information is available in the texts - however, it requires

due attention.

Here we face the following question: how useful is for a modern director the

scenographic information related to colours? In my opinion, scenographic

details incuding colour which the ancient playwrights here and there indicated

in the text were presumably duly considered. And today, when directors

attempt to revive ancient drama on a modern stage the way it was performed

in antiquity, along with other details, the colour of masks, costumes and

decorations should also be taken into account. As concerns modern interpretations of the ancient Greek drama, the director

in this case is freer since he / she is to consider peculiar properties of modern

31 amis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT esqiles tragediis, "Svidni

Tebes winaaRmdeg", finali (Tebes uxucesTa gadawyvetileba, rom polinikesi ar daikrZalos da antigones winaaRmdegoba amasTan dakavSirebiT). igi, mkvlevarTa varaudiT, dramaturgis gardacvalebis Semdeg, am piesis ganmeorebiT dadgmisas Caamates sofokles zegavleniT (Latacz J., Einführung in die Griechische Tragödie,

Göttingen 1993, 133). 32 Taplin O., 1977, op. cit., 145.

irine darCia

157

theater and aesthetic needs of modern audience. Modern directors can not be

asked to precisely observe the stage directions included in ancient Greek

plays. It is up to them to make corresponding decisions.


dulariZe Tea

termin -is semantikis gaazrebisaTvis

homerosis eposSi

antikur samyaroSi, iseve rogorc Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi, sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa sistemaSi mniSvnelovani ad-gili elCobis instituts uWiravs. aRsaniSnavia, rom jer kidev homerosis epoqaSi elCobas sakmaod mravalmxrivi daniSnuleba hqonda, xolo elCebis funqciebi, maTi misia, statusi da adgili sazogadoebaSi sakmaod diferencire-buli iyo. aqedan gamomdinare enaSi Seiqmna specialuri terminologia, romelic elCobis fenomens ukavSirdeba. Zvel berZnulSi gamoiyeneboda specialuri leqsikuri formativebi im pirebis mimarT, romelTa daniSnulebac es misia iyo, agreTve maT mimarT, vinc situaciidan gamomdi-nare asrulebda elCis funqcias. sainteresoa gani-sazRvros, Tu ra terminebi gamoiyeneboda Zvel berZnul enaSi am fenomenis aRsaniSnad da ra niuansuri Tavisebure-bani gaaCnda mas sxvadasxva datvirTvisas. rogorc cnobi-lia, elCis funqcia icvleboda epoqebis mixedviT. sayura-dReboa, ecvleboda Tu ara mis aRmniSvnel terminsac dat-virTva, iZenda Tu ara sxva semantikas, Tu piriqiT, kargav-da raRac Sinaarsobriv niuanss da scildeboda mis Tavda-pirvel mniSvnelobas. Zvel berZnul enaSi elCis aRmniSvnel terminTa mniSvnelobebi erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian. erTi SexedviT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini sinonimuricaa, magram Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod did niuansur gansxvavebas gamoav-lenen. ra Tqma unda, dRes Znelia dabejiTebiT imis mtki-ceba, Tu rogori iyo TiToeuli leqsemis zusti mniSvne-loba an rodis unda warmoSobiliyo esa Tu is termini enaSi. magram erTi ram cxadia, ukve homerosTan aseTi leq-

dulariZe Tea

159

sikuri formativebis gamoyenebis sixSire sakmaod didia. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi maTgani SedarebiT gvian-del avtorebTan dasturdeba, ar SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom isini manamde ar gamoiyeneboda zepir metyvelebaSi. es na-Sromi erTgvari cdaa terminTa im Tavdapirvel mniSvnelo-baTa gaazrebisTvis, romlebic garkveulwilad ukavSirde-ba elCobas da romelsac homerosis eposSi vxvdebiT. Zvel berZnul enaSi elCis funqciis aRmsrulebel pirTa mimaT Semdegi terminebi gamoiyeneba:

maTgan homerosi gamoiyenebs ZiriTadad or termins _ da , xo-lo , romelic gaarsebiTebulia, jer kidev zed-sarTavi saxeliT ixmareba poemebSi. funqciuri Tvalsazri-siT, am terminebis sakmaod saintereso ganawilebas gvTa-vazobs poeti, Tumca maT gamoyofen rogorc sinonimur formebs. Znelia imis gansazRvra, Tu vis uwodebdnen Zveli berZnebi elCebs da ra principiT ganasxvavebdnen maT erT-maneTisagan.

uZvelesi droidan berZnulSi gamoiyeneba termini, rac "macnes", "wargzavnils", "elCs" niSnavs. sam-

wuxarod, dauzustebelia dro, roca aRniSnuli sityva gaCnda enaSi. uZvelesi wyaroebi, sadac igi aqtiurad ga-moiyeneba "iliada" da "odiseaa". homerosisTvis kargad nacnob sityvas ukve gavlili hqonda evoluciis gzis gark-veuli nawili. Cndeba kiTxva: termin -s, poeti misi Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT gamoiyenebs, Tu semantikuri TvalsazrisiT saxeSecvlili gvxvdeba poemebSi. gasul saukuneSi mecnierebi am terminis etimologiis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva azrs gamoTqvamdnen.1

1 v. benfs am terminis warmomavloba sanskritul gri Ziramde ahyavda.

kuni ki fiqrobda, rom es kompoziti gar-rio -dan warmoiSva da laTi-nur martiv sityvas "gallus" ukavSirebda. amave azrs iziarebda l. meieri, romelic amtkicebda, rom Ziri gar JRers rogorc gal. gansxva-vebul mosazrebas gamoTqvamda n. jekeli. igi berZnuli war-momavlobis sityvad miiCnevda da Tvlida, rom es termini ukavSir-deba -s rac "moxmobas" , "daZaxebas", "mowodebas" niSnavs. zo-gierTi mkvlevari ki -sTan aigivebda da aqedan gamomdinare

-mde ahyavda am sityvis etimologia. Lexikon Homericum edidit H. Ebl-

ing, I Aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1885, 9. Tumca Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi ze-

termin a[ggelo" -is semantikis gaazrebisaTvis homerosis eposSi

160

Santreni da friski2 varaudobdnen, rom sityva Se-mosulia aRmosavleTidan da gvTavazobdnen TavianT ver-sias. mis warmomavlobas isini termin -Tan aax-loebdnen, romelsac samefo gzavnilebis tareba evaleboda sparseTSi.3 isini fiqrobdnen, rom nasesxebia erT-erTi aRmosavluri enidan, kerZod, iranulidan, rac dama-jereblad miaCnia dResac mecnierTa umravlesobas. zusti nimuSi ki romeli sityvidanaa warmomdgari jerjerobiT ucnobia. mecnierebaSi dauzustebelia termin -is etimologia. gamoTqmul mosazrebaTagan ufro damajereb-lad migvaCnia versia am Ziris aRmosavluridan nasesxobis Taobaze, sadac igi ukavSirdeba termin -s. unda aRiniSnos, rom termini da misgan nawarmoebi kom-pozitebi da derivatebi homerosTan dadasturebuli ar aris, mxolod Zv. w. V saukunidan gvxvdeba berZnul lite-raturaSi.4 herodotosis cnobiT, sparseli malemsrbolni yvelaze swrafi macneebi iyvnen mokvdavTa Soris (

"istoria" 8, 98).

moxsenebul mkvlevarTa mosazrebebi gaziarebuli ar aris. aseve sayovelTaod uaryofilia am terminis daaxloeba sanskritul Angi-

ras -Tan. Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue Grecque par Pierr Chantraine, Paris,

1970, 8. miTiuri arsebis, angirasis saxeli amyarebda am Tvalsazriss. vedur da indusur miTologiaSi angirasi iyo Suamavali RmerTebsa da adamianebs Soris. Tumca es versiac arazustadaa miCneuli.

2 Griechisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch von Hjalmar Frisk, Heidelberg, 1960, 8. 3 friski gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom upirveles yovlisa,

momdinareobs sparsuli wyarodan, an ukidures SemTxvevaSi igi babilonuri warmomavlobisaa. mas es termini ahyavda agru -mde, rac "Suamavals" niSnavs, Tumca zusti nimuSi romeli sityvidanaa warmomdgari jerjerobiT dauzustebelia. Dictionnaire Etymologique de la

Langue Grecque par Pierr Chantraine, Paris, 1970, 8. 4 am sityvis ioniuri formaa . misgan nawarmoebi substantivis

_ -is ganmartebasac herodotosi gvawvdis: ... - am cxenosan

malemsrbolTa Setyobinebas sparselebi uwodeben "angareions" ("istoria" 8,98). mniSvnelovania is, rom am periodisTvis gamokveTilia maTi funqcia, Tumca mogvianebiT am sityvam sxva datvirTva SeiZina da "safosto saqmis" mniSvnelobiT damkvidrda berZnul enaSi.

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161

termini homerosTan gamoyenebulia 34-jer. aqedan macne realurad Tavis movaleobas asrulebs 28-jer. danarCen SemTxvevebSi macnis wargzavnis an mis mier informaciis Setyobinebis SesaZlebloba igulisxmeba. ho-merosi uSvebs, rom ambis momtani iqneba . saintere-soa, vis moiazrebda poeti am terminSi _ mokvdavs Tu ukv-davs. konteqstebidan aSkaraa, rom misia mokvdavTa doneze unda aRsrulebuliyo. eqvsi SemTxvevidan, samjer zevsis macne saxeldeba, rac TavisTavad wargzavnilis RvTaebri-obaze miuiTiTebs.

(sTxove [zevss] Citi, swrafi macne, romelic misTvis yvelaze sayvarelia frTosanTa Soris,)

Il., 24,292

(Tu ki ar mogvivlens elvismtyorcneli zevsi Tavis macnes,..) Il., 24, 296.

(gamogzavne Citi, swrafi macne, romelic SenTvisac da misTvisac [aqilevsisTvis] yvelaze sayvarelia frTosanTa Soris, )

Il., 24,310 aqedan gamomdinare, dabejiTebiT SegviZlia

aRvniSnoT, rom am striqonebSi ukvdavi macne moiazreba, vinaidan uzenaesi RmerTis macneebi mxolod RvTaebrivi warmomavlobisani arian da am misiis Sesruleba mxolod maT ZaluZT. Tumca SegviZlia davadasturoT sami SemTxveva, roca termin -iT aRiniSneba zogadad ambis Semtyobinebeli, romelsac realurad es misia ar Seusrulebia, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleboda etvirTa uwyebis misia. is faqti, rom macnis vinaoba araa dasaxelebuli, erTgvar gaurkvevlobas qmnis imis


162

dasadgenad _ macne RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa Tu adamianuri.

... (xom ar gavgzavnoT macne [penelopesTan]).

O

d., 24, 405

(ukve aRar mgonia, rom macne dabrundeba [aqavelTagan].)

Il. 12, 73

(magram ar misula erTguli macne masTan [andromaqesTan]).

Il., 22, 438. warmodgenili konteqstebidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, rom poeti termin iT mokvdav macnesac moixseniebs. SesaZlebelia, aq is mokvdavi macne igulisxmebodes, romelic garkveul situaciaSi RmerTis nebis gaTvaliswinebiT avrcelebs informacias. vinaidan yovelive, rac xdeba poemaSi Tavidanve "zevsis nebis aRsrulebasTan" aris dakavSirebuli.5 rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, macne _ -i realu-rad Tavis misias 28-jer aRasrulebs. aqedan mxolod Svidjer aRiniSneba es termini mokvdavi macnis mimarT, xolo orjer homerosi mefis rCeul Sikrikebs _ talTibioss, evribatessa da idaioss "RmerTTa da kacTa macneebs"6 uwodebs. am monace-mebis mixedviT, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom termin iT, umeteswilad, ukvdavi macneebi moixseniebian. xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia, is mokvdavi "elCebi" aRiniSne-bodes, romlebic mefis an Tavad uzenaesi RmerTis nebiT moqmedeben. am terminiT maTi saxeldeba ki ori samyaros _ mokvdavTa da ukvdavTa Soris Suamavlis funqciaze unda mianiSnebdes. aRsaniSnavia, rom elCoba, rogorc erTgvari misia, jer kidev homerosis poemebSi dasturdeba da gamoixateba

5 gordeziani r., berZnuli literatura , elinuri epoqis eposi,

lirika, drama, logosi, Tbilisi 2002, 61. 6 (Il. 1, 334; 7, 274).

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163

termin sa da moZraobis Sinaarsis Semcveli zmnis erTobliobiT, rac elCis rangSi wasvlas aRniS-navs.7 "iliadaSi" xuTjer8 (3. 206, 4. 384, 11. 140, 13. 252, 15. 640) gvxvdeba aRniSnuli termini am mniSvnelobiT.

(roca aq RvTaebrivi odisevsi movida

Sen gamo elCad menelaosTan erTad).

Il. 3, 206.

(iq kidev elCad gagzavnes9 aqavelebma tidevsi).

Il. 4, 384.

(elCad movida RvTissadar odisevsTan erTad,)

Il. 11, 140.

; (Tu elCad mewvie?[ekiTxeba merioness idomenevsi])

Il. 13, 252.

elCad wavida [perifetesi] gmir heraklesTan).

Il. 15, 640.sainteresoa, rom homerosTan elCoba, rogorc movaleoba ukve gamokveTilia. aq Sinaarsobrivad moiazrebian ara

7 Liddell H.G., Scott R., Jones H. St., McKenzie R., A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford,

19409, Supplement by E. A. Barber, Oxford, 1968; Revised Supplement by P.G.W. Glare,

A.A. Thompson, 1996, 7. aseve, Passow F., Handwörterbuch der Griechischen

Sprache, Leipzig, 1841, 11. 8 Gehring A., Index Homericus, Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim, New York, 1970, 4. 9 v. krauzes "homerosis leqsikonSi" , Targmnilia

"elCad SearCies". Краузе Вл., Гомеровский словарь, С.-Петербург, 1896, 408.


164

rogorc ambis Semtyobinebeli macneebi, aramed elCis rangSi myofi warCinebuli pirebi, romlebic specialuri davalebiT arian wargzavnilni garkveuli misiis Sesasruleblad. isini yovelTvis mokvdavni arian da Sesabamisad, elCoba mokvdavTa doneze aResruleba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, termin –iT, umeteswilad, RmerTis ukvdavi macneebi moixseniebian, xolo moZraobis aRmniSvnel zmnebTan, yovelTvis mokvdavis elCobas gulisxmobs. ase, rom es ori termini _ da _ semantikuri TvalsazrisiT garkveul niuansur sxvaobebs warmoaCenen. sityva elCoba, romlis Sinaarss (elCad wasvla anu elCoba) gamoxatavs, migvaniSnebs imaze, rom es instituti im periodisTvis ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo.

homerosi Tu iriss -s (mamr. sqesi) uwodebs, hesiode ("Teogonia", 781) ukve mis aRsaniSnavad termin

gamoiyenebs.10 Santreni varaudobda, rom SesaZloa aqedan iyos warmomdgari – is mdedrobiTi sqesis forma , rac niSnavs "angeloz qals".11

termini -idan bevri leqsikuri formativi warmoiSva, romelic zogadad elCobis fenomenTanaa dakavSirebuli. am sityvis fuZe awarmoebs rogorc saxelur, ise zmnur formativsac. Zvel berZnul enaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba am terminis fuZisgan miRebuli kompozitebi da derivatebi. zogierTi maTgani dasturdeba mxolod Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi, zogi _ bizantiur epoqaSic gvxvdeba, bevri maTgani ki Tanamedrove berZnulmac SeiTvisa.

termin – idan Semdegi kompozitebia nawarmoebi:

maTgan mxolod sami kompoziti

10

zogjer Tevmasis asuli, fexmardi macne irisi Cndeboda zRvis farTo zedapirisken. 11 Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue Grecque par Pierr Chantraine, Paris, 1970, 8.

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gvxvdeba homerosis poemebSi: .12 rac Seexeba termin – is derivats ep.- ion. niSnavs "cnobas", "ambavs",

"Setyobinebas". poeti 32 –jer gamoiyenebs mas.

(macne movida samwuxaro cnobiT).

Il. 2, 787.

homerosTan aqvs aseve iseTi ambis mniSvnelobac, romelsac ara marto gadascem, aramed andob kidec. es ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom am cnobas danabarebis datvirTva da gansakuTrebuli informaciis mniSvneloba eniWeba.

(wadiT da gadaeciT danabarebi...).

Il., 9, 649. "odiseaSi" -s "miniSnebis", "davalebis" mniSvnelobiTac vxvdebiT.

(maSin roca moismina zevsis

davalebani). Od.,5. 150.

homerosis himnebSi _ RmerTis miniSnebas aRniSnavs, rasac Semdgom pindarosi imeorebs. Zvel berZnul enaSi "Setyobinebis", "axali ambis" SinaarsiT kidev erTi termini _ _ gamoiyeneba, Tumca homerosis eposSi igi ar dasturdeba. sityva

Tavdapirvelad evripidesTan gvxvdeba. igi axal berZnul enaSic gadavida da Tavisi ZiriTadi mniSvneloba SeinarCuna.

- dan warmoiSva kompoziti da derivati

ion. niSnavs "macnes", "informaciis mimwodebels". igi iyo agreTve momxsenebeli da mdivani sparseTis mefis karze.13 es kompoziti homerosis

12 dawvrilebiT ix., Tea dulariZe, termin -is gagebisaTvis

homerosis eposSi, logosi, weliwdeuli elinologiasa da laTinistikaSi, 1, logosi, Tbilisi 2003, 170-182.

13 , 20.


166

poemebSi fiqsirebuli ar aris. pirvelad gvxvdeba herodotosTan (I, 120; IV, 71). zmnuri forma SedarebiT gviandelia, romelsac "cnobis an ambis gadatanis" mniSvneloba aqvs. aRniSnuli kompoziti Tanamedrove berZnulSic igive Sinaarss gamoxatavs. derivati poeturi formaa da iSviaTad ixmareba berZnulenovan literaturaSi. mas homerosis himnebSi (296) vxvdebiT erTxel da isic gamoiyeneba hermesis mimarT, metaforulad iTqmis muclis xmauris Sesaxeb.14

termin -dan iwarmoeba zedsarTavi saxeli , rac qristianul mwerlobaSi "angelozurs"

aRniSnavs, magram homerosTan ar fiqsirdeba. termin -is fuZe awarmoebs rogorc saxelur,

ise zmnur formativsac. nasaxelari zmna romelic 27-jer gvxvdeba homerosTan, niSnavs "vamcnob", "vacxadeb", "vatyobineb". pasiuri forma Tavdapirvelad berZnul warwerebSi15 dasturdeba, magram normad ukve elinistur berZnulSi damkvidrda.16 axal berZnul enaSi aRniSnuli zmna igive mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, Tumca ufro xSirad am Sinaarsis datvirTviT vxvdebiT -s, rac oficialuri informaciis Setyobinebas, ambis uwyebas aRniSnavs. moqmedebiTi gvaris aoristi mogvianebiT iSviaTad gamoiyeneba berZnulenovan literaturaSi. mis nacvlad

-s aoristis forma ixmareba. zogjer gvxvdeba forma sazomis gamo.17 xSirad

dairTavs windebulebs: ormagi windebulebis (

darTva

14 Lexikon Homericum edidit H. Ebling, I Aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1885, 8. 15 Inscriptiones Atticae aetatis quae est inter Euclidis annum et Augusti tempora, ed. U.

Koehler [5 parts, 1877, 1883, 1888, 1893 (indices by J. Kirchner), 1895 (supplementa) =

Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum. 16 Liddell H.G.,Scott R., Jones H. St., McKenzie R., A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford,

19409, Supplement by E. A. Barber, Oxford, 1968; Revised Supplement by P.G.W. Glare,

A.A. Thompson, 1996, 7. 17 Liddell H. G., Scott R., Jones H. St., McKenzie R., A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford,

19409, Supplement by E. A. Barber, Oxford, 1968; Revised Supplement by P. G. W.

Glare, A. A. Thompson, 1996, 7.

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gansakuTrebuT gviani berZnulisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.18 maTgan homerosTan dasturdeba dawindebuliani zmnebi. -s gamoyeneba atikurSi ufro xSiria. igi upiratesad oratotebTan gavrcelebuli formaa.19 homerosTan aRniSnuli windebuliani zmna Svidjer (il., 9. 626; 17. 640; od., 9. 95; 15. 210; 16. 133,153, 459) aris gamoyenebuli.

( ... saswrafod unda gadavceT

es ambavi danaelebs, magram ara sasikeTo).

Il., 9. 626-27.

windebulis darTviT Sinaarsobrivad xdeba niuansuri cvlileba da zmna -s erTi adgilidan meoreze informaciis gadatanis, vinmesTvis ambis gadacemis mniSvneloba eniWeba. Tanamedrove berZnulSi es zmna"literaturuli teqstis gamoTqmiT wakiTxvas", "deklamirebas" aRniSnavs.

niSnavs "saidumlos gacemas", "informaciis gaTqmas", "ambis gamotanas". igi mxolod erTxel gvxvdeba "iliadaSi".

(dedinacvals, mSvenier eriboias,

rom ar gaendo saidumlo hermesisaTvis).

Il., 5. 389-90.

am zmnam TandaTanobiT icvala semantika da axal berZnulSi "raimes oficialurad gamocxadebis" mniSvnelobiT damkvidrda.

18 Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue Grecque par Pierr Chantraine, Paris, 1970, 8. 19 Liddell H. G., Scott R., Jones H. St., McKenzie R., A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford,

19409, Supplement by E. A. Barber, Oxford, 1968; Revised Supplement by P. G. W.

Glare, A. A. Thompson, 1996, 7.


168

mesame windebuliani zmna, romelic homerosis eposSia gamoyenebuli zmna -a da "ambis gaxmaurebas", "xmis gavrcelebas" aRniSnavs. igi -s msgavsad mxolod erTxel dasturdeba "odiseaSi":

...

(...rom ar gaxmaurdes [es ambebi] SigniT).

Od., 4. 775.

amrigad, Znelia imis dadgena, Tu rodis gaCnda termini berZnul enaSi da evoluciis rogori gza gaiara.

mxolod imis Tqma SegviZlia, rom ukve homerosis epoqi-saTvis aRniSnul sityvas garkveuli hqonda mniSvneloba da Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva, romelic uSualod elCobis, kerZod ki macnis instituts ukavSirdeboda. droTa gan-mavlobaSi es termini da misgan nawarmoebi kompozitebi da derivatebi icvlidnen semantikas. jer kidev antikur xanaSi iZendnen Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT konkretul niu-ansebs. mogvianebiT es terminebi jer bizantiuri epoqis enam, xolo Semdgom ki Tanamedrove berZnulma SeiTvisa da ganaviTara.

Tea Dularidze

Regarding the Semantic of the Term in Homeric Epics

The Embassy had an important place in ancient world. The functions, mis-

sions and status of the messengers were quite differentiated in Homeric

epoch, that resulted creation of diversified special terminology dealing with

the embassy phenomenon.

The terms denoting an ambassador are similar to each other, they

can even be considered as synonyms, although the function of each term re-

veals certain differences. In the course of time the term as well as its

derivatives and composites suffered changes. The semantic field of these

terms was extended already in ancient epoch. Later on these terms were

adopted by Byzantine and Modern Greek languages, though in these languag-

es their meaning was altered.


nestan egetaSvili

nonosis poetikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

principisaTvis

B berZnuli sagmiro eposis tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, poeti Tavisi nawarmoebis stilis Taviseburebebze pirdapir arasodes aRniSnavs poemaSi, Tumca nonosi arRvevs am tradicias da "dionisiakas" pirvelive striqonebidan muzas daxmarebas sTxovs, imisaTvis rom Seqmnas " ", anu mravalsaxovani, mravalferi simRera.1 swored es poikilia, anu mravalsaxovneba "dionisiakas" stilis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli Taviseburebaa, Tumca ara erTaderTi. Nnonosis stilis meore ZiriTadi principia antitipia da igi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: erTi sagani, movlena aisaxeba meoreSi, romelic Tavis mxriv exmianeba pirvels. Aam formulas Tavad nonosi poemaSi " "-s (ortaepovan harmonias) uwodebs, xolo misi mkvlevarni zaxarova da torSilovi "nonosis poetikis dogmatad" miiCneven.2 Nnonosi poemis dasawyisSi, roca xazgasmiT uwodebs mas mravalfers, mravalsaxovans, pirdapir arafers ambobs antitipiis Sesaxeb, Tumca TvalnaTliv axdens mis demonstrirebas sxvadasxva striqonebSi.

1 А. Захарова. Д. Торшилов. Глобус Звездного Неба. Санкт-Петербург 2003, 9. 2 А. Захарова. Д. Торшилов. dasax. naSr., 39.

nonosis poetikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principisaTvis

170

Ggarda amisa, "dionisiakas" meore nawilis dasawyisSi poeti Tavis poemas homerosis mibaZviT

Seqmnils, anu " "s uwodebs.3 zaxarovisa da torSilovis mosazrebiT, nonosTan antitipiis gamovlinebis oTxi forma arsebobs. Eesenia: antitipiuri saxeebi, antitipiuri tropebi, antitipia poemis kompoziciaSi da antitipia sxva teqstTan mimarTebaSi. Ppirvel SemTxvevaSi antitipia sxvadasxva sagnisa da mdgomareobis iseTi saerTo Tvisebaa, romelsac nonosi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs da Tvlis, rom igi mravaljer aRweris Rirsia. AaseTi saxeebis nawils nonosi Tavad uwodebs antitipiurs Semdegi terminebis

gamoyenebiT: 4

Ppoemidan movitanT nawyvets imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor aRwevs nonosi antitipias paralelizmis, antiTezisisa da Sedarebis gamoyenebiT. I simReraSi vkiTxulobT:

"mimRere, qalRmerTo, kronidis aalebuli sareclis mociqulze, perunis sunTqvaze, bebiaqalze, saqorwino lamparze, semeles saqorwino elvaze; mimRere orgzis Sobili bakqosis dabadebaze"(I. 1-4) am nawyvetSi pirveli sami striqoni paralelizmis

magaliTia. Eelva saqorwino lampris antitipia, xolo radganac selenes qorwili misi sikvdilicaa, (misi sikvdili ki dionises dabadebas gulisxmobs), elva erTdroulad sikvdilisa da axali sicocxlis dasawyisis gamomwvevia. igi mkvlelic aris da sicocxlis momniWebelic.5

Aantitipias nonosi ara marto calkeuli striqonebis SemTxvevaSi mimarTavs. PpoetTan igi gvevlineba, aseve rogorc mTliani poemis kompoziciis agebis principi da saSualeba. "dionisiakaSi" TiTqmis yvela saxe da epizodi gaormagebulia. magaliTad, poemis

3 Nonni panopolitani, Dionysiaca, recensuit A. Koechly, L. 1857. aseve, viTvaliswi-

nebT rusul Targmans: Нонн Панополитанский. Деянья Диониса. перевод Ю.

А. Голубца. Санкт-Петербург 1997. 4 А. Захарова. Д. Торшилов. dasax. naSr., 39-40. 5 А. Захарова. Д. Торшилов. dasax. naSr., 42-49.

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simRerebis raodenoba homerosis "iliadasa" da "odiseasTan" mimarTebaSi.

Dda sabolood, antitipiis saSualebiT nonosi ramdenjerme aRwers erTsa da imave epizods, erTsa da imave saxes da imavdroulad asaxavs sxva wignis epizodebsa da saxeebsac. magaliTad, poemaSi mravalgzis mocemuli protevsis eqvsi gardasaxva "dionisiakas" sxvadasxva nawilis ganmeorebiT aRweras warmoadgens da imavdroulad homerosis striqonebsac imeorebs.

Aaqedan gamomdinare, Tu nonosiseuli ioanes saxareba evangeliis antitips warmoadgens, maSin "dionisiaka" homerosis eposis antitipad SegviZlia miviCnioT.

Nnonosi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, antitipiuri sagnebisa, Tu movlenebis erTmaneTTan dapirispirebisas

mimarTavs terminebs Tumca

yvelaze xSirad iyenebs sityva romlis winsarTi

nonosisaTvis, misi Tanamedroveebisagan gansxvavebiT, "sawinaaRmdegos" niSnavs.

swored termin is gamoyenebiT nonosi cdilobs aRweros yvela is dapirispireba, romelsac misTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. poeti erTmaneTs upirispirebs xeliTqmnilsa da xelTuqmnels, miwasa da zecas, metyvelebasa da dumils, omsa da mSvidobas (amas emateba xorcieli da sulieri mis mier galeqsil ioanes saxarebaSi).

SevecdebiT yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis naTelsayofad naSromSi antitipiuri saxeebis erTmaneTTan dapirispirebis magaliTebi warmovadginoT. Aaseve, yuradReba SevaCeroT nonosiseuli sagnebisa da movlenebis oreulebze, romelTac avtori erTdroulad amsgavsebs da ganamsgavsebs erTmaneTisagan. A

L laqebiani tyavi da venaxi

1. nebrisi

M mas Semdeg, rac nonosi "dionisiakas" I simReraSi SesTxovs muzebs mouTxron protevsis gardasaxvebze,


172

romlis antitipad iqceva Semdgom misi poema, evedreba muzebs Semoson misi sxeuli irmis tyavisgan damzadebuli ritualuri mosasxamiT – nebrisiT. teqstSi vkiTxulobT: "momeciT me narTeki, mimalonebo, da

Cveulebrivi qitonis nacvlad, samxre Wrelzurgovani nebrisiT SemoseT Cemi mkerdi" (I. 34-36). Tuki "dionisiakaSi" aRwerili protevsis

gardasaxvani uneburad mogvagoneben homerosis eposs, maSin nebrisi arc homeross da arc mis Semdegdroindel epikosebs ar ukavSirdeba. safiqrebelia, rom berZnul poeziaSi es sityva tragikosebma daamkvidres. Eevripide, iseve rogorc nonosi, nebriss "Wrels" uwodebs. "bakq

qalebSi" naxsenebia "Wreli nebrisebi" (

Aaqedan gamomdinare, TviTon is faqti, rom nonosi nebriss axsenebs, ukve iwvevs "dionisiakasa" da homerosis poemebis erTmaneTTan dapirispirebas. Tumca, rogorc viciT poemaSi nonoss uamravi epizodi aqvs "iliadasa" da "odiseasgan" nasesxebi. swored amaSi gamoixateba is, rom "dionisiaka" homerosis poemebis antitipia.

2. jiqi da sxva laqebiani cxovelebi irmis muq winwklebian tyavs, iseve rogorc yovelives

nonosis poeziaSi, gaaCnia Tavisi mewyvile da antitipi: es aris jiqis Ria muqwinwklebiani tyavi.

Ees cxoveli mWidro kavSirSia dionises kultTan. va-zebis mxatvrobaSi xSiria dionises gamosaxuleba, romel-sac etlSi jiqebi hyavs Sebmuli.7

jiqi da misi tyavi ufro metad mogvagonebs homerosis realiebs, vidre iremi: jer erTi jiqi protevsis erT-erTi gardasaxvaa "odiseaSi", garda amisa menelaosi swored ji-qis tyaviTaa Semosili poemaSi.8

P"dionisiakaSi" vxvdebiT mraval epizods, rodesac ji-qis tyavi da nebrisi dawyvilebulni arian. MmaT, aseve gaaC-niaT saerTo epiTetebi. MmagaliTad, dionise pirobas sdebs,

6 Evripides, Bacchae, edidit E. Ghr. Kopff, Leipzig, 1982, 249. 7 А. Захарова. Д. Торшилов. dasax. naSr., 109-110. 8 Homeri, Ilias, edidit G. Baeumlein, Lip. 1854, K.29.

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rom ganwilavs Tavisi mijnuris nikaiasaTvis jiqTa "mra-valdaxelovnebul tyavebs" (devrmata pordalivwn polu-daivdala"daxelovnebul nebrisebTan erTad" (nebrivsi daidalevh/si, Tuki qalwuli siyvaruliTve upasuxebs mas (XVI. 96).

Bbakqi qalebis aRwerisas erTs jiqis Wrelzurgovani mosasxami acvia, meore ki irmis mosasxamSia gaxveuli (XIV.357-360).

Tumca, nonosisaTvis iremi da jiqi ar aris sakmari-si. poemaSi mas Semohyavs sxva laqebiani (xalebiani)

cxovelebi. magaliTad focxveri ( , rogorc jiq-Ta mewyvile da antitipi (IX 188). Aaseve, vefxvi, romel-sac nonosi igive epiTetebiT ixsenebs, rogorc iremsa

da jiqs: VI. 197; IX. 174), (XI.

68) da (XL. 265). sainteresoa, rom nonosi axsenebs gvelsac, rogorc erT-erT laqebian cxovels.9 3. venaxi da goleuli

panopoliseli poeti nebriss ukavSirebs dionises kultis kidev erT simbolos _ venaxs. Tumca, maTi dakav-Sireba nawarmoebSi ufro sustadaa gamoxatuli, vidre es nebrissa da jiqis tyavis SemTxvevaSi gvqonda.

rodesac ampelosi, dionises oreuli da satrfo, venaxad gadaiqca, bakqosi ase aRwers misi irmis tyavis mo-sasxamis yurZnis marcvlebad gardasaxvas:

" . . . da TviT nebrisi gardaiqmna mwife nayofis Wrel (

ferebad" (XII. 179). Aaq SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom nonosi zustad imave

epiTetiT moixseniebs yurZnis marcvlebis ferebs, rogori-Tac nebriss, jiqsa da sxva laqebian cxovelebs. Tumca, am

SemTxvevaSi iTargmneba, rogorc "Wreli" an "gadaWrelebuli". MmarTlac venaxi, Semkuli Tavisi moCu-qurTmebuli foTlebiTa da yurZnis mtevnebiT, romelnic

9 А. Захарова. Д. Торшилов. dasax. naSr., 111-112.


174

TavisTavad sxvadasaxva feris marcvlebiTaa gadaWedili, Seesatyviseba poikiliis ideas.

Aaxla sainteresoa, Tu ra aris Rvinis oreuli da antitipi nonosis poeziaSi? ra SeiZleba exmianebodes mas ise, rogorc nebriss jiqis laqebiani tyavi? Tu venaxi nonoss goleuls moagonebs, MmaSin YYRvino misTvis Tafls exmianeba, romelsac nonosi Semdegi epiTetebiT am-

kobs:PpoemaSi moTxrobili miTis mixedviT erTmaneTs

epaeqrebian dionise da aristeosi _ Taflis aRmomCeni. isi-ni TavianTi sasmelebiT gaumaspinZldebian olimposis RmerTebs, romelTac upiratesoba ara Tafls, aramed Rvi-nos mianiWes. ra sakvirvelia, miTi orjer aris warmodgenili poemaSi (XIII 255; XIX 227).10 nonosi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs Tavad goleulis siWrelesa da mravalferovnebas. cisa da miwisa

sainteresoa, Tu ratom aniWebs nonosi upiratesobas laqebiani cxovelis tyavs dionises kultis sxva atributebTan SedarebiT. Aam kiTxvaze pasuxs Tavad avtori gagvcems: poemaSi igi ramdenjerme aRniSnavs, rom TeTri laqebiT dawinwkluli nebrisi varskvlaviani zecis gamosaxulebaa, anu misi antitipia. nonosi ase agviwers Tu rogor gaexveva ymawvili dionise irmis tyavSi:

"da Seimosa sxeuli xSirbewviani samosiT ymawviluri xibliT sul axlaxans davaJkacebulma

evoem. igi zurgiT atarebda irmis xelovnurad Seqmnil

samoss, romelic iyo eTeris varskvlavTa mravalferi

asaxva"(IX. 184-187). is, rom nebrisi nonosTan varskvlaviani zecis

gamoxatulebaa, poemaSi kidev orjeraa aRniSnuli: dionise miemarTeba omSi da "mkerds rbilbewviani nebrisiT imosavs, laqebiani javSniT, romelic zecis darad aris


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moxatuli"(XIV 238). sxvagan satirebi imosebian "varskvlaviani cis darad moxatuli irmis tyaviT (XIV 133).

r. eisleris mosazrebiT, laqiani cxovelis tyavis varskvlavian casTan gaTanabrebis idea safuZvels iRebs orfikul tradiciaSi. eisleri ixsenebs, aseve egvipteli qurumis qandakebas (inaxeba q. turinSi), romelic varskvlavebiT Semkul jiqis tyavSia gaxveuli.11

eTeris saxes) uwodebs nonosi "varskvlavian globuss" (VI. 65) da tirseli RmerTis astroqitonis samoss (XL 416). Tavad astroqitoni poemaSi varskvlaviani zecis personifikaciaa.

zecis simbolod moiazreba, aseve, SvidkaribWiani qalaqi Tebe.12

Rvino da neqtari

Aampelosis mravalferi nebrisi, zecis xateba gadaiqca mravalfer venaxad. Aamis Semdeg nebrisSi gaxveulma dionisem aCuqa dedamiwas Rvino, romelic zeciuri neqtaris miwieri saxea, xatebaa. "

" ase uwodebs dionise poemaSi Rvinos, rodesac saubrobs gardacvlil ampelosze (XII 159) da RviniT umaspinZldeba brongoss (XVII 76).13 xeliTqmnili da xelTuqmneli

Cveulebrivi berZnuli sityvaa da iTargmneba, rogorc xeliT Seqmnili, xelovnuri. igi gvxvdeba TiTqmis yvela berZen avtorTan, dawyebuli herodotesa da platonisagan.

Nnonosi mas ZiriTadad xelovnebis nimuSebze an TvalTmaqcobaze saubrisas iyenebs.

xelTuqmneli _ qristianuli epoqis berZnuli sityvaa. igi pirvelad markozis saxarebaSi gvxvdeba.

11 dasax. naSr., 118. 12 Захарова. Д. Торшилов. dasax. naSr., 126. 13 dasax. naSr., 118-119.


176

Aam sityvasTan dakavSirebiT marTebulad migvaCnia gavixsenoT gadmocema "xelTuqmnel xatze", romelzec macxovris saxea gamosaxuli da romelic TavisTavad gaCnda tiloze, rodesac ieso saxes iwmendda. zaxarovasa da torSilovis mosazrebiT, es gadmocema simbolurad asaxavs WeSmariti xelovnebis siwmindes. misi simbolika _ xelovneba, gasaocrad axlos dgas nonosTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nonosi "dionisiakaSi" ar akeTebs aqcents xeliTqmnilsa da xelTuqmnelis msgavsebaze, radganac mas uWirs maTi erTmaneTisagan gansxvaveba: maSin rodesac

homerosis enaSi racaRniSnavs "gamosaxulebebiT xelovnurad Semkobas", SeiZleba iTqvas mxolod xeliTqmnili xelobis Sesaxeb, nonosi erTmaneTSi urevs xeliTqmnilsa da xelTuqmnels, da sityva - -s iyenebs, saubrobs ra Rameze, romelic varskvlavebiT amkobs cas (II 167). safiqrebelia, nonosi terminebs arc urevdes, radgan varskvlavebic RmerTis Seqmnilia. aq SeiZleba qristianobis zegavlena vivaraudoT.

1. sumbulebi da miwisganSobilni nonosTan xandaxan buneba TviTneburad baZavs xe-

lovnebas. Aasea, magaliTad, sumbulis furclebTan dakav-SirebiT, romlebzec, berZenTa warmodgeniT, dawerilia

vai! Aapoloni dastiroda Tavis mijnurs, da "febusis cremlebs asaxavda yvavilovani msgavseba, romelic sumbulze TviTneburad aRmocenebul sam-gloviaro simReras werda". (III 162).

xelTqmnilisa da xelTuqmnelis sxva saocari msgavseba dakavSirebulia "miwisganSobilTa" saidumloebiT mocul tomTan,MmaT mier danatovar SenobebTan, romlebic kldeebs hgvanan da romlebic brongosis, dionises maspin-Zlis sacxovrebelia. Nnonosi mas " " da

" "s uwodebs. xelovneba, berZnuli esTetikis "mimesisis" mixedviT, baZavs bunebas, xolo rodesac piriqiT buneba xdeba xe-lovnebis asaxva, nawarmoebis avtorica da gmiric iseve gaognebulni rCebian, rogorc dionise brongosis sasax-lesTan:

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"da (dionise) gancvifrebaSi mohyavdaT mrgvali sa-saxlis kldovan karibWeebs,

rogor gamoeTala moxelsaqme bunebas sasaxle? xelovnebis (daxmarebis) gareSe rogor gamoexaratebina frialo (kldeebi) gamosaxuli proporciebiT? " (XVII 63-66).14 brongosis sacxovrebeli dionisem naxa

indoeTisaken mimaval gzaze, rodesac ukan brundeboda igi kvlav gadaeyara "miwisganSobilTa" memkvidreobas da astroqitonisagan Seityobs, rom isini samyaros xnisani arian, yoveliveze xnierni mouxvnelma da dauTeselma

miwam Sva TavisTavad (

Senobebi agebulia imave kldisgan, romelzec dganan. xeliTqmnili aRmocenebulia xelTuqmnelisagan. kldeebi Senobebis saZirkvelia, xolo Senobebi kldeTa mwvervalebs warmoadgenen. aqedan gamomdinare, nonosisaTvis Tuki bunebrivi uecrad asaxavs xelovnurs, es iSviaTobaa da saswauli, xolo Tuki piriqiT _ es ubralod xelovnebaa.15

2. eleqtras ZaRlebi hefestos mier gamoWedili ZaRlebi yarauloben

eleqtras sasaxles samoTrakiaSi. isini cocxlebs hgvanan, magram xeliTqmnilni arian da yoveli detaliT baZaven xelTuqmnel ZaRlebs, vkiTxulobT "dionisiakas" me-3 simReraSi.

Ees ZaRlebi, ra Tqma unda, homerosis ZaRlebis antitipebi arian, romlebic sdarajoben alkinoes sasaxles.16 Hhomerosis ZaRlebi mdumareni arian, nonosis mier aRwerilni ki gauCereblad hyefen kudis qiciniT.

Hhomerosi arafers ambobs imis Sesaxeb, rom alki-noes sasaxles cocxali ZaRlebi sdarajoben. AaRniSnavs, rom isini xeliTqmnilni arian, Tumca ukvdavebas ziare-

14 moxelsaqmes nonosi mxolod RmerTebsa da adamianebs uwodebs. Aam SemTxvevaSi ki bunebasTanac xmarobs. 15 dasax. naSr., 131-133. 16 Homeri, Odyssea. Edidit G. Baeumlein, Lip. 1854, H 91-92.


178

bulni. ra Tqma unda, nonosic arafers ambobs cocxal ZaRlebze, Tumca Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenjer aRniSnavs teqstSi, rom isini zustad iseTebi arian, rogorc coc-xlebi.

"dionisiakas" am nawyvetSi erTmaneTis antitipebs warmoadgenen nonosiseuli da homerosiseuli, xeliTqmnil-ni da xelTuqmnelni.

rogorc arsebiTi saxeli, antitipi, ga-mosaxuleba, SeiZleba nonosis TanamedroveTa enaSi ga-moeyenebinaT qandakebis an aslis mniSvnelobiT.

nonosi xSirad qandakebaTa simravles gamoxatavs terminiT rac SeiZleba vTargmnoT, ro-gorc gamoxatuli silamaze. swored amgvari mSvenierebiT moirTveba argosis quCebi, Tuki persevsi dionises jars gorgona meduzas daxmarebiT gadaaqcevs msgavs qandakebe-bad, romlebic aRimarTebian TavisTavad,

XLVII 561). xelovnebis nimuSebi nonosTan am da sumbulis ma-

galiTis gaTvaliswinebiT, iqmnebian TavisTavad (iseve rogorc qristianuli xelTuqmneli xati.17

mravalambiani mdumareba pantomima antitipiis kidev erT saxes gviCvenebs: du-

milsa da metyvelebas. xolo Tavad nonosis eposi "metyve-li mdumarebaa", aRniSnaven nonosis mkvlevarni zaxarova da torSilovi.18

"dionisiakaSi" aRwerili yvela sagani, iqneba es ne-brisi, venaxi Tu varskvlavebiT moWedili zeca, sdums. mxolod protevsi Rrialebs lomad gardasaxuli an sisi-nebs, rogorc gveli. iRebs uamrav saxes da mxolod imitom, rom pasuxi ar gasces menelaosis kiTxvebs da SeinarCunos dumili.

swored am dumils baZavs nonosi. Tavad " "-i, rogorc zedsarTavi saxeli ar aris xmis, bgeris an sity-vis aRmniSvneli da Tu "dionisiaka" mxolod " "-i,

17 А. Захарова. Д. Торшилов. dasax. naSr., 136-137. 18 А. Захарова. Д. Торшилов. dasax. naSr., 63.

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anu "Wreli", "mravalferi" simReraa, maSin is "mdumare si-mRera" yofila, Tumca imavdroulad yvelaze vrcel berZ-nul eposs warmoadgens.19

muza, romelic pantomimas cekvavs homerosTan muzebi mxolod mRerodnen: "

" araferia imaze naTqvami, rom cekvavdnen kidec. asevea hesiodes "Teogonia-Si", samagierod "dionisiakas" pirvelive TavSi nonosis mu-zebi cekvaven protevsis garSemo kimvalebiTa da saCxria-loebiT da araferia naTqvami maT simReraze.

muzebi cekvaven harmoniasa da kadmosis qorwilSic, sadac isini apolonTan erTad mividnen. poemaSi vkiTxu-lobT:

"harmonias qorwilSi movida ismenieli apoloni, romelic aJRarunebda Svidxmovan kiTaraze

sasiyvarulo simReras, xolo aTi muza aCxarunebda gamacocxlebeli

JReradobiT, polimnia ki, cekvis (bebiaqali) sulis Camdgmeli, ar

aZlevda xelebs mosvenebas. da xatavda ganmeorebiT mibaZvas usityvo

metyvelebiT, warmoTqvamda xelebiT friad brZnul

gamosaxulebas gonivrul mdumarebaSi" (V 101-105). ueWvelia, rom harmonias qorwilSi panopoliselis

muza pantomimas cekvavs da "metyveli mdumarebiT" aCvenebs uamrav gamosaxulebas. pantomima sruliad ucxo tradiciuli berZnuli eposisaTvis elinistur periodSi warmoiSva, xolo romis imperiis dros ki Teatraluri warmodgenebis erT-erT gavrcelebul saxeobad iqca.

epikuri kanonis mixedviT, aucilebelia poemaSi aRwerili iyos Sejibrebis scena, romelic gaimarTeba romelime gmiris dakrZalvis Semdeg: "dionisiakas" erT-

19 dasax. naSr., 146. 20 Homeri, Odyssea. W 60.


180

erTi gmiris stafilosis dakrZalvaze Sejibri imarTeba ara etlTa srbolaSi, aramed pantomimas cekvaSi, sadac erTmaneTs epaeqrebian maroni, dionises Tanmxlebi da sileni, romelic damarcxdeba da gadaiqceva mdinared. swored maronis cekvisas axsenebs nonosi gamoTqmas "mravalambiani mdumareba", " " (XIX 198).

ar aris formula. igi poemaSi mxolod erTxel gvxvdeba, Tumca XIX simReraSi nonosi mas dionises piriT "metyvel mdumarebas", " "-s uwodebs (XIX 154). Semdeg ki imave simReraSi "gonivrul", " "-s (XIX 216) an "brZnul", " " mdumarebas (XIX 208).

sityva sityvasityviT "mravalambiani" nonosamde mxolod orfikul himnebSi gvxvdeba, rogorc hermesisa da kronosis epiTeti.

poemaSi vxvdebiT, aseve antitips, es aris romliTac dionise mimarTavs satrfos – beroes. is iTargmneba, rogorc "brZnuli metyveleba, Semkuli xelovnebis uamravi xerxiT". aqedan gamomdinare es aris mdumareba, gamoTqmuli brZnulad da mravalostaturad.21

metyveleba da dumili metyveleba da dumili nonosis erT-erTi sayvareli

antiTezaa. poeti Jestebis enas ramdenjerme aRwers "dionisiakaSi". eleqtra Tavis qaliSvils harmonias uxmobs JestiT, romelic nonosis mkvlevarTa TvalsazrisiT, gavrcelebuli iyo xmelTaSua zRvis QqveynebSi: xeli winaa gawvdili, xelisguli Zirs daSvebulia da TiTebi moZraoben (IV 6-7).

Jesti metyvelebis gamomxatvelia dumiliT. meore "fraza" Jestebis enisa esaa win gawvdili TiTi, romelic raimeze miuTiTebs: peiTom "usityvod amcno" (kadmoss, Tu sad imyofeboda harmonias sasaxle, vkiTxulobT poemaSi (III 126-128).

TvalTa moZraobac xSirad aRwerilia, rogorc "metyveli mdumareba". "mdumare uwyebiT" (


nestan egetaSvili

181

Tvalebi gamoxataven risxvasa da wuxils (XXX 39). "mkafio mdumarebiT" ( Tvalebi inadireben qalwulis guls (XLII 231). "mdumare uwyebas" ( TvalTa da xelTa daxmarebis gareSe Seswevs unari gamoxatos mwuxareba saxis gamometyvelebis (XXXIII 27), an namtiralevi loyebis "mdumare mowmeebis" saSualebiT (IV 11) da Tavad cremlebic "mdumareni" ( arian, Tumca yovelTvis raRacas gvauwyeben (V 383).

da sabolood, "dionisiakaSi" yvela asaxva da warmosaxva sdums. sarke nonosTan kiTxvebze pasuxobs "mdumare uwyebiT" ( V dae, amfionis liris JReradobas daemorCilon qvebic ki, magram igi mxolodamxolod gamosaxulebaa dionises farze da nonoss ar aviwydeba aRniSnos, rom igi "mdumarea" ( XXV 424). "daxelovnebul mdumarebaSi" ( imyofebian hefestos ZaRlebi, Tumca male irkveva, rom SeuCereblad hyefen (III 172).22

mxatvroba da damwerloba xelovnebis erT-erTi saxe, romelic ucxo iyo

klasikuri eposisaTvis da aRwerilia nonosTan, aris mxatvroba. d. pikardi aRniSnavda, rom mxatvroba da pantomima, rogorc xelovnebis dargebi, romlebic gadmoscemen munj gamosaxulebebs gverdigverd idga plotinTan xelovnebis klasifikaciisas. nonosis cnobierebaSic isini gverdigverd dganan. igi "dionisiakaSi" xSirad aRwers pantomimas mxatvrobis terminebiT:

mxatvroba nonosTan yovelTvis ukavSirdeba

winaswarmetyvelebasa da samyaros bedisweris winaswar moxazulobas.

poemaSi moxsenebuli orive mxatvris saxeli pirvelSobili faneti da gveli ofioni, dakavSirebulia uZveles orfikul miTologiasTan. nonosTan samyaros bedisweris winaswarmetyveleba ar SeiZleba ar ukavSirdebodes astrologias, amitomac fanetis naxatebi mze-heliosis saxlSia moTavsebuli, maTi aRwera ki savsea



182

Zneladasaxsneli astrologiuri detalebiT (XII 34). fanetis winaswarmetyvelurma xelma daxata an dawera ( samyaros bedi da "ostaturad gamoxata" ( yoveli naxatisaTvis Sesaferisi "saxli" ( .

ricxviT Tormetia fanetis naxati, iseve rogorc zodiaqos niSnebi. samagierod ofionis naxati Svidia, planetaTa raodenobis Tanaxmad. maTze man gamoxata samyaros bedi mewamuli moxatulobiT. Tavad bediswera ki "Wrelia" ( XLI 351).

movitanT magaliTs teqstidan, sadac aRwerilia fanetis naxatis erT-erTi gamosaxuleba:

"... da mqsoveli filomela gadaiqceva Wrelkisera RuRuna mercxlad, ueno SesZaxebs mdumarebis mowmobas, da daxatavs mauwyebel gamosaxulebebs brZnul

qitonze" (XII 75-78). fanetis xelovneba filomelas xelovnebas

gamoxatavs. es ukanaskneli Tavis ubedurebas asaxavs qitonze, romelic munji gogonas metyvelebis "gamoxatulebad" iqceva.

damwerlobis niSnebi, "metyveli mdumarebis" paradoqsad gvevlinebian. isini, rogorc es ukve aRvniSneT, TavisTavad gaCndnen sumbulis furclebze, xolo xalxs kadmosma moutana. "dionisiakaSi" amis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: "moamzada werilobiTi saxe daudumebeli mdumarebisa" (IV 263).

daudumebel mdumarebas nonosi uwodebs damwerlobas. safiqrebelia, am gamoTqmaSi igi Tavis sayvarel antiTezas xedavs.23

antitipiuri poezia, rogorc metyveli mdumareba daskvna nonosis sayvareli eqo imeorebs nebismier sityvas

da albaT, warmoadgens yvelaze ufro mravalsityvian arsebas dedamiwaze. Tumca, igi amave dros yvelaze mdumare


nestan egetaSvili

183

arsebacaa, radgan yoveli mis mier warmoTqmuli sityva mxolod ganmeorebas, antitipiur gamoZaxils warmoadgens.

zustad, aseve iqcevian nonosis personaJebi, romlebic warmoTqvamen vrcel sityvebs ritorikuli xelovnebiT, Tumca arafers axals ar gvacnobeben.

arafris mTqmelia scenebi, romlebic sxva scenebis oreulebs warmoadgenen. aseve, simRerebi, romlebic poemaSi mxolod imitom gvxvdeba, raTa Seqmnan paralelizmi an antiTezisi sxva simRerebTan mimarTebaSi. arafris mTqmelia wigni, romelic sityva-sityviT imeorebs sxva wigns, rogorc es nonosis "ioanes saxarebis" galeqsvis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs. da sabolood, arafris mTqmelia poema, romelic sxva poemis eqosaviTaa gaJRerebuli, romelic mxolod aRtacebasa da gamoZaxilis survils gamoxatavs.24

yovelive es gamoxatulia nonosis mier gamoTqmul erT frazaSi " ", rac iTargmneba, rogorc "mravalambiani mdumareba". faqtiurad, nonosis "dionisiakac" xom mravalsiuJetian mdumarebas warmoadgens.

Nestan Egetashvili

Antitypical style as one of the definite originality of Nonnos’ poetry

The thorough study of Nonnnos' "Dionysiaca" makes us to conclude

that except of Poikilia, the antitypical style is one of the definite originality of

Nonnos’ poetry. According to the opinion of Zakharova and Torshilov the

antitypical style is the dogma of Nonnos’ poetry.

There are four forms to display the antitypical style in the "Diony-

siaca". These are: antitypical images, antitypical tropes, antitype in the com-

pose of the poem and antitype in accordance with other texts.

We have elucidated the originality of the style on the basis of the

text. Nonnos using the term tries to describe all oppositions,

which have for him separate meaning. For example, the poet opposes the

things made by human hands and the things not of human making, the earth

and the heavens, speech and silence etc.

In order to show these oppositions better, we tried to touch some as-

pects in our work, that are given herein in the following chapters: 1) Spotted

skin and vineyard; 2) of the earth and of the heavens; 3) wine and nectar; 4)

the things made by human hands and things not of human making; 5) prolix



184

silence; 6) muse, which dances pantomime; 7) speech and silence; 8) painting

and written language


Tamar TarxniSvili

ifigenia – msxverpli da qurumi

berZeni miTografosebi, tragikosebi Tu poetebi ifigenias sakmaod gansxvavebuli interpretaciiT warmogvidgenen. evripides tragediebis mixedviT, ifigenia agamemnonisa da klitemnestras qaliSvilia, amasve adastureben sofokle da homerosi, Tumca isini ifigenias nacvlad ifianasas asaxeleben. apolodorosis mixedviT, ifianasa proitosisa da sTenebeusis qaliSvilia (II, 2, 2), an vinme endimionis coli (I, 76). arsebobs asve versia, romlis Tanaxmad, ifigenia Tezevsisa da RvTaebrivi elenesgan iSva, magram gamozarda elenes dam klitemnestram.1 magram ZiriTadad ifigenias saxeli mainc agamemnonTan da troas omTan aris dakavSirebuli.

gavrcelebuli miTis Tanaxmad, artemisma troasken mimavali berZenTa floti SeaCera, ar misca maT zurgis qari, raTa avlisidan zRviT gacuraT. avlisSi jaris SeCerebis ramdenime mizezi arsebobs: 1) agamemnonma artemisze ukeTes monadired daasaxela Tavi (higinusi 98, ceci, 183); 2) nadirobisas artemisis wminda cxoveli Semoakvda; 3) qalRmerTs Sepirda, rom asuls dabadebisTanave Seswiravda, Tumca es dapireba ar Seasrula (ifigenia tavrisSi 17-21, 24). misanma kalqasma iwinaswarmetyvela, rom qalRmerTi gamwyralia da mis mosamadliereblad agamemnonma sakuTari qaliSvili – ifigenia unda Seswiros msxverplad (if. tavr. 89-94). agamemnonma ixmo igi TiTqos imisTvis, rom mas aqilevsze daaqorwinebda. man ifigenia samsxverploze aiyvana, maxvilic ukve mzad iyo msxverplis dasaklavad, rom qalRmerTis nebiT, koconze SeumCnevlad asuli fur-iremma

1 Павсаний, Описание Эллады, м., 1938, II, 22,7; Antonini Liberalis, XXVII;


186

Secvala. ifigenia ki brwyinvale eTeris gavliT tavrisebis napirze gadaiyvana da qurumad gaixada (if. tavr. 26-30; 282-287).

amjerad yuradRebas msxverpSewirvis aqtsa da mis daniSnulebaze SevaCerebT. mizezTa simravlis miuxedavad, ifigenia msxverplad unda Sewiruliyo, RvTismsaxureba unda Sesrulebuliyo, artemisma ki amjerad jeri ifigeniaze _ agamemnonis asulze SeaCera. qalRmerTma agamemnonisa da ifigenias msaxureba moiTxova, magram berZnebma, rogorc Cans, ver gaiges qalRmerTis moTxovnis arsi da mas sastiki wes-Cveulebebi miaweres. adamianis msxverplSewirva, dakvla da sisxliani ritualebi barbarosuli kultebis gavleniT unda aixsnas. droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianis msxverplad Sewirva gauqmda, Tumca sisxliani msxverplisagan misi sruli gaTavisufleba ver moxerxda. msxverpli mainc unda iqnes mitanili, amitom cvlis qalRmerTi samsxverploze ifigenias sxva arsebiT (fur-iremi, xbo, Sveli, daTvi, Rori.2 RmerTs rom sisxli ar uyvars, Cans ifigenias sityvebidanac. misi azriT, adamianis msxverplSewirva da sastiki wes-Cveulebebi ucxoelebma miaweres qalRmerTis kults, radgan Tvlis, rom ar SeiZleba RmerTi iyos mankieri (if. tavr. 390-91). amitom ver egueba Tavis beds tavrisSi myofi ifigenia. ifigenias Tavgadasavali tavrisSi da sisxliani msxverplisadmi misi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba tragikosebisa da miTografosebis versiaa.

sul sxva suraTs miviRebT, Tu agamemnonisa da ifigenias saxeSi Zvel, religiamdeli epoqis mefe-qurumisa da misi memkvidris funqciebs vigulisxmebT.

evripides mixedviT, ifigenia agamemnonma unda Seswiros msxverplad. es arc aris SemTxveviTi, radgan agamemnoni qurumia. ifigenia ase moixsenebs mas: "qurumi iyo Cemi dambadebeli mama"(if. tavr. 360). arqaul periodSi ki qurumisa da mefis funqciebi Serwymuli iyo erTmaneTTan. mamis, qurumis funqciebi _ esaa beladis funqciebi, romelic klavs samsxverplo cxovels. qurumi klavs, anawevrebs da anawilebs xorcsa da sisxls. igi meriqife

2 yvela es cxoveli artemisis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.

Tamar TarxniSvili

187

da mzareulia.3 aqac agamemnoni pirvel rigSi beladia, mefea (basilevsi) da mama. magram sityvaSi "mama" sulac ar igulisxmeba sisxliT naTesaoba. agamemnoni pirvel rigSi qurumis funqciebs asrulebs. rodesac klitemnestra ekiTxeba, sad aris qalRmerTisTvis Sesawiri saqorwino msxverpli, romelic TiTqos ifigeniasa da aqilevsis niSnobisTvisaa gankuTvnili, agamemnoni pasuxobs, rom swored axla amzadebs mas (ifigenia avlisSi 718-19). rasakvirvelia, am msxverplSi agamemnoni ifigenias gulisxmobs. qurumi_agamemnoni ara marto ritualis uSualo monawile da Semsrulebelia, aramed samsxverplo samzadisic misi movaleobaa. aq saqme gvaqvs iseTi saxis ziarebasTan, romelsac naklebi statusis mqone qurumi ver Seasrulebs. Sesabamisad, mTeli ritualis gamgebeli mefe-qurumia. man ziarebis mniSvnelovani aqti unda Seasrulos. ifigenia _ asuli Tu msxverpli qalRmerTs unda miuZRvnas. vfiqrob, sxvadasxva mizeziT gamowveuli qalRmerTis risxva da is, rom agamenonis Svili moiTxova msxerplad am wyromis dasacxromad, tragikosebma Seqmnes siuJetis ganviTarebisTvis.

esqilesTan vkiTxulobT: ifigenia mis mier [agamemnonis] iqna ayvenili [samsverploze]" – esq. agam. 1552-59. berZnuli zmna Cven vTargmneT misi erT-erTi mniSvnelobiT – ayvana. vfiqrobT, agamemnonma sakuTari qaliSvili – neofiti ufro maRal safexurze, maRal rangSi aiyvana, risi gamoxatulebac artemisis mier misi qurumad daniSvnaa. agamemnoni "axal saxls umzadebs ifigenias". mama Svils Tavis codnas memkvidreobiT gadascems. magram amisTvis ritualuri sikvdili unda gaiaros. srulyofilebis misaRwevad saWiroa sikvdilis gancda. neofiti unda mokvdes da xelaxla daibados. amis dasturia evripides sityvebi, romelsac ifigenias Sesaxeb ambobs: "ifigenia – cocxali, mkvdari da kvlav sinaTlis mWvreteli" (if. avl. 1612).

sikvdilis cnebam metemorfoza ganicada, magram religiur cnobierebaSi myarad damkvidrda. arqaul periodSi aucilebeli iyo qurumis mokvdineba, xolo ganviTarebul religiur warmodgenebsa da misteriebSi mas

3 Фрейденберг О. М., Миф и литература древности, м. 1978, ст. 32.


188

ukve sxvagvari gaazreba aqvs. RvTaebasTan TanaziarobisTvis saWiroa "sikvdilis gzis" gavla. "sinaTlis gancdisTvis aucilebelia ukunis daZleva".4 ziarebis Sesatyvisi laTinuri sityva – devoto am mniSvnelobis Semcvelia (devoto-). gacilebiT ufro maral registrSi gaiJRerebs igi ramdenime saukunis Semdeg: "sikvdiliTa sikvdilisa damTrgunveli".

SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom msxverplis mimRebi swored artemisia, romelic TavisTavd mTvaris kults ukavSirdeba. qalRmerTi, iseve rogorc ifigenia, TavisTavSi moicavs sam saxe-simbolos: qalwuli, qalRmerTi da moxuci. sxvadasxva adgilas mas sxvadasxva hipostasSi scemdnen Tayvans. eliades dakvirvebiT, mTvare periodulad qreba, kvdeba, raTa sami dRis Semdeg kvlav daibados. mTvaris simbolozmi xazs usvams, rom sikvdili mistiuri dabadebis winapirobaa.5 greivsic adasturebs, rom samjer sami simboloa mTvaris sikvdilisa.6 ricxvi 97 Seicavs sam hipostass: dabadeba-cxovreba-sikvdili. es sameuli mudmivia, sikvdilis Semdeg axali cxovrebis dasawyisi. mxolod am gzis gavlis Semdeg SeeZlo mieRo ifigenias umaRlesi qurumis statusi. erTi yofierebidan igi meoreSi gadavida da miaRwia srulyofilebas. misTvis gaixsna kosmosis saidumloeba, igi eziara WeSmaritebas, RvTaebriobas, Seicno samyaro.

rogorc aRvniSneT, simboluri, religiuri sikvdili ziarebis umaRlesi safexuria, rac Cveulebrivi mokvdavisTvis miuwvdomeli da gaugebaria. esqile klitemnestras piriT ambobs: "ifigenia, misi [agamemnoni] qaliSvili, wesisamebr, sixaruliT Seegebeba mamas aqerontis swrafmaval gadasasvlelTan, xels gauwvdis da gadexveva (esq. agam. 1552-59)". ifigenias ar uCndeba protestis grZnoba mamis mimarT. Tuki misi msxverplSewirva, klitemnestras TqmiT, agamemnonis danaSaulia, maSin gaugebaria, ratom egebeba sixaruliT ifigenia mamas. garda sisxliT naTesaobisa, maT Soris

4 iqve, gv. 5 Элиаде Мирча, священное и мирское, изд. моск. унив. 1994, ст. 118. 6 Греивс Роберт, Мифы древней Греции, м.1992, ст. 60. 7 sainteresoa artemisis yvelaze umcrosi qurumi-qalis asaki – 9 weli.

Tamar TarxniSvili

189

saidumlo kavSiria, rac klitemnestrasTvis gaugebaria. swored am saidumlo urTierTobaze unda miuTiTebdes agamemnonis kavSiri qurum-qrises SvilTan qriseidasTan. arc is unda iyos SemTxveviTi, rom troadan wamosuli agamemnoni nadavlad ratomRac apolonis qurums –kasandras irCevs. iqmneba erTgvari wre, romlis centrSic agamemnoni eqceva. misi funqciebi gadadis memkvidreobiT Taobidan Taobaze. swored aseTi kastebis arsebobam Seuwyo xeli qurumTa institutis Camoyalibebas, romlis saTaveSi umaRlesi qurumebi idgnen. adamianTa warmodgeniT, es ukanasknelni imdenad axlos idgnen RvTaebasTan, rom zogjer xdeboda maTi saxeebisa da funqciebis gaigiveba. Tumca amis safuZveli kvlav arqaul periodSia saZebni. bunebis ZalTa Tayvaniscemidan totemizmis gavliT RvTaebebma miiRes anTropomorfuli gamoxatuleba. mefe-qurumi erTgvarad RvTaebis gansaxierebasac warmoadgenda. freidenbergi erTmaneTisgan ar ganarCevs am cnebebs: "RmerTi da mefe, RmerTi da qurumi – sruliad adeqvaturia8 (fr. 33). amas mowmobs epiTetebi zevsi-agamemnoni, ifigenia-artemisi an hekate da sxv.

amgvarad, klasikur periodSi Camoyalibebuli saxe literaturuli warmoSobisaa, berZeni poetebis fantaziiT SeTxzuli. magram misi miTosuri prototipi mTlad daviwyebas ar miscemia da masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba arqauli ritualis Sinaarsis gageba.

Tamar Tarkhnichvili

Iphigenia, Victim and Priestess

The paper deals with the sacrifice of Iphigenia by Agamemnon and

the interpretations of the episode. The image of Iphigenia was created by

Greek poets in classical period. The investigetion of the different versions

revealed that the "sacrifice" of Iphigenia is a ritual act of deep content. The

King-priest offers the "sacrifice" to initiate his daughter.

8 Фрейденберг, Миф и литература древности, ст. 33.


maia kakaSvili

paleologosTa epoqis istoriisaTvis

antikurobisadmi interesi damaxasiTebeli niSania mTeli bizantiuri kulturisaTvis, romelmac Zveli drois inteleqtualuri saganZuris memkvidrisa da mcvelis roli iTamaSa. mudmivad xdeboda antikuri samecniero, Tu filo-sofiuri sistemebis gadamuSaveba da mdidar literatu-rul-mxatvrul gamocdilebas ziareba. magram am samyaros-Tan Sexeba da masSi SeRweva sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqis farglebSi sxvadasxva doniT aRiniSna. yvela epoqa antikur kulturas Taviseburad udgeboda.

l. a. freibergi ajamebs bizantiuri epoqis mier an-tikuri literaturuli memkvidreobis aTvisebisa da gada-muSavebis sakiTxebze arsebul gamokvlevebs da istoriuli periodebis mixedviT mokled mimoixilavs ama Tu im epoqa-SiMmisadmi bizantielTa damokidebulebis yvelaze gamor-Ceul da damaxasiaTebel niSnebs.1 bizantiis saxelmwifos arsebobis ukanaskneli saukuneebi paleologosTa, anu "xalxuri" aRorZinebis2 (XIII-XV ww.) xanaa. am rTuli pe-

1 Л.АА. Фрейберг, Античное литературное наследие в византийскую эпоху, wignSi:

Античность и Византия, Москва, 1975, 5-37. 2 termini "aRorZinebis" xmareba bizantiuri literaturis mimarT pi-

robiTia. renesansisTvis mTel rig faqtorTa erTobliobaa saWiro, romelTa Soris antikurobisadmi interesi erT-erTia da ara erTa-derTi. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba istoriul faqtors eniWeba. swored istoriulma movlenebma Seaferxes aq renesansuli movlenebis gaRr-maveba. ix.: Л.АА. Фрейберг, 1975, 15; C. Neumann, Byzantinische Kultur und Re-

naissancekultur: Historische Zeitschrift 91 (1903), 215-256; A. Heisenberg, Das Problem

der Renaissance in Byzanz: Hist. 2. 133, (1926), 393-412; В. Лазарев, Вопросы

истории, 1948, №2, 167; М. Левченко, Вопросы истории, 1948, №2, 127; s. yaux-CiSvili, bizantiuri literaturis istoria, tomi mesame, Tbilisi, 1973, 248-250. k. krumbaxeris azriT, swored bizantiurma humanizmma gaanayofiera dasavluri renesansi. aRmosavleTSi Seqmnil garTule-

maia kakaSvili

191

riodis ZiriTadi niSnebia mkiTxvelTa wris gafarToveba da literaturis "maRal" da "mdabiur" literaturebad dayofa. antikuri nimuSebis Seswavla da mibaZva maTTvis normadaa miCneuli. mecnieri samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom antikuri kulturuli memkvidreobis gaazrebis, Sefasebisa da SerCevis uwyvet process konkretuli istoriuli piro-bebi marTavs.3 paleologosTa epoqaSi winaparTa danatova-risadmi gansakuTrebulad didi dainteresebis mizezi, upirveles yovlisa, imperiis arsebobis bolo ori as-wleulis manZilze ganviTarebul politikur-ekonomikursa Tu socialur-religiur movlenebSi unda veZioT. am peri-odis literaturuli memkvidreobis Seswavla da swori Sefaseba sagareo da saSinao cxovrebaSi momxdari Zvrebis fonzea SesaZlebeli.4 xana 1204-dan 1453 wlamde uzomod saintereso da, imavdroulad, erT-erTi urTulesi periodia bizantiis is-toriaSi. am epoqis ganmavlobaSi, romelic konstantinopo-lis dacemiT iwyeba da konstantinopolis dacemiTve mTavrdeba, qveyanas ara erTi ubedureba daatyda Tavs: wvril-wvril teritoriebad daqucmacebuli imperiis winaSe mudam mwvaved idga yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi, rac gamowveu-li iyo rogorc axlo Tu Soreuli saxelmwifoebis sur-viliT, xelT egdoT qveynis teritoriebi, aseve, Sida areulobebiT, religiuri Tu socialuri xasiaTis winaaRm-degobebiT, feodalTa Tu samefo dinastiis warmomadge-nelTa Soris xelisuflebisTvis ganuwyveteli brZoliTa da samoqalaqo omiT. Tumca, amave dros, esaa epoqa, romel-mac Sva paleologosTa "aRorZineba".

jvarosnebis mier konstantinopolis aRebisTanave (1204 wlis 13 aprili) bizantia nawilebad daiSala.5 1204

bul politikur mdgomareobas gaqceuli berZnuli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi Tavs italias afarebdnen. maT Tan mihqondaT wig-nebi da iq berZnuli enisa da literaturis codnas avrcelebdnen. ix.: K. Krumbacher, Die griechische Literatur des Mittelalter: Die Kultur der Gegenwart

I, VIII, gv. 358-359. 3 Л.АА. Фрейберг, 1975, 5. 4 s. yauxCiSvili, bizantiuri literaturis istoria, gv. 281. 5 Tumca saxelmwifoSi manamdec SeiniSneboda daqucmacebis tendencia:

jer kidev isaak II angelosisa (1185-1195 ww., meored 1203-1204 ww.) da aleqsi II angelosis (1195-1203 ww.) mmarTvelobis xanaSi. imperiis


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wlis bolosa da 1205 wlis dasawyisSi imperiis nangre-vebze Camoyalibda oTxi laTinuri (balkaneTis naxevarkun-Zulze aTenis sahercogo6 da Tesalonikis samefo,7 pelo-ponesSi - aqaiis saxelmwifo,8 mcire aziaSi – laTinTa im-peria,9 romelic mdebareobda marmarilos zRvis garSemo

sazRvrebidan gasvla surdaT ara marto imperiis ganapira provinciebs, romlebic umetesad ucxotomelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, aramed im raionebsac ki, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesobas berZnebi Seadgendnen. aseTi teritoriebi ama Tu im feodalis xelSi centrTan sustad dakavSirebul, TiTqmis damoukidebel samefod iqceoda.

6 aTenis hercogi gaxda burgundieli oton de la roSi. igi Tesalo-nikis mefis vasalad iTvleboda. mogvianebiT misi miwebis nawili romis papis vasali gaxda.

7 bonifaciusi da misi vasalebi (Jak d’aveni, oton de la roSi, giiom Sampliti, Jofrua vilardueni) sabrZolo moqmedebebs Sua saberZ-neTSi, peloponessa da evbeaze awarmoebdnen, ris Semdegac Tesalo-nikis samefom Tavis sazRvrebSi saberZneTis didi nawili moiqcia. laTinuri saxelmwifoebis birTvi swored aq Camoyalibda, romelTa umravlesobamac konstantinopolis imperis dacemis (1261 w.) merec iarseba. Tesaloniki iyo laTinTa imperiis vasali. 1207 wels boni-faciusi daiRupa budgarelebTan brZolaSi da Tesalonikis samefo maria ungrelTan SeZenil 2 wlis dimitris dautova. Tesalonikis samefos baronebi or jgufad daiyvnen. nawili moiTxovda konstan-tinopolisgan damoukideblobas, meore nawili ki laTinTa impera-torTan kavSiris momxre iyo da legitimuri memkvidris erTguli rCeboda. laTinTa meore imperatorma henrix flandrielma gvirgvini 1209 wels dimitris daadga. konfliqti Cacxra, magram Tesalonikis samefo dasustda. 1246 wels igi nikeis imperias SeuerTda.

8 peloponesis pirveli mmarTveli iyo giiom Sampliti. misi safran-geTSi yofnisas, moxerxebuli intrigis Sedegad, misi samflobeloe-bi Jofrua vilarduenis xelSi gadavida. 1209 wels man Tavi kons-tantinopolis imperatoris pirvel vasalad aRiara. misma samflo-beloebma aqaiis saxelmwifo (morea) Camoayalibes, romlis mTavari qalaqi iyo andravida. bizantiis teritoriaze arsebul laTinur saxelmwifoTagan igi yvelaze sicocxlisunariani gamodga da XV s-is dasawyisamde iarseba.

9 Tanamedroveni am saxelmwifos konstantinopolis imperias uwodeben, mkvlevarebi ki – saxelwodeba "laTinTa imperias" aniWeben upirate-sobas. misi pirveli imperatori gaxda ara IV jvarosnuli laSqro-bis yvelaze avtoritetuli winamZRoli bonifacius monferateli, aramed flandrieli grafi bodueni. misi mxare daiWires laSqris frangulma nawilma da venecielebma, romlebic monferateli marki-zis zegavlenas ufrTodnen. romaniis pirveli imperatoris (boduen I flandrieli (1204-1205 ww.) sazeimo koronacia 1204 wlis 16 maiss

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centriT konstantinopolSi) da sami berZnuli saxelmwifo (epiris samefo10 balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis Crdilo-dasavleTSi, nikeisa da trapizonis imperiebi11 mcire azia-Si.)

wminda sofiis taZarSi gaimarTa. laTinTa imperiam sul raRac naxe-vari saukune iarseba.

10 misi pirveli mmarTveli iyo mixeil I angelos duka komnenosi (1204-1215 ww.). igi sevastokrator ioane angelos komnenosis ukanono Svili iyo. aleqsi III angelosis mmarTvelobis dros, jvarosnebis laSqro-bamde karga xniT adre, ioane epirisa da Tesalonikis duka iyo. aq da mezobel makedoniaSi misi ojaxis samflobeloebi mdebareobda. IV jvarosnuli laSqrobis dros peloponesis Tems mixeil angelosi marTavda. konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg igi bonifacius monfera-telis samsaxurSi gadavida. mixeil I moaxerxa Tavisi xelisufleba epiris didi nawilze gaevrcelebina. bizantiis miwebidan mxolod epi-ri gadaurCa jvarosnebis Semotevebs da 1230 wlamde iarseba. 11 trapizonis imperia mcire aziis Savi zRvis sanapiroze, yofili qaldiis Temis teritoriaze aRmocenda. saqarTvelos mefe Tamars (1184-1213 ww.) naTesauri kavSiri hqonda komnenosTa ojaxTan. andronike komnenosi XII s-is 60-ian wlebSi droebiT TavSesafars qarTul samefo karze poulobs. 1185 wlis gadatrialebis Semdeg konstantinopolSi andronike I erTad misi vaJi manuelic gardaicvala. am ukanasknelis ori mcirewlovani vaJi _ aleqsi da daviTi _ saidumlod Caiyvanes saqarTveloSi, monaTesave samefo karze, sadac srulwlovanebas miaR-wies. am faqtma gaarTula saqarTvelos urTierToba bizantiasTan, sadac andronike komnenosis taxtidan Camogdebis Semdeg isaak II an-gelosi, mogvianebiT ki aleqsi III angelosi mmarTvelobdnen. IV jva-rosnul laSqrobamde arc Tu ise didi xniT adre Tamar mefem uxvi Sesawiri gaatana aTonisa da sxva samonazvno centrebis warmomadge-lebs, roca maT materialuri daxmarebisTvis saqarTvelos mimarTes. monazvnebi ukana gzaze aleqsi III angelosis brZanebiT gaZarcves. Ta-marma SesaniSnavad icoda bizantiis rTuli sagareo politikuri vi-Tarebis Sesaxeb, es precendenti sababad gamoiyena, 1204 wels daipyro qaldia misi mTavari qalaqiT trapizoniT da iq mmarTvelebad bizan-tiisagan damoukidebeli aleqsi da daviT komnenosebi dasva. isto-riuli wyaroebi arafers ar amboben qaldiaSi raime winaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb qarTuli laSqrisadmi, romlis saTaveSic axalgazrda komne-nosebi idgnen. adgilobriv didebulebSi, rogorc Cans, iyvnen Camogde-buli dinastiis momxreebi. andronike komnenoss imperatorad gaxdo-mamde am mxareSi raRac mniSvnelovani Tanamdeboba ekava da, SesaZloa, aq Tavisi momxreebi hyavda. aleqsi komnenosi (1204-1222 ww.) trapizonSi ganmtikda da Tavi imperatorad gamoacxada.

imperia or nawilad iyo dayofili: qaldiis raioni trapizo-niT aleqsi komnenosis xelSi imyofeboda, paflagoniis raions sino-piT ki daviTi marTavda. trapizonis imperia Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi


194

berZnuli saxelmwifoebis kulturul-politikuri cxovreba rTul istoriul pirobebSi mimdinareobda. 1204-1261 wlebSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma arsebiTad Secvala berZenTa sulieri ganviTarebis xasiaTi. im raionebSi, romlebic laTinebma igdes xelT, kulturuli cxovreba an Cakvda, an dasavleTis kulturis gavlena ganicada. kul-tura mxolod sam berZnul saxelmwifoSi gamoirCeoda TviTmyofadi xasiaTiT da Tavis TavSi berZeni xalxis su-lieri Zalebis konsolidaciis niSnebs Seicavda.12 1204-1261 wlebSi bizantiuri memkvidreobisaTvis balkaneTis naxevarkunZulsa da mcire aziaSi realurad 4 mTavari politikuri Zala ibrZoda: laTinTa imperia, epi-

da administraciuli organizaciiT ar warmoadgenda bizantiis saxelmwifos memkvidres. mis centralur aparatze gavlena qarTuli samefo karis wesebs unda moexdina. Tavdapirvelad, XIII s-is pirvel naxevarSi, trapizonis samefo karze qarTveli didebulebis mniSvne-lovani jgufi unda yofiliyo, romelic berZen didebulebs impera-torze gavlenis moxdenaSi metoqeobas uwevda. TandaTan qarTvelebi am gavlenas kargaven. trapizonis imperiis birTvs misi msxvili savaWro da saxelosno centri trapizoni warmoadgenda, romelic Tavisi sava-Wro mniSvnelobiT nikeasac aRemateboda. konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg, nikeasa da epirisagan gansxvavebiT, Sav zRvaze Tavisufali gasasvleli mxolod mas hqonda. trapizonis imperiis berZnul kul-turul centrTan kavSiri adreve susti iyo. 1204 wlis Semdeg umniSv-nelo iyo misi roli saerTo istoriulsa da kulturul cxovrebaSi. mis sulier cxovrebaze zegavlena moaxdines mezobeli xalxebis (som-xebi, qarTvelebi, Turqebi, arabebi) kulturebma. trapizonis swavlu-lebi sparsuli da arabuli enebidan berZnulad sxvadasxva traqta-tebs Targmnian, somexi, qarTveli, azerbaijaneli moazrovneebis Txzulebebs kiTxuloben. originaluri nawarmoebebi aq naklebad iqmneba: CvenTvis ucnobia raime saxeli, romelmac XIII s-Si sityvier mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi kvali datova. Tumca, XIV-XV s-Si suraTi arsebiTad Seicvala da trapizonis literaturaSi ganviTarda igive procesebi, rac paleologosTa epoqis imperiis danarCen nawilSi.11

Turquli laSqari iq 1456 wels SeiWra. imperatorma ioane IV komnenosma begaris gadaxda ikisra da amiT taxti SeinarCuna. igi mehmed II winaaRmdeg koaliciis Seqmnas cdilobda, magram 1458 wels gardaicvala da oTxi wlis memkvidre aleqsi datova. mis magivrad marTavda ioanes Zma regenti daviTi. man mehmeds begaris Semcireba mosTxova, rac omis dawyebas niSnavda. 1461 wels Turquli armia Savi zRvisken daiZra da 1461 wels trapizoni aiRo. Tavad komnenosi ki 1463 wels sikvdiliT dasajes. 12 Л.АА. Фрейберг, Т. В. Попова, Византийская литература эпохи расцвета, IX-XV

вв., Москва, 1978, 163.

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ris samefo, nikeis imperia da bulgareTi. am brZolaSi drodadro evropisa da aziis sxva qveynebic erTvebodnen (serbeTi, ungreTi, siciliis samefo da ikoniis sasulTno.) uimedod gamoiyureboda dezorganizebuli da er-Tian mmarTvelobadakarguli qveynis momavali. dedaqalaqis dacemis pirvel TveebSi aravis ar SeeZlo ewinaswarmety-vela, sad daiwyeboda dangreuli bizantiis imperiis aRd-gena da aRdgeboda Tu ara igi saerTodac. Camoyalibebis pirvel wlebSi berZnuli saxelmwifoebidan arc erTs ar gaaCnda mkveTrad gamoxatuli upiratesoba. magram viTareba maleve Seicvala. laTinTa imperiis, epiris samefosa da bulgareTisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebmac Zlierebis peri-odic gaiares da dacemisac, nikeis imperia ganuxreli aR-mavlobis gzas adga. berZnuli saxelmwifoebidan gamarjve-buli swored es ukanaskneli gamovida, rasac Semdegma faqtorebma Seuwyo xeli: 1) epiris samefosa da trapizo-nis imperiis mmarTvelebisgan gansxvavebiT, 1208 wels Teo-dore I patriarqma mixeil IV imperatorad akurTxa. amis gamo mosaxleoba bizantiis imperiis erTaderT kanonier memkvidred nikeis samefos miiCnevda. 2) gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa ekonomikurma upiratesobam: nikeis imperiam mcire aziis yvelaze mdidari da nayofieri miwebi miiRo memkvi-dreobiT. xazinis Semosavlebi gaizarda. 3) mniSvnelovani iyo samxedro, pirvel rigSi sasazRvro, Zalis myari orga-nizacia,13 romelic man bizantiis imperiisagan memkvidreo-biT miiRo. Turqebma misi sazRvris dacvis garRveva im pe-riodSic ki ver SeZles, roca centralizebulma xeli-suflebam Tavisi arseoboba Sewyvita, xolo mcire aziis damoukidebeli berZeni mmarTvelebi erTmaneTs Soris brZolebiT iyvnen garTuli. bizantielebma am dros mxo-lod ramdenime SedarebiT mcire sasazrvo raioni dakarges. 4) nikeis imperia eTnikur-kulturuli erTobiT gamoirCeo-da. igi berZnebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da konstantinopolis

13 saxelmwifo sazRvars sami tipis jari icavda. mTavari roli maT

Soris ekavaT akritebs. es iyo qveiTi jari, romelsac partizanuli brZolis didi gamocdileba hqonda. meore tips Seadgendnen cixe-simagreTa garnizonebi, romlebic berZnebiTa da ucxoelebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli da mesame tips warmoadgendnen stratiotebi _ cxenosani meomrebi. es ukanasknelni xangrZliv da Soreul laSqro-bebSi iRebdnen monawileobas.


196

axlos mdebareobda, romelic yofili bizantiuri saxelm-wifos saganmanaTleblo centrs warmoadgenda. nikea Tavs antikuri da Suasaukuneobrivi berZnuli kulturis mTavar memkvidred miiCnevda. igi mowodebuli iyo aRedgina da aeRorZinebina rogorc kultura, ise bizantiuri imperiis dangreuli saxelmwifo sistema. nikeis imperias saTave daudo aleqsi III angelosis karis erT-erTma gamoCenilma didebulma Teodore laska-risma.14 1204 wels igi ojaxTan erTad mcire aziaSi gaiqca. iq Todore I laskarisi (1208-1222 ww.) qveynis aRdgenis ur-Tules saqmes SeeWida. swored aq, mcire aziis Crdilo-dasavleTSi jvarosnebi pirvelad gadaawydnen organize-bul winaaRmdegobas.

rodis gadaiqca nikea axali samefos dedaqalaqad, ucnobia. es unda momxdariyo 1205 wlis bolosa da 1206 wlis dasawyisSi, roca Teodores pirveli warmatebebiT aRfrTovanebulma nikeelebma igi nebayoflobiT Tavis mbrZaneblad aRiares. Teodore laskarisis siZes - ioane II vataces (1222-1254 ww.) dros gansakuTrebuli aRmavloba SeiniSneba qvey-nis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. xazinis Semosavlebi gaizarda, ramac imperators samxedro Zlierebis ganmtkicebis saSu-aleba misca. vataces imperatorobis dros faqtiurad konstantinopolis dasabruneblad yvela winapiroba mom-zadda. man imperiis Sida Zalebis konsolidacia moaxdina da qveynis sazRvrebi gaafarTova. imperators feodalur opoziciasTan uwevda brZo-la, romelic araerTi warumateblobis15 miuxedavad far-

14 konstantinopolidan aleqsi V murzufles (angelozTa dinastiis ukanaskneli imperatori) gaqcevis Semdeg, dedaqalaqis didebulebma imperatorad daasaxeles gamoCenili konstantinopoleli aristo-krati konstantine laskarisi, romelmac ukanaskneli zomebi miiRo dedaqalaqis dasacavad. magram, roca Tavisi mcdelobis amaoebaSi darwmunda, imperatorad gamocxadebidan ramdenime saaTSi sxva di-debulebTan erTad mcire aziaSi gaqceviT uSvela Tavs. laskarisis Semdgom bedze TiTqmis aRaraferi aRaraa cnobili. rogorc Cans, misTvis gvirgvini ar daudgamT. nikeis pirveli imperatori misi Zma Teodore laskarisi gaxda.

15 Teodore I laskarisma gverdi auara Tavis mcirewlovan vaJs, aseve RviZl Zmebs aleqsisa da isaaks da imperiis marTva Tavis siZe ioane II vataces gadasca. aleqsim da isaakma ar aRiares micvalebuli Zmis neba

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xmals ar yrida da imeds umaRlesi aristokratiis axal-gazrda da niWier warmomadgenel, paleologosTa dinas-tiis momaval pirvel imperator mixeil paleologosze amyarebda. frTxili mixeili imperatorisTvis eWvebis ga-fantvasa da, amave dros, sasuliero pirebsa da armiaSi avtoritetis mopovebas cdilobda. vataces ambavi miutanes mis Sorsmaval gegmebze. imperatori imiT Semoifargla, rom mixeils sajarod erTgulebis fici daadebina. ioane vataces politikiT ukmayofilo aristokra-tias misi Svilis Teodore II laskarisi dros (1254-1258 ww.) imedi sabolood gaucruvda. axali imperatori daumorCi-leblobas aravis ar patiobda da Tavis politikur mowi-naaRmdegeebs sastikad sjida. man bevri didebuli CamoaSo-ra Tanamdebobas da garSemo mdabio warmomavlobis, magram uzomod erTguli pirebi Semoikriba. Teodore II laskarisi mZime avadmyofobis gamo male gardaicvala (1258 w.) da taxti rva wlis Svil ioanes (ioane IV laskarisi (1258 – 1261 ww.) ) dautova.

sikvdilamde mamam axalgazrda imperatoris meurveebad giorgi muzaloni da patriarqi arseni daniSna. maT da mixeil paleologosma sxva didebulebTan erTad ioanes erTgulebis fici dades. Teodore II laskarisi sikvdilma feodalur aristokratias xel-fexi gauxsna. giorgi muzalonma16 igrZno kars momdgari safrTxe da saswrafod sinkliti Sekriba, romelzec mzadyofna ganacxada Tanamdebobidan gadamdgariyo da igi sinklitis axali rCeulisTvis gadaeca. Tumca, SeTqmulebma zurgidan miparva amjobines. paleologosi krebaze sityviT gamovida da muzalonis

da laTinebis daxmarebiT vatacesTvis taxtis warTmeva scades. impe-ratorma 1225 wels maTi jari daamarcxa, laskarisebi tyved Caigdo da Tvalebi dasTxara. man, rogorc mxedarTmTavarma, Tavi gamoiCina bul-garelebTan brZolaSi da impetratoris siZe gaxda: colad SeirTo aleqsi III angelosis meore asuli ana. male gamJRavnda didebulTa da imperatoris naTesavTa axali SeTq-

muleba. ioane vatacem maTi nawili gadaasaxla, nawili awama an cixeSi gamoamwyvdia.

16 igi Teodores mier mdabioTagan aRzevebuli piri iyo, romelmac imperatoris ndoba daimsaxura, misi mrCeveli da didi stratopedarqi gaxda.


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sibrZnes xotba Seasxa. mas sinklitis sxva wevrebmac mibaZes da ioanesa da giorgi muzalonis erTgulebis fici xelaxla dades. movlenebi Tavbrudamxvevi siCqariT ganviTarda. Teodore II gardacvalebis me-9 dRes muzaloni monasterSi imyofeboda imperatoris sulis mosaxseniebel panaSvidze. RvTismsaxurebis dros mixeil paleologosma dasavleTis daqiravebuli meomrebiT17 taZars alya Semoartya. muzaloni eklesiaSi mokles. mcirewlovani imperatoris meurve paleologosi gaxda. man megadukas tituli miiRo da patriarqi arsenisgan xaznis gasaRebi Caibara. male mixeilis mier mosyidul feodalTa nebiT, axalgazrda ioanem paleologoss despotis tituli uboZa da 1258 wels Tavis TanammarTvelad daniSna. 1259 wels orive imperatoris koronacia unda momxdariyo, magram gvirgvini mxolod mixeil VIII paleologoss (1259-1282 ww.) daadges. ioanes koronacia gaurkveveli vadiT gadaido. mixeilma patriarq arsens ficiT aRuTqva, rom srulwlovani ioane erTmmarTveli xelisufali gaxdeboda, magram bavSvi samefo kars CamoaSores da mogvianebiT Tvalebi dasTxares. arsenma protestis niSnad 1261 wels patriarqis taxti datova da monasterSi ganmartovda.

1259 wels antinikeuri koaliciis (masSi gaerTiandnen epiris samefos imperatori mixeil II, siciliis mefe manfredi da aqaiis mTavari giiom vilardueni) damarcxebis Semdeg18 mixeil paleologosis mTeli Zalisxmeva konstantinopolisken iyo mimarTuli. igi saguldagulod moemzada am brZolisaTvis: man jer laTinTa cixe – simagreebi aiRo dedaqalaqis axlos; Semdeg zavi dado bulgareTTan, radgan mis karze paleologosis sawinaaRmdego gegmebi isaxeboda.19 bolos ki xelSekruleba gaaforma genuelebTan, romlebic mas zRvis mxridan qalaqis aRebaSi unda daxmarebodnen;

17 Teodore II laskarisis dros mixeil paleologosi dasavleTis

daqiravebul meomrebs meTaurobda. 18 am mniSvnelovani brZolis Semdeg balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze ar

darCa arc erTi realuri Zala, romelic nikeis imperiis SeCerebas SeZlebda.

19 bulgareTis mefis coli ioane IV laskarisis RviZli da iyo. qali qmars nikeasTan zavis gawyvetas sTxovda.

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sanacvlod ki daubegravi vaWrobis uflebas miRebdnen nikeis imperiaSi, konstantinopolSi, kretasa da evbeaze.20

paleologosma ubrZolvelad aiRo konstantinopoli. mosaxleoba nikeis mxares gadavida da kari Signidan gaaRo. 1261 wels konstantinopoli kvlav imperiis dedaqalaqi gaxda.

swored am 1261 wlidan daiwyo paleologosTa epoqa, romelic 1453 wels imperiis daRupvasTan erTad dasrulda.

qveynis mdgomareoba sulac ar iyo saxarbielo. aRmdgari bizantiis imperia mcirediT-Ra Camohgavda winandel didebul saxelmwifos. misi teritoria bevrad Semcirda. mixeil VIII marTvelobisas imperiis aRmosavleTis sazRvris dacva mTlianad dezorganizebuli iyo. Turqebi dausjelad gadmodiodnen imperiis teritoriaze da garkveul raionebs ipyrobdnen. bizantiis saxelmwifos istoriaSi nikeis periodi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc ukanaskneli etapi bizantiis miwaze erTiani centralizebuli saxelmwifos arsebobisa. xelisuflebaSi paleologosebis mosvliT am periodis dasasruli dadga.21

mudmivad arsebobda safrTxe romis papis urban IV mxridan, romelic bizantias mis mfarvelobaSi myofi laTinTa imperiis ganadgurebas ver patiobda da evropis mefeebs mis damsjel eqspediciaSi mxardaWeras hpirdeboda. paps laTinTa imperiis aRdgena ewada. bizantiis winaaRmdeg salaSqrod ludoviko IX umcrosi Zma, provansis grafi karlos anJueli emzadeboda, romelic did samxedro Zalasa da materialur saxsrebs flobda. mas daxmareba aRuTqves ungreTma, kastiliam, serbeTma da bulgareTma. bizantiaze Tavdasxma gadaido, radgan ludoviko IX jvarosnul saSqrobaSi iRebda monawileobas da Zma Tan axlda.

20 genuelebis daxmareba saWiro ar gaxda, magram xelSekruleba

ZalaSi darCa da bizantiisTvis mTavari ubedurebis wyarod iqca misi arsebobis bolo ori saukunis manZilze.

21 История Византии, в трех томах, отв. редактор С. Д. Сказкин, том 3, Моссква, 1967, 42.


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am safrTxis gamo, sasuliero pirTa winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad,22 mixeil VIII surda aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eklesiaTa uniis Sesaxeb molaparakeba daeCqarebina.23 unia 1274 wels lionSi gaformda. magram ar gamarTlda masze damyarebuli imedebi. safrTxe ufro gaizarda. 1281 wels papi frangi kardinali martin IV gaxda. man dauyovnebliv gawyvita mokavSireoba bizantiasTan da misi imperatori, rogorc mTavari damnaSave uniis CavardnaSi, eklesiidan moikveTes. axla karlos anJuels imperiasTan omis dawyeba SeeZlo. amjerad koaliciaSi italia, safrangeTi da venecia gaerTiandnen. male karlos anJuelis samefo daingra da dasavleTma bizantiis imperiaze Tavdasxma gadaifiqra.

mixeil paleologosis sikvdilis Semdeg (1282 w.) bizantiis imperatori misi Svili andronike II (1282-1328 ww.) gaxda.

saxelmwifos politika aRar iyo Semtevi. qveyana Tavdacvaze gadavida. andronike arc didi politikosi yofila da arc gamoCenili mxedarTmTavari. filosofiisa da literaturis moyvaruli imperatori cnobili iyo, rogorc Rrmad ganaTlebuli RvTismetyveli, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis mfarveli.

XIII-XIV s-Si safrangeTis samefo karma da papma daayenes sakiTxi aRmosavleTSi jvarosnuli laSqrobis Sesaxeb. am gegmaSi bizantiis laTinTa samefos aRdgena da konstantinopolis dapyrobac Sedioda.

filipe IV lamazis Zma karlos valua 1304 wels imperator boduen II SviliSvil ekaterine de kurteneze daaqorwines, romelsac "konstantinopolis imperatoris" tituli hqonda. amis gamo karlos valua dasavleTSi bizantiis taxtis kanonier pretendentad iTvleboda; Tumca, man sakmao momxreebi ver Sekriba da Tavis gegmaze xeli aiRo.

22imperators mtruli urTierToba hqonda patriarqTan. axalgazrda ioane laskarisisTvis Tvalebis daTxris gamo igi ekleiidanac iyo gankveTili. 23 mixeil VIII araerTxel ecada eklesiebis uniis sakiTxze

molaparakebas. man papebTan urban IV da kliment IV awarmoa mimowera amis Taobaze.

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andronike II dros xmelTaSua zRvis ori metoqis _ genuisa da veneciis konfliqti male bizantiis veneciasTan omSi gadaizarda. veneciis flotma 1301 wels konstantinopolis blokireba moaxdina. imperatori iZulebuli gaxda zavisTvis moewera xeli, sadac venecielebis Zveli savaWro privilegiebi iyo aRniSnuli. am brZolam imperia mniSvnelovnad daasusta.

magram nadvili katastrofa qveyanas aRmosavleTidan uaxlovdeboda, sadac mdgomareobas 1300 wlisTvis Turqebi akontrolebdnen. osman I (1288-1326 ww.) saTave daudo axal dinastiasa da Turq-osmanTa samefos. XIV s-is dasawyisisTvis bizantiis imperatorma TiTqmis mTeli mcire azia dakarga.

andronike II saswrafod miiRo winadadeba katalo-niis daqiravebuli jaris meTaur roJer de florisgan, romelic TurqTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mis samsaxurSi Sedioda. ase daiwyo "kataloniuri kampania", romelmac ga-nuzomeli ziani miayena imperias. roJeris jari ZiriTadad espaneli sazRvao mekobreebisgan Sedgeboda, romlebic evropasa da xmelTaSua zRvaSi daexetebodnen. andronike de floris mier wamoyenebul yvela pirobas daTanxmda.

katalonielebma Turqebi bizantiis teritoriidan gandevnes, magram Semdeg ukve gaTavisuflebuli mosaxleo-bis Zarcvas mihyves xeli.

roJerma TurqeTSi laSqrobebisTvis jildod didi teritoria miiRo mcire aziaSi. amgvarad, 1305 wels bizan-tiis teritoriaze aRmocenda Taviseburi kataloniuri sa-mefo, romelic dasavleTis mxardaWeriT sargeblobda da bizantias emtereboda.

imperatoris brZanebiT (mixeil IX paleologosi (1295-1320 ww.)) roJeri mokles. de floris jarma andronike II omi gamouxada. 1307 wels katalonielebma bizantiis ar-mia daamarcxes da saberZneTis laTinuri samflobeloe-bisken gaemarTnen. am faqtiT SeSfoTebulma veneciam da berZnuli memkvidreobis frangma pretendentebma katalo-nielTa meTauri Seipyres da neapolis cixeSi Casves, sadac igi maleve gardaicvala.

"kataloniuri kampaniis" mier miyenebuli Wriloba qveyanas moSuSebuli ar hqonda, rom erTmaneTs andronike II da misi SviliSvili, momavali imperatori andronike III


202

daupirispirdnen. amis mizezi imperatoris gadawyvetileba gaxda: andronike umcrosisTvis taxtis memkvidreobis uf-leba waerTmia da igi Tavisi meore SviliSvilisTvis ga-daeca.24 andronike umcrosis garSemo Tavi moiyares cno-bilma didebulma. maT Soris iyvnen: konstantinopolis eparqi sirgiane, didi domestiki, msxvili Trakieli feo-dali, niWieri diplomati da saxelganTqmuli mxedarTmTa-vari ioane kantakuzeni, dasavleT makedoniis mmarTveli, megaduka Teodore sinadini da dasavleTis domestiki aleqsi apokavki. ubralo xalxis simpaTiac andronike um-crosis mxares iyo. sirgianem jari konstantinopolisken waiyvana. SeSinebulma andronike II SviliSvili taxtis memkvidred aRiara da Trakia damoukidebel sammarTvelod gadasca.

xalxi aRfrTovanebuli iyo andronike III (1328-1341 ww.) saomari operaciebiTa da diplomatiuri nabijebiT, magram am yovelives sinamdvileSi kantakuzeni marTavda, romlis xelSic iyo axalgazrda imperatoris bedi da Tavad sicocxlec. TiTqmis usinaTlo andronike II marTva ukve aRar SeeZlo, magram opozicia misi saxeliT mainc ibrZoda. kantakuzenis erTgulma megobarma sinadinma andronike II sikvdilis muqariT monazvnad aRkveca. igi monasterSi gardaicvala. bizantiis Sida areulobiT sargeblobdnen bulgarelebi, serbebi da Turqebi da mis teritoriaze xSirad iWrebodnen. andronike III garkveul warmatebebs mainc miaRwia: egeosis zRvaze Zveli mdgomareoba daibruna. epirma da albaneTma ki imperiis suvereniteti aRiares. andronike III sikvdilis (1341 w.) Semdeg mTeli xelisufleba didi domestikis ioane kantakuzenis xelSi aRmoCnda, romelic mcirewlovani ioane V paleologosis (1341-1391 ww.) regenti gaxda.

opoziciam Tavi moiyara taxtis memkvidrisa da dedamis anas garSemo. misi sulis Camdgmeli gaxda

24 1320 wels andronike III megobrebma SecdomiT mokles misi Zma

manueli andronike umcrosis favoritis saxlTan. igi andronikes metoqe egonaT. avadmyofma mixeil IX ver gadaitana erTi Svilis meores mizeziT sikvdili da gardaicvala.

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partiarqi ioane (134-1347 ww.) da aleqsi apokavki. am ukanasknelma msxvili feodalebisadmi xalxis siZulvili gamoiyena da maT kantakuzenisa da misi momxreebis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli brZolisken mouwoda. kantakuzens mamulebi, yvela Tanamdeboba da Cini CamoerTva. samefo mis momxreebad da mowinaaRmdegeebad daiyo. 1341 wels qveyanaSi samoqalaqo omi gaCaRda. igi 1347 wlamde mZvinvarebda da bizantias sasikvdilo dartyma miayena. xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda kantakuzenTan daTmobaze wasuliyo. sinklitma SeimuSava SeTanxmeba, romlis mixedviTac mTeli xelisufleba 10 wliT kantakuzenis xelSi rCeboda. Semdeg ioane V ioane VI kantakuzenis (1347-135 ww.) Tanabaruflebiani TanammarTveli gaxdeboda. kantakuzenma gaimarjva, magram misi saTaveSi mosvla damRupveli aRmoCnda qveynisTvis. misi mmarTvelobis dros osmanTa safrTxe mTeli sicxadiT warmoCinda, magram kantakuzenma mis winaaRmdeg araferi ar moimoqmeda. piriqiT, es Zala Zala-uflebis SesanarCuneblad gamoiyena. samoqalaqo omis dros imperiam dasavleTi samflobeloebis didi nawili dakarga. Trakia bulgarelebma igdes xelT. egeosis zRvas bizantiis xelisufleba veRar akontrolebda. floti faqtiurad aRar arsebobda. xazina carieli iyo. qveyanam aRorZinebis Sansi samudamod gauSva xelidan.25 kantakuzeni Seecada samudamod moeSorebina taxtidan kanonieri dinastiis warmomadgeneli. 1353 wels man Tavisi vaJi gamoacxada TanammarTvelad da taxtis memkvidred. ioane V saxeli oficialur dokumentebSi aRar aRiniSneboda.

am ukanasknels ar gasWirvebia xalxis ajanyeba Turqulad molaparake uzurpatoris winaaRmdeg, romelmac asuli TurqeTis sulTans miaTxova da kanonier memkvidresTan brZolaSi maT Zalas eyrdnoboda. kantakuzeni iZulebuli gaxda taxtze uari eTqva da monazvnad aRikveca. paleologosTa dinastiam Zala-ufleba SeinarCuna.

25 История Византии, Моссква, 1967, 152.


204

bizantiaSi samoqalaqo omis dasrulebasTan erTad dasrulda bizantiis, rogorc imperiisa da damoukidebeli qveynis istoria. mis dasavleT miwebze serbebi batonobdnen, aRmosavleTi Turqebis agresiis msxverpli gaxda. kunZulebze da Tavad konstantinopolSi genuelebi da venecielebi batonobdnen. xalxs Zala aRar Seswevda daxmareboda xelisuflebas osmanTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.26 XIV s-Si osmanTa saxlmwifoSi brZolisunariani armia Seiqmna. urxanis (1326-1362 ww.) dros Turqebma mcire aziaSi bizantiis TiTqmis yvela samflobelo daipyres. balkaneTis saxelmwifoebSi Sinaganma areulobam, politikurma gaTiSulobam da urTierTqiSpma Turqebs naxevarkunZulis siRrmeebSi SeRweva gauadvila. 1359 wels TurqTa razmi pirvelad gamoCnda bizantiis dedaqalaqis kedlebTan. urxanis Ze murad I (1362-1389 ww.) energiulad Seudga dapyrobebs balkaneTSi. ioane V paleologosi erTaderT xsnas dasavleTSi xedavda. igi kaTolikur dasavleTs TurqTa winaaRmdeg daxmarebis saTxovnelad ewvia. papi uwindeburad marTlmadideblursa da kaTolikur eklesiebs Soris uniis pirobas ayenebda. 1369 wels romSi ioane V kaTolikoba miiRo, magram radgan mas aRmosavleTis eklesiis warmomadgenlebi ar axldnen, imperatoris es saqcieli ganixiles rogorc calkeuli aqti da ara rogorc eklesiaTa gaerTianeba. am dros bizantiaSi axali ZaliT gaCaRda brZola taxtisTvis momaval imperator andronike IV (1376-1379 ww.) da mamamis ioane V Soris. maT brZolaSi aqtiurad erTvebodnen serbeTi da TurqeTi. imperia erTmaneTTan sustad dakavSirebul teritoriebad daiSala.

bizantiis Semdegi imrepatori iyo manuel II (1391-1425 ww.). mas ar SeeZlo metoqeoba iseTi Zlieri mowinaaRdegisTvis gaewia, rogoric baiazid I iyo. dasavleTi TurqTa ganuwyvetelma warmatebebma SeaSfoTa. maT dapyrobebs SesaZloa centraluri da dasavleTi evropisTvisac mieRwia. 1396 wels papma osmanTa samefos winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli laSqrobis organizeba

26 История Византии, Моссква, 1967, 160.

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moaxdina. jvarosnebs saTaveSi ungreTis mefe sigizmundi Caudga. nikopolisTan dunaize moxda evropis xalxebis erT-erTi grandiozuli Setakeba TurqebTan, romelic jvarosnebis sruli ganadgurebiT damTavrda. manueli Svelas dasavleTisgan iTxovda, magram ramdenime wlis mere Sin fuWi dapirebebiT dabrunda. Temur lengis mier baiazid I damarcxebisa da Semdeg osmanTa samefoSi 1413-1418 wlebSi mimdinare samoqalaqo omis gamo Turqebi bizantiasTan droebiT dazavdnen, magram erTmaneTis mtrobaSi garTulma berZenma feodalebma Seqmnili viTarebis qveynis sasargeblod gamoyeneba ver SeZles. osmanTa saxelmwifos Sida konsolidaciis Sedegad, axali sulTani murad II (1421-1451 ww.) Tavisi papis _ baia-zid I _ agresiul politikas daubrunda. 1422 wels man droebiT Semoartya alya konstantinopols. 1423 wels samxreT saberZneTsa da peloponesSi SeiWra. 1430 wels Te-saloniki aiRo. manuil II araerTi warumatebloba igema, amitom taxti Tavis Svil ioanes gadaabara da Tavad monazvnad aRikveca. ioane VIII (1425-1448 ww.) mZime memkvidreoba miiRo. mis dros ukiduresad mZafrad dadga dasavleTis eklesiasTan uniis sakiTxi. saeklesio davam piks miaRwia. uniis momxree-bi TurqeTTan kavSirTan SedarebiT kaTolikeebTan kavSirs nakleb ubedurebad aRiqvamdnen. 1439 wels florenciis unia daido.27 ioane VIII ek-lesiis uamravi warmomadgeneli axlda Tan. magram papisa da imperatoris xelSekrulebis politikuri da samxedro pirobebi qaRaldze darCa. bizantias arc axla miuRia realuri daxmareba dasavleTidan. 1443 wels papma axali jvarosnuli laSqroba wa-moiwyo. 1444 wels varnaSi evropis bolo cda, TurqeTis dapyrobebisTvis xeli SeeSala, kraxiT damTavrda. osmanTa saTaveSi movida murad II Svili mehmed II (1451-1481 ww.). igi osmanTa saxelmwifos erT-erTi

27 berZnebi unias ar icavdnen, Tumca oficialurad misi uaryofa mxo-

lod 1484 wlis konstantinopolis saeklesio krebaze moxda.


206

gamorCeuli, Rrmad ganaTlebuli mmarTveli iyo. mis sisastikeze legendebi iqmneboda. TurqebTan brZola saboloo fazaSi Sevida. bizantiis SveliT mxolod genua da venecia iyvnen dainteresebuli, romelbsac TavianTi savaWro intresebi hqondaT imperiaSi. qalaqis dacvis yovelgvari mcdeloba amao gamodga da ori Tvis alyis Semdeg, 1453 wels Turqebma qalaqi aiRes. da konstantine didis mier daarsebulma imperiam arseboba Sewyvita Tavis ukanasknel imperatorTan erTad, romelsac, bedis ironiiT, aseve konstantne (konstantine XI (1449-1453 w.)) erqva.28 konstantinopolis dacemasTan erTad faqtiurad arseboba Sewyvita bizantiis imperiamac. konstantinopolis dacemis mizezi mravali iyo: 1) TurqTa jaris mravalricxovnoba da maRali brZolisunarianoba, romelsac bizantiis daqiravebuli jari da calkeul feodalTa mcirericxovani razmebi upirispirdeboda, 2) bizantiis ekonomikis dacema, 3) berZen feodalTa TavaSvebuloba, romlebic xSirad TurqTa sasargeblod qveyanas Ralatobdnen da maTi jaris daxmarebiT mosaxleobis ajanyebebs axSobdnen, 4) ar moiZebna arc erTi WeSmaritad patriotuli partia, romelic SeZlebda xalxis winamZRolobas Turqi dampyrobebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, 5) mdgomareobas arTulebda qveynis sagareo mdgomareobac. XIV-XV s-Si mokavSiris Zebnis yvela mcdeloba kraxiT damTavrda. 1204-1453 wlebSi ganviTarebuli istoriulo movlenebi _ dasavleTisa Tu aRmosavleTis araerTi qveynis sabediswero Careva qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikaSi da Sida gaTiSuloba _ ucxo okupaciisadmi protestsa da gaerTianebisken swrafvas badebda; es yovelive ki erovnuli TviTSegnebis grZnobas amZafrebda da qveyanas elinuri warsulisken axedebda.29 am periodSi literaturisa da xelovnebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli interesis gaRviZebasa da bizantiasa da dasavleT evropis qveynebs Soris ufro mWidro

28 bizantiis ukanaskneli imperatori qalaqis aRebisas xelCarTul

brZolaSi daiRupa. 29 Л.АА. Фрейберг, 1975, 42.

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kulturuli urTieTobis damyarebas qveynis saTaveSi Rrmad ganaTlebuli, erudirebuli mmarTvelis mosvlamac Seuwyo xeli. eseni iyvnen: imperatorebi andronike II da manuel II paleologosebi. yovelive aman paleologosTa epoqaSi kulturis aRorZineba ganapiroba.

Maia Kakashvili

For the History of Paleolog Epoch

Interest to the antiquity is a characteristic sign of the whole Byzan-

tine cultire, which had played the role of a heir and a defender of the old time

intelectual treasure. The literary artistic experiences were permanently di-

gested. But the levels of touch with this world in different historical epochs

were various. All these apochs approached to the antique culture with its own

manner.

The historic facts, that caused remarkable interest to the antiquity of

Paleolog epoch and which during the last centuries of Byzantine Empire

caused renascence of Byzantine culture are shortly digested in this article.

The historical events of 1204-1453 years – fatal intervention of

many eastern and western countries in the home and foreign affairs of the

Empire and discordance inside the country – formed the protest to the foreign

occupation and called forth the aspiration for the consolidation. All these

were aggravating the feeling of national self-consciousness and forced the

country to keep an eye on the Hellenic past.

In this period the deeply erudite emperors Andronik II and Manuel

II helped awakening of especial interest to literature and art and coused the

establishment of more densely cultural interrelation between Byzantine Em-

pire and West-European countries.


ekaterine kobaxiZe

"italieli" herakle

mecnierebaSi dResac bolomde gaurkvevelia, ram ga-moiwvia herakles egzom didi popularoba apeninis naxevar-kunZulze mosaxle xalxebSi.

antikuri xanis italia mofenili iyo herakles ta-ZrebiT, sakurTxevlebiT. herakles axsenebdnen ficis dade-bis, vedrebis dros, marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebisas.1

jer kidev Zveli avtorebi cdilobdnen, am faqti-saTvis garkveuli miTologiuri axsna moeZebnaT. safiqre-belia, amitomac SeiTxza herakles mogzaurobis ambavi italiaSi, sadac igi gerionis Zroxebis mikenSi gadarekvi-sas aRmoCnda.

Cveni moxsenebis mizans ar warmoadgens am epizodis ganxilva, romelic, TavisTavad, mraval saintereso infor-macias Seicavs rogorc Tavad herakleze, ise apeninis nax-evarkunZulis maSindel mkvidr: ligurielebze, etruskebze, maT mefe favnosze, laTinebis winaparze. heraklesagan xom am versiiT, favnosis asuls Ze gasCenia, laTinTa winapari laTinusi.2

Cven amjerad vimsjelebT herakles italiur Sesaty-visebze – etruskul herkleze da romaul herkulesze.

ukve warsuls Cabarda mecnieruli Tvalsazrisi im-is Taobaze, rom romauli miTologia berZnulis e. w. pro-vinciul variants warmoadgens da Tavis mxriv, etruskuli – romaulis lokalur interpretacias.

arqeologiuri masala adasturebs, rom etruskuli herkle, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, ori qronologiuri fenisagan Sedgeba: – erTi fena berZnuli herakles miTologiur wre-

1 Dion. Halic. I, 40, 6. 2 Liv., I, 7, 4-7; Apollod., bibl., II, 109.

ekaterine kobaxiZe

209

Si trialebs – larnakis ferweraSi Cven vxedavT herakles, romelic nemeur hidrasTan, lomTan, piTonebsa da aqe-loosTan mebrZolad warmogvidgeba. berZnul heraklesTan dakavSirebuli am siuJetebis Semosvla etruriaSi ganpiro-bebulia, rogorc fiqroben, berZnuli miTologiis popu-larobis zrdiT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis regionSi, es ki Cv. w.aR-mde VIII s-Si unda momxdariyo.

berZnuli miTologiis popularobis zrda, Tavis mxriv, sagareo vaWrobis gafarToebam gamoiwvia da, amgva-rad, xelovnebis nimuSebi maTze gamosaxuli miTologiuri scenebiT e. w. "ideologiur iaraRad" gadaiqcnen. am droi-danve mkvidrdeba etruskul sinamdvileSi sxva mravali miTologiuri personaJi saberZneTidan: magaliTad, qaroni (etr. xaruni), romlis saxeli Caenacvla sikvdilis etruskuli RmerTis dRes dakargul saxelwodebas, kasto-ri da polidevkesi (etr. kasturi da pultuxe), hadesi da persefone (etr. aita da persepnei). amgvarad, rogorc aRv-niSnavT, saqme gvaqvs herakles kultis gviandel fenasTan, xolo I fena – qronologiurad ufro arqauli, metad saintereso informacias Seicavs. ganvixiloT ramdenime ma-galiTi:

1. volteraSi (350-325 ww.) napovn erT etruskul sar-keze (da es erTaderT SemTxvevas ar warmoadgens),3 herkle unis, cis RvTaeba tinis meuRlis, Svilad warmogvidgeba. ufro sworad, mis Svilobilad. uni ZuZus awovebs zrda-srul, wverosan herkles (sur. 1). gamosaxulebas axlavs warwera, romelic gvamcnobs, rom herakle aris unis Svili – unial clan.4 am scenas ori RmerTqali da ori RmerTi adev-nebs Tvalyurs.

eWvgareSea, rom am sarkeze gamosaxuli scena Svi-lad miRebis rituals asaxavs.

etrusk herklesa da unis aseTi urTierTdamokide-buleba ewinaaRmdegeba herasa da herakles Soris arsebul qiSps, romelic berZnuli miTologiidan aris cnobili.

3 amave siuJetis Semcvelia: apuleuri, faliskuri larnakebi, sarkeebi

(4), medalioni prenestedan – L. B. Van Der Meer, Interpretatio Etrusca, Greek

Myths on Etruscan Mirrors, Amsterdam, 1995, gv. 124. 4 TLE (39) – Pallottino, M., Testimonia Linguae Etrusca, Firenze, 1968.

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210

Tumca, sayuradReboa, rom berZnulma miTologiam Semoinaxa siuJeti, romelic mogviTxrobs heras mier Cvili heraklesTvis ZuZus wovebis epizods.5 magram etruskul variantsa da berZnuls Soris sagrZnobi sxvaobaa: pirveli – hera herakles aTenas eSmakobis wyalobiT, ise, rom ar icis vinaa dedis yuradRebis gareSe darCenili umweo bavS-vi, miscems rZes, xolo uni – herkles taxtze damjdari, oTxi RmerTis TandaswrebiT, sazeimo viTarebaSi; meore – berZnul miTSi herakle Cvili asakisaa, xolo etruskul sarkeze wverosani herklea gamosaxuli.

2. atriSi aRmoCenil sarkeze (480 w.) berZnuli mi-TologiisaTvis aseve ucnobi siuJetia gamosaxuli – her-kle itacebs axalgazrda qals, romelsac hqvia mlaxux. mecnierebs bolomde ver daudgeniaT vin aris es idumali qalbatoni6 (sur. 2).

3. herkle bevrgan menrvas (minervas, aTenas) meuRled Tu Seyvarebulad gamoisaxeba.7

4. romauli wyaroebi, garda amisa, erT metad sayu-radRebo informacias gadmogvcemen – herkles etruskTa modgmis damfuZneblad miiCnevdnen.8

romael mweralTa da Tavad etruskuli xelovnebis nimuSTa mixedviT. Cven SesaZleblad migvaCnda aRgvedgina Semdegi genealogiuri Sto, sadac herkle mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebda:

Manturnus

Uni Tin

Hercle

Tages9

5 Diod. IV. 9, Paus. IX 25, 2. 6 kamaTi am sakiTxze ix. L. B. Van Der Meer, dasax. naSr., gv. 140. 7 Cristofani, Mauro, Dizionario illustrato della civilla' etrusca, Firenze, 1999, gv. 136. 8 Strabo (V, 2, 2 [29]); Dionys. Hall. I, 28, 1. 9 amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. e. kobaxiZe, etruskuli sakulto

terminologia, logosi, 1994, gv. 131.

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5. gansxvavebiT sxva berZnuli warmoSobis RvTaebe-

bisa Tu miTologiuri personaJebisagan, herkle kultmsax-urebis obieqtad gvevlineba. herkle is erTaderTi gamo-naklisia, romlis saxeli garda taZrebisa da sakurTxev-lebisa, hepatoskopiaSic damkvidrda.

hepatoskopias etruriaSi udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. iq arsebobda RviZlze mkiTxaobis mZlavri insti-tuti, funqcionirebda qurumTa sakmaod mravalwevriani kolegia, romelTac romSic iwvevdnen rCevis misacemad.10

gansxvavebiT saberZneTisa da romisagan, sadac hepa-toskopia adgilobrivma religiurma praqtikam ver Sei-sisxlxorca, etruriaSi qurumebma miznad daisaxes RvTae-briv niSanTa dawvrilebiTi interpretacia, risTvisac iye-nebdnen saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi dagrovil codnas da uc-vlelad Semonaxul principebs. es principebi uryevad ga-daecemoda Taobidan Taobas. swored amis Sesaxeb werda ciceroni: "kargad moiqca senati, rom miiRo dadgenileba etruskTa warCinebuli ojaxebidan aTi vaJi am xelovnebis Sesaswavlad gaemwesebina. es gakeTda im mizniT, rom esoden didi xelovneba,... ar gadaqceuliyo anazRaurebad xelobad da angarebis mizniT ar gamoyenebuliyo".11

etruskuli haruspiciis Sesaxeb umniSvnelovanes wyaros warmoadgens piaCencaSi aRmoCenili brinjaos RviZ-lis modeli, romelzec, arsebiTad, proecirebulia e. w. wminda sivrcis anu templum-is, rogorc mas romaelebi eZaxdnen, suraTi.

winaswarmetyvelis funqcia imaSi mdgomareobda, rom ewarmoebina dakvirveba mis mier agebul templumze da imis da mixedviT, Tu romeli RmerTi "alaparakdeboda" RviZlsa Tu zecaSi, ganemarta RvTaebrivi niSnebi.

mniSvnelovania, rom herkle brinjaos RviZlis mod-elze, etruskuli religiisaTvis umniSvnelovanes da orga-nul RvTaebaTa (tin, uni, neT, kaT, vetisl, maris, satres da sxv.) gverdiTaa warmodgenili.

10 Tacitus, Annales, XI, 15. 11 Cicero, de divin. XLI, 92.

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herkles segmenti (#27) Cath – mzis RmerTisa da letha – ciuri RmerTis maxloblad mdebareobs12 (sur. 3).

zemoTmoyvanili informaciidan gamomdinare, SesaZleblad migvaCnia gamovTqvaT Semdegi varaudebi:

1. herkle etruskuli religiisaTvis organuli RvTaebaa;

2. herkle romeliRac uzenaesi RmerTis Svils an Svilobils warmoadgenda (SesaZloa, unisac);

3. herkle ciur samyarosTan unda iyos dakavSire-buli;

4. herkle ar warmoadgens herakles etruskul in-terpretacias.

rac Seexeba romaul herkuless, Cven ar viziarebT mtkicebulebebs misi berZnuli herakles aslad warmodge-nis Sesaxeb.

amis sasargeblod SeiZleba moviyvanoT Semdegi ar-gumentebi:

1. romaul miTologiaze, religiaze da kultze, rogorc amas Tavad romaeli avtorebi araerTxel miuTi-Tebdnen, didi gavlena moaxdina etruskulma kulturam.

2. herkulesi ufro sakulto, vidre miTologiur sferoSia warmodgenili.

3. herkulesisadmi miZRvnil dResaswaulebs mravali lokaluri Tavisebureba axasiaTebda. mas hyavda sagangebo qurumi saliebi, marsis analogiurad.13

ciceroni "tuskulanur saubrebSi"14 axsenebs vinme kekuss, cenzors, romelic herkulesTan dakavSirebuli msaxurebis saidumloTa gaTqmisTvis dabrmavda.

4. sainteresoa agreTve isic, rom qalebi herkulesisadmi miZRvnil zeimebSi ar monawileobdnen da herkulesis saxelis xseneba ficis dadebis Jams ekrZalebodaT.15

12 amasTan dakavS. ix. Adriano Maggiani, Qualche osservazione sul fegato di Piacenza,

SE, 1984, gv. 53; Giovanni Colonna, A proposito degi dei del fegato di Piacenza, SE,

1993, gv. 245. 13 Serv. Verg. Aen. VII, 285; Ovid. Fast. III, 12, 7. 14 V, §112. 15 P. Porph. II, 6, 12.

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zemoTmoyvanili sulac ar niSnavs, rom herkulesze ar aisaxa berZnuli herakles popularoba da mis kultmsaxurebaSi erTmaneTs mxolod etruskuli da romauli lokaluri kultebi Seerwya.

cxadia, umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad rCeba saxelis etimologia. berZnuli herakles saxeli, Tavad miTografosTa mier, Hera da Cleos-is sinTeziT miRebulad miiCneoda da ganimarteboda, Semdegnairad – "heras dideba". cxadia, etimologia, romelic herakles gandidebas heras qiSpis wyalobiT moiazrebs, bunebrivad ar gamoiyureboda. am uxerxulobas grZnobdnen jer kidev antikur xanaSi da herasa da herakles Soris urTierTobis "mosawesrigeblad" rogorc ZuZus wovebis, ise Svilad ayvanis sxva miTebsac iSveliebdnen da imasac aRniSnavdnen, rom herakles, sanam mas hera iSvilebda, alkeosi erqva.16

yuradRebas imsaxurebs imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom sityva "cleos"-is fuZe "cl,-cle-" etruskuladac SeiZleba "gaiSifros". es fuZe "Svils, pirmSos, vaJs" aRniSnavs. es sruliad Tanxvdeba etruskuli miTologiis herkles, romelic aris kidec "unial clan" – unis Svili.

sabolood, vfiqrobT, Semdegi varaudebi SeiZleba gamovTqvaT: herakle romeliRac arqauli RmerTqalis Svili (Tu Svilobili) iyo, romelic winaberZnul da winaromaul, ufro sworad, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis uZveles proindoevropul mosaxleobaSi iyo popularuli.

es popularoba imdenad didi iyo, rom man aiZula berZnebi gamoecxadebinaT es RmerTi zevsis Svilad da misTvis damatebiTi Tvisebebi daerToT, Tumca, miuxedavad zevsis Svilobisa, misTvis daqvemdebarebuli, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, meorexarisxovani RmerTis ampluis miniWeba ganemartaT imiT, rom igi mokvdavad, adamianad iSva (sayuradReboa aseve isic, rom alkmenesa da alkeoss erTi fuZidan warmomdgari saxelebi hqviaT, rac matriarqalur fesvebze miuTiTebs). bunebrivad daismis kiTxva, Tu ratom gaxda aucilebeli herakles saxelSi heras dafiqsireba an imis aRniSvna rom igi heras Svilia? SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom protoherakles dedac Zalze popularuli iyo

16 Hom. Ilias XIX, 95; Apollod., II, 4, 5; Plautus, Amph., 1096, Diod. Sic., IV, 10).

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araindoevropul tomebSi da misi Canacvleba heraTi am nabijiT nawilobriv mainc gaxda SesaZlebeli.

amis paralelurad etruskul sinamdvileSi sicocxles ganagrZobs igive RvTaeba, unis Svilad wodebuli, romelic etruskul kultmsaxurebaSi popularobas inarCunebs. misi saxeli, berZnuli miTologiis gavrcelebasTan erTad Canacvlebulia berZnuli variantiT herakle (SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom mas unikl an uniklec ki erqva).

ra funqciebi hqonda am araindoevropul RvTaebas? erTi SexedviT, am or – etruskul da berZnul

kultmsaxurebis obieqts bevri ram ganasxvavebs. saberZneTSi herakles pativs scemdnen rogorc aTletizmis, sijansaRis mfarvels,17 Termebis, Webisa da wyaroebis damcvels. etruskuli herkle, rogorc es zemoT aRvniSneT, cis samyaros ukavSirdeba. sainteresoa erTi informacia, romelic kalimaqosTan aris daculi da axdens, Cveni azriT, herakles da herkles funqciebis daaxlebas da am gziT, protoherakles, Tu mas am saxels pirobiTad vuwodebT, gavlenis sferos identifikacias. herakle kalimaqosTan zeciur mekaredac warmogvidgeba.18

vfiqrobT, globaluri daskvnebisagan Tavi unda SevikavoT, Tumca sayuradReboa, rom berZnuli miTologia sazogadod icnobs "gaRmerTebis" faqts. es movlena asaxavs adrearsebuli kultebis aRiarebas berZnuli religiis mier. amis magaliTs heraklesTan erTad unda warmoadgendes dionisec, romlis araberZnuli warmomavloba dRes aravisSi eWvs ar iwvevs miuxedavad saxelis berZnulobisa.

Ekaterine Kobakhidze

SATAURI

It is still unclear for the science what is the reason of such a great popularity

of Herakles in the people of Apennines peninsula.

17 Diodorus Siculus IV, 39. 18 kalimaqosi, himni artemisisadmi, 145.

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The ancient Italy was very rich of temples and of altars Herakles. Name of

Herakles was pronounced while taking an oath, praying, rendering justice.

The resume gives a view of interpretation of this fact.

On the bases of discussing Roman and Etruscan prototypes of Greek Herakles

(Hercules, Hercle), using an archeological material following considerations

have been suggested: Herakles was the son (or grandson) of an ancient god-

dess, who was popular in pre-Greek and pre-Roman i.e. ancient pro-Indo-

European population of Mediterranean.

This popularity was such big, that it forced Greeks to announce this god the

son of Zeus and append to him additional qualities.

Simultaneously, in Etruscan reality lives the same god called the Son of Uni –

Hercle, who keeps his popularity in Etruscan divine service. Along with the

spread of Greek mythology his name is substituted with Greek version - He-

rakles.

What functions did this non-Indo-European god have? At one glance, there

are many differences between these two objects of Etruscan and Greek divine

service. In Greece Herakles was respectable as a protector of athletes, heal-

thiness, shafts and streams. Etruscan Hercle must have been connected with

the world of sky according to the Bronze Liver found in Piacenza. We also

find interesting the information, which is reserved at Kallimachos and draws

together functions of Herakles and Hercle – at Kallimachos Herekles appears

before us as a guard of heavenly gates.

It is also interesting, that Greek mythology generally is familiar with the facts

of idolization. This phenomenon reflects the acknowledgment of cults pre-

viously functioning by the Greek religion, the good example of which is also

Dionise, whose non-Greek origin is not doubted by anyone despite his Greek

name.


anTropologia basili didis moZRvrebaSi gvanca koplataZe qriatianul RmrTismetyvelebaSi samyaros

Seqmnis mizezi RmrTeebrivi siyvarulia. yovladwminda samebam, RmerTma umyofobidan gamoixmo Tavisi qmnilebani, raTa isini Tavisi siyvarulis netarebasTan eziarebia. samyaro RmrTis sityviT, brZanebiT Seiqmna, RmrTis sityva ki, rogorc basili didi ganmartavs, igive "RmrTeebrivi neba da azris aRZvraa" (eq. dReTasTvis III, 1). brZaneba myisieria, xolo Sinaarsi misi – rTuli da mravalferovani. es sirTule da mravlaferovneba samyaros wyobaSi gamoixata, romelic erTianobaSi didebuli simwyobriT warmodgeba da misi Semoqmedis gamouTqmel sibrZnesa da yovlisSemZleobaze metyvelebs.

"... Tuku odesme naTeli RameSi varskvlavTa miuTxrobeli Sveneba gixilavs, uTuod gulisxmagiyvia yovelTa Semoqmedi, vinc zeca imgvari yvavilebiT moxata, rom xilulTa Soris maT mSvenebas sargebloba aRemateba da kidev: Tuki dRis manZilze mRviZare gonebiT sakvirvelebani dRisa Segiswavlia da xilulTa meSveobiT uxilavi gangiWvretia, maSin mosulxar ganmzadebuli msmeneli da Rirsi imisa, rom es patiosani da netari sanaxaoba SeniTac Seavso" (eq. dReTaTvis, VI, 1).

samyaros wyobaSi qmnilebani safexureobrivad arian ganlagebulni, rasac maTi sul ufro da ufro srulyofa da SemoqmedTan miaxloeba ganpirobebs. am kibis umaRles safexurze qmnilebaTa gvirgvini – adamiani dgas. misi mdgomareoba SesaqmeSive ganisazRvra, roca igi xatad RmrTisa Seiqmna (dab. 1, 27), rac mis ukvdavebasa da maradiul sulier cxovrebas gulisxmobs. basili didis ganmartebiT, adamianisaTvis miniWebul gansakuTrebul pativze metyvelebs isic, rom igi qmnilebaTa Soris

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erTaderTia, romelic ara RmrTis brZanebiT – sityviT, aramed uSualod misgan Seiqmna da RmrTivqmnulic amitom mxolod mas ewoda: "TÂT caÁca da mzÀ da mTovare da varskulavni, yovelnive sityÂT iqmnes: Tivani da xeni, bunebani igi wyalTani, zesknelisani da quesknelisani, xolo kaci oden daibada ÃeliTa RmrTisaÁTa" – wers igi sityvaSi, "romeli Tqua Rakizes Sina qalaqsa".1

yvela qmnilebaze gvian Seqmna da danarCen qmnilebebTan SedarebiT upiratesoba imaze miuTiTebs, rom adamiani samyaros meufea. Tavi rom uqonel glaxakad ar egrZno, RmerTma adamians, vidre umyofobidan yofierebaSi moiyvanda, jer mcenareTa da cxovelTa uTvalavi nairsaxeobiT Semkobili dedamiwa da Werad mnaTobebiT damSvenebuli zeca ganumzada, da isic "viTarca meufe taZarsa Sina Semkulsa, esreT Semovida sofelsa amas",2 romelic ukve elodeboda.

TxzulebaSi "eqvsTa dReTaTvis" basili dids, romelmac vrceli komentarebi gaukeTa mnaTobebis, mcenareuli safaris, wylisa Tu xmeleTis cxovelebis warmoSobas, adamianis SesaqmisaTvis kidev ufro vrceli komentaris gakeTeba hqonda ganzraxuli. "riTi emsgavseba adamiani RmerTs da rogor monawileobs igi am damsgavsebaSi, Tu RmerTi Zalas mogvcems, momdevno saubrebSi vityviTo", – eubneba msmenelebs mecxre homiliaSi (IX, 6), magram, samwuxarod, "momdevno saubrebis" warmoTqma aRar dascalda, ris gamoc kacis Sesaqmeze dawyebuli swavlebis dasruleba mis umcros Zmas, grigol nosels mouxda.

miuxedavad amisa, basilis sxva TxzulebaTa Seswavla, romlebSic igi

1 basili didis swavlaTa efTÂme aToneliseuli Targmani, Tb., 1983, gv.

195. 2 iqve.

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anTropologiis sakiTxebs exeba, saSualebas gvaZlevs ZiriTadad mainc CamovayaliboT didi moZRvris swavleba adamianis agebulebasa da mis daniSnulebaze.

adamiani miwisa da sulisagan Seiqmna: Seqmna ufalman RmerTman kaci, mtuerisa mimRebelman queyanisagan, da STabera pirsa missa suli sicocxlisa da iqmna kaci sulad cxovlad (dab. II, 7), magram RmrTis xatebas masSi suli warmoadgens: "Tavad Cuenad iTqumis suli da gonebaÁ, romliTaca xatad RmrTisad dabadebul varT" – wers igi ganmartebaSi mose winaswarmetyvelis swavlebisa. "ekrZale Tavsa Sensa" (Sjul. 15, 9). amitom sakuTrivi azriT, adamiani sulia. "ekrZale Tavsa Sensa, romel ars suli Seni",3 - gvaswavlis igi. vinc Tavis suls gulisxmayofs, igi advilad irwmunebs, rom RmerTi uxilavia, radgan suli, romelic adamianSi RmrTis xatebaa, xorcieli TvalebisaTvis uxilavia, mas arc raime garkveuli saxe aqvs da arc feri. samagierod, igi iseve, rogorc misi pirvelsaxe - RmerTi, misTa saqmeTagan Seicnoba. aranivTier, aramaterialur suls, "romel ars wuril, Txel da gonier da araraÁ uÃms mas zrqelisagan amis soflisaTa", basili didis moxdenili TqmiT, dambadebelma sofelsa amas Sina etlad xorci misca.4 suli ,rogorc raRac safarvelSi, cxovrobs sxeulSi, romelic miwisagan Seiqmna da amitom cvalebadi da xrwnadia. igive iTqmis materialur samyarozec, sadac adamiani xorcielad cxovrobs. aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis cxovreba orgvaria. xorcieli cxovreba cvalebadsa da mokvdav samyaroSi, romelic mswraflwarmavalia da cxovreba aramaterialuri sulisa, romelsac aseve aramaterialursa da gareSemouwerel samyaroSi dasasruli ar eqneba: "gulisÃma-yav TÂsi igi bunebaÁ, rameTu mokudav arian Ãorcni Senni,

3 dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 21-22. 4 dasaxelebuli wigni, "araSeqcevisaTvis saqmeTa soflisaTa"... gv. 210.

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xolo suli ukudav, da rameTu orkerZo ars cxovrebaÁ Cueni: erTi ese ÃorcTaÁ, adre warmavali, da meorÀ igi sulisaÁ, romel gareSemouwerel ars da dausrulebel",5 magram ramdenadac sxeuli sulis samkvidrebelia, dambadeblis mier igi udidesi sibrZniTaa Seqmnili, saxeldobr, isea agebuli, rom misTvis Sesaferisi da marjve iyos. yoveli cocxal arsebaTagan or fexze mdgari, welSi gamarTuli sxeuli mxolod adamians aqvs; aseve mxolod mas SeuZlia zecisken axedva, raTa amiTac axsovdes Tavisi warmomavloba da cxovrebis mizani - ganRmrToba, anu dabruneba RmerTTan zeciur sasufevelSi. "yovelTagan dabadebulTa mxoloÁ marTlmdgomared dahbada kaci, raÁTa TÂT saxisa TÂsisagan uwyodis, viTarmed zecaTaÁsa mis TÂsebisagan ars cxorebaÁ misi. rameTu oTxferÃni yovelnive queyanad xedven da muclisa mimarT dadrekil arian, xolo kacisa mza ars zecad axilvaÁ, raÁTa ara Seeqces igi saqmeTa muclisaTa, nuca vnebaTa misTa, aramed yovelive swrafvaÁ misi iyos zecad aRsvlisa mimarT".6

basili didis swavlebiT, suli xorcieli safarvelis romelime erT adgilas ki ar mkvidrobs, aramed mTel sxeulSia ganfenili da mis sxvadasxva nawils erTmaneTTan akavSirebs: "gikÂrdin ÃelovnebaÁ dambadebelisaÁ viTar Zali igi sulisaÁ SeaerTa ÃorcTa Tana da yovelTave kideTa misTa ganfenil ars da mravalsaxed ganyofilTa maT asoTa erTad ziarebad moiyvanebs".7 dambadebels-pirvelsaxes suli gareSemouwerlobiTac emsgavseba, radgan bunebiT "erTsa adgilsa dadgromaÁ" ar axasiaTebs, amitom erT garkveul adgilas igi xorcTan (romelsac misgan gansxvavebiT gareSemowerilia) SeerTebis gamo imyofeba. aqedan gamomdinare, sxeuli

5 "ekrZale Tavsa Sensa", gv. 22. 6 iqve, gv. 29. 7 iqve, gv. 28.

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SeiZleba ara mxolod rogorc safarveli - sadguri sulisa, aramed rogorc erTgvari sakrveli, sapyrobile, isec iqnes gagebuli. sxeulis aRqma rogorc sapyrobilesi gansakuTrebiT imaT axasiaTebT, romelnic aramaterialur, miRmur samyaroSi damkvidrebisaken amqveynadve miiswrafvian. "gamoiyvane sapyrobiliT suli Cemi" - mimarTavs winaswarmetyveli da mefsalmune daviT mefe Semoqmeds (fsalm. 141, 7). basili didis, azriT, amgvari sulisaTvis sxeulSi yofna yovelgvar amqveyniur satanjvelsa da sapyrobileze ufro mZimea: "romeli zecisa samkÂdrebelad miiswrafdes, misTÂs umZimes yovlisave satanjvelisa da yovlisave sapyrobilisa ars ÃorcTa amas Sina yofaÁ".8

basili didis anTropologiaSi goneba da suli damoukidebel cnebebs ar warmoadgens. suli igive gonebaa, an ufro zustad, goniereba sulis Tvisebaa. "suli gonieri mocemul ars Senda" - gveubneba igi, iqve sifrTxiliskenac mogviwodebs, radgan sulSi garda im nawilisa, romelic "sityÂeri da gonieria", meore nawilic ganirCeva - "vnebuli da usityoÁ". bunebiT mmarTveloba pirvels hmarTebs, xolo meores _ morCileba da dajereba misi.9

meore nawilSi mgrZnoblobiTi Zalebi da gulisTqmani igulisxmebian, romelTac, Tu kaci gonebiT ver daimorCilebs, sulis damaxinjebul vnebebad gadaiqcevian, maSin, roca Tu piriqiT xdeba da mgrZnobeloba gonebas win ar gauswrebs, igi suls iseT saTnoebaTa SeZenaSic ki Seeweva, rogoric mxneoba, moTmineba, Tanalmoba da samarTlianobaa. magaliTad, guliswyroma, romeli ara "rbiodis uwinares gonebisa", anu gonebiT marTulia, ZarRvia sulisa, romelic mas keTilsa zeda dgomisaTvis Zalas miscems. advili

8 dasaxelebul iwigni, "ivlita mowamisaTÂs da ... madlobisTÂsve", gv.

47. 9 dasaxelebul wigni, "ekrZale Tavsa Sensa", gv. 28.

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SesaZlebelia, rom gulisTqmaTagan Zalagamoleuli suli man, viTarca rkina sawrTobSi, gamoawrTos da mxneoba Sehmatos, radgan guliswyromis gareSe codvis Sesaferisad moZuleba warmoudgenelia. TviT siZulvilic ki ara mxolod gamarTlebuli, aramed saqebaric SeiZleba aRmoCndes, magaliTad, maSin, roca igi ara romelime adamianis, aramed "kacismkvlelisa mis mimarT, romeli-igi ars mamaÁ tyuilisaÁ, romeli-igi moqmed ars codvisaÁ", anu eSmakisadmia mimarTuli, xolo rac Seexeba Zmas, romelic scodavs, ara Tu ar unda SeviZuloT, aramed ufroÁsad unda gvelmodes misTvis, radgan eSmakTan erTad saukuno sasjeli elis.10

imaves Tqma SeiZleba gulisTqmaTa Sesaxebac. ukeTu Zala gulisTqmisa ara xorciel vnebaTa dakmayofilebisaken, aramed RmrTis siyvarulisa da maradiul sikeTeTa moxveWisaken iqneba miqceuli, igi suls aucileblad moutans sargeblobas. ase rom, yvelaferi adamianis Tavisufal nebaze, saxeldobr imazea damokidebuli, risTvis gamoiyenebs mgrZnobelobiT Zalebs maTi mflobeli: "sxuanica Zalni sulisani Ãmarebisamebr maTisa gamoCndebian, anu keTil, anu borot momgeblisa mis maTisa".11

adamiani mowodebulia mgrZnobelobiTni Zalni da gulisTqmani gonierebiT daimorCilos da am gziT sulSi Tanxmoba, mSvidoba da harmoniuloba daasadguros, rac sulisTvis mTlianobis SenarCunebasac moaswavebs.

rogorc saerTod aRmosavleTis patristikuli anTropologiis, aseve basili didis moZRvrebiTac, adamiani ara avtonomiuri, aramed "RmerTSi" anu "madlSi" myofi arsebaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva buneba aqvT, Semoqmedi da qmnileba erTmaneTs RmrTeebrivi energiis - madlis wyalobiT eziarebian. dasavluri

10 dasaxelebul wigni, "mrisxaneTaTvis", gv. 77. 11 iqve, gv. 75.

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RmrTismetyvlebisgan gansxvavebiT bizantiur RmrTismetyvelebaSi cnebani "Tavisufleba" da "madli" erTmaneTs ar upirispirdebian.12 marTalia, WeSmariti adamianuroba mxolod maSin xorcieldeba, roca adamiani "RmerTSi" cxovrobs da madlismier Tvisebebs flobs, magram es araavtonomiuri arseboba odnavadac ar zRudavs mis Tavisuflebas, romelic dambadebelma mas arCevanis gasakeTeblad SesaqmeSive uboZa.13

maqsime aRmsareblis swavlebiT, im oTxi sakuTari Tvisebidan, romelic RmerTma adamians mianiWa, arsobrivi yofiereba da maradiulobaa, xolo sikeTe da sibrZne mxolod "SeTavazebulia", romelTa miRebisaTvisac adamianma Tavisufali neba unda gamoavlinos.14 marTalia, RmrTeebrivi cxovreba – ukvdaveba niWia, romelic adamians dambadeblisgan miemadla, magram amave dros, amocanacaa, romelic man Tavisufali ZalisxmeviT unda gadaWras, rac "msgavsebis" SesaZleblobis ganxorcilebas anu madlismieri Tvisebebis srulyofasa da am gziT saboloo miznis – ganRmrTobis miRwevas gulisxmobs.

mgrZnobelobiTi Zalebis gonebiT marTva da madlismieri Tvisebebis srulyofisken swrafva sulSi simSvidis dasadgurebasa da mis RmerTTan miaxloebas moaswavebs, rac aucilebeli pirobaa garemo samyarosa da Semoqmedis SemecnebisTvis da piriqiT, suli, romelSic umarTavi mgrZnobelobiTi Zalebi: mtroba, Suri, mrisxaneba da a. S. dauwynareblad SfoTaven, rasac Sedegad RmrTisagan gaucxoeba mosdevs, iseve uZluria WeSmariti codnis SesaZenad, rogorc librgadakruli Tvalebi xiluli sagnebis aRsaqmelad. WeSmaritebis Secnobamde amaRleba ara codvebiT dabnelebul, aramed wmindasa da mSvid gonebas xelewifeba.

12 ix. ean Danielou, Platonisme et théologie mystique, Paris, 1944, p. 54. 13 Иоанн Мейендорф, Византийское Богословие, Минск, 2002, gv. 200. 14 Maximus the Confessor, De Char. III, 25, PG 90; 1024 BC.

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amgvar gonebas RmrTis SemecnebisaTvis ori gza aqvs: 1. xiluli samyaros simwyobrisa da silamazis aRqmis Sedegad moiazros is xelovani, romelmac yovelive es sibrZniT Seqmna, razec jer kidev pavle mociquli miuTiebda: rameTu uxilavi igi misi dabadebiTgan soflisaÁT qmnulTa maT Sina sacnaurad ixilvebis, da samaradisoÁ igi Zali misi da RmrTeebaÁ (rom. 1, 20). magram imisaTvis, rom "xilulTagan uxilavi SevicnoT da qmnilebaTa didebulebisa da silamazisagan Cveni dambadeblis Sesaxeb Sesaferisi warmodgena viqonioT",15 WeSmaritebis gulisxmisyofaa saWiro, riTac RmerTi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, xorciel survilTa da miwier sazrunavTagan ganwmendil gulebs ajildoebs. 2. kidev ufro ukeT SeiZleba Semecneba RmrTisa sakuTari Tavis SemecnebiT: "xolo rasa mravalsa vityodiT? rameTu TÂT Tavisa Senisa gulisÃmisyofaÁ ukueTu keTilad moigo, igi wargiZRues mecnierebad RmrTisa ... Tavsa Soris Sensa ixilo didi igi dambadeblisa Senisa sibrZne".16

rac Tavad RmrTis Semecnebis mniSvnelobas Seexeba, basili didis azriT, SeuZlebelia cxovreba sulisa, romelic dambadebels ar icnobs: "rameTu arca ÃorcTa cxorebaÁ SesaZlebel ars TÂnier samSÂnvelisa, arca sulisaÁ, romeli ara icnobdes dambadebelsa TÂssa; rameTu ugulisÃmobaÁ RmrTisaÁ sikudil ars sulisaÁ".17

ra Tqma unda, adamianis goneba RmrTis Sesamecneblad, missive Semweobis gareSe uZluria. antikuri xanis didma moazrovneebma, romelTac gamocxadeba ar hqoniaT, imis gamo, rom damoukideblad RmerTi ver Seicnes, "verc samyaros dabadebis gonieri mizezi gulisxmayves da sxva daskvnebic erTmaneTis miyolebiT am

15 basili didi, Txzulebani, Tb., 2003, gv. 243. 16 "ekrZale Tavsa Sensa"... gv. 28. 17 naTlisRebisaTvis, gv. 140.

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pirveli ugunurebis Sesabamisad gamoitanes"18 gansxvavebiT mose winaswarmetyvelisagan, "vinc angelozTa msgavsad RmrTis pirispir xilvis Rirsi gaxda da imas mogviTxrobs, rac RmrTisagan esma". magram ramdenadac adamianis gansazRvruli tevadobis mqone gonebas RmrTis usazRvro da usasrulo yofierebis dateva ar SeuZlia, RmrTis rCeulebs gamocxadebac imdeni eboZaT, ramdenis datevac kacobriv gonebas xelewifeba. RmrTis TvisebaTa mxolod nawilobrivi Semecneba sruliadac ar iZleva safuZvels meore ukiduresobaSi gadasavardnad da im daskvnis gamosatanad, rom Cveni gonebis mier Semecnebuli uciloblad mcdari da arasando iqneba. adamianis mzerac zecis gumbaTis mxolod mcire nawils moicavs, gvaswavlis basili didi, magram amis gamo ar vambobT, rom zeca uxilavia; piriqiT, im SezRuduli codnis safuZvelze, romelic mis Sesaxeb gvaqvs, vaskvniT, rom igi xilulia.

basili didis swavleba RmrTis Semecnebaze ZiriTadad gadmocemulia TxzulebaSi, romelic man kizikis episkoposis evnomiosis winaaRmdeg dawera. rogorc cnobilia, evnomiosma ariozis eretikuli moZRvreba ieso qristes Sesaxeb kidev ufro ganaviTara da imis damtkicebas Seecada, rom igi ara Tu mamis erTarsi, aramed arsiT misi msgavsic ki ar iyo ( ). Tavisi anomeuri doqtrina mas gnoseologiuri winamZRvrebidan gamohyavda. cnebis obieqturobidan gamomdinare, evnomiosi ori gvaris saxelebs da amdenad ori gvaris cnebebs ganarCevda: 1. adamianTa mier moazrebuli ( ), romelnic, ramdenadac saganTa agebulebasa da bunebaze arafers amowmeben, mxolod raRac uSinaarso cariel saxelebsa da sityvebs warmoadgenen, warmoTqmisTanave ifantebian da veraviTar sarwmunosa da obieqtur codnas ver gvaZleven da

18 basili didi, Txzulebani, 1, 2 gv. 206.

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2. sakuTriv sagnobrivi an zeadamianuri saxelebi. es e. w. "Teslebidan warmoSobili saxelebi",19 ramdenadac TviTon sagnebsa da maT Sinaarss aRniSnaven, amdenad maTTan gardauvalad, urRvevad arian dakavSirebulni da maT arss aaSkaraveben. isini, rogorc erTgvari "Teslebi" adamianis gonebaSi RmerTma Cado. vaviTarebT ra am "Teslebs" logikuri anlizis gziT, viRebT saxelebs, romelTa meSeobiTac TviTon arss vWvretT da amgvarad ucilobel, ucvlelsa da adeqvatur codnas viZenT. rogorc vxedavT, evnomiosi, gnoseologiuri winamZRvrebidan gamomdinare, askvnis, rom adamianis gonebas RmrTis sruli da amomwuravi, e. i. misi arsis Semecneba SeuZlia.

basili didi uwinaresad saxelebis evnomiosiseul dayofas uaryofs da e. w. "moazrebulebze" misi Tvalsazrisis simcdares amxels. saerTod ras niSnavs es sityva "moazreba?" – svams igi kiTxvas da sruliad samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom ukeTu saxeli sruliad arafers ar aRniSnavs da mxolod bgerebia, romelnic usargeblod mogvwyda enidan, maSin am procesisaTvis ara "moazreba", aramed bodva da ybedoba unda gvewodebina; xolo Tu imaze SevTanxmdebiT, rom marTalia, "moazreba" ki aRniSnavs raRacas, magram crusa da ararsebuls (mag: miTosur kentavrebsa da qimerebs), maSin rogorRa xdeba, rom maTi aRmniSvneli moazrebuli saxelebis warmoTqmisas es cru gagebani maTTan erTad ar qrebian da gonebasa da azrovnebaSi rCebian? piriqiT rom yofiliyo, anu sityvebTan erTad maTi warmoTqmisas isic gamqraliyo, rasac isini aRniSnaven, maSin sicruis Tqma ara Tu samarcxvino, aramed friad samarTlianic ki iqneboda, radgan Sedegad sicruis gaqroba-ganadgurebas gamoiRebda.

19 stoicizmi.

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basili didis ganmartebiT, moazreba sagnis an movlenis gonebismieri wvdoma da analizia, romelic pirvelad grZnobiT Seqmnil warmodgenebs mosdevs: "erTi SexedviT sxeuli martivad warmogvidgeba, magram SemweobisaTvis modis goneba da moazrebiT daanawevrebs ra mas Semadgenel nawilebad: feri, moxazuloba, simyare, sidide da sxv., gvaCvenebs, rom igi mravalferovania",20 – wers igi da magaliTad xorbali mohyavs.

xorblis marcvalze ubralo warmodgena yvelas aqvs, magram gulmodgine Seswavlisas misi mravali aspeqti ixsneba da sxvadasxva saxelwodeba eZleva, romelnic imas aRniSnaven, rac mis Sesaxeb unda warmovidginoT. erTsa da imave marcvals xom Cven xan nayofs vuwodebT, xan Tesls da xan kidev saWmels. TiToeuli am saxelTagan gonebas moazrebiT warmoudgeba da es warmodgenebi maTi aRmniSvneli saxelebis warmoTqmisas ara Tu qreba, aramed imis sulSi, vinc mas iazrebs, fesvebs idgams.

rogorc vxedavT, basili didi Semecnebis procesSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Tavdapirvel daunawevrebel aRqmas sagnisas, romelic mas azrovnebisaTvis aaSkaravebs, mis arsebobasa da realobas amowmebs da gonebriv analizs, romelic cnebebiTa da saxelebiT mtkicdeba; marTalia, isini igeba, moiazreba gonebis mier, magram es sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom es cnebani da saxelebi mxolod Sinaarsisagan daclil, cariel sityvebs warmoadgenen.

basili didis Semecnebis TeoriaSi ZiriTadi da mTavari swored maZiebeli gonebis es aqtiurobaa. rac SeiZleba srulyofili SemecnebisaTvis, goneba anawevrebs sagnebs da adgens urTierTmimarTebas maT Soris, ris Sedegadac axal cnebebs – uaryofiTs an dadebiTs moiazrebs. saxelTagan erTni –

20 Basilie de Césarée, Contre Eunome, I, Paris, 1982, gv. 184.

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damoukidebelni calkeul sagnebs aRniSnaven (adamiani, cxeni, xari), xolo meoreni saganTa Soris mimarTebebs xsnian (adamiani, mona, megobari).21 saxelebiT Cven erTmaneTisagan vasxvavebT sagnebs da "aRvbeWdavT CvenSi gagebas im gansakuTrebul, ganmasxvavebel Tvisebebze, romelnic maTSi ixilveba". sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sxvadasxva gagebis Semcveli saxelebi analizis saSualebaa, romelic yovelTvis sagnis TvisebaTa Wvretas, maTSi Cawvdomas gulisxmobs da Semecnebis azric amaSi mdgomareobs; magram yovelTvis rCeba niSnebad dauyofeli da daunawevrebeli raRac irracionaluri naSTi, anu saganTa arsi, romelic SemecnebisaTvis miuwvdomelia. cnebani anawevreben, ganasxvaveben mocemul gamocdilebebs, magram maT verasodes verc amowuraven da verc zustad gamoxataven. amitom gamocdilebis (cdis) cnebasTan gaigiveba ar SeiZleba, xolo TviTon cneba gamocdilebis (cdis) gareSe ar arsebobs, radganac misgan miiReba. goneba xom mxolod da mxolod imas Seicnobs, rasac Wvrets da risi aRqmisasac Tavis Tavs angariSs aZlevs.

rac Seexeba RmrTis Semecnebis problemas, am SemTxvevaSi yvela moazrebuli saxeli gamocdilebiT – dabadebulTa WvretiT miRebuli iqneba dambadebelze is Tu Tavis Tavze TviTon RmrTisagan naTqvami (mag: kari (in. 10, 9); gza (14, 6); puri (6, 51); venaxi (15, 10); mwyemsi (10, 11); naTeli (8, 12), ase Tu ise, gamocxadebas gulisxmobs. es sxvadasxvagvarad moazrebuli saxelebi RmrTis sxvadasxva Tvisebas, romelTac erTi saerTo safuZveli aqvT, gamoxataven da "vin alesa mkrexelobisaTvis Tavisi ena imgvarad, rom gaebeda da eTqva, es moazrebani ( ) warmoTqmul sityvebTan erTad gaifantebao" - svams kiTxvas basili didi.22 magram es ar niSnavs, rom am

21 Basilie de Césarée, Contre Eurome, II, Paris, 1983, gv. 36. 22 Contre Eunome, I, gv. 190.

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moazrebul saxelebs, romelimes cal-calke an erTad aRebuls, RmrTis arsis gamoxatva SeeZlos: "ar arsebobs arcerTi saxeli, romelic moicavda ra RmrTis mTel bunebas, sakmarisi iqneboda misi sruli gamoxatvisaTvis, mravali sxvadasxva saxeli, aRebuli TiToeuli sakuTari mniSvnelobiT, Seadgens gagebas, romelic, Tumca bundovani da friad mwiria mTelTan SedarebiT, magram CvenTvis sakmarisia".23

saxelebs, romelTac RmerTs uwodeben, basili didi or rigad hyofs: erTni gvaCveneben, amowmeben imas rac RmerTSi aris, xolo meoreni, piriqiT, rac masSi ar aris. uaryofa imisa, rac RmerTs ara aqvs da aRiareba imisa, rac aqvs, erTad aRebuli, Semecnebis process dinamiurobas aniWebs da RmerTze CvenTvis misawvdomi warmodgenis CamoyalibebaSi gvexmareba.

rogorc aRvniSneT, es saxelebi im TvisebaTa "moazrebani" arian, romelTa meSveobiTac Semoqmedi mis mier Seqmnil samyaroSi cxaddeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamiani RmerTs misi moqmedebisas im mravalferovani "energiebis" mixedviT Seicnobs, romelnic Cvenamde gardamodian, xolo arsi, romelic maTgan gansxvavebiT martivia, miuwvdomeli rCeba.

evnomiosis gnoseologiur moZRvrebas, romlis mixedviTac xiluli samyaros Semecneba ara WeSmarit, aramed mxolod raRac iribulsa da simbolur codnas iZleva, radgan misi saSualebiT TviTon RmerTs ki ar SevicnobT, aramed TiTqos masze daweril wigns vkiTxulobT, basili didi Semecnebis sakuTar Teorias upirispirebs, romelic Tavis mxriv samyaros Sesaqmeze bibliur swavlebas eyrdnoba; saxeldobr, ramdenadac samyaroSi yovelive uSualod RmrTisganaa Seqmnili da misgan boZebuli realuri yofiereba aqvs, maTi Wvreta adamians ara simbolursa da irib, aramed, ramdenadac es kacobriv gonebas

23 iqve, gv. 204.

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xelewifeba, RmrTis WeSmarit SemecnebaSi Seeweva.24 adamianis amqveyniur cxovrebas basili didi gzas uwodebs. misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, "Cven yvelani gzaSi varT", romelic am samyaroze gadis da romelzec yoveli fexis nabijze RmrTis qmnilebani gvxvdeba, zogjer tkbobisa da siamovnebis momniWebelni, zogjer – piriqiT (homilia 1 fsalmunze, 4). adamianma maTi ara mxolod mTliani, daunawevrebeli, aramed danawevrebuli, analitikuri aRqmac unda SeZlos, rac gonebis aqtiurobas moiTxovs, "raTa xilulTagan uxilavi Seicnos da qmnilebaTa didebulebisa da silamazisagan Cveni dambadeblis Sesaxeb Sesaferisi warmodgena SeiZinos" (eqvsTa dReTa, homilia III, 10).

ase rom, basili didis moZRvrebaSi Semecnebis process, romelic adamianis RmerTTan ziarebis ganxorcielebas gulisxmobs, religiuri Rirebulebac aqvs; xolo "swavlebaSi RmrTis Semecnebaze yvelaze naTlad ikveTeba wm basilis anTropologiis ZiriTadi idea – warmodgena adamianze rogorc dinamiur arsebaze, romelic mudmivad gzaSi imyofeba".25 magram gza oria: erTi, romelsac adamiani SemoqmedTan im msgavsebis srulyofisaken mihyavs, romelic mas SesaqmeSive eboZa da romlis dasasrulic maradiuli netarebis mopoveba da ganRmrTobaa da meore – romelic, piriqiT, adamians RmerTs ganaSorebs da mas maradiul satanjvels umzadebs. arCevani TviTon adamianis uflebaa, igi man RmrTisgan boZebuli Tavisufali nebiT unda gaakeTos. msgavsebis srulyofa sulier ganbrZnobas gulisxmobs, xolo sulieri

24 advili dasanaxia, rom evnomiosis Semecnebis Teoria platonis gno-

seologiis axleburad gadamuSavebis mcdelobas warmoadgens. pla-tonis mowafea evnomiosi maSinac, roca "ganwmendili da amaRlebuli gonebiT transcendenturis, anu RmrTis arsis Secnobis SesaZle-blobaze laparakobs".

25 Флоровский Г., Восточные отцы IV-VIII веков, Париж, 1931, gv. 74.

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ganbrZnoba – im RmrTeebrivi codnis miRebasa da Sewynarebas, romelic macxovarma mis mimdevrebs TviTon gadasca da amis gamo ara monebi, aramed megobrebi uwoda: arRara getyÂ Tquen monad, rameTu monaman ara icin, rasa iqmn ufali misi. xolo Tquen garqu megobrad, rameTu yoveli, raodeni mesma mamisa Cemisagan, gauwye Tquen (in. 15, 15). maSasadame, WeSmariti codna adamians sulierad aTavisuflebs da codvebis tyveobisagan Tavis daRwevaSi exmareba. basili didis ganamrtebiT, swored esaa ZiriTadi arsi da daniSnuleba swavlisa, romelsac igi ase ganmartavs: "xolo swavlulebaÁ ars wurTilebaÁ sargebelisa sulisaÁ, romeli ganswmends mas SromiTa da WiriTa biwTa maTgan codvisaTa".26 marTalia, rogorc didi moZRvari gveubneba, swavlis procesi WirTaTmenasa da Sromas moiTxovs, magram maT daZlevaSi unda Segvewios fiqri Sedegze, anu im keTil nayofze, romelsac codnis SeZeniT miviRebT. basili didi imowmebs solomon brZens, romelic Segvagonebs, rom is, rac Tavdapirvelad sixarulis mizezad ar gviCans, anu swavlis procesi, bolos, mSvidobis nayofis gamoRebiT cxovrebas didad gagviadvilebs: "romeli-igi mas Jamsa ar Cans sixarulisa mizezad, ukanaÁsknel nayofsa mSÂdobisasa miscems mis mier gamocdilTa maT cxorebad maTda" (igav. 1, 2). aseve iziarebs basili didi solomon mefis

Tvalsazriss swavlis procesSi sulmokleTa gonze

mosayvanad yvelaze mkacri xerxebis gamoyenebis Taobaze:

"nu dascxrebi swavlad CCvilisa, rameTu ukeTu moswyla

igi kuerTxiTa, ara mokudes; rameTu Sen swyla igi

kuerTxiTa, xolo suli misi iÃsna sikudilisagan" (igav.

23, 13-14). iseve, rogorc RmrTis urCni, gvaswavlis igi,

26 dawyebisaTvis solomonis igavTaÁsa, gv. 125.

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maTze moweuli mxilebisa da sasjelis Semdeg, RmrTis

mcnebebs, romelnic yoveldRe esmodaT, magram uaryofdnen,

ise iwynareben, TiTqos pirvelad moesminaT, aseve

sulmokle da zarmaci yrmani gvemis Semdeg moswrafebiT

iwyeben swavlas da rac gvemamde ar esmodaT, Tiqos

sasmenelni gaexsnaTo, swrafad iReben da iwynareben.

solomon mefis msgavsad (igav. 8, 10 miiRe swavlaÁ da nu miiReb vecxlsa), basili didic Tvlis, rom ufro Zvirfasi saunjis SeZena vidre codnaaa, adaminas ar SeuZlia: "ese swavlulebaÁ mravalTa safaseTa upatiosnes ars, romelni keTilad gulisÃma- hyofen".27 ra Tqma unda, swavliT SeZenili codna mravalTa safaseTa upatniosnesi maSin iqneba, Tu igi sulisTvis sasargeblo gamodgeba. basili didis azriT, unda vicodeT dro da energia ris Seswavlas movaxmaroT. magaliTad, adamiani saRmrTo swavlebas iseTi amao mecnierebis Sesaswavlad, rogoric varskvlavTmricxvelobaa, ar unda ganeSoros; wminda werilis SeswavlisaTvis mouclelobis mizezad, agreTve, arc mWevrmetyvelebiT, poeturi SemoqmedebiTa da filosofiiT zedmetad gataceba ar unda iqces: "da metyuelebamanca ( ) da gamomTqumelobaman ( ) da filafozobaman mravalni ucalo yvnes, romelTa nivTni ars tyuili, rameTu gamomTqumelobaÁ igi ara iqmnebis TÂnier zRaparTa, arca filafozobaÁ – TÂnier tyuiliT mimoqcevisa sityuaTasa".28 es sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom basili didi ganaTlebis SeZenisaTvis ritorikuli xelovnebis, mxatvruli literaturis da filosofiis mniSvnelobas uaryofdes, piriqiT, antikuri mwerlobisa da filosofiis brwyinvale mcodne, maT Seswavlas

27 iqve, gv. 127. 28 iqve.

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axalgazrdebsac urCevs. ra Tqma unda, maradiuli cxovrebisaTvis adamians uwinaresad wminda werilis wignebi amzadebs, magram Tavis mxriv maTi Seswavlac momzadebas moiTxovs: "magram manamde, vidre asakis gamo maTi azris siRrmis Seswavla ar SegviZlia, sulier Tvals droebiT sxva TxzulebebiT, romelnic maTgan Sors sruliadac ar dganan, vavarjiSebT".29 e. i. axalgazrdebma jer mweralTa Semoqmedeba unda Seiswavlon da wminda werilis mosmena Semdeg daiwyon. "sxva TxzulebebSi" basili didi warmarTuli mxatvruli literaturis im Zeglebs gulisxmobs, romlebSic zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT sulisTvis zneobrivi magaliTebi moipoveba. antikuri xanis avtorebma, miuxedavad imisa, rom sjuli ar icodnen, bunebiTi sjulis anu Tandayolili sindisis wyalobiT, maRali zneobis amsaxveli mravali dauviwyari magaliTi mogvces. romaelTa mimarT epistoleSi pavle mociquli erTmaneTs upirispirebs iudevelebsa, romelTac RmerTma moses saSualebiT sjuli misca da warmarTebs, romelTac Semoqmedisagan es wyaloba ar miuRiaT da wers: "rameTu ara msmenelni sjulisani ganmarTldnen winaSe RmrTisa, aramed myofelni Sjulisani ganmarTldnen. rameTu warmarTTa, romelTa Sjuli ara aqus, da bunebiTsa mas Sjulsa hyofdes; amaT rameTu Sjuli ara aqus, Tavisi TavisaTÂs Sjul arian (rom. 2, 13-14)". rogorc vxedavT, pavle mociqulis azriT, warmarTebi RmrTisagan boZebuli bunebiTi Sjulis aRsrulebis wyalobiT, ufro zneobrivni iyvnen, vidre iudevelebi, romelTac Sjuli micemuli hqondaT, margam ar isrulebdnen. bunebiT sjulze, romelic adamians uzneo da boroti saqcielis Cadenisagan Tavis SekavebaSi exmareba, basili didic saubrobs, kerZod, igi wers: "imis Tqma: wignebisagan ar gviswavlia, ra

29 "axalgazrdebs imis Sesaxeb, rogor unda isargeblon warmarTuli

TxzulebebiT", PG.

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aris CvenTvis sasargebloo, Tavis gasamarTleblad sakmarisi rodi iqneba, radgan bunebiTi sjulis wyalobiT swavlis gareSec SegviZlia arCeva imisa, rac umjobesi iqneba Cveni sargeblobisaTvis... ase rom, sulSi aris raRac, romelic ganswavlis gareSec erideba borotebas. yovelgvari boroteba uZlurebaa sulisa, xolo saTnoeba – sijansaRe".30 swored bunebiTi Sjuli iyo mizezi imisa, rom

maRal zneobis mqadagebeli nawarmoebebi antikur epoqaSic

iqmneboda. magaliTisTvis sakmarisi iqneba davasaxeloT

neoptolemosi sofokles tragediidan "filoqtete",

romelmac eladis Selaxuli pativis xsna tyuilis fasad

ar moisurva; antigone, vinc adamianis mier Seqmnil kanonze

maRla siyvarulidan momdinare movaleobis aRsruleba

daayena; ifigenia, vinc mzad iyo sicocxle Seewira elinTa

Selaxuli Tavmoyvareobis aRdgenisaTvis; penelope, vinc

qmris erTguleba misi ocwliani udrtvinveli lodiniT

daamtkica da sxva.

niSandoblivia, rom traqtats warmarTul literaturasTan

axalgazrdobis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb basili didi hesiodes

sityviT iwyebs: "yvelas sjobia is, visac yovelgvari saqme

exerxeba, Tavad gansjis da winaswar Wvrets, ra gamova am

saqmidan; pativis Rirsia isic, vinc karg rCevebs yurs ugdebs;

xolo vinc verc Tavad gansjis da arc sxvisi rCevis gulTan mitana

surs – sruliad usargeblo adamiania".31 uwinaresad basili didi ayalibebs Sexedulebas

imis Taobaze, ratom arian gareSe mecnierebani da

mxatvruli Txzulebani sasargebloni sulisaTvis. ra Tqma

30 basili didi, Txzulebani, gv. 311-312. 31 hesiode.

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unda, qristianis suls Tavisi miznis misaRwevad –

moipovos maradiuli sasufeveli, umTavresad wminda

werili wrTvnis da amzadebs, margam ramdenadac misi

wvdoma asakiTa da gonebiT CvilebisaTvis SeuZlebelia,

amitom sanam mis Seswavlas SevudgebodeT, sulis varjiSi

sxva wignebiTac SeiZleba, kerZod, axalgazrda poetebis,

istorikosTa da oratorTa Txzulebebsac unda gaecnos.

saero literaturas basili didi wyalSi areklil mzes

adarebs, romlisTvisac Tvalis SeCveva gvmarTebs, raTa

Semdeg mzera namdvil mzes (e. i. wminda werils)

gavusworoT. amave mizniT mohyavs mas xis magaliTic,

romlis saukeTeso morTulobas nayofi warmoadgens,

magram misi samkaulia, agreTve, foTlebic, romelnic

rtoebs faraven. Tqma ar unda, sulisTvis yvelaze Zvirfasi

nayofi RmrTeebrivi WeSmaritebaa, magram amsofliuri

sibrZniT Semosvac kargia, msgavsad foTlebisa, romelnic

nayofsac icaven da xesac sasiamovno Sesaxedaobas aZleven.

vidre RmrTeebrivi sibrZnis Wvretas Seudgebodnen, swored

amgvari sibrZniT Semosilan Zveli aRTqmis wmindanebi –

mose da danieli, erTi egvipteSi, xolo meore –

qaldevelTa qveyanaSi.

Tvlis ra, rom warmarTuli mwerlobis Seswavlis

aucileblobaze sakmarisad Tqva, basili didi ayenebs

sakiTxs imis Taobaze, misgan kerZod, risi swavla

gvmarTebs da risi ara. axalgazrdebs bevri ramis swavla

SeuZliaT maSin, roca poetebi keTilSobil adamianTa

saxeebsa da saqciels gvixataven. maT isini unda Seiyvaron,

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mibaZon da Seejibron; xolo raJams isini avsityvaoben,

dascinian, an amqveyniur netarebas nadimebiTa da

TavaSvebuli simRerebiT warmoadgenen, sasmenelni ise unda

davixSoT, rogorc es odisevsma gaakeTa, raTa sirinozebis

tkbilxmovani, magram macdunebeli simRera ar moesmina.

gansakuTrebiT naklebad unda davugdoT maT yuri maSin,

roca isini RmerTebis ricxvsa da maT Tvisebebze

laparakoben (cnobilia, rom olimposis RmerTebi zneobiT

ver daikvexnidnen). daaxloebiT aseTsave rCevas iZleva

basili didi istoriuli Txzulebebis misamarTiTac.

gansakuTrebiT unda moveridoT maT wakiTxvas, romelnic

mkiTxvelTa gasarTobad arian dawerilni. aseve dasagmobia

oratorTa daxelovneba msmenelTaTvis sicruis

WeSmaritebad warmodgenaSi. uSualod im konkretuli

magaliTebis garCeva, romelTagan erTni saTnoebebs aqeben

da biwierebas kicxaven, xolo meoreni uzneo saqciels

misabaZad warmogvidgenen, Tavad mkiTxvelma unda SeZlos.

man unda mibaZos futkars, romelic ara mxolod tkbeba

mSvenieri yvavilebiT, aramed maTgan Taflsac krebs, oRond

ara yvelasagan. swored futkrisagan unda viswavloT,

rogor moviqceT warmarTi avtorebis TxzulebebTAn

urTierTobisas, xolo avisa da kargis, keTilisa da

borotis garCevaSi Cveni gonebis siwminde da umankoeba

unda dagvexmaros.

ramdenadac maradiuli sasufevlis mopoveba

mxolod saTnoebaTa moxveWis gziTaa SesaZlebeli, amdenad

warmarTi poetebi, filosofosebi da istorikosebi

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236

gansakuTrebiT saWironi arian maSin, roca isini

saTnoebaTa Sesaxeb saubroben, an maTiT Semkobil

personaJebs warmogvidgenen.

gana SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom warmarTma hesiodem raRac sxva mizniT da ara axalgazrdobis saTnoebisaken wasaqezeblad dawera striqonebi, romelTac yvela qristianic siamovnebiT gaimeorebs? saxeldobr, igi gveubneba, rom saTnoebisaken mimavali gza uswor-masworoa, miudgomeli, mixveul-moxveuli da cicabo. amitom yvelas ar SeuZlia masze dadgoma, xolo Tu mainc daadgeba – mwvervalamde miRweva. magram vinc mwvervals miaRwevs dainaxavs, rom Turme gza mSvenieri, swori, advili da ufro mosaxerxebeli yofila, vidre is gza, romelsac adamiani biwierebisaken mihyavs.32 basili didi iziarebs misi Tanamedrove ucnobi homerologis Tvalsazriss imis Taobaze, rom am poetis yvela striqoni, garda Camatebulebisa, saTnoebis qebas warmoadgens. feakebis mefis asuli navsikaas, kunZulze gariyuli SiSveli odisevsis danaxvaze, bunebrivia, sircxvilis grZnoba unda gasCenoda, magram nacvlad sircxvilisa, man pativiscema igrZno, radgan am dros aTenam Tavisi sayvareli gmiri saTnoebis uxrwneli samosiT Semosa, romelic yovelgvar materialur Sesamoselze ufro Zvirfasia. basili didis azriT, poemis am adgils homerosi TiTqos, yvelas gasagonad RaRadebs: "saTnoebisaTvis unda vcocxlobdeT, kacno!" igi xomaldis daRupvisas CaZirvas odisevsTan erTad gadaurCa da talRebTan nabrZoli SiSveli gmiric ufro Rirseulad warmoadgina, vidre bednieri feakebi.33

32 hesiode. 33 PG, basili didi.

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saTnoeba rom adamianisTvis rom adaminisTvis yvelaze saimedo monapovaria, es sxva warmarTma poetebmac kargad icodnen. aTeneli poeti soloni mdidrebze ambobs: saTnoebas ar gavucvliT maT simdidreSi, radgan igi maradiulia, maSin roca adaminaTa qonebis mflobeli xan erTia da xan meore. misi TqmiT, RmerTi (am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, romel RmerTs gulisxmobs), saswors xan erT mxares gadaxris da xan meore mxares, raTa adamianebi an gamdidrdnen, an araferi hqondeT. magram saTnoebis oden sityvieri qeba arasakmarisia, radgan "cocxali mxolod isaa, romelic sityvierad gadmocemuli sibrZnis siyvaruls saqmiT amarTlebs".34 visi sityvac mis cxovrebas ar eTanxmeba, mas, rogorc basili didi ambobs, SeuZlia evripides sityvebi gaimeoros: "enam Cemma daifica, magram guli Cemi ar grZnobda fics". amgvari kaci damnaSavea, radgan nacvlad imisa, rom keTili iyos, aseTad mxolod Cans. platonsac unda davujeroT, oca gvaswavlis, rom usamarTlobis ukiduresi zRvari isaa, roca samarTlianad Tavs usamarTlo aCvenebs. antikuri xanis cnobili moRvaweni, bunebiTi Sjulis wyalobiT, saTnoebaTa silamazes ara mxolod sityviT Segvagonebdnen, aramed maRali zneobis dauviwyar magaliTebs TviTonac xSirad iZleodnen. basili didi ixsenebs cnobil aTenel politikoss perikles. man kaci, romelic saxalxo krebaze mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi lanZRavda, ara marto upasuxod datova, aramed, roca Camobnelda, lampriT xelSi Sinac gaacila, raTa sibrZnis moyvareobaSi im dRes mopovebuli warmateba wyalSi ar Cayroda. mitevebis gansacvifrebeli magaliTi gvaCvena evklide megarelmac. man daifica, rom kacs, romelic sikvdiliT emuqreboda, guls moulbobda da mtrobis Sewyvetas iZulebda. periklesa da evklides saqcieli enaTesaveba saxarebas, romelic gvaswavlis mdevnelTagan devna

34 soloni.

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mSvidad daviTminoT da mtrebi ki ar davwyevloT, aramed sikeTe vusurvoT (mT. 5, 39-44). ganrisxebis Jams amgvar magaliTTa gaxseneba CvenTvis lagami aRmoCndeba, romliTac risxvas davaokebT da codvis Cadenisagan Tavs SevikavebT; xolo ukeTu maTi saSualebiT winaswar ganviswavlebiT, CvenTvis daujerebeli aRar iqneba saxarebis mcnebani da aRar vifiqrebT, rom praqtikulad maTi Sesruleba SeuZlebelia. saxarebis swavlebas enaTesaveba aleqsandre makedonelis saqcielic, romelmac dariosis tyved Cavardnili ulamazesi asulebis naxva ar moisurva, raTa brZolis velze gamarjvebuls damarcxeba qalebisagan ar ewvnia (mT. 5, 28). imaves Tqma SeiZleba kliniaszec, romelmac uari Tqva daefica, radgan Rirsebis Selaxvad CaTvala, rom ficis gareSe ar ujerebdnen da Tavmoyvareobis Selaxvas sakmaod didi Tanxis gadaxda amjobina. basili didis azriT, Zneli dasajerebelia, rom klianisis sulieri siaxlove qristianul mcnebasTan, romelic fics krZalavs (mT. 33-37), mxolod SemTxvevis saqme iyo. saerTod didi moZRvari xelovnebis nawarmoebebTan urTierTobisas ufro didi sifrTxilis gamoCenisaken mogviwodebs, vidre Cven mas materialuri sakvebis SerCevisas viCenT. radgan Tu imaze vzrunavT, rom romelime sakvebiT sxeuls ziani ar mivayenoT, miTumetes unda moveridoT sulisaTvis imgvari sazrdelis miwodebas, romelic misTvis mavnebeli gamodgeba. ase rom, rogorc basili didi ambobs, ar unda davemsgavsoT gazafxulis nakaduls, romelsac yvelafri moaqvs, rac gzadagza xvdeba da suli imiT, rac usargebloa, unda davtvirToT.

sxeuliT sneulebs basili didi sam kategoriad hyofs: msubuqad daavadebulni, romelnic eqimTan TviTon midian, SedarebiT mZime seniT Sepyrobilni, romelnic mkurnalis Sin miyvanas iTxoven da sasikvdilod gadadebulni, romeltac mkurnali aRar sWirdeba. imaves Tqma

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SeiZleba codvilebzec, radgan codvac sneulebaa, oRond sulisa, romelic RmrTeebrivi swavlebis miRebiT ikurneba. magram mis miRebas, rogorc amas solomon mefec gvaswavlida, ganwmendili suli sWirgeba, "vinaiTgan ukue borotismoqmedsa sulsa ara Sevides sibrZnÀ" (sibrZne, 1, 4), xolo ramdenadac ganwmendas saTave RmrTis moSiSebisagan edeba, amdenad, sibrZnis dasabamic RmrTis winaSe SiSia: "dasabami sibrZnisa ars SiSi uflisa" (igav. 1, 7). zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, adamians yoveldRiurad unda izrunos sulis codvebisagan ganwmendisaTvis, raTa maTiT damZimebuli da dasneulebuli im sasikvdilo seniT Sepyrobil avadmyofs ar daemsgavsos, romelic ukve aRarc TviTon midis mkurnalTan da aRarc mis misvlas iTxovs.

Gvantsa Koplatadzé

LÁnthropologie dans la doctrine de Basile le Grand

Yl est urai, que Basile le Grand n´ a pas eu le temps

pour faire des commentaries pour "Génèse de l´ homme" dans son

oeuvre "Pour six jours", mais dápres les autres ouvrages il est

possible de transmettre son enseignement sur la constitution et la

destination de l´ homme.

L´homme, fait commelícône de Dieu, a une constitution aussi

convenable et il vit de la vie double :dela vie passage´re charnelle dans le

monte changeant et mortel et de la vie éternelle de lésprit immat´riel dans un

monde aussi immat´riel et illimité. Selon lénseignement de Basile le Grand,

l´âme et lésrrit de l´homme ne sont pes considérés comme independents lún

de láutre, mais la raison est la propriété de l´âme, à láide de laquelle il doit

se soumettre ses propres forces de sensation. Grâce a´ la raison, l ´ homme est

un être de perception, qui peut acquérir des Connaissances non pas seulement

sur le monte visible, mais, selon ses forces, aussi sur Dieu. Sa destination est

de réussir une vie bienheureuse éternelle et de derenir Dieu, en choisissant de

sa libre volunté, donnée de Dieu le chemin qui lý conduira et atteindre son

but par la perfection de sa morable.


nino lorTqifaniZe

apolonis vercxlis ori qandakeba vanidan

1981 wels vanSi, Tormetsafexuriani sakurTxevlis

teritoriaze aRmoCnda vercxlis ori qandakeba, romlebic amJamad inaxeba janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo muzeumis oqros fondSi. Wabukis es ori, erTi tipis qandakeba, upir-veles yovlisa, yuradRebas ipyrobs rogorc elinisturi xelovnebis brwyinvale nimuSebi, romlebic arasodes yo-fila kvlevis calke sagani. Ggarda amisa, maTi, rogorc ama Tu im RvTaebis an miTologiuri personaJis (raodenobis gamo ukve aSkaraa, rom am SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme) gamo-saxulebaTa interpretaciam aRmoCenis konteqstis gaTva-liswinebiT, SeiZleba garkveulwilad naTeli mohfinos im religiur warmodgenebs, romlebic gavrcelebuli iyo an-tikuri xanis vanSi - kolxeTis religiuri centrSi. vanSi da Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, antikuri xanis kolxeTis mTel teritoriaze gamovlenili Zeglebi da masala swo-red TavianTi TviTmyofadobis, xSirad Taviseburebebis ga-mo, Sesabamisi werilobiTi wyaroebis uqonlobis gamo ar iZleva gamokveTil da erTian suraTs aq mcxovrebi adamia-nebis rwmenis, maTi religiuri warmodgenebis Sesaxeb. aseT SemTxvevaSi xelovnebis nimuSma SesaZlebelia gadmwyveti roli iTamaSos, rasac, zustad asaxavs perikles, atikeli saxelmwifo moRvawis, gamonaTqvami xelovnebasTan dakavSi-rebiT "xiluli rogorc uxilavis anarekli". dRes ki, an-tikuri kulturis udidesi ömkvlevari, karl Sefoldi Ta-vis erTerT monografiaSi "antikuri xelovnebis religiuri Sinaarsi da gamovlineba" ityvis, rom "berZnuli xelovneba aris ara marto religiis msaxuri, aramed religiis ena . . . pirvelad samyaroSi aq, berZnul xelovnebaSi Cven vpou-lobT srulyofis namdvil siamovnebas, xelovnebiT aRta-

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cebas, radgan masSi, berZnul xelovnebaSi, sruldeba mi-wieri yofis umaRlesi SesaZlebloba, madloba RvTis boZe-buli sinamdvilisTvis. Tu Cven berZnul xelovnebas ase mivudgebiT, is ufro dagvexmareba dRevandeli davalebis Sesrulebisas, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom cxovreba su-lidan da sinamdvilidan rogorc erTi mTlianoba gamodis da ar unda iqnas gagebuli, mxolod rogorc ariTmetiku-li amocana". (1)

berZnuli xelovneba saukeTeso gamoxatulebaa imisa, rom TviTon xelovnebaa kultis msaxuri. berZnebs ar hqon-daT dogma da eklesia. religiuri instituciebi iseve ic-vleboda, rogorc xelovneba da xelovnebis nimuSebi am cvalebadobis procesSi axleburad unda misadageboda "RvTaebriv sinamdviles". swored aq ismis kiTxva: raSi mdgomareobs antikuri xelovnebis arsi ? romeli reli-giuri gamocdileba ganapirobebda stilis cvlilebaSi garkveuli formis gamovlinebas? ra Tqma unda, roca xe-lovnebis nimuSis ukan garkveuli religiuri Tematika dgas, igi religiis istoriis nawili xdeba, magram roca xelovnebis nimuSis, gamosaxulebis Sinaarss gvinda CavwvdeT, mivdivarT yvela kulturis mTavar pirobamde, SeiZleba iTqvas, mamoZravebel Zalamde: yofierebis dakav-Sireba zeadamianurTan, romelsac ver moipoveb "Teolo-giuri" programiT, aramed mxolod gamosaxulebis wyalo-biT.Aamdenad,Aantikuri xelovnebis nimuSebi am kavSirSi garkvevis saukeTeso saSualebaa (3).

NwarmogidgenT mokle aRwerilobas am ori, TiTqmis erTnairi qandakebisa (sur. 1).

1. SiSveli Wabukis qandakeba, damzadebuli vercxlis-gan, simaRle 7 sm. orive terfiT figura dgas viwro firfi-taze, romelsac ovaluri daboloebi aqvs. fexebi, iseve ro-gorc sxeulis sxva nawilebi sakmaod zedmiwevniT aris damu-Savebuli. torsze, meore qandakebisgan gansxvavebiT, mkafiod moCans Wipi da xazic ki, romelic mas mkerdTan aerTebs. saxe ovaluria, sqeli tuCebiT, cxviris farTo nestoebiT da Tva-lis sqeli quTuToebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom figuras mrgva-li saxis nakvTebi aqvs. sxeuli marjvena fexzea dayrdnobili. muxlSi moxrili marcxena fexi odnav win aris gamoweuli. qandakebas marcxena xeli motexilia da amdenad, gaurkveve-lia, eWira, Tu ara raime xelSi,Mxolo marjvena xeli win aqvs


242

gaSverili. cera TiTi isea moxrili, rom gamoricxuli ar aris, meore figuris msgavsad masac Tasi sWeroda xelSi. orive qandakebis SemTxvevaSi varcxniloba da atributebi ga-damwyvet rols asrulebs personaJis identifikaciaSi. qanda-kebas mkerdze marjvnidan dahyveba sartyeli, romelic kapar-Wisa unda iyos. rac Seexeba varcxnilobas, igi sakmaod rTu-lia da gansakuTrebiT zedmiwevniT unda iyos damuSavebuli: Tmebi Suazea gayofili, kideebidan zemoT aris aweuli da bolovdeba horizontalurad Sekruli bafTis saxiT. zurgze da mxrebze Tmebi eSveba grZeli xveulebis saxiT.

2. meore qandakeba agreTve vercxlisaa da pirvelze odnav maRalia. misi simaRle 8,5 sm –ia. Ppirvelisagan gansxva-vebiT, torsi naklebad aris damuSavebuli da ufro masiuria. igic odnav gadaxrilia gverdze. sxeuli marcxena fexs eyrd-noba. wvivebi da muxlebi am SemTxvevaSic gansakuTrebiT aris gamoyvanili. orive fexis terfs qvemodan aqvs sworkuTxa ga-nivkveTiani mokle Sverilebi, romelTa saSualebiTac qandake-ba sadgarze unda yofiliyo damagrebuli. varcxniloba zus-tad meordeba, mxolod Tmis xveulebi ufro Tavisuflad aris gadmocemuli. rac Seexeba saxis nakvTebs, isini odnav ufro wagrZelebulia, gansakuTrebiT, es iTqmis tuCebis Sesaxeb. Aa-tributebidan, aq mxolod Tasia warmodgenili, romelic Wa-buks marjvena xelSi uWiravs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom orive qandakeba ukana mxaresac isevea damuSavebuli, rogorc win (3) (sur. 2).

rac Seexeba maTi aRmoCenis arqeologiur konteqsts. Oorive qandakeba aRmoCnda e. w. SewirulobaTa sacavSi, rome-lic dRes SemorCenilia TixiT Selesili xis nagebobis nan-grevebis saxiT. igi gamovlinda 1981 wels vanis centraluri terasis dasavleT nawilSi Catarebuli gaTxrebis Sedegad Tormetsafexuriani sakurTxevlis samxreT-dasavleTiT, misgan 6 m-is daSorebiT. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom strategiuli monace-mebis Tanaxmad, monumenturi sakurTxeveli da misi ganZsacavi naqalaqaris sxva ZiriTad ubnebTan erTad daingra. Aarqeolo-giuri masala, romelic sakulto kompleqsis teritoriaze aRmoCnda, TariRdeba gvianelinisturi xaniT. rac CvenTis gan-sakuTrebiT saineteresoa, saganZurSi mopovebli masalis Zi-riTadi kompleqsi ganekuTvneba Zv. w. II-I ss-ebs da uSualo analogebs poulobs naqalaqaris arsebobis bolo etapis am-

nino lorTqifaniZe

243

saxveli kulturuli fenebisa da kompleqsebis masalebs So-ris (4).

Cven mxolod ganZsacavSi aRmoCenil SemowirulobaTa CamoTvliT SemovifarglebiT. Uupirveles yovlisa, unda aRi-niSnos WurWlis simravle da mravalferovneba. gansakuTre-bul yuradRebas imsaxurebs is garemoeba, rom saerTod vanSi aRmoCnili 8 fexiani Tasidan, romlebic ueWvelad Timiate-rionebad SeiZleba movixsenioT da romlebsac saqarTvelos sxva arqeologiuri Zeglebidan analogebi arc formisa da Sesabamisad arc funqciis mixedviT ar eZebnebaT, 4 cali aR-moCenilia Tormetsafexuriani sakurTxevlis teritoriaze, sami swored saganZurSi da erTi alizyrilSi ritualuri funqciis mqone WurWlis sruliad gansakuTrebul jgufTan. Eesenia ritonismagvari ori WurWeli, kanTarosiseburi Wur-Weli da totisgamosaxulebiani Tasi. ritonisa da kanTarosis – or samyaros Soris kavSiris aRiarebuli simboloebis-erTad aRmoCenac safuZvels iZleva vivaraudoT sakurTxevlis teritoriaze pirobiTad "mkacrad" gansazRvruli ritualis Sesruleba (5).

jerjerobiT Zalian Znelia am ritualTan da sakurT-xevlis teritoriaze Sesrulebul sxva ritualebis xasiaTze laparaki, magram, Cemi azriT, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom aq napovni WurWlis umravlesoba adgilobrivi Tixisgan aris damzadebuli da importi sakmaod umniSvnelo saxiT aris war-modgenili.

aqve aRvniSnav, rom CvenTvis saintereso vercxlis qan-dakebebTan erTad aRmoCnda miniaturuli ritualuri qoTani da doqi. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos sawafebis Zalian di-di raodenobiT Sewirvis unikaluri faqti, rac gamTxrelTa azriT, saganZuris kompleqss gamorCeul ZeglTa rigs mia-kuTvnebs. Nnapovnia agreTve erTi tipis ori kviristavi. Aar aris aRmoCenili arcerTi mTeli kramiti, magram mopovebuli brtyeli kramitis fragmentebs Soris camets aqvs niSani.

Sewirulobebs Soris vxvdebiT minis nawarmsac, rome-lic warmodgenilia sanelsacxeblis fragmentiT, nagebobis mTel farTobze mimobneuli mZivebis saxiT. calke unda ga-moiyos e. w. oqrofenili mZivebi, romlebic teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT minis mZivebis gansakuTrebul jgufs ganekuTv-neba.


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ganZsacavSi aRmoCenil masalas Soris calkea gamoyo-fili liTonis nawarmi, romelic sakmaod didi raodenobiT rkinis iaraRiTa da brinjaos umbonebiT aris warmodgenili. sainteresoa, rom maTi aRmoCenis adgilas aSkarad moCans damwvrobis kvali, xolo umbonebs Sida mxares danaxSirebuli xis namcecebi hqonda mikruli. Nnapovnia agreTve iseTi Zvir-fasi nivTi, rogoricaa sarke. SemorCenilia brinjaos mrgvali firfita, romelic xeze unda yofiliyo gadakruli. Nnapovnia agreTve brinjaos farTopiriani WurWlis fragmentebi, lursmnebi, Reroebi, nemsi da a. S. oqros da vercxlis nivTe-bi.

swored vercxlisa da oqros nivTebs eniWebaT gansa-kuTrebuli mniSvneloba ganZsacavSi aRmoCenil nivTebs Soris, pirvel rigSi imis gamo, rom isini uSualod CvenTvis sainte-reso qandakebebTan erTad aRmoCnda. saqme exeba vercxlis mo-netas – orod II-is parTul draqmas (Zv. w. 57-38/37 ww.), verc-xlis mooqrul emblemas, romelsac amSvenebs qalis horelie-furi gamosaxuleba. Qqandakebebidan gamomdinare ukve Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSic garkveuli qalRmerTis gamosaxulebasTan unda gvqondes saqme da am TvalsazrisiT, es gamosaxuleba specialur Seswavlas imsaxurebs qandakebe-bis inter-pretaciis gaTvaliswinebiT. qalRmerTis biusti ga-mosaxulia usaxelo kvarTSi, varcxnilobis centraluri nawili dazianebulia, moCans diadema, romelzec gamosaxulia palmetis ori gansxvavebuli saxis urTierTmonacvleoba. ye-lis Semkuloba cilindruli mZivebis sxmuliT, albaT, isev xazs usvams im faqts, rom gansakuTrebul SewirulobebTan gvaqvs saqme. Ooqros nivTebi koncentrirebuli iyo saTavsos erT adgilas: oqros oTxkuTxa firfitis qveS ori sayure rgoli, ori milaki, patara firfitis fragmenti, mrgvali firfita da varduli. mrgval firfitaze moCans isev qalR-merTis gamosaxuleba, romelic Sesrulebulia reliefSi; sworkuTxa firfitaze SemorCenilia arameuli warwera, ro-mlis gaSifvramac, SeiZleba, gadamwyveti roli Seasrulos am kompleqsis religiuri fonis garkvevaSi. Ees firfitac voti-vuri nivTis nawilia, radgan igi xis safuZvelze iyo damagre-buli, razec kideebze gakeTebuli naxvretebi mowmobs da agreTve iqve aRmoCenili oqros patara manWvlebi (6).

TviT SewirulobaTa ganZsacvSi aRmoCenili masala rom ar iyos ase mravalferovnad warmodgenili, romelSic Wabukis

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vercxlis qandakebebs Sesrulebis maRali donisa da or eg-zemplarad maTi dafiqsirebis gamo aSkarad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT, orive maTgani atributis – Tasis gamo mainc garkveul rituals unda daukavSirdes. Eelinistur xa-naSi Zalian xSirad dasturdeba brinjaos mcire zomis qanda-kebebi, romlebsac xelSi Tasis tipis WurWeli upyriaT xel-Si. swored am atributis gamo gamosaxul figurebs ZiriTadad RvTismsaxurebis ritualTan akavSireben (7). rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, vanSi orive qandakeba napovni iqna ritualur Wur-WlebTan erTad, rac gamTxrelebis azriT, ar unda gamoric-xavdes nayofierebis kultTan kavSirs. berZnul samyaroSi mi-niaturuli votivuri WurWeli xSirad figurirebs mcire qan-dakebebTan erTad nayofierebis kultTan dakavSirebuli RvTaebebisadmi miZRvnil samlocveloebSi (8). orive qandake-bis interpretaciisTvis Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs am atributs, magram gamosaxuli personaJis, an Tavad nivTebis funqciis gansasazRvravad da ara identfikaciisaTvis. imis gamo, rom qandakebebi TiTqmis erTnairia, xolo saxis nakvTe-bisa da varcxnilobis mixedviT isini aSkarad erTsa da imave personaJs unda gamosaxvdnen, ismis kiTxva: ratom unda aRmo-Ceniliyo ueWvelad gansakuTrebuli statusis mqone ganZsa-cavSi erTad erTi personaJis ori erTnairi qandakeba? miT umetes, sruliad gadauWerbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom masa-lisa da Sesrulebis teqnikis mxriv maT gansakuTrebuli Ri-rebuleba aqvT kompleqsSi aRmoCenil masalas Soris. Aam ga-remoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda vivaraudoT, rom saqme exeba konkretul miTologiur personaJs an RvTaebas.

gamosaxuli Wabukis personifikaciis idea pirvelad gamoTqmul iqna oTar lorTqifaniZis mier. Mman figurebis varcxnilobis safuZvelze es qandakebebi miiCnia apolonis gamosaxulebebad, romlebic Zv. w. II-I saukuneebSi mcire aziis berZnul saxelosnoebSi polikletis skolis gavleniT unda iyos damzadebuli (9).

swored am interpretaciis safuZvelze Cven warmovad-genT qandakebebis paralelebs da im ikonografiul argumen-tebs, romelTa mixedviTac, saqme apolonis gamosaxulebebs unda exebodes.

1. elinisturi xanis brinjaos qandakeba, romelic war-mosaxavs "kiTaroidi apolonis" tips (naoplionis arqeolo-giuri muzeumi, aRmoCenilia apolon maleatasis taZarSi (10)


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(sur. 3). gamosaxulia frontalurad mdgomi SiSveli apoloni, terfebi paralelurad aris ganlagebuli, xolo marjvena fexi moxrilia. talRovani Tma Sublis Tavze, zustad centrSia Sekruli, magram ara bafTis saxiT, rogorc vanSi aRmoCenili qandakebebis SemTxvevaSi. mniSvnelovan msgavsebas warmoadgens is detali, rom Tmebi mxrebze eSveba. marcxena xelSi qandakebas lira uWiravs xelSi, xolo marjvena gaWi-mul xelSi fiala unda sWeroda, romelic dakargulia (11).

2. kiTaroidi apolonis am qandakebis paralelad aris miCneuli imave taZarSi aRmoCenili adreklaskuri xanis figu-ra (12).

3. gvianelinisturi xanis Tixis qandakeba, romelic asaxavs "mjdomare apolons gaurkveveli atributebiT" (pari-zi, luvri, CA 989), smirnadan (13). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas da CvenTvis saintereso qandakebebs Soris varcxnilobis Tval-sazrisiT msgavseba principulia orive mxridan aweuli tal-Rovani Tmebis bafTiseburad Sekvris gamo, magram gansxvaveba imaSia, rom smirnaSi aRmoCenil figuras Tmebi CamoSvebuli ar aqvs da "bafTa" ufro mokle aqvs.

4. ara mxolod varcxnilobis mixedviT, aramed saer-Tod, TiTqmis yvela ikonografiuli detalis mixedviT zust paralelad, romelic uflebas gvaZlevs vanSi aRmoCenili qandakebebi davukavSiroT apolons, unda miviCnioT brinjaos qandakeba adreuli imperiis xanis panoniidan. es qandakeba aR-moCenil iqna nagidemSi da TariRdeba ax. w. I s-is pirveli naxevriT ( vescpremi, ungreTi, bakonis muzeumi) (14) (sur. 4).

am qandakebasa da vanSi aRmoCenil orive qandakebas zustad erTnairi varcxniloba aqvT. Mes msgavseba imdenad didia, rom gansxvavebad SeiZleba erTi Zalian umniSvnelo detali miviCnioT – panoniur qandakebaze kululebi mxrebis gaswvriv eSveba, xolo vanis orive qandakebaze – kululebi odnav win gadmodis. saxis nakvTebi orivesgan gansxvavebiT ufro daxvewilia, Tvalebi ufro mogrZoa, tansa da fexebze kunTebi ufro xazgasmulia.

samive qandakebas aerTianebs agreTve iseTi mniSvnelo-vani detali, rogoricaa qandakebis poza: qandakebebi eyrdnoba erT fexs, samives hqonda sadgari, xelebic TiTqmis erTnairad unda hqonodaT gaSlili. Oorive atributi, romelic vanSi aRmoCenil qandakebebze cal-calke dasturdeba – kaparWis sartyeli da Tasi, panoniuri qandakebis SemTxvevaSi saxezea.

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5. londonis britanul muzeumSi daculi apolonis Tavis qandakebaTa jgufi (15).

6. ara marto varcxnilobiT, aramed saxis nakvTebiTac Zalian hgavs vanis qandakebebs afrodisiaSi 60-ian wlebSi aR-moCenili qvisgan damzadebuli apolonis Tavis qandakeba (16).

aqve xazi unda gaesvas im detals, rom yvela am SemTxvevaSi (5-6), miuxedavad ZiriTadi detalisa – bafTiT da-boloebuli gverdebidan aweuli talRovani Tmebi – vanSi na-povni qandakebebis varcxnilobisgan gansxvavebiT, Tmebi ar aris CamoSvebuli.

7. elinisturi xanis dasasruliT, Zv. w. Ddaaxl. 100 wliT TariRdeba warweriT dadasturebuli apolonis relie-furi gamosaxuleba, romelic fragmentulad aris SemorCeni-li da sul ramdenime wlis win Sewirulobis saxiT gadaeca aTenis benakis muzeums. apoloni gamosaxulia svetze dayrd-nobili, mSvildiTa da kaparWiT, marcxena xelSi TasmiT, xo-lo marjvenaSi – totiT. sakurTxeveli da palmis xe iwvevs RvTaebis asociacias delosTan, kerZod, mis pativsacemad iq gamarTul TamaSebTan. rogorc fiqroben, qvis es reliefi SeiZleba aRmoCenili iyos aRmosavleT atikaSi, kerZod, pra-siaiSi, sadac dadasturebulia apolonis Tayvaniscema da uwy-veti kavSiri wminda kunZulTan. stilisturad igi tipiur msgavsebas avlens RvTaebebis gvianelinisturi xanis qandake-bebTan, magram apolonis es iSviaTi ikonografiuli tipi gva-fiqrebinebs, rom igi SeiZleba gadmoRebuli iyos cnobili sakulto qandakebidan, romelic SeiZleba gamovlindes delo-sis Tixis anabeWdebSi (17). CvenTvis saintereso orive qandakeba am reliefur ga-mosaxulebas, pirvel rigSi, isev varcxnilobiT (miuxedavad imisa, rom bafTa formis mxriv odnav gansxvavdeba, Tmebi zustad erTnairad eSveba mxrebze) ukavSirdeba da stilistu-radac. Tavad varcxnilobis es tipi elinisturi xanis xelov-nebis nimuSebis, kerZod Tavebis reliefuri gamosaxulebebis SemTxvevaSi, xSirad problemas qmnis. magaliTad e. w. "klaro-sis Tavi" dRemde diskusiis sagania. saqme SeiZleba exebodes afroditesac da apolonsac (18). amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vanSi aRmoCenili orive qandakeba ganekuTvneba elinisturi xanis dasasrulisa da ro-mauli xanis mcire plastikis nimuSebis (ZiriTadad brinjaos


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qandakebebi) jgufs, romelic warmoadgens apolonis Semdeg ikonografiul tips: fexze mdgomi, SiSveli, zurgze kaparWiT da marjvena xelSi pateriT (19) (sur. 5). mcire plastikis ni-muSebis didi qandakebisgan gamoyofa apolonis gamosaxulebe-bis SemTxvevaSic maTi religiuri xasiaTiT aris ganpirobe-buli. zemoT ganxiluli qandakebebi, romlebic Cven vanSi na-povni vercxlis qandakebebis paralelebad miviCnieT, drois garkveul monakveTSi idga romauli kerZo saxlebis larariu-mebSi an rogorc ZRvens, maT taZrebSi swiravdnen. zurgze kaparWiT da xelSi pateriT gamosaxuli SiSveli apoloni iyo swored yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipi iseve rogorc dasavleT-Si, aseve aRmosavleTSi. saritualo Tasi mianiSnebs RvTaebis mzadyofnaze, Seisminos locvebi, romelsac Tavad ZRvenis mimtani Rvinis SewirvasTan erTad axorcielebda. saxlis kultSi pateriT xelSi gamosaxuli apolonis popularoba ki imiT aixsneba, rom saqme exeba Semwyalebel, locvebis Semsme-nel RvTaebas. rac Seexeba meore atributs – kaparWs, am SemTxvevaSi mas aqvs apolonis ganmasxvavebeli funqcia: mis gareSe namdvilad Zneli iqneboda SiSveli RvTaebis, romel-sac ritualuri WurWeli uWiravs xelSi, maincdamainc apo-lonTan identificireba (20).

Eamgvari interpretacia qandakebebis aRmoCenis adgilis mixedviT emyareba maT funqcias da amdenad praqtikuli xasia-Tisaa, magram apolonis fialas miTologiuri axsnac aqvs, romelic Eerika simonma warmoadgina keramkuli ferweris ni-muSebis magaliTze Tavis monografiaSi "Semwirveli RvTaebe-bi". Mmisi azriT, berZnul RvTaebebs Soris am rolSi yvelaze xSirad swored apoloni gvevlineba: berZnuli rwmenis mixed-viT, iseTi demonuri arsebis mokvla, rogoric piToni iyo, adamianis mkvlelobis msgavsad moiTxovda codvis gamosyid-vas. mas Semdeg, rac apoloni klavs piTons, man unda sisxlis laqebi Camoibanos, pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, rom ganiwmindos e. i. kvlav foibosi gaxdes (21). Ddelfos Teologiis mixedviT msxverplis Semwirveli apolonis saxe pirdapir kavSirSia septrionis dResaswaulTan, romelic rva weliwadSi erTxel imarTeboda delfoSi. klasikuri xanis atikur keramikul ferweris nimuSebze gamosaxuli apoloni fialiT xelSi, romelic msxverpls swiravs da libirebs, siTxes asxams, asaxavs apolons, romelic delfos Teologiis

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mixedviT unda ganiwmindos da zevssa da eriniebs msxverpli Seswiros (22).

Aamgvari logikuri axsna ara marto gamosaxul fialas aqvs, aramed kaparWi da lira msxverplis Semwirveli apolo-nis ganuyofeli atributebia.

romel apolonTan gvaqvs saqme vanSi napovni qandakebebis SemTxvevaSi? G amaze calsaxa pasuxis gacema Zalian miWirs, sanam sxva Sewirulobebi kompleqsurad ar iqneba Seswavlili. Mmagram Tavad nivTis funqciidan gamomdinare, rac qandakebis SemTxvevaSi kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, CemTvis Znelia vanis qandakebebis dakavSireba delfos sruliad mkacrad gansazRvrul religiur konteqstTan. P

Aam erTad aRmoCenili ori qandakebis mniSvnelobas Tavs uflebas mivcem da isev Sefoldis sityvebiT gamovxatav: "taZris Semowirulobebi warmoaCens mis mnaxvelebsa da ZRvens, romelic maT Tan moitanes. rogorc RvTaebis wminda samyarosadmi maTi mikuTvnebis simboloebs xSirad am Semowirulobebs SemaRlebul adgilze aTavsebdnen, zogjer qandakebebs – svetebze... CvenTvis ki dRes gaugebaria, Tu ras niSnavda taZrebSi qandakebebis raodenobis zrda, romlebic macxovreblebis gverdiT meore xalxs qmnida" (23).

sainteresoa, rom miuxedavad apolonis mcire qandakebebis simravlisa da farTod gavrcelebisa, iSviaTia vercxlis nimuSebi. apolonis vercxlis patara qandakebebi warmoadgenda Sewirulobebs iseT mniSvnelovan taZarSi, rogoric delosis apolonis taZaria, magram, samwuxarod, amis Sesaxeb Cven mxolod delosis warwerebidan vigebT (24).Aam TvalsazrisiTac mniSvnelovania vanSi aRmoCenili qandakebebi, romelTa Semotanac ar unda yofiliyo mxolod esTetikuri faqtoriT ganpirobebuli. centraluri terasis e. w. "saganZurSi" maTi aRmoCenis konteqsti srul uflebas gvaniWebs xelovnebis am nimuSebis ukan garkveuli religiuri fonic, kerZod, RvTaebis garkveulwilad Tayvaniscemac vigulisxmoT, miT umetes, rom saqme exeba erTi RvTaebis or TiTqmis erTnair qandakebas.

1. K. Schefold, Der religiöse Gehalt der antiken Kunst und die Offenbarung,

Mainz 1998, 29-30.

2.. Sdr. Schefold (1998), 22-26.


250

3. dawvr. ix. Mm. fircxalava, g. yifiani, centraluri terasis dasavleT nawilSi 1978-1981 ww. Catarebuli savle muSaobis Sedegebi, vani VIII arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, Tbilisi 1986, 77. 4. iqve, 63-64. 5. m. fircxalava, "sakraluri inventaris erTi jgufi vanis naqalaqridan", iberia – kolxeTi, saqarTvelos antikuri periodis arqeologiuri gamokvlevaTa krebuli, Tbilisi 2003, 86-92. 6. ganZsacavSi aRmoCenili masalis detaluri analizi ix. vani VIII, 64-78. 7. jer kidev XIX s-is bolos amis Sesaxeb sofiis muzeumSi daculi brinjaos qandakebebis safuZvelze miuTiTebda reinaxi- S. Reinach, Statuettes de bronze du Musée de Sofia, RA, t. XXXI, III

Série., Paris 1897, 226-227, fig. N6, 11- vuTiTeb fircxalava/yifiani (1988)-s mixedviT, 77, Sen. 91. 8. D. Thompson, Three centuries of hellenistic terracottas, Hesperia XXI, N2,

1952, 153- vuTiTeb fircxalava/yifiani (1988)-s mixedviT, 77, Sen. 93. 9. o. lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveeb-Tan, Tbilisi 2002, 230. 10. Apollon, LIMC II (1), N 445.

11. W. Lambrinudakis, Praktika 1975, 174, N18, tab. 152c.

12. W. Lambrinudakis, Praktika 1977, 192, tab. 122 b-c.

13. Mollard-Besques III D 1078, tab. 218 e; Apollon, LIMC II(1), N 616.

14. E. B. Thomas, "Italische Einflüsse auf das frühkaiserzeitliche Pannonien", in

VIII Congrès Internat. d’archéol. Class., Paris 1965, 365, tab. 81, 2.3; eadem,

Römische Villen in Pannonien, 1964, 282-287, tab. 179. 181; Apollon, LIMC

II , N 302 g).

15. A. H. Smith, A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Ro-

man Antiquities British Museum, London 1904, 15, tab. III, NNN 1547, 1548,

1565.

16. Archaeology, N 20, 1967, gamosax. 12. 17. 18. Rene Robert, "Une tête classicisant inédite de Claros, Fondation Eugene Piot,

Monuments et Mémoires" LXXIV 1995, 9-33.

19. Apollon, LIMC II (1), 406; L. Franzoni, Bronzetti Romani del Museo Arch.

di Verona , Venezia 1973, 83, N 63. 20. Apollon, LIMC II (1), 442.

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21. Erika Simon, "Opfernde Götter", Berlin 1953, 7, 13, 24-33.

22. dawvr. ix. Walter Burkert, "Griechische Religion der archaischen und klas-

sischen Epoche", Stuttgart, Berlin, Köln, Mainz 1984, 125, 229-233.

23. Schefold (1998), 153.

24. Marcadé, Musée Délos, 180: 442 B130 ; 443 Bb 52 ; 142 BI 40-41.

Nino Lortkiphanidze

Zwei Silberstatuetten von Apollon aus Vani

Im Artikel werden zum ersten Mal zwei Silberstatuetten interpre-

tiert, die im Jahre 1981 in Vani, in s. g. Schatzhaus des Altars mit 12 Stufen

gefunden wurden. Beide Figuren sind fast δhnlich : Jόngling, nackt, steht

frontal,die Haare sind auf dem Kopf in einer Schleife gebunden und fallen in

langen Strδhnenauf die Schultern. Die Hθhe einer Statuette ist 7 cm, linke

Hand ist abgebrochen. Die Rechte ist ausgestreckt und nach dem Daumen ist

es nicht ausgesclossen, dass sie ein Attribut hielt. Auf der rechten Seite trδgt

ein Kθcherband. Die zweite Statuette ist etwas grθsser, 8,5 cm hoch. Die

Rechte ist ausestreckt und hδlt eine Phiale. Beide Figόrchen gehθren in die

Gruppe der spδthellenistischen und rθmischen statuetten vom folgenden iko-

nographishen Typus: Apollon stehend, nackt, mit Kθcher am Rόcken und

eine Phiale haltend. Die Anzahl der δhnlichen Statuetten , die in diesem Fall

besondere Opfergaben darstellen und vor allem der Fundkontext erlauben

uns einen religiθsen Hintergrund zu vermuten.


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medea metreveli

m. karaRacisis romanis `didi qimera~ mTavari

gmiris xasiaTis problemisaTvis

mwerali, romelmac pirvelma scada Riad esaubra berZnul sazogadoebaSi aqamde tabuirebul Temebze, wina planze wamoewia adamianebis xorcieli vnebebi, Rrmad Caswvdomoda mis sulier sisusteebs iyo m. karaRacisi. man XX saukunis evropaSi dasmuli problemebi berZnuli si-namdvilis farglebSi gadmoitana. mwerali eziara fran-gul naturalizmsa da realizms, froidis fiziologiur Teoriebs, materializms, dostoevskis mier Seqmnil fsi-qologiur tipebs da gviCvena, Tu raoden did rols asru-lebs erotika da seqsi adamianTa urTierTobebSi. m. kara-Racisis Semoqmedeba ar aris arc erotikuli literatura da arc pornografia. mis nawarmoebebSi Cans erotikuli paTosi da amasTanave naturalizmis elementebi, erTi mxriv, froidistuli koncefciebi da, meore mxriv, eroti-kul-romantikuli xasiaTebi.

romanma "didi qimera’’ berZnul literaturul kritikaSi vnebaTa Relva gamoiwvia da amis mizezi, upirveles yovli-sa, romanis mTavari gmiris _ marina reiZis saxe iyo. m. ka-raRacisma berZnuli sazogadoebis wiaRSi Seqmna qalis araordinaruli xasiaTi iseTi StrixebiT, romlebic ber-ZenTaTvis mravali TvalsazrisiT miuRebeli da dasaZraxi iyo. mweralma SeZlo eCvenebina is, rasac umniSvnelod miiCnevdnen misi Tanamedroveni _ qalis saxe-xasiaTi Tavisi problematikiT, saTuTi grZnobebiT, emociebiTa da fsiqo-logiur-fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebiT. iulias iatridi-si Tavis statiaSi wers "marina reiZis tragikuli istoria man _ karaRacisma _ Roger Vercel-is teqstidan isesxa, raTa

m. karaRacisis romanis `didi qimera~ mTavari gmiris xasiaTis problemisaTvis

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berZnuli literaturis yvelaze ufro srulyofili gmiri qalis saxe Seeqmna".1 radganac romanis gmiri ar darCa SeumCneveli berZ-nuli literaturis kritikosebisaTvis da ramdenadac gaCnda survili masze Tundac yvelaze negatiuri kuTxiT msjelobisa, SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom romanis mTavari gmi-ri Tavisi araordinarulobiT ipyrobs yuradRebas da igi, rogorc xasiaTi "Sedga". Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobaSi mxatvruli nawarmoebis personaJis individualizaciis, Tu xasiaTis problemas erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. ukve antikurobaSi gaCnda aucilebloba literaturuli proce-sebis Seswavlisas yuradReba SeeCerebinaT iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa nawarmoebis personaJis individualobis krite-riumTa gansazRvra da is, Tu ra SeiZleba ewodos aseT individualizebul personaJebs. am TvalsazrisiT disku-sias literaturaTmcodneobaSi safuZveli Cauyara aristo-telem Tavis "poetikaSi". aq mocemulia literaturaTmcod-neobis istoriaSi pirveli cda xasiaTis gansazRvrisa. aristotele gvTavazobs xasiaTis sakmaod saintereso de-finicias. misTvis amosavali terminia ε\qoο-i. igi miiCnevs rom ε\qoο-i, anu xasiaTi, aris gmiris unari sityviT an saq-miT gaakeTos arCevani.2 sakiTxis kvlevisas Cven ZiriTadad literaturuli xasiaTis aristoteleseul definicias veyrdnobiT. sanam uSualod CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxze gada-vidodeT, mokled gavixsenoT romanis Sinaarsi: berZenma mezRvaurma ianisma safrangeTidan frangi qali marina sa-berZneTSi wamoiyvana da colad SeirTo. marinas, meZavi qa-lis Svils, mZime warsuli aqvs, magram igi didi imedebiT aRsavse midis saberZneTSi. samwuxarod ucxo qveyanaSi misi cxovreba erTob dramatulad warimarTa. amis mizezi iyo marinas is sabediswero nabiji, romelic man qmris aryof-nis dros gadadga. faqtobrivad, Tavisi nabijis sisworeSi arc Tu mTlad darwmunebulma, man mTeli Rame gaatara gemze ucnob kapitanTan erTad... ramdenadac dedis aryofnam Svilis mZime avadmyofoba gamoiwvia, rZlis saqcieli cno-

1 Ι. Ιαηξίδεο, Δπαλεθηίκεζε ηνπ Μ. Καξαγάηζε, Σεηξάδηα "Δπζύλεο", 14, 1981, 16. 2 aristotele, poetika, 1454a.

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bili gaxda dedamTil anasa da mazl minasisaTvis. isini saocrad aRSfoTebulni arian rZlis amoralobiT. amas mohyveba qalis meore sabediswero nabiji. marina avadmyof bavSvs erT Rames kvlav marto datovebs da Tavis mazlTan erTad miecema sasiyvarulo gancxromas. am dros bavSvi iRupeba. sakuTari Secodebis moralur tvirTs ver uZlebs minasi da is, bolos da bolos Tavs iklavs. minasisagan dafexmZimebuli marinac sazogadoebis zewolis gamo si-cocxles TviTmkvlelobiT asrulebs. personaJis individualoba nebismier romanSi ramde-nime ZiriTad donezea warmodgenili: gmiris avtoriseuli, sxva personaJTa da Tavad gmiris mier sakuTari Tavisa Tu moqmedebis Sefasebis doneebze. rasakvirvelia, gmiris indi-vidualobis xarisxis ganmsazRvreli aris Tavad moqmedeba, sadac, aristoteles sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vlindeba gmi-ris unari, sityviT an saqmiT gaakeTos arCevani. swored amitom, marinas individualobaze msjelobisas, CvenTvis mniSvnelovania ganvixiloT misi xasiaTis is Strixebi, romlebic protagonistis uSualo qmedebaSi vlindeba. swored am doneze yvelaze metad Tavs iCens gmiris Sinaga-ni samyaros is aracnobieri mxareebi, romlebic exmianebian z. froidis fsiqoanalizis Teorias. rodesac karaRacisis Semoqmedebaze vmsjelobT, au-cilebelia aRiniSnos, rom erT-erTi umTavresi fenomeni, romelic mis TiTqmis yvela nawarmoebSi dominirebs, aris egoizmi. es SeiniSneba rogorc mis adreul nawarmoebebSi, da gansakuTrebiT mis leqsebSi3, aseve ufro gviandel TxzulebebSi. TiTqmis yvela misi gmiri (gansakuTrebiT trilogiis "Segueba mzis qveS" mTavari personaJebi) egois-tia. romanze ubralo Tvalis gadavlebac ki sakmarisia, rom Semdeg daskvnamde mivideT: TiTqmis yvela principul momentSi egoizmi marinasaTvis uaRresad damaxasiaTebelia. romanis mixedviT misi erT-erTi Tayvanismcemeli gi de roslani, romelzedac marina daqorwinebasac ki apirebda, man momentalurad miatova. amisaTvis sakmarisi aRmoCnda sarecelSi gatarebuli pirvelive Rame. radgan misma eso-den moyvarulma mamakacma ver daakmayofila qalis seqsua-

3 B. Αζαλαζόπνπινο, "Ο άγλσζηνο πνηεηήο Γ. Γ. Ρνδόπνπινο", Νέα Δζηία, η.130, 1991,

851-859.


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luri moTxovnileba, man mZinare gi de roslani loginSi miatova da TviTon oTaxidan Cumad gaipara. imwuTas mari-nas arc ki ufiqria imaze, rom mis qmedebas misi "saqmrosT-vis" didi tkivilis miyeneba SeeZlo. Tavisi saqcielis ga-marTleba qalma mxolod erTi werilis gagzavniT gadawy-vita, romelSic gi de roslans igi sTxovda, yovelgvari axsnis gareSe sabolood daeviwyebina maTi urTierToba.4 am SemTxvevaSi egoizmis mastimulirebeli faqtori aSkarad seqsualuri momentia. swored am aracnobieri faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba aixsnas erTi SexedviT gmiris is uCveulo moqme-deba, rodesac marina berZen kapitans _ mis momaval meuRles _ pirveli SexvedrisTanave mis kabinaSi nebdeba da Semdeg saberZneTSi mihyveba. mcdari da safuZvels mok-lebuli iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom marinas erTi danaxviT Seuyvarda ucnobi mamakaci da mas ucxo qveyanaSi wahyva. ara, ubralod ianisi aRmoCnda adamiani, romelsac mari-nasTvis namdvili seqsualuri siamovnebis miniWeba SeeZlo. imas, rasac marina amden xans eloda, ase uceb ver daTmob-da, ver Seeleoda. swored amitom gadmoixvewa ucxo miwaze, dasaxlda ucxo adamianebs Soris. marinas egoizmi sxva mxrivac _ sakuTar SvilTan urTierTobaSic vlindeba. ianisis wasvlis Semdeg igi, faq-tobrivad, mZime depresiaSi vardeba. mTeli dReebi oTaxSi Caketili wignebs kiTxulobs da aranair Rones ar xmarobs, rom mamis gareSe darCenil sakuTar pirmSos mZime dReebi advilad gadaataninos, mis gverdiT iyos. im momentSi misT-vis mTavari sakuTari Tavia: "Tavis Tavs Zalas atanda, ra-Ta anulasTan yovelTvis xalisiani yofiliyo ... yovel Rones xmarobda, raTa martooba, romelic bavSvs bedniere-bas ukargavda, rogorme daeZlia. magram ubedureba is iyo, rom misi mRelvareba da uimedoba, romelic ufro da ufro izrdeboda, ar aZlevdnen marinas saSualebas, Tavisi es mondomeba mudmivad ganexorcielebina. amgvarad, bavSvs gangebas andobda da Tavad ki oTaxSi iketeboda..".5 miux-edavad imisa, rom Svili sigiJemde uyvars, mas Tavis Tavze maRla ver ayenebs. swored marinas egoizms, pirvel ad-

4 Μ. Καξαγάηζεο, "Μεγάιε Χίκαηξα", Αζήλα 2001, 31. 5 "Μεγάιε Χίκαηξα", 189.

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gilze sakuTari survilebis, moTxovnilebebis dayenebas Seewira misi qaliSvili. igi avadmyof bavSvs oTaxSi marto datovebs da minasTan sasiyvarulo gancxromas miecema.6

gmiris egoizmis gamovlenis erT-erTi yvelaze me-tad reliefuri formaa marinas e. w. narcisizmi7, romelic mxolod calkeul epizodebSi vlindeba. romanis sam epi-zodSi aRwerilia, Tu rogor tkbeba gmiri sakuTari SiS-veli sxeulis sarkeSi TvalierebiT. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZ-leba vimsjeloT gmiris xasiaTis kvazinarcistul Strix-ebze, radganac marinas sakuTari TaviT tkboba aRniSnuli epizodebiT sruldeba da igi mas xels ar uSlis, norma-luri seqsualuri urTierToba daamyaros mamakacebTan. ma-gram, rac Seexeba Tavad am epizodebs, aq saocrad mZafrad, Cven vityodiT, TiTqmis naturalisturi pornografiulo-biT aris aRwerili TviTtkbobis scenebi. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT erT aseT epizods: "sicxe mas axrCobs. uecari moZraobiT Tavis sxeuls Ramisperangis gamaRizianebeli Sexebisagan aTavisuflebs. axla ukve mTlianad SiSvelia, TeTr zewrebze ufro qaTqaTa. mimzidvelia, mSvenieria. Tvalebs axels da Tavis sxeuls akvirdeba, nazi vardisfe-ri quslebidan ZuZus muq Tavebamde ... is grZnobs Tavis savse mkerds..."8 rogor unda aixsnas marinas es TiTqmis paTologiuri moqmedeba? Sinagani, organuli tkiviliT ga-daRlili protagonisti TiTqmis mTlianad eTiSeba gare samyaros, is sakuTar TavTan martodmarto rCeba da momen-tebSi absoluturad kargavs interess yvelasa da yvela-fris mimarT. siSiSvliT tkboba mas warmoqmnili moraluri "tvirTisagan" ganmuxtavs xolme. marinas cxovrebis ukanaskneli nabijic egoizmis, oRond savsebiT sxva formiT, erTgvari gamovlinebaa. roca marina TviTmkvlelobaze, rogorc sakuTari Tavis xsnaze

6 iqve, 272_277. 7 termini narcisizmi gamoiyeneba iseTi mdgomareobis aRsaniSnavad,

roca adamiani sakuTar sxeuls aRiqvams rogorc seqsualur obieqts, tkbeba misi yurebiT, siamovnebs misi fereba da es yovelive manamde grZeldeba, sanam adamiani ar miiRebs seqsualur dakmayofi-lebas. З. Фрейд, Очерки по психологии сексуальности, /Пер. М. В. Вульфа/ Рига

1990, 106. 8 "Μεγάιε Χίκαηξα", 181.


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laparakobs,9 iqve dasZens, rom amis ganxorcielebaSi misi orsuloba uSlis xels, rom mas ar surs meore bavSvis sikvdili. am SemTxvevaSi marina racionalurad afasebs viTarebas, Tavis grZnobebs ar aZlevs saSualebas masze imoqmedon. amis miuxedavad, gemi "qimeras" danaxva sakmarisi aRmoCndeba imisaTvis, rom marina kvlav emociebs Seepyro. marinas ianisis naxvis survili uCndeba, surs, rom qmarma ufskrulis piras mdgomi gadaarCinos. magram ianisi arsa-daa da qali Seqmnili viTarebidan erTaderT gamosavals, TviTgadarCenis, sakuTari pirovnebis SenarCunebis erTa-derT gzas poulobs. es aris TviTmkvleloba, romliTac igi Tavisuflebas iRebs.

karaRacisis gmiri Rrma fsiqologiuri saxea. misi xasiaTis "sirTule" misi pirovnebis gaorebaSi, mis fsiqi-kaSi erTmaneTis mimarT dapirispirebul sawyisebSi mdgo-mareobs. marinas xasiaTSi, erTi mxriv, sakmaod raciona-luri, xolo, meore mxriv, erTob emociuri niSnebi vlin-deba. iseve, rogorc yvela adamianis, am gmiris fsiqologi-uri aparatic10 ori erTmaneTis dapirispirebuli sawyisisa-gan _ idisa (Id) da egosgan (Ego)11 Sedgeba. istoriulad idi adamianis fsiqikis aracnobieri mxarea, xolo ego _ cno-bieri. klasikuri Teoriis12 mixedviT ganviTarebis gzaze idi win uswrebs egos, anu fsiqologiuri aparati Tavis funqcionirebas iwyebs rogorc aradefinirebuli id-i, romlis nawili Semdgom egos struqturaSi gadadis. froi-

9 iqve, 318. 10 Psychical Apparatus, froidistuli metafsiqologiis ZiriTadi cneba,

romelic miiCnevs, rom adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis gansazRvra garkveuli aparatis funqciaa, romelic drosa da sivrceSi cvli-lebebiT xasiaTdeba da ramdenime nawilisagan Sedgeba (idi, ego da super-ego). S. Freud, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis, London 1955.

11 fsiqologiaSi miRebuli popularuli froidistuli terminebi. isini pirvelad gaCnda froidis naSromSi "me da igi" (The Ego and the Id

1923). laTinuri nacvalsaxeli Ego froidis mier "me~-s aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda. Id aris laTinuri mesame piris saSualo sqesis nac-valsaxeli (obieqturi) igi, romlis germanul ekvivalentadac froidi "das Es ~-s gvTavazobs.

12 Classical (Analytical) Theory. es aris Teoriuli norma, romelic froidis ZiriTad debulebebs emyareba.

Ч. Райкрофт. Критический словарь психоанализа /Пер.с англ. Л. В.Топоровой, И. Н.

Гвоздева./ Санкт-Петербург 1995, 71.

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di ids adamianis pirovnebis bnel nawils uwodebs, romel-ic, ZiriTadad, negatiuria da egos upirispirdeba. is qaosi da vnebaTa Relvaa. idi savsea energiiT, romelic araorga-nizebuli instinqtebidan miewodeba. is am instinqtebis dakmayofilebisaken iltvis, romlebic siamovnebis princips eqvemdebarebian.13 amgvarad, idi da ego erTmaneTis mimarT ori polaruli ukiduresobaa. idi primitiulia, ego _ ci-vilizebuli; idi mihyveba siamovnebis princips, ego _ rea-lobis princips; idi emociuria, ego _ racionaluri; idi pirvandel procesebs eqvemdebareba, romlebic akrZalvis kanonebs ar cnoben, ego _ meorad procesebs, romlebic pativs scemen kanonebsa da wesebs.14 es mokle mimoxilva imisaTvis dagvWirda, raTa CvenTvis saintereso aspeqti ufro naTlad warmovaCinoT karaRacisis gmiris saxeSi. marinas xasiaTi am ori ukidu-resobis erTmaneTTan dapirispirebaSi, konfliqtSi vlin-deba. gmiris aracnobieri id-i warmarTavs TiTqmis yvela mis qmedebas. marina Tavisi instinqtebis, pirvandeli pro-cesebis mona xdeba. misi emociebi Zleven racionalur msjelobas, viTarebis gonivrul, swor Sefasebas. qals mxolod siamovnebis, kmayofilebis principi amoZravebs. magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia romanis ramdenime epizodi gan-vixiloT; roca marina jer kidev safrangeTSi pirvelad eZleva quCaSi ucnob mamakacs, mas mxolod seqsis, libidos survili amoZravebs. marina aranairad ar afasebs viTare-bas, misi racio emociebis tyve xdeba.15 aseve pirvelad ianisTan Sexvedrisas ucnob mama-kacs, marina winaaRmdegobis gareSe danebdeba gemis kabina-Si.16 seqsualuri siamovnebis miRebis survilma marinas go-nivruli gansjis unari dauqveiTa. fiziologiuri instinq-tebi dominireben, meufeben mis pirovnebaSi. aseve sakmarisia gavixsenoT marinas saxlidan wasvlis is epizodi, roca

13 iqve, 49. 14 Primary and Secondary Processes gadmoscems fsiqiuri moqmedebis or tips.

pirvandeli procesebi damaxasiaTebelia fsiqikis aracnobieri mxa-risTvis, xolo meoradi ki _ cnobierisaTvis. pirveli kategoria siamovnebis principiT imarTeba, meore eqvemdebareba formalur lo-gikas, realobis princips. iqve, 142_143.

15 "Μεγάιε Χίκαηξα", 20_21. 16 iqve, 39.


260

qali Tavad ubiZgebs erT mezRvaurs, raTa masTan intimuri kavSiri iqonios.17 da, bolos, marinas urTierToba sakuTar mazlTan, sadac karaRacisi aSkarad usvams xazs orive personaJSi somaturi, fiziologiuri survilis dominirebas.18

bunebrivia, yovelive amis Semdeg ismis kiTxva, raoden srulyofilia marinas pirovneba, SeiZleba Tu ara visaubroT mis xasiaTSi raRac erTi makoordinirebeli Strixis gamoyofaze, romelic misTvis aris ganmsazRvreli da Tavs iCens yvela principul momentSi, sadac unda gamovlindes misi unari, gaakeTos arCevani? Tvals Tu gadavavlebT mTeli romanis ganmavlobaSi marinas moqmedebas da zemoT Tqmulsac gaviTvaliswinebT, SevniSnavT, rom marina yvela SemTxvevaSi mis mier erTxel miRebul gadawyvetilebas praqtikulad "Ralatobs," upirispirdeba.

a) romanSi marina araerTxel ambobs, rom Tavis qmars arasodes uRalatebs, amis SesaZlebloba romc mieces19, magram realurad igi ianiss orjer Ralatobs _ erTxel ucnob mezRvaurTan, xolo meored mis ZmasTan.

b) espaneli kapitnis gemze marina mTel Rames atarebs, magram, rodesac mas kapitani arSiyobas dauwyebs, aRelvebuli marina amaze moulodnel reaqcias axdens. igi kapitans ase mimarTavs: "ara, batono kapitano. gaverToT, rogorc ori kargi megobari. gsurT? gulaxdilad geubnebiT."20 marina kacs, romelTanac igi Tavad mivida, umtkicebs, rom ar surs masTan sasiyvarulo kavSiri. magram aseve moulodnelad qali danebdeba im mezRvaurs, romelsac marina naviT gemidan napirze gadahyavs.

g) aseve marinas minasTan urTierTobac erTgvari gaurkvevlobiT xasiaTdeba. minasze, rogorc mamakacze gafiqreba mas aSinebs, uxerxulobas hgvris. marina Tavis Tavs umtkicebs, rom minasis mimarT misi grZnobebi mxolod daZmuria.21 miuxedavad amisa, iracionaluri masSi amarcxebs

17 iqve, 246_247. 18 iqve, 272-273. 19 iqve, 122, 172. 20 iqve, 246. 21 iqve, 115, 134.

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racionalurs da igi, rogorc ki amis garemoeba Seiqmneba, minasTan erT Rames atarebs, Tumca icis, rom mezobel oTaxSi avadmyofi Svili hyavs datovebuli.

d) roca marina Tavisi meore fexmZimobis ambavs Seityobs, gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. marinam ar icis, rogor moiqces, ra iRonos. is aneziosTan midis, raTa mas Tavisi gulistkivili gauziaros. qals ar surs meore Svilis msxverplad gaReba, es mtkiced aqvs gadawyvetili, Tumca aneziosTan saubris Semdeg is icvlis Tavis azrs, iziarebs xnieri qalis rCevas da abortis gakeTebaze Tanxmdeba. magram sakmarisia mRvdelTan Sexvedra, rom marina kvlav icvlis gadawyvetilebas da saxlSi brundeba. marinas saboloo qmedeba gadawyvetilebis kidev erTxel Secvlis tolfasia, radgan Tavis mokvliT igi Rupavs Tavis jer arSobil Svilsac da isev da isev upirispirdeba pirvandel gadawyvetilebas SeinarCunos bavSvi.

e) misi xasiaTis es winaaRmdegobrioba yvelaze ufro reliefurad Tavs marinas TviTmkvlelobaSi iCens, rac Tavdapirvelad marinas dauSveblad miaCnda. is ambobs, rom mas ara aqvs neba Tavi moiklas: "es rom ar yofiliyo, movkvdebodi; ganvTavisufldebodi. axla ki unda vicocxlo, raTa is davbado da gamovkvebo."22 Tumca romanis finali gmiris am survilis savsebiT sapirispiroa. amgvarad, marinas xasiaTis makoordinirebel Strixad SeiZleba swored masSi racionalurisa da iracionaluris dapirispireba da sabolood iracionaluris mier racionaluris sruli neitralizacia miviCnioT. m. karaRacisis romani "didi qimera" namdvilad SeiZleba CavTvaloT erTi personaJis romanad. Skaraa, rom yvela sxva moqmedi piri emsaxureba imas, rom protagonistma rac SeiZleba srulad gamoavlinos Tavisi xasiaTi, rac SeiZleba srulad gamoikveTos marinas tragikuli bedi da am tragikulobis gamomwvevi mizezebi.

22 "Μεγάιε Χίκαηξα", 318.


262

Medea Metreveli

On the Problem of Protagonist’s Character in the Novel "The Big

Chimaera" by M. Karagatsis

M. Karaghatsis, who provided a great contribution to the task of

modernization of the Modern Greek Literature, is a representative of the gen-

eration of the 1930-ies. He succeeded in setting a number of issues, urgent for

Europe of that period, into the context of the greek reality. The Modern Greek

literary critics displayed a rather controversial attitude towards the novel "The

Big Chimaera", determined by the moral image of the protagonist of the novel

– Marina Reirzi.

The purpose of the abovementioned article is to determine, if the

image of Marina Reirzi is a complete literary character. In the research the

analysis of Marina’s image is mainly based on Aristotle’s definition of lite-

rary character – to make a chose by word or by action, so the individuality of

the protagonist is discussed by her action and word.

In the conclusion the main problem of Marina’s character may be

considered the opposition of her rational and irrational features, that finally

ends by full domination of irrational feature.

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magda mWedliZe

ioane mosxosis `limonaris~ qarTuli versiis

warmomavlobis problema

ioane mosxosis "limonaris"1 qarTuli versiis2 war-

momavlobis problema gasuli saukunis Sua wlebSi gaxda aqtualuri da man qarTuli filologiuri mecnierebis TiTqmis yvela cnobili warmomadgenlis yuradReba miipy-ro. magram mas Semdeg, rac rusudan gvaramiam "limonaris" arabuli versiis teqsti gamosca qarTuli TargmaniTa da gamokvleviT,3 romelSic igi qarTuli "samoTxis" arabul warmomavlobas asabuTebda, mosxossa da mis TxzulebasTan dakavSirebuli diskusiebi Sewyda da sakiTxi garkveulad CaiTvala. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli gamokvleva marTlac sayuradRebo da gasaTvaliswinebelia, ramdenime wlis win Cven mainc SevecadeT yuradReba gagvemaxvilebia im garemoebebze, romelTa gamoc sakiTxis sabolood ga-

1 "limonaris" berZnuli teqsti da misi laTinuri Targmani dabeWdi-

lia minTan. ix.: Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca (PG), 87 (III), col.

2845-3116; (arsebobs Fronto Ducaeus–is ufro adrindeli gamocemac mos-xosis 115 moTxrobisa sxvadasxva xelnaweris mixedviT: Bibliotheca Vete-

rum Patrum, Paris, 1624, pp. 1055-1162; sxvadasxva periodul gamocemaSi da-beWdilia mogvianebiT aRmoCenili moTxrobebic) qarTuli teqsti sa-mi xelnaweris mixedviT aris gamocemuli: ioane mosxi, limonari, ga-mosca i. abulaZem, Tb., 1960.

2 termini versia Cvens statiaSi aRniSnavs ara zogadad Targmans, aramed sakuTriv versias, variants.

3 al-busTani, X saukunis sinuri xelnaweris mixedviT, arabuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTa da gamokvleviT gamosca r. gvaramiam, Tb., 1965.

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daWrilad aRiareba gaumarTleblad gveCveneboda.4 proble-misadmi interesis ganaxlebis mizniT, Cven kidev erTxel gavimeorebT Cvens mosazrebebs.

vinem uSualod "limonaris" qarTul versiasTan da-kavSirebul sakiTxebs ganvixilavdeT, Zalze mokled vity-viT Tavad ioane mosxosis pirovnebis, misi Txzulebis xa-siaTisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb.

ioane mosxosi _ VI-VII ss.-is moRvawea. misi saxelis tradiciuli daweriloba _ _ mis mesxad miCnevis saSualebas iZleva ( _ swored ase uwo-debdnen berZnebi samxreT kolxeTis mcxovrebT). IX s-Si konstantinopolis patriarqma fotiosma "limonaris" avto-ris saxeli waikiTxa rogorc da amgva-rad mosxosi kacis sakuTar saxelad moiazra: ioane mosxo-sis Ze.5 miuxedavad fotiosis avtoritetisa, ioane mosxosis saxeli SemdgomSi kvlav tradiciuli formiT iwereba. zo-girTi komentatori pirdapir miuTiTebs kidec mis mesxur warmomavlobaze.6 fotiosis wakiTxva mcdarad miaCndaT gelcersa da heselings, ris mizezadac isini anonimur prologSi7 genetiuri konstruqciiT gamoTqmuli azris

4 К вопросу о соотношении грузинской и латинской редакции "Лимонара", Тезисы

доклада для всесоюзной конференции молодых учѐных, В сб.: "Проблемы референции в языке и литературе", Тбилиси, 1987, 82. 5 O. Bardenhewer, Geschichte der Altkirchlichen Literatur, V, Freiburg, 1932, 132. sax-

eli mosxosi saberZneTSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo. igi, rogorc S. nucubiZem SeniSna, "limonarSic" ixsenieba (S. nucubiZe, Sromebi, t.VI, Tb., 119). am saxelis mqone ramdenime bizantieli mweralia cno-bili.

6 mini ioanes mesxobasTan dakavSirebiT uTiTebs XVII s-is holandieli moRvawis _ h.rosveidisa ("Rosweidus ... Moschum a natione ita dictum suspicatur"

(PG., col. 2843-2844) da "limonaris" laTinur enaze mTargmnelis _ a. lipomanusis varauds ("natione fortasse", PG. col. 2849-2850), Tumca Tavad am azrs ar iziarebs (col. 2843-2844).

7 ioane mosxosis cxovrebis pirveli aRwera mocemulia wm. Teodosis monasterSi gadawerili misi Txzulebis xelnawerisaTvis wamZRvare-bul anonimur prologSi (

. teqsti ix.: H. Usener, Der Heilige Ty-

chon, Leipzig, 1907, 91-93 patriarq fotioss, IX saukuneSi, ioanes bio-grafiis Sedgenisas am prologTan erTad sxva wyaroebiTac usar-geblia (D. C. Hesseling, Morceaux choisis du "Pré spirituel" de Jean Moschos, Paris,

1931, 2).

ioane mosxosis `limonaris~ qarTuli versiis warmomavlobis problema

266

araswor gagebas asaxelebden (

ioane mosxosi sruliad axalgazrda aRkvecila be-rad ierusalimis maxloblad wm. Teodosis monasterSi, Semdgom ki garkveul xans rogorc gandegili iordaniis udabnoSi cxovrobda. mogvianebiT, Tavis sulier SvilTan _ sofronios palestinelTan (ierusalimis momaval pa-triarqTan) erTad igi moixilavs siriis, palestinis, egvip-tisa da saberZneTis kunZulebis ber-monazonTa cnobil savaneebs da iwers TviTmxilvelTa monaTxrobs wm. mamaTa cxovrebis Sesaxeb. 407 wels ioane da sofroniosi aleq-sandriis patriarqis _ ioane mowyalis uaxloesi mrCevelni da TanamebrZolni xdebian. patriarqis gardacvalebis Sem-deg maT erTad daweres misi biografia.9 614 wels, spar-selTa mier mowyobili ber-monazonTa sastiki rbevis gamo, ioane Tavis mowafesTan erTad roms gaemgzavra, sadac gardaicvala kidec. moZRvris anderZis Tanaxmad, sofro-niosma misi neSti wminda Teodosis monasterSi gadmoasve-na.10

cnobilia, rom asketizmis, sxeulTan dakavSirebul vnebaTa daTrgunviT sulis wvrTnis, magaliTebi morwmune qristianebs "axali aRTqmis" wignebSive hqondaT, romelTa mibaZvasac yovelTvis cdilobdnen. III saukunidan ki qveyni-

8 H. Gelzer, Leontios von Neapolis Leben des H. Johannes des Barmherzigen, Freiburg und

Leipzig, 1893, 117; D. C. Hesseling, 1. 9

_ es biografia erTvis leontiosis memuarebs (ix. Gelzer, 108-112). ioanesa da sofroniosis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. H.

Chadwick, John Moschus and his Friend Sophronius the Sophist, "Journal of Theological studies", Vol. XXV (1), 1974, 41-74.

10 anonimuri prologis Tanaxmad, es moxda 619 wels (ix. Usener, 95: "im

anfang der VIII indiction", also im September 619). Tumca mosxosis gardacva-lebis TariRTan dakavSirebiT sxva mosazrebebic aris gamoTqmuli. mag., xitrovi _ 622 wels varaudobda (Луг духовный, Творение блаженного

Иоанна Мосха, пер. с греч. М. И. Хитрова, Сергиев Посад, 1915, XIX), Salva nu-cubiZe 634 wels (Salva nucubiZe, Sromebi, t. VI, 108-109); asexeleben aseve 628 wels (ix. f. patendenis statia: Theologische Realenzyklopädie, B.

XVII, Berlin- New York, 1988, 141); e. folieris azriT ki mosxosi kons-tantinopolSi gardaicvala 620-634 wlebs Soris (E. Follieri, Dove e

quando mori Giovanni Mosco? Rivista di Studi Bizantini et Neoellenici, N. S. 25

(XXXV), Roma, 1988, 3-39).

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sagan gandgoma mkafiod gaazrebul filosofiad gvevline-ba da organizebul xasiaTs iZens. rogorc aRniSnaven, ukve V saukuneSi, aRmosavlur qristianobaSi yvelaferi aske-tizms ukavSirdeba da misi ideebis gavleniT viTardeba.11

ber-monazonTa cxovrebam, cxadia, asaxva hpova qris-tianuli mwerlobis araerTi cnobili warmomadgenlis TxzulebaSi.12 iqmneba specialuri praqtikuli xasiaTis literaturac, romlis daniSnuleba ber-monazonTa cxovre-bis warmarTva, maTi yofis yovelmxriv mowesrigebaa.

V saukuneSi Sedgenil iqna pirveli asketuri an-Tologia Apophthegmata Pa-

trum), romelSic gaerTianda ara mxolod cnobil asket moRvaweTa didaqtikuri gamonaTqvamebi, aramed maTi saqmia-nobis amsaxveli mokle moTxrobebic. amgvari krebulebi-saTvis, romlebic sxadasxvagvarad iwodebodnen (

), Sem-gomSi erTi saxeli SemoiRes _ Vitae Patrum, anu paterikebi.13

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos ber-monazonTa Sesaxeb moTxrobebis erTi krebuli, romelic "lavsaikonis" sax-eliT aris cnobili da romelsac zogierTi mkvlevari "limonaris" nimuSadac ki miiCnevs.14 orive krebulSi moT-

11 O. Bardenhewer, Geschichte der Altkirchlichen Literatur, IV, 1928, 20. 12 magaliTisaTvis davasaxelebT ioane oqropiris "maTes saxarebis

ganmartebas", sadac saubaria asketuri cxovrebis religiur-filosofiur arssa da moqalaqeobriv mniSvnelobaze, aseve mocemulia ber-monazonTa yofis aRwera (wm. ioane oqropiri, Targmanebai maTes saxarebisai, Targmani wm. efTvime mTawmidelisai, I, Tb., 1996, 143-146).

13 am tipis krebulebisa da maT Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero naSromebis Sesaxeb ix. Sesavali werili wignSi: Sua saukuneebis novelebis Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi, gamosca m. dvalma, I, Tb., 1966, 06 sq.

14 paladiosis, elenopoleli episkoposis, aRniSnuli Txzuleba Sedgenilia 388-404 wlebSi da eZRvneba bizantiis imperatoris _ Teodosi II _is karis erT-erT mniSvnelovan moxeles _ lausons ( ), romlis saxelis mixedviTac ewoda krebuls Historia Lausiaca

( an Tumca igi cnobilia aseve ori sxva saxeliTac: Vita sanctorum patrum ( )

da Paradisus ( ). es saxelebi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mogvianebiT ber-monazonTa Sesaxeb daweril krebulTa saerTo


268

xrobili ber-monazonTa cxovrebis RirSesaniSnavi epizo-debi uSualod avtoris mier aris Sekrebili.15

rac Seexeba ioane mosxosis krebuls, romelic sxvadasxva saxeliT aris cnobili _

_ mecnierTa umravlesobis Se-fasebiT, igi am Janris saukeTeso nimuSia.16 misi avtoroba zogjer sofronios palestinelsac miewereboda, miuxeda-vad imisa, rom nawarmoebi swored sofroniosisadmia miZRvnili da avtori mis Sesaxeb mesame pirSi saubrobs. zogi xelnaweri, msgavsad ioane mowyalis biografiisa, "limonarsac" orive megobars miakuTvnebs.17 gvaqvs xelna-werTa sakmaod didi nawili, romelSic avtoris vinaoba saerTod ar aris miTiTebuli.18 miuxedavad amisa, unda aRi-niSnos, rom ioane mosxosis avtoroba mecnierebisaTvis arasodes yofila saeWvo (anonimuri prologis mixedviT, mosxosis mier dasrulebuli Txzuleba misi sikvdilis Semdeg sofronioss gamouqveynebia, rac, rogorc miiCneva, Tavdapirveli Secdomis mizezi unda yofiliyo).

"limonaris" tipis krebulebze Sua saukuneebSi didi moTxovnileba iyo, romlebic gadaweris procesSi kleba-Sematebas, xSirad ki _ safuZvlian gadamuSavebasac ganic-

saxelad iqca. "lavsaikoni" qarTulad Targmnilia efrem mciris mier.

15 ioanes krebulis erT-erTi saxelwodebac , mkvlevarTa azriT, am ori krebulis siaxloveze mianiSnebs

(Bardenhever, V, 148). 16 Hesseling, 8 sq. 17 magaliTad, nikonis -Si CarTulia Txrobebi aba ioanesi da

aba sofroniosisa, romlebSic zogierTi mkvlevari ioane mosxossa da sofroni ierusalimels moiazrebs (ix. A. Longo, Il testo integrale della

"Narrazione degli abati Giovanni e Sofronio" attraverso le " " di Nicone,

"Rivista di Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici", # 2-3 (XII-XIII), Roma (1965-1966), 236-

238). mosxosis Txzulebis xelnawerebis, aseve versiebisa da redaqciebis Sesaxeb ix.: Hesseling, 3-4, 11-13; Bardenhewer, V, 133-134; BZ,

XXXVIII (1938), 351-376; r. gvaramia, 26-40. 18 mosxosis Txzulebis xelnawerebis, aseve versiebisa da redaqciebis

Sesaxeb ix.: Bardenhewer, V, 133-134; Th. Nyssen, Unbekannte Erzelungen aus dem

Pratum Spirituale, "Byzantinische Zeitschrift", XXXVIII, 1938, S. 351-354; E. Mioni, Il Pratum Spirituale di Giovani Mosco, "Orientalia Christiana Periodica", 17 (1951), 61-82;

Hesseling, 3-4, 11-13; r. gvaramia, 26-40; P. Pattenden, The Texte of the Pratum

Spirituale, "Journal of Theological Studies", XXVI (1975), 38-54.

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didnen. swored amis gamoa, rom mosxosis Txzuleba ramde-nime versiiTa da sakmaod gansxvavebuli redaqciebiT aris moRweuli. moTxrobaTa raodenobac ki sxvadasxva krebul-Si sxvadasxvaa. magaliTad, minTan 219 moTxrobaa, fotiosis xelT arsebul xelnawerSi ki maTi ricxvi 300-s aRematebo-da. qarTuli versia _ "samoTxe" _ 91 / 92 Tavisagan Sedgeba, romlis Sesabamisi berZnuli redaqcia cnobili ar aris.

"samoTxe" ilia abulaZem gamosca 1960 wels sami xelnaweris mixedviT, romelTagan erTi aTonuria 977 wlis, xolo ori sinuri _ 925 wlisa da XIII saukunis. samive nus-xisaTvis saerToa 91 / 92 Tavi. aTonursa da XIII saukunis sinur nusxas erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli danarTic aqvT. samive nusxaSi nawarmoebis avtorad dasaxelebulia ioane, moZRvari ierusalimis patriarqis _ sofroniosisa.19

mosxosis Txzulebis qarTuli versiis warmomav-lobasTan dakavSirebiT diskusias S. nucubiZem daudo sa-Tave, rodesac eWvqveS daayena miRebuli azri, romlis mix-edviTac qarTuli "samoTxe" berZnulidan gamokrebilad naTargmn Zeglad iyo miCneuli. aRniSnuli Txzuleba man ioane mosxosis _ erovnebiT qarTveli mwerlis mier20 qar-Tul enaze Seqmnil originalur nawarmoebad gamoacxada. S. nucubiZis sabuTebi amgvaria: 1) qarTuli versia ar tovebs Targmanis STabeWdilebas: misi ena bunebrivia, Txroba _ Tavisufali; 2) berZnuli da qarTuli redaqciebi Sinaar-soblivad avseben erTmaneTs, rac maT avtorad erTsa da imave pirovnebas gvavaraudebinebs.21

i. abulaZem ar gaiziara es mosazreba.22 qarTul teqstSi man miuTiTa arabuli da axali sparsuli sityve-bi, romlebic, misi TqmiT, qarTul enaSi VIII-IX saukuneze adre ver gamoCndeboda. qarTul "samoTxeSi" gamovlenili zogierTi sazogado (jerakumia) da sakuTari saxelis (evarjene, evloji, evstraji, serji, jerasime) arabizebuli formebis, aseve, gansxvavebiT berZnuli redaqciisagan, zo-

19 i. abulaZe, 09; 024. qarTuli samoTxis 20 mosxosis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi sxvadasxva varaudia

gamoTqmuli, magaliTad, rom is iyo damaskodan, kilikiidan da sxv. ix. H. Chadwick, 56; P. Pattenden, 41.

21 Ш. Нуцубидзе, К происхождению греческого романа "Варлаам и Иоасаф", Тбилиси,

1956, 104; S. nucubiZe, Sromebi, VI, 104-155. 22 i. abulaZe, 012-124.


270

gierTi geografiuli obieqtis adgilobrivi saxelwodebiT moxseniebis gamo, i. abulaZem qarTuli teqsti arabulidan Targmnilad miiCnia. i. abulaZis mosazreba gaiziares k. kekeliZem23 da J. garitma.24

s. yauxCiSvilma mxari dauWira S. nucubiZes.25 misi daskvnebi amgvari iyo: 1) "samoTxis" qarTuli novelebis ZiriTadi nawili qarTul enazea dawerili, ramdenadac: a) novelebis qarTuli ena sakmaod Zvelis STabeWdilebas to-vebs rogorc enobrivi formebis, ise leqsikis Tvalsazri-siT; b) qarTuli teqsti ar hgavs Targmans; g) berZnuli teqstis zogierTi sityva qarTulad sxva berZnuli sityvi-Taa gadmocemuli: mag. berZnuli teqstis -is Sesabamisad qarTul teqstSia –is adgilo-brivi forma jerakumia, is nacvlad _ devtela-ri ( -idan), -s nacvlad _ candali (

-idan); d) geografiuli punqtebis adgilobrivi saxel-wodebebiT gamoyeneba (berZnuli teqstis is Sesa-bamisad qarTul teqstSi _ besa) mowmobs imas, rom qarTu-li teqstis avtori adgilobrivi mcxovrebia. 2) arabizmebi qarTul teqstSi aixsneba arabuli garemos zemoqmedebiT. 3) Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi "samoTxis" novelebi ivseboda berZnulidan: teqstSi dasturdeba werilobiTi gziT Se-suli berZnizmebic.

1965 wels, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, r. gvaramiam ga-mosca berZnuli "limonaris" arabuli versia "al-busTani" qarTuli TargmaniTa da safuZvliani gamokvleviT, romel-Sic i. abulaZis Tvalsazrisis sasargeblod axali argu-mentebi iqna warmodgenili. Cven SevecdebiT, aRniSnuli ar-gumentebi sxva kuTxiT ganvixiloT:

1. qarTuli "samoTxis" arabuli versiisagan damoki-debulebis damamtkicebel erT-erT umTavres argumentad saxeldeba qarTul-arabul TxrobaTa erTnairi damokide-

23 К. Кекелидзе, Грузинская версия Иоанна Мосха и еѐ значение для славянской

истории, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, VIII, Tbilisi, 1962.

24 G. Garitte, La version géorgienne du "Rpé spirituel", Studi e Testi, 232, 171-185. 25 s. yauxCiSvili, meSvide saukunis novelisti ioane mosxi, "ciskari", N

1, 1958, 99-109; misive: bizantiuri literaturis istoria, Tb., 1973, 236-246.

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buleba berZnul teqstTan, erTnairi cvlilebani mis mi-marT.26

upirveles yovlisa, gakvirveba gvinda gamovTqvaT im faqtis gamo, rom arc erT mkvlevars, romelic qarTuli "samoTxisa" da minis berZnul teqsts erTmaneTs udarebda da maT Soris arsebuli msgavsebebisa Tu gansxvavebebis mixedviT akeTebda ama Tu im daskvnas, ratomRac yuradReba ar miuqcevia minis "patrologiaSi" berZnuli teqstis pa-ralelurad dabeWdili a. lipomanusis mier berZnulidan Sesrulebuli laTinuri TargmanisaTvis. arada, rogorc Semdgom davinaxavT, laTinuri teqsti gansxvavebuli berZ-nuli redaqciis Targmans warmoadgens da zogierT SemTxvevaSi rogorc qarTuli "samoTxis", ise arabuli "al-busTanis" analogiuri cvlilebebiT xasiaTdeba.

gasakviria aseve, rom qarTuli da arabuli versie-bis teqstualur damTxvevebs faqtiurad gadamwyveti mniSv-neloba eniWeba maSin, rodesac cnobilia, rom "limonaris" uamravi xelnaweri jer kidev Seuswavlelia. rogorc berZ-nul, ise arabul xelnawerTa simravleze sagangebod uTi-Tebs "al-busTanis" gamomcemelic.27 masve aRniSnuli aqvs, rom minis gamocema, romelic ar aris kritikuli gamocema da imeorebs XVII saukunis gamocemebs,28 ver gaigivdeba mosxosiseul teqstTan, miT ufro, rom amgvari krebulebi mravalgzis gadamuSavebas ganicdidnen. amis gamo, misive TqmiT, minis teqsti ar gamodgeba am Zeglis sxva versiaTa, da kerZod, arabuli versiis raobis saboloo gadawyveti-saTvis.29 Cveni mxriv, davamatebT, rom minis teqsti arc qarTuli versiis raobis gadasawyvetad gamodgeba, iseve, rogorc ar aris sakmarisi amisaTvis "al-busTanis" mxo-lod ori nusxis gaTvaliswineba.

warmovadgenT ramdenime magaliTs, romlebic qar-Tuli teqstis arabulisagan damokidebulebis maCveneblad aris miCneuli, da Sesadareblad aqve movitanT laTinur Targmansac:

26 r. gvaramia, 45-53. 27 iqve, 13. 28 iqve, 27-28. 29 iqve, 30.


272

qarTul-arabul TxrobebSi dadasturebuli cal-keuli Sinaarsoblivi detalebis cvlis magaliTad war-modgenilia Semdegi SemTxveva:30

28).31 berman hrqua mas suetiT gardamo ("sa-moTxe).

uTxra mas berma svetidan ("al-busTani").32 iseve, rogorc qarTul-arabul teqstebSi, laTinur TargmanSic dakonkretebulia adgili, sadac beri imyofeba: Senex autem de columna respondens ait.

Semdeg magaliTSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia imaze, rom erT-erTi Zma Rumels "z e m o T a m o s a s x a m i T, l a b a d i T gamogvis, qarTul-arabul TxrobebSi ki igi Rumels Tavisi t a n s a c m l i T gvis, saxeldobr, ra saxis tansacmliT – ar aris dakonkretebuli":33

(92). gamogava igi samosliTa TvisiTa "samoTxe" Tavisi samosiT gamogava ("al-busTani"). aseve ar aris dakonkretebuli tansacmlis saxeoba laTinur teqstSic: Vestimentoque suo illum detersit.

qarTul-arabul teqstebSi ricxviT saxelTa erTnairad cvlis erT-erTi magaliTia:34

daeyo mas sameocdasami weli ("samoTxe").

samocdasami wlis ganmavlobaSi ("al-busTani").

analogiurad aris Secvlili ricxvi laTinur TargmanSic: per annos sexaginta tres.

vfiqrobT, moxmobili magaliTebic sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom "samoTxis" "al-busTanidan" momdinareoba ueWvel faqtad ar vaRiaroT (Tundac laTinuri Targmani yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi qarTul-arabulis analogiur

30 r. gvaramia, 49. 31 "limonaris" moTxrobebis nomers vuTiTebT minis mixedviT. 32 "al-busTanis" teqsti mogvyavs r. gvaramias Targmanis mixedviT. 33 r. gvaramia, 50. 34 iqve.

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cvlilebebs ar gviCvenebdes). teqstualuri damTxvevebis mixedviT msjelobis uperspeqtivobaze miuTiTebs Semdegi magaliTic, romelic qarTul-arabul TxrobebSi redaqciuli xasiaTis cvlilebebis nimuSad aris warmodgenili:35

da dResa kviriakesa ganTiad aResrula beri da RmrTisa mivida ("samoTxe"). kvira dRes ki igi miicvala da ufalTan waremarTa ("al- busTani"). Dominica vero die mane requievit. marTalia, ufalTan misvlaze mxolod qarTul-arabul TxrobebSia naTqvami, magram qarTul teqstSi, iseve, rogorc berZnul-laTinurSi, gansxvavebiT arabulisagan, ufro zustad aris dasaxelebuli gardacvalebis dro: gandiadi. amave Tavidan SeiZleboda dagvemowmebina kidev erTi pasaJi, romelic Sesadarebel teqstebSi redaqciuli xasiaTis cvlilebebis saintereso kombinaciebs gviCvenebs:

... rameTu ese saqme¡ ara Cem saxeTa ars, aramed mamaTa wmidaTa viTarca antonisi da arsenisi da Tevdore

fermelisa¡da msgavsTa maTTa ("samoTxe"). ...rameTu visac surs sulebi ganagos, xams iyos msgavsi wmidisa antonisi, paxumisi, Tevdoresi, petresi ("al-busTani"). ...negotium istud magnorum et exellentium Patrum est An-

tonii, Pachomii,

santique Theodori. rogorc vxedavT, arc erTi teqsti ar emTxveva sxva romelimes sityvasityviT. TiToeul maTgans aqvs mxolod

35 iqve, 48-49.


274

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli raime detali, Tumca garkveuli niuansebi sxvasTan saziaroc aqvs, amasTan, erTi niuansiT igi SeiZleba erT teqsts uaxlovdebodes, meoreTi ki – sxvas:

"es saqme" (berZ. qarT. laT.) / "visac surs sule-bi ganagos" (arab.).

"ara Cem saxeTa ars, aramed" (qarT.). "didi mamebisaa" (berZ.) / "didi da gamorCeuli

mamebisaa" (laT.) / "wminda mamebisaa" (qarT.) / "xams iyos msgavsi wmidisa ... (arab.).

"da msgavsTa maTTa" (qarT.) / "xams iyos msgavsi"... (arab.)

"amba antonis mimdevarTa da sxvaTa" (berZn.) / qarT. arab. laT. teqstebSi antonis Semdeg CamoTvlilia sxva cnobil asketTa saxelebi: arseni mxolod qarT.-Sia, petre _ mxolod arab.-Si, paxomiosi _ arab.-sa da laT.-Si, Tevdore ki qarT.-Si, arab.-sa da laT.-Si (qarT.-Si dazustebulia misi vinaoba "fermeli").

vfiqrobT, laTinuri Targmani naTlad gviCvenebs, rom berZnuli kritikuli teqstis gamocemamde arabul-qarTul teqstualuri Tu redaqciuli xasiaTis damTxvevebis maTi uSualo kavSiris damamtkicebel argumentebad gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, miT ufro, rom gansxvavebebi Tavad arabul nusxebSiac mravladaa. r. gvaramias ganxiluli aqvs sxvadasxva saxis gansxvavebebi or arabul nusxas _ vatikanursa (Vat. ar. 77) da sinurs (Sin.

549) Soris (gv. 16-26), rac, misi azriT, garkveulwilad, sxvadasxva redaqciis berZnuli wyaroebis gamoyenebiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli.36

meore mxriv, amave mizeziT, anu berZnuli kritikuli gamocemis uqonlobis gamo, qarTuli versiis arabulisagan damoukideblobis argumenti ver iqneba is, rom qarTul teqstSi uamravi iseTi adgilis miTiTeba SeiZleba, romelic berZnuls misdevs da ara _ arabuls. miT umetes, rom r. gvaramia uTiTebs iseT SemTxvevebsac, rodesac "samoTxis" teqsti "al-busTanis" vatikanur nusxas uaxlovdeba da ara _ sinurs.37 imis gamo, rom Tavad

36 iqve, 24. 37 iqve, 52.

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arabuli nusxebic ar aris srulad Seswavlili, verc sinuri redaqciis uzustobebidan gavakeTebT raime kategoriul daskvnebs (r. gvaramia "al-busTanSi" uTiTebs pasaJebs, romelTa azri berZnuli teqstis gareSe gaugebaria,38 maSin rodesac qarTul "samoTxeSi" azri sruliad gasagebad da berZnuli teqstis adekvaturad aris gadmocemuli).

2) arabuli da qarTuli versiebis Sedarebisas yuradReba eqceva am ori krebulis msgavs arqiteqtonikas, maT SedgenilobaSi erTnairi principis dacvas: orive krebulSi gamoiyofa jer miniseuli Txrobebis jgufi, Semdeg ki – araminiseuli damatebebisa. orive krebuli dasawyisSi ufro misdevs miniseul rigs, Semdeg ki xdeba minis TxrobaTa gamotoveba mzardi SualedebiT. rig SemTxvevebSi qarTulSic da arabulSic darRveulia miniseul TxrobaTa Tanamimdevroba...39 magram Tavad mkvlevaris daskvniT, rogorc Sedgenilobis, ise calkeul TxrobaTa mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, "al-busTani" aris ara berZnuli "limonaris" arabuli gadamuSaveba, aramed igi berZnulidan naTargmni Zeglia.40 ase rom, aqac SeiZleba davuSvaT maTTvis saerTo berZnuli wyaros arseboba. miT ufro, rom Tavad r. gvaramia arabuli "al-busTanis" arqiteqtonikaSi ara arabuli, aramed wminda berZnuli tradiciis gamovlenis SesaZleblobaze laparakobs da isic dasaSvebad miaCnia, arabuli teqsti swored am saxiT gaformebuli berZnuli krebulis Targmans warmoadgendes.41

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, qarTuli "samoTxe" mainc gansxvavdeba sxva danarCeni versiebisa Tu redaqciebisagan. marTalia, miniseul Txrobebze ucnob TxrobaTa darTva Cveulebrivi movlena yofila,42 magram dRemde cnobil da aRweril xelnawerTagan mxolod qarTul versiaSia amgvari

38 iqve, 39. 39 iqve, 41. 40 iqve, 40. 41 iqve, 34. 42 iqve, 32-33.


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danarTi gamoyofili "samoTxis" damatebis saxiT43 (amasTan, erT xelnawers, rogorc vTqviT, aranairi danarTi ar axlavs).

amasTan, aramosxosiseuli CanarTebi warmodgenilia ara mxolod slavursa da arabul versiebSi (aq 105 Txrobidan 27 aramosxosiseulia), aramed TviT berZnul teqstSic: mag., minTan dabeWdil redaqciaSi 27 Txroba Semdgom CarTulad iTvleba, ris gamoc Tavad berZnul teqstTan mimarTebaSic dgeba calkeul TxrobaTa avTenturobis sakiTxi. am mxriv, anu mosxosis nawarmoebis Tavdapirveli saxis dasadgenad, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa qarTuli samoTxis Cveneba, ris Sesaxebac i. abulaZec amaxvilebda yuradRebas. sakuTriv "samoTxeSi" warmodgenili 91 / 92 Txrobidan, garda erTisa, yvela dasturdeba berZnul teqstSi. rogorc r. gvaramia aRniSnavs "es Cveneba, erTi mxriv, amtkicebs minis gamocemisaTvis ucnobi mosxiseuli Txrobis arsebobas ("samoTxis" ZiriTadi nawilis pEei Txroba), xolo, meore mxriv, igi damatebiT TxrobebSi dadasturebul 23 miniseuli Txrobis originalobas saeWvos xdis".44

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad qarTul-arabuli krebulebis SedgenilobaSi gamovlenili principuli xasiaTis msgavsebisa, am krebulebSi zustad erTi da igive Txrobebi ar aris SerCeuli. maT daaxl. 42 moTxroba unda hqondeT saerTo.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, albaT, is garemoebac, rom mosxosis Txzulebis arabuli versiis damoukidebeli xelnaweri cnobili ar yofila,45 igi mxolod patristikul krebulebSia warmodgenili.46 qarTuli "samoTxe" ki Tavisi SesavliT (romelic arabuls ar axlavs) da mTliani struqturiT sruliad damoukidebeli da dasrulebuli Txzulebaa.

43 qarTuli versiis damatebaTa Sesaxeb ix.: n. maxaraZe, ioane mosxis

"limonaris" damatebaTa ("mimsgavsebuli samoTxesa") sakiTxisaTvis, gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnali, 8 (2003), 38-51.

44 iqve, 30. 45 zogierTi mecnieris azriT, sruli arabuli Targmani SesaZloa arc

arasodes arsebuliyo (r. gvaramia, 27; i. abulaZe, 022). 46 r. gvaramia, 14.

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"samoTxis" arabulidan warmomavlobas ewinaaRmdegeba is faqti, rom arabul redaqciaSi avtoroba miewereba sofronioss, qarTul redaqciaSi ki avtorad dasaxelebulia ioane mosxosi, da iqve dazustebulia misi damokidebuleba sofroniosTan: "aRwera amba iovane, moZRuarman sofroni ierusalimel patreaqisaman". dResdReobiT cnobili arabuli da qarTuli versiebi aSkarad sxvadasxva tradiciis berZnul xelnawerebs ukavSirdeba (Tumca, calkeul teqstualur damTxvevebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, maT, TavianTi mxriv, saerTo pirvelwyaro unda hqondeT).

3) "samoTxis" arabulidan warmomavlobis damamtkicebel mniSvnelovan argumentad miiCneva qarTul teqstSi arabizebulad miCneul imgvar formaTa arseboba, rogoricaa serji, jerasime, jerakumia, evtuSi...47

jer kidev s. yauxCiSvili aRniSnavda, rom e da i bgerebis win -s warmoTqmas j-d berZnulSi dialeqturi xasiaTi unda hqonoda.48 n. maxaraZis specialur gamokvlevaSi ki ukve sakmaod didi masalaa warmodgenili sinur-palestinur berZnulSi s amgvari gamoTqmisa

xmovnebis win,49 rac berZnul enaSi VII-VIII saukunidan iCens Tavs.50

rac Seexeba konkretulad jerakumias, romelic "moxucTa TavSesafars" aRniSnavs, amgvari formiT igi sxva naTargmn qarTul ZeglebSic gvxvdeba (rac am ZeglTa arabulidan Targmnis sabuTad miiCneva xolme51). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, Tu ra did yuradRebas uTmobda aleqsandriis patriarqi ioane mowyale (romlis Tanamosagredac ioane mosxosi gvevlineba) TavSesafrebisa da saavadmyofoebis mSeneblobas, jerakumia sakmaod xSiri xmarebis sityva unda yofiliyo. amdenad, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom "samoTxeSi" igi adgilobrivi formiT aisaxa.

47 r. gvaramia, 41-42. 48 s. yauxCiSvili, giorgi amartolis "xronografis" qarTuli Targmani,

naw. II, Tb., 1962, 75-76. 49 n. maxaraZe, bizantiuri berZnulis warmoTqmis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1978,

44-54. 50 iqve, 53. 51 amis Sesaxeb ix. il. abulaZe, 013-016.


278

(jerakumia sulxan-sabas leqsikonSic aris Sesuli, oRond arasworad ganmartebuli; am sityvis gavrcelebaze miuTiTebs is faqti, rom igi laTinurmac isesxa, rac "iustinianes kodeqsSic" aris asaxuli _ gerontocomium. Tanamedrove italiurSic ki moipoveba sityva gerontocomio

[jerontokomio]). n. maxaraZe uTiTebs / R Sesabamisobasac

ukanaenismieri xmovnebisa da Tanxmovnebis win.52 unda aRiniSnos, rom "samoTxeSi" amgvar SemTxvevebsac vxvdebiT: aRapiTos, eRon, Raza.

sinur-palestinuri berZnulisaTvis aseve damaxasiaTebeli Cans / S Sesatyvisoba i da e xmovnebis wina poziciaSi.53 aqedan gamomdinare, evtuSi dialeqturi forma unda iyos -isa.

n. maxaraZis gamokvlevaSi aRniSnulia iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac erTsa da imave xelnawerSi asaxulia rogorc Zveli, ise axali gamoTqma: sergi / serji, agapi / aRapi ...54 SeiZleba iTqvas, analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs "samoTxeSic": sergi / serji, evtuqi / evtuSi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki "samoTxis" sxvadasxva xelnawerSi sxvadasxva gamoTqmis asaxvas vxvdebiT: evarjene (sinurSi) / evargene (aTonurSi).

amgvari mravalferovneba Tavisuflad SeiZleba mieweros sxvadasxva istoriuli droisa da regionis gadamwerT. Tumca, igive faqti ufro Tamami axsnis safuZvelsac gvaZlevs: Tuki davuSvebT, rom mosxoss marTlac SeiZleboda Tavisi Txzuleba qarTuladac daewera, is ki, rogorc viciT, Tavisi krebulisaTvis ambebs sxvadasxva regionSi sxvadasxva pirTagan iwerda, aseT SemTxvevaSi "samoTxis" dialeqturi mravalferovneba moubarTa metyvelebis zust asxvadac ki SeiZleboda migveCnia.

4) "samoTxis" arabizmebs Soris saxeldeba iseTebic, romelTa moxvedra qarTul teqstSi mxolod werilobiTi gziT miiCneva SesaZleblad. mag. -is oden

52 iqve, 47. 53 n. maxaraZe, 1978, 62-65. 54 iqve, 46.

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grafikul arabizmad aris miCneuli luliane.55 magram "samoTxis" sinur nusxaSi erT adgilas lulianes nacvlad ivliane gvxdeba, rac ewinaaRmdegeba luliane formis axsnas ubralo gaugebrobiT.

rac Seexeba -is grafikul arabizmad miCneul barsabas,56 es saxeli "mociqulTa saqmeebSi" gvxvdeba,57 da igi sulxan-sabas leqsikonSic aris Sesuli.

amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Cveni azriT, ioane mosxosis "limonaris" qarTuli versiis arabul warmomavlobasTan dakavSirebiT damkvidrebuli azri gadaxedvas saWiroebs. qarTuli "samoTxis" teqstis kvleva iseve, rogorc misi wyaros Zieba Cven kvlavac aqtualurad gvesaxeba. samwuxarod, am etapze Cven xeli ar mogviwvda "limonaris" editio princeps-is teqstsa Tu mis mravalricxovan xelnawerebze, romelTa Seswavla momavalSi, vimedovnebT, garkveuli pozitiuri daskvnebis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas mogvcems.

Magda Mchedlidze

The problem of the Georgian version of the ‘Pratum Spirituale’ of John

Moschus

The Georgian version of the ‘Pratum Spirituale’ of John Moschus

has incited discussions. As the Georgian text differs considerably from that

published by Migne in the P.G., the question conserns the provenance of it: is

it a fragmentary version derived from the Greek original or is it a translation

from an Arabic version. According to some scientists the Georgian text is an

independent version which is written like Greek one by Moschus himself, a

Byzantine writer probably of Georgian nationality.

Actually most of scientists agree to the Arabic origin of Georgian

version, which

seems rather doubtful to us. The purpose of our article is to give the reasons

for our

55 r. gvaramia, 42. 56 iqve. 57 Act. 15, 22:


280

scepticism concerning the Arabic provenance of Georgian version of Mo-

schus’ work and for rejecting certain arguments on which the conception of

Arabic influence on Georgian text is based:

1. The Georgian version in some passages gives text closely similar

to that of the Arabic, the alterations of the Greek text are common to the

Arabic and the Georgian versions, but the importance of this fact loses its

force because of occurence of identic distinctions in the A. Lipomanus’ Latin

version.

2. The forms like ‘Sergi’, ‘Gerasime’ which appear in Georgien text,

erroneously regarded as a manifest and undoubted sequence of the Arabic

influence, in fact, may be considered as forms of Palestinian Greek.

3. It is very significant that the Georgian version of the ‘Pratum

spirituale’ attributes this work to Jhon Moschus while the Arabic version

ascribes it to his disciple Sophronius. So the fact that Arabic and Geogian

versions belong to different manuscript traditions merit serious considera-

tions.


q. nadareiSvili tragedia "antigones" interpretacia binaruli opoziciis

– qali: saojaxo mamakaci: sazogado-s WrilSi tragedia "antigones" interpretaciisas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba polisisa da oikosis _ am ori umniSvnelovanesi institutis urTierTmimarTebas aqvs. antigonem da kreonma _ tragediis mTavarma protagonistebma TavianTi qmedebis asaxsnelad Tu gasamarTleblad swored am institutebs mimarTes. Tumc kreoni sazogado, antigone ki privatuli sivrcis interesebis damcvelad arian moazrebulni, isini am sivrceebs calsaxad ar uTanabrdebian. kreonTan mimarTebaSi gasarkvevia, ramdenad aris igi saxelmwifoebriobis ideis ganmasaxierebeli, antigonesTan dakavSirebiT ki sakiTxavia, ras moicavs misTvis ojaxis fenomeni da ra mimarTeba aqvs mas sazogado sivrcesTan. am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema ki garkveulwilad naTels mohfens, Tu ra daZabuloba SeiZleba arsebobdes or sivrces _ sazogadosa da privatuls Soris da ramdenad mniSvnelovania am institutebis, rogorc urTierTSemavsebeli subieqtebis harmoniuli Tanaarseboba.

scenaze gamosuli antigone amcnobs das, rom mas qveynis mmarTvelis _ kreonis brZanebis miuxedavad Zmis cxedris dakrZalva aqvs mtkiced gadawyvetili da ismenes mouwodebs, mas SeuerTdes. Tumc amgvari saqcielisTvis dasja emuqreba, igi mainc miabarebs miwas Zmis gvams, radgan es misi movaleobaa. ismene das uars eubneba. igi Tvlis, rom maT, qalebs ar SeswevT Zala mamakacebs winaaRmdegoba gauwion. antigone ganumartavs ismenes, rom Zmis damarxva sisxliT naTesavebis movaleobaa. e. i. maTi, rogorc debis movaleobaa da am movaleobas igi ar uRalatebs _ is aris Cemi da Seni Zma, Tumc Sen ar gsurs (uaryof mas). veravin ganacxadebs Cemze, rom moRalate var (igulisxmeba movaleobis Ralati, q. n.) (ant. 45-46).1

1 knoqsis mixedviT antigone naTesavebis mimarT erTgulebaze imave

tipis leqsikiT laparakobs, ra leqsikasac moqalaqe polisis mimarT Tavisi ganwyobis gamosaxatavad gamoiyenebda. a. m. am pasaJSi


282

antigones miaCnia, rom sisxliT naTesavebis winaSe arsebuli movaleoba yvela sxva movaleobaze, maT Soris qalaqis winaSe arsebul movaleobaze upiratesia. antigones mier gamoyenebuli leqsika, knoqsis azriT, xazs usvams debsa da Zmebs Soris arsebul fizikur intimurobas, maT erT arsad moazrebas. magaliTad,

_ o, saerTo, RviZlo dao, ismenev (ant. 1) _ase iwyebs antigone disadmi mimarTvas. polinikes is uwodebs "vaJiSvils, Cemi RviZli dedisa" (ant. 466-7), mogvianebiT ki _ "Cem RviZl Zmas" _ (ant. 503). is Rirseul saqmed Tvlis imaT pativiscemas, vinc erTi saSodan arian gaCenilni _ (ant. 511). Zma aris misi sakuTreba _ (ant. 48). Sesabamisad, kreonis moqmedeba aris Careva im urTierTobaSi, romelic aris gansakuTrebuli, uaxloes naTesavTa urTierToba. Tavis ukanasknel sityvaSic antigone "TavisianebTan" _

) SeerTebis Sesaxeb laparakobs (ant. 893). sisxliT naTesavebis erTmaneTTan gansakuTrebul siaxloves warmoaCens debis mier dualisis formaTa ga-moyeneba. pirveli Sexvedrisas isini erTmaneTze dualisSi laparakoben da erTmaneTs erTianobad aRiqvamen. saintere-soa, rom dualisi ar ixmareba mas Semdeg, rac ismene uars etyvis antigones Zmisadmi movaleobis aRsrulebaze. dua-lisSi moixseniebian Zmebic, rac xazs usvams maT kavSirs da amave dros rac gamohyofs maT danarCeni samyarosagan. debis sapirispirod, kreoni moRalate Zmas patrioti Zmisa-gan mijnavs. _ gana kreonma, Cveni Zmebis _ (dualisi) damarxvis saqmeSi pativi ar miago erTs _ da upatiod ar daagdo meore? _ (ant. 21-22). am or striqonSi uzado lingvisturi ekonomiiT aris gamoyene-buli gramatikisa da sintaqsis SesaZleblobani, raTa war-

fraza (ant. 46) politikuri diskursisTvis aris saxasiaTo. amave sferosTan asociacias badebs antigones ganacxadi kreonis mimarT: "ra momipovebs ufro diad saxels, vidre Zmis damarxva?" /

(ant. 502). Knox B. M. W., The Heroic Temper, p. II, Berkely and Los Angeles, University of Califor-

nia Press, 1964, 76. 2 qarTulad Cveni azriT, termin "RviZliT" SeiZleba gadmovita-

noT.

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mogvidginos gansxvaveba antigones ojaxur erTgulebas, romelic Zmebs erTad moiazrebs da polisis erTgulebas Soris, romelic Zmebs ganacalkevebs da maT erTmaneTTan apirispirebs, acxadebs knoqsi.3 antigonesTvis sisxliT naTesaobaze dafuZnebuli kavSiri imdenad Zlieria, rom Zmebis mier erTmaneTis mkvlelobac ki ar wyvets, misi warmodgeniT, maT Soris arsebul –s. am kavSiris gawyveta mxolod maSinaa Se-saZlebeli, Tu adamiani daarRvevs im wminda movaleobas, romelsac es kavSiri akisrebs. Sesabamisad, ismenem uRala-ta am s, roca Zmis damarxvis wesi ar aRasrula. rogorc vxedavT, antigones pozicia, misi principi aris sisxliT naTesauri kavSiris mimarT erTguleba, anu erTguleba im kavSiris mimarT, romelic qmnida s (klans, naTesaur jgufs) da umniSvnelovanes instituts warmoadgenda saberZneTis socialur-politikur kon-teqstSi. is gacilebiT Zveli iyo, vidre polisi da demo-kratiul aTenSi kvlav avlenda Tavis Zalas, rogorc axa-li samoqalaqo institutis metoqe. amgvari interpretaciiT antigone icavs s da sisxliT naTesauri kavSiris in-teresebs, Sesabamisad, oikoss igi mxolod am aspeqtSi moiazrebs.4 sorumis azriT, kreonisagan gansxvavebiT anti-gone ojaxis privatul _ arapolitikur koncefcias ayali-bebs.5 igi iTxovs sisxliT naTesavebis mimarT absolutur erTgulebas. sisxliT naTesaobis primatis aRiareba ki mdedris generaciuli funqciis, dedis (ant. 467, 511) da mi-wis, bunebis fenomenis aRiarebas niSnavs.6 kreons, romelic ojaxis fenomens sxva rakursSi ganixilavs (amaze odnav qvemoT), miaCnia, rom antigones amgvari erTguleba miuRebelia. "movklav mas", _ ucxadebs

3 Knox, 1964, 80. 4 knoqsis azriT, sisxliT naTesaobis Tematika tragediaSi imave eno-

briv diskursSi aris warmodgenili, rogorSic is ganxilulia "oresteaSi", sadac mkveTradaa dapirispirebuli ojaxis ori aspeqti _ qorwineba da sisxliT naTesaoba. Knox, 1964, 79.

5 Sorum Ch., The Family in Sophocles’ "Antigone" and " Electra", Classical World, vol. 75,

№ 4, 1982, 201-211, 205. 6 Segal Ch., "The Menace of Dionysus: Sex Roles and Reversals in Euripides’ "Bacchae",

Arethusa 11, 1978, 185-202,187. Segal Ch., "Sophocles’ Praise of Man and the Conflicts

of the "Antigone", Arion 3, 1964, 44-66.


284

igi hemons, "dae, maSin umReros man himni sisxliT naTesav-Ta [damcvel] zevss" _ (ant. 658-659). kreonis mxridan antigones sikvdiliT dasja aris sisxliT naTesaobis uaryofa, imis uaryofa, risTvisac ibrZvis anti-gone. "Tundac iyos is Cemi disSvili, an ufro axlobeli im naTesavTagan, romlebic keriaSi zevs herkeiosis mfar-velobis qveS arian, is... ver gaeqceva sikvdils", acxadebs kreoni (ant. 486-488).7 RmerTebis wminda kanonis da ojaxis interesebis damcveli antigone Tavis qmedebiT _ qalaqis umaRlesi xe-lisuflis winaaRmdeg gamosvliT gadadis misi sqesisTvis dadgenil normas da sazogado sivrceSi iWreba. sazogado sivrceSi SeWriT antigone upirispirdeba ara marto po-lissa da kreons, aramed am aqtiT safrTxes uqmnis saku-Tar Tavs, rogorc qals, radgan ojaxis generaciuli faq-toris uarmyofeli xdeba. sisxliT naTesavis uflebis dacva aiZulebs mas, uari Tqvas qorwinebaze da Caklas qa-li sakuTar TavSi. faqtobrivad, antigone irCevs, SeinarCu-nos kavSiri Tavis modgmasTan, amiT ki uaryofs SesaZleb-lobas, momavalSi modgmis (STamomavlobis) Semqmneli gaxdes. qalis rolSi arsebuli es winaaRmdegoba, mkvleva-ris azriT, unda miuTiTebdes imaze, rom tragedia skepti-kurad moiazrebs tradiciuli ojaxis sicocxlisunariano-bas.8 antigones sapirispirod kreoni acxadebs, rom igi mTeli arsebiT polisis interesebisTvis ibrZvis. yovel SemTxvevaSi mas ase surs, Tavi warmoadginos. Tavis pirvel sityvaSi kreoni faqtobrivad mmarTvelobis miseul prin-cipebs ayalibebs. qalaqi moqalaqis usafrTxoebas uzrun-velyofs. is aris xomaldi, romlis swori svla yvela Se-saZlo ZalisxmeviT unda SevinarCunoT (ant. 189-90) _ acxa-debs kreoni. _ me arad vagdeb imas, vinc samSobloze win moyvares _ s ayenebs (ant. 183)... arc moyvares (mego-bars) vuwodeb imas, vinc qalaqisTvis mteri iqneba (ant. 187-88), aseTia kreonis kredo. unda iTqvas, rom es ganacxadi sruliad misaRebi iyo Zv. w. V saukunis berZenisTvis, rom-lis damokidebulebis Sesaxebac qalaqis mimarT, Cven

7 Knox, 1964, 93. 8 Sorum, 1982, 211.

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araerTgzis gvqonda msjeloba. qalaqisadmi erTguleba mo-qalaqisTvis calsaxad warmoadgenda praqtikul aucileb-lobas _ polisi iyo sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani ara mxolod imitom, rom igi moqalaqes gareSe mtrisgan icavda da amdenad mis fizikur usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofda, aramed imitomac, rom mxolod polisis funqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli im demokratiuli insti-tutebiT sargebloba, romlebiTac aTenelebi ase amayobd-nen.9 moRalate polinikes daumarxavad datovebis gankar-gulebas, kreoni, misive ganacxadiT, polisis interesebis dacvidan gamomdinare gamoscems. magram am akrZalviT igi mTlianad ugulvebelyofs oikosis, sisxlis naTesavebis mimarT erTgulebas (polinike xom misi disSvili da amde-nad uaxloesi sisxliT naTesavi iyo). igi ara mxolod po-linikes daumarxavad datovebas brZanebs, aramed krZalavs mis datirebasac (ant. 204). kreonis calsaxa pozicia srul gamoxatulebas hpovebs antigonesTan misi dapirispi-rebis dros. Tu antigonesTvis Zmebi erTi mTlianobaa, kreoni mkveTrad mijnavs moRalate Zmas patrioti Zmisgan. erTma Zmam _ polinikem Sebilwa es miwa, meore Zma mas win aRudga, ambobs kreoni da Sesabamisad maT cxedrebs gansxvavebulad unda moepyran, cudsa da kargs pativi Ta-nabrad ar unda miagon (ant. 515-521). mteri mudam mteri iq-neba da sikvdilis Semdegac ar gaxdeba megobari (ant. 522). aseTi principebis mqone kreoni, bunebrivia, ar daindobs antigones, misi brZanebis damrRvevs da amdenad qalaqis mters da misi Svilis sacolis dasjas brZanebs. aqedan ki iwyeba is didi tragedia, romlis gavlac kreons mouwevs, raTa Tavisi gakveTili iswavlos da im sivrcis interesebi aRiaros, romelic, misi azriT, polisTan SedarebiT amde-nad umniSvnelo iyo. magram kreonis problema marto imaSi ar mdgoma-reobs, rom igi privatul sivrces ugulvebelyofs, misi personaJis tragedia imaSic aris, rom igi arc polisis interesebs ar warmoadgens. misi arsis gaxsna da misi mmarTvelobis xasiaTis garkveva SvilTan _ hemonTan Sexve-drisas xdeba. is Tavidanve ucxadebs Svils, rom antigones

9 Knox, 1964, 89.


286

dasja aris (ant. 632) _ saboloo gankargule-ba, beWeddasmuli politikuri gadawyvetileba: Sesabamisad mas ainteresebs, ra pozicias daiWers hemoni _ eqneba misT-vis mniSvneloba imas, sworad iqceva Tu ara mamamisi, Tu yvela SemTxvevaSi igi mainc moyvarul Svilad darCeba (ant. 634). mas miaCnia, rom hemonma uari unda Tqvas antigo-neze, moiZulos igi, viTarca mteri _ (ant. 653). polisisadmi erTgulebam upiratesoba unda moipovos ara marto sisxliT naTesaobaze, aramed axalgazrda wyvilis vnebian siyvarulzec. antigone aris mteri, radgan mTeli qalaqidan man erTma gabeda, win aRsdgomoda mmarTvels ( ant. 656). da ai, aq kreoni acxadebs im is-toriul frazas, romelic calsaxad aaSkaravebs mis tira-nul bunebas: "mas, visac qalaqi saTaveSi ayenebs, unda emorCilebodnen yvelaferSi, mcireSic da didSic, samar-Tlian saqmeSic da amis sawinaaRmdegoSic" (ant. 667-67). es ki niSnavs mxolod erTs, imas, rom kreoni moiTxovs abso-lutur, ukiTxav morCilebas da ar aniWebs mniSvnelobas, marTalia igi Tu mtyuani. gancxadebebTan erTad kreonis gadawyvetilebebic tiranuli xasiaTisaa. erTi xanoba is sruliad udanaSau-lo ismenes dasjasac ganizraxavs, rameTu mis warmosaxvaSi ismene dis Tanamzraxvelia. risxvam kreons gansjis unari daakargvina da frazebi qalaqis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb udanaSaulos dasjis gankargulebad iqcnen. kreoni miis-wrafvis, iyos sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli, daayenos Tavisi Tavi ganze, mxolod Tavis azrebs misdios. igi sikvdiliT sjis adamianebs sasamarTlos gareSe. kreoni ver uZlebs Zalauflebis gamocdas. tipiur tiranad warmoCenili, sa-jaro sivrcis saTaveSi mdgomi, igi ar warmoadgens am sivrcis interesebis gamtarebels. amasTan unda iTqvas, rom kreons ojaxis Tavisi koncefcia aqvs. misTvis ojaxi aris disciplinirebuli erToba, -i, romelic polisis msgavsad misi meTauris morCili unda iyos. ojaxis kreoniseuli xedvis mixedviT Svili mamis nebas unda misdevdes. mamis mtrebs igi mtrobiT unda pa-suxobdes, moyvares ki ise unda miagos pativi, rogorc amas mama akeTebs. is, vinc gamousadeg Svils Sobs, Tavis Tavs ubedurebaSi agdebs da mtrebisTvis sasacilo xdeba (ant.

magda mWedliZe

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639-647). Tavisi ojaxisTvis kargi adamiani qalaqSiac sa-marTlian kacad gamoCndeba, acxadebs kreoni da amiT faq-tobrivad ojaxisa da saxelmwifos urTierTSemavseblo-baze miuTiTebs. isic, Tavis mxriv, kargi mmarTveli mxo-lod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba, Tu sakuTar ojaxSi wesrigs uzrunvelyofas SeZlebs.10 amgvari integrirebuli struq-turisTvis (patriarqatuli ojaxi Cafluli patriarqatul polisSi) ojaxis antigoneseuli privatuli, arapolitiku-ri koncefcia damRupvelia. antigone ara marto aRasru-lebs tradiciul religiur movaleobas Tavisi naTesavi-sadmi, aramed afarToebs ojaxis cnebas. ojaxis miseuli gansazRvra moicavs sisxliT naTesaobisa da movla-patronobis absoluturi intimurobis dabejiTebul mtki-cebas sikvdilsa da sicocxleSi.11 ai, amgvaria protagonistebis _ antigonesa da kreo-nis mimarTeba ojaxisa da saxelmwifos institutebTan. er-Ti sivrcis interesebidan gamomdinare isini uaryofen meore sivrcis interesebs. magram maTi principebi, romleb-sac isini mtkiced icaven, rogorc Cans, ar arian ucvleli principebi. nawarmoebis bolos, kritikul momentSi prota-gonistebi gadaxedaven an icvlian TavianT pozicias. erTi ufro Zireulad, meore naklebad. antigones SemTxvevaSi es xdeba maSin, rodesac sikvdilis winaSe qalwuli martod-marto rCeba. ukanasknel simReraSi igi saflavs, dedas, Zmebs, ojaxis micvalebulebs mimarTavs, eubneba maT, rom aRasrula Tavisi movaleoba da mkvdrebs jerovani pativi miago. magram uecrad antigone tons icvlis da ucnaur ganacxads akeTebs: "bavSvebis deda rom vyofiliyavi, anda Cemi qmari mkvdari gdebuliyo gasaxrwnelad, am saqmes ar gavwevdi moqalaqeTa nebis sawinaaRmdegod.12 romeli kano-nis ZaliT vacxadeb amas? qmari rom momkvdomoda, sxvas

10 sorumis azriT, amgvari TvalTaxedvis anarekls warmoadgens ismenes

sityvebi, rodesac igi moqalaqeTa nebis winaaRmdeg gamosvlas SeuZleblad miiCnevs (ant. 78-79). mogvianebiT ki qoros partiebi, romlebSic zeimoben polisis gadarCenas (ant. 100-154) da romlebic akritikeben maT, vinc mis kanonebs ar emorCileba (ant. 370-371). Sorum,

1982, 205. 11 Sorum, 1982, 205. 12 (ant. 907). yuradReba miaqcieT, rom es aris igive sityva-

TaSeTanxmeba, romelsac ismene pirvel scenaSi iyenebda (ant. 78-79).


288

viyoliebdi, meore bavSvs gavaCendi sxva qmrisgan, Tu pir-vels davkargavdi. magram roca ded-mama aRar arian, Zma veRar meyoleboda" (ant. 905-912). es ganacxadi, rasakvirve-lia, erTi SexedviT ucnauri aris. antigones mTeli moqme-deba Tavis gawirva iyo RmerTTa dauwereli kanonebis aR-sasruleblad. hadesis kanoni ki Tanabrad exeba yvela na-Tesavs.13 saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom es sityva Rirebule-bebSi daeWvebiT gamoirCeva. ase magaliTad, antigones, mar-Talia, wamierad, magram mainc RmerTebis samarTlianobaSic ki Seaqvs eWvi (ant. 922-26). antigone xdeba Tavmdabali da acxadebs, rom Tu igi swori ar iyo, RmerTebi Seatyobine-ben amas. amgvari ganacxadiT antigone aRar gvevlineba mi-wisqveSeTis RmerTebis uflebis da sisxliT naTesaobis kanonebis damcvelad. Tumc es mxolod ganacxadia da rea-lurad imas aRniSnavs, rom antigones aRar aqvs viwro xed-va da sxva sivrcis _ moqalaqeTa sivrcis uflebebsac aRiarebs. is, rom saboloo jamSi antigones qmedeba poli-sis interesebSi aRmoCnda, mxolod damTxvevas unda miewe-ros. miuxedavad imisa, rom antigones qmedeba tragediis bolos swor saqcielad iqna moiazrebuli, RmerTebi ar patioben mas gulgrilobas qalaqis mimarT.14 Cvens kompe-tenciaSi ar Sedis im urTulesi sakiTxis garkveva, raSi aris antigone damnaSave da Tu ar aris, maSin ratom iRupe-ba igi. amasTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rac Cveni kvlevis kuTxiT aris mniSvnelovani. antigone warmog-vidgens, rogorc ukve vTqviT, erTi sivrcis interesebs. aseTi calmxrivi xazis gamtarebeli personaJi ki, rogorc wesi, saboloo jamSi marcxdeba. gacilebiT masStaburia kreonis RirebulebaTa sis-temaSi momxdari cvlileba. kreons Tavs esxmian swored im sivrcidan, romlis interesebic man uaryo; mis win Tavs iklavs Svili. Tavs iklavs kreonis colic, romelic Tavis

13 leskis azriT, aq antigone Tavisi saqcielisTvis logikuri axsnis

moZebnas cdilobs. Lesky, 1972, 200. knoqsis mixedviT, es TiTqosda uc-nauroba Tu Seusabamoba imiTaa gamowveuli, rom simarTlis moment-Si antigones uCndeba moTxovnileba sakuTar Tavs ganumartos Tavi-si saqcieli.

14 Knox, 1969, 114-116.

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ukanasknel sityvaSi mas Svilis mkvlels uwodebs (ant. 1305). magram bedis ironiiT kreoni dartymas im sivrcida-nac iRebs, romlis dasacavad man yvelaferi gawira. misma gankargulebam qalaqs ubedureba moutana. polinikes upa-tiod dagdebulma gaxrwnilma gvamma Sebilwa qalaqis samsxverploebi. tiresiasi amcnobs mas, rom RmerTebi aRar iReben msxverpls maTi xelidan, pasuxismgebeli ki Seurac-xyofil RmerTTa winaSe kreoni aris (ant. 1015). misani mis-gan polinikes damarxvas iTxovs. gonebadabnelebul kreons tiresiasis ar sjera. misi gancxadebiT veraferi aiZulebs mas, damarxos micvalebuli, radgan mSvenivrad moexseneba, rom adamians ar ZaluZs Tavisi qmedebiT RmerTebs Seurac-xyofa miayenos (ant. 1039-1044). kreonis ganacxadi aris uRv-Toba, religiuri danaSauli. gasvlis win tiresiasi kidev erTxel ganumartavs kreons, rom igi aq akavebs gvams, ro-melic miwisqveSeTis RmerTebs ekuTvniT da romelTanac mas aranairi saqme ar aqvs (ant. 1070). da kreoni tydeba. igi polinikes cxedars miwas miabarebs. nawarmoebis bolos kreoni ganadgurebulia.15 mas yvelam zurgi Seaqcia. marTalia, igi gatyda, daemorCila tiresiass, magram Cadenilis gamo sasjeli daimsaxura. kreonma Zalze dagvianebiT gaicnobiera sakuTari saqcieli. _ umjobesia adamianma RvTaebrivi kanonebis aRsrulebiT icxovros, askvnis Tebes mefe (ant. 1305). amdenad, rogorc vxedavT, tragedia "antigoneSi" arcerTi mxare ar moqmedebs orive sivrcis interesebisTvis. metic, kreoni, faqtobrivad, damaxinjebulad warmoadgens polisis interesebsac. Sesabamisad, arc erTi maTgani ar icavs polisisa da oikosis urTierTSemavseblobis princips. rogorc Cans,

15 pomerois azriT, antigone rTuli da damabneveli piesaa. mecnieri

amas im winaaRmdegobebiT asabuTebs, romelic erTi personaJis rolSi imTaviTvea Cadebuli. ase magaliTad, aTenis kanonis mixedviT kreoni iyo antigones meurve. igi iyo pasuxismgebeli mis danaSaul-Si qalaqis TvalSi, Sesabamisad antigones dasja iyo erTsadaimave dros sajaro da privatuli qmedeba. meore mxriv, igi iyo daxocili disSvilebis uaxloesi mamakaci naTesavi da amdenad kreoni da ara antigone, valdebuli iyo isini daemarxa. Pomeroy S. B., Goddesses,

Whores, Wives and Slaves, Women in Classical Antiquity, New York, 1975, 102.


290

sofokle aucileblad Tvlida am principis gatarebas, rasac adasturebs is, rom mis darRvevas tragediaSi orive mxaris damarcxeba mosdevs _ erTis fizikurad, meoris moralurad.

The Interpretation of the Tragedy "Antigone" in the Light of

the Binary Opposition - Woman:Domestic xMan:Public

Summary

The article considers the way the gender system of the tragedy

presents the social conflict between family and state. It also investigates to

what extent the characters of Creon and Antigone are identified with the insti-

tutions of family and state.

The investigation made it clear, that Antigone stood for one aspect

of oikos – blood ties, Through her sacrifice to blood relationship, she,

in fact, gave up the other aspect of oikos – marriage, i.e. – deprived herself,

as a woman, of the generative function

The study of Creon’s relationship with the public area gave an inter-

esting picture. Creon’s wrong position was not clear from the beginning,

Creon presented himself as the servant of polis. The genuine nature of

Creon’s rule was exposed gradually. At last it was revealed,that the Theban

ruler represented not the state, but one particular type of authority – tyranny.

The lot, that fell to the central characters at the end of the tragedy,

points to what Sophocles believed to be the right attitude towards the public

and domestic areas. At the end of the drama Antigone was physically de-

stroyed. Evidently, Sophocles did not consider it right to serve to one area at

the price of neglecting the other. Creon, left alive,was ruined morally. The

following conclusion may be drawn – one will be successful, and one’s ser-

vice to the domestic and public areas will be right only if one admits the in-

terests of both areas.


dali nadibaiZe adamianis sikeTe da mSveniereba "Sesaqmis" wignis wmida mamaTa komentarebis mixedviT (RmerTis mier adamianis Seqmna) sikeTisa da mSvenierebis raoba kacobriobis arsebobis manZilze yvela kulturuli eris interess iwvevda. am sakiTxs gansakuTrebuli interesiT ganixilavdnen Zveli berZnebi. did mniSvnelobas aniWeben da umaRles zneobriv kategoriad warmoCindeba es cneba wm. mamebTan. dRevandeli kacobriobac, Tavisi mravalferovani SemadgenlobiT, interesiT da sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqvams sikeTesa da mSvenierebas. Cven SevCerdebiT wmida mamaTa naazrevze, kerZod, bibliuri "Sesaqmis" wignSi RmerTis mier adamianis Seqmnis komentarebze. rodesac vambobT, rom visaubrebT sikeTisa da mSvenierebis Sesaxeb, ar vgulisxmobT teqstis terminologiur analizs, radgan es sakiTxebi sruliad sxvadasxva leqsikuri erTeulebiTaa gaSlili teqstSi da Tavad sikeTisa da mSvenierebis gageba monaTesavea, xSirad ki emTxveva erTmaneTs. Cveni mizania sikeTisa da mSvenierebis arsis warmoCena, rogorc amas wmida mamebi ganixilaven bibliuri meeqvse dRis komentarebisas.N bibliis mixedviT, RmerTma arafrisgan eqvs dReSi Seqmna samyaro da adamiani. yvelaze bolos _ meeqvse dRes iqmneba adamiani. am dros ukve Seqmnilia samyaro mTeli Tavisi brwyinvalebiTa da "samkauliT" (rogorc mas uwodebs basili didi): ca _ mnaTobebiTa da varskvlavebiT, dedamiwa umSvenieresi mcenareuli safariT, cxovelebiT, frinvelebiT, zRva _ Tavisi binadrebiT da wyalmcenareebiT. RvTis sibrZniT ise Seiqmna ca da dedamiwa, rogorc grigol noseli wers, rom moZravs uZravi buneba Seusabama ufalma, xolo uZravs _ moZravi, anu dedamiwa moZraobs da miwa ki, risganac is Sedgeba _ uZravia, ca Sedgeba (am SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, igulisxmeba xiluli, materialuri ca) haerisagan, romelic msubuqia da mudam moZraobs, magram Tavad ca _ uZravia. cvalebadoba adamianis bunebaSic igulisxmeba Sesaqmidanve, radgan ararsebobidan arsebad Seqmna


292

RmerTma.1 ase imitom ganago Semoqmedma, rom yvelam kargad gaacnobieros, rom RmerTia dambadebeli, da erTaderTi is aris maradiuli da ucvleli, Tavi daimdablon mis winaSe da adidon ufali_ Tavisi Semoqmedi. am sakiTxs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs basili didi samyaros Seqmnis komentirebisas2 da igive azrs gamoTqvams wm. grigol noseli, rodesac wers: "misTÂs ganago ese, raÁTa ara iyos TiToveulebaÁ RmrTeebisaÁ, romeli Sovr ars Secvalebisagan da gardaqcevisa".3 "aResrulnes caÁ da queyanaÁ da Seimkvnes yovelnive SuenierebiTa misiTa _ ca mbrwyinvalebiTa mnaTobTaÁTa, xolo zRuaÁ da haeri cxovelTa maTgan, romelni iqcevian mas Sina; da queyanaÁ _ mcenareTagan da ferad_feradTagan nergTa... da arn yoveli dabadebuli mxiarul brZanebiTa RmrTisaÁTa",4 _ aRwers grigol noseli samyaros dabadebas da dasZens: "yovelni simdidreni dabadebulTani iqmnes ganmzadebul ÃmelTa zeda da zRuaTa, da ara iyo jererT mflobeli igi amaTi gamoCinebul".5 mTeli simdidre, rac RmerTma Seqmna samyarosa da misi binadrebis saxiT (yvela qmnilebiT, garda adamianisa) brwyinavda RvTis winaSe Tavisi didebiTa da im pirvelqmnili mSvenebiT, rogorc RmerTma Seqmna, magram ar Canda patroni, visTvisac yovelive es Seiqmna, radgan Tavad ufali arafris naklulevanebas ar ganicdida arasdros da arc es samyaro sWirdeboda piradi moTxovnilebisaTvis, unda Seqmniliyo is, visac eZRvneboda es dedamiwa. mosdevs kidec logikurad bibliaSi samyaros Seqmnis xuTi dRis movlenebs teqsti, romelic meeqvse dRes adamianis Seqmnas gvauwyebs: "da Tqua RmerTman: vqmneT kaci xatebisaebr Cuenisa da msgavsebisaebr (

). da mTavrobdes TevzTa zRÂsaTa…... da yovelTa ... queyanasa zeda. da Seqmna RmerTman kaci. xatebad

1 uZvelesi redaqciebi basili kesarielis "equsTa dReTaÁsa" da gri-

gol noselis Targmanebisa "kacisa agebulebisaTÂs", Tbilisi, "mec-niereba", 1964, 181, 10-15.

2 basili didi, equsTa dReTa, 63, 15-25. 3 grigol noseli, kacisa agebulebisaTÂs, 145, 10. 4 grigol noseli, kacisa agebulebisaTÂs, 145, 25_30. 5 iqve, 146, 10.

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RmrTisa Seqmna igi. mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmn[n]a igini. da akurTxna igini RmerTman metyuelman: aRorZndiT da ganmravldiT da aRavseT queyana da eufleniT mas da hmsTavrobdiT TevzTa zRÂsaTa ... da iqmna egreT. da ixilna RmerTman yovelni, raodenni qmnna. da aha keTil friad (

). da iyo mwuxri da iqmna ganTiad dRe meequse (Ses. 1, 26-31) ...Seqmna ufalman RmerTman kaci, mtuerisa mimRebelman queyanisagan, da STabera pirsa missa suli sicocxlisa da iqmna kaci sulad cxovlad" (Ses. 2, 7).

upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom sxva qmnilebebis Seqmnisas ufals ar umsjelia, adamianis Seqmnisas ki imsjeles wmida samebis hipostasebma _ mamam, Zem da suliwmidam urTierTSoris. amaze migvaniSnebs mravlobiT ricxvSi naxmari zmna "vqmneT". Ze RmerTis Tanamonawileobas mama RmerTis SemoqmedebiT procesSi adasturebs ioanes saxarebis dasawyisi: "pirveliTgan iyo sityua (sadac, rogorc cnobilia, "sityua" ieso qristes epiTetia) da sityua igi iyo RmrTisa Tana da RmerTi iyo sityua igi... da yovelive mis mier Seiqmna, da TÂnier misa arca erTi ra iqmna, raodeni ra iqmna" (io. 1, 1-3). suliwmidis monawileoba qveynierebis Seqmnisas "Sesaqmis" wignis pirvelive muxlSia naTqvami, rom "suli RmrTisa iqceoda zeda wyalsa" (Ses. 1, 1-2); amave azrs adastureben wmida mamebi: efrem asuri, kirile aleqsandrieli, basili didi,6 grigol noseli wers amis Taobaze: "romelman igi Tqua: "vqmneT xatad Cuenda", Tqua simravliTa samebisaÁTa da ara aÃsena xatebaÁ erTiTa xolo".7

samyaros Seqmnisas yoveli dRis qmedeba mTavrdeboda

RmerTis mier sakuTari Semoqmedebis nayofis xilviTa da

SefasebiT _ rom "keTilia" is, rac Seiqmna. basili didis

ganmartebiT, es sikeTe gulisxmobda qmnilebis ara mxolod

garegnul mSvenierebas (igulisxmeba, rom RvTisgan qmnili yovelive

mSvenieria), aramed, upirvelesad, Seqmnilis keTil Tvisebebs,

"keTilSi" igulisxmeboda qmnilebaze RmerTis zrunvac _ rom mas

RvTisgan araferi moakldeboda da, Tavis mxriv, qmnilebis

SesaZleblobac _ rom mas sikeTis motana SeeZlo am samyaroSi, misi

arseboba aramarto gamarTlebuli, mizandasaxulic iyo, yoveli

6 basili didi, equsTa dReTa, 135-136. 7 grigol noseli, kacisa agebulebisaTÂs, 151, 20.


294

qmnileba erTmaneTis arsebobas uwyobs xels (mze _ balaxis

aRmocenebas da a. S.), aseTia RvTis Canafiqri samyaros Seqmnisas.

Tu sxva qmnilebebis dabadebisas naTqvamia "keTil", adamianis

Seqmnisas naTqvamia "keTil friad", rac adamianis dabadebis

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasa da gamorCeulad keTil Tvisebebze

migvaniSnebs. misi gamorCeuloba, upirveles yovlisa, imas

gulisxmobs, rom adamiani Seiqmna ara mxolod RvTis mier, aramed

RvTis xatad da msgavsad, rac mis sulier sikeTesa da fizikuri

mSvenierebis srulyofilebaze metyvelebs. am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT al.meni wers: "bibliaSi naTqvamia, rom RmerTs

moswons naTeli, romelic Seqmna, moswons samyaro, romelic Seqmna.

es "tov" ("tov" "keTil"-is ebrauli Sesatyvisia, d. n.), "tov"

niSnavs "mSveniers", "keTils", bolos ki naTqvamia: "tov neod", e. i.

"Zalian kargi", "Zalian mSvenieri" da "srulyofili".8 rogorc

germaneli mecnieri fr. riSi aRniSnavs, yvelaferi, rac RmerTma

Seqmna mSvenieria da es mSvenierebis sisrule yvela arsebaSi unda

ganvixiloT. nivTieri samyarosa da cxovelebis Seqmnisas naTqvamia

zogadad "keTili", radgan mravalferovania qmnilebebi _

cxovelebi, mcenareebi da sxva yvelaferi, adamianis Seqmnisas ki

naTqvamia "keTil friad", rac mis srulyofilebasa da uzadoobaze

migvaniSnebs, friad amyarebs uzadoobis mniSvnelobas.9

adamiani Seiqmna RvTis xatad da msgavsad, rac gulisxmobs,

rom yvela qmnilebisagan gansxvavebiT, adamianis garegnoba

srulyofilia, radgan RmerTs mimsgavsebulia da mis "mTavrobas"

Seefereba. wm. grigol noselis ganmartebiT, adamiani gansxvavebiT

sxva qmnilebebisagan, "marTl mdgomare ars da cad mimarT

aRmarTebul ars da ganicdis, romel ars zeda kerZo yovelTa,

dadginebuli meufed, moaswavebs yovliTurT gzaTa mTavrobisaTa.

da ese moswavebaÁ ars WeSmariti, rameTu yovelni damorCilebulni

mxedvel arian damxed, que damarT, garna kaci xolo martoÁ

TavaRebulad mdgomare ars, xolo sxuani cxovelni daRonebul

arian guamiTa, moaswaveben morCilebasa mTavrobisasa".10 es sityvebi

ase unda gavigoT, rom adamiani, gansxvavebiT cxovelTagan, welSi

gamarTuli zecas Sehyurebs da iZulebiT miwas ar dahyurebs,

8 Александр Мень, Шестоднев, ihtik. lib. ru / philosoph. 9 Gregor von Nyssa über das Sechstagewerk (Bibliotek der Griechischen Literatur, B, 49),

eingel., übers., und komm. von Franz Xaver Risch, Anton Hiersmann / Stuttgart 1999, 78-79.

10 grigol noseli, kacisa agebulebisaTÂs, $8, 154, 15-20.

magda mWedliZe

295

rogorc oTxfexi, Tevzi an frinveli; yvela sxva qmnileba

iZulebiT, rogorc morCilebaSi myofi, miwisken iyureba, adamiani

erTaderTia, romelic ganicdis _ xedavs da aRiqvams mis zemoT

zecaSi rac xdeba, igi iZulebis gareSea da Tavisufalia

moqmedebasa da moZraobaSi fizikuradac _ Tavisi aRnagobiT.

yovelive es SemTxveviTobas ki ar unda mivaweroT, aramed RvTis

gangebas ("ese moswavebaÁ ars WeSmariti"), radgan RmerTma dahbada

adamiani dedamiwaze arsebuli yoveli qmnilebis xelmwifed da misi

saqme da cxovreba xelmwifebis Sesaferisia ("moaswavebs

yovliTurT gzaTa mTavrobisaTa"). ufro dawvrilebiT da cota

xniT adre grigol noselis komentaramde am sakiTxs basili didi

amgvarad ganixilavda: pirutyvi qveyanisagan aris da miwas

dahyurebs, adamiani ki zecis moqalaqea; rogorc gayo xati, anu

garegnoba cxovelisa da adamianisa da ganasxvava RmerTma , ise

ganasxvava sulic cxovelisa da suli adamianisa. cxovelis Tavi

dadrekilia da mucels dahyurebs, "eZiebs gemoTa yovliTY kerZove,

xolo Tavi Seni zecad mimarT amaRlebul ars, da Tualni Senni

zeaRmarT ixedven. da ukueTu Sen odesme Seuracx hyo Tavi TÂsi

vnebiTa ÃorcTaÁTa da hmsaxuro mucelsa, da romeli-igi queSe-

kerZo muclisa ars, miemsgavse Sen pirutyuTa ugunurTa (fs. 48, 13).

aramed zrunvaÁ igi, romeli jer-ars Senda, raÁTa zesknelsa

eZiebde, sadaca – igi qriste ars (kol. 3, 1), da iyo gonebiTa SeniTa

zeda-kerZo queyanisaTa. viTarca-igi daebeWda xati dabadebisa

SenisaÁ, egreTve yav cxorebaÁ Seni. iyavn moqalaqobaÁ Seni caTa

Sina (filip. 3, 20) da samkÂdrebeli Seni iyavn ierusalÀmi zecisaÁ;

da moqalaqeni Senni da naTesavni iyvned pirmSoni igi zecisani (ebr.

12, 12)".11 am sityvebidan cxadad Cans, rom adamians xati-garegnoba

RvTaebrivi mieca, raTa Tavisi cxovrebiTac RvTaebrivi, zecis

moqalaqe iyos da pirutyviviT saWmlis Ziebasa da gemoTmoyvarebaSi

ar gaataros cxovreba. adamiani mowodebulia sulieri cxovrebis,

RmerTTan kavSiris, gonieri saqcielisa da sakuTari sxeulis

flobisTvis. Tu adamiani sxeulze gadaWarbebul zrunvas da

pirutyvis msgavsad muclis msaxurebas gadahyveba, igi kargavs am

xatismier mSvenierebas, romelic mas RvTisgan mieniWa da daviT

winaswarmetyvelis sityviT rom vTqvaT, "emsgavseba pirutyuTa

ugunurTa". basili didi mouwodebs adamians pavle mociqulis

msgavsad, rom misi zrunva iyos im samyarosken mimarTuli, sadac

qristea da goneba zecas miapyros, raTa iyos zecis moqalaqe,

11 basili didi, equsTa dReTa, 125, 5-25.


296

daibeWdos da SeinarCunos xati, romelic RvTisgan eboZa, raTa man

da naTesavma misma daimkvidron zeciuri ierusalimi.

samoTxis baRSi dawesebuli morCileba: "yovlisagan xisa

samoTxisa WamiT sWamo, xolo xisagan cnobadisa keTilisa da

borotisa ara sWamoT misgan, rameTu romelsa dResa sWamoT misgan,

sikudiliT mohkudeT" (Ses. 2, 7), swored sakuTari sxeulis

flobisa da gonebis rolis dawinaurebisTvis mieca adamians

RvTisgan; mas, rogorc Tavisufali nebis mqone arsebas, keTili neba

unda gamoeCina da daemtkicebina, rom sulieria, sxeuls da miwier

sazrunavs suli da RmerTi urCevnia. amgvarad adamiani sakuTar

cxovrebas warmatebuls xdis RvTis winaSe da emsgavseba "Zirsa mas

Suenierebisasa" (Zv. qarT. TargmaniT) _ ufals. g.florovski wers

basili didis am komentarTan dakavSirebiT: "samyaros wyobaSi aris

safexurebi sul ufro meti srulyofisaken. kibis mwvervalze ki

dgas adamiani. magram is Seqmnilia sxvagvarad, vidre qveda samyaro,

rac aisaxeba bibliuri Txrobis garegnul formaSic, romelic

cxadad gvixsnis "WeSmaritebis dogmats", _ SemoqmedebiT procesSi

sityva-RmerTis "monawileobis" Sesaxeb. adamiani Seiqmna RvTis

xatad. is ukvdavia da Seqmnilia sulieri cxovrebisaTvis".

adamiani, basili didis TqmiT, sulier arsebaTa Soris

(igulisxmeba miwieri arsebani) aris erTaderTi RvTismsgavsi

arseba. Seqmnil adamianSi RmerTma Cado "raRac Tavisi sakuTari

madlisgan, raTa adamians msgavsiT msgavsi Seecno".12 am komentars

SeiZleba davurToT is, rom sxva qmnilebebi (dedamiwaze arsebuli)

RvTis SecnobisTvis ar aris mowodebuli, isini miwierad

cxovroben da amisTvis dahbada RmerTma, adamiani ki ukvdavia,

sulieri cxovrebisTvis aris mowodebuli, RmerTis SecnobisTvis

unda moemzados Tavisi amqveyniuri cxovrebiT, unda iswavlos

miwierze amaRleba, raTa saukuno zeciuri samyofeli daimkvidros;

RvTis msgavsi xati mieca, raTa RvTis msgavsi suliT icxovros da

msgavsma _ msgavsi (ufali) Seicnos. sxvagvarad adamiani ver SeZlebs

RmerTis gverdiT, mis samyofelSi arsebobas. wm. grigol noseli

saubrobs samoTxis akrZaluli xis nayofis Sesaxeb, rom masSi

boroteba ganSiSvlebuli, anu cxadi ar iyo, aramed dafaruli iyo

keTilis saburveliT. boroteba rom Seufaravi yofiliyo, maSin

aravin waetaneboda im nayofs da yvelasaTvis saZulveli iqneboda.

12 Г. В. Флоровский, Восточные отцы IV века, (Второе издание), YMCA-PRESS,

Paris, 1990, 67.

magda mWedliZe

297

"rameTu bunebaÁ borotisaÁ Sezavebul ars, romelsa Sinagan

damaluli guliswyromaÁ damkÂdrebul ars. xolo gareSeT

aCuenebs saxesa keTilisasa":13 aseve keTilic arsebobs WeSmaritad

keTili da arsebobs iseTic, romelic keTili ggonia, magram

borotia. "amisTÂsca gulis-TqumaÁ ese, romeli keTilad

sagonebel ars, uwoda mas RmerTman cnobaÁ keTilisaÁ da

borotisaÁ, uwoda mas RmerTman cnobaÁ keTilisaÁ da borotisaÁ.

moaswavebs cnobiTa miT orTa maT Sezavebasa da SeerTebasa. aw ukue

boroti ara xolo urwyod borot ars, aramed dafarul ars

keTilsa mas Sina; da arca keTili gantevebulad keTil ars, rameTu

boroti igi mas Sina damalul ars. aramed xili igi ars Sezavebul,

romlisa gemoÁs xilvaÁ miiyvanebs sikudild, romeli mieaxlos

mas".14 nisis episkoposis sityvebidan cxadia, rom adamiani mzad ar

iyo, ar Seswevda cnobis unari, rom gaerCia keTili borotisagan,

amitomac RmerTma aukrZala am xis nayofis gemos xilva, rac maT

RvTisadmi rwmeniTa, ndobiTa da siyvaruliT unda mieRoT. RvTis

sityvis darRvevam mosalodnel sikvdilamde miiyvana aramarto

adami da eva, mTeli kacobrioba. aq wm. grigol noseli saubrobs

sikeTesa da borotebaze, rom is rac WeSmaritad keTilia, ar aris

agebuli bunebiT da borotebasTan Seuzavebelia, xolo

"ganwvaleba" (Zv. qarT.), mravalferad Cveneba borotebis Tvisebaa.15

adamiani dedamiwaze arsebul qmnilebaTagan erTaderTi

metyveli arsebaa. rogorc wm. grigol noseli wers, "Ãelni Semwe

arian sazraxavisaTÂs",16 radgan xeliT wers adamiani, rodesac

piradad saubari mouxerxebelia. amitom adamians gauTavisuflda

xelebi da pirutyviviT oTxfexi ar aris, arc piriT eZiebs saWmels,

radgan RmerTma gonieri arsebobisTvis dahbada da piri mieca,

raTa imetyvelos da azri gamoTqvas.17 "xolo Cuen vityÂT",

daaskvnis nisis episkoposi, _ "rameTu moguca Cuen sibrZnÀ da

gonierebaÁ, da saxierebiTa misiTa moguaniWa Cuen msgavsebaÁ TÂsi

da SuenierebaÁ Suenierebisa TÂsisaÁ".18 RvTaebrivi mSvenierebis

CvenSi asaxvad unda miviCnioT adamianis yvela qmnilebaze

13 grigol noseli, kacisa agebulebisaTÂs, 191, 15-30. 14 iqve, 192, 1-10. 15 iqve, 192, 1-10. 16iqve, 154, 25. 17 grigol noseli, kacisa agebulebisaTÂs, 159,15. 18 iqve, 158,10-15. *io. 10, 30; **io. 14, 9.


298

aRmatebuli arseboba, rogorc brZeni, gonieri, keTili qceviTa da

metyvelebis unariT Semkuli arsebisa.

"vqmneT kaci xatad Cuenda" _ am sityvebs basili didi

amgvarad xsnis: "vis etyÂs msgavs Cuendao? vis sxuasa, garna mas,

romeli – igi ars brwyinvalebaÁ didebisaÁ da xati guamisa misisaÁ,

romeli-igi ars xati uxilavisa RmrTisaÁ. aramed ityÂs same ukue,

"vqmneT kaci xatad Cuendao", xatsa mas TÂssa cxovelsa, romelman

igi Tqua: me da mamaÁ erT varT* da: romelman mixila me, ixila mamaÁ

Cemi**. sada xati erT arso, mun ara ars cvalebaÁ".19 "sada xati erT

ars, mun ara ars cvalebaÁ", _ gulisxmobs, rom mamas da Zes erTi

xati aqvT bunebiT da radgan Ze RmerTi Tanaarsia mamisa, isic

maradiuli da ucvlelia bunebiT. basili didi Ze RmerTs uwodebs

mamis "cxovel xats". Tu rogori xatia RvTisa adamiani, amis

komentarad moviyvanT wm. grigol noselis sityvebs: "pirmSoÁca

igi xati uxilavisa RmrTisaÁ, romeli qalwulisagan gankacna, iqmna

yovliTurT msgavsebiT kacobrivisa bunebisa... raodenca

SesaZlebel iyos, saTnoebaTa ferni wmidani, ÃelovanTa raÁTme

SeerTebiTa Sezavebulni, brwyinvaled gamoxatvisa Zalad

viÃumineT, raÁTa viqmnneT xat xatisa mis saufloÁsa,

gamowulilviT mimsgavsebiTa, raodenca SeuZloT pirmSoÁsa xatisa

sikeTe TavTa Soris CuenTa gamovaCinoT".20

rogorc am sityvebidan

cxadad Cans, "pirmSoÁ igi xati uxilavisa RmrTisa", qalwulisagan

gankacebuli aris qriste _ Ze RvTisa, xolo Cven mogviwodebs wm.

mama, rom gavxdeT "xat xatisa", anu qristes xatni, ramdenadac Cvens

Zalebs Seesabameba _ mravalfer saTnoebaTa mopovebiT da

zedmiwevniT mimsgavsebiT, raTa sikeTe pirmSoÁsa xatisa _ qristesi

Cvens Soris gamovaCinoT da msgavsi RvTisa gavxdeT.

is, rom adamianis Seqmnas win uZRvis msjeloba, gansazRvravs

mis gansakuTrebul rols am axladSeqmnil samyaroSi. winaswar

gadawyvita RmerTma _ ra saxiT Seeqmna adamiani, vis emsgavsos, ra

saqmiT iyos dakavebuli da roca daibadeba, risi mTavari iyos.21

rogorc wm.grigol noseli wers, aseTi zedmiwevniTi msjeloba

adamianis gamo ganpirobebuli iyo erTi mizeziT: "raÁTa dahbados

19 basili didi, equsTa dReTa, 135, 15-25. 20 e. WeliZe, adamiani _ xati pirmSoxatisa, Jurnal "gza sameufos"

danarTi # 1, Tbilisi 1995, 33, PG 46, 272B, g,.mTawmidelis Targm. A –

55, 267v 1-2. 21 grigol noseli, kacisa agebulebisaTÂs, 148, 5-10.

magda mWedliZe

299

bunebaÁ mimsgavsebuli saqmesa TÂssa, romlisaTÂs daebada".22

rogorc am sityvebidan Cans da basili didis komentarebSic

xazgasmiT aris naTqvami, yvela qmnileba raRac saqmisTvis gaCnda,

umiznod araferi dabadebula, yvelafers da yvelas raRac sikeTis

motana SeuZlia. adamiani ki gaCnda gansakuTrebuli saqmisTvis da

misi bunebac Seqmna RmerTma orgvari, rogorc mis saqmes

Seefereboda: 1) gonebiTa da suliT adamiani mowodebulia

RvTisaken swrafvisTvis, xolo 2) sxeuliT da fizikuri

moTxovnilebebiT is ukavSirdeba dedamiwas, saidanac is fizikurad

sazrdoobs ("da amiT eseviTariTa saxiTa yo mzrdelman man bunebisa

Cuenisaman, mdidarman da meufeman, raJams Seamko dabadebuli

yovliTa SuenierebiTa da ganhmzada sayofeli ese didebuli da

patiosani, maSin-Ra Semoiyvana kaci da misca mas saqmed monagebi

rCeuli, povnili da momzadebuli. da amisTÂs yo mas Sina mizezi

cxorebisaÁ mrCoblad da Sehria saRmrToÁ igi queyanisasa mas,

raÁTa iwodos da saxel-edvas orTave maT: erTi igi RmrTisa

bunebiTa gonebisaÁTa, xolo meorÀ igi keTilTa queyanisaTa

ganSuebad sagrZnobeliTa ÃorcieliTa"23

). adamianis saqmed unda

miviCnioT mefoba. adamianis dabadebas yvela qmnilebaze gvian

grigol noseli swored adamianis gansakuTrebuli pativiT da

misiiT xsnis, romelic mas RvTisgan daekisra: "amisTÂs Seiyvana kaci

soflad ukuanaÁsknel yovelTa dabadebulTa, ara Tu Seuracxebisa

misisaTÂs ukuana moaqcia, aramed raÁTa iyos mefe dabadebiTganve

misiT, viTarca-igi vis hnebavn serisa yofaÁ, Tana-ac mas, raÁTa

ganhmzados pirvelad, raÁ-igi uÃms saWmlad, da maSin-Ra mouwodos

CinebulTa maT".24

rogorc vxedavT, Cinebuli stumris mowvevas

adris wm. mama adamianis dedamiwaze mosvlas da gvixsnis, rom manam

ar moiwvia, anu ar Seqmna igi ufalma, sanam sufra ar gamzadda

sapatio stumrisTvis, e. i. sanam ar CaTvala, rom mas Rirsi pativi

daxvdeboda yovelgvari sikeTiT Semkuli dedamiwis saxiT.

adamianis mefobas da masze zedmiwevniT zrunvas uflismier

xazgasmiT da dawvrilebiT aRwers grigol noseli da ambobs, rom

mcenare, cxoveli da yvelaferi, rac dedamiwazea adamianisTvis

Seiqmna mTeli Tavisi sikeTiTa da mSvenebiT, da aseve "msgavsebaÁ

oqroÁsaÁ da vecxlisaÁ da ese qvani patiosanni mbrwyinvaleni,

romelni sakÂrvelad Caned winaSe kacTa, rameTu ese yovliTurT

22 iqve, 148, 20. 23 grigol noseli, kacisa SesaqmisaTÂs, 147, 17-25. 24 iqve, 147, 10-15.


300

daiunjnes kacisaTÂs ubesa Sina queyanisasa, viTarca saganZurni

mefeTani".25

ase rom, dedamiwis wiaRic Tavisi saganZuriT adamia-

nisTvis, rogorc WeSmariti mefisTvis aris gamzadebuli. Tu ras

niSnavs adamianis mefoba, amaze pasuxs iZleva wmida werili da

patristikuli literatura. "ewoda mas saxeli mefÀ, ara Tu

amisTÂs, rameTu hmosies mas SemkulebaÁ mefeTaÁ gÂrgÂni,... aramed

rameTu hmosies saTnovebaÁ",26

wers grigol noseli da aqve

ganmartavs, Tu romelia es saTnoebani, romliTac WeSmariti

cxovreba unda Seicnos adamianma: "ubiwovebaÁ da siwmidÀ da

siwrfovebaÁ da ganSovrebaÁ yovlisagan borotisa. da eseviTariTa

saxiTa, romliTa emsgavsebis kaci dambadebelsa TÂssa".27

boroteba

ki aris codvis damoneba, romliTac iwyeba "SecvalebaÁ xatebisaÁ

pirutyuTa msgavsebasa, vidremdis yoveli bunebaÁ miemsgavsis saxesa

pirutyuTasa".28

saTnoebaTa mopoveba xdeba adamianis gonieri saqcieliT.

grigol noseli gonebis rols adamianis mier RvTaebrivi

mSvenierebisa da sikeTis mopovebaSi amgvarad xsnis: yvelanairi

sikeTis srulyofileba RmerTia, romlis mimarT miiswrafvis

yoveli keTilismosurne; amitom goneba aris xati keTilisa manam,

sanam emyareba mSvenierebis safuZvels ("Zirs") _ RmerTs, Tavisi

Zalis Sesabamisad, am farglebSi igi aris mSvenieri; RmerTs

midevnebuli goneba marTavs adamianis sxeuls da RvTis xatebas da

msgavsebas SeunarCunebs da moupovebs ufro maRal xarisxSi.

rogorc ki goneba RmerTTan kavSirs gawyvets, igi veRar marTavs

sxeuls da iwyeba ukuprocesi: vnebebi anu codva imZlavrebs

adamianis sxeulze, vnebebs damonebuli sxeuli marTavs gonebas da

mas RvTaebriv mSvenierebasa da bunebas ukargavs. Sesabamisad,

amgvari adamiani RvTis xatebasa da msgavsebas ganeSoreba.29

grigol

noselis am komentarTan dakavSirebiT p. butenefi wers: " "

TavisTavad ar aris RvTis xateba upirobod, man monawileoba unda

miiRos arqetipTan sakuTar mimsgavsebaSi. is unda marTavdes

sxeuls da ara piriqiT _ sxeuli ar unda marTavdes gonebas,

25 iqve, 146-147, 4. 26 iqve, 149, 10. 27 iqve, 150, 5. 28 grigol noseli, kacisa SesaqmisaTÂs, 186, 20. 29 iqve, 166, 25-167.

magda mWedliZe

301

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is dakargavs Tavis xatismier

mSvenierebas".30

ase rom, Tu saTnoebani miamsgavsebs adamians Tavis

dambadebels _ ufals, risTvisac mowodebulia adamiani, am

saTnoebaTagan ganSoreba xatebas da msgavsebas akargvinebs mas,

pirutyvs amsgavsebs da RvTaebriv suls ganaSorebs. pirutyvTan

msgavseba adamianma (angelozebrivi cxovrebis nacvlad, risTvisac

is mowodebuli iyo Tavisi RvTaebrivi xatiTa da ukvdavi suliT)

miiRo codviT dacemisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, pirutyvTa msgavsi

Sobierebis miRebisagan.31

rodesac wmida werilSi naTqvamia adamianis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, rom "mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmn[n]a igini" RmerTma, ar unda vifiqroT, rom RmerTSic aris mamakaceba da dedakaceba, radgan adamiani RvTis xatad Seiqmna. grigol noseli imowmebs mociqulis sityvebs da ambobs RvTis Sesaxeb, rom "ara ars mas Sina mamakacebaÁ da dedakacebaÁ, eseni povnil arian cxorebasa mas Sina kacobrivsa".32 mamakacad da dedakacad adamianis gayofa adamianis orgvari bunebidan gamomdinarea da mis xatebasa da msgavsebas ki ar unda mivaweroT, aramed amqveyniurisken midrekilebiT unda avxsnaT. ufro dawvrilebiT rom ganvmartoT, RmerTma adamians aranairi sikeTe ar daaklo, "Suenierebasa mas xatebisasa ukueTu akldes raÁme, ara ars igi xat. xolo erT ars romeli ganhyofs RmrTeebasa kacebisagan, rameTu igi dambadebeli ars da ese dabadebuli",33 e. i. adamianis xatismier mSvenierebas araferi ar aklia, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is xati ver iqneboda, rac ganasxvavebs adanians RvTisgan aris is, rom RmerTi dambadebelia, adamiani ki dabadebuli. nisis episkoposis TqmiT, "keTili igi araTu guami ars, aramed srulebaÁ keTilTaÁ",34 aq ueWvelia, rom "gvam"-Si igulisxmeba ara sxeulis garegnuli forma, aramed swored misi xorcieli midrekileba, romelsac keTils ver

30 Peter C. Bouteneff, Essential or existential: the problem of the body in the anthropology of

st. Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory of nyssa: Homilies on the Beatitudes, ed. by Hubertus R.

Drobner and Albert viciano, Brill, Leiden. Boston. Köln, 2001, 412. 31 grigol noseli, kacisa SesaqmisaTÂs, 185, 23. 32 iqve, 179, 30 _ 180, 1. 33 iqve, 180, 25-30. 34 grigol noseli, kacisa SesaqmisaTÂs, 180, 10.


302

davarqmevT. aqedan gamomdinare modis Semdeg kidev ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi, romelic gaaCnia adamians, rogorc qmnilebas. "vwamebT, viTarmed daubadebeli igi bunebaÁ Seucvalebel ars TÂsisagan wesisa ukunisamde. xolo dabadebuli ara ars garna SecvalebaTa mis gamo, rameTu ara Seiqmna vidre SecvalebaÁ ara iqmna da ZrvaÁ, raJams igi ara-arsisagan Secvala arsad madliTa TÂsiTa dambadebelman",35 rogorc am sityvebidan Cans adamianis cvalebadoba misi dabadebidan unda vigulisxmoT, radgan manam ar daibada, sanam ararsisagan ar dahbada RmerTma sakuTari madliT; adamians RmerTma aranairi sikeTe ar daaklo da ar daaklo arc Tavisufali neba, radgan mefed Seqmna da mefobisken mouwoda ("ara ars kaci damonebul, aramed Ãelmwife, moqmed msgavsad nebisa TÂsisa, rameTu yoveli, romeli dapatiJebasa da iZulebasa queSe ars, ara ars mas Sina aznaurebaÁ, aramed aznaurebaÁ ese ars, raÁTa aqundes ÃelmwifebaÁ nebasa zeda TÂssa"36), Tavisufali nebis warTmeva ki damonebas niSnavs. rogorc nisis episkoposi aRniSnavs, rodesac RmerTma Tavisi yovlismcodne bunebiT ganWvrita, rom adamiani Tavisufali nebiT RvTis nebas ar mihyveboda, maSin Seqmna mamakacad da dedakacad isini, rac RvTaebrivi xatisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli da damaxasiaTebelia swored cxovelebisTvis ("rameTu wigni ityÂs, viTarmed kaci ese Ãelmwife yofad ars, da mavali nebasa zeda Tavisa TÂsisasa, da rameTu midrekadca ars, viTar-igi iqmna, maSin gamosaxa xatisa misTÂs TÂsisa mamakacebaÁ da dedakacebaÁ, romelni-igi ara arian Zirsa mas Sina, aramed, viTar-igi vTquT, maxlobel ars bunebasa mas pirutyuebrsa").37 Aam sakiTxze msjelobisas wm. grigol noseli ambobs, rom "Semkrebeli yovlisa saxisaÁ kacebaÁ ars... yoveli, romliTa vicnobT dambadebelsa, iyo igi dabadebulsaca Tana pirvel. Dda romeli – igi aRdges ukuanaÁsknel aRsasrulsa soflisasa, yovelTa maT Soris iyos xati igi pirvel. AamisTÂs kacsa erTsa ewodebis yovel, rameTu ara ars Zalsa Sina RmrTisasa, romelime warsrul da

35 iqve, 180, 30 _ 181, 2. 36 iqve, 180, 22-25. 37 iqve, 181, 10-15.

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romelime momaval, aramed yovelive hgies winaSe missa, daRacaTu Cuen yoveli moveliT sasovebiT, aramed RmrTisa Tana ars mouklebel da hgies".38 Aam sityvebidan gamomdinare, kacobrioba erTianad aris RvTis xatebisa da msgavsebis matarebeli, es madli srulad iyo pirvel adamianSi da iqneba ukanasnel Jams rom icxovrebs imaSic. mamakacad da dedakacad gayofa ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, xatebis da msgavsebis niSani ki ar aris, adamanis codvisken midreklebis gamo gaCnda da aris gayofa adamianisa ("da rameTu bunebaÁ yovliTurT pirveliTgan Semdgomamde erTsa Sina xatebasa ars. xolo mamakacebaÁ da dedakacebaÁ ganyofaÁ ars, damtkicebisaTÂs daebada amT mizeziTa, viTar vhgoneb"39) da kacobriobis gamravlebisTvis dahbada RmerTma, rodesac adamianis codviT dacema ganWvrita winaswar. am sakiTxs Zalian siRrmiseulad ganixilavs Tanamedroveobis TvalsaCino RvTismetyveli antoni suroJeli (blumi). bibliuri teqstis mixedviT, samoTxis baRSi, codviT dacemamde, adami da eva SiSvlebi iyvnen da ara rcxvenodaT, codviT dacemis Semdeg ki maTi siSiSvle samarcxvino gaxda; antoni suroJeli am faqts xsnis codviT dacemamde adamisa da evas ubiwoebiT da, Tanac, RvTis gangebiT, rom isini Seadgendnen erT savse pirovnebas, erTmaneTs avsebdnen, radgan Tavidan ar iyo ganzraxuli adamianis gayofa mamakacad da dedakacad; da RmerTma maSin Seqmna dedakaci, rodesac adamma saxelebi daarqva yvela qmnilebas da Tavi martod igrZno am samyaroSi, radgan Tavisi msgavsi veravin naxa ("xolo adamisi ara ipova Semwe msgavsi misi" Ses. 2, 20), maSin Seuqmna RmerTma adams eva adamis gverdisgan (dasdva RmerTman gankÂrvebaÁ adams da daaZina: moiRo farcxali erTi guerdisa misisa. da aRmouvso ÃorciTa mis wil. da aRuSena ufalman RmerTman guerdi, romel moiRo adamisgan, colad da moiyvana igi adamissa..." Ses. 2, 21-22) da misca Semwed qali, raTa simartove ar egrZno. amrigad isini fizikuradac erT mTlianobas Seadgenen. antoni suroJeli wers amis Taobaze: "orive erTad isini qmnian srul, savse adamianur arsebas. da imitom rom isini erTni

38 iqve, 182, 10-15. 39 grigol noseli, kacisa SesaqmisaTÂs, 182, 15-20.


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arian, rogorc ambobs Sopenhaueri, "erTi pirovneba or saxeSi", isini ver xedaven erTmaneTis siSiSvles, radganac swored rom, erTmaneTs sxvad ver aRiqvamen, sakuTar TavTan kontrastSi. adreuli saukuneebis erTi RvTismetyvelis TxzulebebSi aris adgili, romelic Zalian mravlismetyvelia laTinur TargmanSi; iq naTqvamia: dacemamde TiToeuli maTgani uyurebs meores da ambobs: es aris Cemi alter ego, meore me TviTon; dacemis Semdgom, imis gamo, rom moxda raRac, ramac daarRvia maTi erToba... TiToeuli maTgani uyurebs meores da ambobs: me _ es me var, is ki _ sxvaa... da im wuTSi, rodesac isini amboben: "me _ es me var", gansxvavebiT, kontrastulad: "me _ ara var sxva", isini xedaven sakuTar siSiSvles".40 am sityvebidan cxadia, rom adamianis sxeuli da suli, sxeulebrivi da sulieri mSveniereba da sikeTe ganuyofel kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. adamianis cxovreba warmatebuli unda yofiliyo RvTis winaSe saTnoebaTa mopovebiT, am saxiT is RvTis xatebasa da msgavsebas srulyofda da RmerTs dauaxlovdeboda. saTnoebaTa Soris rogorc mociqulni, aseve wm.mamebi gamoarCeven sam umTavress: sarwmunoebas, sasoebas (imeds) da siyvaruls. ioane sineli, "saTnoebaTa kibis" aRmwereli, am sam saTnoebas yvelaze maRal, 30-e safexurze ixseniebs da rogorc mociqulni, isic wers, rom maT Soris upiratesia "siyvaruli, rameTu RmerT ewodebis".41 siyvarulSi or saxes ganarCeven: siyvaruls RvTisadmi, romelsac maTes saxarebis mixedviT ieso qriste pirvel da mTavar mcnebas uwodebs, da meore, msgavsi amisi, aris siyvaruli moyvasisadmi. "amaT orTa mcnebaTa yoveli sjuli da winaswarmetyvelni damokidebul arian" (mT. 22, 40). am sityvebiT macxovarma mTeli wmida werili Zveli da axali aRTqma daiyvana am or mcnebaze, romelTagan upiratesis _ RvTisadmi siyvarulis gamovlena unda yofiliyo adamianisTvis samoTxis baRSi dawesebuli morCileba: "yovlisagan xisa samoTxisa WamiT sWamo, xolo

40 Митр. Антоний Сурожский, "...Мужчину и женщину сотворил он ", http://

www.pagez.ru/olb/103. php. 41 Rirsisa mamisa Cuenisa ioane sina-mTis mamasaxlisisa "klemaqsi, ro-

mel ars kibe", zugdidi 1997, 261, Sdr.: "RmerTi siyuaruli ars" (1 io. 4, 16), "xolo aw esera hgies: sarwmunoeba, sasoeba da siyuaruli, sa-mi ese; xolo ufros amaTsa siyuaruli ars" (1 kor. 13, 13).

http://www.pagez.ru/

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xisagan cnobadisa keTilisa da borotisa ara sWamoT misgan, rameTu romelsa dResa sWamoT misgan, sikudiliT mohkudeT" (Ses. 2, 17). adamians, rogorc Tavisufal arsebas, mieca arCevani an ufro daaxloeboda ufals da sruli memkvidreoba mieRo, da an isic daekarga, rac hqonda: an ukvdaveba daemkvidrebina, risTvisac mowodebuli iyo Tavisi RvTaebrivi xatiTa da ukvdavi suliT, an es xateba daekarga uRirsi saqcieliT da sikvdiliT dasjiliyo. "yoveli ZrvaÁ gonieri amiT didebiTa miemsgavsebis Suenierebasa mas RmrTeebisasa, aramed midrekaÁ igi codvisaÁ mZime ars da STamÃdel quesknelad".42 RmerTis mier samoTxis baRSi dawesebuli morCilebis darRveviT adamianma RvTis siyvaruli dakarga da dakarga adamianisadmi siyvarulic, romlis gamovlenac iyo adamisa da evas mier erTmaneTis gaucxoeba da codvaSi dadanaSauleba. am saqcielma kacobriobas tanjva moutana; adamisa da evas RvTisadmi xateba da msgavseba Seuracxhyo; maTSi dawinaurda ara sulieri, aramed miwieri, xorcieli mxare, ramac sikvdili gamoiwvia. amas adasturebs uflis sityvebi, rodesac man adami da eva samoTxidan gandevna: "miwa xar da miwadca miiqce" (Ses. 3, 19). RmerTi aRar axsenebs, rom xatad da msgavsad aris Seqmnili adamiani, rogorc misi Sesaqmisas Tqva, mis mkacr sityvebSi dawinaurebulia miwa, materia, (rac RmerTma yvela miwier qmnilebaze adre Seqmna da safuZvlad daudo nivTier samyaros) risganac Seqmna adamiani da rac adamianis arsebaSi gansxvavebuli iyo _ RvTis xatebas da msgavsebas ar Seesabameboda. yovelive zemoTqmuls unda davurToT erTi mniSvnelovani ram, rac adamianis bunebas saerTo aqvs RvTaebriv bunebasTan. es aris adamianis gonebis miuwvdomloba da Seucnobloba. wm. basili didi wers: "WeSmaritad Sehgavs, raÁTa uZnele iyos yovlisa cnobaÁ Tavisa TÂsisaÁ".43 am sirTulis gamo adamiani sxvis codvas iolad xedavs da sakuTars Znelad. wm. mama amas Cveni dabadebiT xsnis: "ityÂs winaswarmetyueli: sakÂrvel iqmna cnobaÁ Seni Cuengan (fs. 138, 6), ese igi ars, romel

42 grigol noseli, kacisa agebulebisaTÂs, 187, 20. 43 basili didi, equsTa dReTa, 133, 25.


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gamovikulieT Tavi TÂsi, viswave simravle sibrZnisa SenisaÁ".44 sakuTari Tavis Seucnobloba adamians RvTis didebas da misi sibrZnis miuwvdomlobas daanaxebs. wm grigol noseli Tavis umniSvnelovanes gamokvlevaSi adamianis Sesaxeb, am sakiTxs erT Tavs uZRvnis da amgvarad warmarTavs msjelobas: vinaidan RmerTma Tavis xatad da msgavsad Seqmna adamiani, xatebas araferi daaklo, "romel povnil ars Zirsa Sina, raÁTa Rirsad iwodos xatebaÁ",45 Tu xatebas raÁme daakldeba RvTaebriv TvisebaTagan, is xateba ar iqneba; "da ukueTu Ziri igi ver misawvdomel ars cnobiTa da xati igi misi misawvdomel ars cnobiTa da sacnaur, ukue ars ese ganwvalebaÁ cxadi Soris maTsa Seutyuebeli gamocxadebasa amis Tqmulisasa. aw odes bunebaÁ gonebisaÁ gamousaxvel ars da miuTxrobel cnobisagan, gamocxadna WeSmaritebaÁ xatebisaÁ Zirad mimarT, romel ars bunebaÁ RmrTeebisaÁ, romel-igi gamousaxvel ars da miuwvdomel, romelsa-igi mimsgavsebul iqmna bunebaÁ Cueni".46 am sityvebidan cxadia, rom adamianis gonebis miuwvdomloba misi RvTis xatad Seqmnidan momdinareobs da adamianSi RvTaebrivi bunebis anareklia, rac adamians mudam axsenebs RmerTis sakuTar TavSi arsebobas da miuwvdomlobas, axsenebs sakuTar arsebasac, rom qmnilebaa _ yvelafers ver wvdeba, TviT sakuTar Tavsac ki da ar aris dambadebeli _ RmerTi, romelic yovelives mcodnea. aqedan gamomdinare, aramarto RmerTis Secnoba, sakuTari Tavis Secnobac erTaderTi gziT aris SesaZlebeli _ esaa xatebisa da msgavsebis "ZirTan" (Zv. qarT.) _ RmerTTan kavSiri, romelic RvTaebriv sikeTesa da mSvenierebas moupovebs adamians da sakuTar Tavs gaucxadebs RvTis winaSe. ase rom, adamiani Seiqmna RvTis xatad da msgavsad. mis xatismier mSvenierebisa da sikeTes RmerTma araferi ar daaklo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, rogorc nisis episkoposi wers, mas xati ar daeqmeoda. adamiani Seiqmna yvela qmnilebis mafed dedamiwaze da misi bunebac aris orgvari _ gonebiTa da suliT adamiani mowodebulia RmerTTan

44 iqve, 133, 30 _134, 5. 45 grigol noseli, kacisa agebulebisaTÂs, 162, 25. 46 grigol noseli, kacisa SesaqmisaTÂs, 162, 25-163, 5.

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kavSirisaTvis, sxeuliT ki is ukavSirdeba dedamiwas, romlisganac is fizikurad sazrdoobs. is, rac ganasxvavebs adamians RvTisgan aris, rom RmerTi dambadebelia da adamiani _ dabadebuli. amitom adamianSi maradiuli ar aris sikeTe da mSveniereba, radgan ararsebobidan Seiqmna da aqvs Tavisufali neba, romelic SeiZleba sikeTisaken ar warmarTos. RvTaebriv sikeTesa da mSvenierebasTan msgavsebas ganmtkiceba da mudmivi srulyofa sWirdeba adamianis zrunviT, raTa mudam sakuTari neba sikeTisa da saTnoebaTa mopovebisken warmarTos. Yyoveli saTnoebisa da sikeTis wyaro ki aris RmerTi, romlis morCilebac evaleba adamians. igi mowodebulia, rom Tavisi sxeuli (rogorc sulze dabla mdgomi da miwierisken midrekili) daumorCilos suls da gaxados sxeulic RvTaebrivi. swored amisTvis mieca mas sxeulic RvTis xatad Seqmnili da cxovelebze aRmatebuli (adamiani welSi gamarTulia, metyvelebs, wers da a. S.). saTnoebebiT Semkuli sxeuli, goneba da suli emsgavseba "Zirsa mas Suenierebisasa" _ RmerTs da RvTis xatebasa da msgavsebas samudamod moupovebs da daimkvidrebs uflis samyofels. amisTvisaa mowodebuli adamiani Tavisi dabadebiT, rodesac is Seqmna RmerTma yvelanairi sikeTiTa da mSvenierebiT Semkuli, Tavis xatad da msgavsad. Kindness and Beauty

According to the Commentaries of Holy Fathers to the Book "Genesis"

(Human Creation by God) H

God created man in His image, according to His likeness and made him the

king of all creatures on the Earth. These words mean that the human image is

perfect as it takes after God. In contrast with other creatures man possesses

the immortal soul and is endowed with virtues like God. Man is created as the

king of all creatures on the earth and his nature is of two kinds – by mind and

soul he is called to the union with the God; however, his body connects him

the earth, which enables his physical existence. Born as the king he is granted

free will, which he is to direct to goodness. The source of all virtues and

goodness is God, Whom man shall obey. Man is called to subordinate his

body to his soul and to make his body divine. For this he is granted the body

which is created in the image of God and is superior to that of the beasts (man


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is erected, he talks, writes etc.). Man is called to serve God with his kindly

deeds, through obtaining virtues so that the creature in the image of God

could maintain likeness to God and succeed to eternal life and immortality.

The ascent on the ladder of virtues is everlasting; likewise eternal is the way

leading to God and the opportunities of perfection.


manana fxakaZe

sisifosis saxis interpretaciebi

Zveli berZnuli miTologiis erT-erTi RirsSesaniSnavi da mravalsaxa gmiris sisifosis (umdidresi mefe, yaCaRi, ma-tyuara, maxvilgonieri, brZeni) saxiT sxvadasxva epoqis be-vri Semoqmedi dainteresda (homerosi, apolodorosi, pavsa-niasi, higinusi, sofokle, aristofane, Teognide, vergili-usi, ovidiusi, horaciusi, xuan de argixo, iuhan sebastian velxaveni, iurgis baltruSaitisi da a. S.). da mainc am saxis yvelaze popularuli interpretacia al-ber kamius saxels ukavSirdeba, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs misi "miTi sisifosze. ese absurdis Sesaxeb". msgavsi, magram naklebad cnobili interpretacia jer kidev XVII-XVIII sau-kunis qarTveli didqtikosis, sulxan-saba orbelianis igavSi "lodis damgorebeli" gvxvdeba, romelebzec amje-rad SevaCerebTA yuradRebas. sisifosi erT-erTi im oTx (iqsioni, tantalosi, titiasi) personaJTagania, romelic hadesSi itanj.eba. antikuri tradiciis mixedviT, erTis mxriv, sisifosi eSmaki da angarebiani adamiania, romelic ugulebelyofs kacTa da RmerTTa kanonebs, meores mxriv ki, igi RmerTebis winaaRmdeg ibrZvis da cdilobs ukvdavTa nebas Tavisi gonierebiT daupirispirdes. kamiu Tavis eseSi mokled gadmogvcems miTs sisifosze, romelsac RmerTebma miusajes veeberTela lodis atana mTis mwvervalze, saidanac igi mudmivad Zirs vardeba. RmerTebma igi yvelaze saSineli sasjelisaTvis - uazro da uimedo SromisaTvis gawires. M sisifosma gaTqva zevsis saidumlo, roca man mdinaris RvTaebis, asoposis qaliSvili moitaca. mamam sisifosTan daiCivla, igi daxmarebas dapirda, Tu asoposi uwylo korinTos wyals miscemda. amis gamo RmerTTa meufem


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sisifosi sikvdiliT dasaja. magram gmirma Tanatoss borkilebi daado.1 wesrigis dasamyareblad zevsma aresi gaagzavna da sikvdilis RmerTi gaaTavisufla. kamiu H imasac ixsenebs, rom sisifosma sikvdilis win colis erTgulebis gamocda gadawyvita da ubrZana, misi cxedari moedanze daumarxavi daegdo. hadesma sisifoss neba darTo colis dasajelad samzeoze asuliyo. magram rogorc ki dainaxa miwa, wyali, mze, siTbo, zRva, gautkba miwieri siamovnebebi,2 aRar dabrunda aCrdilTa samefoSi da hermesma Zlivs Caagdo sisifosi hadesSi, sadac mas ukve elodeboda lodi. am miTis gadmocemis Semdeg kamiu askvnis, rom sisifosi absurdis gmiria. aseTia igi Tavisi vnebebiTa da tanjviT. "RmerTebisadmi upativcemuloba, sikvdilis zizRi da sicocxlis wyurvili auwerel tanjavad eqca – igi iZulebulia uazrod daZabos Zalebi. aseTia miwieri vnebebis sazRauri".3 kamium araferi icis sisifosis hadesSi yofnis Sesaxeb da TviTon Txzavs axal miTs. sisifosi mas ainteresebs im momentSi, roca Zlivs atanili lodi gordeba da "is mZime nabijebiT eSveba qvemoT tanjvisaken, romelsac bolo ar uCans. am dros sunTqvasTan erTad mas ubrundeba cnobiereba, iseve gardauvali, rogorc tanjva. Yyovel wams, roca is mwvervalidan Camodis, is Tavis bedze maRla dgas, is Tavis lodze mtkice xdeba".4 sisifosi kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba Tavis tanjvas. misi qvaze daxrili saxe Tavad qvis xdeba. rom ara es myisieri dasveneba, roca sisifosi tanjvis usasrulobas acnobie-rebs, ar iqneboda tragediac.

adamiani, romelsac unda gaerkves samyaroSi, absurdis Segnebamde midis. cnobierebis gaRviZeba adamians samyaros absurdulobas, adamianis xvedris gaugebrobasa da usamar-Tlobas uCvenebs. absurdi yvelganaa. absurdis grZnoba –

1 Tanatosis datyveveba sicocxlis wyurvilis simbolod gaiazreba,

roca mcire xniT mainc marcxdeba sikvdili. 2 sisifosma samyaros wesrigs miwierრ siameTa siyvaruli daupirispira

da BbuntSi gamoxata adamianuri arsebobis tragizmis Segneba. 3 Камю Альбер, Бунтующий человек, "Политическая литература", М., 90. 4 ibidem, 91.

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adamiansa da cxovrebas Soris ganxeTqilebaa. "absurdi arc adamianSia,… da arc samyaroSi, aramed maT erTad arsebobaSi".5 amitom absurdi Tanabradaa damokidebuli adamiansa da samyarozec, amitomac swored absurdia is erTaderTi, rac akavSirebs da aerTianebs adamiansa da samyaros. absurdulia Sejaxeba samyaros iracionalurobasa da adamianis garkveulobis daucxromel survils Soris. gonebis sicxade absurdis tragizms aaSkaravebs. adamianis cxovrebac im iSviaT SemTxvevaSia tragikuli, rodesac mas cnobiereba ubrundeba. "sisifosma, RmerTebis proletarma, uZlurma da meamboxem icis Tavisi xvedris uasasrulobis DSesaxeb. amaze is Camosvlisas fiqrobs. xedvis sicxade, romelic misTvis tanjva unda iyos, ga-marjvebad eqceva. ar aris bedi, romelsac ugulvebelyo-fiT ar dajabni".6 sisifosis saxeSi ixsneba absurdis gavlena adamianis yofaze. adamiani urigdeba Tavis beds, iRebs absurds da am momentidan absurdi aRar arsebobs. kamius miaCnia, rom sisifosi bednieria, igi tanjvas acnobierebs da amrigad, masze maRldeba. tanjvis gacnobiereba bednierebaa, "bedniereba da absurdi ki erTi da imave Mmiwis danabadia, ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan".7 adamianebs MmTeli samyaro, adamianuri vnebebi da ubedurebebi, Tavisi ganwiruloba da arsebobis gamouvalobaö im uzarmazar lodad warmoudgeniaT, romelic mTis wverze unda aitanon, amasTanave acnobiereben, rom mizans verasdros miaRweven. da saerTodac, sakacobrio istoriaSi pirovnebisaTvis absurdi ufro metia, vidre mizani da azri. es qva sisifosisTvis mTeli samyaroa, romelSic is sacxovrebladaa ganwiruli da adamianma unda EeZebos Tavisi bedniereba ara sadme sxvagan, aramed am ucnaur samyaroSi, romelic mas mflobelobaSi gadaeca. is

5 ibidem , 39, Sdr. 24, 28. 6 Камю Альбер, Бунтующий человек, "Политическая литература", М., 91. 7 ibidem, 91.


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bednieria da yovelTvis, roca qvas agorebs, icis, rom qva misi erTaderTi monapovaria da sisifosis uazro cxovrebas azri eZleva. bolo ar uCans mis tanjvas da uazroa misi Sroma. magram sisifoss uyvars Tavisi qva. igi bedze maRldeba, acnobierebs, rom es misi sakuTari gzaa da mxolod igia misi gamge da ganmkargveli. "mas (sisifoss) ekuTvnis misi bedi. Qqva misi monapovaria".8 rogori mZime da uazroc ar unda iyos sisifosis cxovreba, es misi cxovrebaa, misi xvedria. kamiu Tvlis, rom cxovrebis azri Tavad cxovrebaa da adamianma igi Tavis TavSi unda eZebos da ara mis gareT. Secnobis Sedegad warmoSobili absurdis grZnoba adamians saSualebas aZlevs gadaafasos Tavisi bedi. Ees ki sxva cnebis - buntis wanamZRvaria. absurdis SegrZneba badebs bunts, amboxebas, romlis mizani uazrobis winaaRmdeg brZolaa, gardaqmnaa. amboxis ZiriTad motivs ki kamiu ase gansazRvravs: "adamiani erTaderTi arsebaa, romelic uars ambobs iyos is, rac is aris".9 bunti pirovnebas icavs. tanjva "beds adamianis saqmed xdis, im saqmed, romelic adamianTa Soris unda gadawydes"10 sakuTari bedis arCevani spobs gareSe, transcedentur beds, is samyarodan gandevnis RmerTs da adamianur saqmes adamianuri xelebiTa akeTebs. "im daundobel wams, roca adamiani trialdeba da Tavis ganvlil gzas gadaxedavs, qvasTan dabrunebuli sisifosi Seicnobs moqmedebis ukavSiro Tanmimdevrulobas, romelic misi bedi gaxda.11 igi Tavad man Seqmna, mexsierebiT erT mTlianobad SeakavSira da sikvdiliT Sekra. darwmunebuli yovelgvari adamianuris adamianur warmoSobaSi, romelsac surs xedavdes da icodes, rom Rame ar dasruldeba, brma gzas agrZelebs. Dda kvlav gordeba qva".12 absurdi ar gaTavisuflebs arCevanisgan, igi samaradJamod gakavSirebs masTan. AadamianisaTvis absoluturi

8 ibidem, 92. 9 Камю Альбер, Бунтующий человек, "Политическая литература", М., 53, 54.

10 ibidem, 92. 11 Sdr. laTinuri gamoTqma: Fatum est series causarum - bedi mizezTa jaWvia. 12 Камю Альбер, Бунтующий человек, "Политическая литература", М., 92.

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Tavisuflebis mopovebis paradoqsi imaSi gamoixateba, rom Sinaganad absoluturad Tavisufali pirovneba Tavisi sakuTari Tavisuflebis mona xdeba. "Cven an ar varT Tavisuflebi da borotebis pasuxi yovlad Zlier RmerTzea damokidebuli, an Cven Tavisuflebi varT da pasuxismgeblebi, RmerTi ki yovladZlieri araa".13 pirovneba ibadeba ganuxorcielebeli Tavisuflebisagan, qaosidan. ara goni, ara azri, ara WeSmariteba, aramed absurdi da qaosi xdian adamians Tavisufals da ubruneben mas mis mes. am TviTdeterminaciaSi vlindeba adamianis Tavisufleba, romelsac mas vervin waarTmevs. Tavisufleba gamoxatavs adamianis WeSmaritebas, sZens adamianis cxovrebas azrs. sisifosi "adamianuri mdgomareobis" idealia, romelmac icis, rom misi Sroma ar dasruldeba, magram RmerTebs patiebas ar sTxovs da Seupovrad itans am tanjvas. sisifosi Tavisufali adamiania, Segnebulad ujanydeba RmerTebs da irCevs Tavis beds. kamius dilemis winaSe dgas - an RmerTis povna da Tu ver ipovni, Tavis mokvla, an RmerTis gareSe samyaros miReba. uRmerTo samyaros miRebaze ufro advili ki Tavis mokvlaa, es saSineli arCevani iwodeba absurdis arCevnad. egzistencializmis ZiriTadi problemac kamiusTvis TviTmkvlelobis problemaa, romlis amoxsna yofierebis yvelaze saidumlo mxareebze iZleva pasuxs.14 kamiu iRebs qaoss, uars ambobs kosmosze, Sesabamisad, misTvis borotebas meti fasi aqvs, vidre sikeTes da sikvdils meti, vidre sicocxles. Aabsurdul samyaroSi adamiani damarcxebisTvisaa ganwiruli. tragikuli bedniereba - buntis bednierebaa da igi warmodgeba qaosisa da absurdisagan. adamianma unda moipovos bedniereba am winaaRmdegobebiT savse samyaroSi, ar unda Sedrkes, ibrZolos ise Seupovrad, TiTqosda brZolis warmatebaSi eWvi ar eparebodes. Kkamius azriT, maRali zneobrivi Tvisebebi, romlebsac adamiani yvelaze araadamianur pirobebSi avlens, mowmobs mis sidiades: "me vtoveb sisifoss mTis

13 ibidem, 54. 14 ibidem, 24.


314

ZirSi. tvirTi yovelTvis moinaxeba. magram igi umaRles erTgulebas gvaswavlis, romelic RmerTebs uaryofs da qvebs amoZravebs. is fiqrobs, rom yvelaferi kargadaa. es samyaro, romelsac ar hyavs mbrZanebeli, arc araraobaa da arc unayofo. QmisTvis yoveli namceci, wiaRiseulis yoveli gabrwyineba Ramiseul mTaze misTvis mTeli samyaroa. Mmxolod mwvervalisTvis brZolaa sakmarisi, raTa Seavsos adamianis guli. sisifosi bednierad unda CavTvaloT".15 am eseSi subieqturad (Janris kanonzomierebis Sesabamisad) da ara mkacri mecnieruli formulirebiT bevri filosofiuri16 sakiTxia ganxiluli: absurdis grZnobis, samyaros absurdulobis, buntis, TviTmkvlelobis, sikvdilis WeSmaritebis, gaucxoebis da a. S. yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki sisifosis xvedris bednierebis tragediad warmodgena da Tavad sisifosis axleburad danaxuli saxea. kamiusTvis lodis simZimiT moxrili, magram ara gaWyletili sisifosi bednieria. amgvarive interpretacia gvxvdeba sulxan-saba orbelianis igavSi17 "lodis damgorebeli", sadac esesagan gansxvavebiT erTi konkretuli sakiTxia ganxiluli. saxeldobr, erTi lodiT samyaros kanonzomierebis Secnoba: "wamovel muniT. Mmivel adgilsa erTsa, mindvriansa da cxelsa. ra igi gavvle, vnaxe CaRmarTi didi. Mmun kaci erTi CaRmarTs Cavidis, aikidis lodi mrgvali, amovidis aRmarT, daagoris: CaRmarT kidev Cavidis, aikidis, amoitanis da daagoris. amotanaSi xvneSodis da, ra daagoris lodi, icinodis. me vkiTxe: Zmao, rad iWirvi, anu rad icini-meTqi? man miTxra: me am erTi qviT Wirsac vnaxav da lxinsaca. EerTi cota qva maqvs da Wiri da lxini orive didi; da mravals kacs aTasi amdeni oqro aqvs da cudad ucan, miT verc Wirs naxven da verc lxinsao.

15 Камю Альбер, Бунтующий человек, "Политическая литература", М., 92. 16 unda aRiniSnos, rom kamiu Tavs filosofosad ar miiCnevda. 17 igavis safuZveli konkretuli formiT warmodgenili cxovrebiseuli

gamocdilebaa, mizani ki - praqtikuli pasuxi kiTxvaze, rogor unda moiqces adamiani?

manana fxakaZe

315

momewona misgan. cota cudi18 sityva didad karga miTxra".19 miuxedavad imisa, rom berZeni miTologiuri gmiris sisifosis saxeli naxsenebi ar aris, tipologuri msgavseba saxezea. AmiT ufro Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qarTul samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas: "sulxan-sabas Tavisi TxzulebisaTvis didZali masala aqvs gamoyenebuli da sad ar ipoviT, romeli xalxis folklorSi Tu igav-arakebis krebulSi mimsgavsebul paralelebs. AamJamad garkveulia, rom meti wili moaruli siuJetebisa sulxan-sabas zepiri gziT unda hqondes SeTvisebuli".20 moaruli siuJetidan cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis, dinamikuri Txrobis, frazis lakonurobis wyalobiT sulxan-saba, rogorc Cvevia, Rrma azrisa da didi emociuri muxtis igavs qmnis: K "sulxans daxvda igavis siuJeti – nedli masala, romelic aRmosavlur niadagze SeiZleba gafuebuliyo sityvamravlobisagan da retardaciebs wyalobiT, ris gamoc miCqmaluliyo igavuri azri, narTauloba. sulxani rogorc demiurgi mocemuli masalisagan qmnis samyaros, qaosisaken midrekili - kosmoss; zedmetis moSorebiT, daxvewiT, gaSalaSinebiTöiseTi qmedebebiT, romelnic Seicaven alegoriulobas, roca laparakia pirovnebis da aseve: daxvewazeöidealur arqetipamde dayvaniT igi qmnis iseT movlenas, rogoric aris kristali, spontanurad gaCenili, martivic da rTulic erTsa da imave dros".21 "lodis damgorebelSi" kacs gaWirvebiT aaqvs lodi aRmarTSi da itanjeba, dagorebisas xarobs, sabolood ki bednieria, radgan am erTi qviT mTeli samyaro mis mflobelobaSi gadadis. sabas igavi yofierebis amaoebas, adamianis arCevanis Tavisuflebasa da amiT gamowveul

18 cuds - "crus", tyuilis, usargeblos mniSvnelobac hqonda qar-

TulSi ix. ilia abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, "mecniere-ba", Tbilisi, 1973.

19 sulxan-saba orbeliani, sibrZne sicruisa, qarTuli mwerloba, t. VII, "nakaduli", Tb. 1989, 103.

20 caiSvili s., sulxan-saba orbeliani, qarTuli mwerloba, t. VII,

"nakaduli", Tb. 1989, 610. 21 kiknaZe z., sulxani da saba, wignSi: "avTandilis anderZi", Tb, gv. 22.F


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bednierebas (yvelafer imas, rasac kamius ese gadmogvcems) bevrad ufro sada da sxart frazaSi aqcevs. miuxedavad kamius22 esesa da sabas igavis msgavsebisa, XVI-XVII saukunis qarTveli didaqtikosis morali gansxvavebulia. "soflis saqmisagan ucalo" sabas Segonebis obieqti mxolod mdidari23 kacia, romelsac gulis kari daxSuli aqvs, verc xedavs da verc grZnobs imas rac RvTis msasoebel glaxakTa, tanjul netarTa xvedria.24…

Manana Pkhakadze

The Interpretations of Sisyphus image

The image of Sisyphus, one of the most interesting characters of the Ancient

Greek mythology, has been portrayed by many authors (Homer, Apollodorus,

Pausanias, Hyginus, Sophocles, Aristophanes, Theognis, Vergil, Ovid, Ho-

race, Juan de Arguijo, Johann Sebastian Welhaven, Jurgis Baltrushaitis etc.).

However, its interpretation by Albert Camus has been considered the most

popular.

The article, along with that of Camus, presents less known, although

similar "rolling stone" version of Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani (the Georgian

enlightener, author of the explanatory dictionary Sitkvis Kona and the fable

collection Sibrdzne Sizruisa (XVII-XVIII) where the perception of happiness

and suffering achieved by means of a single stone is rendered in a laconic

fable style.

22 sartrma recenziaSi "miTze sisifosze" da "ucxoze" kamiu frang

moralistebs miakuTvna. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom frangi moralisti mas

uwoda ara rogorc moralizators an eTikis Temebze mwerals, aramed"

upirveles yovlisa, adamianiT, misi fsiqologiiT, qceviT dainteresebul

moazrovnes. 23 Sdr. "rameTu mdidari Zniad Sevides sasufevelsa caTasa. da merme getyv

Tquen: uadviles ars aqlemi gansvlad xurelsa nemsisa, vidre mdidari Seslvad

sasufevelsa caTasa", maTe 19: 23-24, igive istoria markozTan: 10: 17-17 da

lukasTan 18: 21-25. aseve Sdr, igavi ugunur mdidarze – luka 12: 16-19. 24 Sdr. netar xarT, romelni stirT aw, luka, 6, 21.


ani Ciqovani

sikvdilis personifikacia stratis

mirivilisis SemoqmedebaSi

XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis gamoCenili berZeni literatoris, stratis mirivilisis nawarmoebebis ganxilvisas sainteresoa, Tu rogor aris asaxuli mwerlis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi Zveli berZnuli religiisa da axali berZnuli tradiciebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli warmodgenebi sikvdilze, rogor moqmedeben ZvelberZnuli da axalberZnuli miTosuri elementebi mwerlis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi da ra datvirTva aqvT sikvdilsa da mis personificirebul saxeebs nawarmoebis mxatvruli qargis ganviTarebaSi.

berZeni xalxisa da berZnuli geniis Sesaxeb saubrisas, XXs.-is 30-ianelTa Taobis literaturuli manifestis ("Tavisufali sulis") avtori da am Taobis erT-erT wamyvan mwerlad aRiarebuli giorgos Teotokasi aRniSnavs: "am xalxs [berZnebs] aSkarad gamoxatuli warmarTuli buneba aqvs. ra Tqma unda, mas daRi qristianobamac daasva, magram es qristianoba humanizmis Zlier gavlenas ganicdis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi antikuri saberZneTis sulTan ufro axlosaa, vidre iudaistur, slavur an dasavleTis qriastianul moZRvrebebTan. saberZneTs bolomde arasodes uaruyvia winaparTa kerpTayvanismcemloba. rodesac berZenma erma qristianoba aRiara, is miiRo, rogorc antikur misteriaTa da platonizmis gagrZeleba, gavrcoba da SeiTvisa is elementebi, romlebsac ZvelberZnul tradiciebTan Tanaarseboba SeeZloT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xalxsa da axal religias Soris moxda qvecnobieri kompromisi. xalxma qristianobidan aiRo is, rac mas moewona da rac saWirod miiCnia. religiamac Tavi Seikava xalxis sulier

sikvdilis personifikacia stratis mirivilisis SemoqmedebaSi

318

sawyisebTan dapirispirebisagan, piriqiT, Seecada TanxmobaSi mosuliyo maTTan. am SeTanxmebaSi RmerTebmac miiRes monawileoba. ra Tqma unda, maT dakarges saxelebi da Zalauflebis garkveuli nawili, magram SeZles raRac donemde sakuTari individualobisa da miTosis SenarCuneba.1 Zneli ar aris wminda giorgis saxis qveS omis RvTaebis, aresis danaxva, anda zRvis RmerTis - poseidonis danaxva wminda nikolozis saxeSi. berZenTa iesos garkveuli msgavseba aqvs apolonTan da orfevsTan. qaroni iqca qarosad, dakarga Tavisi navi da miiRo moxetiale raindis saxe, romelic sikvdilis ideis personifikacias warmoadgens..."2

qarosi (qaroni), rogorc sulTa gamcilebeli da sikvdilis momtani ucnobi iyo homerosisa da hesiodesaTvis.3 maTi Semoqmedebis mixedviT sulebi hadesSi fsiqopomp hermesis TanxlebiT aRwevdnen.4 i. anaRnostopulosis Tanaxmad, Zvel berZnul qarons xalxuri Zirebi aqvs. qarons axseneben esqile, aristofane, evripide, lukianosi... igi xan identificirebulia sikvdilTan – TanatosTan,5 xanac enacvleba mas. zog SemTxvevaSi xalxur fantaziaSi igi aRreulia TanatosTan da hadesTan, rogorc sulTa meborne, romelsac erTi obolis safasurad sulebi qvesknelis mdinaris - aqerontis erTi napiridan meoreze gadahyavs. droTa msvlelobaSi qarosi, romelic ufro metad iyo popularuli xalxis farTo masebSi, Caenacvla personificirebul hadess...6

qarosi, anu personificirebuli sikvdili xalxis warmodgeniT "Savia, Savze Savi, uSavesi, Savi cxeni hyavs, orlesili maxvilebi da gaSiSvlebuli xmlebi aqvs. maxvilebi gulebis gansagmiradaa, xmlebi ki Tavebis

1 qarTvelTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi mimdinare msgavsi procesebis

Sesaxeb ix. qeSekaSvili i., RmerTebi, miTebi, ritualebi, Tb. 1990, 6-8. 2 Θενηνθάο Γ., Διεύζεξν πλεύκα, εθδ. Δξκήο, Αζήλα 1996, 34. 3 Αλαγλσζηόπνπινο Ι., Ο ζάλαηνο θαη ν θάησ θόζκνο ζηε Γεκνηηθή Πνίεζε, Αζήλα 1984,

68. 4 Hom. Od. 241 Smdg. 5 Θάλαηνο – Tanatosi, Zvel berZnul miTologiaSi sikvdilis

personifikacia (Hes. Theog. 211 Smd., Hom. Il. 14 : 231Smd.). 6 Αλαγλσζηόπνπινο Ι., ibid.

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319

mosakveTad". is mkacria da RmerTis survilis uciloblad Semsrulebeli. ar usmens aravis Civils, aravis TanaugrZnobs. xalxis fantazia amas Semdegnairad xsnis: qaross mSvenieri asulisaTvis sicocxle uCuqebia. RmerTi amaze Zalian gabrazda Turme da man qarosi "daayrua, tirili rom ver gaigonos, daabrmava, raTa ver gaarCios suli moxucisaa Tu axalgazrdis, daakoWla, male rom ver gaecalos daniSnulebis adgils".7

axal berZnul miTologiaSi, sulebis gamcilebel saxeTa Soris, qarosma gansakuTrebuli adgili daikava da mas sikvdilze pasuxismgebloba daekisra. Zvel literaturul wyaroebSi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, akrituli simRerebi) ar Cans, rom qaross moswondes Tavisi movaleoba. igi ar iRebs sakuTar Tavze iniciativas da warmodgenilia RmerTis mosamsaxured, misi nebis aRmsruleblad. mogvianebiT teqstebSi qarosi sikvdilze pasuxismgeblobas mTlianad sakuTar Tavze iRebs da warmodgenilia, rogorc Tavgadadebuli borotmoqmedi. qarosis saxe naTladaa warmoCenili xalxur samgloviaro simRerebSi – xmiT natirlebSi, qarosTan brZolis Temebi ki aRwerilia simRera-Tqmulebebsa da legendebSi.

qarosis personifikacia dakavSirebulia mis warmodgenasTan mxedris saxiT, romelic win uZRvis micvalebulTa procesias. esaa qarosis yvelaze cnobili saxe. mkvlevari g. sonie aRniSnavs, rom meomris saxiT warmodgenili sikvdilis personifikacia ar iyo ucxo Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropuli mwerlobisaTvis. igi amasTan dakavSirebiT vrcel literaturas imowmebs, magram berZnul samgloviaro simReraTa leqsika da konkretuli scenari, frangi mkvlevaris azriT, istoriuli STagonebis wyaros arsebobaze miuTiTeben.8

yuradRebas amjerad stratis mirivilisis nawarmoebebSi asaxul sikvdilis personifikaciaze SevaCerebT. mirivilisis nawarmoebebis mixedviT, adamianis saiqioSi wayvana xSirad qaross braldeba: ase magaliTad,

7 Γξαλδάθεο Π., Μεγάιε Διιεληθή Δγθπθινπαίδεηα, εθδ. νξγαληζκόο Φνίλημ, Αζήλα. T. 24, 493. 8 Saunier G., Διιεληθά Γεκνηηθά Σξαγνύδηα, Σα Μνηξνιόγηα, εθδ. Νεθέιε, Αζήλα 1999,

361-363.


320

mgloviare neranZis Tavisi pawia Svilis dakargva sakuTari TavisaTvis ver upatiebia: "misma glovam TandaTan mware SurisZiebis saxe miiRo, romelic sakuTari Tavis mimarT gauCnda. damnaSave da uRirsi sakuTari "mes" mimarT, romelmac qaross saSualeba misca, xelidan waeglija bavSvi".9 vatiss surs xelidan gamostacos qaross momakvdavi bebia: "surda gamoetaca bebia qarosis xelidan. gaeyara uxilavi peplebi, bebias rom awuxebdnen. gamoetaca is im ucnauri da saSineli samyarosaTvis, romelsac mxolod Tavad moxuci xedavda, moetaca im ucnobi saxeebisaTvis, romelic mxolod bebias esaubrebodnen da aiZulebdnen moxucs aseTi ucxo xmiT elaparaka".10

mirivilisTan aSkarad aris gamoxatuli is, rom adamiani RmerTis nebiT midis am qveynidan da am nebis aRmsrulebeli – anu sulis wamyvani – qarosia: "ras izam - eubneba varuxosi dedis sikvdilis Sesaxeb smaragdes - RmerTma ineba da waiyvana Cvengan. qarosi roca modis, ar kiTxulobs, ra da rogor, mihyavs Seni adamiani da gtovebs".11

xmiT natirlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qarosTan brZolis motivi asaxulia "arvanel vasilisSi": qarosTan SebrZolebas exveweba qrisavgi micvalebul vasiliss: "Seibi, Cemo kargo, maxvili, daeci Zirs qarosi, waarTvi mas mTeli Tavisi Zala, iaraRic waarTvi!"12

neranZisaTvis Svilis sikvdili usamarTlo ganaCenia RmerTis mxridan da gaugebaria misTvis. qarosis usamarTlobis motivi berZnuli xalxuri simRerebisaTvisac aris damaxasiaTebeli.13

xalxuri simRerebis mixedviT qaross hyavs coli (zogi versiiT deda) da vaJi – msgavsi motivi mirivilisTan ar gvxvdeba.

"RvTismSobeli gorgonas" mixedviT, mocaleobis Jams kunZul lesbosze tavernaSi ikribebian da wuTisoflis amaoebaze mRerian. samyaro maT simReraSi

9 Μπξηβήιεο ., Η Παλαγηά ε Γνξγόλα, εθδ. Οη θίινη ηνπ βηβιίνπ, Αζήλα 1949, 87. 10 ibid, 349. 11 ibid, 210. 12 Μπξηβήιεο ., Ο Βαζίιεο ν Αξβαλήηεο, έθδ. Πεγάζνπ, Αζήλα 1944, 107. 13 Saunier G, ibid, 365.

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xesTan aris Sedarebuli, qarosi ki nayofis mkrefavTan. es unda iyos gamoZaxili msoflios sxvadasxva xalxebSi arsebuli warmodgenisa xeze – mikrokosmosze, romelic samyaros models warmoadgens.14

samgloviaro simRerebSi qarosi xSirad moixsenieba mtacebel mekobred.15 mirivilisTan sityva mekobre naxsenebi ar aris, magram bebia permaxulas wasayvanad mosuli ucnobi zRvidan modis Savi gemiT, SavebSia Cacmuli da meniCbeebadac Savosani kacebi hyavs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SeiniSneba misi garkveuli msgavseba mekobresTan – asociaciur doneze mainc.

informaciulad yvelaze datvirTul masalas personificirebuli sikvdilis Sesaxeb bebia permaxulas gardacvalebis epizodSi vxvdebiT. es epizodi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, vinaidan masSi detaluradaa aRwerili sulTmobrZavis TvaliT danaxuli gardacvaleba – sulis ganteveba.

xsenebuli epizodis mixedviT, sulTmobrZavi bebia permaxula bodavs. moxucis sityvebiT, mis wasayvanad movida gemi. gemi wiTelia, Savi TasmebiT. meniCbeebi yvelani uxeS Sav qurTukebSi arian gamowyobilni. Tavzec yvelas Savi mandili xuravs. meniCbeebi xmas ar iReben. mxolod uyureben moxucs da niCbebs usvamen. sikvdilis personifikacia mocemul epizodSi, e. w. "sxva", "ucxo" (ν

Άιινο), saWesTan zis da brZanebebs iZleva. gemma gadalaxa napiri da svla xmeleTze ganagrZo. ai, gemi, moxucis sityvebiT, misi saxlis zRurblTan gaCerda! mosuli ucnobi ambobs: "aba, deida, SenTvis movediT, gaemzade da wavideT, gveCqareba!" "aba, Svilo Cemo, raxan CemTvis mosulxarT, codvilisaTvis, ras vizamT..." pasuxobs sulTmobrZavi.16

axloblebisaTvis naTelia, rom moxucs didi dRe aRar uweria:

14 xeze, rogorc mikrokosmosze ix. Элиаде М., Очерки Сравнительного

Рeлигиоведения, пер. с англ., изд. Ладомир, М., 1999, 252. 15 Saunier G, ibid, 361-363. 16 Μπξηβήιεο ., 1949, 345.


322

"mgzavrobisaTvis emzadeba, ambobs sulTmobrZavis SviliSvili, maria. eqimma swored Tqva. am Rames ver gaa-tans".17

am epizodSi sikvdilis personifikaciis saintereso SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme. qarosi saerTod ar aris naxse-nebi. bebia permaxula sikvdils uwodebs: "Ο Άιινο". am sity-vis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa "sxva, meore". aseve aRniSnavs "usamarTlos, borots"18 da "ucxos, ucnobs"19 mocemul epi-zodSi is SesaZloa gagebul iqnas rogorc "ucxo", "ucxo qveynidan mosulis" mniSvnelobiT, aseve rogorc "usamar-Tlo". marTalia, bebia permaxula as aTi wlisaa da Tava-dac aRniSnavs, rom ukve moWama Tavisi dro am qveyanaze. Sesabamisad, usamarTlobad ar Tvlis sakuTar gardacva-lebas, magram zogadad, qarosis usamarTlobis Tema, ro-gorc ukve aRvniSneT, sakmaod xazgasmulia xalxur sity-vierebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZloa, mirivilisic am mniSvnelobiT iyenebs mas. personificirebuli sikvdilis saxelis ar xsenebis mizezi SesaZloa tabu iyos.20

mas, vinc bebia permaxula saiqioSi waiyvana, avtori ar uwodebs qaross. miriviliss aq lesbosisaTvis damax-asiaTebeli samgloviaro ritualis elementebic mohyavs: "laTiosis colma... neStis gverdiT, wesis Tanaxmad, sufTa wyliT savse TeTri Rrma TefSi da qaTqaTa pirsaxoci da-do, raTa miqel-gabriels (ν Σαμηάξρεο), Sav angelozs, ro-

17 ibid. 18 ν άιινο _ usamarTlo, boroti _ Γεκεηξάθνο, Μέγα Λεμηθόλ όιεο ηεο Διιεληθήο

Γιώζζαο, 9 ηόκνη, εθδ. νξγαληζκόο Διιεληθή Παηδεία, Αζήλα 1964, 281. 19 ν άιινο _ чужой, незнакомый – Дворецкий И. Х., Древнегреческо-Русский Словарь,

т. I, II. гос. изд. иностранных и национальных словарей, М. T.1, 1958, 84. aseve esaa pirveli nawili frazisa "ν Άιινο θόζκνο" "sxva samyaro, "miRma samyaro", igive hadesi. TumcaRa hadess Cven mier ganxilul nawar-moebebSi mirivilisi ar axsenebs.

20 am SemTxvevaSi saubaria tabudadebul saxelze. saxelis xsenebasTan dakavSirebuli crurwmenebi warmoadgens pirvelyofili azrovnebis gadmonaSTs da es akrZalvebi vrceldeboda rogorc ubralo mokv-davTa, aseve RmerTebis, mefeebisa da qurumTa saxelebze. sxvadasxva xalxebis tradiciebis mixedviT, akrZalva micvalebulTa saxeleb-zec vrceldeboda. advili SesaZlebelia tabu personificirebuli sikvdilis saxelzec gavrcelebuliyo.

ani Ciqovani

323

melsac kunZulidan micvalebulTa sulebi mihyavs, xmali gaerecxa da gaemSralebina".21

rogorc vxedavT, bebia permaxulas gardacvalebis epizodSi, personificirebuli sikvdili miqel-gabrielad aRiqmeba. sikvdilis mTavarangelozebTan gaigiveba mTeli saberZneTisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, lesbosze ki amas gansakuTrebuli datvirTva aqvs da axsnac moepoveba: uxorco ZalTa mxedarTmTavari ("ν Αξρεζηξάηεγνο"), zeciur ZalTa mTavari – ("Σαμηάξρεο") kunZul lesbosis mfarvelad iTvleba. lesbosze noemberSi didi brwyinvalebiT dResas-wauloben kunZulis mfarvelTa – mTavarangelozTa dRes. noembris Tves ki kunZulze "ai strats", "astratiass"da "astrat’Ross" (Ατ ηξαηο, Αζηξαηηάο da Αζηξάηγνπο

22) uwodeben _ zeciur ZalTa mTavarangelozTa – dResaswaulis gamo.

23

sikvdilis dadgomis qristianul axsnasa da mTava-rangelozis mosvlas ukavSirdeba gardacvaleba "RvTism-Sobeli gorgonas" sxva epizodebSic. ase magaliTad, mox-uci permaxula smaragdesTan saubarSi ambobs: "me movxuc-di, cxovrebaSi bevri gamovcade. kargic bevri vnaxe da be-vri wvalebac gamoviare. yvelafrisaTvis – dideba Sen, RmerTo. ... is ki ara, rom sikvdili mindodes, ara, ufalo, ara. Tavis droze movides zeciur ZalTa Savi mTavarange-lozi. mobrZandes, rodesac misi neba iqneba".24

sicocxlis xelmyofel erT-erT konkretul Zalad "RvTismSobel gorgonaSi" axalberZnuli xalxuri warmod-genebis gorgonac aris dasaxelebuli. amisi magaliTia wyalSi damxrCvali lambisis gugebis gareSe darCenili Tvalebi, rasac win uZRvis bebia permaxulas monaTxrobi imis Sesaxeb, rom gorgonebi, rodesac adamianTagani Seuy-vardebaT, wylis siRrmeSi Seityueben xolme, Tvalebs ac-lian da mZivebad asxmuls atareben. meore mxriv, nawarmoe-bis siuJetidan aSkaraa, rom lambisi smaragdes siyvarulis gamo iklavs Tavs. Tavad smaragde ki nawarmoebSi gorgonas

21 Μπξηβήιεο ., 1949, 357. 22 dialeqturi forma sityvisa – ν Αξρεζηξάηεγνο, zeciur ZalTa mxe-

darTmTavari. 23 Μνιίλνο . Α., Σα Λανγξαθηθά ηνπ Γσδεθάκελνπ, εθδ. Φηιηππόηε, Αζήλα 1993, 118-

120. 24 Μπξηβήιεο ., 1949, 301.


324

personificirebul saxes warmoadgens.25 amave dros, damxrCvali lambisis povnis epizodSi mwerali ubralod aRniSnavs, rom "lambisis quTuToebi carieli iyo, Tvalis gugebi Tevzebs SeuWamiaT".26 amgvarad avtori mkiTxvels utovebs daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas. mwerali ise ostaturad manipulirebs xalxuri warmodgenebidan aRe-buli masaliT, rom uaRresad saintereso, maRalmxatvrul saxeebs qmnis. personificirebuli sikvdilic erT-erT aseT metyvelsa da cocxal saxes warmoadgens.

sikvdilis personifikaciasTan erTad, sainteresoa agreTve stratis mirivilisis nawarmoebebSi gamoyenebuli sikvdilis gamomxatveli sityvebi. erT patara frazaSi mwerali xSirad sulis gantevebis mniSvnelobiT ramdenime sinonims xmarobs. ase magaliTad, gardacvlil Svilze ti-rilisas neranZis uecrad xma moesma. "es iyo zinas winasa-sikvdilo xvelis gamoZaxili. aseT xmebs gamoscemda zina maSin, rodesac angelozebs Seetaka da sulis ganteveba daiwyo".27 am mokle pasaJSi sulis gantevebis mniSvnelobiT sami sityvaa gamoyenebuli - erTi zmna da ori arsebiTi saxeli. sulis gantevebis mniSvnelobis mqone zmna αγγεινθξνύζηεθε sityvasityviT ase iTargmneba: angelozebTan brZola. arsebiTi saxelebi ki ην αθγνκαρεηό - sulis ganteve-ba, winasasikvdilo xvela, da ην ραξνπάιεκα. - sulis ganteve-ba – qarosTan brZola. sulis ganteveba erT SemTxvevaSi angelozebTan brZolad aRiqmeba, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – qarosTan brZolad.

"qarosis mier daCrdiluls" uwodebs mwerali glo-viT mocul saxls: "smaragdes mosvlasTan erTad saxlSi fanjrebidan sicocxle Semodioda da ipyrobda qarosis mier daCrdilul saxls (ην ραξνθζηαγκέλν ζπίηη).

sulTmobrZaobas mwerali sxvaganac "qarosTan brZolas" uwodebs: "neranZi ukanasknel dReSi iyo, qaross

25 sakiTxis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ix: Ciqovani a., "RvTismSobeli

gorgona" da smaragde (stratis mirivilisis "RvTismSobeli gorgonas" mixedviT), pirveli respublikuri samecniero konferenciis Sromebi, quTaisis a. wereTlis sax. saxelmwifo universiteti, Tb. 2003, 145-150.

26 Μπξηβήιεο ., 1949, 448. 27 Μπξηβήιεο ., ibid, 121.

ani Ciqovani

325

ebrZoda (- ραξνπάιεπε)".28 sxva SemTxvevaSi sityvasityviT "sulTmobrZaobas" iyenebs mwerali: ςπρνκαρά.

29

sikvdils mirivilisi "ukan mousvlelsac" uwodebs: (saiT migyavs viri, ekiTxeba varuxosi Zia anestis, romel-sac bexreki, dabrmavebuli, fexebdasiebuli viri kldidan gadasagdebad mihyavda. - ζην Αγύξηζην - ukan mousvlelSi, pa-suxobs anesti.30 anda sxva epizodSi: "vatisi mixvda, rom es yvelaferi iyo bebias mzadeba didi mogzaurobisaTvis, saidanac aravin brundeba. Tanac, marto bebia ki ar wavi-doda. mTeli misi amala gahyveboda ukan mousvlelSi".31

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sulTmobrZaobis mniSvne-lobis mqone es sityvebi mirivilisis gamogonili ki ar gaxlavT, aramed zepirmetyvelebis organuli nawilia. ase esmis berZen xalxs sikvdili, qarosTan brZolad aRiqvams igi sulis gantevebas da amas yvelaze ukeT enaSi arsebuli leqsikuri maragis meSveobiT gamoxatavs.

stratis mirivilisis SemoqmedebaSi sikvdilis per-sonifikacias warmoadgenen: 1) qarosi, 2) mTavarangelozi, 3) Savi gemiT mosuli vinme "ucxo". isini, mxatvruli nawar-moebebis mixedviT, RmerTis, ieso qristes, RvTismSoblis an RvTismSobeli gorgonas neba-survils asruleben.

personificirebuli sikvdili Zvel da axalberZnul miTosur saxeTa Serwymul erTianobas warmoadgens. is er-Ti mxriv qarosia, meore mxriv ki mTavarangelozi miqel-gabrieli.

mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi personificirebuli sikv-dilis warmodgenisas, masalis siWarbiT "RvTismSobeli gorgona" gamoirCeva. am romanSi stratis mirivilisi Tana-bari ostatobiT iyenebs xalxur warmodgenebSi arsebul sulTa megzuris or saxes – ZvelberZnuli qaronis saxec-vlil variants – qarossa da qristianul sulTa gamcile-bels – mTavarangelozs. "arvanel vasilisSi" ki personi-ficirebuli sikvdili warmodgenilia mxolod erTxel – qarosis saxiT, samgloviaro simReris dros. aRniSnuli nawarmoebebis siuJetis qargis ganviTarebaSi personifici-

28 ibid, 191. 29 ibid, 193. 30 ibid, 222. 31 ibid, 348.


326

rebul sikvdils gadamwyveti roli ar eniWeba, is mxolod mxatvruli funqciiTaa datvirTuli.

amgvarad, mirivilisTan sikvdilis personifikaciis pirvelwyaro xalxur cnobierebaSi arsebuli warmodgene-bia, romlebic ZvelberZnul da axalberZnul tradiciebs ukavSirdebian. mwerali ostaturad iyenebs berZeni xalxis cnobierebaSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebul war-modgenebs da literaturul nawarmoebs ganumeorebel xibls sZens.

The Personification of Death and the Image of Charos

in Stratis Mirivilis’ Literary works In the modern Greek myhtology, Charos has acquired a special place

among the images that are believed to lead souls away from life. Charos was

"charged" with the responsibility for people’s death. According to Myrivilis’

literary works, it is Charos who takes people to the other world. As the works

have it, people pass away under the will of God and the one who fulfills the

will is Charos. However, the author does not always call Charos the one who

leads souls. Myrivilis also mentions mourning elements typical for Lesbos:

"Lathyos’ wife ... put a white dish filled with clean water and a snow-white

towel beside the corpse, the way tradition had it, so that Michael-Gabriel, the

Black Angel who takes the souls of the deceased away from the island could

wash and dry his sward".32

In Stratis Myrivilis’ literary texts, death is personified through three

images: 1. Charos, 2. The Archangel, 3. A "stranger" who comes in a black

ship. According to the works, they execute the will of Jesus Christ, of Virgin

and of Virgin Gorgon.

The personified death represents the convergence of ancient and modern

mythical images. It is Charos, on one hand, and the Archangel on the other.

The work that abounds in the images of the personified death is Virgin

Gorgon. It presents the two folk images of the companion of souls – Charos,

the modified version of ancient Greek Charon, and the Archangel – the

companion of Christian souls - with equal skilfulness. The short short novel

Vasilis Arvanitis presents the image of death once only, during the mourning

song – it is the image of Charos. The personified image of death plays no

decisive part in the development of its plot, it has only artistic function.

32 Μπξηβήιεο ., 1949, 357.

ani Ciqovani

327

In Myrivilis’ works, the initial source for personification of death is folk

perceptions of death related to ancient and modern Greek traditions. The

writer skilfully uses the ideas coined throughout centuries in people’s

consciousness and thus attaches irresistable appeal to his prose.


rusudan canava

klitemnestra da oreste

(erTi personaJis saxis interpretaciisaTvis esqiles "qoeforebidan")

oreste sayovelTaod cnobili folkloruli tipi e. w.

"gadagdebuli bavSvia". zogi wyaros mixedviT, igi

Cvilobisas moaSores mamis saxls; zogi versiiT _ cota

mozrdili, 7-8 wlisa. orestes aqvs amosacnobi niSnebi: mis

mosasxamze eleqtram (Aesch. Xoe. 230-2) an kilisam (orestes

ZiZam) amoqarges mxecebi. orestes aqvs naWrilobevi Sublze

(erTi versiiT, bavSvobisas daeca; meoriT _ iremze

nadirobisas daiWra). aqvs agamemnonis beWedi, romelic

pelopsis spilosZvlis beWisgan iyo gakeTebuli. eleqtra

Zmas Tmis kululiTa da nafexuriTac cnobs.1

gamocnaurebis Semdeg qoeforebi orestes uyvebian

klitemnestras sizmars: RmerTebis nebiT, klitemnestras

euwya, rom miwisqveSeTSi masze saSinlad mrisxanebs

romeliRac mokluli:

(Aesch. Xoe. 36-46).

1 orestes niSanTagan pirveli ori _ mxecebi mosasxamze da naWrilobe-

vi _ odisevsis amosacnobi niSnebicaa. nakvalevma, romelic eleq-tram Tavisas Seadara, aristofanes ironia gamoiwvia (Aristoph. Ran.),

magram saqme isaa, rom nafexurisa da xelis anabeWdis msgavseba uZ-velesi droidan iTvleboda genetikuri naTesaobis dadgenis saSu-alebad.

ani Ciqovani

329

esizmra, rom gveli gaaCina, safenebSi Seaxvia bavSviviT

da ZuZuze miisva:

(Xoe. 527. 529. 531). orestem sizmari ase axsna _ me varo gveli:

(Xoe. 549-550). oreste iwyebs saubars SurisZiebaze, romelic unda

ganxorcieldes zevsis nebiT, radgan, Tu "arwivis modgma"

( Xoe. 250) e. i. agamemnonis STamomavloba

gadaSenda, vinRa miuZRvnis RmerTebs samefo Sesawirs?!

SurisZiebaze saubrobs gundic, romelic "sikvdilisTvis

sasikvdilo dartymiT" migebas uZveles adaTad (

. Xoe. 314) miiCnevs.

oreste gakvirvebulia: nuTu qalma, agamemnonis

mkvlelma, ar ifiqra vaJze, romelic moklulisgan hyavda.

vin aris es qali murena (Tevzis saxeoba) Tu eqidna,

romelic kbenis gareSe klavs msxverpls?! klitemnesram _

vaJis dedam _ qaliSvilis sikvdils gadaayola yvelaferi.

agamemnonis saflavTan da-Zmam SeimuSava moqmedebis

gegma da klitemnestras auwyes orestes "daRupvis" ambavi.

r. Slesierma yuradReba miaqcia erT pasaJs esqiles

"qoeforebidan":2 orestes daRupviT "Sewuxebuli"

klitemnestra ambobs:

"

(Aesch. Cho. 698-9). "sanukvari imedi mqonda, rom mSvenier bakqur

dResaswauls [gavmarTavdi]; Sin dabrunebuls [orestes]

siaSi Seviyvandi".

rbilad rom vTqvaT, cota uxerxulia, Svilis daRupvis

gagebisTanave deda sinanuliT ambobs: rom ecocxla, bakqur

dReobas gavumarTavdi da moqalaqeTa siaSi Seviyvandio. am

pasaJis gasagebad saWiroa vicodeT, rogor da ra mizniT

2 Schlesier R. Mixtures of Masks: Maenads as Tragic Models. In Masks of Dionysus. Ithaca

– London 1998.


330

tardeboda saojaxo bakquri dResaswaulebi. am tipis

ritualis detalur aRweras vxvdebiT demosTenes sityvaSi

"ktesifonis dasacavad; gvirgvinis Sesaxeb" raki

analizisaTvis ritualis sxvadasva niuansebze saubari

dagvWirdeba, saWirod mimaCnia, srulad movixmo nawyveti

teqstidan komentariTurT.

demosTene am sityvaSi upirispirdeba Tavis politikur

mowinaaRmdege esqiness, romelic dabali socialuri wris

warmomadgeneli iyo. demosTene mas iqednurad mimarTavs:

Tavisufali moqalaqisTvis Sesaferisad laRad arasodes

gicxovria, patara biWobidan ( ) iZulebuli iyavi

mamas mixmarebodi [mama pedagogi iyo]; kacad rom iqeci

( ) dedas exmarebodi [deda misteriuli

kultis msaxuri iyo]. misteriebis gamarTvisas dedas

wignebs ukiTxavdi ( )

da saerTodac, exmarebodi mas. RamRamobiT irmis tyaviT

Semosili ( )3 krateridan samsxverplo

sasmels usxamdi ( ) da ganwmenddi ( )

xeldasxmisaTvis gamzadebulebs ( ); zeldi

( ) talaxiT (TixiT) ( ) da qatoTi

(anaceriT) ( ); ganwmendis Semdgom wamomdgarT

( ) ayvirebdi "gaveqec borots, vpove

Sveba" ( ). diliT kamiTa ( ) da

TeTri alvis totebiT ( ) xeldamSvenebul am mSvenier

ritualur nakrebs quCebs gauyenebdi. (aq Txroba III pirSi

gadadis) xelSi CabRujul wminda gvelebs (

3 teqsti damowmebulia: Демосфен. За Ктесифонта о венке. Речи в трех томах. Т.

Ш. М. 1999. Demosthenis Opera (Graecae et Latinae). Ed. D. S. Th. Voemelius. P. 1843.

paralelur laTinur teqstSi asea Targmnili: hinnuli pelle indu-

tus. rusulSi ki vkiTxulobT: Обряжал в оленьи шкуры. es adgili SeiZleba orgvarad gavigoT: 1. esqine Tavad irTveboda irmis tyaviT da ise emsaxureboda xeldasxmisaTvis gamzadebulT da 2. inician-tebs exmareboda irmis tyaviT SemosvaSi.

ani Ciqovani

331

) Tavs zeviT iqnevda da yviroda: "evoe sabe". cekva-

cekviT ( ) iZaxda "hues ates" ( ).4

mecnierTa azriT, am epizodSi aRwerilia rituali,

romelic aRmosavluri warmoSobis mistikur RvTaebebs _

sabazioss, dionises eZRvneboda.5 es kultebi Zalian popu-

larulni iyvnen Zv. w.-is IV saukunis aTenSi. amaze demos-

Tene Tavis sxva sityvaSic saubrobs.6 am sakiTxs exeba

platonic "saxelmwifosa"7 da "kanonebSi".8

axla ritualis struqturaze visaubroT:

rituals warmarTavs kultis msaxuri qali, romelsac

ceremoniis procesSi wignebs ukiTxaven (an Tavad kiTxu-

lobs wignebs). erTi cnobiT, qurumebi kultmsaxurebisas

kiTxulobdnen museosis, orfevsis,9 muzebis, selenes10 wig-

nebs da am wignebis mixedviT warmarTavdnen kultmsaxure-

bas. mistikuri swavlebis mTavari mizani iyo borotisagan

ganwmenda.11 ritualis Semdeg etapze tardeboda

msxverplSewirva, rasac mosdevda garToba.

sxvadasxva RvTaebisadmi miZRvnili rituali sxvadasxva

mizans isaxavda. mag. orfikuli rituali saiqioSi moxve-

drili sulebis xsnasa da reinkarnaciis imeds unergavda

ziarebulebs. didi dedisadmi miZRvnili ritualebi nayo-

fierebis matebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili.

4 aq aRwerilia ritualuri cekva, romelic imarTeboda bakqus-atisis

pativsacemad. an aris bakqusisa da sabaziusis (epiTetebi. Trakiul-frigiuli RmerTi sabaziusi gaigivebulia dionisesTan.

5 amave modeliT tardeboda didi deda kibeles da orfevsis ritualebi.

6 Демосфен. О преступном посольстве. XIX, 249, 199. Речи Т. III. Москва1999. 7 Платон. Государство. II, 364 e. Сочинения в 3-х томах. Т. III. Часть 1. Москва 1971. 8 Платон. Законы. X, 909 в. Соч. в 3-х томах. Часть II. Москва 1972. 9 orfevss miewereba 24 simRerisagan Semdgari Teogoniuri poema "wmin-

da sityvebi". am poemidan SemorCenili nawyvetebi gamosca o. kernma Orphicorum fragmenta. Berlin 1922.

10 Платон. Государство. II, 364 e. 11 am wignebis mixedviT, ara marto calkeul adamianebs, xalxsac da mic-

valebulTa sulebsac SeuZliaT xsna da ganwmenda. xsna SeiZleba msxverplSewirviTa da misteriebSi ziarebiT. Платон. Государство. 364е.


332

e. w. ojaxis dioniseebi (anu is, rac aRwerilia demos-

Tenes sityvaSi) iniciaciis ritualebi iyo.

mocemul pasaJSi garkveviTaa naTqvami: "kacad rom iqeci",

mere dedas exmarebodi ritualis warmarTvaSio. aRweril

misteriaSi monawileni irmis tyaviT irTvebodnen.

m. eliadem Seiswavla sxvadasxva xalxebis iniciaciis

ritualebi da daaskvna, rom iniciacia universaluri ada-

Tia; igi yvela tipis sazogadoebaSi dasturdeba. xmelTa-

Sua zRvis auzis adreuli religiuri sistemebis analizis

safuZvelze mkvlevarma sami tipis xeldasxma gamokveTa:

asakobrivi zrdis aRmniSvneli rituali, saidumlo saZ-

moebSi Sesasvleli da mistikuri xeldasxmebi.12

eliades azriT, mas Semdag, rac saberZneTi da romi

"istoriaSi Sevidnen", rogorc Cans, asakobrivi zrdis ri-

tualebma dakarga Tavisi religiuri aura. magram Tu mi-

Tebisa da legendebis mixedviT vimsjelebT, es ritualebi

Zalian popularuli iyo winaistoriul epoqaSi. isto-

riul periodSi ki asakobrivi momwifebis rituali sazo-

gadoebrivi aRzrdis formad iqca, romelic sxva faqto-

rebTan erTad uzrunvelyofda ymawvilis CarTvas samoqa-

laqo sazogadoebis religiur cxovrebaSi yovelgvari

dramatizmis gareSe. eliade ganixilavs ramdenime berZ-

nul miTs, romlebSic kargad Cans asakobrivi iniciaciis

ritualis kvali: magaliTad, Tesevsis Tavgadasavlis mTa-

vari epizodebi: zRvaSi CaZirva, labirinTSi Sesvla da

urCxulTan brZola, ariadnes motaceba. mkvlevari imow-

mebs Janmeris gamokvlevas. Janmeris azriT, Tesevsis bevri

sagmiro saqme uZveles ritualebSi Sedioda, romlebsac

winaistoriul epoqaSi gadiodnen ymawvilebi momwifebis

periodSi.13 iniciaciis ritualis kvals xedaven sayovel-

Taod cnobil spartuli aRzrdis sistemaSi, romelic iT-

valiswinebda tkivilis daTmenasac, martoobasac da SiSis

daZlevasac. aRzrdis spartuli sistema Zalian esadageba

iniciaciis ritualis scenars. magaliTad ymawvilis mTaSi

12 Элиаде М. Тайные общества обряды инициации и посвящения. Киев 2002: 276. 13 Jeanmarie H. Couroi et Couretes. Lille 1939: 323-338.

ani Ciqovani

333

gagzavnis rituali movixmoT. mozards mTaSi ise unda gae-

tarebina erTi weli, rom aravis Sexvedroda. is, vinc

vinmes daenaxveboda, isjeboda.14 sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,

ymawvili -i mTeli weli cxovrobda ise, rogorc

mgeli. mglad gardasaxva, an mgelTan ritualuri mimsgav-

seba SamanTa da meomarTa iniciaciis specipikuri Strixia.15

mistikuri kuretebis saxeebSi SeiZleba xeldasxmis ritu-

alis warmmarTvelebi SevicnoT. isini aswavlidnen ymawvi-

lebs tyeSi nayofis Segrovebas, nadirobas, cekvebs, musi-

kas. aqilevsis Tavgadasavlis zogi momentic SeiZleba

avxsnaT, rogorc gamocda xeldasxmisas: igi aRzarda ken-

tavrma, e. i. tyis saidumloebebs eziara maswavleblis sa-

SualebiT, romelic cxovelTa samyaros ekuTvnoda. aqi-

levss unda gaevlo cecxli da wyali _ gamocdis klasi-

kuri forma. gmirma garkveuli xani gogonebTanac icxovra

gogonas tansacmelSi gamowyobilma. esec xeldasxmis ri-

tualis damaxasiaTebeli komponentia. Janmeris azriT, go-

gonebis xeldasxmis kvali Tesmoforiebis ritualSic

Cans.16 safos gogonaTa jgufebis swavlebis principebic,

eliades azriT, SeiZleba xeldasxmis ritualis gadmonaS-

Tad CaiTvalos.17 erTsqesianTa gaerTianebebSi xSiri yo-

fila urTierTltolva. lesbosuri fenomenis msgavsia

efebTa "doriuli" trfoba. pirvelyofili sazogadoebisaT-

vis aseve damaxasiaTebelia intimuri kavSirebi maswavle-

belsa da aRsazrdels Soris.18

axla nebrisis Sesaxeb visaubroT. tyavis matarebeli

gmirebi anu "tyaosnebi" sxvadasxva xalxis miTebSi gvxvde-

bian es popularuli sakiTxia da amitom aRvniSnavT mxo-

lod imas, rom sxvadasxva cxovelis tyavs sxvadasxva sim-

14 Схолии к "Законам" Платона 633 В. damowmebulia Janmeris dasax wignidan.

gv. 552. aqvea msjeloba "dafarvasa" da likanTropiaze. gv. 540. 15 Элиаде М. Ibid: 278. 16 Jeanmarie H. Ibid: 301. 17 Элиаде М. Ibid: 279. am mosazrebis gamoTqmisas eliade imowmebs Reinhold

Merkelbach. Sappho und ihr Kreis. Philologus. 101. 1957: 1-29. 18 Элиаде М. Ibid: 280.


334

boluri datvirTva aqvs. iniciaciis ritualebSi irmis

(Svlis) tyavs _ nebriss ritualuri funqcia eniWeba.

nebrisis xseneba arc homerosis arc sxva epikosebis

TxzulebebSi ar gvxvdeba. berZnul mwerlobaSi es sityva

SemoaqvT tragikosebs.19 evripide nebriss uwodebs Wrels

(Bacch. 249); (Hel.

1359). nonos panopoleli xSirad saubrobs nebrisze, rad-

ganac misi poemis mTavari gmiri nebriss atarebs. inicia-

ciis ritualic xom dionises ukavSirdeba. amitom nonosis

Semoqmedebis mkvlevarni ver auvlidnen gverds nebrisis

simbolikas. nebrisi nonosTan yovelTvis Wrelia, laqebia-

ni. es ki imas niSnavs, rom igi Svlis tyavisaa da ara irmi-

sa, radgan zrdasruli irmis tyavi kargavs siWreles, erT-

ferovani xdeba. nebrisi muq fonze Ria feris winwklebiTaa

moCiTuli. nebrisis antipodia panteras tyavi, romelsac

nebrisisagan gansxvavebiT, Ria ferze muqi laqebi amSvenebs.

dionise orive tyavs isxams. panteris tyavs igi Tavisi

aRmzrdelis _ rea-kibeles pativsacemad atarebs, rogorc

am qalRmerTis wminda cxovelis insignias.20

irmebi, panterebi da maTi tyavebi nonosTan

mniSvnelovani esTetikuri ideiTaa dakavSirebuli da

dionises kultTan mimarTebaSi moiazreba. Tavis mxriv,

siWreles, Wrels _ erTi mniSvnelovani

datvirTvac aqvs, SeuZlia mters goneba aurios.

r. eisleris azriT, mowinwklulbewviani cxovelis tyavi

cis simboloa da adis orfikul tradiciamde; igi dionises

kultsac ukavSirdeba.21 erT orfikul fragmentSi dionises

qurumis Semosva asea aRwerili:

19 Захарова А. Торшилов Д. Глобус звездного неба. Поэтическая мастерская Нонна

Панополитанского. Санкт-Петербург 2003: 109. 20 erTi versiiT, pantera sxvagvaradac ukavSirdeba dionises. penTevsis

daglejis Semdeg dionises deidebi panterebad gadaiqcnen. amitomac isini erTaderTi cxovelebia, romlebsac Rvino uyvarT. Оппиан. Сyn.

III. 320. Захарова, Торшилов. Ibid:109. 21 Eisler R. Weltenmantel und Himmelzeit. Münich 1910: 102ff.

ani Ciqovani

335

"marjvena mxarze moisxa metad mowinwkluli cxovelis

tyavi, msgavsi cimcima varskvlavebisa kaSkaSa caze".

eislerma yuradReba miaqcia turinSi dacul egvipteli

qurumis statuas, romelsac panteras tyavi aqvs mosxmuli;

tyavi ki varskvlavebiTaa moCiTuli.22

nonosisTvisac nebrisi varskvlaviani cis simboloa:

v (IX. 184-90)

"euosma [dionisem], rogorc ki moizarda da ymawvilad

iqca, sxeuli Seimosa xSirbewviani samosiT; mxarze moisxa

mSvenieri Svlis tyavi _ Wreli, zeciur varskvlavebs

mimsgavsebuli. (nadirebi) frigiis mxareSi mireka panteraTa

sadgomSi, etlSi Seaba moCiTulbewviani leopardebi"...

dionises ymawvilkacobisdroindeli megobari da

sayvareli ampelosi, romelsac (dionises msgavsad) nebrisi

hqonda mosxmuli, msxmoiare vazad gardaisaxa. ase rom,

nonosi vazis simbolikasac nebrisTan akavSirebs. gamodis,

moCiTuli nebrisi (leopardis tyavi), msxmoiare venaxi da

varskvlavovani ca erTi semantikis amsaxveli simboloebia.

axla isev Cvens gansaxilvel epizods davubrundeT

"qoeforebidan". rogorc vnaxeT, bakquri rituali,

romelzec klitemnestra saubrobs, asakobrivi iniciaciis

ritualia. amgvari ritualebi istoriul epoqaSic

imarTeboda saberZneTSi, razec istoriuli da

literaturuli wyaroebi miuTiTeben. CvenTvis cnobilia

asakobrivi iniciaciis sxvadasxva ritualebi rogorc

gogonebisaTvis, ise vaJebisaTvis. ama Tu im asakobrivi

zRurblis gadalaxvis Semdgom iniciants misi axali

statusis Sesabamisad moixseniebdnen:

Sesabamisad,

. cxovelis tyaviT Semosva

22 Ibid: 102-103.


336

iniciaciis ritualis aucilebeli komponenti iyo.

magaliTad, artemis bravronias ritualisas sruldeboda

daTvis cekva, romlis drosac inicianti gogonebi daTvis

tyaviT imosebodnen da am process "arqteins" (gadaTvebas)

uwodebdnen. artemis agroteras dResaswaulze efebebis

iniciacia tardeboda. xeldasxmulni artemiss msxverplad

swiravdnen Txas da samsxverplo Txis tyavs TaviTurT

muxis Wigoze kidebdnen. efebebi am ritualis gavlis

Semdgom "monadire" artemisis mfarvelobidan "meomari"

aTenas gamgeblobaSi gadadiodnen.23 radhardtma gaaanaliza

23 amaze ix. canava r. mdedr RvTaebaTa zogierTi funqciis interpreta-

ciisaTvis miTsa da ritualSi. kreb. Tbilisi 2000. aqve aRv-niSnavT, rom tyaosan gmirebs qarTuli folklori da literatu-rac icnobs. aq tyavis tareba asakobriv iniciacias ar ukavSirdeba. qarTulSi tyaosnobas sxva simboluri datvirTva aqvs. vaJa-fSavelas ganmartebiT, mTaSi gmiris epiTetia "Txistyaviani". ix. va-Ja-fSavela, gmiris ideali fSaur poeziis gamoxatulebiT. Txzule-bani. t. IX. Tbilisi 1964: 83. yvelaze popularuli qarTuli poemis personaJi vefxistyaosani raindia. z. gamsaxurdias azriT, am SemTxvevaSi vefxvis tyavi samefo iniciaciis simboloa, vinaidan da-kavSirebulia SobasTan, xelaxla dabadebasTan. ix. z. gamsaxurdia. vefxistyaosani da wminda giorgis kulti. literaturuli Ziebani. 2. XVII. Tbilisi 1985: 232. zogi mecnieris azriT, vefxvi Zvel qar-TulSi aRniSnavda ara zolebian cxovels, aramed xalebians. anu, Zvel qarTulSi vefxi leopards, panteras erqva. ase fiqroben s. caiSvili da v. imnaiSvili. ix. mamaTa cxovrebani, Tbilisi 1975: 448. leopardis tyavs damcavi funqciac aqvs: atridma erT-erT troels, Teonas qmars, karis zRurblze leopardis tyavi gamoafenina, raTa es saxli berZnebs ar daerbiaT. Грейвс ibid: 518. tyavSi gaxveva ada-mians gansakuTrebul Zalas aniWebs: heraklem aiasi bavSvobaSi Ta-vis lomis tyavSi gaaxvia. Эсхил. Иванов Вяч. Москва 1989: 298. tyavSi ax-veven amirans ix. m. Ciqovani, mijaWvuli amirani, Tbilisi 1948. z. kiknaZe, qarTuli xalxuri eposi, Tbilisi 2001. z. kiknaZe, qarTuli miTologia; jvari da saymo, quTaisi, 1996. CxeiZe r. amiranis Tqmu-leba, Tbilisi, 1991. ferxulSi, romelic "daTo berikaobis" sax-eliTaa cnobili, monawileni daTvis tyavebs isxamdnen. ix. Rukhadze

J. Chitaya G. Festivals and Tradition the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. krebul-Si Cultures. V. N 2. New York 1976: 77-79. iniciaciis ritualis kvals xe-daven qarTul jadosnur zRaparSic. vefxvis, jiqis, leopardis, lomis tyavebs atarebdnen aRmosavluri da berZnuli (agreTve sxva xalxebis) cnobili gmirebi. am tyavebsac saintereso ritualuri funqcia aqvT. ix. canava r. androginidan saSinelebaTa qalRmer-

ani Ciqovani

337

ritualebi, romelTa saSualebiT xdeboda pirovnebis

CarTva calkeul socialur jgufSi.24 berZenTa RmerTebs

Zala SeswevdaT, ritualis saSualebiT moexerxebinaT

adamianTa integracia socialur wesrigsa da ierarqiaSi.

arc erTi politikuri mniSvnelobis movlena an saqme ar

mTavrdeboda msxverplSewirvis gareSe.25

axalgazrda sruluflebian moqalaqed, kacad ( )

iTvleboda 18 wlis asakidan. swored 18 wlis kaci

SehyavdaT demis siaSi da am droidan eZleoda mas

moqalaqis uflebebi. antikuri wyaroebis mixedviT da

mecnierTa gamoangariSebiT, argosSi dabrunebuli oreste

18 wlis unda yofiliyo. Tu yvelafers SevajamebT,

gasagebi gaxdeba klitemnestras sityvebis azri: oreste

rom dabrunebuliyo, mSvenier bakqur dResaswauls

gavumarTavdi da iniciaciis Semdgom, anu misi -ad

qcevis Semdgom, moqalaqeTa siaSi Seviyvandi, srul

uflebebs miiRebdao. rogorc Cans, klitemnestras SeeZlo,

Tavad Caetarebina iniciaciis rituali. Tu yvelaferi ise

warimarTeboda, rogorc iniciaciis ritualis warmmarTvel

klitemnestras surda, e. i. Tu inicianti oreste mis nebas

dahyveboda, moixsneboda konfliqti deda-Svils Soris;

klitemnestras aRar eqneboda momavali SurisZiebis SiSi.

es iyo agamemnon _ klikemnestrasa da klitemnestra _

orestes (// eleqtras) dapirispirebis mSvidobianad

ganmuxtvis erTaderTi gza. swored amaze gamoTqva

sinanuli klitemnestram im sityvebiT, romelic zemoT

movixmeT. es erTi SexedviT nakleb mniSvnelovani pasaJi,

romelsac SeiZleba arc ki miaqcio yuradReba, Cvulebrivi

mkiTxvelis an literaturaTmcodnis Tvalsawieridan

klitemnestras gulqvaobaze mianiSnebs; ritualis kuTxiT

Tamde _ samsaxovani hekate. krebulSi "argonavtika da msoflio kultura". Tbilisi 1999.

24 Rudhardt J. Notions fondamentales de la pensee religieuse et actes constitutifs du culte

dans la Crece classique. Geneva 1958: 258; 294. 25 Detienne M. Pratiques culinaires et esprit de sacrifice. In: La cuisine du sacrifice. 1979: 10-11.

Vernant J. P. Religion grecque, religions antiques. Paris. 1976: 30-31. Vernant J. P. Myth and

society in Ancient Greece. 1980: 100-101.


338

Tu SevxedavT, aq sakmaod Rrma azri da konfliqtis

mogvarebis klitemnestraseuli xadvaa gacxadebuli.

aris Tu ara klitemnestras dakavSireba bakqur

ritualTan, Tundac iniciaciasTan, tragediis avtorTa

mier am personaJisTvis Sematebuli axali Strixi?! saqme

isaa, rom miuxedavad azrTa sxvaobisa, Tanamedrove

mecnierTa didi nawili tragediebs mWidrod akavSirebs

dionisesTan. diskusia tragediisa da dionises

urTierTmimarTebis Taobaze, sxvadasxva mecnieruli

mosazrebebi am sakiTxze warmodgenilia r. Slesieris

zemoT dasaxelebul statiaSi.26 Slesieri iziarebs

Tvalsazriss, rom tragedia dionises kultisa da

ritualisgan aRmocenda. metic, misi azriT, dionise,

rogorc metafora, "moqmedebs" im dramebSic, romelTa

siuJetebsac araferi aqvT saerTo dionisesTan. dionisuri

suli dramis personaJebSia Casaxlebuli. Slesieris azriT,

klitemnestra dionisuri suliskveTebis personaJia, igi

menadaa. menada ki, Tavis mxriv, antikuri dramis erT-erTi

centraluri saxe, tragikuli modelia. am modelSi

aSkarad ikiTxeba dionisuri niSan-Tvisebebi.27

Slesieri ikvlevs, vin da ra mizeziT iwvevs "manias".

maniis gamomwvevi RmerTia dionise. homerosidan

mokidebuli, es erTmniSvnelovnadaa aRiarebuli. homerosi

dionises -s uwodebs (Il. VI. 132). amasve adasturebs

herodote (IV, 79). sigiJis gamowveva dionises garda sxva

RmerTebsac SeeZloT _ aress, heras, afrodites, apolons.

adamianis Wkuidan gadayvana SeeZlo micvalebulis sulsac.

mag. klitemnestras suli aqezebs eriniebs orestes

winaaRmdeg da iwvevs orestes gagiJebas. polidorosis

suli iwvevs dedis – hekabes menadur gaSmagebas (Eur. Hec.).28

Tvlian, rom menadis tragikuli modelis Canasaxi epikur

26 Schlesier R. Mixtures of Masks: Maenads as Tragic Models. Ithaca-London 1998. 27 Ibid: 92-99. 28 Ibid: 99.

ani Ciqovani

339

poeziaSi gvxvdeba.29 magaliTad, andromaqe, romelmac jer

ar icis, rom heqtori moklulia, magram esmis hekabes

samgloviaro moTqma, sasaxleSi menadis msgavsad daqris (Il.

XXII, 460-61). menadas emsgavseba demetre, rodesac persefone

dabrunda hadesidan; igi "daqris, rogorc menada" (Hom.

Hymn. Dem. 386). tragediis menaduri modeli gansxvavdeba

epikurisagan. Tu eposSi gmirebis ganwyobilebis mkveTri

cvalebadoba (peripetia, metabola) menadur gaSmagebas

iwvevs, tragediaSi situacia mZafrdeba. tragediis menadebi

mkvlelebi arian. zemoT Cven SevecadeT gagveanalizebina

klitemnestras mier agamemnonis mkvleloba da

dagvesabuTebina, rom es iyo ritualuri msxverplSewirva.

msxverplSewirvis procesSi Semwirvelis (qurumis)

fsiqikuri mdgomareoba Zalian hgavs menadur aRtyinebas

(ix. qveTavi "risxva").

evripides versiiT, klitemnestra da egisTosi mokles

heras argosuli dResaswaulis mesame dRes, qalwulTa

msvlelobis dawyebamde. egisTosi emzadeboda herasTvis

xaris Sesawirad. orestem egisTosi imave najaxiT mokla,

romliTac egisTosma xars waagdebina Tavi.

egisTosis mokvlas orestes mier yvela versia aRiarebs.

rac Seexeba klitemnestras, zogi wyaro ar adasturebs,

rom klitemnestra orestem mokla. magaliTad, parosis

qronikasa da homerosis poemebSi amaze araferia naTqvami.

serviusis "eneidas" komentarebSi ki vkiTxulobT, rom

orestem egisTosi mokla da deda ki sasamarTlos gadasca

(XI, 268).

berZeni tragikosebi klitemnestras mkvlelobas

orestes miaweren. esqile araerTgzis ambobs, rom RmerTebi

mas daemuqrnen saSineli sasjeliT, Tu zevsis nebas ar

Seasrulebda.

29 Seaford R. Dionysus as Destroyer of the Household: Homer, Tragedy and Polis. In

"Masks of Dionysus". Ithaca-London 1998: 101-2.


340

Rusudan Canava

Clytemnestra and Orestes

After Agamemnon was killed, the only problem that Clytemnestra

thinks and worries about is Orestes. When she is informed of the death of

Orestes she says: "I cherished hope to hold a wonderful bacchian festivity and

enlist him [Orestes] on his homecoming" (Aesh. Cho. 698-9). These words of

the mother, reacting at the news of her son’s death, to say the least, sound a

bit out-of-place. The analysis of the passage shows that a youth could enjoy

the civil rights completely, i.e. included in the list of demi and become αλήξ –

i.e. a man – after he reached 18. According to classical sources and calcula-

tions of researches, Orestes should have been 18 after he returned to Argos.

Putting these details together, Clytemnestra’s words acquire a specific mean-

ing, and they signify an initiation ritual that had to take place after the end of

the bacchian festivity and a ritual of initiation. The latter should make the

youth an " ", proclaiming him a rightful member of citizens’ community.

We can assume that Clytemnestra was ready to carry out the ritual, and in

case everything would develop in the course she envisaged, i.e. Orestes being

obedient to her will, the conflict between the mother and her son would be

eliminated, Clytemnestra would feel free from the fear of awaiting vengeance,

and the whole situation would prove the story represented the only way to

soften up and pacify the confrontation.

ani Ciqovani

341


342


qeTevan cincaZe

berZnuli ganmanaTleblobis specifikisaTvis

meCvidmete-meTvramete saukuneebSi evropa axalma ideurma mimdinareobam, ganmanaTleblobam moicva. es mo-Zraoba inglisSi warmoiSva, safrangeTSi ganviTarda da Semdeg danarCen evropaSic gavrcelda. ganmanaTlebloba saxelmwifo Tu sulieri cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferos Seexo da didi roli iTamaSa evropis istoriuli ganviTa-rebis axal etapze gadayvanisaTvis. man Suasaukuneebis sxvadasxva dogmebiT SezRuduli cxovrebisagan Tavis daR-weva da axali, tradiciuli codnisagan gansxvavebiT, cxo-vrebiseul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobil swavlebaTa gavr-celeba daisaxa miznad. es sakmaod optimisturi mimdina-reoba uwinaresad masebis ganaTlebaze zrunavs da am saq-meSi upiratesobas cocxal erovnul enebs aniWebs. aviTa-rebs Tavisufal kritikul kvlevas, iwyebs samyaros fizi-kur Seswavlas, acxadebs rjulSemwynareblobas da, rac umTavresia, TiToeul adamianSi eZebs pirovnebas _ afasebs individualizms. amgvarad, ganmanaTlebloba im droindel evropaSi garkveulwilad revoluciuri tendenciebis mata-rebeli mimdinareobacaa da safrangeTis, ganmanaTleblobis am umniSvnelovanesi keris magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT, re-voluciiT sruldeba kidec.1

am saerTo evropul mimdinareobaSi CarTuli aRmoCnda saberZneTic. Tumca unda SevniSnoT, rom berZnuli ganmanaTlebloba zogierT Taviseburebas gviCvenebs

1 revoluciiT sruldeba saberZneTSic, magram es ar niSnavs, rom ganmanaT-

leblobas aucileblad unda mohyves revolucia. cota sxvagvaria viTa-reba ganmanaTleblobis samSobloSi inglisSi, aq es moZraoba ukve momx-dari 1688 wlis saxelmwifo gadatrialebis logikur gagrZelebad iqca, Tumca unda RvniSnoT, rom mainc revoluciuri suliskveTebis matarebe-lia


344

dasavleT evropul ganmanaTleblobasTan mimarTebaSi da am naSromis mizanic swored am TaviseburebaTa gamovlena da maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis analizia.

dasavleT evropasTan SedarebiT saberZneTSi ganmanaTlebloba odnav mogvianebiT iwyeba da daaxloebiT meTvramete saukunis Sua xanebiT TariRdeba. meti sizustisaTvis SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom ukve 1709 wlidan berZnul samyaroSi ganmanaTleblobis gavrcelebisaTvis xelsayreli niadagi mzaddeba, xolo 1774 wlidan es axali moZraoba aq myarad ikidebs fexs. pirveli TariRi TurqeTis sulTnis mier misi imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali zogierTi olqis meTaurad fanariotTa2 wreebidan gamosul berZenTa daniSvnas ukavSirdeba. am faqtis wyalobiT es olqebi naxevrad damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad yalibdebian da dasavleTidan wamosul impulsebsac daubrkoleblad Rebuloben. meore TariRi ki cnobili quCuk-kainarjis zavis dadebiT ganisazRvreba. am zavma berZeni xalxis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana. misi umTavresi monapovari isaa, rom berZnul savaWro xomaldebs saSualeba miecaT rusuli droSis qveS Tavisuflad ecuraT TurqTa mier kontrolirebad wylebSic, ramac TavisTavad vaWrobis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. ekonomikuri keTildReoba ki dasavleT evropuli ganmanaTleblobisTvisac erTerTi mTavari winapirobaa. rom ara jer kidev aRorZinebis epoqaSi dawyebuli savaWro globalizacia, SeiZleba evropaSi arc ki Seqmniliyo xelsayreli pirobebi ganmanaTleblobis, rogorc saerTo evropuli mimdinareobis CamoyalibebisaTvis. ekonomikuri keTildReobis mniSvnelovnebaSi kidev erTxel davrwmundebiT, Tu Tvals gadavavlebT ganmanaTleblobis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs. vnaxavT, rom garda sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisa, isini sxva, ZiriTadad vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobiTac iyvnen

2 konstantinopolis erT-erTi uZvelesi gareubania fanari, sadac XVII sau-

kunis dasawyisidan marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sapatriarqom da masTan dakavSirebulma berZenma didebulebma daides bina. cota mogvianebiT am ubnis mcxovreblebs, ZiriTadad swavlulebsa da saeklesio moRvaweebs, fanariotebi ewodaT.

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dakavebulni. magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia berZnuli ganmanaTleblobis centraluri figuris adamantios koraisis gaxsenebac. rogorc CvenTvisaa cnobili, axalgazrda koraisi amsterdamSi, maSindeli evropis erT-erT savaWro centrSi, swored savaWro xelovnebis dasaufleblad Cavida. Tumca iq ganmanaTleblobis ideebma gaitaca da paralelurad humanitarul mecnierebaTa Seswavlasac mihyo xeli.

zemoT fanariotebi vaxseneT da aRvniSneT, rom saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi maTi uSualo gamoCeniT daiwyo dasavluri cxovrebis wesisa da ideebis farTo gavrceleba Turquli imperiis calkeul regionebSi. amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirveli ganmanaTleblebic swored fanariotTa wreebidan gamosuli sazogado moRvaweebi arian. am ganaTlebulma adamianebma Tavidanve miiqcies Turquli saxelwifos meTaurebis yuradReba. fanaris, mravalmxriv ganswavluli da ucxo enebis mcodne, mkvidrni Tavdapirvelad sulTnis karze umniSvnelo TanandebobebiT kmayofildebian, droTa ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovan diplomatiur misiebsac udgebian saTaveSi, meTvramete saukunis dasawyisisaTvis ki, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, calkeuli olqebis mmarTvelebadac ki iniSnebian. ukve naxevrad damoukidebeli saxelwifoebis saTaveebSi myofni cdiloben, TavianTi sasaxlis karze dasavlurad ganswavluli adamianebi Semoikribon da maTi saxelmwifoebi dasavlur yaidaze moawyon. aqedan gamomdinare, raRa Tqma unda, TandaTanobiT dasavleT evropaSi mimdinare procesebis ferxulSic erTvebian da iq gabatonebuli ideebi Turquli imperiis batonobaSi myofi aRmosavleTis sinamdvileSic gadmoaqvT. ganmanaTleblur ideebTan fanariotebis daaxloebas xeli 1714 wels dadebulma rastanis zavmac Seuwyo, romlis Tanaxmadac diplomatiis enad franguli gamocxadda. TavisTavad diplomati fanariotebisaTvis ukve savaldebuloc ki xdeba franguli enis Seswavla, safrangeTi ki am droisaTvis, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ganmanaTleblobis ZiriTad keradaa qceuli da danarCeni evropis sulier cxovrebas gansazRvravs. ufro metic, franguli ena berlinisa da peterburgis akademiebSi ZiriTad saswavlo enad cxaddeba. amdenad, Zneli ar unda iyos imis mixvedra,


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Tu raoden mniSvnelovani unda yofiliyo im dros TiTqmis absolutur izolaciaSi myofi berZnobisaTvis franguli enis saSualebiT zogad evropul procesebTan ziareba.

daaxloebiT amgvaria viTareba, rodesac saberZneTSi fexs ikidebs ganmanaTlebloba da, Cveni azriT, berZnuli ganmanaTleblobis erTerTi upirvelesi Taviseburebac am istoriul-politikuri mdgomareobiTaa ganpirobebuli. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT imdroindel evropas da Semdeg saberZneTs davubrundebiT, erT arsebiT sxvaobas davinaxavT am or samyaros Soris: Tuki ganmanaTleblobis dasavleT evropul kerebze, rogorc calkeul damoukidebel saxelmwifoebze, SegviZlia saubari, imaves ver vityviT saberZneTzec, miuxedavad imisa, rom es mSvenieri qveyana evropuli civilizaciis akvnad iTvleba da didebuli warsuli aqvs. TviT saxelwodeba saberZneTic (ε Διιάδα) ki am droisaTvis pirobiTia da saberZneTi, rogorc calke saxelmwifo ar arsebobs. igi erTiani Turquli imperiis Semadgeneli nawilia da maSin, roca danarCeni evropa ganmanaTleblobis meSveobiT Suasaukuneebis feodaluri marwuxebisagan cdilobs gaTavisuflebas, berZnuli ganmanaTleblobis winaSe sul sxva miznebi isaxeba _ man eri Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad brZolisaTvis unda moamzados da am saqmeSi misi sulieri winamZRoloba ikisros. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom franguli ganmanaTleblobiTa da revoluciiT STagonebuli berZeni ganmanaTlebeli riRasi revoluciuri ideebis erT-erT pirvel mqadagebladac iTvleba. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saintereso cnobebi gvaqvs agreTve kostantinopolSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sesaxebac. vgebulobT, rom adgilobriv didgvarovanTa ojaxebi, romelTac saSualeba hqondaT SvilebisaTvis evropeli maswavleblebi daeqiravebinaT, upiratesobas frangebs aniWebdnen, bavSvebs revoluciuri suliskveTebiT gazrdiano. amgvarad, ganmanaTleblobam berZnul sinamdvileSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis momzadeba da saberZneTisaTvis evropaSi Rirseuli adgilis damkvidrebisaTvis brZolac itvirTa. miT umetes, rom aRorZinebis periodidan dawyebuli daintereseba

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antikurobiTa da Zveli saberZneTiT im droindel evropaSi jer kidev ar iyo ganelebuli da, ufro metic, nel-nela axali saberZneTic evropelTa interesebis sferoSi eqceoda; mTel evropaSi antikurobiT aRtaceba da antikuri elementebis nakadi TiTqmis yvelgan da yvelaferSi igrZnoboda, mecnierebaSi, xelovnebaSi, modaSi, evropelebi Tanamedrove berZnebsac am didebul warsulTan aigivebdnen da maT gansakuTrebuli pativiT Rebulobdnen. magaliTad, parizSi ritorTa erT-erT Sekrebaze sityviT iq myofi berZnuli warmoSobis mWevrmetyvelic unda gamosuliyo. auditoriaSi gansakuTrebuli siwynare moiTxoves da momxsenebeli ase waradgines _"axla aristidesa da miltiades STamomavali isaubrebs". amgvari viTareba, ra Tqma unda, berZenTa pativmoyvareobas asazrdoebda da TviTdajerebulobas hmatebda maT. berZnebma irwmunes sakuTari Tavis da aRmosavleTis uRlis qveS gatarebuli ramdenime saukunis Semdeg Tavi namdvil evropelebad aRiqves. dasavleTis gavleniT Tavadac daiwyes sakuTari warsulis saguldagulod Seswavla. antikur teqstebs cocxal salaparako enaze Targmnidnen da komentarebis darTviT gamoscemdnen. am periodidan daiwyes istoriuli naSromebis werac da manamde arsebuli qronografosTa mier dawerili istoriebis safuZvelze, romlebic ZiriTadad romelime garkveuli periodis mimoxilviT Semoifargleboda xolme, saberZneTis istoriis erT mTlianobaSi moqceva scades. imdenad mkveTri iyo warsuliT berZnebis daintereseba, rom zogierTi ojaxi sagvareulo saxelsac ki icvlis antikuri stilis saxeliT (ase magaliTad kalmukosebi kalimaxisebi gaxdnen, birikosebi ki embirikosebi),3 xSir SemTxvevaSi ki Svilebs antikuri periodis cnobili pirovnebisa Tu romelime miTologiuri gmiris saxelebs arqmevdnen. amaSi TiTqos ucnauri araferia, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, saberZneTi marTlmadidebluri tradiciebis mtkice mimdevari iyo am religiis gavrcelebis dRidanve da am tradiciebis Tanaxmad, yvelaferi, rac warmarTobis droindel saberZneTs ukavSirdeboda, uaryofili iyo. axla ki am warmarTul saxelebs naTlobis dros eklesiaSic ki

3 Γεκαξάο Κ. Θ., Νενειιεληθόο Γηαθνηηζκόο, ζ. 59, Αζήλα 1993.


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anaTlavdnen bavSvebs. rom es marTlac Zalzed ucnauri da TiTqmis revoluciuri siaxle iyo, ioaninis cnobili batonis, ali-faSas sityvebic mowmobs _ "Tqven, berZnebs, raRac didi gaqvT azrad. Svilebs aRar anaTlavT saxelad ianiss, petross, kostass, aramed arqmevT leonidass, Temistokles, aristides. namdvilad raRacas amzadebT".

saberZneTi imdenad gaitaca sakuTar warsulze fiqrma, rom male aman TviTidentifikaciis gaorebac ki gamoiwvia da berZnebi arCevanis winaSe aRmoCdnen: Tavi an Tanamdrove evropelebad unda aReqvaT, an warsuls mibrunebodnen da mWidrod dakavSrebodnen mas. saintereso mowmoba gvaqvs 1798 wlis konstantinopolidan; Tu ki manamde frangi maswavlebeli yvela SeZlebuli ojaxisaTvis sasurveli iyo, axla zogierTi didebulis ojaxs isini Sinidan gaugdia da Svilebis aRzrda tradiciuli xalxuri meTodebiT gaugrZelebia.4 sityva ganaTlebaze Camovarda da unda aRvniSnoT, rom berZnuli ganmanaTleblobis kidev erTi Tavisebureba ganaTlebasa da swavlebis enas ukavSirdeba.

rogorc aRvniSneT, ganmanaTleblobis mTavari sazrunavi masebis ganaTlebaa da, dasavleTis msgavsad, saberZneTSic am moZraobis umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenlebi upirvelesad am sakiTxiT interesdebian. maT winaSe uwinares yovlisa ganaTlebis enasTan dakavSirebuli problema wamoiWra. dasavleTSi es sakiTxi gacilebiT martivad mogvarda, vidre saberZneTSi, rameTu iq ganmanaTleblobis uSualo gavleniT erovnulma enebma ucxo elementi, laTinuri ena Caanacvles. rac Seexeba saberZneTs, aq sakiTxi cota sxvagvarad dgas, aq gabatonebulia ara romelime ucxo ena, aramed Tavad berZenTa winaprebis, erT dros civilizaciis umaRles safexurze mdgomi Zveli berZnuli ena. dasavleTidan wamosuli impulsebisa Tu adgilze Seqmnili viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, berZenma ganmanaTleblebmac scades enis sakiTxis mogvareba, Tumca es mcdeloba did dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda da Sedegad "enis sakiTxis" saxeliT cnobili istoriuli movlena miviReT. ganmanaTleblebi, ra Tqma unda, sakiTxis praqtikul

4 iqve gv 19

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gadwyvetas cdiloben da am mcdelobas TvalnaTliv dimitrios katarZisis pozicia gamoxatavs, ganmanaTleblobis es uTvalsaCinoesi warmomadgeneli did pativs miagebs ra warsuls, ambobs, rom warsulidanac da dasavleTidanac samagaliTo unda iyos calkeuli elementebi, magram eris ganaTlebisaTvis umTavresi misTvis gasageb, cocxal enaze dawerili wignebia. katarZisis pozicias iziarebdnen "axali geografiis" avtorebi _ konstantasi da filipidisic; isini SeniSnaven: zogierTi Cveni Tanamemamulis pozicia moxucebulis sibrmaves hgavs, cxvirwin arsebul ganZs ver xedavs da Sors iyurebao.5 aseT gancxadebebs maSinve gamouCdnen mowinaaRmdegeebi, konservatuli Sexedulebebis mqone mwignobrebi, romelTaTvisac Zveli berZnuli ena idealia da garda am enisa, sxva arc erT enas cnoben saliteraturo enad. (mag. stefanos komitasi da neofitos dukasi, romlebic TavianT naSromebs mxolod Zvel berZnulad weren). amasobaSi e. w. Semrigebluri TeoriiT asparezze gamodis ganmanaTleblobis kidev erTi uTvalsaCinoesi warmomadgeneli adamantios koraisi. Tavdapirvelad koraisi upiretesobas cocxal, salaparako enas aniWebda, magram mogvianebiT man pozicia Seicvala da axali Teoria SesTavaza berZnul sazogadoebas. misi Teoriis Tanaxmad, enis struqtura Tanamedrove salaparako enam unda gansazRvros, leqsika ki gaiwmindos yovelgvari ucxo elementisagan da ideals, Zvel berZnul enas miuaxlovdes. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ganmanaTleblobam asparezi yvela sferoSi individualizms dauTmo, aseTma Tavisuflebam ki Tavi enasTan dakavSirebul msjelobebSic iCina, TiToeuli Teoriis mimdevarTa Sorisac ki azrTa sxvadasxvaoba Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. ase daemarTa koraisis Semrigeblur Teoriasac. Sedegad ki cota mogvianebiT berZnulma samyarom xelovnurad Seqmnili ena e.w kaTarevusa miiRo.

rogorc vnaxeT, berZnuli ganmanaTlebloba garkveulwilad dilemis winaSe aRmoCnda: erTis mxriv dasavluri progresulobis xibli, meores mxriv ki Tavad saberZneTis warsuli idga. vfiqrobT amgvari viTareba

5 Γξ. Κσλζηαληάο , Γαλ.Φηιηππίδεο, Νεσηεξηθή Γενγξαθία, ζ. 44, Δξκήο.


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sakmaod obieqturma mizezebma gamoiwvia; ganmanaTleblobas evropaSi win aRorZinebis epoqa uZRoda, romelic logikurad gadaizarda am axal mimdinareobaSi, berZnul sinamdvileSi ki aRorZinebas iseTi saxiT, rogoric mas dasavleTSi hqonda ar uarsebia. saubroben e. w. paleologosebis periodis aRorZinebaze bizantiur wlebSi, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi termini cota gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba da aRorZinebis im gansazRvrebas ar Seesabameba, romelic am terminiT aRniSnul istoriul periods gamoxatavs. dasavluri aRorZineba, mimdinareoba, romelic saTaves Sua saukuneebSi iRebs, saerTod cxovrebis wesis kompleqsur cvlilebas gulisxmobs da sulierebasTan erTad ekonomikur, sazogadoebriv Tu politikur sferoebsac moicavs, amgvari masStabebis cvlilebebi ki bizantiur da miT umetes Turquli imperiis farglebSi myofi berZnobis cxovrebaSi ar ganxorcielebula. aRorZinebis ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi vaWrobis ganviTareba da misTvis saerTaSoriso xasiaTis SeZena, tipografiis amuSaveba da amis Sedegad Zveli teqstebis gavrceleba, da, rac mTavaria, Zveli samyaros idealisaken yuradRebis mipyrobaa. maSin, roca dasavleT evropa aRorZinebis ideebiT suldgmulobs da antikurobis yvela gamovlinebiT aRfrTovanebas ver malavs, Turqul batonobaSi myofi saberZneTi yofiTi problemebiTaa dakavebuli da mxolod TviTgadarCenisaTvis zrunavs. amdenad, saberZneTi ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi aRorZinebis periodis gamotovebiT, am sicarielis xelovnurad amovsebis gziT Sevida da is, rac aRorZinebis periodSi evropam ukve gamoiara, saberZneTSi ganmanaTleblobis paralelurad amuSavda. yovelive aman ki gaoreba gamoiwvia ganmanaTleblobis evropul moZRvrebasa da antikur memkvidreobas Soris da am gaorebas ufro amZafrebs is faqti, rom berZnebi antikurobis uSualo memkvidreni arian.

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom berZnuli ganmanaTleblobis Taviseburebani ZiriTadad berZeni eris im droindeli saerTo mdgomareobiT ganisazRvreba da es Taviseburebani SegviZlia ase CamovayaliboT:

berZnuli ganmanaTlebloba evropulTan SedarebiT ufro gvian iwyeba;

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evropulisagan gansxvavebiT mas win ar uZRvis aRorZineba da erTgvarad xelovnuri gziT uwevs am sicarielis Sevseba;

eris ganaTlebaze zrunvisas mwvave diskusiebs iwvevs enasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, radgan dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT cocxali eniT aq ara ucxo, aramed winaprebis ena unda Canacvldes;

da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic damoukidebel erTeulebs warmoadgenen da axali moZraobis saSualebiT Suasaukuneebisagan Tavisufldebian, berZnuli ganmanaTleblobisaTvis eris ganaTlebaze zrunva, misi erovnuli TviTgamoRviZebisa da TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis dasawyebadaa saWiro.

Ketevan Tsintsadze

For the Peculiarities of the Greek Enlightment

Greek Enlightment to compare with West European has some pecu-

liarities. Greek Enlightment begins later than Western European.

In difference from the European Enlightment it’s not leaded by Re-

naissance and has to fill this emptiness by artificial ways.

The questions connected with the Language are arisen while caring of

national education. It is quite different from Europe, where Latin language

was changed by national languages. In Greece the spoken language had to

replace the ancestor’s langige.

The main point is that in difference from European countries, which

are independent unites and are getting rid of Middle Ages dogmata, Greek

enlightment has to care of national education and prepare the conditions for

the national liberation.


352


ana xaranauli xanmeti fragmentebi bibleistikis konteqstSi

qarTuli bibliis Seswavla septuagintas teqstis dadgenis konteqstSi jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi daiwyo

Holmes and Parsons-is gamocemasTan1 dakavSirebiT. gamocema 300 berZnul xelnawers, mamaTa TxzulebebSi dacul bibliis citatebsa da Zvel Targmanebs efuZneboda. am ukanasknelTa Soris iyo qarTuli bibliis moskovuri gamocema, romelsac alteri da holmsi vatikanuri kodeqsidan momdinare Editio Romana-sTan axlo mdgom, slavuris mixedviT nasworeb versiad miiCnevdnen. amrigad, qarTuli biblia imTaviTve CaerTo mecnieruli kvlevis im jaWvSi, romelmac septuagintasa da misi Targmanebis Seswavla dRemde Zalian maRal donemde moiyvana.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi marma Semoabruna qarTuli bibliis dednis kvlevis mimarTuleba da igi sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstSi moaqcia: qarTuli Targmani septuagintas teqstis dasadgenad ki ara, Cvenamde armoRweuli siriuli bibliis teqstis istoriisTvis mniSvnelovan Zeglad gamoacxada: "До сих пор не только в общей

научной литературе, но и в тесном кругу спецалистов грузиноведов и

арменистов, по существу, продолжает господствовать мнение, что

древние армянский и грузинские переводы св. Писания представляют

целиком или полностью простой перевод греческого текста. До сих пор

изследователи греческого текста Cв. Писания мнят найти в названных

переводах один из источников для поддержания или восстановления

подлинных чтений LXX... До сих пор предполагается, что оба эти

перевода, и армянский и грузинский, не являются важными

источниками, исключительними по значению, для истории сирийской

версии Cв. Писания, также не дошедшей до нас. Всѐ это на самом деле

не так".2 qarTuli bibliis genezisis mariseuli sqema aseTia:

ebrauli biblia Targumi* vetus Syra* vetus Armena*

svanuri* qarTuli.

1 Holmes, Parsons, Vetus Testamentum Graecorum cum variis lectionibus, 1798-1827. 2 Марр Н., Заметки по текстам Cв. Писания в древних переводах армян и грузин (I),

Христианский Восок, т. II, вып. II, 163.

355

ufro vrclad am sqemis Sesaxeb, romelmac faqtiurad erTi saukunis manZilze gansazRvra damokidebuleba bibliis qarTuli Targmanebisadmi: maris azriT, bibliis qarTuli teqsti warmoadgens somxuridan svanuris kiloze, "somexur"-ze3 anda, rogorc igi sxvagan wers, "svanur enaze"4 Sesrulebuli Targmanis TandaTanobiT gaqarTulebul variants. oRond es somxuri dedani ar aris Cvenamde moRweuli somxuri teqsti, igi somxuri Targmanis arqetipia, dawerili haiur enaze, romelic nel-nela SeeTvisa somxuri enis leqsikasa da normebs.5 aqedan, rogorc maris zogi gamonaTqvamidan Cans, ganviTarda CvenTvis cnobili vulgata, romelic ukve indoevropuli enis teqsts warmoadgens da berZnulTanaa daaxloebuli. Tavad es vulgata mars ara Tu ar miaCnia V saukuneSi Targmnil teqstad, aramed Tvlis, rom "marTlac uZveles somxur teqstebs igi gacilebiT ufro metadaa moSorebuli, vidre oSkuri xelnaweris qarTuli versiebi".6

gaqarTulebul svanur teqstebad mari im teqstebs Tvlis, romlebic adiSis saxarebaSi, oSkur xelnawersa da baqaris moskovur bibliaSia Semonaxuli,7 "naxevradsvanur govorze" daweril versiad ki ieremias xanmeti fragmentis teqsts miiCnevs da amis dasadastureblad bleikis pirad werils moixmobs misadmi: "Обнаружил в Англии палимпсест с

отрывками древнейшей грузинской версии Иеремии на полусванском

говоре!!! Ваши предсказания оправдались вполне!"8 Cvenamde ar mouRwevia arc arqetipuli somxuri

Targmanis siriul dedans, romelic, maris varaudiT, Targmnilia ebrauli Targumidan.9 marisaTvis qarTuli

3 Марр Н., Из поездок в Сванию, Христианский Восок, т. II, вып. I, 25. 4 Марр Н., Яфетическе названия деревев и растений, Известия Рос. АН, 1915, 945. 5 Марр, Заметки, I, 164. 6 Марр, Заметки, I, 167. 7 Марр, Заметки, I, 164-174. 8 ix. iv. javaxiSvili, axlad aRmoCenili qarTuli xelnawerebi da maTi

mniSvneloba mecnierebisaTvis, iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, IX 295, Sen. 79.

9 Марр Н., Из поездок в Сванию, 22-23; Марр Н., Эчмиадзинский фрагмент др.

грузинской версии ВЗ, Христианский Восок, т. II, вып. III, 263-274; Марр Н., Яфетическе названия деревев и растений, Известия Рос. АН, 1915, 945; Марр Н., Из

поездки на Афон, ЖМНПр, 1899, Март.

berZnuli ganmanaTleblobis specifikisaTvis...

356

Targmanis mniSvneloba swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mis miRma ganWvritos uZvelesi somxuri da siriuli Targmanebi.

amis Semdeg, maris meTodologiiT SeiaraRebuli robert bleikis skrupulozuri teqstologiuri analizi mTlianad terra incognita-s Ziebas – vetus Armena-sa da vetus Syra-

s teqstis aRdgenas emsaxureba.10 ioseb moliToric marisa da bleikis kvals mihyveba:

"Zveli somxuri dedani bibliis Zveli qarTuli Targmanebisa gacilebiT metad aris vetus Syra-ze damokidebuli, vidre peSitaze. ramxela mniSvnelobas iZenen amiT Cveni Zveli qarTuli teqstebi siriuli versiebis teqstis istoriisaTvis!"11 amdenad, moliToris mTeli kvleva-Ziebac qarTul TargmanSi Zveli siriuli Targmanis kvalis aRmoCeniskenaa mimarTuli.

TavianTi ideis argumentebad mars, bleiksa da moliTors miaCniaT rogorc msgavseba somxur vulgatasTan, ise (da miT ufro) gadaxrebi misgan, radganac swored es gadaxrebi aRadgenen Cvenamde armoRweul vetus Armena-sa da vetus Syra-s.

qarTuli bibliis irgvliv dRes paradoqsuli situaciaa Seqmnili: xanmeti teqstebis "naxevradsvanuroba" seriozul mecnierul mosazrebad arasodes ganxilula, arc sakuTriv vetus Syra-s da vetus Armena-s Zieba misula im donemde, rom mari/bleiki/moliToris hipoTezas realuri safuZveli gasCenoda da qarTulis ikiTxvisebis paraleli realurad dadasturebuliyo. amis miuxedavad, maris mier Seqmnili miTi qarTuli Targmanis somxuridan momdinareobis Sesaxeb, oRond saxecvlili (qarTul Targmans axla somxuri vulgatadan momdinared miiCneven da ara vetus Armena-dan), bibleistTa farTo wreebSi kvlav ZalaSi rCeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom bibliis Zveli qarTuli Targmani bibliis filologiisa Tu TeologiisaTvis araviTar konteqstSi, arc siriuli bibliisa da arc septuagintasTvis aRaraa saintereso.

10 R. P. Blake, Khanmeti Palimpsest Fragments of the Old Georgian Version of Jeremiah,

Harvard Theological Review, 25 (1932), 225-272. 11 J. Molitor, Zur Frage der Vorlage des altgeorgischen Bibeltextes, Bedi Kartlisa, 2-3

(1957).

357

saqmis realuri viTareba ki, maris perifrazi rom movaxdinoT, marTlac sxvagvaria: bibliis Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi, dadasturebuli uZveles xanmet fragmentebSi, septuagintadan momdinareoben da, rogorc adreul wyaroebs, didi mniSvneloba aqvT septuagintas teqstis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis.

Cemi es naTqvami Zveli aRTqmis sami xanmeti fragmentis teqstualur analizs efuZneba: ieremias, esaias da ezra I-isa. am fragmentebis Sedarebam Cvenamde moRweul berZnul xelnawerebTan qarTuli Targmanis savsebiT konkretuli wyaro gamoavlina: xanmeti ieremias teqsti septuagintas heqsapluri redaqciis berZnuli xelnaweridan aris Targmnili, xolo esaia da ezra I septuagintas lukianuri redaqciis berZnuli xelnawerebidan momdinareoben.12

fragmentebis dasaTariReblad yvelaze zeda zRvari – VIII saukunec rom aviRoT, es xanmeti teqstebi Zveli aRTqmis erT-erT uZveles wyaroebs warmoadgenen, xolo TavianTi redaqciuli jgufis sxva xelnawerebs sami-oTxi saukuniT mainc uswreben. amdenad, isini ukve apriorulad sainteresoni arian ama Tu im redaqciis teqstis dasadgenad da am teqstis istoriis Sesaswavlad. cnobilia, rom xelnaweris siZvele yovelTvis ar aris misi avTenturobis damadasturebeli. magram, Tuki Cven mier Seswavlili Targmanis sakmaod zust xasiaTs gaviTvaliswinebT da imasac, rom teqsti Semdgomi redaqciuli sworebebisagan jer kidev daculia, es aprioruli azri kidev ufro unda ganmtkicdes.

septuagintas teqstis istoriisaTvis qarTuli xelnawerebi Semdegi TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iyos saintereso: 1. Tanxvedrebis SemTxvevaSi isini adastureben ama Tu im redaqciis wakiTxvebs ufro adreul xanaSi da – 2. gansxvavebebis SemTxvevaSi (Tuki saqme ara gvaqvs Targmanis teqnikidan Tu sxva raime SidaqarTuli

12 ufro dawvrilebiT ix. a. xaranauli, ezra I-is qarTuli Targmanis xanmeti teqsti (avTenturobis, warmomavlobisa da Targmanis teqnikis sakiTxebi), METANOIA, "logosi", Tbilisi, 2001, 296-331; A. Kharanauli, Das

Chanmeti-Fragment aus Jeremia – Fragen seiner Entstehung und seiner

Übersetzungstechnik, Oriens Christianus, 85, 2001, 204-236.


358

mizezidan momdinare cvlilebasTan) aRadgenen im formas, romelic Cvenamde moRweulma ucxoenovanma wyaroebma ver Semoinaxes.

esaia

rogorc zemoT iTqva, esaias qarTuli Targmani lukianuri redaqciis berZnuli xelnaweridan aris Sesrulebuli, lukianuri redaqciis CvenTvis cnobili wyaroebi ki X saukunisa da Semdegdroindeli berZnuli xelnawerebia. amrigad, esaias xanmeti fragmenti,13 romelsac lamara qajaia V-VI saukuneebiT aTariRebs,14 xuTi saukuniT adrindelia sxva lukianur wyaroebze. es garemoeba da, amas garda, xelnawerSi daculi Targmanis zusti xasiaTi am wyaros mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs esaias lukianuri redaqciis teqstis dasadgenad. magram cxadia, rom xanmeti fragmentis wakiTxvebi erTnairad mniSvnelovani ar aris berZnuli xelnawerebis ama Tu im variantis dasaxasiaTeblad da maTi pirveladobis gasarkvevad. pirvel rigSi es imazea damokidebuli, Tu rogoraa Tavad lukianuri varianti damowmebuli wyaroebSi.

I. miiCneva, rom esaias lukianur redaqcias heqsapluri teqsti edo safuZvlad, romelSic lukianes stilistur-gramatikuli Sesworebebi Sehqonda. amdenad, lukianuri xelnawerebis wakiTxvebi, romlebic heqsaplurs emTxveva, cxadia, am redaqciis teqstis Tavdapirvel plasts ekuTvnis. aseT SemTxvevebSi xanmeti fragmentis Tanxvedrebi heqsaplur-lukianur xelnawerebTan mxolod realurad adasturebs am variantebis arsebobas lukianuri redaqciis V saukunis berZnul dedanSi, magram axals arafers gveubneba teqstis istoriis Sesaxeb.

13 fragmenti daculia saqarTvelos k.kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa institutSi. wakiTxulia teqstis Semdegi nawilebi: 720-23 (124rv), 82-8 (123

rv), 404-12 (126rv), 466-7 (127v), 472-6 (135 r), 493-6 (128 rv). 14 lamara qajaia. erTi warmoSobis ori palimfsestis Sesaxeb,

mravalTavi III, 1973, gv. 52-57.

359

amrigad, xanmeti esaiaSi dasturdeba Semdegi heqsaplur-lukianuri ikiTxvisebi: ori asterizebuli damateba, origenes mier ebraulidan gadmoRebuli da heqsapladan lukianur redaqciaSi Sesuli: 82 Ouri,an] + ("V 22-48-96) ton ierea 26-106 V-oII L´"-233-456(+ ton

megan)-764c C 403´449´544 Eus.dem. et ecl. Chr.Tht. Syh Arm Geo

X = MT

oi g vQ. 4012 th/| ceiri.] en c) eautou V = MT ; +(") autou oII L´’"- 86

c - 233

403´410 770 Co Syh Syp Eus. Tht. Arm GeoX = MT cf oi g v

raki iTvleba, rom lukiane Tavisi redaqtoruli muSaobis dros ebraul teqsts ar iyenebda, heqsapladan momdinared unda miviCnioT is variantic, romelic, marTalia, mxolod lukianur xelnawerebSia dadasturebuli da Cvenamde moRweul heqsaplur xelnawerebs ar SemounaxavT, magram masoretul teqstTan da mcire mTargmnelebTan poulobs paralels: 4010 o"

braci,wn# + (*) autou Sca

A L´’"-46-86c-233-456 Co Syp Eus.comm. et ecl.

Tht GeoX = MT oi g vQ. xanmeti fragmenti oTx SemTxvevaSi misdevs

lukianes, romelic heqsaplas wayoliT tovebs xolme segments (es gamotovebebi SeiZleba preheqsapluri warmomavlobisac ki iyos): 720 mega,lw| kai.# > O´’ L´’"

-36-456 C 393 410 544 Eus. Bas. Chr. Tht

GeoX = MT

720 o[ evstin S A´-Q-26-710 36 cI’ 46 130 233 239´301 403´407 449´534 538

Co Cyr.] en al$loij% ouk ecei to o estin Qmg

; > S*O´’ L´’"-36

-456 C 301

393 403´ 407 538 544 Eus. dem. Bas.(Chr.) Tht. ArmZ Geo

X = MT

467 evpi. tou/ to,pou auvtou/] om auvtou/ S*(add.1 vid

) oII L´’"-36

449´Wire. Tht. Cyr(lem)

Cypr GeoX

474 ei=pen] > S* O-88 L´’"-22 c 93

C Sa Syl Hippol. I2 22 Eus. Tht. Arm GeoX

= MT fragmenti erTxel heqsaplur-lukianur

gadaadgilebasac asaxavs: 495 kai. Israhl / pro.j auvto,n# tr O´’ L´’"-

233 C 403´Syl. Eus. comm. et ecl. Aht. II 256 Tht. Hi GeoX = MT.

II. esaias lukianuri redaqciis teqstis istoriis

Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT xanmeti fragmentis is variantebia ufro mniSvnelovani, romelnic lukianur xelnawerebSi heqsaplurisgan damoukidebelad Sesul


360

ikiTxvisebs eTanxmebian. magram Cvenamde moRweul lukianur xelnawerebSi (Tundac am xelnawerTa srul SemadgenlobaSi) SenarCunebuli variantebis redaqciuli (sakuTriv lukianeseuli) xasiaTi yovelTvis erTmniSvnelovnad naTeli ar aris. amitomac am variantebis dadastureba uZveles wyaroSi – xanmet fragmentSi – maT adreul warmomavlobaze metyvelebs da lukianuri teqstis istoriisTvis mniSvnelovan informacias iZleva.

rodesac lukianuri redaqciis xelnawerebi heqsaplur wyaroebs gamoeyofa da septuagintas teqsts avrcobs, xanmeti fragmenti oTx SemTxvevaSi misdevs mas: 87 th.n do,xan# pr pasan 88 L´’"-46-233-456 393 Bo Chr. Tht. Geo

X = MT

476 e;leoj] + (X 88) ouqen $ouden S* 538) S* 88 L´’"538 Co Hippol. (cod.

H; su de codd. ER) Tht. GeoX

495 sunacqh,somai] sunacqh,setai $sunacqh,setai §$&omai 22c -36

c-

93% pro.j auvto,n L´’"-86c-233 Tht. Geo

X 4011 evn gastri. evcou,saj# pr taj S

ca L´’"-233 198 403´770 Geo

X.

xanmeti fragmentis Cveneba damatebis variantebs aZvelebs da imaze metyvelebs, rom aq sakuTriv lukianes stilistur damatebebTan gvaqvs saqme.

Semdeg SemTxvevaSic igive situacia gvaqvs: 83-Si xanmeti fragmenti mxars uWers imis varauds, rom stilisturi gadaadgileba lukianes redaqciis xelnawerebSi sakuTriv lukianesagan momdinareobs: ku,rio,j

moi# tr L´’"-36

-46-233-456 565 403´407 Syh Bas. Chr. Tht. Arm. GeoX.

408-Si leqsikuri Senacvleba da nacvalsaxelis gamotoveba mxolod lukianur wyaroebSia daculi da I Petr. 125-dan momdinare unda iyos: tou/ qeou/ h"mw/n] kuriou L´’"-

46-233-456 Co Sypa Just. Clem. Tht. Cypr.Spec. Arm = Petr.I 125 Geo

X. axali aRTqmidan momdinare cvlilebebi ki, sazogadod, meorad, araredaqciul variantebad iTvleba. xanmeti fragmenti, romelic mxars uWers lukianur wakiTxvas, saSualebas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom mocemuli cvlileba teqstis ganviTarebis ukve adreul etapze arsebobda lukianur xelnawerebSi.

III. esaias lukianuri wyaroebi oTx jgufad iyofa

(L, l I, l II, l III). umetes SemTxvevaSi isini erTad dganan, xolo rodesac erTmaneTs emijnebian, gasarkvevi xdeba, romeli

361

maTgani warmoadgens meorad cvlilebas da – rodindelia es cvlileba. xanmetma fragmentma am kiTxvas SeiZleba garkveuli pasuxi gasces. sainteresoa agreTve, Tu rodisaa Camoyalibebuli xelnawerTa es, erTi SexedviT sakmaod myari jgufebi, anu, rodis iwyeba lukianur xelnawerTa gantoteba – Tavidanve Tu – mogvianebiT. magram yovelive amis dadgenis TvalsazrisiTac xanmeti fragmentis ikiTxvisebi yvela SemTxvevaSi erTnairad rodia Rirebuli.

cxadia, rom, roca lukianur xelnawerTa erTi jgufi ar Seicavs heqsaplur damatebas, romelic yvela sxva lukianur xelnawerSia gadmosuli, misi varianti meoradia da qarTuli fragmentis Cveneba, romelic heqsaplur-lukianur xelnawerTa umetesobis wakiTxvas emTxveva, am variantis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb axal informacias ar iZleva: 82 to.n Ourian] + ("V 22-48-96) ton iera

26-106 V-oII L´"-233-456(+ton megan)-764c C 403´449´544 Eus.dem. et

ecl. Chr.Tht. Arm GeoX = MT oi g vQ Syh.

rodesac lukianuri xelnawerebis erTi jgufis ikiTxviss paraleli aqvs heqsaplur, anda, heqsapladan momdinare katenebis xelnawerebTan, unda vifiqroT, rom es ikiTxvisi lukianuri redaqciis pirveladi variantia. amitomac Semdeg SemTxvevebSi xanmeti fragmentis Cveneba mxolod damatebiTi argumentia im variantis pirveladobis dasadastureblad, romelic ramdenime lukianur xelnawerTan erTad heqsaplur an misgan momdinare wyaroebSia daculi.

ase, mag. xanmeti fragmenti sakuTari saxelis l III-Si dadasturebul pirvelad formas uWers mxars: 86 to.n

Raasswn# raa$s%s$e%in 88-oII 22c-311-lIII-46 C 403´Tht Geo

X;

ras$e%in L´. 409-Sic xanmeti fragmenti lukianuri redaqciis pirvelad wakiTxvas eTanxmeba, romelic lukianur xelnawerTagan mxolod l I jgufis xelnawerebSia SemorCenili da heqsaplur xelnawerebTan da masoretul teqstTan poulobs paralels: u"mw/n# hm S

c Q-26-86-106 V-oII

51-lI-36-233-456 C’-564-566 403´410 534 538 Co Eus.dem. GeoX

= MT. Semdeg, nacvalsaxelTa gamotovebis SemTxvevaSic

daaxloebiT msgavsi situacia gvaqvs: lukianuri xelnawerebis did nawils erTi jgufi gamoeyofa, romelic erT SemTxvevaSi heqsaplur, meore SemTxvevaSi ki katenebis


362

xelnawerebTan poulobs paralels. teqstis cvlilebis xasiaTi (myar SesatyvisobebSi nacvalsaxlis gamotoveba) da damowmeba (495-Si O C-s gareSe da 496-Si C O-s gareSe) saeWvos xdis variantis pirveladobas lukianur redaqciaSi. xanmeti esaia, romelic lemisa da lukianuri xelnawerebis ufro didi nawilis wakiTxvas emxroba da myar SesatyvisobaSi nacvalsaxels ar gamotovebs, gvafiqrebinebs, rom igi Tavdapirvel lukianur wakiTxvas inaxavs, xolo l II (495) da l I (496) meorad variants uCvenebs: 495 o" qeo,j mou e;stai mou# om mou 1° 26 B*-oII lII 407 Sa

496 me,ga soi, evsti tou/ klhqh/nai, se] om se 26-106 763*-lI C-564*.

CamoTvlili magaliTebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac

xanmeti teqsti pirvelad lukianur ikiTxviss adasturebda, Semdeg SemTxvevebSi igi meorad variants uWers mxars: asea mag. 87-Si, sadac fragmenti emijneba lukianes xelnawerebSi heqsapladan gadmosul wakiTxvas: 87 avna,gei

ku,rioj GeoX] tr O´’ lII-96-46 C 239´403´ Eus. dem. Hil. = MT.

lukianuri tradiciis xelnawerebis amgvari gayofa am SemTxvevaSi Zneli asaxsnelia. qarTuli masala adasturebs, rom es gayofa ukve adreul etapze arsebobda.

aseve, meorad lukianur variants Seicavs xanmeti esaia 722-Si: heqsaplur-lukianuri damatebis teqstSi 93 (l III) da lukianizirebuli xelnawerebi (233 da 456) sityvaTa gadaadgilebas axdenen (fagetai bouturon# bouturon fagetai 93-

233-456). xanmeti fragmentis teqsti msgavsi kidurwerilobis Sedegad ise mokldeba, rom saSualeba gvaqvs vivaraudoT: lukianuri tradiciis xelnawerebSi es gadaadgileba ukve arsebobda qarTuli Targmanis Sesrulebis dros.

lukianuri xelnawerebis erTmaneTisgan ganyofis magaliTebi ramdenime sayuradRebo daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas iZleva: 1. rodesac lukianuri xelnawerebi erTmaneTs scildebian, xanmeti fragmenti xan pirvelad variants uWers mxars, xan – ufro gviandels, meorads. es garemoeba kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom xelnaweris siZvele ar aris variantis siZvelis garanti. 2. rac Seexeba xanmeti fragmentis Rirebulebas lukianuri teqstis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, xanmeti esaia meorad variantebs

363

ukve teqstis ganviTarebis adreul etapze adasturebs da uCvenebs, rom lukianuri redaqciis xelnawerebis ganyofa am redaqciis Camoyalibebidan maleve dawyebula. 3. amave dros, xanmeti esaia kidev erTi TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso: is faqti, rom igi lukianur xelnawerTa xan erT jgufs uWers mxars da xan – meores, imaze metyvelebs, rom xanmeti fragmentis berZnuli dedani arc erT calke aRebul jgufs ar miekuTvneboda da, amdenad, esaias lukianur xelnawerTa jgufebi, im saxiT, ra saxiTac Cven maT vicnobT, anu myari erTobebis saxiT, SedarebiT gvian Camoyalibdnen.

IV. xanmeti esaia, rogorc vTqviT, Tavisi lukianuri

dednis sakmaod zust Targmans warmoadgens. amitomac lukianes teqstis istoriisaTvis saintereso unda iyos septuagintas teqstis is cvlilebebi, romelsac lukianuri xelnawerebi inaxaven, xanmet fragmentSi ki ar dasturdeba. cxadia, rom amgvar magaliTebs Soris ar ganixileba isini, romelTa axsnac Targmanis stiliT, anda qarTuli enis TaviseburebiT SeiZleba.

xanmet fragmentSi da mis mimyol qarTul xelnawerebSi gadmosuli ar aris lukianeseuli redaqciis xelnawerebSi arsebuli ori didi asterizebuli damateba, romelic ebraulidan aris origenes mier gadmoRebuli da, romelic mcire mTargmnelebTanac dasturdeba: 407 evxe,pese] + (" 22-48-231-96) oti pneuma kuriou epneusen eij auto

alhqwj omoioj cortw o laoj (8) exhranqh o cortoj to anqoj exepese(n)

V-oII L´’"-46-456 403´538 Sypa b clim

Eus. Tht. Arm = MT s , q ,. am damatebis ararseboba X-Si msgavsi kidurwerilobiT SeiZleba aixsnas, Tumca ver vityviT, es gamotoveba qarTuli teqstis istoriis kuTvnilebaa Tu qarTuli Targmanis berZnuli dednidan momdinareobs. amasTan mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT, rom am magaliTis garda, asterizebuli didi damatebebi esaias oSkur da ierusalimur xelnawerebSi (romlebic zedmiwevniT axlos dgnan X-sTan) xSirad ar aris asaxuli, amitomac es magaliTica da sxva SemTxvevebic calke Seswavlis Temaa, lukianuri teqstis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli.

xanmet fragmentSi ar gadmodis arc 4010-is lukianuri xelnawerebis damateba: to. e;rgon] + autou Co


364

Eus.dem = MT; + ekastou (- 88) 88 L´’" cII 403´ 407 770 Tht: Sdr. Rom

26: o]j avpodw,sei e"ka,stw| kata. ta. e;rga auvtou/. Tu xanmeti fragmentis am CvenebasTan erTad esaias paralelur adgilsac gaviTvaliswinebT da cru obelossac, romelic 88-e xelnawerSia darTuli damatebul sityvaze, damateba lukianur xelnawerebSi SeiZleba gviandel cvlilebad CavTvaloT, romelic Rom 26-is asocacias efuZneba.

V. lukianuri teqstis istoriisaTvis saintereso

unda iyos xanmet fragmentSi dadasturebuli variantic, romelsac lukianur xelnawerebSi paraleli ara aqvs da Targmanis teqnikiT ar ixsneba. aseTia 85-is asterizebuli damateba, romelic namdvilad heqsapluri warmomavlobisaa da V-oII-s mieraa Semonaxuli. Tu teqstis am nawilSi mkveTrad lukianizirebul 456-e xelnawersac gaviTvaliswinebT da xanmet fragmentsac, SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom damateba lukianeseul xelnawerebSi iyo da Semdgom daikarga: 85 lalh/sai, moi e;ti# + (")legwn V-oII C 456 Syh.

Arm. Geo = MT Q(anon.) s´ q legwn Q (anon.). maS, esaias xanmet fragmentSi asaxulia lukianur

xelnawerebSi Sesuli LXX-s teqstis yvelanairi warmomavlobis cvlileba:

I. heqsapladan gadmotanili Sesworebebi, II. sakuTriv lukianuri Sesworebebi, III. calkeul lukianur xelnawerebSi asaxuli

Sesworebebi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi xanmeti fragmenti adasturebs

cvlilebebs daaxl. V saukunis berZnul dedanSi, garkveul informacias iZleva am cvlilebebis pirveladoba-meoradobis gansasazRvrad da teqstis istoriasTan – lukianuri redaqciis xelnawerTa qvejgufebis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebiT. xanmeti esaia sayuradReboa im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac igi:

IV. ar iziarebs lukianuri redaqciis cvlilebebs (aseT SemTxvevebSi SesaZlebelia, rom V saukunis lukianur xelnawerSi es cvllebebi ar yofiliyo) da, piriqiT,

365

V. Tavad Seaqvs cvlileba LXX-s teqstSi, romelic lukianuri redaqciis adreul variantSi albaT iyo, Cvenamde moRweul xelnawerebSi ki Semonaxuli ar aris.

ieremia

iv. javaxiSvili xanmet ieremias15 paleografiuli niSnebis mixedviT VI saukunes, r. bleiki ki, VIII saukunis Sua wlebs miakuTvnebs.16 ieremias xanmeti fragmenti pirveli teqsti iyo, romelic dednis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT detalurad iqna gamokvleuli. gamokvleva bleikma Caatara XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi. bleikis kvlevis mimarTuleba Semdeg moliTorma ganagrZo. samwuxarod, aseTi sityvasityviTi analizi qarTuli bibliuri teqstebisa Semdgom TiTqmis aRar Catarebula da amitomac bleikisa da moliToris dasavleTSi gamoqveynebulma statiebma gansazRvres azri qarTuli bibliis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. rogorc vTqviT, maTi kvlevis mTavari mizani Zveli, Cvenamde armoRweuli somxuri Targmanis aRdgenis gziT Zvel siriul teqstamde misvla iyo.

bleikis daskvnebi kvlevis Semdeg meTods efuZneba: vatikanuri xelnaweris sawinaaRmdegod qarTul teqstSi arsebuli msgavsebebi somxurTan mas sxva berZnuli xelnawerebis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, somxuridan momdinared miaCnia. Tuki somxurTan msgavsebas adgili ara aqvs da qarTuli xelnawerebi somxurs

15 fragmenti kairos genizaSia napovni da oqsfordSi (Bodleian Library,

Oxford. Ms. Georgian C 1 = Ms. Hebrew 2672 recto-verso) da kembrijSi (Cambridge University Library. Taylor-Schechter Ms. 12,183: Ms. Georgian 1 recto-

verso, 2 recto-verso) inaxeba. wakiTxulia teqstis Semdegi nawilebi: 1210-14 (lakunebiT) 15-16; 1726-27; 182-8; da adgil-adgil 209-10, 12, 14-16.

16 xelnaweris daTariRebis Sesaxeb ix. javaxiSvili, 265-266, 279, 283-85, am daTariRebas eTanxmeba k. daneliac (ieremias winaswarmetyvelebis Zveli qarTuli versiebi, 1992, 279-280), il. abulaZes fragmenti VI-VII saukunis paleogrefiuli Zeglis nimuSad moaqvs (il. abulaZe, paleografiuli albomi, tab. 4); Blake, Khanmeti Palimpsest, 210, 271.


366

Sordebian, kvlav, imis miuxedavad, rom qarTuli redaqciebi sxva berZnul wyaroebTan avlenen msgavsebas, da, imis miuxedavad, rom es msgavseba regularul xasiaTs atarebs, igi somxuri teqstis Tavdapirvel variantSi qarTulis Sesabamis formebs aRadgens. amgvarive meTodiT xelmZRvanelobs moliToric.17 bleiksa da moliTors vatikanuri xelnaweris garda qarTuli teqsti sxva berZnuli xelnawerebisTvisac rom SeedarebinaT, maTi winaswaraRebuli idea qarTuli Targmanis gziT Cvenamde armoRweuli somxur da siriul teqstebamde misvlisa argumentebis gareSe darCeboda.

xanmeti teqstis Sedarebas realurad arsebul berZnul, somxur da siriul wyaroebTan sxvagvar dakvnamde mivyavarT, kerZod iqamde, rom xanmet ieremiaSi warmodgenili Targmani berZnuli heqsapluri dednidanaa Sesrulebuli. swored aqedanaa paralelebi aseve, heqsapladan Targmnil siroheqsaplasa da somxur teqstTan.

origenes redaqcia wyaroTa SedarebiT mwiri raodenobiTaa Cvenamde moRweuli – X saukunis ori berZnuli xelnaweriT (88, 233) da siriuli (siroheqsapla

(Syl), siropalestinuri (Syp)) da somxuri TargmanebiT. amdenad, berZnul xelnawerebze sami saukuneTi adrindeli xanmeti fragmenti SesaZloa saintereso iyos origeneseuli redaqciis teqstis istoriis Sesaswavlad, romelic wyaroTa mcire raodenobiTaa Cvenamde moRweuli.

origeneseulad heqsapluri wyaroebis wakiTxvebi maSin iTvleba, rodesac saxezea paralelebi masoretul teqstTan da rodesac variantebs origenes kritikuli niSnebi axlavs. aseTia, mag. eqvsi asterizebuli damateba, romelsac heqsapluri wyaroebis garda lukianuri xelnawerebic Seicaven, ori damateba, romelsac asteriqsi aRar uzis, magram masoretul teqstTan paralelis gamo aseve origeneseuli unda iyos: 1726 fe,rontej 2°] pr kai O-233 C´ 26 46 86´ 198 534 544 Bo Aeth Geo

X =

MT 188 auvtw/n] + wn elalhsa ep auto O-233 62 Arm (ad eos pro ep auto) Or.

III 155 (proj pro ep) 157 GeoX = MT 86.

17 ix. J. Molitor, Spuren altsyrischer Bibel-Übersetzung in den Chanmeti-Palimpsesten aus

Jeremias, Bedi Kartlisa, Revue de kartvelologie, Paris, 1963, vol.15-16, 99-102.

367

1211-Si heqsaplur wyaroebSi daculi ebraizebuli idiomic

am leqsikuri variantis pirveladobaze metyvelebs origeneseul teqstSi: 1211 evte,qh B-S O L´-449-538 Co Arm Chr. Hi. Geo

X] egenhqh rel.

yvela es origeneseuli varianti xanmet fragmentSic aris gadmosuli. qarTul xelnawers am tipiuri origeneseuli variantebis Sesaxeb teqstologiuri TvalsazrisiT Rirebuli siaxle SeiZleba ar Semoaqvs, magram is kia, rom am wakiTxvebs ufro adreul ZeglSi adasturebs, vidre Tavad berZnuli wyaroebia.

zog SemTxvevaSi variants, romelsac paraleli aqvs

masoretul teqstTan, heqsapluri wyaroebidan mxolod siroheqsapla Seicavs. aseTia mag. e;stai-s gamotoveba 1727-Si: e;stai] > Syh L´

-36-538 La

Sg Aeth Arm Tyc. Geo

X = MT. xanmeti

fragmentis Cveneba mowmobs, rom es gamotoveba Zvel heqsaplur dedanSic yofila da masoretul teqstTan erTad, gamotovebis redaqciul xasiaTze miuTiTebs.

rodesac heqsaplur wyaroTa kiTxvasxvaobebs

masoretul teqstTan paraleli ar eZebnebaT, savaraudoa, rom isini an gvianaa Sesuli heqsapluri warmoSobis wyaroebSi, anda – rom masoretuli teqsti origenes ebrauli dednisagan gansxvavdeboda. ieremias heqsaplur wyaroebSi dadasturebuli variantebis pirveladoba-meoradobis gasarkvevad swored aseT SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba iyos Rirebuli xanmeti fragmenti.

1211-Si paronomaziuli wyvili heqsaplur wyaroebsa (O-233, Arm) da lukianeseul xelnawerebSi gadaadgilebulia: avfanismw/| / hvfani,sqh] tr S O-233 L´-198 Arm

Or. III 794 13 Chr. Tht. GeoX. masoretul teqstTan paraleli am

gadaadgilebas ara aqvs da, Tu amis gamo vifiqrebT, rom cvlileba meoradia da lukianuri gavlenis Sedegi, xanmeti fragmenti am variantis siZveleze mainc metyvelebs da imaze, rom heqsapluri redaqciis xelnawerebi, romlebic lukianuri redaqciis xelnawerebis variantebsac Seicavdnen, qarTuli Targmanis Sesrulebis dros ukve arsebobda.


368

maS, ieremias xanmeti fragmenti adasturebs, rom mis dedanSi (VI-VII saukuneebis heqsapluri redaqciis berZnul xelnawerSi) arsebobda:

I. heqsapluri variantebi, romlebic sruladaa damowmebuli origeneseuli kritikuli niSniT, heqsapluri wyaroebiTa da paraleliT masoretul teqstTan;

II. heqsapluri variantebi, romlebic mwirad arian damowmebulni xelnawerebiT, magram paraleli aqvT masoretul teqstTan (aseT variants xanmeti fragmentis Cveneba avTenturs xdis);

III. heqsapluri xelnawerebis varianti, romelsac masoretul teqstTan paraleli ara aqvs da SesaZloa heqsaplur wyaroebSic gvian aris Sesuli.

ezra I

ezra I-is xanmet fragments18 misi gamomcemeli, nevil berZoli paleografiuli da gramatikuli (xanmeti formebi) niSnebiT VII sk-s ganakuTvnebs. manve pirvelma mianiSna Targmanis lukianur warmomavlobaze.19 r. hanhartic, ezra I-is berZnuli teqstis gamomcmeli, Tvlis, rom fragmentSi daculi qarTuli teqsti zedmiwevniT misdevs lukianur redaqcias.20 xanmeti ezras sityvasityviTma Sedarebam ezra I-is berZnuli teqstis kritikul gamocemasTan mec am daskvnamde mimiyvana.

lukianuri redaqciis teqstma Cvenamde oradori gviandeli xelnaweris saxiT (19, XII sk.-isa da 108, XIII sk.-isa) moaRwia. amitom cxadia, rom VII saukunis xanmet fragments, romelsac redaqtirebis kvali TiTqmis ar amCnevia da sakmaod zust Targmans inaxavs, uaRresad didi

18 fragmenti daculia avstriis nacionalur biblioTekaSi (Georg. 2),

Seicavs ezra I-is teqstis Semdeg nawilebs: 146-48, 24-7, 914-23, 925-35. 19 J.N., Birdsall, Palimpsest Fragments of a Khanmeti Georgian Version of I Esdras, Le

Muséon, 85 (1972), 1-2, 97-105, gv. 98. 20 Septuaginta, Vetus Testamentum Graecum, Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum

Gottingensis editum, vol. VIII/1, Esdrae liber I, ed. Robert Hanhart, Göttingen,

Vanderhoeck&Ruprecht, 1974, gv. 20.

369

mniSvneloba unda eniWebodes lukianuri ezras teqstis istoriisaTvis.

lukianur wyaroTa simwire da maTi gviandeloba, ararseboba ebrauli teqstisa, saidanac es apokrifuli wigni unda iyos Targmnili, ararseboba heqsapluri redaqciisa, anu faqtorebis arqona, romlebze dayrdnobiTac xdeba xolme bibliis sxva wignebSi redaqciis gansazRvra da am redaqciis farglebSi ama Tu im variantis pirveladobisa Tu siZvelis dadgena, qarTuli teqstis mniSvnelobas kidev ufro zrdis.

xanmet fragmentSi asaxulia I ezras lukianeseul redaqciaSi sxvadaxva gziT Sesuli Sesworebebi. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi xanmeti fragmentis teqstologiuri Rirebuleba lukianuri redaqciisaTvis sxvadasxvaa. I. xanmet fragmentSi gadmosulia ezra I-is wakiTxvebi, romlebic neStTa II-isa da ezra II-is septuagintas Tu lukianeseuli redaqciis ikiTxvisebTan pouloben paralels maSin, rodesac es ukanasknelni masoretul teqsts Seesabamebian: mag. damateba: 914 VIezia,j Qoka,nou B] iaziaj uioj Qekoue L Geo

X = Esdr II LXX

920 auvtw/n 2°] + kriqen L: ex krion GeoX, cf Esdr II

gamotoveba: 25 om eiv L Sy Geo

X = Par II 3623 Esdr II 13

gadaadgileba:

914 Leui.j kai Sabbatai/oj# sabeqeoj $sabb) 108% oi leuitai $leb) 108% L Geo

X: cf Esdr II 1015 et 48

916 katV o;noma / pa,ntaj] tr B´ L 245 GeoX: cf Esdr II 1016

leqsikuri cvlileba:

914 Leui.j] oi leuitai $leb) 108% L GeoX: cf Esdr II 1015 et 48

916 deka,tou Ios XI 151] dwdekatou L 119 GeoX = Esdr II 1016 LXX

L

leqsikuri da gramatikuli cvlileba: 27 katasta,ntej# anesthsan L Sy Geo

X = Esdr II 15.

xanmet fragmentSi gansakuTrebiT bevria Sesatyvisoba im lukianur variantebTan, romlebic sakuTar saxelTa ekvivalenturobis, kvantitatiurobis da rigis


370

dacvisas ezra II da neStTa II-sTan (am wignis septuagintas teqstsa Tu lukianur variantebTan) pouloben paralels:21 1. ekvivalenturoba: 921 VAzari,aj B´ A 58 La Arm

-1500 Sixt: cf 43 46 48] oziaj L = Esdr II 1021 L´ 44

La123

Compl ozea 922 VWki,dhloj# iwzabad L = Esdr II 1022 iozabaT 922 Sa,lqaj# hlasa L = Esdr II 1022 Àlasa 923 Kw,lioj# kwliaj 108 = Esdr II 1023 LXX

L kolia 923 Paqai>oj# feqeiaj L = Esdr II 1023 LXX

L feTeia 923 VWou,daj# ioudaj L 71-236 Sy Arm Sixt: cf Esdr II 1023 iuda 926 VIerma,j# ramiaj L: cf Esdr II 1025 ramia 934 Naqani,aj# naqan L = Esdr II 1039 naTan 934 Sa,matoj# samariaj $-reiaj 19% L: cf Esdr II 1041 samaria 2. raodenoba:

914 Qoka,nou# uioj qekoue L = Esdr II 1015 LXX pr filius LaC ZÀ

TekuÀsi 925 Tolba,nhj# tellhm kai ouriaj L: cf Esdr II 1024 LXX

L telÀm da uria

934 evk tw/n ui"w/n VEzwra. Sesi,j# addaiaj kai nadabou kai sesseei

$seseei 108) kai saroua L: cf Esdr II 1039 40 LXXL adaia da nabadu da

sesin da saruia; 934 Zambri,j( VIw,shpoj# kai iwshf kai selloum kai amariaj L: cf Esdr II

1042 da iosÀf da selum da amaria; 935 Nooma, A 46 55] nabau iei?hl L: cf Esdr II 1043 nabavisTa ieiÀl; 935 Zabadai,aj# kai zabad kai zebenei $zebennei 19) L: cf Esdr II 1043

LXXL da zabad da zebeni.

3. mimdevroba: 934 Somei<j( Selemi,aj# selemeei kai semeei L: cf Esdr II 1038 39 et 23 33 selemei da seme<i>; 926 Mia,minoj kai. VElea,zaroj kai. ´"Asibiaj kai. Bannai,aj# banaiaj kai

micaiaj kai miamidaiaj kai eleazar L: cf Esdr II 1025 LXXL banaia da

miqea da miamidea da eleazar. paralelebi ezra II da neStTa II-Tan imaze

mianiSnebs, rom dasaxelebuli variantebi ezra I-is lukianuri redaqciis Tavdapirveli wakiTxvebia. aseT

21 magaliTebis simravlidan momyavs mxolod ramdenime.

371

SemTxvevaSi qarTuli fragmenti adasturebs am variantebis siZveles. ö

II. ufro mniSvnelovania xanmeti fragmentis ikiTxvisebi im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac lukianuri xelnawerebi masoretul teqsts Sordeba. rig SemTxvevebSi xanmeti fragmenti aseT wakiTxvebs mxars uWers.

a) aseTia mag. fragmentSi gadmotanili Secdoma, romelsac Cvenamde moRweuli lukianuri xelnawerebi inaxaven: 916 om o" i"ereu.j a;ndraj. subieqtisa da obieqtis atributis gamotovebis mizezi Tu marTlac msgavsi kidurwerilobaa, rogorc amas hanharti miiCnevs da saqme ara gvaqvs teqstis Segnebul SemoklebasTan, unda CavTvaloT, rom meqanikuri gamotoveba lukianuri tradiciis xelnawerebSi gacilebiT adrea momxdari, vidre es mxolod XII-XIII sk.-ebis xelnawerTa safuZvelze SegveZlo gvefiqra.

b) fragmentSi gadmotanilia lukianur xelnawerebSi daculi is variantebi, romlebic redaqtorisTvis SeumCnevlad darCenil da ise gadmoRebul meoreul tradicias, anda masoretuli teqstisagan gansxvavebul ebraul-arameuli dednis mixedviT gakeTebul koreqturas efuZnebian.22 aseTebia mag. lukianes xelnawerebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli damatebebi: 25 auvtou/ 1°] + oj proqumeitai tou poreuqhnai L Geo

X

25 auvtou/ 3°] + o kataskhnwsaj en ierousalhm L GeoX

26 auvtw/|] + kai proqumeisqwsan tw kuriw L LaC Geo

X

146 pare,bh] pr apesth kai L GeoX 23

26 evn do,sesin] pr kai B L 248 Lav:s

; et Aeth GeoX

stilisturi gamotovebebi: 26 oi" evn tw/| to,pw| auvtou/] om oi" L 55 340 La

C Aeth: cf Esdr II Geo

X; 25 o" ku,rioj auvtou/ metV auvtou/] om auvtou/ 1° L 121 Arm Geo

X.

III. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania xanmeti fragmentis is wakiTxvebi, romlebic lukianur ezra I-is xelnawerebs ar SemounaxavT, magram ezra II-sTan da neStTa II-sTan

22 Hanhart, Textgeschichte, 26. 23 xanmet fragmentSi apesth-s Sesabamisi sityva da winamavali aseoebi ar ikiTxeba.


372

pouloben paralels. sainteresoa, rom erT aseT ikiTxviss ukve ezra I-is lukianuri redaqciis teqstis gamomcemeli, lagardi miiCnevda lukianuri redaqciis Tavdapirvel variantad: 920 auvtw/n 2°] + kriqen L: ex krion, cf Esdr II = ver<Zsa

GeoX. Esdr II-Tan paralelis safuZvelze lagardi kriqen-s

lukianur xelnawerTa koreqturul Secdomad Tvlida da krion-s aRadgenda, variants, romelic Semdgom xanmetma fragmentma daadastura.

magram xanmeti fragmentebis ikiTxvisebi, romlebic ezra II-sTan pouloben paralels da savaraudod Cvenamde armoRweul Tavdapirvel lukianur variantebs warmoadgenen, amiT ar amoiwureba. aseTebad unda CavTvaloT albaT: damateba 25 evn th/| VIoudai,a|# + kai 120 La

C Geo

X: cf praec et Esdr II 13

gamotoveba 147 kai. oi" h"gou,menoi de,] om de, 71 La

V Sy

B* Geo

X: cf Par II 3614

25 ti,j evstin ou=n u"mw/n] om ou=n LaV Geo

X = Par II 3623, Esdr II 13

gadaadgileba

917 tou/ prw,tou mhno,j] tou/ mhno.j tou/ prw,tou Esdr. II 1017 GeoX

918 avllogenei/j / gunai/kaj] tr GeoX Esdr. II 1018 gunai/kaj avllotri,aj.

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa xanmeti fragmentis sintaqsuri cvlileba 25-Si. cvlileba mTeli frazis

ramdenime komponents miemarTeba da Esdra II-is lukianur xelnawerebTan poulobs paralels: Esdra I 25 LXX

L: kai.

avnaba.j $ ascendat (et asc. Q) LaV: QWc

LaC % eivj th.n VIerousalh.m thn

ioudaia (108 (thn ioudaian 19)) (+kai 120 LaC) oivkodomei,tw

Esdra II 13 LXXL: kai. anabhtw (L Compl (= Par II 3623) eivj VIerousalh.m

th (L 46-381) evn th/| VIoudai,a| kai oivkodomh,satw Esdra I 25 Geo

X: da aRvedin ierusalÀmd romel ars huriastans

da xaSÀnebdin.

IV. sakuTar saxelTa zedmiwevniT zusti transkribirebis fonze sayuradReboa gansxvavebebi lukianuri xelnawerebisagan, romelTac zog SemTxvevaSi eZebnebaT paralelebi Esdr. II-Si, zog SemTxvevaSi ki – ara. aseT SemTxvevebSi fragmentis ikiTxvisebi mniSvnelovani SeiZleba iyos pirveladi lukianuri variantis aRsadgenad,

373

anda, xanmeti fragmentis berZnuli dednis aRdgenis TvalsazrisiT mainc.

lagardi koreqturul Secdomad Tvlida Semdeg wakiTxvas: 922 Falassour L da mas ase asworebda: Fadassour: cf

Num 110 Fadasour 121 xanmeti fragmentis wakiTxva –

"fadasurisTa" lagardis varauds adasturebs. aseTive magaliTi SeiZleba iyos sakuTari saxelis

formebi Secvlili daboloebiT: 934 saroua L: cf Esdr II 1039 40 LXX

L] saruia, rasac mefeTa

wignebSi dadasturebuli formebic (sarouia( saroueia( sarouiaj) mowmoben. 934 sesseei $seseei 108)] sesin. cf Esdr II 1040

ap sessein $senseir 19´)

L.

927 VWba,dioj] abdia L; abdi cf Esdr II – abdi, 1026ap

abdi La123

= MT Sdr. agreTve -oj daboloebiani formebi, romelic ezra I da II-is sxva adgilebSi xSirad gvxvdeba: 835 abdiou L = Esdr II 89:

93-108; 927 o abdioj 58.

xanmet fragmentSi ganuxrelad daculi wesi ei da ai

difTongebis dawerilobis Sesabamisad, ori xmovniT gadmotanisa, itacistur xmovanmonacvleobas gvavaraudebinebs xanmeti fragmentis berZnul dedanSi: 929 qeleei L = Esdr II 1028 LXX

L] melei

934 selemeei L] selemei cf Esdr II 1039 selemei L 935 zebenei $ zebennei 19) L: cf Esdr II 1043] zebeni 921 eleiaj L = Esdr II 1021] elia (cf mag. Esdra II 1021

ap). Tumca es

gansxvaveba VHli,aj-Tan analogiiTac SegveZlo agvexsna.

921 samaiaj L 74 = Esdr II 1021 LXXL] samea: cf 1 9 sameaj 46-98 La

v; 839

sameaj 74; 843 samean 98 LaV; Esdr II 1021 samaeas La; Esdr II 1031 se-

mea S.

934 samaiaj L = Esdr II 1041 LXXL] samea

926 micaiaj L = Esdr II 1025 LXXL] miqea: cf Esdr II 2241 miceaj 98

926 miamidaiaj L] miamidea: cf Esdr II 1026 miamideaj LXXL; Esdr II 1025

miameideaj 19. xanmeti ezras berZnul dedanSi anlautSi itacis-

turi Senacvleba da ailam-is nacvlad elam-ia mosalodne-li. paralelebis gaTvaliswineba am azrs ufro myars xdis:


374

927 vHla,m coni Be. p 90 = Esdr II: cf 512] ailam L = Esdr II 1026 LXXL

elamisTa (Sdr. Esdr I 512ap

: 108 da lukianeseuli, 19´ wakiTxve-bi Esdr II-Si: 27, 87, 1712, 2242). V. aseve mniSvnelovania xanmeti fragmentis wakiTxvebi maSin, rodesac lukianuri xelnawerebi erTmaneTs scildebian. aseT SemTxvevebSi xanmeti fragmenti 108-e xelnawers emxroba da hanhartis varauds adasturebs, romelic 108-s 19-ze sandod miiCnevs: 27 oi" avrci,fuloi 108 Geo

X] oi arcifiloi 19

914 VIezi,aj# iaziaj 108 Lag. GeoX = Esdr II 1015 LXX; iwziaj 19

923 Kw,lioj 19...] Kwliaj 108 GeoX = Esdr II LXX

L.

mokled CamovTvaloT xanmeti ezras mniSvneloba ezra I-is lukianuri redaqciis teqstis dasadgenad:

I. xanmeti fragmenti adasturebs lukianur xelnawerebSi Sesul septuagintas Sesworebebs, romelTac paraleli aqvT ezra II-sTan da neStTa II-sTan.

II. xanmeti fragmenti mxars uWers lukianuri xelnawerebis iseT cvlilebebsac, romelTac ar gaaCniaT araviTari paraleli Sesworebis ebraul-arameuli dednidan momdinareobaze rom metyvelebdes da maT pirveladobas rom miuTiTebs lukianuri redaqciis xelnawerebSi.

III. msgavsebaze metad mniSvnelovania xanmeti fragmentis gansxvavebebi ezra I-is lukianuri redaqciis teqstisagan, radganac gansxvavebaTa udidesi nawilis safuZvelze (roca es gansxvavebebi ezra II-sTan da neStTa II-sTan pouloben paralels) xerxdeba ezra I-is lukianuri redaqciis Tavdapirveli teqstis aRdgena.

IV. sakuTari saxelebis zusti transkribciac xanmet fragmentSi aseve aRadgens lukianuri redaqciis Tavdapirvel

375

wakiTxvas, anda qarTuli Targmanis lukianuri dednis variants mainc.

V. xanmeti fragmentis ikiTxvisebi lukianur xelnawerTa Soris 108 xelnaweris prioritetulobaze metyveleben.

***

imisaTvis, rom wmida werilis qarTuli Targmanebi da, kerZod, xanmeti fragmentebi ufro farTo WrilSi – bibleistikis konteqstSi davinaxoT, saWiroa Targmanis teqstologiuri analizidan amosvla da ara piriqiT – zogadkulturologiuri SexedulebebisaTvis teqstologiuri monacemebis morgeba. bibliis qarTuli Targmanis uZvelesi wyaroebis – xanmeti fragmentis teqstologiuri monacemebi ki imaze metyveleben, rom Zveli aRTqmis qarTuli xelnawerebi, upirveles yovlisa, septuagintasTan mimarTebaSia Sesaswavli. am konteqstSia SesaZlebeli Tavdapirveli qarTuli Targmanis kvlevac da am Targmanis gamoyenebac bibliis teqstualuri kritikisaTvis.

Die s.g. Xanmeti-Fragmente im Kontext der Bibelwissenschaft

Die uns überlieferten älteste georgische Bibelfragmente aus dem 5.-7. Jh. sind

bei der textkritischen Untersuchung der georgischen Bibelüberlieferungen,

bei der Erforschung ihrer Entstehung, ihrer Textgeschichte und des Charak-

ters der Übersetzung von großer Bedeutung.

Diese Hss. sind für die Septuaginta-Textkritik und -Exegese allein schon

aufgrund ihres Alters (die georgischen Fragmente sind älter, als die griechis-

chen Hss, welche den gleichen Texttyp vertreten) deshalb besonders wichtig,

weil sie nicht nur genaue Übersetzungen, sondern auch nichtrezensierte, von

späteren Überarbeitungen und sprachlichen Glättungen noch verschonte bi-

eten. In dem Artikel werden die Varianten der georgischen Fragmente be-

leuchtet, die die Nützlichkeit der georgischen Überlieferungen für die Septua-

ginta Textforschung bestätigen.


376

pirobiTi aRniSvnebi:

] lema, romlis daxurulm marcxena nawilSi berZnuli dedania, marjvenaSi – qarTuli da araqarTuli veriantebi

pr damateba lemis win + damateba lemis Semdeg

om, > gamotoveba

∩ gamotoveba msgavsi kidurwerilobis gamo

tr gadaadgileba

" asteriqsi ˜ obelosi * aRdgenili teqsti txt

xelnaweris teqstis ikiTxvisi mg

xelnaweris marginaluri ikiTxvisi ↓ miuTiTebs heqsaplur aparatze (akvilas, simaqosisa

da Teodotionis variantebze) - aerTebs erTi jgufis, an monaTesave xelnawerebs

LXX = septuaginta

MT = masoretuli teqsti O, hex = origeneseuli (heqsapluri) redaqcia L, luc = lukianuri redaqcia Sy = siriuli Targmani

Arm = somxuri Targmani

Aeth = eTiopuri Targmani La = laTinuri Targmani Geo = yvela qarTuli xelnaweri

GeoX = xanmeti fragmenti


zaza xinTibiZe

homerosi, platoni, aristotele, rusTveli: ratom gvaniWebs poezia siamovnebas?!

(kidev erTxel aristoteles poetikisa da rusTvelis Sairobis Teoriis urTierTmimarTebis Taobaze1)

23-27. "saqme isaa, rasac qmni, iyos martivi da mTliani!

mgosanTa did nawils <...> xSirad gvacdunebs ukeTesisaken miswrafeba: roca vcdilob,

magaliTad, grZeli sityva mokled vTqva,

gaugebari da bneli

vxdebi, simsubuqisaken mltolvels ki nervebi da Zala aRara myofnis".

319-332. "zogjer saerTo silamazes moklebuli dramatuli

Txzuleba, romelic didi ostatobisa da

xelovnebis gareSea Seqmnili da mxolod

adgiladgila gamarTuli, imis gamo, rom zustad asaxavs sinamdviles, xalxs ufro xiblavs da ufro myaria vidre Sinaarsisagan daclili da mxolod SiSveli hangebiT Semkobili nawarmoebi".

1 winamdebare statia gagrZeleba da dazustebaa aRniSnuli sakiTxis

Taobaze Cven mier erTxel ukve gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisisa (ix.: aristoteles poetika da rusTvelis Sairobis Teoria, literatu-ruli Ziebani, XXIV, 20031, 202-215).


378

333...343. "poetebis survilia, an sargebloba moutanon

msmenelT, an gaarTon isini, anda erTdroulad Tqvan is, rac cxovrebisaTvis marjvea da saamo. Tu msmenels rCeva-darigebas aZlev, iyos igi mokle, raTa swrafad naTqvami SesaTviseblad aitacos sulma da erTgulad Seinaxos (zedmetad naTqvami ki savse gulidan maSinve gadmoiRvreba). <...> saerTo mowoneba iman daimsaxura, vinc sasargeblo saamos Seuria da mkiTxveli Tanabrad kidec gaarTo da kidec daariga".

horaciusi2

2 nawyvetebi kvintus horacius flakusis (Zv. w. 65-8 ww.) traqtatidan

poeturi xelovnebisaTvis mogvyavs akaki uruSaZis Targmanis (Tbi-lisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1981) mixedviT. rogorc cnobilia, horaciusis am nawarmoebis erT-erTi umTavresi litera-turuli wyaro, klasikur filologiaSi myarad damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, aristoteles poetika unda yofiliyo. xo-lo TviT traqtatSi naxsenebi "sokratuli Txzulebebi" (311) ki, vfi-qrobT, imaze unda mianiSnebdes, rom horaciusisaTvis arc platoni-seuli "dialogebi" unda yofiliyo ucnobi.

379

rogorc Zveli, ise axali Taobis rusTvelologTa mier sayovelTaod gaziarebulia mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom vefxistyaosnis prologiseuli Sairobis Teoriis avtori ara mxolod icnobda aristoteles poetikas, aramed iziarebda kidec berZeni moazrovnis mier masSi Camoyalibebul zogierT umniSvnelovanes debulebas.3 aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT Cven mier ganxorcielebulma dakvirvebam kidev ufro Sors mimavali daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZleblobac mogvca: vfiqrobT, rom rusTveli poeturi xelovnebis Sesaxeb, mniSvnelovanwilad, swored aristoteleseuli Tvalsazrisis (renesansuli tipis azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli) SemoqmedebiTi recefciis procesSi gaacxadebda sakuTari poetikuri koncefciis sakvanZo debulebebs.4 winamdebare statiis mizania, aRniSnuli sakiTxis Taobaze Cven mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba axali argumentebis moxmobis gziT, SeZlebisdagvarad, kidev ufro ganvamtkicoT da amasTanave, metad naTelvyoT. imavdroulad, _ gamovavlinoT sxva antikuri avtorebic (kerZod ki, homerosi da platoni), romlebic Sairobis Teoriis Camoyalibebis procesSi rusTvelisaTvis, savaraudod, recefciis damatebiT wyaros warmoadgendnen.

ukanaskneli xanebis homerologiur gamokvlevebSi sxva arsebiT sakiTxebTan erTad yuradReba maxvildeba im garemoebazec, rom evropuli epikuri tradiciis Cvenamde

3 zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebis mxardamWer ukanasknel xanebSi gamoqvey-

nebul naSromTagan ix.: valeri asaTiani, antikuri da bizantiuri tradiciebi Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi, Tbilisis universitetis ga-momcemloba, Tbilisi, 1996, 146 (iqve miTiTebulia Sesabamisi samec-niero literaturac).

4 ase magaliTad, SesaZleblad migvaCnia, vifiqroT, rom rusTvelTan mkiTxvelis "gulis gangmirvas" anu "gulSi laxvaris xevas" igive datvirTva aqvs, rac "kaTarsisis" cnebas aristoteles moZRvrebaSi. kerZod ki, erTica da meorec unda gulisxmobdes mkiTxvelisaTvis siamovnebis miniWebas masSi aRZruli Zlieri gancdebis (TanagrZno-bisa da SiSis) saSualebiT (Sdr.: "miT SevewivneT tariels, turfad-ca unda xseneba", 6,3 (teqstis citaciisas strofebis numeracias vu-TiTebT vefxistyaosnis teqstis damdgeni komisiis [gamomcemloba mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1988] gamocemis mixedviT.); "mo, davsxdeT, ta-rielisTvis cremli gvdis SeuSrobili", 7,1 (ix.: z. xinTibiZe, 20031, 2081).


380

moRweuli am uZvelesi nimuSis _ homerosis eposis Tanaxmad poezia ara mxolod garTobisa da dros tarebis saSualebaa, aramed msmenelSi esTetikuri siamovnebis gamomwvevi faqtoric.5 amdenad, vfiqrobT, eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiTac, kerZod ki, poeziis, rogorc esTetikuri tkbobis gamomwvevi xelovnebis (erT-erTi) dargis, Sesaxeb Teoriuli Tvalsazrisis, erTgvari poetikuri koncefciis safuZvlis Camyrelad ocdarvasaukunovani evropuli literaturuli procesis farglebSi isev da isev homerosi gvevlineba. da marTlac, miuxedvad imisa, rom zmnas _ Terpo ("vamxiaruleb", "vaxareb", "[esTetikurad] vatkbob") homerosi sul sxvadasxvagvar konteqstSi iyenebs (magaliTad, sakvebis miRebasTan, Rvinis smasTan, tiriliT gulis mojerebasTan, saTamaSo koWebiT garTobasTan Tu adamianebis urTierTsaubarTan dakavSirebiT, e. i. _ farTo gagebiT, sazogadod siamovnebis miniWebis mniSvnelobiT), sruliad aSkaraa, rom simReris TanxlebiT poeturi nawarmoebis Sesrulebis amsaxvel scenebSi is rogorc Tavad damkvrelisaTvis (iliada, IX, 186), ise msmenelisaTvis (odisea, VIII-IX), umeteswilad, swored sakuTriv esTetikuri tkbobis, siamovnebis miniWebis mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli. iliadisagan gansxvavebiT odiseaSi homeross saSualeba hqonda, ufro vrclad esaubra poeziis mier gamowveuli esTetikuri siamovnebis Sesaxeb. amdenad, SesaZlebloba gveZleva, garkveuli warmodgena SeviqmnaT imis Taobaze, Tu ratom aniWebs, homerosis Tanaxmad, msmenels poezia siamovnebas. vfiqrobT, rom, am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT mravlismTqmelia odisevsis mimarTva momRerali poetis _ demodokosisadmi, romlis saxiTac, homerologiaSi myarad damkvidrebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, homeross sakuTari Tavi _ erTgvari avtoportreti unda daexata. rogorc cnobilia, am brma

5 ix.: rismag gordeziani, berZnuli literatura, tomi I (elinuri epo-

qis eposi, lirika, drama), logosi, Tbilisi, 2002, 112: "swored sia-movnebis miniWeba (terpein) aris miCneuli simReris (e. i. poeturi na-warmoebis, _ z. x.) ZiriTad mimzidvel Zalad. es ki, pirdapir Tu iribad, homerosis sazogadoebisaTvis esTetikuri tkbobis funqciis did mniSvnelobaze migvaniSnebs".

381

mgosnis mier Sesrulebuli pirveli ori simReris mosmenis Semdeg aRtacebuli odisevsi saqebar sityvebs ar iSurebs mis mimarT (odisea, VIII, 487-498). demodokosis RvTiT momadlebuli niWis odisevsis piriT gandidebisas homerosi, vfiqrobT rom, poeturi xelovnebis or urTierTgansxvavebul aspeqtze unda amaxvilebdes yuradRebas. pirvelia, mwyobrad anu mowesrigebulad (Kata

kosmon) simReris anu leqsis Tqmis unari (VIII, 489). meore ki _ gardasuli ambebis marTlad anu utyuarad (Kata moiran _ e. i. imgvarad, rogorc es bedisweriT iyo gansazRvruli) gadmocema (VIII, 496). vfiqrobT, aSkaraa, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi homerosi saubrobs poeturi nawarmoebis formis, meore SemTxvevaSi ki misi Sinaarsobrivi mxaris Sesaxeb. kidev erT formismier maxasiaTebels unda warmoadgendes Oime (am sityvidanaa nawarmoebi "prooimioni", e. i. "simReris Sesavali nawili") anu "rigi", "wyoba", gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT _ "simRera", "leqsi" (odisea, VIII, 74, 481, XXII, 347). amdenad, safiqrebelia, rom homerosis epoqaSi, kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT, simRera aRiqmeboda misi Semadgeneli nawilebis mwyobr rigad, Tanamimdevrobad. Sinaarsobriv-Tematuri TvalsazrisiT ki, rogorc irkveva, erTmaneTisagan ganirCeoda poeturi nawarmoebis ori tipi. pirvelSi imRereboda ukve saqveynod cnobili movlenebi (odisea, VIII, 73-746), meoreSi ki _ jer kidev sruliad axali, sul mcire xnis win momxdari ambebi (odisea, I, 3517). amdenad, zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SesaZleblad migvaCnia, davaskvnaT, rom ukve homerosis epoqidan moyolebuli adamianebi poezias afasebdnen orgvari kriteriumiT _ Tu ramdenad Rirebuli iyo is, erTi mxriv, formismierobis TvalsazrisiT da meore mxriv, Sinaarsobrivad. kidev erTi Tavisebureba imdroindeli poeziisa is aris, rom, gamomdinare misi sinkretuli

6 "muzam mgosani vaJkacT saqmis saTqmelad aRZra, romelT dideba caTa

wiaRs Seswonebia" (ix.: homerosi, odisea, berZnulidan Targmna pan-teleimon beraZem, gamomcemloba sabWoTa saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 1979, 180).

7 "yvelaze metad xom is simRera itacebs kacis guls, romelic ax-ladgardaxdil ambebs mogviTxrobs?" (ix.: homerosi, odisea, Zvel-berZnulidan Targmnes zurab kiknaZem da Tamaz Cxenkelma, nakaduli, Tbilisi, 1975, 22).


382

xasiaTidan, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli molxenasTan, sufrasTan anu garTobasTan (odisea, IX, 5-118). amdenad, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom poeziis zemoqmedebas msmenelze homerosi gadmocems zmniT Terpo, romelic "esTetikuri tkbobis" anu "siamovnebis miniWebasTan" erTad agreTve "gamxiarulebasac" niSnavs.

yvelaze ufro vrclad da dawvrilebiT poetebisa da sazogadod poeziis Sesaxeb platoni Tavis saxelmwifoSi msjelobs. am Txzulebis aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT ganxilva cxadyofs, rom poeziis arsze saubrisas filosofosi aSkarad eyrdnoba homerosTan dafiqsirebul esTetikur Tvalsazriss, rac, rogorc cnobilia, xels ar uSlis mas, mkacri kritikis qar-cecxli daatexos Tavs Tavad homeross, misi saxiT ki, sazogadod, _ poetebsa da poezias. da marTlac, homerosis msgavsad, platonic poezias orgvari kriteriumiT afasebs _ SinaarsobriviTa da formismieriT.9 am ukanaskneli kriteriumis Tanaxmad, homerosi udidesi poetia,10 misi poezia ki esTetikuri siamovnebis momgvreli.11 pirveli kriteriumiT Sefasebisas

8 "... imas ra sjobs, roca ... aedis simReriT guldamtkbari monadimeni

rigisamebr usxedan uxvi purmariliT gawyobil sufras, xolo mwde-ni Taflze utkbesi RviniT uvseben maT oqrocurvil Tasebs" (ix.: ho-merosi, odisea, 1975, 139).

9 "ukve iTqva, ras unda vambobdeT poeziaSi (poeziis Sinaarsobrivi mxare, _ z. x.); gansaxilveli dagvrCa is, Tu rogor unda vambobdeT (poeziis formismieri mxare, _ z. x.). ... ukve davasruleT musikaluri xelovnebis im dargis ganxilva, sityvierebasa da Tqmulebebs rom exeba; gavarkvieT, ras unda vambobdeT da rogor vambobdeT" (ix.: platoni, saxelmwifo, Zveli berZnulidan Targmna baCana bregvaZem, gamomcemloba nekeri, Tbilisi, 2003, 97-103).

10 "erTgvari siyvaruli da pativiscema homerosis mimarT ... siyrmidanve Camenerga gulSi ... rogorc Cans, is iyo am mSvenieri tragikosi poe-tebis pirveli moZRvari da hegemoni" (ix.: platoni, saxelmwifo, 2003, 356).

11 "roca Cvens Soris TviT yvelaze ukeTesnic ki homerossa Tu rome-lime sxva tragikos poets usmenen, mwuxarebiT Sepyrobil gmirs rom gvixataven, romelic bedis samduraviT savse sityvas warmoTqvams, sxvebs ki aiZulebs zars ambobdnen da mjiRs icemdnen mkerdSi, _ rogorc mogexseneba, am STabeWdilebas ayolilni, gmiris gancdebis kvaldakval, TviTonac erTgvar siamovnebas ganvicdiT, masTan erTad rom vitanjebiT da gulsaklavad davtiriT yovelive amas. Cven va-

383

ki irkveva, rom, moraluri TvalsazrisiT, poezia da poeziiT moniWebuli siamovneba msmeneli sazogadoebisaTvis mxolod vnebis momtania.12 swored amitomac poetTaTvis ar moiZebneba adgili filosofosTa mier marTul idealur saxelmwifoSi _ filosofiasa da poezias Soris xom aSkara winaaRmdegobaa.13 amdenad, homerosis msgavsad, platonis Tanaxmadac poezia mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli garTobasTan da Sesabamisad, _ siamovnebis miRebasTan. adamianebs poezia siamovnebas

qebT da vadidebT im poets, romelic swored am ganwyobilebas iw-vevs CvenSi" (ix.: platoni, saxelmwifo, 2003, 371).

12 "... poetebi siamovnebas hgvrian da atkboben Cveni sulis im sawyiss, romelsac Cveni sakuTari ubedurebis dros yovelnairad vcdilobT Tavi davuWiroT da gasaqani ar mivceT; arada, Tavisi bunebrivi mi-drekilebis gamo, swored mas surs tiriliT moioxos da mwuxarebiT ijeros guli. meore mxriv, Cveni sulis ukeTesi sawyisi, jer kidev arasakmarisad ganmtkicebuli gonebisa da Cveulebis mier, Tavis ze-damxedvelobas asustebs am motiral sawyisze da sxvisi vnebebis Se-myures hgonia, TiTqos TviTon mas sruliadac ar bRalavs imiTi tkboba, rom es sxva Tundac siqvelezedac debdes Tavs, Rirseulad ver gamoxatavs Tavis mwuxarebas; amitomac aqebs, Tanaulmobs da im-asac ki fiqrobs, rom es TviTon masac amdidrebs, ase rom, arasdi-debiT ar isurvebda Tavisi zizRi gamoexata mTeli nawarmoebis mi-marT, da, amrigad, moeklo es siamovneba. me mgonia, iSviaTad Tu vinme uwevs angariSs imas, rom sxvisi gancdebi gadamdebi ZaliT moqmedeben Cvenze: Tuki isini mZafr sibraluls aRZraven sulSi, Znelia Tavi davaRwioT aseTsave sibraluls Cveni sakuTari ubedu-rebisas." ... "homerosi yvelaze didi Semoqmedi da tragikosTa Soris pirveli poetia, magram ... Cvens saxelmwifoSi misaRebad migvaCnia mxolod RmerTebisadmi miZRvnili himnebi da keTilSobil kacTa saxotbo simRerebi. xolo Tu maT magivrad vnebian muzas miiReb, gind melikuri iyos da gind epikuri, maSin saxelmwifoSi siamovneba da tanjva gagibatondeba kanonisa da zogadi sawyisis nacvlad" (ix.: platoni, saxelmwifo, 2003, 372 ... 373).

13 "... odiTganve SeiniSneba erTgvari uTanxmoeba filosofiasa da poezias Soris. mravalricxovani andazebi ... naTlad mowmoben maT ZvelisZvel uTanxmoebas.. da mainc, Tu mimbaZvelobiTi poezia, romelic miznad isaxavs xalxis garTobas, erT sabuTs mainc moitans imis dasturad, rom is saWiroa srulyofili wyobilebis mqone saxelmwifoSi, Cven siamovnebiT miviRebT mas. TviTonve vaRiarebT, rom monusxulni varT misi xibliT. magram imis Ralati, rac WeSmaritia, mkrexelobaa. ise ki, Cemo megobaro, gana Senc ar gxiblavs poezia, miT umetes, roca homerosis poezias exeba saqme?" (ix.: platoni, saxelmwifo, 2003, 373-374).


384

aniWebs im gziT, rom maT tanjvas ganacdevinebs. swored tanjvis (TanagrZnobisa da sibralulis) grZnobis gancdaa, platonis Tanaxmad, adamianTaTvis siamovnebis momgvreli. magram amgvari gancda, imavdroulad, sazianoa moqalaqeebisaTvis, msmenelTaTvis,14 radganac miznad WeSmaritebis wvdomas ki ar isaxavs,15 aramed amis mxolod moCvenebas, rasac poezia mibaZvis gziT aRwevs.16 saxelmwifos damasrulebeli, meaTe wignis bolos platoni amgvarad ajamebs poeziis Taobaze mis mier warmarTul msjelobas: "xolo poeziis im damcvelebs, romlebic poetebi ki ara, poetebis moyvareni arian, Cven saSualebas mivcemT Tundac proziT daicvan igi da dagvimtkicon, rom poezia ara marto sasiamovnoa (Hedeia), aramed sasargebloc (Ophelime) rogorc saxelmwifos, ise adamianis cxovrebisTvisac. marTlacda, xom gavmdidrdebodiT, is ara marto sasiamovno, sasargebloc rom yofiliyo?".17

platonis esTetikuri koncefciis yvelze ufro Tanmimdevruli kritika, rogorc cnobilia, missave mowafes _ aristoteles ekuTvnis da poeturi xelovnebis Sesaxeb daweril traqtatSi _ poetikaSia dafiqsirebuli. Tavisi maswavleblis saxelis mouxsenieblad aristotele platons upirispirdeba yvela principul sakiTxSi. esenia: poeziisa da filosofiis urTierTmimarTeba; homerosisadmi damokidebuleba; mibaZvis arsi da misi mniSvneloba poeziisa da sazogadod, xelovnebisaTvis; poeziis gasaanalizebeli kriteriumis (mxolod eTikuri Tu

14 "Cven bodiSs vixdiT homerosisa da sxva poetebis winaSe, ... magram

imitom ki ara, rom arapoeturni arian, an usiamovno STabeWdilebas axdenen mraval msmenelze, aramed piriqiT: rac ufro poeturni arian, miT ufro naklebad marTebT maTi smena bavSvebsac da mozrdilebsac ..." (ix.: platoni, saxelmwifo, 2003, 86).

15 "SeuZlebelia seriozulad ifiqro, TiTqos amnairi poezia seriozulia da WeSmaritebis wvdomas cdilobs. mis msmenels sifrTxile marTebs, raTa mtkiced daicvas Tavisi sulieri samyaro ..." (ix.: platoni, saxelmwifo, 2003, 374).

16 "_maS, ra vqnaT, xom ar vaRiaroT, rom yvela poeti, homerosidan moyolebuli, siqvelis moCvenebiTi xatebisa da sxva misTanaTa ubralo mimbaZvelia, magram verasodes aRwevs WeSmaritebas? ... _ra Tqma unda" (ix.: platoni, saxelmwifo, 2003, 363-364).

17 ix.: platoni, saxelmwifo, 2003, 374.

385

eTikurTan erTad umeteswilad esTetikuric) SerCeva da bolos, Tu ratom aniWebs poezia msmenels siamovnebas. amdenad, bunebrivia, rom poetikis 25-e TavSi, romelic mTlianad eZRvneba poeziis dacvas misi mravalricxovani kritikosebisagan, aristotele yurad ar iRebs platonis rCevas da ar cdilobs, daasabuTos, rom poezia ara mxolod sasiamovnoa, aramed sasargebloc. amis nacvlad msjelobis dasawyisSive acxadebs, rom "... is, rac marTebulia (Orthotes

18) politikaSi, gansxvavdeba imisagan,

rac poeziaSia marTebuli da amgvaradvea, erTi mxriv, politikisaTvis da meore mxriv, romelime sxva xelovnebisTvisac".19 amdenad, vfiqrobT, naTelia, rom aristotele imTaviTve ganasxvavebs mxatvruls anu "mibaZviT" Seqmnils filosofiurisagan anu realurad arsebulisagan da Sesabamisad, esTetikurad araeTikurs20 sazogadod anu sakuTriv araeTikurisagan (rogorc platonisaTvis, ise aristotelesaTvis politika filosofiur da eTikur principebs efuZneba. magram, platonisagan gansxvavebiT, aristotelesaTvis xelovneba da kerZod ki, poezia, miuxedavad filosofiasTan msgavsebisa, mainc misgan gansxvavebuli da amdenad, sxvagvar, kerZod ki mxatvrul, principebze dafuZnebuli fenomenia). swored amitomac, vfiqrobT, kanonzomieria, rom poetikis avtori Tavis traqtatSi erTxelac ar axsenebs

18 termini Orthotes ("siswore", "marTebuloba") aristotelemdec

gamoiyeneboda da Tanac sakmaod xSirad. kerZod ki, _ sofistebisa da platonis mier ama Tu im literaturul sakiTxze msjelobis procesSi. ufro konkretulad ki, platoni poeziis uaryofiT mxared swored imas miiCnevs, rom is ar efuZneba "siswores" (ix.: Rudolf Pfeiffer, History of Classical Scholarship (From the Beginnings to the End of the

Hellenistic Age), At The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1968, 74). amdenad, naTelia, rom sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgomiT am konkretul SemTxvevaSic aristotele, faqtobrivad, diskusias Tavis maswavlebelTan awarmoebs, Tumca misi saxelis moxseniebisagan amjeradac Tavs ikavebs.

19 ix.: poetika, 1460b13-15 (aqac da SemdgomSic Targmani Sesrulebulia Cven mier).

20 25-e Tavis bolos aristotele samarTlianad miiCnevs imgvari poetis mimarT gamoTqmul braldebas, romlis gamonaTqvamic araeTikuria da imavdroulad, amgvari araeTikuroba araa gamowveuli raimenairi [mxatvruli] aucileblobiT (ix.: poetika, 1461b19-21).


386

sityvas "sasargeblo", maSin roca ara erTgzis da Tanac, dawvrilebiT msjelobs poeziiT gamowveuli "siamovnebis" Sesaxeb.

poetikis damasrulebeli, 26-e Tavis bolos, kerZod ki, tragediisa da eposis Taobaze mis mier warmodgenili Tvalsazrisis Semajamebeli msjelobis daskvniT nawilSi aristotele, rogorc cnobilia, kidev erTxel sagangebod miuTiTebs e. w. seriozuli anu aragasarTobi daniSnulebis mqone poeziis (eposisa da tragediis) mier moniWebuli (esTetikuri) siamovnebis specifikur xasiaTze: "...vinaidan [tragediam da eposma] unda mogvaniWon ara nebismieri saxis siamovneba (Hedonen), aramed mxolod Cven mier aRwerili"....21 Tavis droze jer kidev gerald elzem22 miaqcia yuradReba im garemoebas, rom sityviT _ "Tqmuli, aRwerili" (Ten

eiremenen) _ aristotele unda mianiSnebdes Tavisi traqtatis an me-14 Tavze, anda 23-e Tavze da ramdenadac maTSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa axsnili poeziiT moniWebuli (esTetikuri) siamovnebis gamomwvevi mizezebi, SeiZleba mxolod vivaraudoT, Tu romeli gziT gamowveul siamovnebas unda gulisxmobdes am SemTxvevaSi aristotele. siamovnebas, gamowveuls TanagrZnobisa da SiSis mibaZvis gziT23 Tu siuJetis erTianobiTa da komoziciur-struqturuli srulqmnilebiT24 moniWebul siamovnebas.25

21 ix.: poetika, 1462b13-14. 22 ix.: Gerald F. Else, Aristotle's Poetics: The Argument, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1957, 651 ... 23 "...tragediisagan xom yvelanair siamovnebas (Hedonen) ki ar unda ve-

lodoT, aramed mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebels. ase rom, trage-diiT poetma unda mogvaniWos TanagrZnobisa da SiSis mibaZvis gziT gamowveuli siamovneba (Hedonen) ..." (ix.: poetika, 1453b10-13).

24 "tragediebis msgavsad masSic (e. i. eposSic, _ z. x.) siuJeti (Muthous) dramatul principsa da dasawyisis, Sua nawilisa da dasasrulis mqone erT mTlian (Holen _ "erTian") da dasrulebul (Teleian _ "sru-lyofil") moqmedebaze dayrdnobiT unda iyos agebuli, raTa, erTia-ni cocxali organizmis msgavsad, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli siamovne-ba (Hedonen) mogvaniWos" (ix.: poetika, 1459a18-21).

25 sabolood, g. elze imgvar daskvnamde midis, rom Ten eiremenen-Si aristotele unda gulisxmobdes e. w. kaTarsisul siamovnebas anu siamovnebas, gamowveuls TanagrZnobisa da SiSis mibaZvis gziT (ix.: G. Else, 1957, 651 ... Cveni mosazreba aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. qvemoT).

387

poetikis Tanamedrove komentatorebi miuTiTeben im garemoebazec, rom, rodesac aristotele saubrobs poeturi nawarmoebis (da sazogadod, xelovnebis nimuSis, magaliTad suraTis) mier moniWebul (esTetikur) siamovnebaze, igi araorazrovnad ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan am SegrZnebis (anu siamovnebis) or saxeobas. pirveli maTgani, romelic baZvis (mimesisis) procesTanaa dakavSirebuli, codnis miRebiT anu xelovnebis nimuSis arsSi wvdomiT, misi SinaarsiT gamowveuli siamovnebaa. meore saxis siamovneba ki xelovnebis nimuSis sakuTriv esTetikuri mxariT anu misi formiT tkbobidan momdinareobs.26

rusTveliseuli poetikuri koncefciis zedapiruli analizis procesSic ki TvalSisacemia is garemoeba, rom masSi orjeraa sagangebod aRniSnuli Sairobis procesis Tanamonawile msmenelis / mkiTxvelis mier (esTetikuri) siamovnebis miRebis faqti: 1) "... kvla aqaca eamebis, vinca ismens kaci vargi "... (12,3)

da 2) "... Cven maTica gveamebis, raca oden Tqvan naTelad "...

(17,3). bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: ramdenad msgavsia an, piriqiT,

urTierTgansxvavebuli aRniSnuli sakiTxis, erTi mxriv, aristoteleseuli da meore mxriv, rusTveliseuli gaazreba? da kidev _ ra mimarTebaa, CvenTvis saintereso TvalsazrisiT, Sairobis rusTvelur Teoriasa da homerosisa da platonis esTetikur naazrevs Soris? vfiqrobT, naTelia, rom am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema vefxistyaosnis prologSi Camoyalibebuli poetikuri koncefciis mxolod srulad (da ara mxolod misi calkeuli debulebebis) gaazrebis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli.27

26 Sdr.: Aristoteles, Apanta, Tomos 34, Peri Poietikes, Eisagoge - Metaphrase Dr. E.P.

Nikoloudes, Ekdoseis Kaktos (Oi Ellenes, 223), Athena, 1995, 46 (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT).

27 rusTvelis poetikuri koncefciis Taobaze Cveni Tvalsazrisi wi-namdebare statiaSi mokled, faqtobrivad, daskvnebis saxiTa gvaqvs gadmocemuli (Semoklebul adgilebze mivaniSnebT Semdegi formiT _ <...>). calkeul debulebaTa argumentirebuli mtkiceba vrclad war-modgenili iqneba Cvens sadoqtoro disertaciaSi _ kompoziciuri


388

"Sairoba pirveladve sibrZnisaa erTi dargi" (12,1) _ swored am sityvebiT iwyebs rusTveli poeziis Taobaze sakuTari Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebas. albaT, esecaa erT-erTi im mizezTagani, rom Sairobis Teoriis mkvlevari rusTvelologebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas swored aRniSnuli taepis analizs uTmobdnen. aristoteles poetikis im adgilis gaTvaliswinebiT, sadac berZeni filosofosi poezias, erTi mxriv, istorias adarebs, meore mxriv ki, filosofias da bolos ki askvnis, rom poezia ufro filosofiuria, vidre istoria, radganac is saubrobs ara konkretulze (istoriis msgavsad), aramed zogadze (iseve, rogorc filosofia),28 vfiqrobT, Znelia, ar daveTanxmoT rusTvelologiaSi myarad damkvidrebul Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac rusTveli, safiqrebelia rom, icnobda aristoteles poetikas da principulad iziarebda berZeni moazrovnis mier masSi Camoyalibebul koncefcias poeturi xelovnebis (kerZod ki, misi filosofiuri bunebis, arsis) Sesaxeb. zemoaRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi, romelic, faqtobrivad, uyoymanodaa gaziarebuli axali da uaxlesi periodis rusTvelologiur naSromebSi, mose gogiberiZes ekuTvnis.29

miuxedavad imisa, rom viziarebdiT da kvlavac viziarebT m. gogiberiZis zemoxsenebul mosazrebas, g. farulavas ukanasknel xanebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromis30 gacnobis Semdeg CvenTvis naTeli gaxda, rom pasuxgaucemeli ar unda darCes erTi metad mniSvnelovani kiTxva: riTi unda iyos ganpirobebuli, rom rusTveli, erTi mxriv, aristoteles msgavsad, saubrobs "poeziis filosofiurobaze" da meore mxriv, iqve, dauyovnebliv, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi mcxovreb WeSmarit qristians

organizaciisa da indvidualizaciis homerosiseuli principebi da epikuri tradicia.

28 ix.: poetika, 1451a36-1451b11. 29 ix.: m. gogiberiZe, rusTaveli, petriwi, preludiebi, gamomcemloba

sabWoTa mwerali, Tbilisi, 1961, 115... (Tumca ukanasknel xanebSi me-12 strofis Sesaxeb gamoiTqva tradiciulisagan arsebiTad gansxvave-buli Tvalsazrisic. ix.: griver farulava, sibrZnis dargi saRmrTo, saRmrTod gasagoni. _ qarTuli literatura [samecniero-meTodikuri Jurnali], N 2, 1998, 3-29).

30 ix.: g. farulava, 1998.

389

Seefereboda, xazgasmiT aRniSnavs imasac, rom igive Sairoba, romelic "pirveladve sibrZnisaa erTi dargi", amave dros aris "saRmrTo, saRmrTod gasagoni"? xom ar arsebobs rusTvelis am konkretul naazrevSi erTgvari araTanmimdevrulobis dafiqsirebis safuZveli? an, iqneb, aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas winare renesansuli da sakuTriv renesansuli epoqis esTetikisaTvis sazogadod damaxasiaTebeli ekleqtizmis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro?!

vfiqrobT, rom zemodasmul kiTxvas mokled amgvari pasuxi SeiZleba gaeces: eWvs gareSea, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom rusTveli Sairobaze saubars, aristoteles msgavsad, poeziis filosofiurobis sagangebo aRniSvniT iwyebs. vefxistyosani xom, qarTul cnobierebaSi sruliad samarTlianad gabatonebuli Sexedulebisamebr, "sibrZnis wyaroa". amave dros, rusTvelologiuri, gansakuTrebiT ki ukanaskneli xanebis, gamokvlevebidan sul ufro da ufro naTlad ikveTeba is WeSmaritebac, rom vefxistyaosniseul sibrZnes safuZvlad, upirveles yovlisa, swored qristianuli rwmena udevs. vfiqrobT, amitomacaa, rusTvelis gacxadebiT, poezia "saRmrTo, saRmrTod gasagoni". codnisa da rwmenis amgvari sinTezis, simfoniis fenomenis tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT srulyofili gaazrebisaTvis, vfiqrobT, rom aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli is inteleqtualuri procesi, romelic mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda,31 magram gansakuTrebiT intensiuri xasiaTi swored gvian SuasakuneebSi miiRo, kerZod ki, me-12 saukunidan moyolebuli _ rogorc bizantiaSi, ise dasavleT evropaSi. swored man Secvala adreul SuasaukuneebSi moRvawe dogmatikuri mimarTulebis gamtarebeli qristianobis apologeti zogierTi moRvawis naSromebSi Camoyalibebuli moZRvreba codnaze rwmenis primatis Sesaxeb da TandaTanobiT Seumzada safuZveli renesansis epoqas,

31 ix.: guram TevzaZe, Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoria, Tbilisis

universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1996; meri WeliZe, elinizmis filosofia adrindeli qristianobis epoqaSi, Tbilisis universite-tis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1998, 53, 127, 281-283.


390

romelSic es wonasworoba etapobrivad, magram sabolood, Seicvala codnis sasargeblod.32

gviani Suasaukuneebisa da winare renesansuli epoqebis saazrovno problematikiT ganmsWvaluli zemoaRniSnuli koncefcia, romlis kvalsac Cven prologis me-12 strofis pirvel or taepSi vafiqsirebT, vfiqrobT rom, vefxistyaosnis danarCeni teqstis anu misi e. w. mxatvruli nawilis mraval, siuJeturi TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovan pasaJSic iCens Tavs.33

avTandilis anderZi rostevanisadmi, vfiqrobT, mTeli poemis masStabiT, imis yvelaze ufro naTeli magaliTia, Tu rogor SeiZleba dasabuTdes erTdroulad rogorc codnis, ise rwmenis poziciebidan romelime erTi konkretuli gadawyvetilebis (am SemTxvevaSi, _ megobris daxmarebis mizniT mefis survilis sawinaaRmdegod spaspetis qveynidan Cumad "gaparvis") marTebuloba. da marTlac, avTandili mis mier gadadgmuli nabijis gasamarTleblad Tavdapirvelad iSveliebs platonis avtoritets ("platonisgan swavlaTqmulsa") anu misi pirveli argumenti filosofiuria ("kaci brZeni ver gaswiravs "..., 787-788,2). avTandilis mier moyvanili meore argumenti ki ukve rwmenis sferodanaa. kerZod ki, is mociqulTa avtoritetsa ("...mociqulni ragvar weren") da TviT uflis yovlisSemZleobis rwmenas ("raca RmerTsa ara swaddes "...) emyareba (789-791). amdenad, vfiqrobT, aSkaraa teqstis am monakveTis (787-791) kompoziciuri msgavseba prologis me-12 strofis 1-el da me-2 taepebTan. kerZod ki, rusTvelis mier Sairobis ori urTierTgansxvavebuli sawyisis _ adamianur-filosofiurisa da saRmrTo-Teologiuris _ CamoTvlis TanmimdevrobiTi rigi am SemTxvevaSic ucvlelia: jer adamianuri sibrZne da Semdeg misi saSualebiT saRmrTo sibrZnis "gagoneba" (12,2), Secnoba ("can"), misTvis "cnobis mifereba" (789,2). <...>

32 ix. aleqsandre aleqsiZe, berZnuli saraindo romanis samyaro (XIII-

XIV ss), Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1976, 8, 10-11.

33 winamdebare statiis ZiriTad saTqmels rom ar gadavuxvioT, ze-moTqmulis sailustraciod poemis teqstidan amjerad mxolod erTi magaliTis moyvaniT SemovifarglebiT.

391

amdenad, vefxistyaosnis realobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, erTi mxriv, ganswavluloba, sibrZnis moyvareoba da meore mxriv, RmerTisadmi rwmena, aramc Tu gansxvavebuli tipis pirovnebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebuli, urTierTgamomricxavi adamianuri midrekilebebia, aramed, piriqiT, isini erTsa da imave pirovnebaSi harmoniulad aris (unda iyos) Serwymuli.

<...> miuxedavad zemoaRniSnuli msgavsebebisa, udaod TvalSisacemia is garemoebac, rom me-12 strofis me-2 taeps, gansakuTrebiT, mis pirvel nawils ("saRmrTo, saRmrTod gasagoni") namdvilad araferi aqvs saerTo aristoteleseul naazrevTan, radganac platonis (Semdgom epoqaSi ki neoplatonuri) filosofiisagan gansxvavebiT, poetikaSi poeziaze saubrisas aristotele, rogorc cnobilia, arafers ambobs RmerTTan mimarTebiT.

<...> bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: ras unda niSnavdes "Sairoba ... / saRmrTo"? vfiqrobT, rom vefxistyaosnis avtoris _ rusTvelis religiuri aRmsareblobis _ qristianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, am kiTxvas mxolod erTi pasuxi SeiZleba gaeces: yovelives Semqmneli RmerTia ("romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa", 1,1; "he, RmerTo erTo, Sen Sehqmen saxe yovlisa tanisa", 2,1). swored amis gacxadebiT iwyeba vefxistyaosani. amdenad, naTelia, rom iseve, rogorc yvelaferi, Sairobac anu poeziac RmerTisgan iRebs dasabams, misgan modis, RvTaebrivia anu saRmrToa.34 da ramdenadac sibrZnis dargia da saRmrToa, saRmrTodvea gasagoni, ris gamoc Sairoba msmenelTaTvis didad sasargebloa. amdenad, rusTvelis TvalsazrisiT, poeziis (rigiT) pirveli, upirvelesi daniSnulebiTi niSan-Tviseba isaa, rom sasargebloa imgvari msmenelisaTvis, romelic Sairobas usmens misi sibrZnismetyvelebiTi da saRmrTo warmoSobisaTvis (e. i. bunebisa da arsisaTvis) Sesaferisi gonebiT, radganac RvTaebrivi poeziis amgvarad mosmenisas msmeneli eziareba sibrZnes. magram udaod

34 Sairobis msgavsad, rogorc cnobilia, RmerTisagan momdinared, mis

mier Seqmnilad miiCnevs rusTveli mijnurobasac, rac poemaSi av-Tandilis piriTaa gacxadebuli: "RmerTo, RmerTo, geajebi, romeli hflob qvenaT zesa, / Sen dahbade mijnuroba, Sen aweseb missa wessa" (808,1-2).


392

qristianuli msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis gamovlinebasTan erTad am SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, fiqsirdeba antikur-berZnuli epikuri tradiciisaTvis organuli koncefciis erTgvari (bunebrivia, qristianul msoflxedvaze dayrdnobiT ganxorcielebuli) recefciis faqtic. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs rogorc homerosTan, ise hesiodesTan dafiqsirebuli warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom poeti anu aedi mxolod mediumia, erTgvari damakavSirebeli xidia RmerTebs, kerZod da upirveles yovlisa, muzasa da msmenel auditorias Soris.35 rusTvelisaTvis aRniSnuli koncefciis recefciis wyaro SeiZleba yofiliyo: 1) uSualod homerosisa da hesiodes poemebi; an (anda maTTan erTad agreTve) 2) platonis dialogi ioni da neoplatonuri filosofiuri moZRvreba.

prologis me-12 strofis mesame taepi iwyeba sityvebiT "kvla aqaca", romelTa Semadgeneli nawilebi _ "kvla" da nawilaki "-ca" rusTvelologiur samecniero literaturaSi36 ganimarteba, rogorc urTierTsinonimuri, rac amgvar azrs qmnis: agreTve aqac "eamebis, vinca ismens kaci vargi". safiqrebelia, rom "kvla" mesame taeps wina

35 e. w. xomaldTa katalogis dawyebis win homerosi amgvarad mimarTavs

muzebs: "mimRereT axla, o, muzebo, olimpos mkvidrno, / Tqven Rmer-Tebi xarT, SegiZliaT Wvreta yovelTvis, / Cven ki, umecarT, mxolod Zveli TqmulebiT viciT / winamZRolebi danaelTa da mesveurni. / me bevrs ver vityvi da ver SevZleb yvelas CamoTvlas, / aTi ena da aTi piri rom mqondes kidec, / xma-mouRleli da Zlieri, spilenZis mkerdi, / muzebo, mkvidrno olimposi, zevsis asulno, / Tqven gamax-seneT, ilionze vinc gailaSqra, / CamovTvli gemTa meTaurebs da yvela xomalds" (iliada, II, 484-493, Targmani r. miminoSvilisa [ix.: gamomcemloba sabWoTa saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 1990, 35-36]). hesiode ki amgvarad yveba misi da muzebis "urTierTTanamSromlobis" Sesaxeb: "maT (muzebma, _ z. x.) erTxel lamazi simRera aswvles hesiodes ... imaze, rac iyo da iqneba, mudam arsebul netarTa anu ukvdavTa mod-gmaze, Tavsa da boloSi ki Tavad muzebze" (Teogonia, 22 ... 32-34. Targmani mogvyavs r. gordeziani, 2002, 137-is mixedviT). Sdr. vefxis-tyaosnis prologidan: "aw ena minda gamoTqmad, guli da xelovaneba, / Zali momec (rusTveli mimarTavs RmerTs, _ z. x.), da Sewevna Seng-niT maqvs, mivsce goneba; / miT SevewivneT tariels, turfadca unda xseneba; / maT samTa gmirTa mnaTobTa sWirs erTmanerTis moneba" (6). ix. agr.: v. asaTiani, 1996, 158-159.

36 ix.: nodar naTaZe, vefxistyaosani, saskolo gamocema, gamomcemloba ganaTleba, Tbilisi, 1974, 1612g.

393

taep(eb)Tan akavSirebdes. "-c(a)"-s gamaerTianebeli funqcia ki taepis farglebs ar unda scildebodes. kerZod ki, misi saSualebiT "aqa" 12,3-is oridan ("eamebis" da "ismens") erT-erT zmnasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. <...> aRniSnuli taepi mTavrdeba sityvebiT "kaci vargi", romelic <...> winaaRmdeg rusTvelologiaSi damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisisa, vfiqrobT, rom gagebuli unda iqnes, ara rogorc "kargi, keTili da a.S. kaci, msmeneli", aramed _ "raRacisaTvis vargi anu gamosadegi kaci, msmeneli". bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: risTvis varg anu vargis kacze, msmenelze unda saubrobdes rusTveli me-12 strofis me-3 taepSi?

<...> vfiqrobT, naTelia, rom me-12 strofis pirvel or taepSi rusTveli warmoaCens Sairobis pirvel daniSnulebiT niSan-Tvisebas, msmenelTaTvis mis sargeblianobas ("msmenelTaTvis didi margi"). amdenad, "kvla"-s saSualebiT 12,3-is "aqaca" azrobrivad unda ukavSirdebodes swored 12,1-2-is "msmenelTaTvis"-s anu msmenels. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Tuki 12,1-2-Si saubaria imis Sesaxeb, rom "saRmrTod gasagoni" Sairoba msmenelisaTvis sasargebloa (e. i., rom Sairoba "saRmrTod gamgoni" msmenelisaTvis aris sasargeblo), 12,3-Si gacxadebulia poeziis ukve sxva, meore daniSnulebiTi niSan-Tviseba. kerZod ki, is, rom Sairoba aris (esTetikuri) siamovnebis momgvreli, sasiamovno ("eamebis"), magram imgvari msmenelisaTvis, romelic "saRmrTod gasagonTan" erTad amasTanave, agreTve saamqveynodac ("kvla aqaca") ismens.37 Sesabamisad, 12,3-Si "aqaca"-s sintaqsur mewyviled, vfiqrobT, unda CaiTvalos sityva "ismens" da ara (rogorc es erTi SexedviT Cans) _ "eamebis". aRniSnuli varaudis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi me-12 strofis pirveli sami taepis azri amgvarad gaimarTeba: Sairoba, Tavisi warmoSobiT ("pirveladve"), sibrZnisaa erTi dargi, / saRmrTo, saRmrTod gasagoni, msmenelTaTvis didi margi, / kvla

37 12,3-is gansxvavebuli, tradiciuli interpretacia, rom [Sairoba]

msmenelisaTvis agreTve amqveynadac sasiamovnoa ("kvla aqaca eame-bis"), vfiqrobT, rom gaumarTlebelia, radganac maSin 12,1-2-Si unda iyos Tqmuli, rom Sairoba msmenelisaTvis sasiamovnoa imqveynad. msgavsi azri ki am or taepSi, rogorc cnobilia, ar fiqsirdeba.


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aqaca (e. i. agreTve saamqveynodac), eamebis, vinca ismens kaci vargi (vargi = saamqveynod mosmenisTvisac gamosadegi, vargi).38

<...> amdenad, Cveni varaudiT, 12,1-2-is "msmenelTaTvis"-i da 12,3-is "kvla aqaca ... vinca ismens kaci vargi" sxvadasxva tipis, kategoriis msmenelia. vfiqrobT, rom rusTveli arc iwonebs romelime maTgans da arc iwunebs. magram pirveli kategoriis msmenelis SemTxvevaSi xazgasmulia, rom saRmrTo warmoSobis mqone poezia misTvis, upirveles yovlisa, sibrZnesTan ziarebis saSualebaa da amdenad, sasargebloa. meore kategoriis msmenelisaTvis ki umTavresi poeziiT siamovnebis miRebaa. Tumca am tipis msmeneli poeziis saSualebiT sibrZnesac eziareba.39 amdenad, Sairi, rusTvelis Tanaxmad, "kargi" imitomaa, rom iTvaliswinebs rogorc pirveli kategoriis msmenelis moTxovnilebas ("grZeli sityva"), ise meore kategoriisa ("mokled iTqmis"). mxolod mogvianebiT, kerZod ki, me-17 strofis me-3 taepSia aRniSnuli, rom pirveli tipis msmenelisaTvis Sairoba amasTanave siamovnebis miRebis wyarocaa ("Cven maTica40 gveamebis").

38 bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: moepoveba Tu ara analogi vefxistyaosanSi

amgvar araordinarul sintaqsur konstruqcias, romelic imaSi mdgomareobs, rom rTuli qvewyobili winadadebis Semadgeneli mTa-vari winadadeba or nawilad kveTs masze damokidebuls, Tanac im-gvarad, rom taepSi gadmocemuli azri Znelad aRsaqmeli xdeba? ivane gigineiSvilis monografiis (ix.: gamokvlevebi vefxistyaosnis enis da teqstis kritikis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, gamomcemloba mecnie-reba, Tbilisi, 1975) Tanaxmad, zemodasmul kiTxvas dadebiTad unda vupasuxoT. <...> zemoaRniSnuli gamokvlevidan amjerad mxolod er-Ti, CvenTvis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani magaliTis moyvaniT Semo-vifarglebiT: "calke aRsaniSnavia (xazgasma Cvenia, _ z. x.) 352-e strofi poemisa, kerZod am strofis ukanaskneli taepi. ... dedofali, zRvasa Seiqs, mas rom cremli dauRvria" (ix.: i. gigineiSvili, 1975, 333-335, strofi 352, taepi 4 [= 350,4, _ z. x.]).

39 12,3-is "kvla aqaca"-s "kvla" da "-ca" swored imaze mianiSneben, rom meore kategoriis msmenels "saRmrTo gagonebac" xelewifeba da ara mxolod "aqa mosmena". amdenad, poezia misTvisacaa "didi margi".

40 saqme isaa, rom, Tuki me-12 strofSi aSkaraa, rom rusTveli dife-rencirebulad saubrobs msmenelTa pirvel da meore tipze, me-17 strofis me-3 da me-4 taepSi warmarTuli msjeloba, safiqrebelia, rom unda exebodes msmenelebs sazogadod _ msmenelTa rogorc pir-vel, ise meore tips anu imgvar msmenels, romlisTvisac Sairi "kar-

395

rusTveliseuli Sairobis Teoriis aristoteleseul naazrevTan mimarTebis naTelyofis TvalsazrisiT (rac winamdebare statiis ZiriTadi mizania), vfiqrobT, sxvebTan erTad sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxrebs is garemoebac, rom poetikis avtoric ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan msmenelis or tips. kerZod ki, Tavisi traqtatis bolo TavSi eposis msmenels, tragediis mayureblisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Teatraluri sanaxaobiTac iRebs siamovnebas, aristotele ufro Rirseuls uwodebs: "es ukanaskneli (eposi, _ z. x.), amboben,41 rom gankuTvnilia Rirseuli msmenelisaTvis (Epieikeis), ... tragedia ki ubralo xalxisaTvis (Phaulous

42)".43

gi", mosawoni, sasiamovno grZeli sityvis mokled Tqmulobis gamoa. amdenad, "Cven maTica gveamebis"-is "-ca" imaze mianiSnebs, rom CvenT-vis, upirveles yovlisa, sxvagvarad Tqmuli Sairia sasiamovno. ker-Zod ki, _ ara mxolod "oden" naTlad Tqmuli, romelSic araferia "grZelad" Tqmuli ("veras ityvis vinca grZelad"), aramed _ naTlad, mokled Tqmuli grZeli sityva. amdenad, sityvebis _ "Cven maTica gveamebis"-is "Cven" unda gaviazroT, rogorc "Cven [romlebic siamov-nebas grZeli sityvis, saTqmelis mokled Tqmulobidan viRebT] maTi mxolod naTlad ["grZelad Tqmulobis" gareSe] naTqvamic agreTve gvsiamovnebs". Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT, eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom rusTvelis Tanaxmad, grZeli sityvis naTlad Tqmulobidan siamov-nebas iRebs ara mxolod meore kategoriis msmeneli, aramed pirveli kategoriisac. yovelive zemoTqmulidan ki is daskvna SeiZleba, ga-keTdes, rom, prologiseuri Sairobis Teoriis mixedviT, sazogadod, msmenels siamovnebas Sairis, leqsis "mokled" anu "naTlad" Tqmu-loba aniWebs, poeziis "sargeblianoba" ki "grZelad TqmasTanaa" da-kavSirebuli (dawv. ix. qvemoT).

41 g. elzes argumentirebuli msjelobis Tanaxmad (ix.: G. Else, 1957, 633-634), sityviT "amboben" (Phasin) aristotele naTlad miuTiTebs, rom zemomoyvanili Tvalsazrisi mas ar ekuTvnis. savaraudod, is pla-toniseulia. aristotelem ki saxeldebiT imitom ar moixsenia Tavi-si didi maswavlebeli, rom poetikis Seqmnis procesSi is jer kidev cdilobda, rogorme Tavi aeridebina platonTan pirdapiri dapiris-pirebisaTvis. amasTanave, g. elzes, vfiqrobT, kvlavac marTebuli dakvirvebiT, aSkaraa isic, rom am konkretul SemTxvevaSi aristo-tele savsebiT iziarebs platonis Tvalsazriss.

42 lidl-skotis ZvelberZnul-inglisuri leqsikonis Tanaxmad, Zv. wT-is V-IV ss.-ebis berZen avtorebTan sityva "Phaulos"-i, rodesac is adamianis ganaTlebis doneze mianiSnebs, sityva "Sophos"-is ("brZeni") sapirispiro mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba (ix.: An Intermediate Greek-English

Lexicon [Founded upon the Seventh Edition of Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lex-

icon], At The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1980, 8562).


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xelovnebiT siamovnebis mimReb adamianebs or kategoriad _ brZenebad da yvela danarCenebad _ kidev ufro naTlad gamijnavs aristotele Tavisi traqtatis sxva, aranakleb mniSvnelovan nawilSi. kerZod ki, poetikis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes, me-4 TavSi igi saubrobs sazogadod poeziis Sesaxeb. ai, ras ambobs aristotele poeziis warmoSobis istoriisa da mizezebis Taobaze: "safiqrebelia, rom mTeli (e. i. sazogadod, _ z. x.) poeziis (Holos ten poietiken) Seqmnas xeli orma mizezma Seuwyo da orive maTgani bunebrivia: mibaZvisadmi midrekileba bavSvobidanve adamianebis Tandayolili Tvisebaa, isini swored imiT gansxvavdebian sxva qmnilebebisagan, rom maTTan SedarebiT ufro met mimbaZvelobas iCenen da TavianT pirvel codnasac (Matheseis) mibaZvis saSualebiT iZenen. amasTanave, mibaZva yvelas axarebs (Khairein). amas amtkiceben faqtebi: risi [sinamdvileSi] danaxvac gvamwuxrebs, masTan maqsimalurad mimsgavsebuli gamosaxulebebis, magaliTad, yvelaze ufro sazizRari formis mqone cxovelebis, aseve mkvdrebis Wvreta gvaxarebs (Khairomen). amis mizezi ki isaa, rom swavla (Manthanein) uaRresad sasiamovnoa (Hediston) ara mxolod filosofosebisaTvis, aramed amgvaradve [aris] sxvebisTvisac (Kai tois allois), magram [es ukanasknelni] masSi (Autou, e. i. swavlis procesSi, - z. x.) mcire xniT (Epi brakhu

= "mokled") Tanamonawileoben. amitomac, gamosaxulebebis

Semxedvareebs imis gamo uxariaT (Khairousi), rom mWvretelT swavlisa (Manthanein) da TiToeul maTganze daskvnis gakeTebis (Sullogizesthai) SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, magaliTad, rom "ai es is aris". magram, Tuki manamde [gamosaxuleba] arsdros enaxaT, siamovnebas (Ten hedonen) msgavseba ki ar iwvevs, aramed - dasrulebuloba (Ten apergasian = "bolomde miyvanili, uzado qmnileba") an Seferiloba anda romelime sxva msgavsi mizezi".44

43 ix.: poetika, 1462a2-4. 44 ix.: poetika, 1448b4-19. vfiqrobT, uTuod, aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqtic,

rom, rogorc cnobilia, poetikis swored am adgilis gaTvaliswine-biT Camoayaliba fridrix nicSem Tavis tragediis dabadebaSi (1871

397

axla ki mivubrundeT isev vefxistyaosnis me-12 strofis ganxilvas. vfiqrobT, rom rusTvelis naazrevi, winaaRmdeg rusTvelologTa mier ara erTgzis gamoTqmuli mosazrebisa, imgvarad ki ar unda ganimartos, rom TviT Sairobaa ori saxis – saimqveyno da saamqveyno, aramed, rom, sazogadod, "poezias "saRvTo" daniSnulebac aqvs da saamqveynoc".45 magram amgvari Tvalsazrisi vefxistyaosnis avtoris mier pirdapir ar aris Tqmuli (me-12 strofis me-2 taepis "saRmrTo", rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, unda miuTiTebdes Sairobis warmoSobaze ["pirveladve"] da ara mis daniSnulebaze). Tumca, is igulisxmeba, logikurad gamomdinareobs me-12 strofis saerTo konteqstidan (imas, rac orgvari warmoSobisaa, bunebrivia, bunebaca da daniSnulebac orgvari aqvs). zemoaRniSnul Tvalsazriss rusTveli poeziis orgvar bunebasTan, daniSnulebasTan - mis sargeblianobasa (Sinaarsis kategoria – "grZeli sityva") da saamoobasTan (formis kategoria – "mokled iTqmis") – mkiTxvelis, tipis mixedviT, sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebis, mimarTebis warmoCenis gziTa da procesSi gaacxadebs. es ki poeziis raobis axsnisas swored imgvari poziciis, Teoriuli msjelobisas swored imgvari logikis gamovlenaa, rac srulad iTvaliswinebs da ZiriTadad, iziarebs amave sakiTxisadmi aristoteleseul midgomas. davukvirdeT kidev erTxel poetikis me-4 Tavidan zemomoyvanil pasaJs, amjerad - Cven mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Semowmebis mizniT. rusTveli sruliad naTlad gaacxadebs, rom Sairoba, Tavisi sibrZnismierebiTa da saRmrToobiT, "saRmrTod gamgoni" msmenelisaTvis aris sasargeblo (rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, poetikaSi ar fiqsirdeba sityva "sasargeblo". miuxedavad amisa, zemomoyvanil pasaJSi aristotele samjer axsenebs sityvas "swavla" da erTxel – "daskvnis gakeTeba". amdenad, vfiqrobT, naTelia, rom berZeni moazrovnis Tanaxmad, xelovnebis nimuSis gacnobis procesSi adamianebi swavloben, daskvnebs akeTeben, e. i. sibrZnes eziarebian, rac, bunebrivia, maTTvis mxolod sargeblis momtani

w.) sayovelTaod cnobili Tvalsazrisi tragediis (sazogadod, poe-ziis) orgvari _ apolonuri da dionisuri _ sawyisis Sesaxeb.

45 ix.: g. farulava, 1998, 11.


398

SeiZleba iyos). xolo "agreTve aqaca msmeneli vargi kacisaTvis" ki, rusTvelis Tanaxmad, poezia sasargeblosTan erTad sasiamovnocaa (poeziis warmoSobis Sesaxeb saubrisas aristotele samjer iyenebs sityvas "gaxareba" da orjer – "siamovnebis miniWeba"), radganac Sairi grZel sityvas (anu sibrZnis Semcvelsa da saRmrTo ambavs,46 saTqmels –epikur siuJets) mokled (anu sasiamovnod, e. i. armosawyenad da naTlad, misaxvedrad) ambobs (aristoteles Tanaxmad, filosofosebisagan gansxvavebiT, swavlis procesi sxva adamianebisTvisac sasiamovnoa, magram isini mas ufro mcire dros uTmoben. amdenad, xelovnebis nimuSi [magaliTisaTvis, suraTi] maT sixarulsa da siamovnebas imitom aniWebs, rom mis arsTan, SinaarsTan ziarebis gziT codnas iReben. Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevaSi maT siamovnebas aniWebs agreTve xelovnebis nimuSis formac – misi dasrulebuloba, Seferiloba da sxva [Sdr. rusTvelTan: "Cven maTica gveamebis, raca oden Tqvan naTelad", 17,3]). amgvarad, rogorc aristoteles, ise rusTvelis Tanaxmad, Tavisi arsiT poezia "sibrZnisaa erTi dargi" (rac sasargeblosTan erTad sasiamovnocaa), formiT ki – siamovnebis momgvrelia. magram msgavseba aristotelesTan mxolod zogadkonceptualuri xasiaTis araa. is ikveTeba leqsikur-frazeologiuri detalebis donezec: aristotele ambobs, rom filosofosebis msgavsad swavlis procesi sxvebsac aniWebT siamovnebas, magram, maTgan gansxvavebiT, es ukanasknelni masSi ufro "mokled Tanamonawileoben"; rusTveli ki ambobs, rom "kvla aqaca, eamebis, vinca ismens kaci vargi, / grZeli sityva mokled iTqmis, Sairia amad kargi".47

46 is faqti, rom vefxistyaosanSi "sityva" zogjer "ambis" sinonimuri

mniSvnelobiTac gamoiyeneba, vfiqrobT, yvelaze naTlad avTandilis mier fatmanisaTvis Tqmuli sityvebidan Cans: "didad meamnes ambavni, sityvani awindelani" (1245, 4).

47 aristoteles poetikis komentatorebi traqtatidan zemomoyvanili pasaJis komentirebisas or urTierTgansxvavebul Tvalsazriss ga-moTqvamen (ix.: Aristoteles, 1995, 45-47). pirvelis mixedviT, orive mizezi, romelTa gamoc Seiqmna poezia, ukavSirdeba adamianebisaTvis damax-asiaTebel midrekilebas baZvisadmi, radganac baZva aris, erTi mxriv, codnis, xolo, meore mxriv, siamovnebis miRebis safuZveli. komenta-torTa meore nawilis azriT, aristoteles Tanaxmad, poezia Seiqmna

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zemoTqmulTan erTad, vfiqrobT, aSkaraa is garemoebac, rom, aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, Sairobis arsze msjelobisas rusTveli iyenebs cnebas – "sargeblianoba" ("margi"). ufro swored, "saRmrTo Sairobis saRmrTod gagebisas" sibrZnesTan ziarebis process ukavSirebs msmenelis mier sargeblis naxvas da amgvarad, poeziasTan mimarTebiT, afiqsirebs filosofiur kategoriaTa uaRresad mniSvnelovan, universalur opozicias – sasargeblo | sasiamovno. magram iseve, rogorc nebismieri opozicia, rusTvelTan isic CanasaxSivea ganeitralebuli, moxsnili da amgvaradaa miRweuli harmonia poeturi nawarmoebis Sinaarssa da formas Soris. amdenad, orive tipis msmenelisaTvis / mkiTxvelisaTvis, poeziaSi pirvelyovlisa sargeblis (anu sibrZnis) mnaxvelisaTvis (I tipi), da imisTvisac, visTvisac poeziaSi umTavresi (esTetikuri) siamovnebis miRebaa (II tipi), Sairoba, erTdroulad, sasargeblocaa da sasiamovnoc.

amgvarad, Cveni TvalsazrisiT, sazogadod poeziis sibrZnismetyvelebiT-saRmrTo warmomavlobis sakiTxTan erTad me-12 strofSi rusTveli aranakleb vrclad saubrobs poeziis orgvari - sasargeblo da sasiamovno – buneba-daniSnulebis Sesaxebac, romelTagan, filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT, pirveli Sinaarsobriv kategorias ganekuTvneba, meore ki - formismiers. magram aSkaraa, isic, rom, literaturaTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT, "grZeli

ori mizezis gamo _ pirvelia adamianebisaTvis organuli (codnisa da siamovnebis momcemi) baZvis unari, meore ki musikisadmi maTi mi-drekileba. magram meore mizezi mokledaa ganxiluli, radganac poetikis es adgili Cvenamde dazianebuli saxiT unda iyos moRweu-li ("ramdenadac, bunebiT, baZvisadmi midrekileba CvenTvis isevea damaxasiaTebeli, rogorc harmoniisa da ritmis (e. i. musikis, _ z. x.) grZnoba (xolo is, rom metrebi [e. i. saleqso sazomebi, _ z. x.] rit-mebis Semadgeneli nawilebia, naTelia), amdenad ..." (ix.: poetika, 1448b20-22). zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrobT, sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs is faqti, rom 12-17 strofebis momdevno me-18 strofSi, kerZod ki, me-4 taepSi, rogorc cnobilia rusTvelic, aristoteles msgavsad, mokled, magram naTlad, exeba poeziis musi-kasTan mimarTebis sakiTxsac _ "...misTvis enamusikobdes" (Sdr. m. go-giberiZe, 1961, 124: "musika, rusTavelis gagebiT, xelovnebis usrule-si da umaRlesi formaa. ase gvesmis Cven vefxistyaosnis me-18 stro-fis Sinaarsi ...").


400

sityva" anu grZeli saTqmeli gagebul unda iqnes agreTve (da upirvelesad), rogorc grZeli ambavi, epikuri siuJeti, "mokled Tqma" ki, rogorc - kompoziciuri simwyobre, srulqmnileba anu nawarmoebis Sinagani erTianoba da ara mxolod – misi zomis simcire.48

amdenad, rusTvelis Tanaxmad, Sairoba erTdroulad sasargeblocaa da sasiamovnoc. orive es Tviseba aucilebelia WeSmaritad Rirebuli poeziisaTvis. amgvari Tvalsazrisis gacxadebis Semdeg mosalodnelia, rom msjeloba gagrZelebuliyo swored im mimarTulebiT, Tu ramdenad Seesabamebian TavianTi SemoqmedebiT sxvadasxva kategoriis poetebi, niWiTa da ganswavlulobiT metad Tu naklebad gamorCeulni, poeziis daniSnulebas anu aris Tu ara maTi "leqsebi" msmenelisaTvis (arsiT, SinaarsiT) sasargeblo da imavdroulad, (formiT) sasiamovno. da marTlac, rogorc cnobilia, vefxistyaosnis avtori Sairobis Teoriis gadmomcem danarCen strofebSi saubars swored am mimarTulebiT agrZelebs. safiqrebelia, rom am SemTxvevaSic rusTveli, garkveulwilad, msjelobis aristoteleseul logikas iTvaliswinebdes. saqme isaa, rom poetikis (zemoganxiluli) me-4 Tavis darCenili nawili swored urTierTgansxvavebuli mimarTulebis poetebze msjelobas eTmoba ("xolo poezia [poetebis] pirovnuli xasiaTis mixedviT [or nawilad] daiyo"...49).

48 dawvrilebiT aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix.: z. xinTibiZe, homerosi,

aristotele da siuJetis ganviTarebis kompoziciuri Tavisebureba vefxistyaosanSi, Jurnali qarTvelologi, 10, 20032, 65-77 (gansaku-TrebiT, 66-67). kerZod ki, rusTveliseuli "sityva" Cven davukavSireT poetikiseul "miToss" (qarTulad, _ "miTi"), romlis umTavresi mniSvnelobac Zvel berZnul enaSi aris "sityva". magram, rogorc cnobilia, aristotele Tavis poetikaSi mas iyenebs "poeturi nawar-moebis fabulis, siuJetis" mniSvnelobiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, vfi-qrobT, aRniSvnis Rirsia is garemoebac, rom, poetikis mkvlevarTa azriT, aristotelesaTvis "miTosi" ar aris mxolod da ubralod fabula, siuJeti (literaturaTmcodneobiTi cneba) da miT umetes, miTi, miTologiuri ambavi. upirveles yovlisa, is amqveyniuri sibrZnea, e. i. _ filosofiuri kategoria (ix.: Aristoteles, 1995, 92-93). amdenad, rusTvelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aristoteleseuli "miTo-si" aris "grZeli sityva".

49 ix.: poetika, 1448b24...

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<...> amdenad, zemoaRniSnulidan, vfiqrobT, Semdegi daskvna gamomdinareobs: me-12-me-14 strofebSi rusTveli saubrobs imis Taobaze, rom (idealuri) moSaire unda qmnides imgvar leqss, romelic iqneba erTdroulad sasargebloc (SinaarsiT – grZeli sityva, amqveyniuri sibrZnis Semcveli saTqmeli, gadmocemuli "gulis gasagmire", epikuri siuJetiT) da sasiamovnoc (formiT – mTlianobaSi mokled anu mwyobrad Tqmuli, magram calkeuli Sinaarsobrivad sakvanZo nawilebi, saWiroebisamebr ["ra misWirdes saubari", 13,4], grZlad – grZeli leqsebis saxiT anu dawvrilebiT Tqmulic ["leqsTa grZelTa Tqma da xeva", 13,3]). swored amgvar SairSia aristoteleseuli ("nikomaqes eTika") saukeTeso saSualis principis gaTvaliswinebiT da amdenad, idealuri proporciiT erTmaneTTan Sezavebuli is upiratesobebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, "grZeli sityvis mokled Tqmas" axlavs, meore mxriv, ki - "poetisTvis saubris miWirvebisas" mis mier "leqsTa grZelTa Tqmasa da xevas".50 Tuki am kuTxiT davakvirdebiT me-15, me-16, me-17 strofebSi rusTvelis mier daxasiaTebul poetebs, Semdegi suraTi gamoikveTeba. me-15 strofiseul e. w. araprofesional poetebs, arc grZeli anu sasargeblo sityvis Tqma xelewifebaT ("moSaire ara hqvian, Tu sadme Tqvas erTi, ori", "ganaRa Tqvas erTi, ori". Sdr.: "moSaire ara hqvian, veras ityvis vinca grZelad") da - arc mokled da naTlad anu sasiamovnod Tqma ("ganaRa Tqvas ... umsgavso da Sori-Sori", Sdr.: "aw margaliti wyobili"). amdenad, maTi leqsebi gaumarTavia rogorc Sinaarsis, ise formis mxriv. me-16 strofiseul mdare leqsebis ("leqsi cotai") Semqmnel an umcrosi Taobis, damwyeb poetebs ("cotai nawili moSaireTa"), rusTvelis TqmiT, "ar Zaluc srulqmna sityvaTa, gulisa gasagmireTa". amgvarad, aq is ki araa Tqmuli, rom "srulqmna ar Zaluc sityvaTa, gulisa gasagmireTa", aramed – "ar Zaluc srulqmna sityvaTa, gulisa gasagmireTa". amdenad, vfiqrobT, naTelia, rom rusTvelis mier me-16 strofSi dawunebuli damwyebi poetebi, winaaRmdeg rusTvelologiaSi gavrcelebuli

50 dawv. aRn. sakiTxis Ses. ix.: z. xinTibiZe, 20031, 210-211.


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tradiciuli Sexedulebisa (romlis marTebulobaSic aqamde arc Cven Segvqonda eWvi), ar unda miviCnioT lirikosebad. safiqrebelia, rom isini, piriqiT, epikosebi arian. yovel SemTxvevaSi, amaze acxadeben pretenzias, radganac xels hkideben gulis gasagmire sityvebs anu ambebs, romlebic didi zomisaa (Sdr.: "didsa ver mohklven"). magram maTi nakli isaa, rom ver "srulqmnian" amgvar gulis gasagmire sityvebs (da amdenad, maTi leqsi xarisxobrivad mcirea - "xelad aqvs xoca nadirTa mcireTa"). safiqrebelia, rom me-16 strofiseuli "srulqmna" me-12 strofiseuli "mokled anu sasiamovnod Tqmis" fardi cneba iyos. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aSkaraa, rom orive maTgani Sairis formismieri mxaris maxasiaTebelia. amdenad, amgvari moSaireebis saxiT rusTveli saubrobs im damwyeb poetebze, romlebsac pretenzia aqvT iyvnen epikosebi. am mizniT, gadasamuSaveblad xels hkideben kidec epikur, gulis gasagmire Tematikas anu grZel sityvas, magram ver axerxeben formis TvalsazrisiT mis srulqmnas anu gansrulebas, aRsrulebas, kompoziciurad srulyofas, poeturi erTianobis mqone, sasiamovnod mosasmeni nawarmoebis Seqmnas. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrobT, rom fiqsirdeba kidev erTi Tanxvedra rusTvelis naazrevsa da damwyebi tragikosi poetebis Sesaxeb aristoteles mier gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss Soris. kerZod ki, poetikis me-6 TavSi tragediis Semadgeneli nawilebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas aristotele ambobs Semdegs: "ase magaliTad, maT, romlebic [tragediis] Seqmnas pirvelad hkideben xels, Tavidan mxolod sityvaTSewyoba (stilistika) da xasiaTebi gamosdiT da mxolod SemdgomSi ostatdebian ambebis erTad TavmoyraSi (Ta pragmata sunistasthai,

– e. i. siuJeturi xazis jerovnad gaSlaSi, – z. x.). amgvaradvea, umeteswilad, pirveli poetebis (e. i. uZvelesi poetebis, – z. x.) SemTxvevaSic".51 da bolos, winaaRmdeg zogierT rusTvelologiur naSromSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebisa, me-17 strofis analizma dagvarwmuna, rom rusTveli iseve iwunebs e. w. mesame leqsis Semqmnel poetebs, rogorc – e. w. pirveli (15) da e. w. meore (16)

51 ix.: poetika, 1450a35-38.

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leqsis avtorebs. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi rusTveli, nawilobriv, iwonebs leqsis formas, kerZod ki, mis naTlad da amdenad, sasiamovnod Tqmulobas ("Cven maTica gveamebis, raca oden Tqvan naTelad"). magram ukve momdevno, faqtobrivad, mTeli Sairobis Teoriis (da ara mxolod me-17 strofis) erTgvarad Semajamebel taepSi kidev erTxel (Sdr.: "Sairoba ... sibrZnisaa erTi dargi / ... grZeli sityva [mokled iTqmis] ... / ... da gamoscdis ... / ... meleqsesa - leqsTa grZelTa Tqma da xeva, / ra misWirdes saubari da dauwyos leqsman leva. ... / ... ra veRar mixvdes qarTulsa, dauwyos leqsman Zviroba, / ar Seamoklos qarTuli, ara qmnas sityvamciroba"...), amjerad mTeli kategoriulobiT, acxadebs, rom nawarmoebi mokled, sasiamovnod, naTlad TqmulobasTan erTad unda Sedgebodes, erTi mxriv, Sinaarsis (SinaarsiT - grZeli sityva), xolo, meore mxriv, formis (formiT – grZeli sityvis "arSemoklebis" saWiroebis gamo – grZlad anu dawvrilebiT Tqmuli) TvalsazrisiT "grZelad Tqmuli" nawilebisganac ("moSaire ara hqvian, veras ityvis vinca grZelad") anu dauSvebelia, rom nawarmoebSi araferi/veraferi ar / ver iyos Tqmuli grZlad. a: "Sairoba pirveladve sibrZnisaa erTi dargi, b: .............................................................................................................................. a': moSaire ara hqvian, veras ityvis vinca grZelad". Sairobis Teoriis gadmomcemi strofebis pirveli da

damasrulebeli taepebis zemoganxorcielebuli Sewyvileba, vfiqrobT, kidev erTxel cxadad warmoaCens rusTveliseul Tvalsazriss poeturi xelovnebis Sesaxeb. da marTlac, safiqrebelia, rom amgvari, erTi SexedviT, moulodneli paralelizmi (amjerad e. w. rkalismieri kompoziciis for-miT gamovlenili – a|b|a') naTlad unda miuTiTebdes im ga-remoebaze, rom rusTvelisaTvis SairSi prioritetuli mainc sibrZne anu grZlad Tqma (erTi mxriv, "grZeli sity-vis" ["mokled"] Tqma da meore mxriv, ["grZeli sityvis arSe-moklebis"] saWiroebisaTvis zogjer "leqsTa grZelTa Tqma da xeva" anu saTqmelis dawvrilebiT gadmocema52 – "sar-

52 amdenad, vfiqrobT, naTelia, rom me-17 strofis me-4 taepi ("moSaire

ara hqvian, veras ityvis vinca grZelad"), winaaRmdeg rusTvelolo-giaSi gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisisa, ver CaiTvleba manamde ukve Tqmu-


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geblianobasTan" dakavSirebuli Sinaarsis kategoria53) aris, ris gareSec mxolod "mokled anu naTlad" Tqma (sa-kuTriv esTetikuri siamovnebis miRebis faqtorTan dakav-Sirebuli formis kategoria) araa sakmarisi. imavdroulad, rogorc me-16 strofis ganxilvam aCvena, rusTveli "cota, mcire leqsad" anu mdare poeziad miiCnevs "srulqmnilebas" (formis kategoria) moklebul "gulis gasagmire sityvasac" (Tumca, pirveli da mesame kategoriis poetebisagan gansxva-vebiT, "leqsi cotais" Semqmnel (damwyeb) poetebTan mimar-TebiT ar iyenebs epikur formulas – "moSaire ara hqvian" da Semoifargleba mxolod imgvari, SedarebiT ufro nak-lebad kritikuli, daxasiaTebiTa da analogiebiT, rogo-

li taep(eb)is sworxazovan, sityvasityviT gameorebad. is, rusTveli-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli lakonurobiT, erTgvarad ajamebs winamaval strofebSi poeturi nawarmoebis "kargobasTan" dakavSirebiT gamoTq-mul or debulebas (12,4 da 13,3 || 14,3) da imavdroulad, mesame amgva-ri (ganmazogadebeli xasiaTis) debulebis (12,1) mniSvnelovnebis ufro metad xazgasasmelad ganxorcielebuli dublirebacaa.

53 vfiqrobT, naTelia, rom iseve, rogorc horaciusis SemTxvevaSi, rusTveliseuli poetikuri koncefciis Tanaxmadac poeturi nawar-moebis Sinaarsobrivi mxare garkveulwilad dominirebs mis formis-mier mxareze. swored amgvari daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva prologSi Camoyalibebuli Sairobis Teoria. kerZod ki, mis Tanax-mad idealuria imgvari SemTxveva, roca Sairobis procesSi meleqsis mier mTlianobaSi daculia aristoteleseuli saukeTeso saSualis principi anu opozicia poeturi nawarmoebis Sinaarssa (sargeblia-noba, grZelad Tqmuloba) da formas (saamooba, mokled Tqmuloba) Soris ganeitralebulia ("grZeli sityva mokled iTqmis, Sairia amad kargi"). magram im konkretuli SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb, romelTa dro-sac amgvari balansis dacva SeuZlebelia anu grZeli sityva mokled ver gadmoicema, rusTveli naTlad ambobs, rom meleqses gamocdis "leqsTa grZelTa Tqma da xeva". saqme isaa, rom radganac "Sairoba pirveladve sibrZnisaa erTi dargi ..." anu aris "grZeli sityva", mo-Saire did gmirobas maSin gamoiCens, roca SeZlebs, "ara qmnas sity-vamciroba" (anu qmnas grZeli sityva). magram, roca es SeuZlebelia "mokled Tqmis" principiT, maSin sasurveli mizani miRweuli unda iqnas "qarTulis (= leqsis) ar SemoklebiT" (anu "leqsTa grZelTa Tqma da xeva"-Ti). Tuki am konkretul SemTxvevaSi rusTveli aSkarad aqebs moSaires ("da gamosdis ... / ... meleqsesa _ leqsTa grZelTa Tqma da xeva, / ... ar Seamoklos qarTuli, ... / ... ixmaros didi gmiro-ba"), sapirispiro SemTxvevaSi (roca leqsi mxolod naTlad anu mokledaa Tqmuli da amdenad, masSi araferia "grZelad" Tqmuli) poetebi misgan mkacr kritikas imsaxureben ("moSaire ara hqvian, ve-ras ityvis vinca grZelad").

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ricaa - "leqsi cotai" [|| "cotai nawili moSaireTa], "ymaw-vilTa monadireTa" da "nadirTa mcireTa"). Sesabamisad, aSkaraa, rom rusTvelisaTvis mxolod iseTi Sairia misa-Rebi, romelic uzadoa, erTdroulad, rogorc Tavisi ar-siT anu Sinaarsobrivad, ise amgvari Sinaarsis Sesaferisi formis (ZiriTadad, – mokled Tqmuli, magram, saWiroebisa-mebr, zogjer – grZladac Tqmuli) kategoriis mxriv.

rogorc zemoT erTxel ukve aRvniSneT, poetikis Tana-medrove komentatorebi aristoteleseul esTetikur naa-zrevSi afiqsireben poeturi nawarmoebis Sinaarsisa da formis erTianobaze mimaniSnebel debulebas. kerZod ki, traqtatis me-4 Tavis zemoganxiluli pasaJidan54 sxvebTan erTad yuradRebas amaxvileben im garemoebazec, rom, aris-toteles Tanaxmad, poeturi nawarmoebiT gamowveuli sia-movneba (He hedone) ori saxisaa. pirveli maTganis safuZve-lia poeziidan (da sazogadod, xelovnebis nimuSidan) miRe-buli codniT, e. i. Sinaarsis kategoriiT moniWebuli sia-movneba, meore maTgani ki momdinareobs mxatvruli qmnile-bis sakuTriv esTetikuri mxaridan, e. i. formismieri kate-goriidan. ramdenadac aristotele terminologiurad maT erTmaneTisagan ar ganasxvavebs (orive SemTxvevaSi iyenebs termins "siamovneba"), amdenad, safiqrebelia, rom berZeni moazrovne swored amgvari gziT unda gadmocemdes miseul Tvalsazriss poeturi nawarmoebis Sinaarsisa da formis erTianobis Taobaze.55 rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, poeti-kis iseTi cnobili komentatori, rogoricaa g. elze, Tavis naSromSi cdilobs, daadginos, aristoteleseuli Tvalsa-zrisiT, riTia gamowveuli siamovneba, romelic unda miani-Wos mkiTxvels / msmenels e. w. seriozulma poeturma (epi-kurma da tragikulma) nawarmoebma – TanagrZnobisa da Si-Sis mibaZviT (e. i. – Tavisi SinaarsiT) Tu siuJetis erTia-nobiTa da kompoziciur-struqturuli srulqmnilebiT (e. i. – Tavisi formiT). g. elzesagan gansxvavebiT, vfiqrobT, rom aristotele sityviT "Tqmuli, aRwerili" unda miuTiTebdes mTel poetikaSi am sakiTxis garSemo mis mier gamoTqmul yvela debulebaze da ara konkretulad romelime erT maT-ganze. sxva saqmea, rom es debulebebi, erTi SexedviT, mar-

54 ix.: poetika, 1448b13-19. 55 ix.: Aristoteles, 1995, 319-320.


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Tlac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. amgvar "gansxvavebas", vfiqrobT, Semdegi axsna SeiZleba moeZebnos. Tavisi traq-tatis me-14 TavSi tragediaze da amdenad, tragediiT gamow-veul siamovnebaze msjelobisas aristotele, bunebrivia, yuradRebas amaxvilebs sakiTxis Sinaarsobriv mxareze (ramdenadac, tragediisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dramatuli erTianoba, cxadia, formismier siamovnebas TavisdaTavadac gulisxmobs da mis warmosaCenad sagangebo msjeloba aRa-raa aucilebeli). 23-e TavSi eposze msjelobisas ki, piri-qiT, aristotele yuradRebas amaxvilebs siuJetis erTiano-biT anu formiT gamowveul siamovnebaze (ramdenadac, misi azriT, poeturi nawarmoebis erTianobis TvalsazrisiT, eposisaTvis swored formismieri mxarea [kerZod ki, – didi sigrZe] problematuri da ara Sinaarsobrivi). amdenad, vfi-qrobT, rom poeziiT gamowveuli siamovnebis Sesaxeb aris-toteleseuli msjeloba amjeradac, kidev erTxel iZleva saSualebas, dafiqsirdes miseuli Tvalsazrisi poeturi nawarmoebis Sinaarsisa da formis erTianobis Taobaze.

rogorc winamdebare statiaSi ukve aRiniSna (da araerTgzis), aristoteles msgavsad, rusTvelic saubrobs siamovnebis or saxeze, romelTagan erTi dakavSirebulia poeturi nawarmoebis rogorc Sinaarsobriv, ise formis-mier mxaresTan, kerZod ki, grZeli sityvis mTlianobaSi mokled TmulobasTan da saWiroebisamebr, calkeul SemTxvevebSi agreTve grZladac TqmasTan. meore maTgani ki poeturi qmnilebis sakuTriv esTetikuri anu oden formis-mieri mxaridan (grZeli sityvis gareSe naTlad Tqmuloba) momdinareobs. ufro metic, aristoteles msgavsad, romel-ic poetikaSi araerTgzis aRniSnavs, rom Rirebulad ver CaiTvleba nebismieri saxis siamovneba,56 rusTvelic, meore tipis siamovnebasTan (17,3) SedarebiT, udaod met mniSvne-lobas pirveli tipis siamovnebas (12) aniWebs. magram, aris-totelesagan gansxvavebiT, Sinaarsisa da formis erTiano-bis debulebas rusTveli ar afuZnebs mxolod (esTetiku-ri) siamovnebis faqtorze. am mxriv, misi koncefcia ufro metadaa msgavsi aRniSnuli problemis Sesaxeb arsebuli Tanamedrove Tvalsazrisisa da amdenad, aristoteleseul-Tan SedarebiT, garkveulwilad, ufro srulyofilicaa.

56 ix.: poetika, 1449b27-28; 1453b10-13; 1462b13-14.

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saqme isaa, rom poeturi nawarmoebis Sinaarsisa da formis kategoriaTa erTianobis debulebas rusTveli gaacxadebs universaluri filosofiuri opoziciis – sasargeblosa da sasiamovnos – moxsnis, misi Semadgeneli nawilebis harmo-niis, sinTezis gziT (imavdroulad, aSkaraa isic, rom rusTvelisaTvis xsenebuli opoziciis sayrdeni komponen-tia "sasargeblo", romelzecaa dafuZnebuli meore kompo-nenti – "sasiamovno"). amisaTvis ki msmenelis ziarebas poe-turi nawarmoebis arsTan (sibrZnesTan) igi, aristotelesa-gan gansxvavebiT, uSualod siamovnebis miRebas ki ar ukav-Sirebs, aramed – sargeblianobis naxvas. msjelobis bo-los ki askvnis: "kargia", rom is (Sairi), rac sasargebloa, imavdroulad sasiamovnoc aris. poetikasTan SedarebiT, vefxistyaosnis prologSi ganxorcielebuli amgvari cvlileba, inovacia araa SemTxveviTi. is rusTvelis naa-zrevSi renesansuli problematikis arsebobiTaa ganpirobe-buli da am konkretul SemTxvevaSi vlindeba aRorZinebis epoqisaTvis da gansakuTrebiT, winare aRorZinebis xanisaT-vis damaxasiaTebel tendenciaSi – pragmatizmisaTvis pri-oritetis aSkarad miniWebaSi. safiqrebelia, rom rusTve-lisTvis literaturul-filosofiur wyaros, aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, platonis saxelmwifo unda warmoad-gendes.57 magram isic udaoa, vefxistyaosnis avtori poeziis Taobaze platonisagan sruliad gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss rom ayalibebs. ufro metic, platonis sapirispirod, aramc Tu eWvi Seaqvs "poeziis sargeblianobaSi", aramed aRniS-nul debulebas argumentirebulad da naTlad asabuTebs. magram rusTveli arc mxolod amiT Semoifargleba da msjelobas im mimarTulebiT agrZelebs, rom gaacxadebs Sairis meore aranakleb mniSvnelovan Tvisebas – mis unars, mianiWos msmenels / mkiTxvels (esTetikuri) siamovneba, rac aramc da aramc ar vnebs, ar ewinaaRmdegeba poeziis umTa-vres Tviseba-daniSnulebas – mis "sargeblianobas". vfi-qrobT, rom swored am Tvalsazrisis naTlad argumentire-bis mizniTaa, rom codnisa da rwmenis urTierTmimarTebis, metwilad, Suasaukuneobrivi problematikis (winarerenesan-

57 aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, swored platoni moiTxovs Tavis

saxelmwifoSi poeziisagan, rom is ara mxolod sasiamovno iyos, aramed sasargebloc (dawv. ix. zemoT).


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suli epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli) e. w. sinTezuri gaazre-bis Semdeg rusTveli win wamowevs kidev erT umniSvnelo-vanes (amjerad, winarerenesansuli rigis) problemas. esaa "sasargeblosa" da "sasiamovnos", kerZod ki, adamianisaTvis amqveyniurad "sasargeblosa" da adamianisaTvis amqveyni-urad "sasiamovnos" urTierTmimarTeba, romelic vefxis-tyaosnis avtoris mier gaazrebulia maTi harmoniis, sinTe-zis saxiT, romelSic mciredi prioriteti kvlavindeburad jer kidev "sasargeblos" ("sibrZnis dargs", "saRmrTos", "saRmrTod gasagons") eniWeba.58 amdenad, vfiqrobT, naTelia, rom, erTi mxriv, antikuri eposisaTvis (homerosi, hesiode) tradiciuli warmodgenis (aedi erTgvari mediumia Rmer-Tebsa da msmenel auditorias Soris) recefciisa da meore mxriv, qristianul-neoplatonur msoflmxedvelobaze dayrdnobis procesSi ("Sairoba ... / saRmrTo") rusTveli, imavdroulad, iTvaliswinebs da iziarebs antikur esTeti-kur naazrevsac (homerosi, platoni, aristotele: poeturi [da sazogadod, – xelovnebis] nawarmoebi, rogorc Sinaar-sisa da formis erToblioba; poezia, rogorc [esTetikuri] siamovnebis momniWebeli; siamovnebis gamomwvevi ori faq-tori – Sinaarsobrivi da formismieri; poeziis filoso-fiasTan msgavseba da imavdroulad, misgan gansxvavebuloba; mkiTxvelTa / msmenelTa sxvadasxva kategoriebi; poezia – ara mxolod sasiamovno, aramed sasargebloc), rac plato-nisa da aristoteles esTetikur sistemaTa Tavisebur sim-foniaSi, urTierTmorigebaSi59 vlindeba. da bolos, ro-gorc yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Sedegi, vefxistyaosnis avtori midis winare aRorZinebis xanis evropuli humanis-

58 es garemoeba im mizeziT unda iyos ganpirobebuli, rom winare rene-

sansis epoqisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod ganviTarebuli anu e. w. ma-Rali renesansis epoqaSi eniWeba tkbobis moments mxatvrul lite-raturaSi da sazogadod, xelovnebaSic prioriteti, "sasargeblos-Tan" SedarebiT.

59 aRniSnuli "simfonia", "urTierTmorigeba" swored renesansuli es-Tetikisa da azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi umniSvnelovane-si niSania da (winareaRorZinebis xanaSi damkvidrebuli esTetikuri principebis da sazogadod, am periodSi dominirebadi msoflmxed-velobrivi sistemis gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSi) rusTveliseuli esTetikuri naazrevis originalurobaze, mis inovaciur xasiaTze, Tavis mxriv, kidev erTxel araorazrovnad mianiSnebs.

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turi azrovnebisaTvis sazogadod damaxasiaTebel pragma-tizmamde: poezia "kargi" imitomaa da imiTaa, rom sasiamov-no formiT gvaziarebs arsiT sasargeblos:

"Sairoba pirveladve sibrZnisaa erTi dargi, saRmrTo, saRmrTod gasagoni, msmenelTaTvis didi mar-

gi, kvla aqaca, eamebis, vinca ismens kaci vargi; grZeli sityva mokled iTqmis, Sairia amad kargi". magram, Tu is mxolod sasiamovnoa da araa sasargeblo,

maSin amgvari poeziis Semqmneli ver CaiTvleba moSaired: "Cven maTica gveamebis, raca oden Tqvan naTelad, moSaire ara hqvian, veras ityvis vinca grZelad". Sairobis Teoriis Semajamebel am or taepSi, vfiqrobT,

kidev erTxel ikveTeba ukanaskneli xanebis rusTvelolo-giaSi ukve sakmarisad naTlad dasabuTebuli WeSmariteba, romelic imaSi mdgomareobs, rom msgavsad didi italieli-sa - dantesi, rusTvelic ori didi filosofiis, ori didi esTetikis - Suasaukuneobrivisa da renesansulis zRvarze dgas.60 da marTlac, platonisagan gansxvavebiT (magram msgavsad aristotelesi), rusTveli ar miiCnevs poeziis ua-ryofiT mxared imas, rom is CvenSi siamovnebas iwvevs. TviT im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca araa sibrZnesTan ("grZlad Tqmu-lobasTan") wilnayari da mxolod esTetikuri tkbobis ga-mowvevas anda sulac mxolod garTobas isaxavs miznad ("Cven maTica gveamebis, raca oden Tqvan naTelad"). sxvagva-rad rom vTqvaT, rusTveli aristoteles msgavsad aRiarebs im realobas, rom poezia ara mxolod Tavisi arsiT (Sesa-feris formasTan erTad, - "grZeli sityvis mokled Tqmu-lobiT") SeiZleba gvaniWebdes siamovnebas, aramed mxolod Tavisi formiTac, e. i. sakuTriv esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT (oden "naTlad" anu "mokled TqmulobiT"). swored am mxri-vaa rusTveliseuli esTetika (winare)renesansuli! miuxeda-vad amisa, Tavis esTetikur naazrevs vefxistyaosnis avtori imgvari damagvirgvinebeli debulebiT ajamebs ("moSaire ara hqvian, veras ityvis vinca grZelad"), romelic ueWvels xdis mis organul kavSirs, upirveles yovlisa, Suasaku-neebTan, swored am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saRmrToo-

60 ix.: elguja xinTibiZe, Suasaukuneobrivi da renesansuli vefxis-

tyaosanSi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1993.


410

basTan Sesisxlxorcebul sibrZnismierebasTan, swored im-asTan, rac, rusTvelis humanisturi rwmeniT, sasargebloa msmenelisaTvis (sazogadod, adamianisaTvis) anu imasTan, rasac poeti "grZel sityvas", "grZeli leqsebis Tqmasa da xevas" da sazogadod, "raRacis mainc grZlad Tqmulobas" uwodebs. da mainc, is garemoeba, rom poeziis sibrZnimiere-basa da saRmrToobas (Suasaukuneobrivi kategoriebi) rusTveli msmenelTaTvis swored amqveyniur cxovrebaSi sasargeblod da garkveul SemTxvevaSi ("mokled Tqmulo-bisas"), sasiamovnod anu "saamod" (renesansuli kategoriebi) saxeldebs, vfiqrobT, kidev erTxel miuTiTebs rusTveli-seul esTetikaSi Suasaukuneobrivisa da renesansulis ga-numeorebel harmoniaze.

prologiseuli pragmatizmi (anu adamianisaTvis amqvey-niurad sasargeblosTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis miniWe-ba, rasac, tkbobis faqtorTan erTad, Cven rusTveliseuli esTetikis kidev erT renesansul niSnad miviCnevT), rogorc Teoriuli xasiaTis debuleba, poemis e. w. mxatvrul na-wilSi kidev ufro metadaa dakonkretebuli da imavdrou-lad, praqtikulad realizebulic. kerZod ki, Teoriuli pragmatizmi gadazrdilia praqtikul qmediTobaSi.61 ta-rielisagan da nestanisagan gansxvavebiT, avTandili da TinaTini ara mxolod oden abstraqtulad pragmatuli pi-rovnebebi arian, aramed qmediTebic62 anu, gasagebi eniT rom vTqvaT, miznis miRwevaze, qmnadobaze, saqmis bolomde miy-vanaze ("mogvarebaze") orientirebulni ("kacman saqme moig-varos, veWv, Wmunvasa ese sjobdes", 106,4; "gavlena da moxma-reba, misad rgebad velTa rbena", 775,4; "ara viq, codna ras margebs "..., 788,3; "... ra mohkvde, gergebis sityviTa ra oxe-riTa?", 884,2; "aras gargebs swavluleba, Tu ara iq brZenTa Tqmulsa: / ar ixmareb, ras xelsa hxdi saunjesa dafarul-

61 rogorc cnoblia, renesansis epoqaSi adamianis idealad aRiarebuli

iqna e. w. Uomo universale, rac italiuridan iTargmneba, rogorc "yo-velmxriv ganviTarebuli, universaluri adamiani". amgvari adamianis erT-erT umTavres damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad ki miiCneoda misi "qme-diToba", "miznis miRwevis unari" (Sdr.: Lexikon Der Antike, VEB Bibliogra-

phisches Institut, Leipzig, 1987, 491, statia Renaissance). 62 erTgan rusTveli amgvaradac amkobs avTandils: "kaci iyo saqmisaca

Sesaferi, Sesatyvisi" (771,2).

411

sa?" 899,3-4;63 "aras gargebs SeWirveba, rom sWmunvide, ra gergebis! ... / bedi cdaa,64 gamarjveba, RmerTsa undes, mo-ca-gxvdebis", 900,1/4; "aras vargeb, ar davdgebi, sxva viubno raRa mravlad?" 929,4; "mqmneli saqmisa Znelisa kacimca iyo cnobili, ... / Sen veras irgeb, me gargeb "..., 931,2/4; "raTaca viT vhpoveb, mas viq, gulman sxvamca ra ismina!" 1087,4; "isi diaci aqa zis, ... / nuTu ra margos "..., 1088,1/4). miznis mi-saRwevad, avTandilisaTvis (da TinaTinisaTvis) umTavresi orientiri aris "sasargeblo" anu imgvari qmedeba, romelic sargeblis momtania, dasaxul mizanTan damaaxloebelia. sxva saqmea, rom amgvar "sasargebloSi"-Si cdilobs igi dainaxos sasiamovnoc ("avTandils mixvda siame ... / nuTu viT vpovo wamali me Cemi, fergamqrqalisa!" 42,2/4; "vis sikv-dili moyvrisaTvis TamaSad da miCans mRerad", 784,2; "yo-famca mqonda nebisa", 792,4). magram samoqmedo gegmis arCevi-sas araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris imTaviTve orientirebu-li mxolod sasiamovnoze ("raca ar gwaddes, igi qmen, nu sdev wadilTa nebasa", 877,3).

ai, amgvarad xvdeba erTmaneTs da harmonizdeba rusTve-lis vefxistyaosanSi Suasaukuneobrivi qristianul-neoplatonuri msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsi homerosis eposiT nasazrdoeb antikur (erTi mxriv, aristoteles da meore mxriv, platonis) esTetikursa da saazrovno nakads. qristianul moZRvrebasa da evropuli tipis humanisturi azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel principebze dayrdnobiT ganxorcielebuli SemoqmedebiTi recefciis procesSi rusTvelis mier gadaazrebuli antikuri sibrZne, sabo-lood, vefxistyaosanSi imgvari mxatvrul-saazrovno niSne-

63 vfiqrobT, am taepebSi (899,3-4) mTeli poemis masStabiT yvelaze

ufro aSkaradaa gacxadebuli Suasaukuneobrivi qristianuli mrwam-sisagan gansxvavebuli, renesansuli epoqis suliskveTebiT ganmsWva-luli poziciis gamomxatveli kidev erTi debuleba, romlis mixed-viTac moqmedeben (avTandili da TinaTini) an cdiloben, imoqmedon (tarieli da nestani) vefxistyaosnis gmirebi _ TavisTavadi, dakon-servebuli saxiT codna, sibrZne ver iqneba adamianisaTvis raimenai-ri sikeTis momtani. mxolod misi "moxmarebis", praqtikulad gamoye-nebis, masze dayrdnobiT (mo)qmedebis SemTxvevaSia is sasargeblo.

64 rusTveliseuli "cda" Cven gvesmis, rogorc "saqmis mogvarebis" "mcdeloba".


412

bis Semcvel modelad gardaiqmneba, romlebic erTi sauku-nis Semdeg, kerZod ki, XIV saukunidan moyolebuli Tanda-TanobiT dasavleTevropis xelovnebasa da filosofiaSic iCenen Tavs da romelTac XIX saukunidan moyolebuli ka-cobrioba "renesansulis" saxelwodebiT moixseniebs.

winamdebare statiaSi warmodgenili msjeloba, romlis mizansac poeziis mier moniWebuli (esTetikuri) siamovnebis Taobaze homerosis, platonis, aristotelesa da rusTve-lis mier Camoyalibebul koncefciaTa ganxilva da ur-TierTSejereba warmoadgenda, vfiqrobT, Semdegi ganmazo-gadebeli xasiaTis daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva:

1. gansxvavebiT rusTvelologiaSi (gansakuTrebiT, sazR-vargareTel rusTvelologTa naSromebSi – s. m. boura, r. stivensoni) dRemde damkvidrebuli mosazrebisa, vefxis-tyaosnis esTetika araa mxolod aRmosavlur, kerZod, sparsul poetikaze orientirebuli. is, upirveles yovlisa, antikur, amdenad, evropul esTetikur tradiciazea (home-rosi, platoni, aristotele) damyarebuli da am tradiciis recefciasTan erTad, imavdroulad, misi axleburad gaa-zrebis, kerZod ki, renesansuli tipis esTetikisaTvis da-maxasiaTebel principebTan daaxloebis udaod warmatebul cdas warmoadgens.

2. prologiseul Sairobis TeoriaSi aSkaradaa gacxade-buli imgvari Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac poeturi nawarmoebis Sinaarsobrivi mxare, garkveulwilad, domini-rebs mis formaze, rac safuZvliani eWvis qveS ayenebs im ucxoel rusTvelologTa (kerZod ki, g. deetersis) mosa-zrebis marTebulobas, romlis Tanaxmadac vefxistyaosnis "momxibvleloba" oden formismieri xasiaTisaa da amdenad, araferi aqvs saerTo poemis "ideur SinaarsTan".

3. rogorc cnobilia, horaciusis traqtati poeturi xe-lovnebisaTvis Tanamedrove dasavleTevropuli esTetikis safuZvlisCamyrel naSromadaa miCneuli. aRniSnulis gaT-valiswinebiT, udaod mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom, miux-edavad zogierTi arsebiTi xasiaTis gansxvavebisa, rusTve-lisa da horaciusis esTetikuri sistemebi, tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, aSkara msgavsebas avlenen.

Zaza Khintibidze

413

Homer, Plato, Aristotle and Rustaveli on why poetry pleases (Once again towards relationship of Aristotle's Poetics

and Rustaveli's theory of poetry)

S U M M A R Y

Aesthetic concepts of Homer, Plato, Aristotle and Rustaveli on why poe-

try pleases are considered in the present paper. The author of the paper dis-

cusses and gives a novel interpretation of the whole quatrains which convey

Rustaveli's poetic theory. At the same time he analyses the passages from the

Poetics of Aristotle which, in his view, are taken into account by the author of

The Man in the Panther's Skin. According to the conclusion made at the end

of the paper, Rustaveli concurred in principle with aesthetics of Aristotle and

at the same time he was also aware of aesthetic concept of Plato.


giorgi xomeriki evripides "medea" aristoteles "poetikis" konteqstSi

mecnierTaTvis SeumCneveli ar unda darCeniliyo is azrobrivi winaaRmdegoba, romelic aristoteles "poeti-kis" ori adgilis Sepirispirebisas warmoiqmneba; erTi mxriv, aristotele yvelaze saukeTesosa da gamorCeul tragediad sofokles "oidiposs" miiCnevs, xolo meoregan yvelaze tragikul dramaturgad evripides Tvlis. ara mgo-nia, rom es sakiTxi Semdegnairi primitiulobiT aixsne-bodes; TiTqosda evripides tragediebSi meti mkvleloba xdeba. Cemi azriT, am sakiTxis garkvevaSi dagvexmareboda evripides "medea", romelic ganxiluli iqneboda aristo-teleseuli "poetikis" mixedviT.

Tuki evripides "medeas" aristoteles "poetikis" mixedviT SevxedavT, SeiZleba pirdapir iTqvas, rom im poe-turi kanonebis mixedviT, romelTac filosofosi ayali-bebs, evripides es tragedia araTu metismetad tragikulia, aramed igi sulac ar aris tragikuli. amis mizezi Semdeg-Sia:

I medea, rogorc personaJi da misi zne ( )1 da ara xasiaTi, sulac ar icavs im Sualedis princips, romelsac aristotele umTavresad miiCnevs (igulisxmeba, rom prota-gonisti, e. i. gmiri, romelzedac umTavresi kolizia modis, ar unda iyos arc cudi da arc kargi, magaliTad, rogorc oidiposi). evripides medea cxadlivad uaryofiTi niSnis matarebelia; igi aris: a) mamisa da mamulis moRalate, b) Zmismkvleli, g) peliasis mkvleli, d) kreontis mkvleli, e) kreusas mkveleli, v) Svilebis mkvleli.

II. medea aris jadoqari, iseve rogorc aieti da kirke. man icis uZlieresi wamlebisa da sawamlevebis dam-zadeba, igi flobs Savi magiis xelovnebas (aqve SevniSnav, rom magaliTad, elevsinis da sxva wminda misteriebSi mog-vi iseve ar daiSveboda iniciaciebisaTvis, rogorc vinme mkvleli).

zemonaTqvamidan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom evri-pides medea araTu Sualeduri personaJia, aramed aSkarad

1 ix. Aristotelis De arte poetica, Oxonii, MCMXL,1460, 5.

415

cudia, borotia ( ). am azrs isic aZlierebs, rom medea yvela borotmoqmedebas tragikul, sabediswero arcodnaSi ki ar sCadis, aramed amas akeTebs Segnebulad. aq irRveva aristoteles meore principi. SeiZleba vinmem Tqvas, rom medeas amoZravebs iasonisadmi siyvarulis Zala, magram jer erTi, berZenTaTvis siyvaruli ( ) SeiZleba iyos rogorc keTili ( aseve boroti ( , da meorec, medeas sasiyvarulo grZnobis daxasiaTebisas, grZnobisa, romelic SemdgomSi iasonisadmi ukidures siZulvilSi gadaizrdeba, gvaxsendeba erTi umniSvnelovanesi berZnuli zneobrivi imperativi: "araferi zedmetad" ( ), romelic er-Ti versiiT solons, xolo meore versiiT apolons miewe-reboda.

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT Zneli ar aris gaviazroT, rom medea namdvilad iwvevs SiSs ( ), magram ar iwvevs sibraluls ( ).2 aq ukve irRveva aris-toteles mesame ZiriTadi principi, romlis mixedviTac, tragikuli kaTarsisi miiRweva am ori afeqtis Sedegad, da rom swored amgvar vnebaTa an vnebaTagan ganwmenda aris is kaTarsisi, romelic tragediis warmodgenas unda axldes. ase rom, SegviZlia davaskvnaT: Tuki evripides "medea" ar axdens kaTarsisis efeqts, maSin arc es tragedia da arc misi protagonisti SeiZleba iyos tragikuli.

ra Tqma unda, evripides "medeas" aRqmisas sibralu-lis grZnoba aSkarad gveufleba, gveufleba mTeli trage-diis manZilze, dasawyisidan vidre bolomde, gansakuTre-biT ki medeasa da iasonis mTavar dialogSi, sadac sibra-lulis grZnoba igrZnoba sulis siRrmemde Seuracxyofili qalis mimarT (aqve SeniSvnis saxiT SeiZleba warmovidgi-noT am tragediis Semdegi interpretacia; igulisxmeba is, Tu sadamde SeiZleba mivides siyvaruli, siyvaruli, ro-melic Tavisi maqsimalizmiT ugunurebamdea misuli (sxvaTa Soris, prologSi ZiZa swored ugunurs uwodebs medeas siyvaruls). yvela qali Seuracxyofili darCeba, Tuki qma-ri mas umtkicebs, rom misTvis da misi SvilebisaTvis uke-Tesi iqneba, Tuki igi sxva qals SeirTavs. Seuracxyofili iqneba, rac ar unda keTildReoba elodes mis Svilebs. me-dea evripides tragediaSi Tavisi mdgomareobiTac iwvevs

2 Aristotelis De arte... 6, 25.


416

sibraluls – igi ucxo qveyanaSia, rogorc vinme ubralo qali, misgan Sorsaa, misTvis aRar arsebobs kolxeTi da misi oqros sasaxle, igi ampartavan elinTa Soris aris da aris ara rogorc princesa, aramed rogorc ubralo deda-kaci, barbarosi dedakaci. es yvelaferi asea, magram medeas barbarosobas meore umTavresi datvirTva aqvs berZnisaT-vis, romelsac barbarosi qali ufro eZuleba, vidre See-braleba. aq Cven Zalauneburad im dramatul situacias mi-vadeqiT, romelic sabolood usvams wertils medeasadmi berZenTa sibraluls. me gansakuTrebiT vusvam xazs berZ-nebs, da es gasagebic aris, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi rome-lime klasicisti Tu Tanamedrove mwerlisaTvis fsiqolo-giurad, wminda eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT igi ubralod moxsnilia. ra Tqma unda, im SemTxvevis garda, Tuki am in-terpretaciebSi es momenti sagangebod aris gaxazuli. ma-gram davubrundeT berZnul samyaros: medeas barbarosoba aris is Tavdapirveli da saboloo ganaCeni, romelic ga-moricxavs misadmi sibralulis grZnobas.

SesaZloa Cemi msjelobis Segnebuli peripetiuli xasiaTi vinmes mecnierulad winaaRmdegobrivad moeCvenos. aki cota xnis winaT me vamtkicebdi, rom evripides "medeas" aRqmisas sibralulis grZnoba aSkarad gveufleba-meTqi. Cemi azriT, saqme is aris, rom evripides tragediaSi si-braluls iwvevs ara medea, aramed mTeli im moqmedebismie-ri (dramatuli) situacia, romlis centrSi es qalia moq-ceuli. ismis logikuri kiTxva: ra Sefasebas imsaxurebs am mxriv evripides "medea" aristoteles "poetikis" kon-teqstSi? imas rom, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, "poetikis" mixed-viT am tragediaSi ar xdeba ZiriTadi ram – kaTarsisi. Sevecdebi lakonurad ganvmarto Tu ratom.

Tuki medea iwvevs SiSs, xolo sibraluls iwvevs TiTqmis yvela personaJi, garda medeasi, sibralulsa da SiSs iwvevs tragediis moqmedebani da peripetiebi, maSin gamodis, rom es ori afeqti (sibraluli da SiSi) trage-diis sxvadasxva Sreze modis da ar aris koncentrirebuli erT romelime gmirze, miTumetes medeaze, romelzedac da romlisganac unda modiodes es ori ZiriTadi impulsi. rogorc yvelam kargad viciT, aristoteles mixedviT, si-braluli es aris (mayureblis) tanjva (gmiris) tanjvaze, xolo SiSi warmoadgens TiTqmis igives, oRond mas ukve

417

warmodgeniTi xasiaTi aqvs – es aris (mayureblis tanjva (gmiris) tanjvaze.

ramdenadac amjerad me kaTarsisis kvlevas ar vapi-reb, mokled vityvi: es ori afeqti ( )3 evripides tragediaSi Tumc Warbad aris mocemuli, igi fokusirebu-li ar aris erT romelime personaJze da amdenad irRveva erTdrouli Tanaarsebobidan gamomdinare kaTartikuli efeqti. aqedan gamomdinare, kidev erTxel SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom arc protagonisti medea da arc sakuTriv tragedia ar unda iyos tragikuli.

sakiTxi TiTqos naTelia, magram mainc rCeba erTi gaurkvevloba. maS, riTi axdens medeas personaJi esoden did efetqs mayurebelze? riTi iwvevs sxvadasxva drois sxvadasxva xelovanTa interess? saqme is aris, rom evri-pides tragediaSi xdeba sxvagvari kaTarsisi, kaTarsisi ara grZnobebis (emociur) doneze, aramed gonebis (inteleqtua-lur) registrSi.

arsebobs azri, rom medeam imis gamo mokla Tavisi Svilebi, rom amiT iasonis sofistikisaTvis gamoetana gana-Ceni. me es azri misaRebad mimaCnia da vTvli, rom evri-pides "medea" yvelaze filosofiuri tragediaa yvela da-narCenTa Soris. swored amitom medeas saxe Tavis TavSi atarebs ambivalentobas, albaT swored es momentia umTa-vresi imis aRniSvnisas, rom evripides "medea" garkveuli TvalsazrisiT yvelaze tragikuli tragediaa sxva danar-CenTa Soris (igulisxmeba filosofiuri rakursi).

medeas saxe, romelic mravali avtoris yuradReba miipyro rogorc Zvel, aseve uaxles xanebSi, seneka, korne-li, grilpaceri, anui, jefersi, Tavis TavSi atarebs Se-maZrwuneblad mimzidvel Zalas. A priori Cven SegviZlia vix-elmZRvaneloT im azriT, rom rogorc yvela protagonisti qali, saboloo jamSi, medeac dedamiwis tragikuli niRa-bia, im dedamiwisa, romlis keTili Zala Sobs, xolo demo-nuri Zala Tavis TavSive ibrunebs adre boZebul sicoc-xles. medeas zne ( )4 yvela Tavisi fsiqologiuri para-metriT hgavs jadosnobisadmi spontanurad midrekil yvela

3 Aristotelis, De arte... 6, 25. 4 aqac da yvelgan aristoteles poetikas mivuTiTebT zemoxsenebuli

oqsfordiseuli gamocemiT, ix. Aristotelis De arte... 1460, 5.


418

im dedis uSinaganes arss, romelsac dedobis gancdis Sem-deg, paTologiurad surs isev moipovos Tavisufleba Svi-lebisadmi pasuximgeblobisagan da amiT xelmeored daimk-vidros pirovnebis pirveladoba. adamianTa istoriaSi msgavsi anomalia bevrjer momxdara. sabednierod, adamianSi mainc sWarbobs koleqtiuri ukvdavebis biologiuri in-stinqti, mSobliuri siyvarulis Zala da movaleobis grZnoba.

swored am sami Zalisagan gaTavisuflebuli medea axorcielebs dada (miwis) umTavres ocnebas: gaTavi-sufldes Svilebisagan (amgvari aqtis Cadenis Semdeg demo-nuri medea evripidesTan deus ex machina-Ti frTosani drako-niT axali Tavgadasavlebisaken miiswrafvis.

amgvar WrilSi SegveZlo dagvesva sakiTxi e. w. "me-deas kompleqsis" arsebobaze. miTumetes, rom medeas para-digmatuli saxe me mainteresebda ara marto tragediaSi, aramed saerTod miTSi.

ra Tqma unda, miTi da tragedia arcTu ise Sors arian erTmaneTisagan; miTis dramatuli interpretaciebi mecnieruli kvlevis sinqronul aspeqtSi isev miTis-qmnadobebad aRiqmeba. albaT swored amitom (da ra Tqma unda berZen dramaturgTa ostatobis wyalobiT) berZnuli tragediebis TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi personaJi TavisTavad paradigmatul xasiaTs atarebs. aseTni arian: agamemnoni, eleqtra, oidiposi, laiosi, medea, alkestisi da sxv. per-sonaJis paradigmatuloba mis arqetipul xasiaTze migva-niSnebs, ris Sedegadac Cemi azriT, yvela moazrovne ada-mianis valia, ar darCes erTi romelime disciplinis Car-CoebSi da moaxdinos arqetipuli niRbis ( persona) fsiqologiur-filosofiuri ganzogadeba.

Cemi azriT, "medeas kompleqsis", rogorc aseTis, arseboba imiTac aris gamarTlebuli, rom evripidesTan medea Svilebis mokvlis Semdeg cocxali rCeba. es miuTi-Tebs imaze, rom medeas survili rodia absoluturi ganad-gureba da katastrofa, aramed piriqiT; is, rom medea coc-xali rCeba, miuTiTebs imaze, rom misTvis mTavaria Tavi-sufleba, Tavisufleba iasonisagan (romlis mokvliTac igi amas ver miaRwevda), Tavisufleba Svilebisagan (romelTa mokvliT man ara marto dasaja iasoni, aramed sabolood gaTavisuflda misgan), Tavisufleba siyvarulisagan da

419

saerTod, gaTavisufleba yvelafrisagan – erTgvari gaqro-ba, xazis gadasma yvelaferze, rac mas SeemTxva misi siyva-rulis gamo (sxvaTa Soris, medea, ramdenadac CemTvis aris cnobili, miTSiac saswaulebrivad uCinardeba). iqmneba ise-Ti xati, TiTqos frTosani drakoniT medea caSi ki ar uCi-nardeba, aramed adamianis sulis im siRrmeebSi, romelTa kompleqsebi saukuneebis manZilze marTaven mis saqcielsa da azrovnebas da sadac verc erTi mecnieri ver gaarCevs cxadad, sad mTavrdeba siZulvili da ra aris siyvaruli.

Summary

According of Aristotle's "De arte Poetica" Euripides's Medea is not

tragic person, but criminal one, because she did her criminal deeds purpose

and not ignorance. It destroys Aristotle’s main opinion about the tragic hero,

that whose character must be neither good, not evil, but something middle

between them.


420


v. juReli gelaTis katenebiani bibliis ganmartebaTa wyaroebis sakiTxisaTvis (Teodorite kvirelis, kirile aleqsandrielis, evsevi

emeselis, origenes, apolinaris da sxva avtorTa komentarebi) gelaTis katenebian bibliaze wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda

gansvenebuli b. gigineiSvili. mas ikvlevs profesori d. meliqiSvili, romlis mier Seswavlili krebulis pirveli nawili, levitelTa wigni, ukve gamzadebulia gamosacemad. katenebian bibliaSi daculma Teodorite kvirelis sakmaod mravalricxovanma ganmartebebma ganapiroba Cveni dainteresebac am xelnaweris struqturisa da wyaroebis mimarT, ris Sesaxebac daskvnebi araerT publikaciaSi gvqonda warmodgenili.1 xelnaweris amgvari Seswavla moiTxova ganmartebebma, romlebic uSualod, yovelgvari ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis gareSe erTvoda Teodorites komentarebs da gvafiqrebinebda, rom gelaTis katenebian bibliaSi daculi iyo Teodorites ganmartebebis ufro Zveli da vrceli variantebi. Teodorites ganmartebebis dazusteba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod sxva avtorTa ganmartebebis gamoricxvis meSveobiT. am statiaSi Cven warmovadgenT Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebs, risTvisac kidev erTxel SevexebiT gelaTis katenebiani bibliis wyaroebs da mokled mimovixilavT masSi daculi avtorebis komentarebs. gelaTis katenebiani biblia daculia or xelnawerSi, XII s-is A 1108 da XII-XIII ss-is Q 1152, romelTagan Q 1152 A 1108-s aslia. sakuTriv A 1108 Sedgeba ori xelnawerisagan, romlebic erT

1 ix. Victoria Jugeli. The Works of Theodoret of Cyrus According to Georgian Manuscripts.

MA Thesis in Medieval Studies. Budapest: Central European University, 1997, gv. 5-24; v. juReli. "Teodorite kvirelis ganmartebaTa qarTuli Targmanebi gelaTis bibliasa da gelaTur xelnawerebSi". Tsu filologiis fakultetis axalgazrda mecnierTa Sromebi. t. 2. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998, 178-196 an gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis Sromebi. weliwdeuli 1 (1998): 5-21; "gelaTis katenebiani biblias struqturisa da wyaroTa sakiTxisaTvis". gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnali 4 (2002): 26-31; ix. agreTve, sakandidato disertacia: Teodorite kvirelis TxzulebaTa qarTuli Targmanebi. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 30 da Semd.


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xelnawerad aris akinZuli, magram romelTa struqturac erTmaneTisagan sxvaobs.2 katenebiani bibliis pirveli nawili warmoadgens kimen-sxoliod aRnawer nusxas, romelic Seicavs levitelTa, ricxvTa, meore sjulis, isu naves, msajulTa da ruTis wignebis kimensa da sxvadasxva avtorTa ganmartebebs masze. ramdenime ganmartebis mixedviT, romelsac krebuls urTavs qarTveli redaqtori, katenebian biblias darTuli unda hqonoda gamoslvaTa wignis ganmartebanic. amaze metyvelebs Semdegi striqoni, romelic xelnaweris redaqtors unda ekuTvnodes: "amaT yovelTa sityuaTa sxolionni gamoslvaTasa Sina hpovne ganvrcelebulad, da me vinaÁTgan mun damewernes meoxebiTa kualad wmidisa RmrTis mSobelisaÁTa, maTdave meored werad veRara mcalda, lxineba yavT locviT" (A 1108, f. 100v). sxva cnobebs gamoslvaTa wignis ganmartebaTa nawilze redaqtori ar iZleva, magram migvaniSnebs, rom masSi unda yofiliyo warmodgenili kirile aleqsandrielis mravali ganmarteba da grigol noselis moses cxovrebis amsaxveli erT-erTi fragmenti: "...kÂrilesni da sxuani amissa pirvel aRwerilni aqa mravalni swerian gamoslvaTasa" (A 1108, f. 100v); "...xolo amaTi ganyofaÁ hpoo gamoslvaTa Sina, nislsa Soris RmrTisa mzraxvalobasa mosessa, grigoli noselisad" (A 1108, f. 102v). katenebian bibliaSi ganmartebuli unda yofiliyo, vfiqrobT, Sesaqmis wignic, Tumca amis Sesaxeb xelnaweri aranair cnobas ar iZleva. katenebiani bibliis meore nawils Taviseburi struqtura gaaCnia. TiToeuli winaswarmetyvelisaTvis igi Seicavs oTx Tavs, romelTagan yoveli, garda kimenisa, mocemulia Semoklebuli saxiT. Tavdapirvelad, rogorc wesi, mocemul wigns uZRvis Teodorites ganmarteba, ukeT, mxolod misi prologi, rasac Tavni-s saTauriT mohyveba bibliis teqstis Semoklebuli Sinaarsi, romelsac Tavis mxriv, mosdevs kimeni. bolos, daskvniT nawilSi ki warmodgenilia winaswarmetyvelis cxovreba, kerZod, misi saxelis ganmarteba da cxovrebis Semoklebuli aRwera. katenebian bibliaSi daculia eqvsi winaswarmetyvelis cxovreba, kerZod, iezekielis (281r), ioelis (283v), ionas (290r), naumis (294r), ambakumisa (295v) da sofonias (298v) cxovrebebi, romelTa dedans unda warmoadgendes doroTeosis redaqciis winaswarmetyvelTa cxovreba, ukeT, misi Sekvecili varianti – Sermanis mier gamoqveynebuli doroTeosis

2 ix. Cveni statia "gelaTis katenebiani biblias struqturisa da

wyaroTa sakiTxisaTvis", agreTve, sakandidato disertacia, gv. 6-37.

423

winaswarmetyvelTa cxovrebis versia3 ramdenjerme ufro vrcelia katenebiani bibliis Sesabamis monakveTebze, romlebic, Cveulebriv, SermanTan warmodgenili teqstis bolo abzacs Seesabameba. katenebiani bibliis pirvel nawilSi, levitelTagan ruTamde, kimenTan erTad warmodgenilia 27 avtoris ganmarteba (Tuki Semdgomi kvleva sxva avtorebsac ar gamoavlens), meore, winaswarmetyvelTa nawilSi ki daculia Teodorites winaswarmetyvelTa wignebze daweril ganmartebaTa prologebi, zog SemTxvevaSi nawyvetebic ZiriTadi ganmartebebis teqstebidan, agreTve, sxva avtorTa komentarebi, kerZod ki – olimpiodore aleqsandrielis, ioane oqropirisa da origenes TiTo-TiTo ganmarteba (aris kidev ramdenime anonimuri ganmarteba, romelTa avtorebic dasazustebelia). katenebiani bibliis orive nawilSi ganmartebebs Cveulebriv warwerili aqvs avtorTa saxelebi, xandaxan maT erTvis miTiTeba "sxÂsaÁ", "misive", "igive", an ganmarteba datovebulia avtoris saxelis aRniSnvis gareSe. kvlevisas gamovlinda, rom araerT SemTxvevaSi avtorTa saxelebis miTiTebebi mcdaria da ganmarteba ara aRniSnul, aramed sxva avtors ekuTvnis. ase magaliTad, kiriles saxeliT mocemuli ganmartebebidan zogi Teodorites,4 zogi apolinaris5 da zogic origenesia,6 evsevis saxeliT mocemuli erTi ganmartebis avtori origene,7 meorisa ki – apolinaria,8 severosis saxeliT

3 Theodorus Schermann. Prophetarum Vitae Fabulosae Indices Apostolorum

Discipulorumque Domini Dorotheo, Epiphanio, Hippolyto, Aliisque Vindicata. Lipsiae:

Teubneri, 1907. Sermanis am gamocemisaTvis Cveni yuradRebis miqcevisa da misi qseroaslebis mowodebisaTvis Cven uRrmes madlobas vuZRvniT baton bernar uties.

4 ricxvTa mecxre ganmartebis pirvel striqonebs Teodorites saxeli aweria (A 1108, f. 41v; Q 1152, f. 101v-102r, Sdr. PG 80, sv. 356), magram mis gagrZelebas, "yovelTa codvaTagan ganSorebaÁ ara SesaZlebel ars", darTuli aqvs kiriles saxeli. kiriles saxeliT aris warmodgenili ricxvTa 44-e komentaric, romlis dasawyissac Teodorite aweria: "Seswavebul ukuÀ iyavn, viTarmed vieTme ese hgones misTÂs, viTarmed araraÁ winaÁswar uTquamso maT macxovrisa CuenisaTÂs" (A 1108, f. 78r-v, Q 1152, f. 181r; Sdr. PG 80, sv. 393). kiriles saxeliT aris dasaTaurebuli agreTve meore sjulis 35-e kiTxva-migeba: "ese wyevani da kurTxevani ara miscna mamaTa maTTa" (A

1108, f. 134r, Q 1152, f. 279r, Sdr. PG 80, sv. 437). 5 "sworebasa samarTlisasa"..., A 1108, f. 28r, Q 1152, f. 75v; "maT zeda

gardamoslvasa…", A 1108, f. 54r; "vinaÁTgan bomonsa zeda"..., A 1108, f. 65v.

6 "vhgoneb, viTarmed ara Sesmenasa"..., A 1108, f. 11v. 7 "xolo ukueTu ara fasi "..., A 1108, f. 33r.


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aRniSnuli erT-erTi ganmarteba – apolinarisaa9 da a. S. amgvari mcdari miTiTebani da iseTi ganmartebebi, romelTa nawilic xelnaweris furclidan gadarecxilia da wakiTxvas aRar eqvemdebareba, arTulebs ganmartebebisa da maTi avtorebis identifikacias.

k. kekeliZis mixedviT, gelaTis biblia Seicavs Semdeg avtorTa ganmartebebs: kirile aleqsandrieli (92), Teodorite kvireli (91), evsevi kesarieli (20), severos antioqieli (16), ioane oqropiri (10), isidore pelusieli (2), didimos aleqsandrieli (2), origene (3), basili kesarieli (2), irineosi (2), filon aleqsandrieli (2), grigol noseli (1), genadiosi (1) da olimpiodore aleqsandrieli (1).10 b. gigineiSvili am sias amatebs apolinarsa da diodore tarsels da SeniSnavs, rom gelaTis bibliaSi Teodorite da kirile aleqsandrieli yvelaze ufro xSirad arian moxsenebulni, xolo maT mohyvebian origene da apolinari, Semdeg ki evsevi da severosi.11 Sesabamisad, es ori mkvlevari katenebian bibliaSi mxolod 16 avtors asaxelebs, romelTagan olimpiodore aleqsandrieli citirebulia mxolod katenebiani bibliis meore, winaswarmetyvelTa nawilSi.

sinamdvileSi avtorTa sia ufro vrcelia, xolo ganmartebaTa raodenoba bevrad ufro didi. katenebian bibliaSi warmodgenilia ganmartebebi Semdegi avtorebisa: akaki kesarieli (1), apolinari laodikieli (196 + 19*),12 basili kesarieli (4 + 3*), genadi konstantinopoleli (1*), grigol nazianzeli (1), grigol noseli (1), didimos aleqsandrieli (2*), diodore tarseli (4), dionisios aleqsandrieli (1+1*), evsevi emeseli-aleqsandrieli (25 + 25*), efrem

8 "marilisa mofqurevasa brZanebs"..., A 1108, f. 65v. 9 "wignis kiTxvisa"..., A 1108, f. 28r, Q 1152, f. 74v. 10 k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tbilisi, 1980, t. I, gv. 465.

T. Jordania asaxelebs Semdeg avtorebs: "sÂmaxoss, Teodorites, minives (?), sevir-minives, evsebis, oqropirs, akakis, severioss, nosels (grigols), apoitins, kÂriles (‘kÂrilesi ‘RlafÂraTagan’), sxÂrineoss, origens, irineoss, akÂlas, severiane gabaonels, seviruss, didÂmoss (Дидимъ) da sx". (qronikebi. t. II. Tbilisi, 1892, gv. 36). aqedan "minive" unda iyos "misive", "sxÂrineosi" – "irineosi", xolo "apoitini" ki SesaZloa gulisxmobdes apolinars.

11 wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani, nakveTi 1, "Sesaqme, gamosvlaTaÁ". red. b. gigineiSvili. Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1989, gv. 584-585. 12 vgulisxmobT, rom 196 ganmarteba identificirebulia, xolo 19-is

identificireba jer ver moxerxda.

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asuri (1), Tevdore (Teodore mofsuesteli?) (2*), Teodorite kvireli (184), Teodotioni (Teodoti ankvireli?)13 (1*), Teodule (2), ioane oqropiri (12 + 5*, + 1* winaswarmetyvelTa nawilSi), ipolite romaeli (1), irineos lioneli (13), isidore pelusieli (3 + 1*), iustine mowame (3), kirile aleqsandrieli (93 + 64*), nilos monazoni (1 + 1*), olimpiodore aleqsandrieli (winaswarmetyvelTa nawilSi, 1*), origene (154 + 4*), severiane gabalovneli (3*), severos antioqieli (4 + 31*) da filon ebraeli anu aleqsandrieli (1).14

frangi mkvlevari devreesi (Devreesse), romelmac sagangebod Seiswavla katenuri teqstebis Semcveli berZnuli xelnawerebi, maT hyofs oTx jgufad.15 igi CamoTvlis da ikvlevs maTSi dadasturebuli ganmartebebis 45 avtors, asaxelebs ganmartebaTa wyaroebs anu avtorTa Txzulebebs, romelTaganac momdinareoben ganmartebebi da xSir SemTxvevaSi miuTiTebs ganmartebis berZnul teqsts, mis sawyissa da bolo striqonebs. devreesis gamokvlevaSi aRniSnulia yvela is avtori, romelTa ganmartebebic katenebian bibliaSi dasturdeba. magram berZnul katenaTa da katenebiani bibliis ganmartebaTa gadmocemaSi garkveuli sxvaobebic SeiniSneba. teqstobriv gansxvavebebTan erTad sayuradRebo da sagulisxmoa isic, rom katenebian bibliaSi warmodgenilia ganmartebebi, romlebic devreesis gamokvlevaSi mocemulia iseTi wignebis komentarTa Soris, qarTuli xelnaweri rom ar Seicavs, rogoricaa magaliTad, Sesaqme an mefeTa wignebi.

katenebiani bibliis ganmartebaTa ZiriTad birTvs Seadgenen Teodorites, kirile aleqsandrielis, origenesa da apolinaris

13 ganmmartebeli Teodotioni katenebian bibliaSi, Cveulebriv, sxva

avtorTa mier aris damowmebuli da misi saxeli avtorTa Soris ar gvxvdeba. am erT ganmartebas ki ‘Teodotioni’ avtoris saxelis adgilas, aSiaze aqvs darTuli, ris gamoc vvaraudobT, rom igi SeiZleboda yofiliyo eklesiis istoriidan cnobili romelime Teodoti, magaliTad, Teodoti ankvireli. misi vinaobis dadgenaSi xelSemwyobi faqtori SeiZleba gaxdes misi ganmartebis identifikaciac.

14 CamonaTvalSi mocemulia aninimuri da sxva avtoris saxeliT daculi ganmartebebi, agreTve iseTi ganmartebebi, romelTa avtorebis saxelebi miTiTebulia, magram romelTa identificirebac jer ver moxerxda (aseT ganmartebebs mosdevs *).

15 R. Devreesse. Les Anciens Commentateurs Grecs de l'Octateuque et des Rois (fragments

tires des chaines). Citta del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1959, gv. VII-XV; ix. agreTve, Clavis Patrum Graecorum. t. IV. Brepols-Turnhout: Fabricken Brepols,

1980, gv. 185-187.


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ganmartebebi. aseve sakmaod xSirad aris warmodgenili irineosis, evsevi emeselisa da severos antioqielis ganmartebebic. mTlianobaSi ki aq, rogorc aRvniSneT, 27 avtoria warmodgenili.

akaki kesarielis ganmartebebi berZnul katenebian krebulebSi Sesulia misi Txzulebebidan: ganmartebebi eklesiasteze da sxvadasxva sakiTxebi (Suvmmikta Zhthvmata, Quaestiones varies). gelaTis katenebian bibliaSi, ricxvTa wignze, warmodgenilia akakis erTaderTi ganmarteba, magram romeli Txzulebidan momdinareobs igi, amis Sesaxeb devreesi arafers wers.16

apolinari laodikielis ganmartebebi katenebian bibliaSi sakmaod mravalricxovania. isini daculia mxolod levitelTa (36 fr.), ricxvTa (148 fr.) da meore sjulis wignebze (12 fr.). miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli xelnaweris mravali ganmarteba identificirebuli iqna devreesis gamocemaSi aRnusxul apolinaris ganmartebebTan, katenebiani bibliis apolinaris saxeliT mocemuli 19 fragmenti berZnul katenebs ar daemTxva. imavdroulad, berZnuli katenuri krebulebis Sesabamisi wignebis apolinaris ganmartebebidan qarTul ganmartebebSi ar aris mocemuli 33 ganmarteba. apolinaris ganmartebaTagan did nawils aweria avtoris saxeli, didi nawilic anonimuria, zogjer ki misi saxelis nacvlad gvxvdeba sxva avtorTa saxelebi: "kÂrile" (ufro xSirad), "evsevi", "seviro". aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac sxva avtoris ganmartebis Semdgom komentars aweria "misive" da igi apolinarisaa, an aweria "sxvisaÁ", rodesac ganmarteba apolinaris ganmartebebs Soris aris moTavsebuli.

basili kesarielis ganmartebaTa dazusteba rodesac daviwyeT, apriori vvaraudobdiT, rom es ganmartebebi SeiZleboda aRebuli yofiliyo misi umniSvnelovanesi Sromebidan equsTa dReTaTvis, ganmartebebi fsalmunebze, ganmartebebi igavTa wignze, an epistolidan optimusis mimarT (ep. 260), romelTac miuTiTebda devreesi berZnul katenebTan mimarTebaSi. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki basilis saxeliT katenebian bibliaSi warmodgenili Svidi fragmentidan (1 – ricxvTa, 6 ki – meore sjulze wignze) samis17 wyaro aRmoCnda Txzuleba Enarratio in Prophetam Isaiam, romelsac mecnierebi basilis saeWvo naSromTa siaSi aTavseben, erTis wyaro ki – Homilia in illud: Attende tibi ipsi (berZnuli saTauri: Eij" to; Provsece seautw/').

16 Devreesse, gv. 121, ricxvTa, 14. 22. 17 "ara ganCinebulTa dReTa ricxusa"..., 1.27, Q 1152, f. 247v; "xolo

samobaÁ ese RmrTisa ZliTisa mxedvelobisa"..., 1.26, f. 247v; "rameTu ujeroeba ars, romelTa samarTalTa mier"..., 2.77-78, f. 252r.

427

oTxive fragmenti zedmiwevniT aris Targmnili. danarCeni 3 fragmenti ki jer dauzustebelia. SedarebisaTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom devreesis mixedviT, berZnul katenur krebulebSi basilis ganmartebebi daculia mxolod Sesaqmisa da mefeTa wignebze.18

genadi konstantinopolelis eqvs ganmartebas iZleva devreesi Sesaqmisa da gamoslvaTa wignebze,19 magram is erTaderTi ganmarteba, romelic katenebiani bibliis msajulTa wignSi gvxdeba, maT ar emTxveva da arc mis PG 85-Si gamocemul Sromebs Sorisaa.

grigol nazianzeli katenebian bibliaSi erTi ganmartebiT aris warmodgenili. igi aq miTiTebulia, rogorc "RvTismetyveli" (A

1108, f. 70v). am ganmartebis wyaroa grigol nazianzelis 45-e homilia In Sanctum Pascha,20 romelic ar aris mocemuli devreesis mier CamoTvlil grigol nazianzelis ganmartebaTa wyaroebs Soris (In

Theophaniam, De Opificio Hominis). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom berZnul katenur krebulebSi grigol nazianzelis ganmartebebi mocemulia mxolod Sesaqmisa da mefeTa wignebze.21

grigol noselis erTi ganmarteba (ricxvTa, 21.6), romelic katenebian bibliaSi gvxvdeba, momdinareobs misi moses cxovrebidan.22 vfiqrobT, gamoslvaTas wignze redaqtoris mier grigol noselis miniSnebuli fragmentic (ix. zemoT) amave Txzulebidan unda yofiliyo.

didimos aleqsandrielis saxeliT katenebian bibliaSi ori ganmarteba aris warmodgenili, magram maTi dazusteba jerjerobiT ver moxerxda. isini ar emTxveva berZnuli katenuri krebulebis Sesaqmis, gamoslvaTa da mefeTa wignebze mocemul didimosis komentarebs.23

diodore tarselis oqtatevqis ganmartebebidan katenebian bibliaSi oTxi ganmarteba gxvdeba, sami – meore sjulis wignze (1.1, 1.5, 33.6), erTic – msajulTa wignze (15.14). meore sjulis ganmartebaTagan pirveli Semoklebulia da misgan mxolod pirveli da bolo striqonebia datovebuli, meore ganmarteba zedmiwevniT

18 Devreesse, gv. 127-128. 19 Devreesse, gv. 183-185. 20 "rvalisa gueli damoekida mkbenelTa guelTaTÂs, da Semdgomni", A

1108, f. 70v, In Sanctum Pascha, 45.22; PG 36, sv. 653. 21 Devreesse, gv. 127-128. 22 "Zelsa zeda gamoCinebulsa mas msgavsebaÁ ukue moaqus guelisaÁ"... A

1108, f. 70v-71r, De Vita Mosis, 2.275-277. 23 ix. Devreesse, gv. 167.


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aris gadmoRebuli, xolo mesame ki, Tumca diodores ganmartebaTa siaSi Sedis, TiTqmis sityva-sityviT emTxveva origenes meore sjulis 33.6 fragments.24 asevea Targmnili diodores msajulTa wignis gan-martebac. diodores am fragmentebisaTvis ix. PG 33, col. 1585-1588,25

romlebic masSi nikifore Teotokisis berZnuli katenuri krebule-bis gamocemidan26 aris Setanili. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom de-vreesis mixedviT, diodores ganmartebebi berZnul katenebSi moce-mulia mxolod Sesaqmis, gamoslvaTa da mefeTa wignebze.27

dionisios aleqsandrielis ori ganmartebaa mocemuli berZ-nul katenur krebulebSi Sesaqmisa da meore sjulis wignebze.28 es ukanaskneli daculia katenebian bibliaSic, Tumca mas avtoris sax-eli miTiTebuli ar aqvs. mocemuli fragmenti warmoadgens nawyvets dionisiosis stefane romaelisadmi mimarTuli epistolidan29 (meore sjulis am ganmartebis wyarod devreesi asaxelebs dionisiosis epistoleebs da miuTiTebs Feltoe-s gamocemas).30 garda amisa, dionisi-osis saxeliT mocemulia kidev erTi ganmarteba imave meore sjulis wignze, magram misi identificireba jerjerobiT ver moxerxda. Cven SevadareT igi fsevdo-dionise areopagelis Sromebsac, miuxedavad imisa, rom am avtors devreesi ar asaxelebs berZnuli katenebiani krebulebis komentarTa avtorebs Soris, magram igi arc maT ar daemTxva.

evsevi emeselis ganmartebebi Teodorites, kiriles, apolina-risa da origenes ganmartebebTan erTad katenebian bibliaSi yvelaze ufro xSirad aris warmodgenili. sainteresoa, rom Tumca ki katene-bian bibliaSi ar aris miTiTebuli, konkretulad romeli evsevis ganmartebebia Targmnili, k. kekeliZe da b. gigineiSvili miiCnevdnen, rom es iyo evsevi kesarieli.31 gamokvlevam aCvena, rom Tumca evsevi kesarielis ganmartebebi berZnul katenur krebulebSi dadasture-

24 JW" u{dwr mh; ejkzevsh/" – eujlogivan de; mh; doqh'nai katorqwvsanti. 25 Fragmenta in Deuteronomium (ex eadem Catena Nicephori). 26 Nikephoros Hieromonachos Theotokis. Seira; eJno;" kai; penthvkonta uJpomnhmatistw'n

eij" th;n jOktavteucon kai; ta; tw'n Basileiw'n. 2t. Leipzig, 1772-1773. 27 ix. Devreesse, gv. 155-167. 28 Devreesse, gv. 53. 29 "Dionysius of Alexandria, Newly discovered letters to the Popes Stephen and Xystus",

F.C. Conybeare, English Historical Review 25 (1910): 111-114. 30 Devreesse, gv. 53. 31 kekeliZe, gv. 465; wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani, gv. 584. T. JordaniasTan igi

aRniSnulia, rogorc "evsebi" (qronikebi, t. II, gv. 36).

429

bulia Sesaqmis, gamoslvaTa da mefeTa wignebze,32 magram levitelTa–ruTis wignebze misi ganmartebebi arc berZnul krebulebSi gvxvdeba da arc katenebian bibliaSi dasturdeba. evsevi kesarielis onomasti-konTan sakmaod axlos dgas katenebiani bibliis erTi ganmarteba, romelic sityva "galgalas" Seexeba. mas xelnawerSi xazgasmulad aqvs miTiTebuli, ufro zustad, teqstSive aqvs CarTuli, rom misi avtori evsevi kesarielia.33 amasTan, Tavad ganmartebaSi gadmocemu-lia ara sakuTriv fragmenti onomastikonidan, aramed misi Sinaarsi, ris gamoc igi ufro sxva avtoris mier evsevis damowmebas hgavs, vi-dre teqstis uSualo Targmans. evsevis saxeliT katenebian bibliaSi daculi ganmartebebi warmoadgens sakmaod zust Targmans evsevi eme-selis dakarguli oqtatevqis ganmartebaTa fragmentebisa, romlebic PG-s 86-e tomSi aris daculi34 da romlebic miTiTebulia devreesis gamokvlevaSi.35 mTlianobaSi, katenebian bibliaSi evsevis saxeliT warmodgenilia 40-ze meti ganmarteba (k. kekeliZe 20-s miuTiTebs). maTgan devreesis mier gamoqveynebul berZnul katenebs emTxveva 25 (levitelTa wignze – 4 fr., ricxvTa – 8, meore sjuli – 10, isu nave – 2, msajulTa – 1), qarTul teqstSi ar aris warmodgenili devrees-Tan miTiTebuli 7 berZnuli ganmartebis Targmani, evsevis saxeliT katenebian bibliaSi daculi kidev 25 ganmartebis identificireba ki jer-jerobiT ver moxerxda.

efrem asuri berZnul katenur krebulebSi wamodgenili iyo ori ganmartebiT, romlebic ricxvTa wigns erTvoda.36 maTgan katene-bian bibliaSi daculia mxolod erTi da isic anonimuri ganmarteba, meore ki aq mocemuli ar aris. rac Seexeba Txzulebas, romlidanac momdinareoben es fragmentebi, mas devreesi ar miuTiTebs.37 SesaZle-belia es iyos efrem asuris dakarguli ganmartebebi ricxvTa wignze.

Tevdores saxeliT katenebian bibliaSi daculia ori frag-menti. devreesis mixedviT, berZnul katenebian krebulebSi Tevdores saxeliT warmodgenilia ori avtori, Teodore mofsuesteli da Teodore herakleeli. arsebobs Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac es ori avtori erT pirovnebas warmoadgenda, magram asec rom ar iyos, maTi ganmartebebi berZnul krebulebSi mocemulia mxolod Sesaqmis,

32 Devreesse, gv. 54 da Semd. 33 A 1108, f. 156r. 34 PG 86, sv. 557. 35 ix. Devreesse, gv. 56 da Semd. 36 ix. Devreesse, gv. 127. 37 Devreesse, gv. 127.


430

gamoslvaTa, mefeTa wignebze, agreTve, isaia da ezekiel winaswar-metyvelebze.38 am wignebze mocemul ganmartebebs ki katenebian bib-liaSi Tevdores saxeliT daculi ganmartebebi ar emTxveva.

Teodorite kvirelis ganmartebebi TiTqmis yvela berZnul katenur krebulSi ganmartebaTa ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgenda.39 Teodorites ganmartebebisaTvis berZnuli xelnawerebi eyrdnoboda mis egzegetur Txzulebas, ganmartebani oqtatevqze.40 katenebian bib-liaSi daculia am Txzulebis Sesabamisi wignebis yvela ganmarteba levitelTagan ruTis wignis CaTvliT, garda meore sjulis 41-e gan-martebisa, risi mizezic xelnaweridan amovardnili da dakarguli furclebi SeiZleboda yofiliyo. yvela ganmarteba zedmiwevniT aris Targmnili garda meore sjulis 42-e ganmartebisa, romelic sakmaod Semoklebulia (gansakuTrebiT bibliuri citirebani) da romelSic Camatebulia Teodorites oqtatevqis ganmartebaTa meore sjulis wignis kritikul gamocemaSi daudasturebeli ramdenime striqoni. rogorc Cans, am ganmartebasTan mimarTebaSi gansxvavebul versiasTan unda gvqondes saqme, radganac katenebian bibliaSi daculi Teodo-rites komentarebi berZnuli teqstebidan, Cveulebriv, zedmiwevniT aris gadmoRebuli. mTlianobaSi, Teodorites ganmartebaTa raodeno-ba xelnaweris pirvel nawilSi 184-s Seadgens. Teodorites ganmarte-bani daculia katenebiani bibliis winaswarmetyvelTa nawilSic. aq warmodgenilia Teodorites ganmartebaTa prologebi 7 winaswarmety-velze (ioeli, amosi, iona, miqea, naumi, ambakumi da sofonia). maTi wyaroa Teodorites ganmartebani Tormet winaswarmetyvelze. ramden-ime SemTxvevaSi aq mocemulia agreTve, fragmentebi Txzulebis Sesa-bamisi monakveTebis ZiriTadi teqstebidan, kerZod, ganmartebebidan amos da iona winaswarmetyvelebze (amos winaswarmetyvelis wignis ganmartebidan mocemulia 1.3, 5.10, 5.24-27 fragmentebi, ionas wignidan ki – 1.1-2). aqve gvxvdeba Teodorites sami komentari ieremias (46.17, 50.2, 4.15) da erTi – ezekielis ganmartebaTa ZiriTadi teqstebidan (20.29), romelTa wyaroebicaa Teodorites ganmartebani ieremiaze da ganmartebani ezekielze. unda aRiniSnos, rom Teodorites ganmarte-bebi, romlebic avtoris mierve aris Sedgenili kiTxva-migebis saxiT, katenebian bibliaSi erTmaneTisagan gamoyofilad aris warmodgenili da Cveulebriv, ganmasxvaveblad erTvis "kiTxvaÁ" da "migebaÁ". mTel

38 Devreesse, gv. 122 da Semd, 174 da Semd. 39 Devreesse, gv. 182. 40 PG 80; N. Fernandez Marcos, A. Saenz-Badillos. Theodoreti Cyrensis Quastiones in

Octateuchum. Textos y estudios "Cardenal Cisneros" 17, Madrid, 1979.

431

xelnawerSi mocemulia erTaderTi SemTxveva, rodesac am sityvaTa nacvlad mocemulia, Sesabamisad, "uRonobaÁ" da "aRÃsnaÁ" (Teodorites TxzulebaTa berZnul teqstSi isini mocemuli araa), rac saintereso gadaxvevas warmoadgens da gvafiqrebinebs, rom msgavsi cvlileba SesaZloa momdinareobdes berZnuli dednidan.

Teodotionis/Teodotis erTi ganmarteba daculia katenebian bibliaSi levitelTa wignze (Q 1152, f. 16v). es ganmarteba jerjero-biT identificirebuli ar aris. rac Seexeba mis avtors, aq misi sax-eli an SecdomiT unda iyos Cawerili da unda igulisxmebodes ekle-siis istoriidan cnobili romelime Teodoti, magaliTad, Teodoti ankvireli, avtori egzegeturi Txzulebebisa, an igi unda iyos ko-mentatori Teodotioni, romelsac berZnul krebulSi romelime av-tori imowmebda, qarTvelma redaqtorma ki misi saxeli sqolioSi, avtoris saxelis adgilas gaitana, rac nakleb savaraudod gveCveneba. devreesi berZnul katenebian krebulebSi daculi ganmartebebis av-torTa Soris Teodotions ar asaxelebs.

Teodules berZnul katenebian krebulebSi msajulTa wignze daculi ori ganmartebidan41 gelaTis katenebian bibliaSi orivea warmodgenili, Tanac Targmnili zedmiwevniTi sizustiT.

ioane oqropiris ganmartebebi, devreesis Tanaxmad, berZnul katenur krebulebSi Sesaqmis, gamoslvaTa da mefeTa wignebze aris warmodgenili.42 katenebian bibliaSi ki fragmentebi ioane oqropiris Txzulebebidan daculia ricxvTa, meore sjulis, isu naves, msa-julTa da ruTis wignebze. devreesi ioane oqropiris berZnuli kate-nebis umetesi nawilis wyaroebad asaxelebs Txzulebebs Ad Stagirium,

De Incomprehensibili II, Ep. ad Hebraeus, danarCenis Sesaxeb ki miuTiTebs, rom isini gamoqveynebul teqstebs ar Seesabamebian. katenebian bib-liaSi daculi ioane oqropiris 13 fragmentisaTvis, romelTa amoc-nobac moxerxda, wyaroebs warmoadgenen Adversus Judaeos, De Lazaro, In

Natale Domini Nostri Jesu Christi (mkvlevarebi am Txzulebas ioane oqropi-ris saeWvo naSromTa Soris ganixilaven), ganmartebebi fsalmunebze, ganmartebebi maTes saxarebaze, ganmartebebi ioanes saxarebaze, gan-martebebi romaelTa epistoleze, ganmartebebi ebraelTa epistoleze. garda amisa, jerjerobiT ver moxerxda identificireba kidev xuTi fragmentisa, romelic katenebiani bibliis ZiriTad (4 fr.) da winas-warmetyvelTa nawilebSi (1 fr.) ioane oqropiris saxeliT aris moce-muli.

41 Devreesse, gv. 185. 42 Devreesse, gv. 177-178.


432

ipolite romaelis saxels katenebiani biblia ar iZleva, ma-gram masSi warmodgenili ruTis wignis erT-erTi ganmarteba sakmaod axlos dgas ipolites Txzulebis, ganmartebani danielze, erT mo-nakveTTan. berZnul katenebSi ruTis wignze dadasturebulia ipo-lites ori ganmarteba, magram devreesis gamokvlevaSi miTiTebuli berZnuli ganmartebebis teqsti ar aris mocemuli, rac arTulebs maT dazustebas. SedarebisaTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom ipolites Se-saqmis wignze darTuli berZnuli katenebis wyaroebia Eij" th;n ejxahvme-ron, Eij" ta; meta; th;n ejxahvmeron, Eij" Gevnesin da jEk tw'n eujlogivwn tou' Balaavm.43

irineos lionelis oqtatevqze daweril ganmartebaTa teqstebi berZnuli katenuri krebulebis meSveobiT aris SemorCenili. maTSi dadasturebulia 20 ganmarteba, romelTa erTi nawili momdi-nareobs irineosis Txzulebidan Adversus Haereses.44 CvenTvis saintereso wignebze berZnul katenur krebulebSi mocemulia 17 gan-marteba, maTgan ricxvTa wignze – 8,45 meore sjulze – 2, msajulTaze – 646 da, agreTve, fr. 32, romelSic irineosi SemoklebiT gadmoscems erT-erT nawyvets ioseb flaviosis Txzulebisa, moTxrobani iudae-brivisa Zuelsityuaobisani (2.10.2).47 devreesis mier ricxvTa wignze miTiTebuli fragmentebidan katenebian bibliaSi yvela dadasturda, garda erTisa (fr. 46),48 Tumca, meore mxriv, xelnawerSi gvxvdeba irineosis 2 iseTi fragmentic (fr. 16 da 21), romlebsac devreesi ar miuTiTebs. teqsti yvelgan sakmaod zedmiwevniT aris gadmoRebuli, aseve sityva-sityviT aris Targmnili fr. 32-is pirveli nawili, rom-lis meore nawilic sakmaod Sekvecilia. rac Seexeba devreesis mier aRniSnuli irineosis meore sjulis ori ganmartebisa da msajulTa wignis sami komentaris (ori maTgani dazustebulia) paralelur qar-Tul teqstebs, maTi identificireba jerjerobiT ver moxerxda.

isidore pelusielis saxeliT katenebian bibliaSi levitelTagan ruTamde sami fragmentia warmodgenili, ori –

43 Devreesse, gv. 25-26. 44 ix. Devreesse, gv. 23. 45 ix. Devreesse, gv. 23 da Sen. 7. 46 Devreesse, gv. 23-24. irineosis fragmentebis sruli, Sevsebuli nusxa,

Targmnili inglisur enaze, gamocemulia seriaSi Early Church Fathers,

Ante-Nicene Fathers, t. I. mTargm. a. robertsi da j. donaldsoni. 47 "iosipos ityÂs, viTarmed raJams samefoTa Sina egÂptisaTa – gansca

mas qalaqi mefobisa maTisaÁ" (A 1108, f. 55v). am fragments devreesi miuTiTebs ara irineosTan, aramed ioseb flaviosTan dakavSirebiT (gv. 21).

48 Devreesse, gv. 23-24.

433

levitelTa, erTi ki – meore sjulis wignebze, iseve, rogorc berZnul katenur krebulebSi.49 es fragmentebi warmoadgenen isi-dores epistoleebs aTanase presviteris (2.81),50 agaTon presviterisa (3.84)51 da lampetios diakvnis mimarT (3.91).52 amasTan, pirveli epis-tole, aTanases mimarT, Sekvecilia. mas aklia dasawyisi, Sua nawili da dasasruli. samwuxarod, devreesi ar miuTiTebs, aqvs Tu ara am epistoles berZnul katenur krebulebSi sruli saxe.

iustine mowamis sam ganmartebas vxvdebiT katenebiani bibliis levitelTa wignze. berZnuli katenuri krebulebis Tanaxmad aq unda iyos 4 ganmarteba, 3 – 14.4-7-ze da 1 – 16.8-ze. magram qarTul teqstSi 14.4-7-ze mocemulia mxolod pirveli ori ganmarteba, mesame ki masSi Setanili ar aris. katenebian bibliaSi iustines ganmartebaTagan pirvels avtoris saxeli miTiTebuli ar aqvs, meore da mesame gan-martebebTan ki igi aRniSnulia. ganmartebaTa wyaro, Txzuleba, ro-melic Seicavda iustines am ganmartebebs dakargulia. Tavad ganmar-tebebi ki, amokrebili iustines TxzulebaTa Semcveli xelnaweridan, Targmnili da gamocemulia iustines sxva dakargul TxzulebaTa ganmartebebTan erTad.53

kirile aleqsandrielis ganmartebebi katenebian bibliaSi sakmaod mravlad aris warmodgenili. maTi wyaroa devreesis mier miTiTebuli kiriles Glaphyra in Pentateuchum (PG 69, mas katenebiani bib-liis erT-erTi sqolioc miuTiTebs),54 da De Adoratione et Cultu in Spiritu et

Veritate (PG 68, am Txzulebas devreesi moixseniebs saTauriT De Ora-

tione).55 imis gamo, rom glafiraSi ganmartebulia Zveli aRTqmis pirveli xuTi wigni, meore sjulis ganmartebaTa Semdeg kiriles ganmartebebi katenebian bibliaSi ukve aRar gvxvdeba, garda msa-julTa wignze mocemuli araidentificirebuli erTi ganmartebisa. samagierod, levitelTa, ricxvTa da meore sjulis ganmartebebTan erTad mocemulia misi erTi komentari gamoslvaTa wignze56 da frag-mentebi misi meore Txzulebidan – De Adoratione. katenebian bibliaSi

49 Devreesse, gv. 179. 50 PG 78, sv. 521-526. 51 PG 78, sv. 789-792. 52 PG 78, sv. 1032. 53 ix. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, t. I. 54 "amisTÂsve kÂrilesi RlafÂraTagan", A 1108, f. 16v. 55 Devreesse, gv. 179. 56 "ganixilvoded ukue viTarmed ricxusa sameocda aTisasa"..., 2.4.4, A

1108, f. 54r.


434

kirile aleqsandrielis glafiras sakmaod didi nawilia Sesuli, magram aq SeiniSneba erTi metad saintereso momenti – gansxvavebiT Teodoritesa da origenes teqstebisagan, kiriles ganmartebebi xSirad Semoklebulia da araerT SemTxvevaSi bibliuri citirebani uTargmnelad aris datovebuli. amgvari Semoklebebi Cveulebriv miT-iTebulia, rogorc: "da Semdgomad mciredisa",57 "da Semdgomi",58 "da Semdgomad sxuaTa"59 da a. S., xolo zogjer ki isini aRniSnuli arc aris. mravalricxovania agreTve ganmartebani kiriles De Adoratione-dan, xolo kiriles ganmartebebi fsalmunebze, esaia da osia winas-warmetyvelebze, agreTve, maTesa da ioanes saxarebebze katenebian bibliaSi ar gvxvdeba. garda dazustebulisa (93 fr.: levitelTa – 37, ricxvTa – 32, meore sjuli – 24), kiriles saxeliT katenebian bib-liaSi daculia kidev 64 ganmarteba, romlebic Semdgom kvlevas saWiroeben. aRniSnvas moiTxovs is faqtic, rom kiriles saxeliT katenebian bibliaSi Setanil ganmartebaTagan arcTu mcire nawili sxva avtorebisa aRmoCnda. nilos ankvireli anu sineli, romelsac aseve nilos monazon-sac uwodeben, katenebian bibliaSi, meore sjulis wignze, erTi gan-martebiT aris warmodgenili. samwuxarod, am ganmartebis Sedareba ar moxerxda berZnuli katenuri krebulebis monacemebTan, radganac devreesi mxolod miuTiTebs maTSi meore sjulis wignze daculi ori fragmentis arsebobas (15.17; 25.12) da maT berZnul teqsts ar iZleva. mis gamocemaSi nilos monazonTan dakavSirebiT motanilia mxolod pirveli fragmentis sawyisi nawili (eij" to;n aijwvna...), rac gan-martebis amocnobisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris da mxolod gvavaraude-binebs, rom SesaZlebelia nilos monazoni iyos avtori katenebian bibliaSi origenes saxeliT daculi erT-erTi ganmartebisa: "Seswave-bul iyavn, viTarmed saukuned uwyis"....60 aseve, SesaZlebelia varaudi imisa, rom katenebian krebulSi meore sjulis T. 25-ze nilosis sax-eliT mocemuli meore ganmarteba swored is komentaria, romlis Sesaxebac miuTiTebs devreesi, Tumca gadaWriT amis Tqma mxolod Semdgomi kvlevis Semdeg SeiZleba. olimpiodore aleqsandrielis ganmartebebi berZnul katenur krebulebSi mocemulia mxolod mefeTa wignze. katenebian bibliaSi olimpiodore warmodgenilia erTi ganmartebiT da isic winaswar-

57 Q 1152, f. 256v. 58 Q 1152, f. 268v. 59 Q 1152, f. 277r. 60 Q 1152, f. 274v.

435

metyvelTa nawilSi, ieremias wignze aris daculi.61 ganmartebis wyaroa olimpiodores ganmartebani ieremiaze, T. 18,62 romlis frag-mentebic berZnul katenebSia daculi.

origenes katenebian bibliaSi warmodgenili ganmartebebis wyaroebia misi komentarebi Zveli aRTqmis wignebze: Eklogai (ganmar-tebebi, daculi berZnul katenur krebulebSi levitelTagan ruTis wignamde)63 da Adnotationes.64 origenes ganmartebebi levitelTagan ruTis wignamde am ori wyarodan TiTqmis uklebliv aris Targmnili katenebian bibliaSi da mTlianobaSi 153 ganmartebas Seadgens (levitelTa wignze – 26, ricxvTa – 45, meore sjulis – 54, isu naves – 19, msajulTa – 8, ruTis – 1). am ganmartebebs Sorisaa katene-bian bibliaSi meore sjulis wignis ganmartebaTa Soris war-modgenili origenes ganmarteba Txzulebidan In Lamentationes,65 rom-lis wyarod gamoyenebis Sesaxebac devreesi arafers wers. origenes ganmartebebidan eqvss aweria kirile aleqsandrieli, sams – severo-sis, apolinarisa da evsevis saxelebi, xolo ganmartebaTa didi nawili ki – anonimuria. aqve vityviT, rom origenes erT-erT ganmar-tebas, romelsac avtoris saxelic aqvs miTiTebuli, Semdgenelis mier warwerili aqvs: "Su[À]nieri",66 meores ki – "Seiswave, Su[À]nieri yolad".67 gvxvdeba ricxvTa wignis nawilSi origenes Eklogai-sa (24.7b) da Adnotationes-Si (24.6) daculi ori erTmaneTis msgavsi ganmartebis erT komentarad Serwymis SemTxvevac.68 garda am 154 ganmartebisa, romlebic gelaTis katenebian bibliaSi gvxvdeba da Sesabamis berZnul teqstebSia dadasturebuli (igulisxmeba Eklogai da Adnota-

tiones), xelnawerSi origenes saxeliT daculia kidev oTxi ganmarteba (1 – levitelTa da 3 – meore sjulis wignze), romlebic mis arcerT TxzulebasTan ar avlens msgavsebas da Semdgomi kvlevis sagans war-moadgens. ar emTxveva an aklia katenebiani bibliis teqsts origenes 17 ganmarteba. origenes erTi ganmarteba gvxvdeba katenebiani bibliis

61 A 1108, f. 228r. 62 PG 93, sv. 668. 63 PG 12, sv. 397 da Semd. 64 PG 17, sv. 17 da Semd. 65 Q 1152, f. 248v. 66 "wargzavnasa vieTsame brZanebs, raÁTa aCuÀnos"..., A 1108, f. 56v, Q 1152,

f. 135r, Eklogai, ricxvTa, 13.2. 67 "nametavad sagonebel ars ese"..., Q 1152, f. 28v, Adnotationes in Leviticum,

12.2. 68 "mona ars vnebuli"..., A 1108, f. 79v.


436

winaswarmetyvelTa nawilSic, kerZod ezekielis wignis ganmartebisas, romlis wyaroc aris origenes Homiliae in Ezechielem.

severosis anu severos antioqielis ganmartebebi katenebian bibliaSi xSirad gvxvdeba. Cveulebriv, isini mocemulia miTiTebiT "seviro", "sevir" da erTxel, isu naves wignze darTul ganmartebaze – "severo ant[io]qisaÁ",69

albaT "seviro Rabalonelisagan" gansasxva-veblad. levitelTagan isu naves wignamde, katenebian bibliaSi seve-rosis saxeliT dacul ganmartebaTagan oTxi emTxveva devreesis ga-mocemaSi warmodgenil severosis berZnul katenebs, xolo 31-is identificireba ki jer ver moxerxda. qarTul teqstSi ar aris moce-muli devreesTan miTiTebuli sami ganmarteba meore sjulis wignze (5.3, 17; 6.13). SesaZlebelia mocemuli 19 ganmartebidan nawili severiane gabalovnelisa aRmoCndes, radganac ar aris gamoricxuli maTi saxelebis aRreva.70 rogorc devreesi miuTiTebs, severosis ganmartebaTa wyaroebia misi homiliebi, epistoleebi da polemikuri naSromebi.71

severiane gabalovnelis ganmartebebi oqtatevqze berZnul katenur krebulebSi devreesis Tanaxmad ociode ganmartebiT aris warmodgenili, aqedan levitelTa–isu naves wignebze modis 14 ganmarteba (levitelTa – 1 ganmarteba, ricxvTa – 3, meore sjuli – 7, isu nave – 3).72 katenebian bibliaSi severiane gabalovnelis saxeliT sami ganmartebaa mocemuli, samive isu naves wignze. ramdenadac devreesTan fragmentebis berZnuli teqsti mocemuli ar aris, ganmartebaTa dazusteba jerjerobiT ver moxerxda. severianes ganmartebaTa wyaro misi homiliebia.73

filon ebraeli anu aleqsandrieli katenebian bibliaSi ar unda yofiliyo warmodgenili, radganac, devreesis Tanaxmad, berZnul katenebian krebulebSi filonis ganmartebebi mxolod Sesaqmisa da gamoslvaTa wignebze dasturdeba.74 miuxedavad amisa, katenebian bibliaSi ricxvTa wignze darTul komentarTa Soris

69 A 1108, f. 157r; Q 1152, f. 315v. 70 ix. Devreesse, gv. 178. 71 Devreesse, gv. 186 da Semd. 72 ix. Devreesse, gv. 178. 73 Devreesse, gv. 178-179. 74 Devreesse, gv. 1.

437

gvxvdeba filon ebraelis erTi ganmarteba (miTiTebiT "filon ebraeli"), romlis wyaroc misi moses cxovrebaa.75

berZnuli katenuri krebulebis Sesaxeb devreesis gamokvlevaSi warmodgenil monacemTa Sejerebam katenebian bibliasTan gamoavlina, rom berZnuli katenuri krebulebisa da katenebiani bibliis Sedgeniloba erTmaneTs mxolod nawilobriv emTxveva. gelaTis katenebian bibliaSi ama Tu im avtoris ganmartebebi dasturdeba iq, sadac devreesis Tanaxmad, berZnul katenur krebulebSi isini ar aris warmodgenili. ase magaliTad, berZnul krebulebSi araerTi avtoris (basili kesarielis, grigol nazianzelis, ioane oqropiris, filon aleqsandrielis da sxv.) ganmartebebi mocemulia mxolod Sesaqmis, gamoslvaTa da mefeTa wignebze komentarebi, Tumca ki es ganmartebebi gvxvdeba katenebian bibliaSic, romelic am wignebs ar Seicavs. garda amisa, gvxvdeba ganmartebebi (irineosis, apolinaris da a. S.), romlebic aRniSnulia devreesTan, magram katenebian bibliaSi ar gvxvdeba. amasTan, arcTu iSviaTad mocemulia imave avtorTa sxva ganmartebebic, romelTa avTenturoba dadasturebulia, magram romelTa Sesaxebac devreesis gamokvlevaSi ar aris miTiTebuli. sayuradReboa isic, rom devreesis mier miTiTebuli berZnuli krebulebis ganmartebebis romelime avtoris konkretuli Txzulebis nacvlad gelaTis katenebian bibliaSi ganmartebebisaTvis gamoyenebulia imave avtoris sxva Txzuleba, risi magaliTicaa basili kesarielis, ioane oqropiris, ipolite romaelis ganmartebebi. amas emateba isic, rom katenebiani bibliis avtorTa CamonaTvali srulad ar emTxveva Clavis Patrum

Graecorum-Si miTiTebul katenaTa krebulebis arcerT tips.76 gasaTvaliswinebelia teqstologiuri monacemebic, radgan im

xelnawerebidan, romelTa berZnuli teqstebi da variantebi devreesTan aris warmodgenili (esenia: nikifore Teotokisis katenebiani krebuli, xelnawerebi Basileensis 1, Barber. 569, Paris 128 da Vat. 746),77 katenebiani biblia yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba nikifores katenebs.

75 "ara viTarca monadireni simdidrisani…", A 1108, f. 83r; Q 1152, f. 194v,

moses cxovreba, 2.43. moses cxovrebis inglisuri TargmanisaTvis ix. Charles Duke Yonge-is mier inglisur enaze Targmnili The Works of Philo

Judaeus. London, H. G. Bohn, 1854-1890. 76 ix. t. IV, gv. 185 da Semd. 77 Devreesse, gv. XV.


438

mTlianobaSi, rogorc Cans, gelaTis katenebiani bibliis redaqtors, gamouyenebia nikifores redaqciis berZnuli katenuri krebulebis Semcveli krebuli (SesaZloa, ramdenimec, qarTuli mTargmnelobiTi tradiciis Sesabamisad) da dRevandeli saxe miucia masze "damatebiTi" ganmartebebis darTviT, an ramdenime krebuli gadmouRia erT xelnawerad, rac SeiZleba vivaraudoT imaze dayrdnobiT, rom qarTul teqstSi mocemulia iseTi ganmartebebi, romlebic berZnul katenebSi Sesaqmis, gamoslvaTa da bibliis im wignebze aris darTuli, romlebsac gelaTis katenebiani biblia ar Seicavs. am varaudis dazusteba Semdgom kvlevasa da nikifore Teotokisis katenuri krebulis Seswavlas moiTxovs.

Victoria Jugeli

The Sources of the Commentaries of the Ghelati Catena Bible

(Commentaries of Theodoret of Cyrus, Cyril of Alexandria,

Eusebius of Emessa, Origen, Apollinaris and etc.)

Resume

The Ghelati Catena Bible (GCB) exists in Georgian in two manuscripts of the

12th (A1108) and the 12

th-13

th (Q 1152) centuries, both of which represent one

redaction. The GCB includes the following books: Leviticus, Numbers, Deute-

ronomy, Judges, and Ruth (A 1108, Q 1152), and all Prophets except Daniel,

Hosea and Malachi (only A 1108), supplemented by the christological com-

mentaries of various authors. Few comments of the compilator and translator of

the GCB indicate that the manuscript A 1108 included also book of Exodus and

commentaries on it (A 1108, f. 100v, 102v). According to scholars, the GCB

contains commentaries of Cyril of Alexandria (92), Theodoret of Cyrus (91),

Eusebius of Caesarea (20), Severus of Antioch (16), John Chrysostom (10),

Isidore of Pelusium (2), Didymos of Alexandria (2), Origen (3), Basil of Caesa-

rea (2), Irenaeus (2), Philo of Alexandria (2), Gregory of Nyssa (1), Gennadius

(1), Olympiodorus (1), as was stated in the History of the Old Georgian Litera-

ture of K. Kekelidze (vol. I, p. 465), and Diodorus of Tarsus and Apollinaris

(Books of the Old Testament, ed. B. Gigineishvili, vol. I, p. 584), that is, com-

mentaries of 16 authors. In addition to this list, the GCB represents commenta-

ries of 11 authors: Acacius of Caesarea in Palestine (1), Gregory of Nazianzus

(1), Dionysius of Alexandria (1), Ephraem the Syrian (1), Theodore (of Mopsu-

estia?) (2 unidentified comm.), Theodotion/Theodotus (of Ancyra?) (1 unidenti-

439

fied comm.), Theodulos (2), Hippolytus of Rome (1), Justin the Martyr (3),

Nilus the Monk (1) and Severus of Gabala (3). Besides, the GCB includes 25

identified commentaries of Eusebius of Emessa in Alexandria. As to Eusebius

of Caesarea, his name appears only in the comments of other authors and his

commentaries are not represented in the GCB.

Comparing the GCB with the research of R. Devreesse on the Ancient

Greek Commentators of the Octateuch and Kings (Vatican, 1959) and Clavis

Patrum Graecorum (vol. IV, Brepols, 1980) it appeared that the GCB corres-

ponds to the Greek catena collections only to some extent (the list of the authors

of the GCB do not wholly correspond to any Greek catena collection of the

Clavis, p. 185f.). Several comments of different authors of the GCB found no

corresponding parts in the Greek catena collections, few more commentaries do

not correspond to the books of Bible indicated by Devreesse, but are inserted

among comments of the different ones. For example, in the Greek catena col-

lections the commentaries of Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianzus, John

Chrysostom, Philo of Alexandria and etc. are indicated only on Genesis, Ex-

odus and Regnorum, however, these comments can be also found in the GCB,

despite the fact that the aforementioned books are not represented in it. Moreo-

ver, in the edition of Devreesse are indicated the commentaries (of Irenaeus,

Apollinaris and etc.) that are not represented in the GCB, although frequently

are preserved another commentaries of the same authors, not indicated in his

research. Moreover, beside the works identified by Devreesse as a source for

commentaries, some fragments of the GCB freqently indicate to another writ-

ings. For example, beside the writings identified by Devreesse as sources for

the commentaries of John Chrysostom, in the GCB are represented 13 identified

commentaries from his Adversus Judaeos, De Lazaro, In Natale Domini No-

stri Jesu Christi, Commentaries on Psalmes, Homilies on the Gospel according

to St. Matthew, Homilies on the Gospel according to St. John, In Epistulam ad

Romanos and In Epistulam ad Hebraeus. The textological comparison with the

Greek catena commentaries revealed that from the manuscripts of which the

texts and variants are represented in the research of Devreesse (Catena collec-

tion of Nikephoros Hieromonachos Theotokis; mss.: Basileensis 1, Barber.

569, Paris 128 and Vat. 746), the GCB stands close to the catenae of Nikepho-

ros.

It seems that the compilator and translator of the GCB utilized the

Greek catenae collection (perhaps, several collections, according to the Geor-

gian translation tradition) of the redaction of Nikephoros and attached to it "ad-

ditional" commentaries from other sources, or, the compilator when translating

compiled few collections in one manuscript. The statement requires the tho-

rough research of the catenae collection of Nikephoros Theotokis.

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