1

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis eTnologiis

saswavlo-samecniero instituti

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

roland TofCiSvili

istoriul-eTnografiuli

samxreTi saqarTvelo da

qarTvelebi TurqeTSi

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2017

2

UDC(uak) 94(479.22.5)+39(479.22.5)+94(=353.1)(560) T - 778

meoce saukunis bolomde Cveni codna samxreT saqarTvelos isto-

riul-eTnografiuli mxareebis Sesaxeb erTob mwiri iyo. Tur-

qeTTan sazRvris gaxsnam qarTvel mecnierebs ara marto am qveynis

SemadgenlobaSi moqceuli ZirZveli qarTuli miwa-wylis monaxule-

bis, aramed samecniero informaciis Sekrebis saSualebac misca. wi-

namdebare wignis avtoric im mkvlevarTa Soris aRmoCnda, romelmac eTnografiuli masalebi Sekriba SavSeT-imerxevis, klarjeT-liga-

nis, taos parxliswylis xeobis, agreTve Savi da marmarilos

zRvebis regionebSi gan-saxlebul qarTul mosaxleobaSi. am save-

le-saeqspedicio saqmianobis Sedegia wigni, romelic samxreT sa-

qarTvelos mkvidrTa tradiciebsa da yofa-cxovrebas gvacnobs.

redaqtorebi: tufan Safak lominaZe

erdoRan Senoli (erekle daviTaZe)

nodar SoSitaSvili

garekanze ganTavsebuli oSkis fotos avtoria goga Canadiri

Yirminci yüzyıl sonuna kadar, Güney Gürcistan’ın tarihsel ve etnoğrafik bölgeleri hakkında bilgilerimiz oldukça kısıtlı idi. Türkiye ile sınır kapısının açılması Gürcü bilim insanlarına sadece bu ülkenin sınırları içerisinde kalmış olan kadim Gürcü topraklarını görme imkanı sağlamamış, daha da fazlasını, bilimsel bilgiler toplama imkanı vermiştir. Bu kitabın yazarı Şavşat-İmerhevi, Klarceti-Ligani, Tao’nun Parhali Vadisi ve aynı şekilde Karadeniz Bölgesi ve Marmara Bölgesinde yerleşik Gürcü halkı ile ilgili etnoğrafik araştırma yapan grubun içinde yer almıştır. Borçlu olduğumuz bilimsel gezinin sonucu olan bu kitap okuyucuya Güney Gürcistan halkının gelenek ve yaşamını tanıtıyor.

© r. TofCiSvili, 2017

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2017

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge; universal505@ymail.com ISBN 978-9941-22-974-9

3

Sesavali

TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi moqceul istoriul tao-klar-

jeTSi eTnikuri qarTvelebis eTnologiuri Seswavla jer ki-

dev 2005 wlidan daviwyeT, sadac quTaisel kolegebTan

(xelmZRvaneli tariel futkaraZe) erTad, sakuTari finansu-ri SesaZleblobebiT vaxerxebdiT qarTvelTa gansaxlebis

arealiebis dadgenas, maTi yofisa da kulturis Sesaxeb ar-

sebuli monacemebis Sekrebas. marTalia, ramdenime wlis save-

le samuSaoebis Sedegad, CvenTvis ucnobi bevri realia ga-

movlinda, magram es mxolod zRvaSi wveTi gaxldaT. jer er-

Ti, orkviriani gasvlebi mxolod zedapirul warmodgenas

gviqmnida SavSeTis, klarjeTisa da taos qarTvelebis Sesa-

xeb, da, meore, savele kvleva-Ziebis meTodi iTvaliswinebs

regionis mosaxleobaze xangrZliv dakvirvebas. CaRrmavebul

kvlevas xels uSlida samecniero saqmianobis daugegmaoba.

dagegmili samuSaoebis warmarTvis saSualeba mxolod

rusTavelis fondis mier damtkicebulma proeqtma (`Turqe-Tis qarTvelebi: istoria, sulieri da materialuri kultu-ra, enobrivi viTareba~) mogvca, rac Tamar mefis universite-tis bazaze ganxorcielda, romlis samecniero xelmZRvaneli

arqimandriti adami/vaxtang axalaZe gaxlda. CemTan erTad eq-

spediciebSi nodar SoSitaSvili, rozeta gujejiani, inga RutiZe, giorgi avTandilaSvili, mirian xositaSvili da

sxvebi monawileobdnen, romlebmac dReisaTvis ukve mTeli

rigi naSromebi gamoaqveynes. am SemTxvevaSic, marTalia, saeq-

spedicio saqmianoba xangrZlivi ar iyo, magram wina wlebTan

SedarebiT, is gegmiurad xorcieldeboda da Cvens Tvalwin

gadaiSala siaxleebis mTeli wyeba, razedac Cven, qarTvelebs

warmodgenac ki ar gvqonda. saeqspedicio saqmianobam saSua-

leba mogvca tao-klarjeTis iseTi soflebis monaxulebisa,

sadac adre savele saqmianoba ar xdeboda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs

klarjeTis monakveTi, kerZod, liganisa da murRulis xeobe-

bi, devsqelisa da qlaskuris mxare da Woroxis marcxena

mxare (xatilisa da qarTlas mimdebare soflebi).

4

eTnologTaTvis sruliad moulodneli iyo marmarilos

zRvisa da Savi zRvis regionebSi muhajiri qarTvelebis STa-

momavalTa qarTul soflebSi muSaoba. aqamde saqarTveloSi

veravin warmoidgenda Tu ra farTo arealSi arian TurqeTis

saxelmwifoSi gansaxlebuli eTnikuri qarTvelebi, ramdenad

didi raodenobiT cxovroben isini am qveynis did qalaqebSi.

Cemi gegmiuri samuSao sami ZiriTadi problemis damuSa-

vebas iTvaliswinebda: 1. qarTvelTa gansaxlebis arealebi TurqeTSi, 2. TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa qarTuli an-Troponimebi (sakuTari saxelebi da gvarsaxelebi), 3. Tur-qeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa eTnikuri cnobierebis problema. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom proeqtis monawileebs TiTqmis yve-

la problemaze uxdeboda masalebis mopoveba, radgan xSirad

isini ara individaualurad, aramed jgufurad krebdnen masa-

lebs, rasac garkveuli garemoebebi apirobebda. sofelSi ram-

denime informatoris arsebobis pirobebSic igive xdeboda,

radgan proeqtis monawileni erTmaneTsac exmarebodnen masa-

lebis SekrebaSi.

yvelaze mTavari, rac saeqspedicio saqmianobiT gairkva

isaa, rom TiTqmis dadginda is soflebi, sadac TurqeTSi eT-

nikuri qarTvelebi mkvidroben. es soflebi, tao-klarjeTis

gamoklebiT, minimum 220-ia. marto bursis regionSi 70 qar-

Tuli sofelia, sinopSi _ 56. dadginda, rom eTnikuri qar-

Tvelebi iseT adgilebSic ki mkvidroben, sadac dRemde maTi

kompaqturad mkvidrobis arc erTi faqti ar iyo dadasture-

buli. magaliTad SeiZleba amasiis mxare da diarbeqiri dasa-xeldes. samecniero kvlevebiT gairkva eTnikur qarTvelebs

dedaena sad aqvT SenarCunebuli da sad _ dakarguli. Cvens

mecnierebSi mxolod 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis

Sesaxeb TurqeTis Sida provinciebSi gadasaxlebuli qarTve-

lebis Sesaxeb saubrobdnen. ara da es migracia qarTvelebisa

ufro adre daiwyo, mas Semdeg, rac ruseTis imperiam samcxe-

javaxeTi SemoierTa. dadginda mTeli rigi gansaxlebis area-

lebi, sadac adrindel muhajirTa STamomavlebi cxovroben

(magaliTad, qalaqi Sile stambolis aRmosavleTiT, Savi

5

zRvis sanapiroze). tao-klarjeTidan qarTvelTa gadasaxle-

bis sxva mizezebic gamovlinda. es iyo somexi daSnakebis te-

roristuli saqmianoba, ris gamoc daclila ulamazesi xati-las xeoba. sruliad aRiricxa qarTuli soflebi taoSi, klarjeT-Si, SavSeT-imerxevSi. Tanamedrove eTnografiuli monacemebi

Seudarda ufro adrindel, magaliTad, 1886 da 1907 wlebis

monacemebs. dRevandeli da XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnis mona-

cemebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia. maSin eTnikuri qarTve-

lebi ufro farTod iyvnen gansaxlebuli da qarTul enaze

ufo met sofelSi laparakobdnen. dadginda, rom mTlianad

qarTvelebi arian warmomavlobiT SavSeTSi mcxovrebi Turqe-

bi, rasac mowmobs maTi gansaxlebis arealSi Zalian bevri

qarTuli toponimi da ara mxolod soflis saxelebi, ara-

med, mikrotoponimebic. gaTurqebuli arian xaxulis, oSkis, TorTomis, oTxTas, parxlis mkvidrnic. asimilaciuri proce-

sebi gansakuTrebiT intesiurad XX saukunis 60-70-iani

wlebidan mimdinareobda. marTalia, ganxorcielebuli Ronis-

Ziebebis Sedegad, TurqeTSi mcxovrebma bevrma qarTvelma sa-

saubro qarTuli ena dakarga, magram, kvlevebiT gairkva, rom

enis dakargva sruliadac ar iwvevs eTnikurobis dakargvas.

bevr qarTvels, romelmac qarTuli ena ar icis, gamokveTili

eTnikri cnobiereba gaaCnia. eTnikuri cnobierebis SenarCune-

bas ki mTeli rigi faqtorebi uwyobs xels, romelTagan,

erT-erTi mTavari fsiqologiuri faqtoria. TurqeTis qar-

TvelebSi maRali eTnikuri cnobierebis gamomxatvelia agreT-

ve is sazogadoebebi, romlebic TurqeTis yvela did qalaqsa

Tu vilaeTSia Seqmnili.

cnobilia, Tu raoden didi adgili eWira da uWiravs

qarTvelTa cxovrebaSi memkvidreobiT saxels _ gvars. Tur-

qeTSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri qarTvelebis maRali identobis ga-

momxatvelia qarTuli gvarebis Semonaxuloba, Tanamogvaree-

bis Zebna saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi. dadginda mTeli rigi

gvarebi, romlebsac TurqeTis qarTveloba atarebda. am qar-

Tul gvarebs isini, gadmocemebiT, zepiri gziT inaxavdnen.

6

Turquli samyarosaTvis gvarebi ucnobi iyo da isini oficia-

lurad arsad fiqsirdeboda, magram qarTvelebis umravlesoba

winaparTa memkvidreobiT saxelebs inaxavda, Taobidan Taobaze

gadascemda. gamovlinda mTeli rigi iseTi gvarebi, romlebic

saqarTveloSi saerTod dadasturebuli araa da, Sesabamisad,

gaizarda qarTuli gvarebis raodenoba. aqauri qarTvelebi

atarebdnen, rogorc -Ze, ise -Svili sufiqsian gvarebs. hqon-

daT meore memkvidreobiTi saxelic, gvaris danayofebis saxe-

lebic. agreTve qarTvelebi, mahmadianobis miuxedavad, ara

mxolod gvars, aramed gvaris SigniT egzogamiasac inarCuneb-

dnen. vfiqrobT, rom egzogamiurobis tradicia da eTnikuri

endogamia iyo muslim qarTvelebSi gvarisa da eTnikurobis

SenarCunebis mTavari faqtori.

marTalia, 2012, 2013 da 2014 wlebSi mniSvnelovani

kvleva-Zieba Catarda TurqeTSi eTnikuri qarTvelebis yofis,

tradiciebisa da kulturis Sesaswavlad, magram erTi proeq-

tis farglebSi srulyofili Seswavla warmoudgeneli iyo.

amas is faqtic adasturebs, rom qarTvelebi minimum 220 so-

felSi da bevr did qalaqSi arian gansaxlebuli. sami wlis

ganmavlobaSi maqsimaluri ki moxerxda, magram, bunebrivia,

yvela sofelSi da dasaxlebul punqtSi SeuZlebeli iyo

misvla da masalebis Segroveba. arada, SeiZleba swored aseT

soflebSia qarTuli tradiciuli yofis iseTi movlenebi Se-

narCunebuli, rac saqarTvelos qarTvelebSi didi xania dai-

karga, an esa Tu is kulturuli movlena mxolod TurqeTSi

mcxovreb qarTvelebs hqondaT. erT-erTi aseTi ucnobi tra-

diciuli faqti saqorwino tradiciaSi gamovlinda borCxis

midamoebidan gadasaxlebul sinopel qarTvelebSi, e. w. mamo-bilis instituti, romelic saqorwilo ceremonilalis mTa-

vari figura, xelovnurad danaTesavebuli pirovneba iyo. ga-

irkva, rom qarTvel muhajirTa samSoblodan ayris ZiriTadi

mizezi yovelTvis religiuri faqtori ar iyo. gadasaxlebis

mizezs xSirad mosaxleobis gadametsaxlebulobac warmoad-

genda..

7

eqspediciam stambolis beikozis raionidan, sadac kompaq-turad qarTvelebi cxovroben, Savi zRvis regionis Soreul

sofelSi mobiluri telefoniTac Caiwera masala Cveni axal-

gazrda informatoris babuasagan, romelic SesaniSnavi qar-

TuliT metyvelebda. ramdeni aseTi moxucebuli waiRebs Tan

qarTul eTnografiul realias da STamomavlobas daekargeba

isini. TurqeTSi, iseve rogorc saqarTveloSi, modernizaciis

procesebis gamo, bevri tradicia, wes-Cveuleba ikargeba. amis

gamo, saWiroa maTi saswrafod dafiqsireba. amas erTi 7-8-ka-

ciani eqspediciac ki ver auva. rac mTavaria, Cveni saeqspedi-

cio saqmianoba imdenad warmatebuli ver iqneboda, rom dax-

marebis xeli adgilobriv qarTvelebs ar aRmoeCinaT (giorgi iremaZe, tufan lominaZe, fehmi uzal-ustiaSvili da sxv.). amitom momaval proeqtebSi aucileblad TurqeTeli qarTve-

lebi, megzurebi unda iyvnen CarTuli. saqarTvelodan mowyo-

bil eqspediciebs didi mniSvneloba adgilobrivi qarTvele-

bisTvis aqvs, is maT eTnikur cnobierebas uRvivebs, qarTve-

lobas axsenebs. amis damadasturebeli araerTi faqti SeiZ-

leba iqnes moyvanili. TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi Tavad

iCendnen interess qarTveli mecnierebis mimarT, gvTxovdnen

maT sofelSic aucileblad mivsuliyaviT. iyvnen ra informi-

rebulebi qarTvel mecnierTa maT sofelSi stumrobis Sesa-

xeb, isini mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi molodinSi iyvnen. marma-

rilos zRvis erT-erT sofelSi ki mouTmenlad saRamos

cxra saaTamde elodnen eqspedicias meCeTis ezoSi. erTi sit-

yviT, TurqeTis qarTvelobis yofisa da tradiciebis Seswav-

la saCqaro da gadaudebeli saqmea, es sWirdeba ara mxolod

qarTul mecnierebas, aramed TurqeTSi mcxovreb eTnikur qar-

Tvelebs da qarTuli-Turquli urTierTobebis gaumjobesebas.

TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis wes-Cveulebebisa da

tradiciebis Sesaxeb ukve ramdenime eTnografiuli samecnie-

ro naSromi gamoqveynda (rozeta gujejiani, nodar SoSitaS-vili, roland TofCiSvili). aucileblad unda davasaxeloT

tariel futkarZis `imerxevis metyveli miwa-wyali~ (quTai-

si, 2007) da misive 2017 wels dabeWdili da 2015 wliT

8

daTariRebuli `qarTuli ena, rogorc TurqeTis respublikis

erT-erTi Semageneli: problemebi, perspeqtivebi~ (qarTvelo-

logiis aqtualuri problemebi, IV, 2015). gansakuTrebiT

aRniSvnis Rirsia inga RutiZis vrceli monografia `qarTve-

lebi TurqeTSi _ enobrivi viTareba~ (Tbilisi, 2016). am

mxriv baTumeli kolegebis (mamia faRava, malxaz CoxariZe, zaza SaSikiZe, Tamaz futkaraZe, nugzar mgelaZe., Tina Sio-Svili..) aqtiuroba da Sedegiani samecniero moRvaweobis aR-niSvna aucilebelia, romlebmac ori vrceli gamokvleva Ses-

Tavazes qarTul sazogadoebas (`SavSeTi~, baTumi, 2011;

`klarjeTi~, baTumi, 2016). tao-klarjeTis qarTvelebis Se-

saxeb ki pirveli soliduri naSromi SuSana futkaraZes ekuTvnis (`Cveneburebis qarTuli~, baTumi, 1993). Semdegi mo-

nografiuli gamokvlevebis avtori gaxldaT nugzar cecxla-Ze (`SavSeT-imerxevis toponimia~, baTumi, 2000, `Ziebani Wo-roxis auzis toponimiidan~, baTumi, 2004). pirveli eTnog-

rafiuli monografia ki ekuTvnis roin malaymaZes (`liganis

xeoba (istoriul-eTnografiuli gamokvleva)~, Tbilisi,

2008). ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom CvenTvis TurqeTSi

mcxovrebi qarTvelebis enobrivi, eTnografiuli, folkloru-

li Seswavlis erT-erTi iniciatori da erTgvari gzis gam-

kvalavi tariel futkaraZe gaxldaT, romelmac imerxevis

toponimebs saTanado gamokvlevac miuZRvna. winamdebare wi-

gnis avtors miaCnia, rom samxreT saqarTvelosa da muhajir

qarTvelTa Sesaxeb qvemoT warmodgenili naSromi mxolod da

mxolod erTi patara namcecia didi problemis Sesaswavlad

da is imedovnebs, rom qarTveli humanitarebi momavalSic ga-

agrZeleben am mimarTulebiT kvlevas, radgan bevri kultu-

ruli faqti, sxavdasxva mizezTa gamo, Zalian swrafad qreba.

9

eTnografiuli SavSeT-imerxevi

dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze qarTuli eTnogra-

fiuli realiebi da qarTuli ena SavSeTis istoriul-eTnog-

rafiuli mxaris erTi nawilis _ imerxevis _ macxovreblebma

Semoinaxes. SavSeTi samxreTiT uSualod aWaras esazRvreba.

vaxuStis cnobiT, SavSeTSi ori mdinare _ SavSeTis wyali

da Wilovnis xevi _ miedineba. `xolo am orTa SavSeTis mdi-

nareTa zeda arian dabnebi Senni did-mcireni. da mzRvris Sav-

SeTs: aRmosavleTidama arsiani, da gardavlenan mas zedan

gzani eruSeTs, focxovis xeobas da zarzma-yuels; samxriT

mzRvris klde artanujisa da SavSeTs Soris...~1 vaxuSti bag-

rationi SavSeTs, romlis farTobic 1.218 kv. km.-s Seadgenda,

Semdegnairad axasiaTebs: `da ars ese SavSeTi tyiani, gora-

mTiani, Rele-Rrantoiani, iwro da magari, venax-xiliani. na-

yofiereben yovelni marcvalni, TÂnier brinj-bambisa. pirut-yvni, nadirni, frinvelni da Tevzni mravalni. da noyofierebs

friad miwa amisi, raodenac iÃmarebis siviwroved~. SavSeTSi iyo X saukuneSi daarsebuli tbeTis didebu-

li monasteri, sadac tbeli episkoposi ijda. 1547 wels

SavSeTi Turqebma daipyres, xolo 1878 wels SavSeTi ruseT-

ma SeierTa. Semdgom kvlav TurqeTma daipyro. SavSeTis Zveli

soflebi iq mosaxle ZiriTadi gvaris saxels atarebdnen.

gvarTa umetesoba -Ze sufiqss irTavda. 1886 wels ruseTis

xelisuflebam aRwera SavSeTSic Caatara. aq mcxovrebTa udi-

desi nawili qarTvel mahmadianadaa Cawerili. 1874 wels sam-

xreT saqarTveloSi imogzaura dimitri baqraZem, romelic

werda: `am saubris dros qarTuli mayruli Semomesma. da

marTlac, zendideli begi Turme SavSeTeli begis qalze

qorwindeboda da SavSeTidan mas simReriT miacilebda karga

1 vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. qarTlis

cxovreba. t. IV. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mi-

xedviT simon yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb., 1973, gv. 679.

10

mozrdili mayrioni~2. SavSeTSi, klarjeTsa da sxva qarTul

istoriul-eTnografiul regionebSi jer kidev SemorCenili

yofila araerTi qarTuli tradiciuli yofiTi realia. imave

avtors Tu movusmenT, amaSi udavod davrwmundebiT: `aqauri

saqorwino wes-Cveuleba bevr rameSi hgavs qarTuls. magali-

Tad, winaswari molaparakeba mSoblebs Soris Suamavlis meS-

veobiT, mziTvis piroba da TviT mziTevi, dawindva da misi

ceremonia, siZe-patarZlis saxelebi qorwilis dros _ mefe,

dedofali, aseve siZe-patarZlis mxlebelTa saxelebi _ may-

rebi, simRera, romelsac am dros asruleben _ mayruli, misi

sityvebi da kilo, TviTon qorwinebis zeimi sam dRes _ qor-

wili, _ yvelaferi es wminda qarTulia da igi Semonaxulia

ara marto aWaraSi, aramed yvelgan am mxaris qarTvel mus-

limebSi~3.

SavSeTis nawili iyo imerxevi. es imiTac dasturdeba,

rom imerxevidan aWaraSi _ SuaxevSi gaTxovil qals `SavSu-

ras~ eZaxdnen. qarTuli metyveleba dRes ZiriTadad aqaa Se-

morCenili. sxvaTa Soris, imerxevelebi SavSeTelebs `gadab-runebul qarTvelebs~ uwodeben. 1886 wlisTvis rusuli mmarTvelobis dros SavSeT-imer-

xevis `uCastokSi~ 8 sasoflo sazogadoeba Sedioda: ankliis, garylobis, dabawvrilis, dabis, oqrobageTis, saTlel-raba-Tis, wyalsimeris, Cixoris. ankliis sazogadoebaSi ZiriTadad

Turqebi iyvnen aRricxuli. eTnografiuli monacemebiT am

soflebis da SavSeTis yvela mkvidri `gadabrunebuli qarTve-

li~, e. i. asimilirebuli qarTveli iyo. garylobis sazoga-

doebaSi mosaxleobis naxevarze meti eTnikuri qarTveli iyo

(321 komli, 2.289 suli); danarCeni 300 komli (1886 suli)

_ Turqi. qarTuli soflebi iyo axaldaba (ubnebi: gelsaZe, gogeliZe, goginiZe, popaZe, urumiZe-aruSiZe), garylobi (ub-

nebi: qadagiZe, miqeleTi...), oxeT-manatba, TurmaniZe, civeTi

2 d. baqraZe. arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, baTu-

mi, 1987, gv. 50. 3 d. baqraZe. arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, gv. 50.

11

(ubnebi: duRabiZe, lasuriZe, xilvaZe), Sereuli qarTul-

Turquli iyo jinali (ubnebi: zaqarieTi, laguneTi, Cix-

Ta...), Wvarebi (ubani Saliki). Turquli iyo SavSeTis dabaw-

vrilis, oqrobageTis, saTlel-rabaTis sazogadoebebic. am sa-

zogadoebaTa soflebis ubnebi maT qarTul warmomavlobaze

miuTiTebs. magaliTad, sofel balvanas erT-erT ubans erqva

samxaro-oRli, dabawvrilisas _ agara, kopaZe, xilaZe, Cuga-Ze, meriasi _ ziareTi, iremaZe, SaTir-oRli, sxlobanisa _

peranaTi, futkaraZe, TulaZe, cixiasi _ xaToreTi, Cikrik-oRli, gorali-oRli, tusi-oRli. oqrobaqeTis sazogadoeba-Si 153 ojaxi somxuri iyo, 211 _ Turquli. am sazogadoebis

erT-erTi sofelis mamanelisis erT-erTi ubani kakab-oRlis saxels atarebda. saTlel-rabaTis sazogadoebis sofel mor-

gelis ubnebs erqva gogor-oRli da gorgin-oRli. mTlianad qarTuli iyo imerxevSi dabis sazogadoebis 6

sofeli: baZgireTi, daba, zaqieTi, surevani, ube, xevwvrili

(222 komli, 1599 suli). aq sofel zaqieTis ubnebi iyo:

jarbiZe, CikoriZe... wyalsimeris sazogadoebis soflebi: dio-

bani, ifxrevli, weTileTi, wyalsimeri (340 komli, 2460 su-

li). dRes diobanis mkvidrebi ukve gaTurqebuli arian. dio-

banis ubnebi iyo abnaZe, zialiZe, ziqrieTi, qoqliZe _ dRes qoqlieTs uwodeben, qumaSiZe. ifxrevli Sedgeboda iveTisa da imnaZes ubnebisagan. weTileTis ubnebi iyo: agara, maCxati-Ze, xoxlauri. wyalsimeri bzaTas, xilvaZisa da Soltisxevi-sagan Sedgeboda. imerxevis Cixoris sazogadoebaSi Sedioda soflebi: Zio-si, fxikiuri, Cixisxevi, Cixori da cepta. fxikiuris mkvid-rni (32 komli) somxad iyo Cawerili. danarCen soflebis

mkvidrni ki qarTvelebi iyvnen (99 komli, 1030 suli). Cixo-ris ubnebi iyo: agara, adriawminda, brili, gegaZe, dasabomi, libani, nioliZe, petrakeTi.

12

1886 wlis saojaxo siebiT SavSeTelebi ukve Turqebad

iyvnen aRricxuli4, Tumca eTnografiuli monacemebiT XX sa-

ukuneSic SavSeTSi moxucebma qarTuli icodnen. aRniSnuli

aRweriT SavSeTSi gaTurqebuli qarTvelebis raodenoba 9.401

suli iyo. rac Seexeba TviT qarTvelTa raodenobas, is 7.556

kacs Seadgenda (mTlianad arTvinis okrugSi qarTvelebis ra-

odenoba 17.802 suli iyo). 1907-1908 wlebis monacemebiT

imerxevSi qarTvelebis raodenoba 6.896 kaci iyo5. oci wlis

ganmavlobaSi kleba aSkaraa (_562), rac imaze miuTiTebs,

rom ruseTis mier SemoerTebuli regionidan muslimi qarTve-

lebis osmaleTis imperiis Sida provinciebSi gadasaxleba

grZeldeboda. ruseTis mier SemoerTebuli teritoriebidan

(da, maT Soris, imerxevidan) mosaxleobis osmaleTis Sida

provinciebSi gadinebas xels mTeli rigi faqtorebi uwyobda.

aseT mizezTa Soris, sruliad samarTlianad, miiCneven mus-

limi qarTvelebiTvis sruliad ucxo, rusuli mmarTvelobis

xelaRebiT SemoRebas, koloniur politikas, usamarTlobas,

tyeebis, saZovrebis da saTibebis Tavisuflad sargeblobis

akrZalvas6. `1906 wlis 26 dekembriT daTariRebul moxsene-

baSi arTvinis okrugis ufrosi baTumis olqis samxedro gu-

bernators moaxsenebda, rom adgilobriv mkvidrTa gadasaxle-

ba saadgilmamulo sakiTxis mouwesrigeblobiT da mZime sayo-

facxovrebo pirobebiT aris gamowveulio. amis gamo marto

1906 wlis meore naxevarSi arTvinis okrugidan osmaleTSi

wasula 420 suli, xolo wasasvlelad mzad yofila 1.200

adamiani. mSobliuri adgilebidan mosaxleobis gadasaxlebis

procesi Semdeg wlebSic grZeldeboda. 1912-1917 wlebSi ar-

Tvinis okrugis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti ucxoeTSi gada-

saxlebula. Tu 1911 wels aq 63.379 suli cxovrobda, 1917

4 Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края, извлеченных из посемейных списков 1886. Тифл. 1893. 5 Кавказский календарь. 1910, ч.1. 6 SavSeTi, readaqtori m. faRava, Tb., 2011, gv. 19.

13

wlis bolos mxaris mosaxleoba 30.179 sulamde Semcirebu-

la~7.

1907-1908 wlebis statistkuri monacemebiT, SavSeTis

erT-erT sofelSi, kerZod, soforaSi mosaxleebs qarTuli

eTnikuri TviTSegneba jer kidev hqondaT SemorCenili: sxva

soflis mkvidrTagan gansxvavebiT, eTnikurobis grafaSi maT

`qarTveli-mahmadiani~ aqvT miwerili [sxvaTa Soris, amave de-

mografiuli masaliT, arTvinis okrugis, romelSic arTvinis,

artanujis da SavSeT-imerxevis ubnebi Sedioda, ramdenime

soflis mcxovrebT miwerili aqvT ara `qarTveli-mahmadiani~, aramed `qarTveli~, rac pirdapir miuTiTebs imaze, rom maT islami ar hqondaT miRebuli. aseT sofelTa Soris SeiZleba

davasaxeloT manatba da bazgireTi _ imerxevSi, anagerti da mecagili _ artanujis mxares, klarjeTSi, beSauli da ka-barjeTi _ arTvinis mxares, murRulis xeobaSi]. velze muSa-

obisas dasturdeba, rom SavSeTSi oikonimebi (soflis saxe-

lebi) mTlianad qarTuli iyo: anklia, verxnali, zendaba, moqvTa, moroxozi, moxobani, singoTi, xanTuSeTi, cecxlauri, corceli, saTaflia, garylobi, axalxaba, dabakeTili, tbeTi, TurmaniZe, civeTi, cixisZiri, Wvarebi, dabawvrili, meria, sxlobani, cixia, SavqeTi, qvaTeTrisi, oqrobaqeTi, mamanelisi, vanTa, veli, gurnaTeli, sabudara, saTleli da sxva. dRes oficialurad es qarTuli soflis saxelebi ukve Turquli

saxelebiTaa Secvlili. mosaxleobam ki qarTuli toponimebi

kvlav icis. ufro metic _ SavSeTis mikrotoponomiis (Re-

leebis, mTebis, saxvnelebis, saTibebis) didi nawili kvlav

qarTulia8.

SavSeTelTa `gadabruneba~-gaTurqebis mizezad zaqaria WiWinaZe imas asaxelebs, rom isini, gansxvavebiT aWarlebisa

da maWaxlelebisagan, `iaraRis mimyoli~ xalxi ar iyo, maT

mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRi gaaCndaT9. sxvaTa Soris,

7 SavSeTi, readaqtori m. faRava, Tb., 2011, gv. 20. 8 n. cecxlaZe. SavSeT-imerxevis toponimia, baTumi, 2000. 9 z. WiWinaZe. muslimani qarTveloba da maTi soflebi saqarTvelo-

Si, tf, 1913, gv. 270.

14

am mizezis ugulvebelyofa namdvilad ar SeiZleba, radgan

1946 wels borCxis mimdebare soflebis ayra-gadasaxlebis

msurvel mTavrobas (jars) adgilobrivebma winaaRmdegoba ia-

raRiTa da tyeSi gasvliT upasuxes. winaaRmdegobis gawevis

Semdeg ki xelisuflebam liganelTa gadasaxlebaze uari

Tqva.

SavSeTSia tbeTis SesaniSnavi taZari, romelic 1960-ian

wlebSi daungreviaT. imerxevSia toponimi `xancTa~ _ sofel

ubesTan. gadmocemiT aq eklesia da saswavlebeli yofila.

dRes xancTis monastrad forTis gumbaTovan taZars miiCne-ven. migvaCnia, rom xancTis monasteri iq iyo, sadac toponimi

`xancTaa~10. arqiteqturulma Zeglma ubralod Cvenamde ver

moaRwia _ aq xom sxva araerTi eklesia da taZari moispo.

adgilobrivi informatoris TqmiT, `diobnidan ubeSi rom ga-

daviarT Zvelad avadmyofebis saxli yofila da xancTa imi-

tom daurqmeviaT~. adgilobrivebi bevr sofelSi naeklesia-

rebs miuTiTeben. saeklesio nagebobebidan samecniero lite-

raturaSi dasaxelebulia gurnaTelis, dabakeTilis, axalda-bis, cixisZiris, sazgirelis eklesiebi, romlebmac Cvenamde

nangrevebis saxiTRa moaRwies.

SavSeT-imerxevSi bevri safortifikacio nagebobacaa, Se-

iZleba davasaxeloT: saTlelis cixe, xanTuSeTis cixe, qva-

TeTrisis cixe, dabawvrilis cixe, ifxrevlis cixe, xevwvri-

lis cixe, ustamisis (wefTis) cixe... es ukanaskneli mTlia-

nad akontrolebs mTel SavSeTsa da mimdebare teritoriebs.

am ukanasknelis aSenebas adgilobrivebi Tamar mefes ukavSi-

10 r. TofCiSvili. xanZTis monastris lokalizaciisa da SavSeT-klarjeTis saeklesio istoriuli geografiis zogierTi sakiTxi. _

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. VII, Tb., 2013, gv. 66-

82; R. Topchishvili. On the Issue of Khandzta Monastery Lokalization. - Representing History: Theoretical Trends and Case Studies. International Conference Dedicated to 90th Anniversary of Academician Mariam Lord-kihanidze s Birth. Proceedings, Tbilisi, 2014, pp. 138-144.

15

reben, magram, rogorc garkveulia is ufro adre iyo agebu-

li11.

cnobilia, rom eTnosis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli isto-

riis maxsovrobaa. SavSel-imerxevelebs Tamar mefe axsovT;

mas ukavSireben yvela xidis, cixis, rus agebas. iseve ro-

gorc saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi, miaCniaT, rom Tamar mefis

saflavi aq aris. imerxeveli mTxrobeli gvarwmunebda, rom

`sxlobans wevs Tamara. velidan unda Seiaro sxlobans. wama-li uWamia da iq dawolila~.

SavSeT-imerxevSi mravladaa qristianobasTan dakavSire-

buli toponimebi. mxolod ramdenime maTganis CamoTvliT dav-

kmayofildebiT. sofel diobanSi, sadac saskolo kompleqsia

erTmaneTis gverdze sami saeklesio toponimia; esenia: sameba-Ti, saydrisyeli da jvari. toponimi `qilisa~ (=eklesia) ki

TiTqmis yvelgan gvxvdeba. bevria `jvaris~ Semcveli toponi-

mebi: yvarian jvari, qaTijvari, qeTijvari, kini jvari, sabegi jvari, joryana, jvaris-xevi (sofel surevanSi), xundi-jvari (sofel agaraSi)...12 aqve inga RutiZes dadasturebuli aqvs:

Tarangela seri, inawninda, nukawmindurebi13. SavSeT-imerxevi eTnografiulad Zalian hgavs mTian aWa-

ras. pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia is, rom sameurneo yofa TiT-

qmis analogiuria. meurneoba simbiozuri xasiaTis iyo. ro-

gorc samarTlianadaa SeniSnuli, `SavSeT-imerxevSi meurneo-

bis orive mTavari dargi, _ miwaTmoqmedebac da mesaqonleo-

bac TiTqmis Tanabari mniSvnelobiTa da masStabebiT iyo war-

modgenili. amave dros, aSkaraa am ori dargis simbiozuri

xasiaTi, rodesac erTis ganviTareba damokidebulia meoreze

11 wefTis cixis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.: j. samuSia. wefTis cixe.

_ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-

tis saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. specialuri gamo-Sveba. SoTa mesxia _ 100, Tb., 2016, gv. 250-272. 12 m. faRava. qristianobasTan dakavSirebuli toponimebi SavSeTSi.

_ Cveni sulierebis balavari, Tb., 2011, gv. 165-174. 13 i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi _ enobrivi viTareba, Tb., 2016,

gv. 37.

16

da maTi harmoniuli ganviTareba iwvevda meurneobis dawinau-

rebas~14.

aqaurebi xnavdnen xis saxvneliT, romelsac aq `arunas~

uwodebdnen. masSi uRel xars abamdnen (kordis xvnis dros

_ yevars). g. yazbegis cnobiT, SavSeTSi xorbali, dolis pu-ri, qeri, Wvavi, fetvi moyavdaT. SavSeTSi sakmarisze meti raodenobis xorbals iwevdnen da gasayidad sxvaganac gahqon-

daT. imerxevelebma icodnen savargulebis dasveneba, Teslmo-

nacvleoba da niadagis gapativeba. mTxrobelis sityviT, `ka-

los gavlewavdiT skevriT. xarebs SevabamdiT da vsrusniv-diT. qveSidan dakaJulia~. SavSeT-imerxevis soflebSi (gansa-

kuTrebiT manatbasa da ubeSi) dResac bevrs SexvdebiT ezoeb-sa da Robeebze miyudebul kevrs; kevri SavSeT-imerxevelebs

katarisagan (fiWvisagan) ukeTebiaT. miwis xvnisa da xorblis

lewvisaTvis bevrs Tavi sul TxuTmetiode wlis win daune-

bebia. imerxevSi, garda kevrisa, SemorCenili aqvT sxvadasxva

Sromis iaraRi: xis niCab-fiwlebi, safarcxi saSualebani, xis saxvneli iaraRebi15. eTnografiuli nivTebis mTeli koleqcia

(maT Soris, xis milebi) aqvs saxlSi Senaxuli manatbel ah-med alTuns (moliZe), romelic nenes anderZs asrulebs, rom

moufrTxildes maT. dReisaTvis marcvleuli kulturebi Zi-

riTadad kartofiliTa (imerxevSi miwixapas uwodeben) da

lobioTia Canacvlebuli.

maRal doneze idga morwyvis sistema. morwyvis sistemas-

Tan dakavSirebuli mTeli terminebi zustad iseTia rogorc

aqeT saqarTveloSi. magaliTad, ruze wylis gadasaket da ga-

saSveb adgils, romelic Cveulebriv ToxiT ixsneba da ikete-

ba `nakedali~ hqvia. amave mniSvnelobiT es sityva dResac ix-

mareba qarTlSi _ sofel diRomSi. iseve rogorc qarTlSi,

14 n. SoSitaSvili. sameurneo-yofiTi kultura SavSeT-imerxevSi. _

zaqaria WiWinaZis 160 wlisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso samecnie-

ro konferenciis masalebi, 27-29 ivnisi, 2014, Tb., 2015, gv. 204. 15 n. SoSitaSvili. sameurneo-yofiTi kultura SavSeT-imerxevSi. _

gv. 206.

17

SavSeT-imerxevSic sarwyavi wylis gamanawilebeli hyoliaT,

Tumca am SemTxvevaSi termin `meruves~ `suji~ Canacvlebia16.

SavSeT-imerxevSi mexileobac sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo.

eTnologebma vaSlis, msxlis, qliavis, tyemlisa da blis

araerTi jiSi daadastures. mTeli rigi jiSebi mxolod am

istoriul-eTnografiuli mxarisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.

xilisagan bevr Cirsac akeTebdnen. aq mevenaxeoba-meRvineobac

rom saTanado doneze iyo ganviTarebuli, amas `grigol xan-

ZTelis cxovrebac~ adasturebs. dResac imerxevis bevr ojax-

Si saguldagulod aqvT Senaxuli Wurebi, romlebsac bolo

dros faqtobrivad funqcia hqonda Secvlili da mas mwnilis

gasakeTeblad, baqmazis (TuTis wvenis tkbili mosqelo naxar-

Si) Sesanaxad inaxavdnen. es qvevrebi Tu Wurebi adgilze

keTdeboda (sofeli sinkoTi). SavSeTSi sawnaxelebisa da mar-

nebis arseboba XX saukunis dasawyisSi niko marmac daadas-tura.

mesaqonleoba yiSlebis da iailebis sistemis iyo. yovel

ojaxs aTidan ocamde mewveli Zroxa mainc hyolia. maisis

TveSi erTi TviT jer yiSlebSi, romelic sofelTan axlos

iyo, Semdeg ki iailebSi adiodnen. kotorobamde (simindis

moWramde) isev yiSlebSi brundebodnen. imerxevelebs iailebi

ZiriTadad karCxlis mTaze hqondaT. aqve amoyavdaT saqoneli

maWaxlelebsac. gverdigverdze, erT serze iyo imerxevis so-

fel xevwvrilisa da maWaxlelebis iailebi (gverdwminda da mereTa). imerxevis landSafti mecxvareobis ganviTarebis sa-

Sualebas naklebad iZleoda. amitomac aqaurebs matyli Ziri-

Tadad kola-artaanidan SemohqondaT, sadac gare samuSaoze

dadiodnen. imerxevs aWarasTanac hqonia sameurneo-ekonomiku-

ri kavSiri. niko maris cnobiT, maT aWaraSi saZovrebi ekuT-

vnodaT, sadac zafxulSi saqonels erekebodnen. XIX sauku-

neSi imerxevelebs saSovarze siaruli Sors stambolsa da

sxva did qalaqebSic dauwyiaT, sadac isini meqiseobas mis-devdnen. 1881 wlis qarTuli presis (`droeba~) cnobiT, ana-

16 SavSeTi, Mm. faRavas redaqciiT, Tb., 2011, gv. 89.

18

logiuri saqmianobiT iyo dakavebuli ara mxolod SavSeT-

imerxevis, aramed liganis axalgazrdobac.

SavSel-imerxevelebi meTevzeobasac misdevdnen, ris Sesa-

xebac eTnografiuli masala 1904 wels niko mars daufiqsi-rebia: `TevzWeriT bevria dakavebuli, gansakuTrebiT im sof-

lebSi, romlebic md. imerxevzea ganlagebuli. mdinareSi bev-

ri kalmaxia. ,,imerxevis kalmaxi, imfxreulelTa azriT,

mTels msoflioSia ganTqmuli~. iWeren Tevzs joxze mimagre-

buli badiT: ,,bade ketiT~. aqaurebma gadasagdebi (sasroli _

red.) bade ician, magram misi gamoyeneba aq, wyalmarCx imer-

xevSi SeuZlebelia~17. osmaluri oficialuri dokumentebis

Tanaxmad, imerxevSi monadireobac ganviTarebuli yofila,

kerZod, XVIII saukuneSi aqaurebs dakisrebuli hqondaT ga-

dasaxadi focxveris tyavze18.

ZiriTad satransporto saSualebas warmoadgenda marxi-li, romlis nairsaxeobas `xizeki~ ewodeboda. xizekiT Tiva

gadahqondaT, tyidan SeSa mohqondaT. SavSeTSi zogierT adgi-

las mTlian xeSi gamoWrili borbliani (gogoriani) uremic

gvxvdeba. igi aWaraSi gavrcelebuli CoCiala urmis analogs

warmoadgenda. daRmarTze `sacuravebis~ saSualebiT Cadioda,

romelic erTgvari muxruWis rols asrulebda, xolo aRmar-

Tze gogorebiT adioda19. aseTi urmebi dResacaa SemorCeni-

li. nakeli mownuli `zariT~ gadahqondaT, romelic marxil-

ze ideboda. cigas ki `lekuras~ uwodebdnen.

sacxovrebeli saxlebi xisagan iyo da dResac aris aSe-

nebuli. misi pirveli sarTuli saqonlisaTvis iyo gankuTvni-

17 n. mari. SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi mogzaurobis dRiurebi, revaz

diasamiZis Targmani, baTumi, 2012, gv. 163. 18 n. Sengelia. ramdenime dokumenti SavSeTis, imerxevis da maWax-

lis livebis Sesaxeb. _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. specialuri gamoSveba. SoTa mesxia-100, Tb., 2016, gv. 380. 19 n. SoSitaSvili. sameurneo-yofiTi kultura SavSeT-imerxevSi,

gv. 207.

19

li. mas axori ewodeboda (`aq uaxoro saxli araa~). orad

gayofil axorSi cal mxres mewveli saqoneli hyavdaT, cal-

Si _ `uwveli~. meore sarTuli sacxovrebeli iyo, xolo me-

same dabali sarTuli ori nawilisagan Sedgeboda _ erT na-

wils erqva `marani~, meores _ `beReli~. Zvelad saxlebi

mTliani Zelebisagan ukeTebiaT, axla saxlis kedlebis fica-

ri `daxeulia~ (daxerxilia). sacxovrebeli saxlebi, iseve

rogorc dasavleT saqarTveloSi, yavriT iyo gadaxuruli.

sayavre xe tyidan `nadiT~ mohqondaT. yvela saxls aivani

hqonda, romelsac tantrabas uwodebdnen. dasaxleba aWaruls

hgavs _ TiToeul saxls irgvliv ezo-karmidamo akravs. gan-

sxvavebuli dasaxlebis tipi mxolod sofel bazgireTsa da manatbaSia. bazgireTi zRvis donidan 1.900 metrzea da fer-dobze sacxovreblebi erTmaneTis mijriTaa ganlagebuli. sa-

yuradReboa, rom samcxe-javaxeTis msgavsad, imerxevSic hqo-

niaT samalavi daranebi. magaliTad, sofel ifxrevlSi aseTi

sami darani yofila, TiToeulSi ki daaxloebiT 60 kaci

eteoda. soflebSi aucilebli samarxile gzebi hqondaT. Ro-

beebi `wkneliT dawnuli~ iyo, Tumca qvisagan gakeTebuli

Robeebic iSviaTobas ar warmoadgenda. WiSkari yavriT hqo-

ndaT gadaxuruli. is `kota~-Ti (`mokakuli SeSiT~) iketebo-

da. xisagan hqondaT agebuli or-samsarTuliani nagebobebi _

`qorebi~ (`qori~ uZvelesi qarTuli terminia. svaneTSi

`qor~-s sacxovrebel saxls eZaxdnen), romlebSic Tivas ina-

xavdnen. qori TiToeul ojaxs ramdenime hqonda, WalebSi anu

saTib adgilebSi da saxlebTan. saTibebi, iseve rogorc sva-

neTsa da aWaraSi, irwyveboda (rwyvaze rigi hqondaT dawese-

buli. visac didi miwis nakveTi hqonda, mas wyali ufro

didxans ergeboda). amis gamo aq orjer Tibavdnen. pirvel

moTibuls `Tivas~ uwodeben, meored moTibuls _ `morCvs~ (`Sekonil, mokoWil Tivas Roromi erqva~). Tibvis dros

icodnen urTierTdaxmareba. imis gamo, rom balaxsa da

morCvs qorebSi inaxavdnen, imerxevis landSaftisaTvis Tivis

bululebi damaxasiaTebeli ar aris. erTaderTi gamonaklisi,

am TvalsazrisiT, sofeli manatbaa.

20

imerxevSi bolo dromde akeTebdnen Wurebs. mas ZiriTa-

dad mwnilis Casadebad iyenebdnen. sxvaTa Soris, aq ramdenime

jiSis msxali (kvirisTava, kalopiruli, merula, TavriJuli, marioba, iSiRa. . .) iyo gavrcelebuli da erT-erTi maTgani-

dan (`sarTula~) mwnilsac akeTebdnen. WurebSi inaxavdnen

Taflsac, beqmezsac. beqmezi TuTis sqeli moduRebuli wve-

nia, Zalian gemrieli. xilisagan _ qliavis, vaSlis da

msxlisagan ZiriTadad didi raodenobiT akeTebdnen Cirs.

SavSeT-imerxevSi sami saxis yvels amzadebdnen _ erTi

iyo `gorjolo~, meore _ `fSvnila~ da mesame _ `CeCili~ (maWaxlelebi fSvnilas `funCxas~ uwodebdnen, xolo dawnul

anu CeCil yvels `WiWikons~). yveli ZiriTadad Zroxis rZi-

sagan ukeTebiaT, Tumca scodniaT Txisa da cxvris rZis Se-

revac. fSvnilas xis vedroebSi _ kroWebSi (did kroWebs qi-laks uwodebdnen. kroWi wylis WurWelic iyo. mas Tavsaxu-

ric hqonia. fSvnilas sdebdnen aseve xisagan gakeTebul ova-

lur da dabal WurWelSi, romelsac `kandras~ uwodebdnen) mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi inaxavdnen. fSvnilais xSirad mox-

rakavdnen xolme. didxans inaxavdnen CeCil yvelsac. icodnen

yvelis gudaSi Senaxvac. gudas, Cveulebriv, Txis tyavisagan

akeTebdnen. SavSeT-imerxevSi purs, Cveulebriv, kecSi acxob-

dnen, magram rogorc irkveva, Woroxis xeobaSi mcxovrebi

qarTvelebisaTvis arc vertikaluri sacxobi iyo ucxo. mar-

Talia, aq termini `Torne~ ver davafiqsireT, magram mTxro-

belTa TqmiT, `WurSi acxobdnen purs. acxelebdnen da ise.

puris aseTi sacxobebi artaanSic iyo. kecebi mere gamosula.

me ar movswrebulvar WurebSi puris gamocxobas, magram de-

debis dros acxobdnen~ (masala Cawerilia sofel maCxateT-Si). SavSeTSi keramikuli warmoebis centri sofeli sinqodi yofila _ aq, garda Wurebisa, kecebi, dergebi (mawvnis Sesa-

dedebeli), kokebi da sxv. ukeTebiaT. imerxevSi kecebi Ziri-

Tadad qalebs ukeTebiaT. rac Seexeba mawons, is `dergebSi~

deddeboda. WurebSi ki Tafls inaxavdnen da mJaves sdebdnen.

sofel devieTSi ukeTebiaT eCo, culi, waldi, Toxi, `manga-

li~, celi... sofel manatbaSi wisqvilis qvebi ukeTebiaT.

21

SavSel-imerxevelebi iseve imosebodnen rogorc samxreT

saqarTvelos sxva mkvidrni _ mamakacebs `Caqura~ ecvaT. mag-

ram, rogorc Cans, Coxa-axaluxi zogierT adgilas gvianobam-

de SemorCa. ai, eTnografiuli masala: `davlaTSi (dasabomis

mezobeli sofeli/ubani _ r. T.) gviTxres: SavSebi, vinc

gurji ar icis, Cven `fixs~ gviZaxian (fixi uSnod Camos-

xmuls, ugvans niSnavso _ agvixsnes), Cven ki maT _ grZelCo-

xianebs veZaxiT da amiT vabRezebTo~20. sayuradReboa, rom

isini windebs Txis `balnisagan~ qsovdnen, rac maTi meurneo-

bis formiT iyo gapirobebuli; moSenebuli hyavdaT ufro

Txa, vidre cxvari. mamakacis qudebi ki matylisagan iqsovebo-

da. rodesac am quds zamTarSi ixuravdnen, mxolod Tvalebi

uCandaT. zafxulSi ki amave quds akecavdnen da is mxolod

Tavze exuraT. yabalaxebi ufro `Zvel kacebs~ hqoniaT.

imerxevelebisaTvis tradiciuli saWmeli iyo fetvisa-

gan gamomcxvari mWadi. popularuli iyo iaRSi CafSvnili

mWadi an puri, rasac Wimurs uwodebdnen (sxvaTa Soris, so-fel bazgireTSi erT naTesaur gaerTianebas (gvars) `Wimure-

bi~ erqva. eTnografiuli monacemebiT, `Wimurebi~ imitom Se-

erqvaT, rom bevr Wimurs Wamdnen).

iseve rogorc saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi, imerxevSic

akeTebdnen sapons: `sapon daTviqoniT akeTebdnen. nacar Teneq-

Si (qvabSi) Caayenebdnen, Cayridnen, zededama wyal daasxem-

dnen, qveSedan daWiWnuli (daxvretili) iqneboda~21.

imerxevelebi gare samuSaozedac dadiodnen. artaanSi da

kolaSi (golaSi) isini saTibad midiodnen, Tan xili mihqon-

daT. rac Seexeba artaanelebsa da kolaelebs, Tavis mxriv,

isini imerxevSi SeSis mosaWrelad modiodnen, radgan isto-

riuli saqarTvelos am eTnografiul mxareebSi tye ar iyo.

SavSel-imerxevelebs mWidro kavSiri hqoniaT aWarlebsa da

maWaxlelebTan. qarTvelTa am or eTnografiul jgufs isini

erTmaneTisagan mijnaven da sxvadasxva metsaxeliTac moixse-

20 SavSeTi, readaqtori m. faRava, Tb., 2011, gv. 39. 21 i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi _ enobrivi viTareba, gv. 45.

22

nieben _ `maWaxlelebs veZaxiT Cixvs, aWarlebs blayvs. isi-ni ki Cven SavSis gveZaxian~. aqve isic SeiZleba aRvniSnoT,

rom maTTvis rusebi `finTebi~ iyvnen.

SavSeT-imerxevSi dasturdeba istoriulad Sori adgi-

lebidan sacxovrebel saxlamde wylis gamoyvana rogorc ke-

ramikis, ise xis milebiT. saguldagulod Senaxuli xis mi-

lebi (katarisagan gakeTebul am milebs `SeSis forengs~

uwodebdnen) sofel ubeSi axmed moliZis (axla alTuni)

ojaxSi aRmovaCineT. 1,8 da 2,0 metris sigrZis da 20_25 sm.

diametris xeebi SuagulSi gaxvretili iyo da isini ise iyo

mWidrod SeerTebuli (`miWaxuli~), rom wyals ar uSveb-

dnen22. yvela sofelSi ramdenime wyaroa. Cveulebriv, wyaros

wyali avazanSi Caedineba, romelic amoRaruli didi xea.

eTnografiuli masalebiT dasturdeba didi ojaxebis

arseboba. `oTxi Zma erT ojaxSi viyaviT. yvelas Tavisi oda

(oTaxi) hqonda dasawoli. saxlis ufrosi iyo asakiT ufro-

si Zma~. icodnen umZraxobis Cveuleba. rZali dedamTil-mamam-

Tils ar elaparakeboda. `dedamTils usulod elaparakeboda.

baRvi rom eyolebis erTi, ori, mere daelaparakeboda~. oTax-

Si mamamTilis yofnis dros rZali arasdros aqedan zurgSeq-

ceviT ar gamovidoda. karebisaken aucileblad ukanasvliT

unda wasuliyo. rogorc muslimebi, imerxevelebi naTesaveb-

zec qorwindebodnen, magram, rogorc irkveva, aseT qorwine-

bebs isini ar miesalmebodnen. erT-erTi mTxrobelis TqmiT,

`Tu axloblebi daqorwindebian, saxadi gamoa~. rogorc ze-moTac aRvniSneT, Zvelad qorwili, iseve rogorc danarCen

saqarTveloSi, sami dRe scodniaT. xaris dakvla aucilebeli

iyo. saqorwilo sufrebs mrgval, dabal tablebze awyobdnen.

icodnen saTavno. rZals cxvars dedamTilic aZlevda.

saqorwino tradiciebi didad ar gansxvavdeboda saqar-

Tvelos sxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis wes-Cveule-

bebisagan. momavali meuRleebis beds mama wyvetda. erT-erTi

22 saqarTvelos eTnografia/eTnologia. r. TofCiSvilis saerTo

redaqciiT, Tb., 2010, gv. 145.

23

Cveni xevwvrileli informatoris mowodebuli masaliT, co-

li mas sofel Cixoridan mouyvanes. qorwilamde arc unaxavs.

mamamisi 25-kaciani mayriT wasula `dodoflis~ mosayvanad

(xan Zma asrulebda am misias). nefe ki momaval meuRles sax-

lSi elodeboda. sxva mTxrobelis TqmiT, `me rom coli mo-

viyvane, me erTxel devinaxe. qalma odaSi Sesvlamde Cemi saxe

ar icoda. roca odaSi Seiyvanes, mere mixvda Cemi kaciao~.

arc motaceba yofila ucxo (erT-erTi soflis saxelis war-

moqmnas legenda swored motacebuli qalis qorwilSi cekvas

ukavSirebs. motacebul das Zmebi gamohkidebian, magram mis-

Tvis ukve qorwilis dros miugvniaT. dunaxavT, rom da qor-

wilSi samobda anu cekvavda da uTqvamT: `da samobso~. mas

Semdeg Serqmevia sofels `dasamobi~). gadamwyveti sityva yo-

velTvis mamas ekuTvnoda, magram, mamis mxridan uaris Sem-

TxvevaSi, dasturdeba axalgazrdebis gaparvis faqtebic. maga-

liTad, 1950-ian wlebSi sofel manatbidan erTdroulad ori

wyvili gaparula. erT-erTi wyvilis gaparvis mizezi is iyo,

rom qalis mama uarze iyo SeyvarebulisaTvis Tavisi qaliS-

vili gaetanebina colad, radgan vaJis mama xmamaRala lapara-

kobda.

imerxevSi, iseve rogorc danarCen saqarTveloSi, qor-

wils win niSnoba uZRoda win, romelTa Soris periodi ram-

denime Tvidan erT an or weliwadamde SeiZleba gagrZelebu-

liyo. uvaJo ojaxSi xSiri iyo CasiZebis SemTxvevebi. aseT

SemTxvevavaSi zesiZe, miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTSi gvari

oficialurad ar fiqsirdeboda, simamris gvars iRebda. es

memkvidreobis miRebis erT-erTi winapiroba iyo. `siZeobad

wasvlis~ SemTxvevaSi sasiZo gamosasyid Tanxas aRar ixdi23.

ase rom, SavSeT-imerxevisaTvis syidviTi qorwineba iyo dama-

xasiaTebeli, rac, bunebrivia, qarTvelebisaTvis ucxo movle-

na, aq islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg gaCnda.

cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos zogierT mxareSi kacs meo-

re coli moyavda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vaJi ar uCndeboda. Sav-

23 T. futkaraZe. qorwili imerxevSi, baTumi, 2009, gv. 11, 13.

24

SeT-imerxevSic davafiqsireT analogiuri wesi. qmrisaTvis

pirvel cols mouyvania meore coli, radgan sul gogonebi

hyavdaT da iqneb meores mainc gaeCina `bRarWi~. saqorwino

asaki 15-16 weli yofila. 20 wlis dauqorwinebelze ityod-

nen _ `dagviandao, baRvebi mogveswron, Com vaZuebinoTo, ya-

nebSi vamuSaoTo~. ojaxSi Semosul pirvel rZals `didi-

Zals~ uwodebdnen, meored Semosuls _ `patarZals~.

imerxevSi qarTvelobis SenarCunebis erT-erTi faqtori

isic iyo, rom icavdnen eTnikur endogamias _ qarTveli mxo-

lod qarTvelze qorwindeboda. mixedavad imisa, rom imerxe-

velebma gvari SeinarCunes, aq gvaris egzogamiuroba dairRva,

e. i. erTi gvarisani erTmaneTze qorwindebodnen. erTmaneTze

qorwindebodnen biZaSvil-mamidaSvilebic, deidaSvilebic. mag-

ram xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom dRevandel imerxevSi aseTi

qorwinebebis mimarT negatiuri damokidebulebaa. Cveni imer-

xevSi pirveli saeqspedicio muSaobisas iveTelma qalbatonma

aRniSna, rom ZmisSvils misi qaliSvili uyvars da is winaaR-

mdegia aseTi SeuRlebisa (`movkvdebi da ar gavatan~).

samwuxarod, dReisaTvis SavSeT-imerxevis yofidan Zveli

qarTuli saqorwilo tradiciebi TiTqmis gaqra da is Tur-

qulis analogiuria. xaris dakvla, saqorwilo sufris gaS-

la aRar xdeba. sufra mxolod nefe-dedoflis winaa gaSli-

li, romelzedac torti da wvenebia. qorwilis arsi mxo-

lod musikis mosmenasa da simRerebSi gamoixateba. cekvaven

ZiriTadad aRmosavluri tipis _ `qoCaris~ cekvas. rac See-

xeba qarTul cekvebs, isini jer kidev SemorCenilia. magali-

Tad, imerxevSi saTavis festivalze, romelic adrindeli Su-amTobis nacvlad imarTeba, oficialurad did moedanze mxo-

lod Turquls cekvaven, qarTuli ferxuliT ki Tavs yvela

sufrasTan axlos iqcevs. imis gamo, rom imerxevidan mosax-

leobis didi denadoba moxda da soflebi faqtobrivad dai-

cala, imerxevelebi cdiloben qorwili ara qalaqSi gadaixa-

don, aramed zafxulSi sofelSi, sadac mTeli naTesaoba iy-

ris Tavs. xsenebuli saTavis festivalma bolo drois ganmav-

25

lobaSi erTi dadebiTi mxare SeiZina _ didi xnis unaxavi na-

Tesavebi erTmaneTs ar iviwyeben.

SavSel-imerxevelebi, iseve rogorc yvela qarTveli,

stumarTmoyvareni arian. amis damadasturebelia Semdegi eT-

nografiuli masala _ sofel maCxateTSi maspinZlis SemoTa-

vazebaze rodesac uari vTqviT, misi ucabedi pasuxi aseTi

iyo: `RmerTi iciT Tqven? diax, Tu SeWamT RmerTs gauxarde-ba~. islamma stumarTmoyvareobis tradicias garkveuli kvali

mainc daamCnia. marTalia, stumrisaTvis saWmels qali amza-

debs, magram is mas sufraze ar emsaxureba, stumris momsaxu-

reobiT ZiriTadad mamakacebi arian dakavebuli.

mahmadianobis miuxedavad, imerxevSi SemorCenili iyo zo-

gierTi qristianuli tradicia. magaliTad, sofel bazgireT-Si aprilis bolo ricxvebSi bebiebi SviliSvilebs kvercxebs

wiTlad uRebavdnen. `axal wels vebnebiT. axalwels moikri-

bebodnen baRnebi da erTad Wamdnen. xojebi gviSlidnen: axal

weliwadi giaurebis ariso. naZvis tots axorSi mivitandiT,

axal wels bevri saqoneli wamovideso~. iseve rogorc sxva

istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebSi, gvalvianobis dros wvi-

mis gamowvevis mizniT, imerxevSi icodnen `lazarobis~ ritu-

ali, romelsac aq `nazarobas~ uwodebdnen. imerxevelebs

scodniaT `berobis~ dResaswauli: `kacs Sekazmavdnen virad,

cxenad, yoCad, gaxdeba berobana, isamebdnen (e. i. icekvebdnen

_ r. T.). wvers gaabavdnen, kuds gaabavdnen. cekvas `xelgaS-

lilas~ eubnebian. xorumi sxvaa. xorumSi meebmebodnen, xel-

gaSlilaSi erTmaneTis pirdapir dgebodnen~. rogorc miuTi-

Teben, am cekvebis garda, cekvaven agreTve `darTulasis~,

`bazgirulais~24. cekvas aq `samobas~ uwodeben. mRerian qar-

Tul simRerebsac (`mayruli~, `TeTro mamalo~, `patara go-

go~, `jilvelo~ da sxv.).

imerxevel qarTvelebSi, saqarTvelos dRevandeli eTnog-

rafiuli mxareebisagan gansxvavebiT, sityva `Rori~ siZlie-

ris, sikargis, vaJkacobis sinonimia (mahmadianur garemoSi pi-

24 SavSeTi, redaqtori m. faRava, Tb., 2011, gv. 140.

26

riqiT unda iyos). saqarTvelos mkvidr qarTvelebs isini am

leqsikuri erTeuliT moixsenieben. mTxroblis TqmiT, `qar-Tuli wera-kiTxva rom vicodeT, Cvenc Rori gurjebi viqne-biT~. iseve rogorc aWaraSi, SavSeT-imerxevSic istoriulad

ZiriTadi musikaluri instrumenti iyo Wiboni. SemorCenilia `mariobis~ dResaswauli, rac, ra Tqma un-

da, igive mariamobaa. marTalia bolo periodSi `mariobas~

aRar aRniSnavdnen, magram ramdenime weliwadia daiwyes misi

aRdgena. pirvelebi am mxriv bazgireTelebi iyvnen. misi Ziri-

Tadi funqcia dRes TanasoflelTa da soflidan odesRac

wasulTa erTad TavSeyriTa da drois gatarebiT amoiwureba.

dReobis monawileebma Zvelad icodnen sxvadasxva cxovelis

niRbebiTa da tyavebiT Semosva. qalis rolis Semsrulebeli

mamakacebi ki Caicvamen qalis tansacmels, welze ikeTeben

sartyels. TamaSis msvlelobisas xalxSi Semovardeba virze

an cxenze mjdari mxedari (SeiZleba iyos erTi an ori kaci),

romelic asaxierebs mters. igi cdilobs moitacos cxvari

da qalebi, magram xalxi mters daiWers, cems da naqurdal-

sac ukan ibruneben, xolo `daWrilebs wyalSi daasveleben~.

amis Semdeg imarTeba lxini, cekva, simRera~25.

imerxevelTa tradiciuli improvizebuli dResaswauli

iyo berikaoba anu berobana. monawileni imosebodnen Txis

tyavebiTa da niRbebiT. qalis samosiT mosavdnen uwverul

ymawvilebs, romelic patarZals ganasaxierebda. sanaxaobis

dawyebamde monawileni kardakar Camoivlidnen da saWmels

krebdnen. berobanas personaJebi iyvnen arabi, TaTari da leki. isini cdolobdnen patarZlis gatacebas. saqorwino wyvils

arabi, TaTari an leki gaitacebda. berika kvdeboda da patar-

Zals gaitacebdnen. magram `mkvdari~ romelsac patarZlis ga-

tacebas Seatyobinebdnen, cocxldeboda, is dedofals daib-

25 SavSeTi, readaqtori m. faRava, Tb., 2011, gv. 138.

27

runebda. amas `brZola~ axlda Tan. yvelaferi es WidaobiTa

da mxiarulebiT mTavrdeboda26.

imerxevis sofel ubeSi Cawerili masalebiT, axali weli

martSi icodnen. tradiciiT axal wels saxlidan ar gadiod-

nen. mTxrobeli aRniSnavda: `Cemi anai ityoda, axali weli

gavrebisaoo (giaurebisaoo)~.

imerxevSi sofel surevanis erT nawils rabaTi erqva, sadac ermenlebs (somxebs) ucxovriaT, romlebic qarTulad

laparakobdnen. `maTi ena aqauri qarTuli iyo. cota gagrZe-

lebulad laparakobdnen~. aSkaraa, rom surevneli e. w. som-

xebi gagrigorianebuli qarTvelebi iyvnen.

imerxevSi Semodgomas `sTvels~ uwodeben. es im mxriva-

caa sayuradRebo, rom Semodgomis nacvlad analogiuri ter-

mini gamoiyeneboda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSic

(`sTveli~ _ fSavsa da xevsureTSi, `zdveli~ _ TuSeTSi).

teqnikis ganviTarebas SavSeT-imerxevelebi mxars ubamdnen da

Sesabamisad axal qarTul terminebs qmnidnen. magaliTad, ta-

oelebma TviTmfrinavs Tu `frinvelai~ uwodes, imerxevelebma

mas `safrineli~ Searqves.

matylis deficitis gamo (romlisaganac ZiriTadad sa-

moss qsovdnen), arcTu iSviaTi iyo baliSSi fuCeCis Cayra.

SavSeT-imerxevis gamahmadianebis Sesaxeb ramdenime amona-

ridi zaqaria WiWinaZis mopovebuli masalebidan: `roca gav-

mahmadiandiT, mere mahmadianuraT daviwyeT swavleba. berika-

cebi qarTulad laparakobdnen da patarebi ki eCveodnen os-

malurs. sasamarTloebSi yovelTvis osmalurad gvelaparake-

bodnen. mola-xojebic osmalurad gvlocavdnen da, maS meti

ra gza gvqonda, rom ar dagveswavla mahmadianuri. _ Tqven

rom daiswavleT mahmadianuri da qarTuli daiviwyeT, ratom

Tqvens soflebs axlo mdebare sof. axaldabam, jvarma da

garyilufma ki ar daiviwya? es rogor moxda? –magaze ase ityodnen, rom egeni erTob gvian gadabrundnen sjulidan,

26 a. seCqini. esqiyale warsulSi da dRes (ustamisi) _ qarTvelo-

logiis aqtualuri problemebi, IV, 2015, gv. 153.

28

gvian miiRes mahmadianobao. osmalni maT ZaliT ar amahmadia-

nebdnen, da igini kidev ar mahmadiandebodnen da gamahmadiane-

bulebTanac misvla-mosvla ar hqondaT; erTmaneTSi hqondaT

megobroba, naTesaoba, da yovelTvis qarTuls ityodneno.

imerxevzedac magre gamigonia da ase ityodnen, rom SavSeTis

gamahmadianebis dros, naxevarze meti xalxi gaiqca, ar gamah-

madiandao; soflebi ganaxevrda, saxlebi da mamulebi carie-

lebi iyovo; osmalebma aq qurTebi da Turqebi moiyvanes da

daasaxleso. isini airivnen CvenSi da mere imaTis laparakiT

da mezoblobiT Cvenc osmaluri laparaki SeviswavleT da

qarTuli davkargeTo~27.

`SavSeTSi, am 40 wlis winad, yvela moxucma kacma da

qalma icoda qarTuli laparaki. amis Semdeg aq xmebi mohfi-

nes, rom gurjijas enaze laparaks Tavi gaanebeT, Torem

dRes Tu xval rusi mova aq, tbeTs aiRebs da maSin vinc ki

qarTulad ityvis rasmes, imas ueWvelad gaaqristianebeno.

SavSelT didad eSinodaT amisi da amitom yoveli SavSeli

Tavis Svils mxolod mahmadianurs laparaks da wera-kiTxvas

aswavlida. ase da amrigad SavSeTSi qarTuli enis Zirianad

amovardnis dro 1840 wlidan iwyeba~28.

`SavSeTis xalxi gamahmadianebula, bevri maTgani aWaraSi

gaqceula, radganac gamahmadianeba ara sdomebiaT, SavSeTis

soflebi ganaxevrebula, ise, rom TiTo sofelSi 10-15 kom-

li mosaxle darCenila, amaze metad carieli saxlebi. am ca-

riel saxlebSi sacxovreblad osmalebs Turqebi da qurTebi

mouyvani-aT da dausaxlebiaT~.

imerxevSi dRes arsebul enobriv viTarebas kargad asa-

xavs erTi mTxrobelis sityvebi: `Turquli meqTebSi (sko-

lebSi _ r. T.) deviswavleT. Zvelad sxva ena, laparaki

SescÃvebodnen, es ras laparakobso, deejiqebodnen, axla

vinsÃac rogorc unda, ise ilaparakoso. bavSvebma ar ician,

mamam unda aswavlos. am xeebs, Teebs (mTebs) Cveni qarTuli

27 z. WiWinaZe. qarTvelTa gamuslimeba, Tb., 2004, gv. 35. 28 z. WiWinaZe. qarTvelTa gamuslimeba, Tb., 2004, gv. 37.

29

laparaki gagonili aqven. mere ityvian, sa waviden esenio~29.

dabolos, ramdenime sityva SavSur-imerxeuli dialqtidan:

mozaruli kaci _ zarmaci kaci, Cai daZvelda _ Cai gacivda, saqme davlie _ davamTavre, najdomi _ gauTxovari gogo, gae-rCivnen _ gaiyarnen ded-mama, axla Sevicani _ axla gavicani,

kiknaTi _ askili, ifxvri _ gvimra, katari _ fiWvi, tantra-ba _ aivani, kokolai _ girCa. iseve rogorc danarCen saqar-TveloSi SavSeT-imerxevSi `Svils~ vaJs uwodeben (`Svili

vin momca, baxlebi myavs~)30.

29 i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi _ enobrivi viTareba, gv. 47. 30 i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi _ enobrivi viTareba, gv. 43.

30

gvarebi SavSeT-imerxevSi

istoriul samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnikur

qarTvelTagan qarTuli ena da tradiciebi kargad Semoinaxes

imerxevelma qarTvelebma. imerxevSi qarTuli gvarsaxelebicaa

Semonaxuli. daviwyebT iqidan, rom imerxevSi bevri toponimi

swored gvaris saxels atarebs. eseni ZiriTadad ubnebis sa-

xelebia, Tumca maT Soris ramdenine sofelicaa.

SavSeT-imerxevSi aseT toponimTa Soris SeiZleba dava-

saxeloT SavSeTis sofli axaldaba, romlis ubnebi gaxldaT:

gelsaZe, gogeliZe, goginiZe, popaZe, urumiZe-aruSiZe. sofel

garylobis ubnebis erqva: qadagiZe, miqeleTi... TavisTavad

cxadia, aRniSnuli toponimebi pirdapir miuTiTebs imaze,

rom aq swored Sesabamisi gvarebis warmomadgenlebi cxov-

robdnen. marTalia SavSeTSi qarTvelebma eTnikuri qarTvelo-

ba ver SeinarCunes _ dRes isini Turqebi, e. w. asimilirebu-

li (imerxevelTa gamoTqmiT _ gadabrunebuli) qarTvelebi

arian, magram zemoxsenebuli toponimebi pirdapir miuTiTebs

imaze, rom aq gelsaZeebi, gogeliZeebi, gogniZeebi, popaZeebi, urumiZeebi-aruSiZeebi, qadagiZeebi, miqelaZeebi... mkvidrobdnen.

sayovelTaod cnobilia SavSeT-imerxevis iseTi ori

soflis dasaxeleba rogoricaa TurmaniZe da lioniZe. es

soflebi ivane javaxiSvilis 1923 wlis saistorio rukaze-

caa datanili. 1886 wlis saojaxo siebiT sofeli TurmaniZe garylobis sazogadoebaSi Sedioda, xolo lioniZe Cixoris erT-erT ubnad iyo gadaqceuli. Cixoris erT ubans gegaze-lari erqva, e. i. is gegaZeebis sofeli iyo. aqve dafiqsire-

bulia petrakeTi. esec toponimad qceuli anTroponimia. Sav-

SeTSi, garylobis sazogadoebaSi Sedioda sofeli civeTic. soflis saxelwodeba pirdapir miuTiTebs imaze, rom am so-

felSi civaZeebi cxovrobdnen an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, so-feli odesRac mxolod am gvaris xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli,

maTi Seqmnili iyo. civieTis ubnebic 1886 wels aseve gvare-

bis saxelebs atarebdnen: duRabiZe, lasuriZe, xilvaZe. iqve sofel jinalis ubnebis saxelwodebebic _ zaqarieTi, lagu-

31

neTi _ pirdapir miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom maTSi zaqa-riaZeebi da laguniZeebi cxovrobdnen. sofel Wvarebis erT-

erT ubans Saliki erqva. ra Tqma unda, SalikSi SalikaSvile-bi mkvidrobdnen. XIX saukuneSi ukve Turquli iyo SavSeTis

dabawvrilis, oqrobageTis, saTlel-rabaTis sazogadoebebic.

am sazogadoebaTa soflebis ubnebi maT qarTul warmomavlo-

baze miuTiTebs. magaliTad, sofel balvanas erT ubans erqva

samxaro-oRli, xolo meores _ kanklo-oRli, rac Targmania, pirdapiri kalkia qarTuli samxaraZisa da kankliZisa. daba-wvrilis ubnebi iyo: kopaZe, xilaZe, CugaZe. SavSeTis sofel

meriaSi 1886 wlis aRweraSi dafiqsirebulia ubnebis saxel-

wodebani : ibadi-oRli, kaia-oRli, SaTir-oRli da iremaZe. aq ubnis saxeli iremaZe Tu pirdapir miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom is gamWvirvale qarTuli anTroponimia, memkvidreobiTi

saxelia, ibadi-oRli, kaia-oRli da SaTir-oRli qarTuli an-

Troponimebis ibadiZis, kaiaZis da SaTiriSvilis/SaTiriZis Turquli variantebia.

SavSeTis soflis sxlobanis yvela macxovrebeli 1886

wels ukve Turqad iyo Cawerili da mxolod erT ojaxs

hqonda qarTveloba SenarCunebuli. magram sxlobanis ubnebis

saxelwodebani TiTqmis mTlianad qarTuli iyo da es saxel-

wodebebi gaanTroponimebuli iyo, gvarsaxeli ubnis saxelad

iyo gadaqceuli, rac agreTve imaze miuTiTebs, rom iseve ro-

gorc saqarTvelos sxva istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebSic,

aqac erTi gvaris wevrebi erTmaneTis gverdi-gverd cxovrob-

dnen: peranaTi (e. i. peraniZe), futkaraZe, TulaZe. sofel

cixias ubnebs erqva: xaToreTi, Cikrik-oRli, gorali-oRli, tusi-oRli, e. i. xaToriZeebi, CikrikiZeebi, goraliZeebi, tu-siZeebi/tusiSvilebi. oqrobaq(g)eTis sazogadoebis erT-erTi

sofelis mamanelisis erT-erTi ubani kakab-oRlis saxels

atarebda. e. i. misi mkvidrni iyvnen kakabaZeebi. amave sofelis

sxva ubnis saxelwodeba iyo karal-oRli, e. i. misi mkvidre-bi karaliZeebi iyvnen. oqrobageTis ubnebi iyo agreTve: koS-lieTi, saki-oRli (rac qarTuli koSliZeebisa da sakiZeebis Sesatyvisia). sofel kuWenis ubnebi iyo: abdul-oRli (e. i.

32

abduliZe), papuk-oRli (e. i. papukiZe), pisik-oRli (e. i. pi-sikiZe). saTlel-rabaTis sazogadoebis sofel morgelis ub-

nebs erqva gogor-oRli da gorgin-oRli. bunebrivia, pirveli

gogoriSvilis Turquli variantia, meore ki _ gorginiZisa. saTlel-rabaTis erT-erT ubans erqva karkar-oRli, rac qar-

Tuli karkaZeebis/karkariZeebis Turqizebuli formaa. SeiZle-

ba davasaxeloT kidev sofel soforas ubnebi bunbun-oRli da tuzi-oRli. isini bunbuniZisa da tuziZis kalkirebuli

variantebia.

SavSeTSi, 1886 wlis saojaxo siebiT, sofel verxu-

nas/verxnalis erT ubans romieTi erqva, rac imas niSnavs,

rom is Tavis droze romiZeebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. sofel

cecxlauris erTi ubani ki tokaZis saxels atarebda. sofel

dabakeTilis erT-erTi meheles (anu ubnis) saxelia marCil-oRli, e. i. marCiliZe. iqve miuTiTeben toponims kopaZe.

1886 wels imerxevis dabis sazogadoebaSi 6 sofeli

iyo: baZgireTi, daba, zaqieTi, surevani, ube, xevwvrili (222

komli, 1599 suli). aq sofel zaqieTis ubnebi iyo: jarbiZe (jarbiZes zaqieTis mahaled dResac miuTiTeben), CikoriZe... ubeSi ori ubani iyo gamoyofili: gorgaZelar da CeviZelar. es ubnebi dRes ubeSi eTnografiuli monacemebiTac dastur-

deba. am sofelSi gorgvaZeebi da CivaZeebi/WivaZeebi dResac mkvidroben. surevanis ubnebs Soris vxvdebiT gudalizelarsa da daviTiZelars, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom aq gudaZeebi da daviTiZeebi cxovrobdnen. sofel xevwvrilSi 1886 wlis sao-

jaxo siebiT aRniSnulia ubnebi: abramieTi, beltieTi, e. i. abramiZeebi da beltiZeebi.

1886 wels wyalsimeris sazogadoebis soflebi iyo: di-

obani, ifxrevli, weTileTi, wyalsimeri. dRes diobanis

mkvidrebi ukve gaTurqebuli arian. diobanis ubnebi iyo abna-Ze, zialiZe, ziqrieTi, qoqliZe _ dRes qoqlieTs uwodeben, qumaSiZe. ziqrieTSi ziqriZeebi cxovrobdnen. XIX saukuneSi ubnis saxelad pirdapir gvaris forma (qoqliZe) dadastur-da. rogorc aRiniSna, dRes adgilobrivebi TavianT sofels

qoqlieTs uwodeben, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom gvarebisa da

33

aqedan gamomdinare topinimebis sufiqsebic adgilobrivTa

metyvelebaSi erTmaneTs enacvleboda, isini erTmaneTis fardi

iyo. rogorc qoqlieTis mikrotoponimebi miuTiTebs, aq gva-

rebi calkeuli ubnebis mixedviT iyvnen dasaxlebuli; es ub-

nebia: bairaxtarienTi, ibadieTi, mosienTi, jafareTi, lolie-Ti, gogleTi, osmanieTi, meliskedienTi, hurienTi, gaRmahuri-enTi/kakavnebi...31 CamoTvlili toponimebi pirdapir miuTiTebs

imis Sesaxeb, rom ibadienT ubani ibadiZeebs ekuTvnoda, mosi-enTi _ mosiZeebs, jafareTi _ jafariZeebs, lolienTi _ lo-liZeebs... ifxrevli Sedgeboda iveTisa da imnaZes ubnebisagan. imna-ZeTa ubani 1886 wlis saojaxo siebSi Turqizebuli imnaze-laris formiTaa Cawerili. weTileTis ubnebi iyo: maCxatiZe, xoxlauri (dRes xoxlevi). wyalsimeris erT-erT ubans xil-vaZe warmoadgenda. axla eTnografiul monacemebs mivmarToT. imerxevis so-

fel iveTSi dasturdeba Semdegi memkvidreobiTi saxelebi:

dabeliZe/dablieTi, zurabiZe, husuenTi, lakolienTi, fidisi-enTi, gabienTi, qaSaklienTi, zobienTi, avjienTi, zemoenTi, cxikaTienTi, muhamedienTi, WaliparienTi, wikaTienTi, ixSien-Ti... imerxevis sofel iveTs qarTuli gvarebis uZvelesi ma-

warmoebeli -eT sufiqsi aqvs Semonaxuli. aSkaraa, rom aR-

niSnuli sufiqsi aq -Ze sufiqsTan monacvleobda. informato-

ris TqmiT, iveTis Zveli gvarebi arian: dabeliZe, zurabiZe da golienTlebi. es ukanasknelni saqarTvelos istoriul-

eTnografiuli mxaredan _ goladan/koladan mosulebad miiC-

nevian. aqedanve migrirebulan iSxneliZeebic: `iSxneliZeebi

iyvnen, axla karamedoRlebi arian. eseni goladan mosulan.

sami Zma yofila, erTs zurabi erqva, meores _ gola, mesames

ar vici. erTi damjdara wyalsimerSi, meore _ ifxrevlSi,

mesame _ iveTSi. iSxneliZeebis winapari aris goladan mosu-

31 t. futkaraZe. qarTuli ena, rogorc TurqeTis respublikis ku-

lturis erT-erTi Semadgeneli: problemebi, perspeqtivebi _ qar-

Tvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi, IV, 2015 (2017), gv. 34.

34

li. iSxaniZeebica da Cvenc (dabeliZe _ r. T.) golidan varT

mosuli. zurabieebic goladan mosulan~. koladan imerxevSi

mosaxleobis migracia SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, radgan is-

toriuli saqarTvelos am or istoriul-eTnografiul mxa-

res Soris mWidro sameurneo-ekonomikuri kavSirebi arsebob-

da. amave sofelSi dadasturda gvari nikolienTi. kidev: `Ce-mi gvari fidisienTia, Zvelad meTafles ambobdnen~; `Cven sa-molienTi varT, es biZai mamadienTia _ amaTi gvari esaa. zu-rabeTlebi arian, busuenTebi arian. zurabiZe dawere? qaskak-lienTi _ adgilidan aqvT aRebuli gori~. mniSvnelovani fa-

qtoria, rom sofel iveTSi ramdenime gvars aqvs gadmocema

saerTo warmomavlobisa da migraciis Sesaxeb: `hamzienT ad-gilze axla zurabiZeebi sxedan. hamzienTni baTumisaken wasu-lan. oTxi Zma mosula: zurabienTi, avjienTi, golienTi, sa-molienTi. sofeli amaT gaakeTes.~

sofel weTileTSic gvarebs -eT sufiqsiT iformeben, ma-

galiTad, xojienTi, duduenTi. bazgireTeli mTxrobeli Tavi-

si gvaris Sesaxeb aRniSnavda: `gvarad zumbieTi, zumbaZe var, deda TeTrieTia, TeTraZe~. meore mTxrobeli gvarad imnaZec dedis gvars uSarieTs miuTiTebs. bazgireTis erT-erTi didi gvaria cvariZe. aqve cxovroben yasimoRlebi, yaramehmedoRle-bi, feraToRlebi, besonebi, avjioRlebi, xojienTi, enClienTi (enCaroRli), xarzienTi. mkvidroben bolqvaZeebic (5 ojaxi): `Cemi mama ityoda, saqarTvelos mxridan varT mosuli bol-

qvaZeebi. erTi Cixis xevSia Cveni gvaris, meore _ SavSeTis

soflebSi da mesames uTqvams me, civi wyali unda vsva da

bazgireTs mosula. bazgireTis mahaleSi _ gameSeTSi cxov-

roben sariaoRlebi, delihasanoRlebi, boiarCebi. eTnografi-uli masalebiT, cvariZeebis adrindeli gvari cxvaraZe yofi-la: `Cveni Zveli gvari cxvaraZe yofila. imereTSi yofilan.

omi qnila da imaze wamosulan. pirveli isini dajdnen~ (fiq-

ri iazar-cvariZe, 2007 weli, 60 wlis). imave mTxrobelisa-

gan Cawerili masaliT yadioRlebis qarTuli/adrindeli gva-

ria aRiZe. sofel bzaTaSi aseTi eTnografiuli masala dadastur-

35

da: `filipiZe Zveli gvaria, futkaraZe axali gvaria~. raRac

mizezis gamo filipiZeebi futkaraZis gvarze gadasulan. mar-

Talia aq gvari ukanaskneli ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi

oficialurad ar fiqsirdeboda, magram dafiqsirebuli iyo

xalxis mexsierebaSi, zemoT moyvanili faqtiT ki maT adrin-

deli gvaric axsovT. sofel bzaTaSi dasturdeba gvarsaxe-

lebi: SarabaZe, zaqariaZe, zaqraZe, filipiZe, babeliZe, cic-vnaZe, karaliZe. `urbeniZebi sofel wyalsimerSi arian~. eT-

nografiuli masala: `qarTuli gvaria omaroRli. ufro swo-ria hasuenTi. Cveni gvaris xalxi 10 ojaxia aqa. aq arian ki-

dev: omarienTi, SarabeTi, cicvienTi, laikienTi/laikieTi/lai-kiZe (adgili aq laikienTia), gaRma yarslienTi. aq arian zaq-riZe, yaraRienTi (yaraRiZe), mazmanienTi, babelienTi (babli-Ze), arCienTi, bzvarienTni, SarabiZe, kakabiZe, kopienTi (wyal-

simers ekuTvnis), filipieTi~. Soltis/SorTisxevSi eTnografiuli monacemebiT cxov-

roben kvirikaZeebi. mTxrobelis axmed axgunis sityviT: `kvi-rikaZea Cemi gvari. erTi dede (=papa) gvyolia da im dedes

saxeli duraRdedei yofila. imaze duraRoRlic gavxdiT.

kvirikaZe axla sofelSi 6 komli varT~. am masaliT aSkaraa

qarTuli gvaris SigniT danayofis anu meore memkvidreobiTi

saxelis _ mamiSvilobis/babuiSvilobis warmoqmna. garda kvi-rikaZeebisa, SoltisxevSi cxovroben agreTve Semdegi qarTu-

li gvarebis warmomadgenlebi: Te(a)TvienTi (`baTumidan mov-sulvarT. iqidan gamovyrilvarT. alagze wakidebian~), ifSi-roRlebi, urbeniZeebi, miqelaZeebi, qurdikiZeebi. kvirikaZeebi sadac cxovroben, im ubans kvirikeTs uwodeben, aseve adgili-

sa da gvaris saxelicaa cicienTi, baTileTi, TaTuenTi, qoCi-enTi, qeienTi, qurdikeTi, xujienTi, balienTi...32 ase rom,

rodesac imerxevSi gvars axseneben, SeiZleba esa Tu is qar-

Tuli gvari -Ze sufiqsiTac moixsenion da -eT sufiqsiTac.

sofel ifxrevlSi cxovroben xatioRlebi igive xatiZee-

32 Sdr.: t. futkaraZe. qarTuli ena, rogorc TurqeTis respubli-

kis kulturis erT-erTi Semadgeneli, gv. 22.

36

bi da imnaZeebi. imnaZeebs imnieTsac uwodeben da Sesabamisad maTi ubanic amave saxeliT moixsenieba. aqvea WurkveTic. imni-eTSi ifxrevlidan SemoreviaT butiZe. eTnografiuli masala:

`qarTuli gvari butiZea. am sofels imnaZe (imnieTi) hqvia. dauurqmevia Zvelebs gvari, cxovrobda imnaZe. mTlianad if-

xrevlia. magram ifxrevli gaRmaa, gamoRma imnieTia, Wurkvese-Tia zemoT. aqauroba gurjebisaa. butiZe Zveli gvaria. Cemi

dedei (=papa, babua) ifxrevlidan gamosula. zesiZed iyo. bu-tiZeebi ifxrevlSi arian. butiZeebi varT, magram Cvenc imnaZe gavxdiT, radgan imnaZis mamulze gaCnda (=dajda, dasaxlda),

imnaZed varT. aqauri Zveli gvarebia mosiZe, soryaZe, subuqi-Ze, WurkvesiZe, ifSireTi, iaRjebi, saRriZe~. moyvanili eT-

nografiuli masala friad sayuradReboa. aRarafers vityviT

CamoTvlil gvarebze da mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom imer-

xevSic zesiZed misvlis dros iseTive Cveuleba arsebobda

rogorc danarCen saqarTveloSi _ zesiZe, faqtobrivad, misi

STamomavlebi gvars icvlida, radgan sxvis mamulze jdeboda.

sxvanairad simamris qonebis memkvidreobiT miReba gamoricxu-

li iyo.

dasabomSi mWedliZeebi/mWedlienTi cxovroben, magram ir-kveva, rom isini aq sofel devieTidan arian gadmosaxlebul-

ni: `mWedlienTi bevri varT devaZeebSi. devaZeebi cxovroben devieTSi. ubeSi WivaZeebi arian, kidev: TuranoRlebi, moloR-lebi. sofel ziosSi arian balaZe (balieTi/balTi), beqaZe/be-qieTi (10-15 komli), sarvaniZe, talaxaZe, molieTni/moloR-li/moliZe, TuranoRli, qomojienTi, xevlieTi, abdieTi. Wi-muraZe (Wimurebi aris cxeli mWadi Catexili, erboSi Cade-

buli). iyvnen SuTebi da aRar arian~. 92 wlis iusufai Wi-muriZis TqmiT, maT `Wimureb etyvian.~ aSkaraa, rom erTi gva-ri zogjer sami sufiqsiTac ki iwarmoeba, qarTuli ena amis

saSualebas iZleoda, -eT sufiqsis nacvlad am funqcias -eb

sufiqsic asrulebda. eTnografiuli monacemebiT, `devaZeebi maWaxlidan varT. Zvelebi kiboriZeebi yofilan. demurCi (e. i.

mWedeli) yofila Cveni Zveli. ukeTebia Toxi, waldi, eCo,

dana da mosula devaZeebSi dasaxlebula, Cvens meheleSi. mWe-

37

dels etyodnen da mWedel-oRlebs gvetyodnen~. am eTnogra-fiuli masaliT aSkaraa, rom maWaxlidan gadmosaxlebuli

mWedeli devaZeebis ubanSi saxldeba, maT gvars iRebs da ama-

ve dros safuZvels uyris devaZeebis gvaris ganayrobas mWe-deloRlebs. moyvanili masala imiTacaa sayuradRebo, rom

migrantis STamomavlebs axsovT da aqvT gadmocema adrinde-

li gvaris (kiboriZe) Sesaxeb. imerexevis erT-erTi didi sofelia surevani. am sofel-

Si simravliT gamoirCevian daviTeTebi. `daviTeT 25 saxli

varT. Cemi Zvelebi aq yofilan. aqedan imaT naxevari gurjis-

tans aqeT-iqiT dafantulan~. surevanSi cxovroben kidev Sar-maTebi, zazalebi, mureSebi, qosoRlebi, iqie(n)Tlebi (`iqien-Tlebi aWaridan gadmosulan~), butiZeebi, SaraZeebi, lazoR-lebi, aslanoRlebi, TanToRlebi, kolotiZeebi, petroRlebi, qoseTi, dRvabiZe (`duRabiZe Cveni soflis mehelea, xilvaZec mehelea~), gaTeniZe (`am sofelSi gaTeniZe wasula da dRvabi-Ze mosula~)... surevneli mTxrobeli alireza yara gadmog-

vcems, rom `yaranoRli viyaviT pirvelad. Cemi dede aWaras

gazrdila. erTi lomana yofila maWaxelSi da gamzrdeli

iyo lazoRli da gaxda lazoRli. sami komli varT aq da

gareT 30 komli iqneba lazoRli. surevanSi yaranoRlebi arian 5 komli. Zveli yaranoRli yofilan da ukan dros gva-

ri gadaucvliaT SaraZed, TanToRlad... sxva mTxrobelis Se-

niSvniT, yaranoRlebs 5 ganayroba aqvT: TanToRli, lazoR-li, suraoRli, SaraZe da yaraloRli. Zvelad am sofelSi 3

kvamli yofila: petroRli, yaranoRli, iqieTlebi. yaranoR-li aqauria~. petroRlebs gadmocema aqvT, rom maTi winapari petriaSvili odesRac `raWidan jer ordus CavsulvarT da

mere iq kaci mouklavT da aq gamoqceulan. ase gvaqvs gagoni-

li zemo baridan movsulvarT. sami kvamli varT. arian pet-rebic, amboben naTesavebi varTo, magram danmadvilebiT ar vi-

ci. petrebi dabaSi arian~. qarTul eTnikur garemos mowyvetil imerxevSi gvarebTan

dakavSirebiT iseTive procesebi mimdinareobda, rogorc da-

narCen saqarTveloSi _ xdeboda axali memkvidreobiTi saxe-

38

lebis warmoqmna. yaranoRlebis erTi nawili lazoRli gaxda. mamis gvari gamzrdelis gvariT Seicvala. magram Turquli

eTnikuri garemo mainc Tavis daRs asvamda qarTul anTropo-

nimebs. zogierTi qarTuli gvaris sufiqsebi Turquli sufiq-

siTaa Secvlili. amis magaliTad yaranoRlic gamodgeba, rom-

lebic udavoa adre yaraZeebi iyvnen. amas mTxrobelis sityve-

bic adasturebs: `Cven lazienTi varT da gavxdiT lazoRli~. surevanSi xajaliZeebi cxovroben. mTxrobelis sityviT, `Cven

(xajaliZeebs) zaRlazeebsac gvetyvian~. asaxeleben daCiZesac. surevanis daviTeT ubanSi miuTiTeben agreTve gvars SamaTa. imerxevis sofel ubeSic ramdenime qarTuli gvari cxov-

robs. aq arian moloRlebi anu moliZeebi, kortoxaZeebi, Wi-vaZeebi/CivaZeebi (`WivieTi ubania ubis~), gorgvaZeebi/gorgoZe-ebi, koviZeebi, aWaliZeebi, elaZeebi. eTnografiuli masalebi:

`kortoxaZe, koviZe, gorgvaZe, WiviZe _ Zvelad ityvian eseni

xuTi Zma yofilan da barSi sul dabla msxdaran da iqidan

rom gayrilan da am sofelSi damsxdaran, iqidan rom xuTi

Zma dasaxlda da gabevrebulan. erTi kortoxaZe gaxda, meore _ koviZe, mesame _ gorgvaZe, meoTxe _ WiviZe, mexuTe fiqlo-baZe iyo. fiqlebma gvari gamoicvales da moloRlebSi See-rivnen~. ubeSi sxva gvarebic mkvidroben; eseni: ilimienTi, mWedlienTi, kululienTi, xojienTi, ibiSienTi. ibiSienTi ar-taanidan mosulan. am gvars warmoTqvamen rogorc mravlobiT

ricxvSi, ise mxolobiTSi _ ibiSi. `gvaria kidev zobebi~. qoqlieTis gvrebia imadoRli, bairaxtaroRli, mosiZe, gurienTi, kakaunebi, jafariZe, lolaZe, duraRoRlebi, goge-liZe, qarsioRlebi (igive qarsiZe). CixisxevSi dumbaZis gvari dasturdeba.

imerxevSi erT-erTi lamazi sofelia manatba. am soflis

gvarebia: kosola(i)Ze, jijaniZe, darbazienTi, Savqo(e)Tlien-Ti. gadmocemiT es ukanasknelni `arian artaanisa da SavSeTis

Suadan. im sofels SavqeTi erqva da gvars es saxeli imitom

derqva~. darbazieT gvari imerxevisave sofel agaradan gadmo-

saxlebula, jijinaZeebi _ rabaTidan. kosoliZeebi imerxevisa-ve sofel uxeTidan gadmosaxlebulan. manatbelebis gadmoce-

39

miT, maTi winaprebi aq 400 wlis win dasaxlebulan. `nasax-

lavs vetyviT, zeda nasaxlevi, qveda nasaxlevi, Zvelad yofi-

lan, imaT ar moveswariT. Cvenebi rom mosulan, ukve aRaravin

daxvedriaT~.

manatbis mezobeli sofelia maCxateTi. asaxeleben maCxa-

teTis Semdeg gvarebs: saraji, qaia, CaxmaxCebi, meRmaZebi. dar-bazieTni maCxateTSic cxovroben. darbazieTi ierlad miiCne-

va, isini da meRmaZeebi SedarebiT gvian mosulan axlo-maxlo

adgilebidan.

sofel xoxlevSi cxovroben mesxazeebi (mesxaZeebi), gorgaZeebi, lomaZeebi, qomaZeebi, xevraZeebi (xevrienTi). `gorgieT erT kvamls vetyviT, gorgoZeebs bevrs~. `vetyviT xevrienT, qomienT, lomienT, mesxieT, gorgieT~. `xoxlevSi

yvelaze meti jenigelebia~. sofeli farnuxic ubnebisagan Sedgeba; es ubnebia: kaxiZe-ebi, gorgvaZeebi, aiSienTi, SarmaTebi, WalaZeebi, beSovrienTi, WiviZeebi (ubedan arian gadmosuli), melqienTi. `dedeebi it-yodnen: erTi jari yofila da mosula. aq sxvebi yofilan,

isini damTavrebulan. pirvelad mosulan WiviZe, kaxiZe, Wali-Ze, meliqienTi. eseni aq mezoblebi gamxdaran. aiSienTi WiviZe-ebi arian, gaizardnen. WiviZeebs qerimoRlebsac etyodnen, Wi-viZeebs delioRlebsac etyvian. erT meheleSi arian. ubes

gorgoeTic arian~. WiviZeebis gvaris gamravlebis Sedegad aS-

karad Cans, rom gvari ramdenime ganayrobad gaiyo: aiSienTi, qerimoRli, delioRli. pirveli mamiSvilobis saxeli Tu

qarTuli sufiqsiT gaformebula, meore da mesame _ Turqu-

liT. eTnografiuli masalebiT, kaxiZeebis winapari `sami Zma gamoqceula, ori SavSeTSi damrCala, erTic farnuxSi Camo-

sula. WalaTaSi dasaxlebulan _ SavSeTis sofelia, erTic

aq WalieTs (WalaZeebi) movida. Cven kaxieTi gvqvian, kaxieT-karebs ityvian, WiviZeebi sadac cxovroben, WivieTkarsac et-yvian~.

xevwvrilSi arian fanjikiZeebi, fanCiZe, davlaze, qacaxa-Ti/qarcaxebi, qarcivaZe, faTajuenTi, qurdoi/qurduebi/qurdi-kiZe, fuqSebi, megrelebi, mixelymienTi, jimuxebi, TodnaZe,

40

goCoRlebi/goCienTi, zazalebi, gamrekliZeebi, kudienTi/kude-bi, Teqinebi, qoroRlebi, fatyuenTi, nunianTlebi, Caxlebi, falazebi, TuTienTi, revazanebi/revazoRlebi/revazebi. xev-

wvrilis es gvarebi soflis 7 ubanSi (mahaleSi) arian gada-

nawilebuli. es mahaleebia: abramienTi, mixelymienTi, megre-lebi, jimuxebi, jamis gaRma, beltieTi, goCoRlebi/goCienTi. abramienTSi mxolod fuqSebi cxovroben. fuqSebi maWaxlidan

yofilan mosuli. adre sxva gvarebsac ucxovriaT, magram

isini aqedan wasulan. mixelymienTSi mxolod mixelymienTebi mkvidroben. `jimuxebi mahales saxelicaa da xalxis saxelic,

erTidaigivea~. eTnografiuli masala qarcaxebis Sesaxeb:

`Cven qarTulad qarcaxebs gvetyvian. qarcivaZe galifi da

Cven ganayrebs vetyviT, sisxli erTia, Zveli ganayrebi varT.

megrelebi adre erTi kvamli yofilan, Semdeg gabevrdnen meg-relebi.~ `Cven beltivri varT. beltiebi daiwva. mTeli dav-laZeebi aq arian. beltieTSi gamrekliZeebi, ruSenebi, qarca-xebi arian, zazalebi muhajirad wasulebi arian. izmiTs, bur-

sas arian zazalebi wasulebi. adgili aqvT aq, aRar modian,

gagdebuli aqvT adgilebi. saqmobaze wasulan aqedan zazale-bi~. `goCienTSi cxovroben kudebi (kudienTi), Teqinebi, qo-roRlebi, fatyuenTi (iqidan gadmosuli fuqSebi arian da aq fatyuenTi daurqmeviaT). fatyuenTi mosuli arian. Cvenic mo-

su-li arian. gamsaxurdia rom iyo, iqidan arian mosuli. dav-laZea beltieTs. iqidan mosuli arian. jimuxebSi marto ji-muxebi arian. jamimahaleSi cxovroben: nunianTlebi, qurdue-bi, fanCiZe, Caxlebi, qacaRebi (beltieTsac arian), TaTujuen-Ti. falazebi aRaravin arian. isinic wabarguli arian. TuTi-enTi dagvaviwyda, mahale. odienTic ori kvamlia. zamTarSi aq

ar rCebian. megrelebSi marto megrelebi varT. sami ganayari varT. is ori kvamli sxvebi arian; maWaxlidan movidnen da

megrelebi gaxdnen. iqidan maWaxlidan beri movida da nene

uTxovia. nene megreli iyo. mixelymianTac qirTuebi arian, sa-mi kvamli. mixelymianTa WenWiebic (WenWaTi) arian. revazien-TSi mTeli revazanebi arian. abramienTSi sul fuqSebi arian. abramianT mahales uZaxian da aq cxovroben fuqSebi. erTi

41

fuqSa SerTulze aris~.

Svidi ubnisagan Sedgeba imerxevis sofeli zaqieTic, ro-

melTagan gvaris saxels atarebs CaqvriZeebi, miqaZeebi, foh-rengeebi (`miqaZeebi gamravlebulan da eseni calke gamoyofi-

an~), yafCinebi, Sobelebi. miwruaTis mahaleSi cxovroben uni-alebi. xevmahaleSi arian nafengvrieTi, sakienTlebi, xojien-Ti. `CaqvriZeebis gvarizobebia: yalaijebi... `Sobelebis gvari-zobebs ras etyodnen, enis wverze migoravs, erTi bajuenTi...~ CixorSic dasturdeba qarTuli gvarebi. erT-erTi aqau-

ri mTxrobelis TqmiT, `Tamazas gvetyvian gvars, wiTelas, falazebi (falazebi xevwvriladan Camosulan). iseve rogorc

imerxevis sxva soflebi, Cixoric mahaleebisagan/ubnebisagan

Sedgeba. ardiawmindaSi cxovroben muradoRlebi, wiTeloRle-bi, eminoRlebi, libanSi _ wvitebi (wvitoRlebi), TeTraqeT-Si _ iSioRlebi, lazoRlebi, furCebi, vardiyanaSi _ (`eqvsi Tve zafxulSi vardiyanaSi arian, eqvsi Tve TeTraqeTSi zam-

TarSi~), berieTSi _ baTumoRli, cvariZe, wurRieTSi/wurieT-Si _ Colaxebi, ombaSoRli, jamikarSi _ vezioRli, ombaSoR-li, maxreTSi _ wiTeloRli, veloRli, WedrulSi (Sarbol-

Si) _ jagvebi, maxarebi. Cixoris yvelaze did sofelSi

(ubanSi) cxovroben maxarebi, kvirtebi, Cortanebi. `TamazoR-lebi da rac CamovTvale yvela ierlebi yofilan. velioRle-bi velidan mosuli yofilan. sxvisTvis Tamazebs adgilebi

miuciaT~. ustamisis mkvidrni yofilan bokvrebi, wiwvinTi da bedinaZe. sayuradReboa, rom aWaraSi (SuaxevSi) imerxevidan qali

yofila gaTxovili, romlisTvisac adgilobrivebs SavSura SeurqmeviaT. aseTi metsaxelebis Serqmeva ki saqarTveloSi

erT---gvari tradicia iyo.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SavSeT-imerxevSi,

miuxedavad imisa, rom is xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi

mowyvetili iyo saqarTvelos da Sedioda sxva saxelmwifos

_ osmaleTis imperiis _ SemadgenlobaSi, qarTuli memkvidre-

obiTi saxelis (gvarsaxelis) tradicia arasdros Sewyveti-

la. xalxis maxsovrobam memkvidreobiTi saxelebi (gvarebi)

42

dRemde Semoinaxa _ tradicia ar gawyvetila. marTalia, uSu-

alod SavSeTSi eTnikuri qarTvelebi asimilirdnen (`gadab-

rundnen~), magram gvari rom aqac tradiciuli iyo, amas XIX

saukunis rusuli dokumentebi mowmoben _ soflebi da sof-

lis ubnebi xSir SemTxvevaSi gvaris saxels atarebdnen.

SavSeTis imerxevis mxareSi gvaris gareSe arcerTi qarT-

veli ar yofila. bevr gvars hqonda gvaris danayofic. gvaris

danayofebi iyo rogorc Zveli, ise SedarebiT axali,

TurqTa mmarTvelobis dros, islamis miRebis Semdeg warmoqm-

nili. magaliTad, iSxneliZeebi karamamedoRlebad iqcnen, kvi-rikaZeebi duraRoRlad, aRiZeebi _ yadioRlad, Tumca Tavda-pirveli qarTuli gvari ar daukargavT. imerxevelebi TavianT

gvarebs awarmoeben ZiriTadad ramdenime qarTuli sufiqsiT: -

Ze, -eT, -enT, -eb. imerxevelTa metyvelebaSi gvarebis warmoT-

qmis dros zogjer qarTul sufiqsebs Turquli -oRli su-

fiqsic enacvleba, magaliTad, kakaboRli, e. i. kakabaZe. imerxevSi bevri iseTi gvari dasturdeba, romlebsac

aqeT saqarTveloSi paraleli ar daeZebneba (magaliTad, fi-lipiZe). saqarTveloSi bevri gadmocemaa Semonaxuli gvarebis

warmomavlobis, adrindeli gvarebs Sesaxeb. analogiuri gad-

mocemebi imerxevSic ara erTi da oria daculi. miuTiTeben

adrindel gvarebsac. butiZeebi imis gamo, rom imnaZis mamul-

ze daesaxlnen, imnaZis gvarSi zesiZed Sevidnen, imnaZeebad iq-cnen. gvaris aseTi Secvla ki saerTo qarTuli taradicia

gaxldaT. imerxevSic xdeboda erTi saerTo gvaridan ramdeni-

me gvaris gamoyofa. magaliTad, zurabienTi, avjienTi, goli-enTi, samolienTi saerTo sisxlisani arian. xSirad gvari da

adgilis saxeli (ubani) erTi saxeliTaa gadmocemuli: cici-enTi, baTileTi, TaTuenTi... imerxevSi usufiqso gvarebic dasturdeba: SamaTa, zobe-bi, CaxmaxCebi, fuqCebi... magram Wirs imis garkveva, es anTro-ponimebi gvarsaxelebia, gvaris danayofebi, Tu gvaris metsa-

xelebi (anu `saginebeli gvarebi~ _ misagnebeli gvarebi, ro-

gorc es guriasa da zemo imereTSia. magaliTad guriis so-

fel xidisTavSi kalandaZeebi ramdenime aseT `saginebel gva-

43

rad~ iyofian: najaxe, ireme, turie, RinWipure... xolo mama-

Tel gogeliebs mxolod erT `saginebeli~/gvaris metsaxeli

_ ingrexa gaaCniaT). eTnoistoriuli TvalsazrisiT amas ar-

sebiTi mniSvneloba arca aqvs. mTavaria, rom isini memkvidre-

obiTi saxelebia, romlebic Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda, e.

i. ucxo eTnikur garemoSi tradicia grZeldeboda, miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom am tradicias safuZveli gamoclili hqonda.

SavSeT-imerxevSi memkvidreobiTi saxelis aRmniSvneli

qarTuli termini _ `gvari~ _ faqtobrivad ar Semonaxula.

mxolod erTxel iqna is dadasturebuli `goris~ formiT.

samagierod, gvaris danayofis aRsaniSnavad ramdenimejer da-

dasturda termini `gvarizoba~ (`CaqvriZeebis gvarizobebia:

yalaijebi... `Sobelebis gvarizobebs ras etyodnen, enis wver-ze migoravs, erTi bajuenTi...~). imerxevSi gvarebis Sesaxeb Sekrebli eTnografiuli masa-

lebiT dasturdeba migraciuli procesebic. SeiniSneba migra-

cia kolisa da artaanis istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi-

dan, aWaridan, maWaxlidan da raWidanac ki.

44

eTnografiuli klarjeTi

SavSeTis dasavleTiT klarjeTis istoriul-eTnografiu-

li mxarea. klarjeTs gasasvleli hqonda Sav zRvaze. md. Wo-

roxis dinebis auzSi mdebare klarjeTis `qveyana~ moicavda

murRulis, egris, artanujis, nigalis da sxva xevebs. klar-

jeTi Zveli qarTlis (iberiis) samefoSi saerisTavos saxiT

Sedioda. erisTavis rezidencia artanujSi iyo. adre Sua sa-ukuneebidan artanuji bizantias, aRmosavleTsa da saqarTve-

los Soris aRebmicemobis centrad gadaiqca. dRes aq Semor-

Cenilia didi cixe-naqalaqari, romelic qarTuli wyaroebis

mixedviT vaxtang gorgasalma aaSena. konstantine porfiroge-neti aRniSnavda imasac, rom mTeli qveyana (klarjeTi taos-

Tan erTad) moculia kargad gakeTebuli gzebiT; ganviTarebu-

lia sarwyavi sistema; ferdobebi da mTebis xeobebi saucxoo-

daa damuSavebuli da warmoadgenen walkotebs. vaxtang gor-gasals aq eklesia-monastrebi (opiza, Sindoba, axiza, mere) auSenebia. VIII saukuneSi aq damkvidrda bagrationTa samefo

dinastia, romelTa mefoba saqarTveloSi XIX saukunemde

gagrZelda. VIII saukuneSi arabebma klarjeTi gaapartaxes.

gadarCenili mosaxleobis nawili epidemiam mospo. IX sauku-

nis dasawyisSi mefe aSot I-ma mxare aRadgina da aq didi sa-monastro mSenebloba gaiSala grigol xanZTelis TaosnobiT. klarjeTSi araerTi qarTuli eklesia-monasteri (`klarje-

Tis didebuli udabnoni~) iyo aSenebuli: parexi, berTa, mij-naZori, wyarosTavi, dolisyana, jmerki, daba, Satberdi... klarjeTSi ijda anCeli episkoposi. XVI saukuneSi klarje-

Ti, sxva qarTul istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebTan erTad,

osmalebma daipyres.

XIX saukuneSi klarjeTis Sesaxeb giorgi yazbegi wer-da: `Woroxis sanapiros mcxovreblebi sufTa qarTuls lapa-

rakoben. isini lamazi tipiT da kargi gonebrivi TvisebebiT

gamoirCevian. es qveyana odiTganve sufTa qarTuli rasis ak-

45

vans warmoadgenda da axla, bedis ukuRmarTobis miuxedavad,

SeinarCuna Tavisi Zveli Rirseba~33.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi klarjeTSi imogzaura niko marma, romelmac qarTulad molaparake klarjelebi sakmaod

naxa. 1886 wlis saojaxo siebiT klarjeTSi qarTvelebis ra-

odenoba 9.246-iT ganisazRvreboda (arTvinis ubanSi _ 6.913

kaci, artanujis ubanSi _ 2.333)34. (`ardanujis uCastkaSi aTi sofelia, romlebsac `gurjiqovs~ uZaxian. am aT sofel-Si laparakoben wmida qarTuls. isinic ardanujidan Sors arian. im aT sofelSi SesaniSnavia `gevrada~ sofeli, saca mohyavT mSvenieri yurZeni da Rvino~35). xolo 1907-1908

wlebis monacemebiT mTlianad klarjeTis qarTuli mosaxle-

oba 16.425 kaciT ganisazRvreboda, Sesabamisad arTvinis uban-

Si 7.741 suli da artanujis ubanSi _ 8 684 suli36.

klarjeTis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb Zalian mniSvnelovania

zaza SaSikaZis mier TurqeTis arqivebSi gamovlenili 1835

wlis aRweris masalebi, romlis mixedviTac artanujis li-vaSi 48 sofeli Sedioda, xolo livanis livis arTvinisa da murRulis kazebSi _ 32, livanis livis berTisa da sinkoTis nahieebSi _ 23. amas emateba baTumis livis reestrSi Seyvani-li 7 sofeli (borCxa, wiTureTi, arCveTi, Wvarebi, katafxia, baznauli, murkveTi) da baTumis sanjayis gonios nahies 3

sofeli (qvemo maradidi, zemo maradidi, mirveTi). klarje-

Tis rva sofeli imave periodSi Seyvanili iyo istoriuli

taos kavkaseTisa da bedazoris nahieebSi; es soflebia: cria, orjoxi, melo, vardisxevi, xezori, xodi, xuxmali da bina-Ti. TiTqmis mTlianad qarTulia soflis saxelebi. zemoT

dasaxelebul artanujisa da livanas arTvinisa da murRulis

33 g. yazbegi. sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1995, gv.

116. 34 Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края, извле-ченных из посемейных списков 1886. Тифл. 1893 35 s. aslaniSvili-bavreli. werilebi `osmalos saqarTveloze~, Tb.,

2008, gv. 118. 36 Кавказский календарь. 1910, ч.1.

46

kazebSi, agreTve berTisa da sinkoTis nahieebSi. mxolod yve-

laze did ramdenime sofels CamovTvliT: tanZoTi (106 kom-li), zenskara (100 komli), klarjeTi (71 komli). saxre (77 komli), samwyari (87 komli), unisxevi (88 komli), xatila (104 komli), arxva (77 komli), berTa (117 komli), dolisya-na (132 komli), Suaxevi (106 komli), qlasquri (116 komli),

devsqeli (60 komli), adaguli (73 komli)... daangariSebu-

lia, rom aRniSnuli droisaTvis istoriuli klarjeTis te-

ritoriaze daaxloebiT 6.300 muslimi komli da agreTve 571

qristianuli komli (somexur-grigorianuli da somxur-kaTo-

likuri sarwmunoebisani, romelac umetesoba aseve warmomav-

lobiT qarTveli iyo). mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba

38.000 iyo. SeuZlebelia kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtic

ar aRvniSnoT _ arTvinis mahaleebs (ubnebs) Soris ori qar-

Tuli toponimicaa dasaxelebuli: `xaSaraZis mahale~ da

`gorZulis mahale~37.

klarjeTs, da saerTod samxreT saqarTvelos yvela is-

toriul-eTnografiul mxares demografiuli TvalsazrisiT

didi dartyma miayena ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omma.

garda imisa, rom saomar asparezze qarTvelma mahmadianebma

didi materialuri zarali ganicades, omis damTavrebasa da

istoriuli saqarTvelos ruseTis imperiaSi gadasvlas moh-

yva maTi osmaleTSi _ marmarilos zRvis regionsa da Savi

zRvis samxreTiT gadasaxleba. zogierTi xeoba (magaliTad,

murRulis xeoba) mTlianad daicala mosaxleobisagan. saer-

To jamSi, maSindeli oficialuri rusuli monacemebiT, Wo-

roxis auzidan qarTveli mahmadianebis erTi mesamedi gadasax-

lda (daaxloebiT 38.000 kaci). aRniSnul regionebSi qar-

Tvel muhajirTa STamomavlebSi mopovebuli eTnografiuli

masalebiT (arapirdapiri monacemebiT), muhajirobis mizezi

iyo ara mxolod religia, aramed ekonomikuri da demografi-

uli faqtorebi. regioni iyo gadametsaxlebuli. saxnav-saTe-

si miwis naklebobam da im faqtma, rom TurqeTis xelisuf-

37 klarjeTi. m. faRavas redaqciiT, baTumi, 2016, gv. 38-42.

47

leba maT didi raodenobiT miwas urigebda, migracias masob-

rivi xasiaTi misca. maSindel erT-erT rus avtors aRniSnu-

li aqvs, rom muhajiroba naklebad moxda saxnavi miwebiT Se-

darebiT mdidari mxareebidan38. muhajirobis Semdegac ganic-

didnen miwis deficits adgilobrivi qarTvelebi. igive avto-

ri werda, rom `muSaxeli proporciulad didia, vidre dasa-

muSavebeli miwis farTobi~39. `marTalia, miwaTmoqmedeba qvey-

nis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi dargia, magram igi mis moTxovnebs

mTlianad ver akmayofilebs, radganac TviT miwis savargule-

bi cotaa. mdeloebi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba, Woroxis deltis

da am mdinaris CrdiloeTiT zRvispira zolis gamoklebiT,

mTeli mxare Sesdgeba xeobebis da tyiT dafaruli damreci

ferdobebisagan. axali miwis nakveTis damuSaveba did Sromas-

Tanaa dakavSirebuli. aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi, monaxo mi-

wis iseTi sivrce, romlis zedapiri ar iqneba Zalze daxri-

li, raTa misi damuSavebis dros ar gagiWirdes fexze dgo-

ma~40. kidev erTi amonaridi: `miwis nakleboba qveyanaSi imde-

nad didia, rom gasagebi xdeba puris mosavlis is simcire,

romelsac yovelwliurad iReben, gansakuTrebiT zogierT

ubanSi. am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze arakeTilsaimedo pirobeb-

Sia arTvinis ubani, romelic warmodgenilia kldovani da ve-

luri xeobiT~41. rusi avtoris sityviT, purze danakliss

adgilobrivi mosaxleoba mezobel mxareebSi ZiriTadad axal-

cixisa da artaanis mxareebSi xilze gacvliT ivsebs, e. i. am

SemTxvevaSic gamosavali mWidro sameurneo-ekonomikri kavSi-

rebi iyo.

artanujis midamoebSi dRes faqtobrivad eTnikuri qar-

Tvelebi aRar mosaxleoben. rogorc irkveva, isini meore

msoflio omis Semdeg bursaSi gadaasaxles. gadasaxlebis mi-

zezi ki gaxda gazeT `pravdaSi~ stalinis SekveTiT simon janaSiasi da niko berZeniSvilis statiis gamoqveyneba, ro- 38 v. lisovski. Woroxis mxare, baTumi, 2015, gv. 52. 39 v. lisovski. Woroxis mxare, baTumi, 2015, gv. 102. 40 v. lisovski. Woroxis mxare, baTumi, 2015, gv. 103. 41 v. lisovski. Woroxis mxare, baTumi, 2015, gv. 105.

48

melSic dasabuTebuli iyo, rom TurqeTSi Semavali tao-

klarjeTi saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili iyo. faqtia, rom

artanujelebi daisajnen rogorc qarTvelebi. magram dRes,

sami Taobis Semdeg sakuTari miwa-wylidan ayril-gadasaxle-

bul artanujelTa STamomavlebma aRarc qarTuli ician da

aRarc `gurjobas~ aRiareben. arc Turqebad gaiazreben Tavs

da kiTxvaze Tu romel eTnoss miekuTvnebian, pasuxoben, rom

`ardanujelebi~ arian. faqtia, rom isini daisajnen rogorc

eTnikuri qarTvelebi da fsiqologiuri faqtoridan gamomdi-

nare (rom momavalSi kvlav ar dasjiliyvnen rogorc qarTve-

lebi), maleve uari Tqves TavianT qarTvelobaze. sxvaTa So-

ris, imave periodSi TurqeTis xelisuflebas klarjeTis

sxva mxareebSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis ayra-gadasaxlebac

surda. magram, eTnografiuli masalebiT irkveva, rom am mi-

zans xelisuflebam ver miaRwia, radgan qarTvelebma didi

winaaRmdegoba gauwies. devsqelisa da qlaskuris xeobebSi

mcxovrebi qarTvelebi tyeSi gaixiznen da jars iqidan uwev-

dnen winaaRmdegobas. sami Tvis brZolis Semdeg eTnikurma

qarTvelebma TurqeTis xelisufleba aiZula gadawyvetileba-

ze xeli aeRo, radgan tyidan isini jars ufro met zians

ayenebdnen.

artanujis midamoebis sofelTa saxelwodebebi iyo: bi-ja, vartyelia, varTxeli, gelaSeni, goraSeTi, anagerti, an-Wkora, axarSia, axiza, baca, gulija, gulika, enirabaTi, Ju-go, iSkinari, kaptaxori, karenia, kaSuxti, qvamWireTi, klar-jeTi, qorenia, longoTxevi, macalaxeTi, mecagili, muqeri, norgieli, ofisWala, orToxi, fetobani (am saxelwodebiT

sofeli focxovSic iyo), saRara, samsxari, saxre, suagora, sxlobani, xarauli, xeva, xemoRreTi, xerTvisi da sxva. bor-Cxis siaxloves katafxiis sazogadoebis soflebi iyo: arCue-Ti (arCveTi), beRlevani, murkiveTi, neZvia, oxordia, skurCa, sujuna, cocxeba, WkadueTi, enimaRla... iqve devsqelisa da

qlaskuris xeobebis soflebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT: bagi-ni, devsqeli, qvintauri, zedubani, kincxureTi, qlaskuri, Winkuri, Subana, adaguli, nagia, ebrika, petruli...

49

muhajirobamde mTlianad qarTuli iyo xatilas xeoba42. xatilelebis gadasaxlebis mizezi somexTa teroristuli

saqmianoba yofila. xatilelebis nawili marmarilos zRvis

regionSi cxovrobs. sofel reSadieSi mcxovrebi xatiladan

migrirebulis STamomavali aRniSnavs: `Cven xatiladan mosu-

lebi varT. maSin xatilaSi samasi ojaxi yofila. iq somxebi

misulan, Cveni berikacebi duuklian, RamiT dadiodnen. Zroxe-

bi Teli wuuyvanian. amdgaran da wamosulan~43.

XIX saukuneSi klarjeTs taosTan erTad, ufro swo-

rad, mTel Woroxis xeobas `livanad~ moixseniebdnen, rom-lis Sesaxeb XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi werdnen: `saerTod

livanaSi Zalian bevria Zveli eklesia. zogi mTelia da dRem-

de SemorCenila kedlis mxatvroba berTaSi, artanujis ax-los, arTvinidan rva saaTis savalze, aris Tamar mefis dro-

indeli cixe eklesiiTurT... berTaSi ramdenime sxva eklesiac

aris, erT maTgans axla meCeTad xmaroben~. `livanel musli-

mebs SemorCeniaT wasuli qristianuli drois mogoneba. 30-

ode wlis winaT maTSi qristes farul aRmsarebelsac Sex-

vdebodiT; axla aseTebi aRar arian. qarTulad mTel livana-

Si laparakoben, Tumca arc ise wmindad. qarTuli yvelaze

metad gavrcelebulia soflis mosaxleobaSi~44. igive avto-

ri klarjelTa da taoelTa eTnografiuli yofis zogierT

realiazec werda: `rac Seexeba livanas, igi yvelaze ufro

nayofierad iTvleba lazistanis safaSos ubnebs Soris. aq

awarmoeben cvils, romelic adgilze 18 man. Rirs fuTi, ab-

reSums, moyavT zeTisxili, Cinebuli msxali da vaSli; aq

yvela jiSis yurZeni modis. livanaSi vazi xeebzea gaSenebu-

li. muslimebi mas metwilad foTsa da axalcixeSi yidian.

qristianebi ki Rvinos ayeneben, wuraven qarTulad _ SiSveli

fexebiT sawnaxelSi da inaxaven qvevrebSi, romlebic bloma-

42 xatilas xeoba eTnologiurad Seiswavla rozeta gujejianma. man am Temaze moxseneba waikiTxa tao-klarjeTisadmi miZRvnil sa-

erTaSoriso konferenciaze. 43 i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi _ enobrivi viTareba, gv. 251. 44 d. baqraZe. arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, gv. 42.

50

daa SemorCenili~. meRvineobis ganviTarebas eTnografiuli ma-

salac adasturebs: `didvani dergebi iyo, dergSi Rvinos vas-

xamdiT~45. klarjeTSi mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis ganviTarebaze

miuTiTebda niko maric: `koSkidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, po-

rtis xevis zemoT, ferdobze, SemorCenilia sawnaxeli. aq,

uSualod sawnaxelis qvemoT, miedineba wyaros wyalic. saw-

naxeli aSenebulia qvebiT amoyvanil terasaze. TviT sawnaxe-

li sigrZiT 1 saJeni da 11 1/4 gojia, sigane _ 1 arSini da

9 3/4 goji. ... sawnaxeli moTavsebulia kamarovan CaRrmaveba-

Si. ... mezoblad mosaxle somxebi, magaliTad artanujelebi,

amJamad erkvevian mxolod erTi CaRrmavebis daniSnulebaSi,

romelic CrdiloeT kidesTan mdebareobs: rodesac pirveli

Rvino Camoedineba (amisaTvis ori adamiani fexiT Wyleten

mtevnebad Cayril yurZens) da Semdeg Rvino ukve ar Cadis

sawnaxelidan rofSi, mtevnebs agroveben erT, CrdiloeT

kuTxeSi, maTze ficrebs deben, ficrebze _ xis tumbebs, am

tumbebs ki awvebian moriT: moris erTi mxare CarWobilia im

CrdiloeT CaRrmavebaSi; meore, gare boloze ki Camoacvamen

mZime, gaburRul qvas, romelsac sawnexs uwodeben. Semdeg es ,,sawnexi’’ moZraobaSi moyavT ,,wneliT~ (Sdr. qarT. wkneli), bawriT, romelic damzadebulia muxis wnelebisgan da moedi-

neba yvelaze saukeTeso, magari Rvino, romelsac `naqanCi~

ewodeba: ... qvabi adgilze ar Cans, magram sawnaxelis wina,

kedelSi samxreT kuTxesTan gamoWrilia tolferda samkuT-

xedis formis xvreli (simaRle 4 goji, fuZe _ 2-3 goji):

xvrelidan RariT uSvebdnen wvens. is Rari axlac aris. zus-

tad aseve wuraven yurZnidan wvens Turqebi (qarTveli mu-

sulmanebi). ase magaliTad, jmerksa da gverdaSi, sadac bev-

ria aseTi Zveli sawnaxelebi. wvens yiduloben somxebi baTma-

nis moculobis doqebiT (6 oya=18 funts) da artanujSi ag-

zavnian. umTavresad aq mzaddeba kidec Rvino~46.

45 i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi _ enobrivi viTareba, gv. 71. 46 n. mari. SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi mogzaurobis dRiurebi, revaz

diasamiZis Targmani, baTumi, 2012, gv. 349-350.

51

`misTvis cnobili livanis dasaxlebuli punqtebidan ne-gaSevma (dimitri baqraZis mTxrobeli - r.T.) daasaxela ise-

Tebi, romelTagan zogi aRniSnulia axlandel rukebze, zo-

gic ara da TiTqmis yvela maTi saxelwodeba qarTulia. ase-

Tebi: maradidi, kaTafxia, borCxa, mamawminda, bari, sveti, lomaSeni, singoTi, wyaloqro, artanuji, berTa, gverda, or-jaxi, anCa, anakerti, xliTi, parxali da uTavi. maTgan arTvi-ni livanis mTavari qalaqia~. 1886 wlis saojaxo siebiT ar-

Tvinis ubnis soflebi iyo: berTa (misi ubani iyo opiza), da-bajimerki, dolisyana, forTa, wyalTeTra (misi ubani iyo

gorda), agara, boselTa, giasyana, gurjani, xeZori, sveti, svetibari (misi ubnebi iyo: lomaSeni, maxluZe, WarbieTi), wria _ yvela am sofelSi am dros Turqebi iyvnen aRric-

xulni. qarTvelebi iyvnen gansaxlebulni: beSaulSi, irsa-axaldabaSi, qvacxanaSi, sinkoTSi (ubnebi _ baRaTi, vake, sava-ili), adurCaSi, ZansulSi, durCaSi, kabarjeTSi, korideTSi, avanoSi, arxoaSi, giavilSi, dampalaSi, qarTlaSi, orjaSi, trapenSi, TxilazurSi (misi ubani iyo lomaSeni), naWviaSi, urZumaSi, xatilaSi (am soflis ubanTa saxelwodebebi iyo _

depaniZe, imediZe, muxnara, nayevari), xodSi, bagaSi, goglieT-Si, jolaulSi, juvanSi, yvamWireTSi, zemo yuraSi, qvemo yu-raSi, poroseTSi, CxaleTSi, ereRunSi da sxva. vaxuStis da-xasiaTebiT `da ars es livanis ÃÃeoba, TÂnier siviwrovisa, friad nayofieri narinjiT, TurinjiT, limoniT, zeTisxiliT,

broweuliT, leRÂT, venaxiT, xiliT Semkobili, da qebulni

muneburni yovelnive. marcvalni yovelni nayofierebs, garna

siviwroviT ver sTesven brinj-bambas~.

1901 wels aq imogzaura evgeni veidenbaumma, romelic

aRniSnavda, rom `aqamde zogierT adgilis mkvidrT brwyinva-

le dResaswaulis win Cveulebad aqvT uZvelesi eklesiebis

nangrevebis monaxuleba da anTebuli sanTlebis dadgma~47.

47 e. veindebaumi. baTumidan arTvinamde (mgzavris Canawerebi), Tb.,

2005, gv. 54.

52

klarjeTi ruseTis xelisuflebis dros ori ubnisagan

Sedgeboda, eseni iyo artanujisa da arTvinis ubnebi (bor-

Cxis 11 sofeli baTumis ubanSi iyo Seyvanili). orive zemo

aRniSnuli ubnis _ artanujisa da arTvinis _ saerTo far-

Tobi 2.053 kv. km.-s aWarbebda.

klarjeTis meurnebas manam SevexebiT SeuZlebelia ar

gavixsenoT leonti mrovelis sityvebi misi reliefis Sesa-

xeb, rac, bunebrivia misi meurneobis formebsac ganapirobeb-

da: `...da veravin Sevidoda mavne klarjeTs, rameTu Seuvali

da magari iyo tyiTa, kldiTa, da mkvidrni klarjeTisani iy-

vnes kacni mkvircxni da mxedarnica~.

klarjeTSi meurneoba simbiozuri formis iyo, miwaTmoq-

medeba da mesaqonleoba erTmaneTs avsebda. icodnen axos aRe-

ba _ aq es procesi iseTive iyo, rogorc danarCen saqarTve-

loSi. saxnav-saTes miwebs yanebs uwodebdnen. yanebis arealis

gafarToveba kordi miwebis damuSavebiTac xdeboda. yanebi

dasturdeba soflis teritoriazec da soflidan daSorebi-

Tac. daSorebul yanebs gareyanebs uwodeben. gareyanebi rad-

gan soflebidan sak-maod daSorebuli iyo, amitom mosaxleo-

bas aq agebuli hqonda damxmare sameurneo daniSnulebis nage-

bobebi. moyavdaT fetvi, Wvavi, qeri, xorbali. xorblis jiSe-

bidan klarjeTSi moyavdaT `dika~, `doli~ (am ukanaskneli

saxeobis siZvelis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs klarjeTis soflis

`dolis-yanis~ saxelwodebac, romelic `grigol xanZTelis

cxovrebaSia~ moxseniebuli). marcvleuli kulturebidan,

iseve rogorc dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aqac XIX saukunidan

simindis kultura gabatonda. klarjeTSi marcvals kaloze

lewavdnen. aRebul purs gacxrilavdnen, Semdeg `CvalSi~

(tomara) Cayridnen da Releze waiRebdnen da wyalSi garec-

xavdnen. Semdeg sami dRis ganmavlobaSi `mziTvalSi~ aSrob-

dnen. bolos ki wisqvilSi mihqondaT dasafqvavad. coms go-

bebSi zelavdnen, rasac `comis dediT~ aamJavebdnen. `murRu-

lis xeobaSi dafiqsirda kaloobis metad Taviseburi wesi,

romelic Cveulebrivi lewvis procesisagan gansxvavdeboda.

kerZod, kalos SuaSi xis magar boZs Caasobdnen, ise rom mas

53

diregis irgvliv Tavisuflad emoZrava. onWivars erT mxares rkinis jaWviT an TokiT damagrebuli hqonda kevri, xolo

Zelis win, meore mxares ori kaci idga, romlebic diregis

irgvliv kevrs atrialebdnen. onWivarSi zogjer am mizniT

xar-marxilsac ubamdnen~48.

klarjebma icodnen urTierTdaxmareba. Toxnis dros

aseT daxmarebas nadi ewodeboda da, rac mTavaria, am dros mamakacebi `elesas~ mRerodnen.

klarjeTSi mohyavdaT seli da gavrcelebuli iyo mebre-

Sumeoba, ris Sesaxeb informacia dimitri baqraZes moepoveba: `livanuri seli fuTi maneTad gadis. baTumuri, Curuqsuuli

da gansakuTrebiT arTvinuli abreSumi fuTi 100 maneTamde

fasobs~49.

icodnen miwis saqonlis nakeliT ganoyiereba. miwis nak-

veTze nakeli SehqondaT rogorc marxilebiTa da xezeki-ci-

gebiT, ise cxenze akidebuli godrebiT (aseT godrebs fskeri

exsneboda da nakelic cxenis zurgidan godris mouxsnelad

niadagze icleboda). amisaTvis mdinaris Slamsac gamoiyeneb-

dnen. klarjeTis landSafti (didi raodenobiT ferdobebi)

miwismomqmeds terasebis keTebisaken ubiZgebda. garda tradi-

ciuli terasebisa nigalis xeobaSi scodniaT xiT Semosili

terasebic, rasac uwodebdnen sankalas, onkalaSas da kadons. terasebis kedlebs klarjeli qarTvelebi ZiriTadad qviSana-

revi miwiT avsebdnen. rogorc eTnologma roin malaymaZem daadastura liganis xeobis qvemo welis soflebSi ferdobi

adgilis dasafexurebuli zedapiris aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneb-

dnen Zvel qarTul termins _ `oroki~. klarjeTSi miwaTmoq-

medeba sarwyavi iyo. rogorc niko mari miuTiTebda, baRebis

morwyva sofel dolisyanaSi eklesiaze gamosaxuli saaTis

mixedviT xdeboda. miuTiTeben, rom eklesiebze gamosaxul

mzis saaTebs marto ornamentisa da drois aRricxvis fun-

48 r. malaymaZe. liganis xeoba (istoriul-eTnografiuli gamokvle-

va), Tb., 2008, gv. 85. 49 d. baqraZe. arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, gv. 25.

54

qcia ki ar hqonda, aramed wminda praqtikulic _ rwyvisaT-

vis gankuTvnil dros aRricxavdnen. klarjelebi misdevdnen

Teslmonacvleobas. miwis ganoyierebis Semdeg pirvelad Te-

savdnen qers, meore wels siminds, Semdeg purs an qerdikas

da, bolos, Tambaqos rgavdnen.

eTnografiuli masalebiT xerxdeba saxvneli iaraRebis

dadgena; esenia: sakuTriv saxvneli, kavuri, aruna, jilRa. lewavdnen kevriT da cexvavdnen sacexveliT. mniSvnelovani

adgili ekava mevenaxeobas. Tavis droze meRvineobis maRali

kulturis maCvenebelia SemorCenili Wurebi da sawnaxlebi.

eTnologma roin malaymaZem liganis xeobaSi vazis 20-mde

jiSi gamoavlina: Cxaveri, koloSa, mekrenCxi, livanuri, Sav-Suri, meliskuda, orjoxuli, singoTuri, istambulai, xariT-vala, WiWimeri, CitayurZena, jineSi, butko, cxenis-ZuZu, TeTrai, saferavi, dedaberai, usaxelo.50 aq XIX saukunis

70-ian wlebSic ki umzadebiaT Rvino da arayi. am faqtis re-

alurobis damadasturebelia, is, rom aqedan (konkretulad,

xeba-maradidis mxridan) sinopSi wasul muhajirTa STamomav-

lebs dResac ar SeuwyvetiaT aRniSnuli tradiacia _ Rvinis

dayeneba. XIX saukuneSi liganSi yurZens Zveli qarTuli

tradiciiT sawnaxelSi wuravdnen da Cveulebriv Rvinos qvev-

rebSi inaxavdnen. ganviTarebuli iyo mebaReobac; dimitri baq-

raZis Tanaxmad, yvela jiSis yurZeni modioda. venaxi maRla-

ri hqoniaT. muslimebi yurZens foTsa da axalcixeSi yiddnen.

aq yovelnairi xili xarobda. gamoyvanili hqondaT vaSlis,

msxlis, qliavis uamravi jiSi, romelTa saxelwodebebi bo-

tanikur leqsikonSi uTuod dasafiqsirebelia. zeTisxili ga-

sayidadac gahqonebiaT. marto liganis xeobaSi XIX saukuneSi

ocdaaT tonaze met zeTisxils krefdnen. zeTisxils albob-

dnen, amarilebdnen da tikebSi inaxavdnen. livanuri zeTisxi-

li Semodioda axalcixesa da TbilisSi. saxnavi miwis nakle-

boba klarjelebs aiZulebda aqcenti mebaReobaze gadaetanaT.

amas sxva faqtoric uwyobda xels _ Woroxis siaxlovis

50 r. malaymaZe. liganis xeoba, gv. 92.

55

wyalobiT xils ZiriTadad baTumSi yiddnen (agreTve gasac-

vlelad mihqondaT artaansa da javaxeTSi). xilisagan amza-

debdnen Cirs, tylaps, baqmazs, bostneulisagan _ mwnils.

dResac klarjelTa ezoebs amSvenebs `saZigvelebi~ _ mar-

cvleulis gasacexvi da xilis dasanayi. aseTi didi zomis

saZigvelebi soflebSi qarTlasa da damfalaSi daadastura

eTnologma nodar SoSitaSvilma, pirvelis diametri 75 san-

timetri iyo, meorisa _ 90. saZegvelSi moTavsebul mar-

cvleuls kakutiT _ xis sabegviT cexvavdnen51. 1574 wlis `gurjistanis vilaeTis davTriT~ irkveva,

rom klarjeTSi bambac moyavdaT. bambaze Sewerili hqonda ga-

dasaxadi artanujis TiTqmis yvela sofels52.

mefutkreoba saTanado doneze iyo ganviTarebuli. mas

dResac misdeven. skebTan erTad kvlav aris SemorCenili er-

Tian xeSi gamoyvanili _ `yavrani~. XIX saukuneSi aqauri

cvili, romelic fuTi 18 maneTi Rirda, odesasa da konstan-

tinepolSi gahqondaT.

klarjeTSi xelosnobis mravali dargi iyo dawinaurebu-

li: qvisa da xis damuSaveba, mWedloba, meTuneoba, feiqroba,

kiris gamowva, civi da cecxlsasroli iaraRis damzadeba. na-

osnobas misdevdnen maradidSi, xebasa da borCxaSi.53 klarje-

Tis liganis xeobaSi mkvidrTa meurneoba mokled da kargada

aqvs daxasiaTebuli evgeni veidenbaums: `borCxelebis mTavari

saqmianobaa aguris moWra, kramitisa da Tixis doqebis keTeba:

isini am nakeTobebiT amaragebdnen Woroxisa da baTumis sana-

piroebs. xvna-Tesvas naklebad etanebian. es gasagebicaa: Wo-

roxis mTel sanapirozeYamisaTvis xelsayreli adgili arc

aris. xnulebi pataraa, erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili qvis ked-

lebiT da mdebareobs cicabo maRlobze. borCxaSi modis kar-

gi yurZeni, romelic mxolod Txevad mdgomareobaSi gavsin-

51 n. SoSitaSvili. sameurneo-yofiTi kultura SavSeT-imerxevSi,

gv. 209. 52 1574 wlis gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari. nodar Senge-

lias gamocema, Tb., 2016, gv. 389-417. 53 r. malaymaZe. liganis xeoba, Tb., 2008.

56

jeT~. amrigad, XX saukunis dasawyisSi Woroxis xeobaSi

kvlav misdevdnen mevenaxeobas; miwaTmoqmedeba terasuli iyo;

erT-erT ZiriTad saqmianobas ki meTuneoba warmoadgenda. igi-

ve avtori imazedac saubrobs da gakvirvebulia, rom borCxis

duqnebSi qarTvelebi vaWroben da ara somxebio. rac Seexeba

murRulis xeobas, veidenbaumi xazs usvams, rom murRule-

lebs mohyavdaT xorbali da farTod misdevdnen vaSlis moy-

vanas.

klarjeTis liganis xeobaSi gavrcelebuli yofila pa-

tara tanis adgilobrivi jiSis msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa

saqoneli. saqonlisaTvis balaxs soflidan moSorebiT mdeba-

re saTibebze Tibavdnen. Tivas ki iqve arsebul xis nagebobaSi

_ qorSi inaxavdnen (analogiuri qorebi hqondaT SavSeT-imer-

xevSi. aq isini saxlebis siaxloves edgaT). maisis TveSi sa-

qoneli sazafxulo ialaRebze gadahyavdaT. devsqelis xeobis

mosaxleobas iailebi karCxlis mTaze hqondaT (iseve rogorc

maWaxlelebsa da imerxevlebs). XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi

yvelaze meti saqoneli artanujis ubanSi yoliaT (am mxriv

samxreT saqarTveloSi SavSeTic gamoirCeoda). amis SesaZleb-

lobas ki maT bunebriv-geografiuli garemo aZlevda. `klar-

ji mesaqonleebi saukeTeso yvels amzadebdnen. qlaskurisa da

maWaxlis mxares cnobili iyo e. w. lori yveli, Coqeleli, romelsac maWaxluraic erqva. es iyo e. w. `gatenili yveli~.

Cveulebriv yvels amJavebdnen da wnavdnen. aseTi yveli Cle-

Cils gavda~. `cnobili iyo dafSvnili yvelis (Sdr. SavSuri fSvnilai) damzadebis kulturac, aseT yvels, mTxroblis

sityviT, `movxrakavdiT da mere SevWamdiT~54.

klarjeTis liganis/nigalis xeobaSi SemorCenilia xal-

xuri dResaswaulebic, kerZod, SuamToba, kavkasori da mem-xlianoba. SuamToba, rogorc cnobilia, Woroxis auzSi mde-

bare sxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis dResaswaulic

iyo. SuamToba ZiriTadad mesaqonleobasTan iyo dakavSirebu-

54 n. mgelaZe. klarjeTis eTnologia _ klarjeTi, baTumi, 2016,

gv. 317, 318.

57

li da saqonlis sazafxulo saZovrebze alpur zonaSi, e. w.

iailebze tardeboda. kavkasoris dResaswaulze ki SemorCeni-

lia xarebis Sejaxebis tradicia55.

sayuradReboa, rom Woroxis xeobaSi dRemdea SemorCeni-

li `ziareTi~. magaliTad, sofel qarTlas Tavze _ kotaxis mTaze aris ziareTi, sadac avadmyofebi modian da ori-sami dRis Semdeg aqedan gamojanmrTelebulebi brundebian saxlSi:

`ziareT modian, wvebian, sizmars naxuloben, racxa dardi Tu

gaqvs. iq midi-modian, kai xdebian. ori Zma da erTi da yofi-

lan. erTi kotaxze idga, meore _ opizaSi da mesame _ tria-

laze. erTi qarTlas Tavze, kotaxSi daumarxiaT, meore _

opizas da mesame _ trialas. kotaxis, opizas da trialas

ziareTebi erTmaneTs uyureben. Txilazuridan (qarTlas me-

zobeli sofelia _ r. T.) opizas wavida da sizmarSi uTxra:

aqa ara, kotaxs wadio. cxeniT gamoiyvanes, modrekili iyo,

ver gaivlida. ori-sami dRis Semdeg Tavisi fexiT gamosula~.

qarTvelTa Zvel qristianobamdel salocavebs, romelsac

`ziareTs~ uwodeben (samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi sxvaga-

nacaa ziareTi) mxolod erTi funqciaRa SerCa _ avadmyofe-

bis gankurneba. ziareTi hqondaT murRulis xeobis sofel

iskebis iailebze, romelsac `kurtumelas~ uwodeben: `kur-

tumelas zedan aris ziareTi. ziareTSi Cveni dedebi dadiod-

nen. iyo nangrevebi da ar darCa. ziareTis mTis zemoT safla-

via. iq xalxi midioda da or-sam Rames xalxi gaaTenebdnen.

iq rom axvidodi, deiZinebdi da sacoles deinaxavdi. aq Tu

gulSi Caideb rames, waxval, deiZineb, dainaxav, magram zor

sicivea, tarosma xeli unda Segiwyos~. ziareTis Sesaxeb sa-

yuradRebo eTnografiuli monacemebia aqvs 1904 wels dafiq-

sirebuli niko mars, romlis mixedviTac sofel TeTrakeTis

mkvidrni salocavad forTis (axla qarTveli mecnierebi

xanZTas rom uwodeben) zemoT ziareTSi (es igive sofel

qarTlas mkvidrebis mier miTiTebuli opizis ziareTia _ r.

T.) dadiodnen, sadac qristianuli eklesiis nangrevebi iyo.

55 r. malaymaZe. liganis xeoba, Tb., 2008.

58

ziareTSi salocavad wasulebi sanTlebs TviTon Camoqnidnen:

`forTis zemoT aris Cveni ziareTi, erT saaT gouwevs. zia-reTze martod moSenebuli saxli ari qvidan. ... ziareTSi dawvebian, sizmarSi naxaven. etyvis sizmarSi, es dakalio,Áda fuli aCuqeo, Sin dakalio,Áda aq dakalio. racxasac rom etyvis, daklavs. yoC (mamali cxvari), cxvar etyvis,Ãar et-yvis, zroxas etyvis. qaTami gagvigonia, sxva Citi ar gagvigo-nia. ... ziareTSi midian fortis, Wkua romen dakarguli eqne-ba, Svili ar eyolis. ... mom aanTebs, sam, Svid, xuT, cxras. Cemi dardi racxa ario, vnaxo sizmario. da dawveba. ... san-Tlebs qvaze dgamen. rCebian erT-or Rames, sams da met dRes. ufro Soridan mosulebi, ufro didxans rCebian. mulebi aq ar erevian~56. `rZals Svili ar uCndeboda, aviRe misi mandi-

li da ziareTs wavedi, forTas. mandili TavqveS amovide da

daviZine. ZilSi erTi TeTrwvera moxuci gamomecxada. xis na-

foti momca, es nafoti Cem rZals miveci. imave wels SeeZina

Svili~ (meriem guli, sof. forTa, 2013)~57. forTis ziare-

Tanaa dakavSirebuli erTi saintereso faqti, rasac pirve-

lad yuradReba malxaz CoxariZem miaqcia: `adgils (mTas),

sadac ziareTi da Sesabamisad, eklesiaa, hqvia Zegli~58. mec-

nieri sruliad samarTlianad am `Zegls~ JamTaaRmwerlis mi-

er moxseniebul Zeglis wmida giorgis eklesiasTan aigivebs,

romelmac monRolTa Tegudaris laSqars niaRvari mouvlina

da mTeli laSqaric gaanadgura: `da mouvlina nisli da sib-

nele, da verRara vidodes ferxiTa saZageliTa ... da dadges

mTis mis Zirsa, romelsa ewodebis Zegli, romelsa Sen ars

eklesia wmidisa giorgisi, romel ars [Soris] opizas da miZ-

naZorsa~59. niSandoblivia, rom Zeglis wmida giorgis ekle-

siis nangrevebi dRemdea SemorCenili.

qristianobis nakvalevi toponimebSic SemorCa: sajvare-Ti, mamawminda, eliawminda, giorgiwminda... naxSiriT jvaris 56 n. mari. SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi mogzaurobis dRiurebi, gv. 224. 57 klarjeTi. m. faRavas redaqciiT, baTumi, 2016, gv. 218. 58 klarjeTi. m. faRavas redaqciiT, baTumi, 2016, gv. 219. 59 klarjeTi. m. faRavas redaqciiT, baTumi, 2016, gv. 219.

59

gamosaxva icodnen patarZlis moyvanis dros karis Tavze.

saxlSi Sesvlis dros dedamTili `dedofals~ Tafls miar-

Tmevda da Tan naxSirs aZlevda, riTac axalSemosuli ake-

Tebda jvars.

gairkva, rom samxreT saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnogra-

fiuli mxareebisaTvis, maT Soris klarjeTisaTvis damaxasia-

Tebeli iyo xarebis/buRebis Wedoba (rozeta gujejiani). aq

xarebis/buRebis Wedoba Serwymuli iyo mesaqonleobis tradi-

ciebTan da is zogjer dakavSirebulia SuamTobis dReobasTan.

`meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ki bevrgan damoukidebeli

saxiT sruldeba da `festivaladaa~ qceuli. cxadia, tradi-

cia transformirebulia, TvalsaCinoa, rom novaciuri ele-

mentebi TandaTan tradiciad mkvidrdeba, xolo iq, sadac xa-

rebis Wedoba, kvlav sazafxulo saZovrebze imarTeba (Suam-

Tobis dReoba), mas Zveleburi saxe aqvs. xarebis Serkinebas-

Tan erTad SuamTobas iSleboda saerTo sadResaswaulo suf-

rebi, imarTeboda ferxulebi. `arTvinis regionSi yvelaze

masStaburi xarebis festivali `kavkasoris~ saxeliTaa cno-

bili, kavkasori mTis (geografiuli mTa) saxelia da igi qa-

laq arTvinidan ramdenime kilometriTaa daSorebuli. es ad-

gili Zvelad agara yofila da iq imarTeboda `SuamToba~,

romlis nawilic iyo xarebis Wedoba. amJamad ki iqauroba sa-

festivalo arenadaa qceuli: mayureblisaTvis mowyobilia

dasasvenebeli da gasarTobi infrastruqtura. `kavkasorSic iyo xarebis Wedoba Zuelad, axlac aris, sul mTlad aqeT moyavan xarebi yvelas. iq axla festival akeTeben~ festiva-li, daaxloebiT, 30 welia imarTeba~60.

XIX saukunis monacemebiT klarjeTSi, iseve rogorc da-

savleT saqarTveloSi, sacxovrebeli saxlebi xisa hqondaT

60 r. gujejiani. xarebis Wedoba tradiciul qarTul yofaSi. _

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxe-

lobis qarTuli universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa da sa-

marTlis fakultetis Sromebi, t. VI, Tb., 2016. gv. 26-36.

60

yavariT gadaxuruli61. borCxaSi akeTebdnen doqebsa da qvev-

rebs. aq bazroba scodniaT: `paraskevobiT grovdebian Woroxs

gamoRma, mindor alagas soflis xalxi da didi aRebmicemoba

imarTeba _ simindisa, qalamnisa da qoTan-qvevrebisa...~ sofel

xebis mkvidrebs garda imisa, rom simindi mohyavdaT, menaveo-

basac misdevdnen. maradidi, romelic ocdaaTi soflis er-

Tobliobas warmoadgenda, maRlob adgilze mdebareobda. misi

mkvidrni misdevdnen simindisa da lobios moyvanas. gamocdi-

li menaveebic maradidelebi iyvnen (`es niCbiTi Sroma imaTSi

zdis Ronier vaJkacebs~62). qvemo maradidelebi iyvnen swo-

red Woroxze `sasiarulo navebis~ mkeTebelni. navi brtyel-

Ziriani da grZeli keTdeboda, romelsac wina da ukana nawi-

li aweuli _ wamaxvilebuli hqonda. mas `Woroxul navsac~

uwodebdnen. aseTi navis sigrZe aTi-TxuTmeti metri iyo, si-

gane ornaxevari. ganTqmuli menaveebi (navis winamZRolebi)

yofilan kirnaTeli cincaZeebi da jixaZeebi, qvemo maradide-li _ didmaniZeebi. dimitri baqraZe gadmogvcems, rom mdina-re Woroxze arTvinsa da SesarTavs Soris orasamde brtyel-

Ziriani navi anu kaiuki dacuravda. naosnobdnen mTeli wlis

ganmavlobaSi, garda gazafxulisa. Tovlis dnobisa da Woro-

xis adidebis dros navebi moZraobas wyvetdnen. navebi axlo-

maxlo soflebis mcxovreblebs ekuTvnodaT. navebs naZvis an

fiWvis xisagan akeTebdnen63. Rebavdnen kvercxisaDAda naxSi-

ris naxarSiT. liganelebi navebiT ezidebodnen erbos, xils,

tyavs, daxerxil ficars, Tixis WurWelsa da kramits. bor-

CxaSi damzadebuli sameTuneo nawarmi, agreTve kramiti da

aguri baTumidan Semdeg xofasa da trapizonSic gahqondaT. eTnologebs dadasturebuli aqvT Woroxuli navis saqorwi-

lo ritualSi gamoyenebis faqtebic _ Tu nefe da dedofali

61 s. aslaniSvili-bavreli. werilebi `osmalos saqarTveloze~, Tb.,

2008, gv. 87. 62s. aslaniSvili-bavreli. werilebi `osmalos saqarTveloze~, gv. 91. 63d. baqraZe. arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, gv. 36.

61

WoroxTan axlos mdebare soflebSi cxovrobdnen, dedoflis

mamis saxlidan gadayvana naviT xdeboda64.

klarjeTSi bevria safortifikacio nageboba. artanujis

cixe-qalaqs rom Tavi davaneboT, SeiZleba davasaxeloT: kla-rjeTis, tanZoTis, melos, kuarcxanis... cixeebi. bevria Sua saukuneebSi agebuli qvis TaRovani xidic, maT Soris, beRle-vanis, qlaskuris, murRulis... xeobebSi. adgilebze bevri

`bewvis xidic~ hqondaT; aseT xids aq `wanwalai xids~ uwo-

debdnen65.

klarjeTSi odesRac maRal doneze idga qviTxurooba,

rasac Cvenamde SemorCeuli sacexvelebi da sawnaxelebic

mowmobs. bolo dromde mxolod wisqvilis qvebs akeTebdnen.

misi damzadebiT soflebi qarTla da tanzoTi gamoirCeod-nen66. farTod iyo gavrcelebuli xis damuSaveba, akeTebdnen

jam-WurWels, kovzebs, wnul nakeTobebs (gideli, orxapo, godori).

TurqeTis SavizRvispireTSi klarjeTidan migrirebul

muhajirTa STamomavlebs SenarCunebuli aqvT mTeli rigi

tradiciebi, gansakuTrebiT kvebiTi kulturis sferoSi _

isini dResac ayeneben Rvinos da qorwils Rvinis smis gareSe

iSviaTad ixdian. tradiciulad qarTuli saneleblebiT amza-

deben kerZebs da akeTeben iseT SesaniSnav kerZs, rogoricaa

sacivi, romelic Cveulebriv xuTi qaTmisagan ixarSeboda da

rasac isini dRes, odnav gansxvavebuli saxeliT, `macivriT~

moixsenieben.

qlaskuris xeobaSi mTxrobelebi TavianT Tavsac axasia-

Tebdnen. maT am mxriv garkveuli stereotipi hqondaT SemuSa-

vebuli; ai, eTnografiuli masala: `Cven aqauri mamali varT.

mamali imas niSnavs, rom kudze Tavs aravis davudebT. kudze

Tu damadga, morCa saqme~.

64n. mgelaZe. klarjeTis eTnologia _ klarjeTi, baTumi, 2016, gv.

368. 65n. mgelaZe. klarjeTis eTnologia _ klarjeTi, gv. 291. 66r. malaymaZe. liganis xeoba, gv. 107-108.

62

bolo dromde klarjeTSi SenarCunebuli iyo umZraxoba.

ojaxis wevri mamakacebis mimarT qalebs mokrZalebuli damo-

kidebuleba hqondaT, saxlSi Sesvlisas ojaxis ufross yve-

la fexze wamoudgeboda. `ufrosebis winaSe saxleulis wev-

rebs patara bavSvebis xelSi ayvana ekrZalebodaT, gaTxovili

qali xandazmulebTan RarWs, Cvils xelSi ver daiWerda. ...

win mjdomi fexs fexze ver gadaidebda~67, rac saerTo qar-

Tuli tradicia iyo.

Zalian mokled liganis xeobis erTi soflis baginis eT-nografiul daxasiaTebas SemogTavazebT. bagini eqvs ubnad

iyofa; esenia: SaqreTi, buRareTi, nazvnara, kvintavli, nabeR-lavi da vani. yovel ubanSi sami-oTxi gvarisani cxovroben,

romlebic axla TavianT memkvidreobiT saxelebs -oRli su-

fiqsiT aboloveben. CamoTvlis dros mTxrobelma mxolod

sam maTgans misca ganmarteba: SaqiroRli _ SaqiriZe, gedu-goRli _ gedugi da kuntoRli _ kuntoebi. soflis mkvid-

rebma ician, rom sofelSi Tavidanve `gurjebi~ cxovrobdnen.

soflidan oTx kilometrSi aris toponimi, romelsac `qili-

sas~ uwodeben. dRes aq venaxs uwodeben im miwis nakveTebs,

sadac simindi, lobio, ayiro/xapi... mohyavT. xvnisas saxvnel-

Si uRel xars abamdnen. sofelSi, kvinteul mahaleSi, kra-

mits akeTebdnen. SemorCenilia bevri qvevri. ician, rom Zveli

gurjebi Sarafs dergebSi/qvevrebSi asxamdnen. sofelis Tavze

hqondaT mTac (iailebi), sadac bolo dromde SuamTobis dRe-saswauls awyobdnen. baginSi saqonelTan erTad didi raode-

nobiT hyoliaT Txac. informatoris ojaxs Zroxa Tu TxuT-

meti suli hyavda, Txebis raodenoba orasze meti yofila.

scodniaT Zroxisa da Txis rZis gadareva. yvels xis kasreb-

Si inaxavdnen. `fSkeris~ furclis dafarebis Semdeg yveli

aRar uobdebodaT. sofels ZiriTad Semosavals simindi da

puri aZlevda. xorbals, romelsac `wiTel purs~ uwodebd-

nen, kevriT lewavdnen. marcvals Cveulebriv wisqvilSi fqva-

vdnen. ganviTarebuli iyo mexileobac; xils yiddnen trapi-

67 n. mgelaZe. klarjeTis eTnologia _ klarjeTi, gv. 315.

63

zonsa da erzerumSi. leRvs Ciravdnen. kakali didi raodeno-

biT hqondaT da garda zemoT dasaxelebuli qalaqebisa, is

gasayidad borCxasa da arTvinSic gahqondaT. iseve rogorc

SavSeT-imerxevSi, aqac wyali gamoyvanili hqondaT xis mile-

biT. xuTi metris gaxvretili milebi erTmaneTSi mWidrod

iyo Casmuli. cxovrobdnen xis saxlebSi did ojaxebad (in-

formatoris mamis ojaxSi oTxi colSviliani Zma cxovrobda

erTad da ojaxis wevrTa saerTo raodenoba ocdaaTs aWar-

bebda). zeda sarTuli dasaZinebeli iyo, qvedaze ki saWmels

akeTebdnen. rac Seexeba axors, is ara saxlis pirvel sar-

Tulze, aramed ezoSi calke hqondaT aSenebuli. friad sayu-

radReboa baginSi dafiqsirebuli erTi niuansi _ bavSvebi be-

bias Tu gaabrazebdnen, bebia daucacxanebda da SesZaxebda:

`ai, Tqve yizilbaSebo, Tqvena~. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani ga-

remoeba _ `didvanebis~ (=papebis) saxlebi baginSi ermenlebs

(= somxebs) dauwvavT (maT borCxis midamoebSi kidev oTxi

sofeli gadauwvavT).

klarjeTis murRulis xeobaSi Cawerili ramdenime sit-

yvis mniSvneloba: sameqso _ saqsovi dazga, xelebi ar gaaryi-oT – gaanZrioT, cintali _ katis knuti, burvaki _ daTvis Svili, RoWo _ Roris patinai. 1890-ian wlebSi klarjelTa gamahmadianebis Sesaxeb bev-

ri gadmocema Cauweria zaqaria WiWinaZes. xalxs, gadmocemiT,

SenarCunebuli hqonda winaparTagan gadmocemuli ambebi aR-

niSnuli movlenis Sesaxeb. gadmocemebi adastureben, rom mah-

madanobamiRebulebi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi farul

qristianebad rCebodnen. mahmadianobis mowinaRmdegeni ki ar-

Tvinis xidTan osmalebs dausjiaT, maTTvis Tavebi moukve-

TavT. `moxucebulTa fiqriT es unda momxdariyo 1740

wels~. murRulelebis gamahmadianeba osmalebs jariT ucdi-

aT, magram did winaaRmdegobas waswydomian. es brZola 1790

wlamde gagrZelebula. bolos `murRulis eri modrkes~. mag-

ram `1840 w. osmalTa didis mecadineobiT Seityves, rom

murRulSi Turme gaTaTrebuli qarTvelebi Cumad qristia-

nobdnen. ... qristianobis ricxvi aRmosCnda sofels gevelSi,

64

TxilazorSi, Zanculas, Tasmalos da ramdenimec sxva sof-

lebSi. ... saidumlo qristian-qarTvelebi saidumlo locvas

garda mcired qristianobdnen. magaliTebr, Soba Rames amaT

icodnen `alilos~ Tqma: patara biWebi erTad Seikribebodnen

da aqa-iq qarTvelebTan `alilos~ ZaxiliT wavidodnen; os-

malTa mola-xojebi ki ase hfiqrobdnen, rom viTomc bavSvebi

mReriano. qarTvelni yvela qristianT dResaswaulebsac igo-

nebdnen xolme da nametur uqmobdnen Sobas, aRdgomas, wyal-

kurTxevas, axal weliwads da eliobas, qristianul marxva-

sac inaxavdnen~68. `rogorc erTma berZenma (lazarevma) marw-

muna, `alilos~ Tqma murRulSi gaTaTrebul qarTvelTa Svi-

lebs 1870 wlebamdis scodniaT. ... Cveulebriv SerCaT kidev

saRvTos dakvla da wiTeli kvercxebis SeRebva. ... ukanasknel

omis winad yvela eseni sastikis brZanebiT iqmna maTSi aRkr-

Zaluli da mospobili~69.

klarjeTSi dadasturebulia xalxuri poeziis SesaniSna-

vi nimuSebi, rac garkveuli optimizmis safuZvels iZleva,

radgan eTnosis deeTnizaciisas pirvel rigSi daviwyebas

folklori eqvmdebareba. klarjuli folkloris mravali ni-

muSi aqvs Cawerili folklorist Tina SioSvils mravalric-

xovani nimuSebidan erTze SevCerdebi: `RmerTma TaTreb ra muuCina//udro-udro ramazani! _//xan win mova, xan _ uka-na,//ar ician, rodis ari.//SimSilisgan faSvi tkiva,//gverdze midis qalamani.//qalamani qalanCxuTes,//Tiririri, horinana...~. am leqsiT TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelis Rrma eTnikur

cnobierebaze SeiZleba visaubroT (dapirispireba `Cven-isini~

aSkaraa). es saakvno leqs-simRera ki im dros unda iyos Seq-

mnili, rodesac qarTvelebi jer kidev qristianebi iyvnen:

`nani, nani, nanai,//deiZinos Cemma giaurma!//nani, nani, nanai!//de-iZinos, geizdesa,//nani, nani, nanai!// geizdes da kaci gaxde-sa!//nani, nani, nanai...~70

68 z. WiWinaZe. qarTvelTa gamuslimeba, Tb., 2004, gv. 26. 69 z. WiWinaZe. qarTvelTa gamuslimeba, Tb., 2004, gv. 27. 70 T. SioSvili. klarjuli folklori. _ klarjeTi, gv. 427, 517.

65

eTnikuri qarTvelebis gansaxlebis areali

klarjeTSi

eTnikuri qarTvelebi klarjeTSi dRes ZiriTadad Woro-

xis auzis im monakveTSi cxovroben, romelic wyaroebSi li-

ganis/libanis saxeliT aris cnobili. garda Woroxis xeobi-

sa, esaa agreTve misi Senakadi artanujis, murRulis, devsqe-

lis, qlaskuris xeobebi... artanujis mxareSi qarTvelebi

aRar binadroben, radgan TurqeTis xelisuflebam 1946 wels

isini aqedan ayara da bursis vilaieTSi gadaasaxla.

klarjeTs aRmosavleTiT SavSeT-imerxevi esazRvreba,

samxreT-dasavleTiT _ tao. sainteresoa sad gadioda dasaxe-

lebul mxareebs Soris sazRvari? es sazRvari emTxveoda Tu

ara saeklesio sazRvrebs. am kiTxvaze SeiZleba pasuxi aqve

iqnes gacemuli. SavSeTi erTi eparqiis momcveli iyo da is

mtbevaris eparqiaSi Sedioda. magram tbeTis eparqiis saz-

Rvrebi amiT ar Semoifargleboda. am saepiskoposoSi Sedioda

mTlianad maWaxlis xeobac. anCelis saepiskoposo klarjeTis

istoroiul-eTnografiul mxares moicavda. taoSi ki ori

eparqia iyo _ banelisa da iSxnelis saepiskoposoebi.

samxreT saqarTvelos/samcxe-saaTabagos samwysoTa sazRv-

rebi mocemulia XVI saukunis dasawyisiT daTariRebul do-

kumen-tSi. sabuTSi vkiTxulobT: `anCelis samwyso: sam-

swyals aqeTi (aq mZime unda iyos _ r. T.) xanZTasa da

opizas Sua daxatula. imas qvemoT nigalisxevi, gaRma da

gamoRmarTi, goniis samzRramdi.Mmtbevaris samwyso: daxatu-

las zedaTi, anakerts aqeTi, sula SavSeTi miWixianaT bato-

nis uwmindesis kaTalikozis yofila; im qveynis episkopozis

iasaulic is yofila; aWara dandalos zeiTi mas hqonia,

dandalos qvemoTi aWara quTaTelis samwyso yofila~71.

samwyali artanujis mxareSi artanujis-wylis aRmosav-leTiT erT-erTi xeobis saxelia. masze mdebareobda amave sa-

71 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, tomi III, i. doliZis gamocema, Tb.,

1970, gv. 245.

66

xelwodebis sofeli. 1886 wlis saojaxo siebSi sofeli sam-sxar-wyalis formiTaa Setanili. am dros sofelSi 114 kom-

li eTnikuri qarTveli mkvidrobda. samsxaris-wylis/samsxa-ris sazogadoebaSi Sedioda agreTve soflebi: norgieli, fe-tobani da Widili (Widilis erT-erTi ubani iyo gudaTa. n. maris dRiuris mixedviT, WidalSi 1904 wels qarTulad

mxolod xanSi Sesulebi laparakobdnen), romlebSic aseve

qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen. am soflebis mkvidrni TurqeTis

xelisuflebam, rogorc aRvniSneT, bursis mxareSi gadaasax-

la. sxvaTa Soris, sofel fetobanSi mcxovrebi 100 suli

1910 wlis `kavkazski kalendarSi~ mxolod qarTvelebad ari-

an aRricxulni da maT mahmadiani ara aqvT miwerili) (1886

wlis saojaxo siebiT anagerti artanujis uCastkis anCis sa-soflo sazogadoebaSi Sedioda (orive sofeli samwyalis marcxena mxares iyo). sofelSi 52 komli eTnikuri qarTveli

cxovrobda. anCis sazogadoebaSi Sedioda kidev ori sofeli: anCkora da ofisCala. 1910 wlis `kavkazski kalendarSi~

ofisWalis mkvidr 109 suls miwerili aqvs ara «Груз-маг», rogorc Cveulebriv qarTvel mahmadianebs aRniSnavdnen, ara-

med «Грузины». 1946 wels qarTvelebi aqedan gadaasaxles

bursis mxares da ori-sami Taobis manZilze eTnikuri cnobie-

rebac dakarges72. miWixiani igive maWaxlis xeobaa. maWaxels imerxevisa da klarjeTis im monakveTisagan, sadac forTa, opiza, parexTa, berTa, daba da jmerki mdebareobda, karCxlis qedi mijnavda. Tumca dasaxelebul teritoriebs erTmaneTTan

mWidro sameurneo-kulturuli kavSirebi hqonda. karCxalze hqondaT aqaur qarTvelebs sazafxulo/samTo saZovrebic _ e.

w. `iailebi~. karCxlis qedidan iRebs saTaves devsqelis xeo-bac, romelic Woroxs borCxasTan erTvis. zemoxsenebuli sa-

buTis safuZvelze ivane javaxiSvili maWaxels SavSeTis Sema-dgenel nawilad miiCnevda; `dasavleTiT SavSeTi Sav zRvas

aRwevda Tu ara, ara Cans: viciT mxolod `miWixiani~, anu ma-

72i. RutiZe. artanujis toponimebi _ istoriuli realiebis mowme-

ni. _ kavkasiis eTnologiuri krebuli, XIII, Tb.,, 2011, gv. 107-126

67

Waxeli SavSeTis sazRvrebSi73~. vfiqrobT, maWaxlis tbeTis eparqiis SemadgenlobaSi arseboba araa imis argumenti, rom

is SavSeTis istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris Semadgenel na-

wilad miviCnioT. miWixiani samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

damoukidebeli patara teritoriuli erTeuli iyo.

amrigad, sabuTi mniSvnelovani informaciis Semcvelia.

anCelis samwyso mTlianad istoriul-eTnografiul klar-jeTs moicavda. misi aRmosavleTi sazRvris erTi monakveTi

artanujidan aRmosavleTiT samwyalis xevze gadioda (Tana-medrove samsxari. anCis monasteri samwyalis xeobaSi mdeba-

reobda). aRmosavleTis sazRvris meore monakveTi opizasa da xanZTas Sorisi geografiuli punqti _ daxatula (mTa an

Rele) yofila. daxatulas dasavleTiT da samwyals qvemoT mTlianad klarjeTSi arsebuli Woroxis auzi mdinaris ori-

ve mxareze Sav zRvamdeManCelis saepiskoposoSi Sedioda. da-xatulas aRmosavleTi mxare tbeTis eparqiaSi Sedioda, rom-lis (tbeTis) dasavleTiT mdebare mniSvnelovani saeklesio

nageboba xanZTa gaxldaT, e. i. tbeTis eparqia mTlianad moi-

cavda SavSeT-imerxevs. imerxevis dasavleTiT ukve istori-

ul-eTnografiuli mxare _ klarjeTi (klarjeTSi artanuji-dan samxreT-dasavleTiT sofeli klarjeTic arsebobda. so-feli klarjeTi samjeraa moxseniebuli 1705-1706 wlebis

Turqul wyaroSi74. mis siaxloves iyo soflebi: varTxeli, ortizi da saxre. soflis aseTi saxelwodeba im garemoebaze

miuTiTebs, rom Tavdapirvelad klarjeTi mxolod da mxo-

lod oikonimi iyo da Semdeg iqca istoriul-eTnografiuli

mxaris saxelwodebad. analogiuri SemTxvevebi araerTia mso-

flios masStabiT, rodesac erTi dasaxlebuli punqtis sa-

xelwodeba ara marto mTel mxares, aramed qveyanasac gadae-

cemoda xolme. soflis saxelwodeba mTel mxareze gansakuT-

rebiT im SemTxvevebSi vrceldeboda, rodesac es dasaxlebu-

73 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, wigni meore, Tbilisi,

1965, gv. 62. 74 Cildiris eialeTis jaba davTari. 1694-1732 ww. c. abulaZis ga-mocema, Tb., 1979, gv. 116-117.

68

li punqti am mxaris ganapiras iyo. klarjeTis SemTxvevaSic

analogiur movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. meore gza dasaxlebuli

punqtis mTel mxareze/qveyanaze gadatanisa iyo im SemTxveva-

Si, Tu masSi mxaris xelisufali ijda. sofel klarjeTsa da mis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi Semaval soflebSi 1886 wlis

saojaxo siebiT Turqebi cxovrobdnen, Tumca 1910 wlis

`kavkazski kalendari~ gvidasturebs, rom am soflebis mkvid-

rni qarTvelebi iyvnen. am dros sofel klarjeTSi 658 suli

eTnikuri qarTveli cxovrobda, varTxelSi 159 suli, or-tizSi _ 95 suli.) iyo.Oopiza da forTis monasteri klar-jeTSi Sedioda. SavSeTis garda, mtbevaris samwyso maWaxelsa da aWaris nawilsac (dandalos zemoTi) moicavda. xolo aRmosavleTi

sazRvari arsianis qedi gaxldaT (artaanis istoriul-eTnog-

rafiuli mxaridan arsianis qediT gadasasvlelia artanujis-wylis xeobis saTaveSi mdebare soflebSi xevasa da longoT-xevSi. aqedan mgzavri sofel xerTvisSi Sedioda, Semdeg _ axaSenSi, SavgularSi da SvaTa-xevSi, bolos ki ukve _ arta-nujSi. 1879 wels es gza gaiara solomon bavrelma, romlis

werilebidan irkveva, rom aRniSnuli soflebis mkvidrni ga-

Turqebuli qarTvelebi yofilan75. longoTxevidan artanuji-saken mimaval gzaze, artanujis-wylis marjvena mxareze mde-bareobs enirabaTi, romelSic 1886 wlis monacemebiT 18 oja-

xi eTnikuri somexi cxovrobda. 1907 wels ki enirabaTSi mxolod qarTveli mahmadianebi iyvnen aRricxulni. artanuji-dan axizisaken mimaval gzaze ki sami sofeli iyo: macalaxe-vi, boca da biWa. axizidan axlos artanujis-wyali mdinare SavSeTis-wyals marcxena mxridan uerTdeba. saZiebelia toponimi/makrotoponimi daxatula, romelic

SavSeT-imerxevs SavSeTis-wylis marjvena mxares klarjeTisa-gan mijnavda, Sesabamisad, mtbevaris samwysos _ anCelis sam-

wysosagan. opizas da dRes xanZTad miCneul forTis monas-

75 s. aslaniSvili-bavreli. werilebi `osmalos saqarTveloze~, gv.

133-134.

69

ters Soris sazRvari/manZili faqtobrivad minimaluria da

daxatula ar SeiZleba maT Soris yofiliyo. erTaderTi av-

tori, romelsac toponimi `daxatula~ aqvs dafiqsirebuli,

n. maria. marTalia, avtori mTlad naTlad ver miuTiTebs mi-

krotoponim daxatulas adgilmdebareobas, magram es axlad

gatyevebuli veluri adgilia forTidan aRmosavleTiT, ufro

swored SavSeTis wylis marjvena Senakadis marjvena mxares, romelic karCxlis mTidan Camoedineba da romelzedac nuki saydari mdebareobs. SavSeTis wylis (romelsac n. mari, p. in-goroyva da v. jobaZe SecdomiT mdinare imerxevs uwodeben. imerxevi SavSeTiswyals SerTulTan erTvis) siaxloves daxa-tulas dabla `samaWreTi~ (mikrotoponimi) iyo, xolo daxa-

tulas zemoT _ `sarkineTi~ (aseve mikrotoponimi), `sarki-

neTs zemoT _`qorni-buda~ (esec mikrotoponimia). adgilmde-

bareobis aRwerilobidan, Tundac farTobis moculobiT, ar

Cans, rom daxatula gammijvnel adgilad gamomdgariyo anCe-

lisa da mtbevaris saepiskoposoebs Soris. patara adgils

daxatulas (mikrotoponimis) qvemoT samaWreTi erqva, zemoT ki sarkineTi da qorni-buda. vfiqrobT, rom daxatula Tavis droze ufro didi farTobis momcveli unda yofiliyo da is

mikrotoponims ar warmoadgenda (SeuZlebelia, mikrotoponi-

miT ori didi samwyso erTmaneTisagan gaemijnaT), romelic

karCxlis mTebidan Camomaval karCxlis-wyals gasdevda da es xevi unda yofiliyo sazRvari anCelisa da mtbevaris sam-

wysoebs Soris (arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom karCxlis-wylis adrindeli saxelwodeba swored daxatula yofiliyo, radgan

n. mari amave hidronimiT sxva xevsac moixseniebs, romelic

aseve karCxlis qeds gamoedineba da romelzedac daba, berTa da parexTa mdebareoben; n. mari mas meore karCxlis-wyals (`karCxalkas~) uwodebs. realurad es mdinare (an am mdina-

reze arsebuli sofeli daxatula) marTlac iyo sazRvari

SavSeT-imerxevsa da klarjeTs Soris. axla, rac mTavaria,

naTelia, rom forTac (romelsac xanZTad miiCneven, n. mari ki mas Satberdad miiCnevda) da nukis saydaric (romelsac n. mari xanZTad miiCnevda) daxatulas dasavleTiT iyo (n. marma

70

nukidan forTamde misvlas fexiT erTi saaTi moandoma), e. i.

anCelis samwysoSi Sedioda, xolo dasaxelebuli geografiu-

li adgilebidan aRmosavleTiT mtbevaris saepiskoposo iyo.

amrigad, karCxlis wylis marcxena mxare mtbevaris sam-

wysoSi Sedioda, marjvena _ anCelis samwysoSi (Sesabamisad,

aq gadioda sazRvari SavSeTisa da klarjeTis istoriul-eT-

nografiul mxareebs Soris). es iyo or eparqias Soris saz-

Rvari mdinare SavSeTis wylis marjvena mxares. SavSeTis wy-

lis marcxena mxaris sazRvari TiTqmis marjvena mxaris saz-

Rvris mopirdapire mxares iyo. rogorc zemoT moxmobili

XVI saukunis dasawyisis dokumentiT irkveva, es sazRvari

SavSeTis wylis marcxena Senakadze _ samwyalze _ gadioda.

samwylis marjvena mxare mtbevaris eparqiaSi Sedioda, mar-

cxena mxare _ anCelis eparqiaSi (Sesabamisad aq gadioda saz-

Rvari SavSeTsa da klarjeTis artanujis mxares Soris). an-

Cis taZari swored ori eparqiisa da ori istoriul-eTnog-

rafiuli mxaris sazRvarze iyo, oRond, ra Tqma unda, dasa-

xelebuli samwyalis marcxena mxares.

mxaris Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania 1886 wlis saojaxo

siebi. am siebis mixedviT SeiZleba garkveva Tu ra adminis-

traciuli principiT iyo is mowyobili. agreTve TiToeuli

administraciuli erTeulis eTnikuri da religiur-konfesi-

uri Semadgenloba. mxaris administraciuli centri iyo ar-

Tvini. arTvinis olqis arTvinis uCastkaSi eTnikuri qarTve-

lebi cxovrobdnen beSaulis, Zansulis, qarTlas, xatilas,

xodis, CxalTis sasoflo sazogadoebebSi. artanujis uCas-

tokSi qarTvelebi mkvidrobdnen anCis sasoflo-sazogadoeba-

Si, agreTve qarsniis, samwyalis sazogadoebebSi. xazgasmiT

unda iTqvas, rom ruseTis mier Sedgenili saojaxo siebi

srulyofilad ar asaxvs 1878 wlamde arsebul demografiul

viTarebas, radgan ruseTis mier istoriuli saqarTvelos

teritoriebis SeerTebas adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis

ayra-gadasaxleba moyva _ mahmadiani qarTvelebi muxajirad

wavidnen.

71

klarjeTSi Semaval murRulis xeobis saTavidan gada-

sasvlelia taos parxlis xeobaSi da am or mxares Soris

istoriulad mWidro sameurneo-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi

arsebobda. murRulis xeoba 1878 wlamde mWidrod iyo dasax-

lebuli da ruseTis imperiis Semosvlis Semdeg xeoba faq-

tobrivad daicala, adgilobrivi mahmadiani qarTvelebi Tur-

qeTis sxva mxareebSi muhajirad wavidnen. magram droTa gan-

mavlobaSi isini darwmundnen ra imaSi, rom rusebi aravis ar

erCodnen, maTi nawili ukan dabrunda.

1886 wels rusuli administraciuli dayofiT, murRu-

lis xeobaSi ori sasoflo sazogadoeba arsebobda. esenia

Zansulisa da CxaleTis sasoflo-sazogadoebebi. pirvelSi 7

sofeli Sedioda: adurCa, bujuri, Zansuli, durCa, kabarje-

Ti, korideTi, osmali. mTlianad am sazogadoebaSi 151 komli

(929 suli) qarTveli iyo aRricxuli. CxaleTis sasoflo-

sazogadoebaSi 12 sofeli Sedioda: baga, baSkiovi, goglieTi,

gurbini, jilauli, juvani, qameleTi, qvamWireTi, zemo qura,

qvemo qura, foroseTi, CxaleTi, ereguni (239 komli, 1397

suli).

murRulis xeobaSi 20-mde sofelia. zogierT sofelSi

ZirZveli mosaxleoba TiTqmis aRar SemorCa da aq dRes amave

xeobis sxva soflebidan gadmosaxlebulni mkvidroben. xeobis

marcxena mxares zemo welSi mdebare ukiduresi sofelia

gurbini. gurbini sami ubnisagan Sedgeba; esenia: gurbini, ja-mekari da qvemoTan baga, kuzieTi. mTxrobelis nadi CauSoR-

lis TqmiT, `eqvsi Tve aqa var, eqvsi Tve izmiTSi~. informa-

toris aRniSvniT, rusebis Semosvlis dros rusi rom mosu-

la sami dede samsunSi wasula. sami dededan erTi iq damrCa-

la muhajirad, ori ukan mosula. sayuradReboa, rom samsunSi

da sxvagan muhajirad wasulTa STamomavlebTan murRulis

xeobis mkvidrebs urTierToba da misvla-mosvla aqvT. sofel

gurbinSi miuTiTeben naeklesiars. am naeklesiaridan lazeTSi

_ xofasa da arxavSi _ aqurebi fexiT 6 saaTSi gadadian.

sofeli baSqoi dRes 5 sxvadasxva sofels aerTianebs:

CxaleTs, Wilvars, lomikeTs, goglieTs, baSqois da foro-

72

seTs. goglieTSi qarTveli mxolod sami-oTxi komli cxov-

robs, danarCenni hemSilebi arian. goglieTelebs adgilebi

gauyidiaT da bursisaken wasulan sacxovreblad. qarTvelebi

cxovroben qvamWireTSic, es sofeli pataraa da masSi sul

ramdenime ojaxi mkvidrobs. am soflis mosaxleni axla rai-

onul centrSi murRulSi arian Tavmoyrili. qarTvelebi

cxovroben soflebSi: zemo qura da qvemo quraSic. SeiZleba

davasaxeloT kidev janganeTi, ereguni. murRulis gaRma, mar-

jvena mxares aris adurCa. soflis mkvidrni mxolod qarTve-

lebi arian. xeobis marjvena mxaresaa agreTve bujuri da Zan-suli. murRulis xeobaSi, oRond mdinaris marcxena mxares

(adurCis mopirdapire mxares) aris sofeli durCa. zemo

welSi marjvena mxares mdebareobs agreTve sofeli kabarje-Ti. `murRulis qalaqidan rom gadiarT sofeli korideTia~. miyolebiT aris soflebi osmali, gevli. eTnografiuli monacemebiT, sofel iskebSi 120 saxli

dgas. zamTarSi mxolod amis naxevarSi cxovroben: `me mival

zamTarSi bursas, zafxulSi aq moval. oTxi gogo myavs, sami

bursas arian. Cveni sofeli aq ar yofila. Zansulidan amov-

sulvarT. orasi welia aq varT. madnis kvamli iyo, dawva

iqauroba da aqeT gadmovediT. Zansulidan varT mosuli: aga-ra, yavrieTi, iskebi (rusis dros arc erTi ar iyo)~. Zansu-lis `mahaleebia~: jimSereTi, sawoblieTi, mekveleTi, sakme-leTi, xaxvileTi, mere, Wubuna. Zansulis mosaxleobaa dam-

kvidrebuli budieTSi da wyalyaSi. murRulis Woroxis xeo-

bis SesarTavTan axlos mdebareobs sofeli trapeni. iskebSi Camodis xevi, romlis saxelwodebac bardnalxevia. is `kur-tumelas qveSaidan gamodis~. am soflis mTa kurtumelaa.

kurtumelazea soflis iailebi. garda iskelebisa, kurtume-

las mTaze aqvT iailebi adurCelebsac. `kurtumelas zedan

aris ziareTi. ziareTSi Cveni dedebi dadiodnen. iyo nangre-vebi da ar darCa. ziareTis mTas saflavia. iq xalxi midioda

da 2-3 Rames xalxi iq gaaTenebdnen. iq rom axvidodi daiZi-

nebdi, sacoles naxavdi. aq Tu gulSi Caideb rames, waxval,

deiZineb da naxav, magram zor sicivea, tarosma xeli unda

73

Segiwyos.~ sofel iskepSi mopovebuli masalebiT, murRulis

xeobaSi samuSaod xSirad gadmodioda parxlis xeobis qarTu-

li mosaxleoba, lazebi. miwaTmoqmedebasTan erTad murRulis

xeobaSi farTod yofila ganviTarebuli mecxoveleobac, gan-

sakuTrebiT mecxvareoba: `Cems dedes 500 cxvari hyolia. sa-

Zovari adgilze iyo; zamTarSi Zansuls hyavda, zafxulSi _

iskebSi. Tu Zansulis saZovari ar hyofnidaT, xeobaSi qveviT

borCxisaken waiyvandnen; imaT matyls mivcemdiT. isini samagi-

erod zafxulSi aq gamoiyvandnen cxvars. matyls ermenlebSi

arTvins, WanebSi da baTumSi vyiddiT. muhajirobis Semdeg

rom dabrunebulan, mecxvareoba aRar uqniaT. cxvris rZisagan

yvelas akeTebdnen~.

muhajirobis dros mTlianad ayrila Zansulisa da kabar-jeTis mosaxleoba, sofel osmalidan ki mxolod naxevari

wasula. muhajirebs arCevani didi hqoniaT; isini miemarTebo-

dnen samsunisaken, bursisaken, istambulisaken, baliqesirisa-

ken, gunenisaken, baldinisaken... rogorc irkveva, zogi muhaji-

ri ukan 10 wlis Semdeg, 7 wlis Semdeg da 3 wlis Semdegac

mobrunebula.

murRulis xeobis centria qalaqi murRuli. am saxel-

wodebiT sofeli xeobaSi arcerT wyaroSi dafiqsirebuli

araa. eTnografiuli masalebiT, qalaq murRulis adgilas yo-

fila sofeli WinkaTxevi. sofel bujurSic qarTvelebi cxovroben, Tumca aq Zir-

Zveli mosaxleoba araa. muhajirad wasulebi bujurSi ukan

aRar dabrunebulan. samagierod sofeli murRulis xeobis

sxvadasxva soflebidan migrirebulebs auRorZinebiaT. bu-

jurs sami `mahale~ aqvs: zembadeTi, hosroli, RoberkeTi. sofelSi lazebi da hemSilebic cxovroben. bujurSi asze me-

ti saxli dgas, magram zamTarSi naxevari Tu rCeba. sxvadas-

xva soflebidanaa (durCa, qvamWireTi, foroseTi, gurbini) Tavmoyrili sofel ozmalis mosaxleobac.

40 komli cxovrobs sofel korideTSi. zamTarSi so-

felSi mxolod 5-6 komli rCeba. qarTvelebTan erTad so-

74

felSi lazebic cxovroben. lazebi TuTunis `gasakeTeblad~

mosulan da darCenilan.

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi rusuli administraciuli

dayofiT, klarjeTis berTis sasoflo sazogadoebis soflebi

iyo berTa (misi ubani iyo opiza), daba-jimerki, dolisyana, forTa da wyalTeTra. am soflebis mkvidrT qarTveloba ukve

dakarguli hqonda. 340 komli (2486 suli) Turqadaa Cawe-

rili. Turqebad arian Cawerili gurjanis sasaoflo sazoga-

doebaSi Semavali soflebis (agara, boselTa, giasxana, gur-jani, xeZori) mkvidrnic (127 komli, 1106 suli).

1886 wels erT-erTi sazogadoebis centri iyo qarTla. qarTlas sasoflo sazogadoebaSi (126 komli, 895 suli)

iyo Seyvanili soflebi: avana, arxoa, giavili, dampala, qar-Tla, orja, osmana, trapeni, Txilazuri. qarTlas sazogadoe-

bis saojaxo siebidan irkveva, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba,

muhajirobis gamo, friad Semcirebuli iyo. mxolod ori ko-

mli iyo darCenili orjaSi, 6 _ TxilazurSi, 7 _ avanaSi, 8

_ dampalaSi...

xatilas sasoflo sazogadoebis sam sofelSi (najvia, urZuma, xatila) 156 komli qarTveli (1185 suli) cxovrob-

da. igive eTnikuri viTareba arsebobda xodis sasoflo sazo-

gadoebis or sofelSi (xod-sufla da xod-ulia) (82 komli,

756 suli).

arTvinis okrugis artanujis uCastkaSi 11 sasoflo-sa-

zogadoeba Sedioda: anCis, artanujis, bijinis, giumiSxanis, diakurmiCis, qarsniis, longoTxevis, samsxaris (samwyalis), saxris, tanzoTis, unusxevis. 1886 wlis saojaxo siebiT

klarjeTis istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris artanujis

uCastkaSi qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen anCis sazogadoebaSi (215 komli, 1187 suli), qarsniis sazogadoebaSi (121 komli, 753

suli), samwyalis sazogadoebaSi (218 komli, 1480 suli).

dRes artanujis mxareSi aRarc erTi qarTveli aRar cxo-

vrobs.

Woroxis marcxniv maRla mTaze mdebareobs sofeli qar-Tla. 30 wlis win qarTlas saxeli Sucvales da TuTunji-

75

lari daarqves. qarTla didi sofelia, masSi 170 saxls iT-

vlian. mTxrobelis sityviT, `mTlianad gurjebi varT~. qar-

Tla ramdenime ubnisagan Sedgeba: dolabiZe, vasaZe, qvemo ja-mikari, gugucuri, jvanje, Trimlebi. qarTlaSi Sekrebili ma-

salebiT, Woroxs iqiT gaRmac gurjebi arian, magram qarTu-

li bevrma ar icis. axaldabaSi qarTuli ician, adagulia, ki-dev irsa, berSauli... arTvins aqeT soflebia: najvia (qarTu-li araa), urZuma (qarTvelebi arian), omana (qarTvelebi),

TxilaZe/TxilaZuari (qarTvelebi), avana (naxevarma icis qar-Tuli), trapeni (qarTuli ician). qarTladan mosaxleoba ru-

sebis Semosvlis dros didi raodenobiT wasula: `rusi rom

movida, Cemi dede wavida da ukan mosula. dedes Zma xendekSi

(saqarias mxare) darCenila~. qarTlaSi saintereso masala

dafiqsirda ziareTis Sesaxeb: `soflis Tavze mTaze ziare-

Tia. modian, wvebian, sizmars naxuloben. racxa derdi Tu

gaqvs, iq midi-modian, kai xdebian. TonijeTsaa qilise dangre-

uli. iq bevri CoCnCxi iyo. opizaSi rom ziareTia, is ori Zma da erTi da yofila. opiza da kotaxi da triala sami

yofila: erTi aq daumarxiaT, erTi opizas, erTi trialze.

eseni erTmaneTs uyureben. Txilazuridan kaci opizas wavida

da sizmarSi uTxra, aq ara, kotaxs wadio. cxeniT gamoiyva-

nes, modrekili iyo, ver gaivlida da ori-sami dRes Tavisi

fexiT gamoiara~. A

qarTlas mosaxleobas sruli warmodgena gaaCnia axlo-

maxlo mdebare qarTuli soflebis Sesaxeb; es soflebia:

berTa, opiza, daba-jimerki, wyalTeTra, gurjaani, jibiTi, xa-tila. qarTlasTan axlos mdebareobs sofeli Txilazuri (Wo-roxis marcxena mxares). Txilazuri xuTi ubnis erToblio-

bas warmoadgens: kontaxevi, naqeravi, zeiT mahale, qveiT maha-le, SalikaSvilebis mahale. Txilazuris mosaxleobis didi

nawili 1914 wels gadasaxlebula, mTxrobelis sityviT,

`russ gaeqcnen~. gadasaxlebulTa adgilebi ki qarTladan mo-

sulebs daukavebiaT. Txilazureli qarTvelebi muhajirad wa-

sulan adafazarSi. migrirebulebs Tan Tavisi soflis saxe-

76

li wauRiaT. aseve gadautaniaT TavianTi soflis saxelebi

qarTladan da avanadan migrirebulebs. sofelSi ramdenime

ojaxi Wanic cxovrobs. isini aq ardaSenidan 50 wlis win

mosulan.

qarTvelebi mkvidroben sofel avanaSic. avanelebis didi

nawili muhajirad wasula. mTxrbelis dedec muhajirad yo-

fila wasuli, magram is 8 wlis Semdeg ukan dabrunebula.

dRes sofelSi 50 komli cxovrobs. zamTarSi maTi didi na-

wili sacxovreblad borCxaSi gadadis. sofeli ori ubnisa-

gan Sedgeba: Wilvani da zelieTi. sofeli orjas (orjis) Zveli mkvidrebic ayrilan. `aqauri kultura gardaicvala. aq

Sereulia mosaxleoba. gadaTurqebuli qarTvelebi arian, ar-

Tvinidan da SavSeTidan Camosulni. aqauroba daclila da

sxvebi mosulan. arTvinis sofelia vazria _ iqidan Camosuli

arian~. dRes sofelSi 90 saxli dgas. am sofelis erT-erTi

`mahalea~ damf(p)ali. damfaleli qarTvelebi muhajirad ar

wasulan. damfalaSi 30 saxli dgas da zamTarSi sofelSi

mxolod 10 komli rCeba. soflis saxeli misi WaobianobiT

aris ganpirobebuli.

qarTulia sofeli trapenic. sofelSi 150 komli cxov-

robs da isini xuT ubanSi arian gadanawilebulni: kamorjika, Sua mahale, CamaxeTi, kalavaTi da abano. CamaxeTSi rizedan mosuli lazebi cxovroben. isini sofelSi samuSaod mosu-

lan, Semdeg ki sacxovreblad darCenilan. qarTuli sofelia

arxva, romlis `mahaleebia~: vaSlovana, yanwalie, SuRlieTi, Sua sofeli. kasimeTi ibrikas ubania. adre ebrika rqmevia.

`kasimeTSi sul gurjebi arian~. kasimeTis qvemo nawili ram-

denime wlis win wyalma (wyalsacavma) dafara. misi mkvidri

qarTvelebi aqeT-iqiT wasulan. kasimeTelebs iaila (TeTriw-yali) karCxlis mTaze aqvT. qarTvelebi cxovroben petrulsa da nigiaSic. petruli Woroxisa da devsqelis wyalgamyof

qedze mdebareobs. `muhajiroba gamosula, wasulan aqedan sam-

sunisaken. iq damdgaran 6 Tves. Cxubi dadga da movidnen. gia-

urebi gadmovidnen, dabeCdnen da wavidnen. mis adgilSi movid-

nen. nawili darCa iq. arian samson-fabras (sofelia). russ

77

uxocia qarTvelebi. nikoras mouyria xalxi devsqels, RameSi

moyara da dawva rusis didma, nikora erqva. mere Cveni aske-

rebi rom movidnen, gaaCeres~. petrulTan axlosaa marmawmin-da devsqelis xeobaSi. marmawmindaSi mosaxleoba mxolod

zafxulSia. zamTars qalaq borCxaSi atareben. marmawmindaSi

dgas gumbaTovani taZari, romlisTvisac perangi 40 wlis

win moucliaT.

qarTvelebi mkvidroben devsqelis xeobis sofel dev-sqelSi. sofeli Svidi mahalis, faqtobrivad, damoukidebeli

soflis erTobliobas Seadgens: gaRmoubani, qomoubani, ukan-mere, tyemlaTi, xabazoRli, Citauri, oxvaTi. iseve rogorc sxva qarTuli soflebidan, devsqelidanac rusebis Semosvlis

dros xalxi muhajirad wasula. devsqelidanac Zalian bevri

qalaqebSia gadasaxlebuli. am sofelSi qarTulad yvela ga-

marTulad metyvelebs. sofelSi naturaluri meurneobis

warmoeba 15 wlis win Sewyvetila. mTxrobelis informaciiT,

adre ojaxs yavda saSualod 40 cxvari, 100 Txa, 15 Zroxa

da 1 cxeni. ZiriTadad axla Txilis moyvanaze arian orien-

tirebulni.

qarTvelebi cxovroben sofel baginSic. bagini 5 `maha-les~ moicavs: SaqareTi, buRareTi, nazvnara, kvintavli, vani. miuTiTeben me-6 ubansac _ nabeRlavs. soflis mkvidri yvela

ZirZvelad miiCnevs Tavs. baginidan oTx kilometrSi fiqsir-

deba toponimi `qilisa~. `sxva qilisa, sadac aris petrulis

qilisa, im adgils veZaxiT ebrigas. sadac Cven varT exla

jamesTan, aq pirvelad qilisa yofila.~ aqaurebis ZiriTadi

sameurneo saqmianoba iyo miwaTmoqmedeba. moyavdaT xorbali,

qeri, simindi, Wvavi. sofelSi bevri aqvT xili: leRvi, msxa-

li, vaSli, TuTa. mohyavT TuTuni. vaWrobdnen xe-tyiT. SeSa

(xe) gasayidad gahqondaT trapizonSi, erzerumSi. kakals

yiddnen borCxaSi, arTvinSi, erzerumSi. ar SeiZleba gverdi

avuaroT sofel baginSi dadasturebul erT eTnografiul

faqts. mTxrobelma kiTxva dagvisva: `ras niSnavs yizilbaSi~?

da Tan daayola: `bavSvebi did nenes Tu gavabrazebdiT, didi

nene yizilbaSs gveZaxda, ras niSnavs neta, yizilbaSebi gon-

78

jebi yofilan?~ bunebrivia, yizilbaSebisadmi negatiuri da-

mokidebuleba liganis xeobaSi qarTvelebma im dros Seiqmnes,

rodesac isini qristianebi da maTi mtrebi iyvnen. ar SeiZle-

ba erTi eTnografiuli faqtis Sesaxebac ar aRvniSnoT. ba-

ginSi cudad ixsenieben ermenlebs (somxebs). `Cveni didvane-

bis saxlebi ermenlebs dauwvavT~. aseTi faqtebi sxva sof-

lebSic dasturdeba.

qarTvelebi cxovroben qlaskuris xeobaSic. sofeli

qlaskuri oradaa gayofili _ zeda qlaskuri da qveda qlas-

kuri. `rusis omi rom iyo aqedan bevri wasula sinapSi. wau-

kidia rusebs, cecxli gauCeniaT da wasula aqedan xalxi~.

qlaskuridan rodesac xalxi midioda, isini, Turme adgilebs

yiddnen. mTxrobelis ismed deRikiZis (qeskin) TqmiT, `roca qarTvelebi wavidnen aqedan, Cems dedes uyidia 18 mosaxlis

adgili~. sayuradReboa, rom devsqelisa da misi mimdebare

soflebis mkvidr qarTvelebs Turqebi `lazebs~ uwodeben,

`radgan Sav zRvasTan vcxovrobT~. qlaskuris xeobidanac Za-

lian didia mosaxleobis migracia. faqtobrivad, aqac da da-

narCeni soflebis qarTul mosaxleobasac cxovrebis organ

mosaxleobis wesi CamouyalibdaT _ zamTarSi did qalaqebSi

da zafxulSi _ soflebSi cxovrebisa.

79

qarTuli gvarebi klarjeTSi

originaluri iyo qarTuli anTroponimebi; isini mniSvne-

lovani eTnikuri niSnebis gamomxatvelni arian. marTalia,

qarTul anTroponimebs saerTo niSnebi hqonda, magram sxva-

dasxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareSi pirovnul saxeleb-

sa da gvarsaxelebs (memkvidreobiT saxelebs) garkveuli Ta-

viseburebebic axasiaTebda. dRemde mecnierTaTvis cnobili ar

iyo istoriuli saqarTvelos anTroponimTa Taviseburebebi,

Tu ar CavTvliT `tbeTis sulTa matianis~ teqsts, romel-

Sic mxolod maWaxelSi arsebuli gvarebi da saxelebia war-

modgenili. klarjuli gvarebis Sesaxeb warmodgena mxolod

nawilobriv SeiZleba SeviqmnaT, radgan am Temaze arsebuli

eTnografiuli masala erTob arasrulyofilia.

murRulis xeobis sofel gurbananSi cxovroben: CauSoR-lebi, baxrisani, ibiSisani, yoCoRlisani, extiarisani, gula-medisani, eminisani, begoRlisani, efendisani, Seixisani (Sei-xoRluebi). amas garda, sofelSi gamoyofen agreTve laRabebs anu Serqmeul saxelebs. aseT laRabebad gurbanis bagas maha-leSi asaxeleben: firoRlebi, yalinjisani, rizeTisani, usei-naRisani, badiSisani, saxisani... aSkaraa, rom Cven saqme gvaqvs memkvidreobiT saxelebTan, magram isini Zveli qarTuli gva-

rebi araa, radgan umetes maTgans fuZe qarTuli ara aqvs.

aRniSnuli sanaTesao wris saxelwodebebis sufiqsebi ki qar-

Tulia, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom isini qarTul enobriv da

eTnikur samyaroSia warmoqmnili. ratom unda gamqraliyo

Tavdapirveli qarTuli gvarebi? migvaCnia, rom es arastabi-

luri politikuri viTarebis Sedegi unda iyos da, rac mTa-

varia, mosaxleobis erTi adgilidan meoreze gadasaxlebis.

agreTve Turqul enobriv-eTnikur garemoSi ufro advili

iyo Tavdapirveli gvaris dakargva, radgan osmaleTis saxel-

mwifoSi memkvidreobiTi saxelis tradicia saerTod ar arse-

bobda. sxvadasxva viTarebidan gamomdinare, marTalia, qarTve-

lebi kargavdnen Tavdapirvel gvarebs, magram maT mis gareSe

arseboba mainc ar SeeZloT da axal memkvidreobiT saxels

80

iformebdnen -sani da -eb sufiqsebiT. axla rac Seexeba la-

Rabs anu Serqmeul saxels. isini aRniSnuli gvarebis Semdeg

aris warmoqmnili da gvarSi ubralod danayofebis saxelebs

warmoadgenen.

sofel qvamWireTis mkvidrni arian beqirorlebi, aidine-bi, xojoRlebi, saleoRlebi da ozmenebi. beqiroRlebs meore saxelic gaaCniaT _ aljiesani, xojoRlebs _ dinenesani, sa-leoRlebs _ arifisani. `amas Cven laRafs vetyviT. didi uf-

rosi dineni yofila da dinenosani daarqves~. kabarjeTSi cxovroben TofCioRlebi. adgilobrivebi qarTul enaze ro-

desac saubroben gvars gamoTqvamen ase: `TofCebi~. es garemo-eba (mravlobiTi forma) miuTiTebs erTi kacis, winapris, ro-

mlis profesiac iyo `TofCi~, mikuTvnebulobas. rogorc

mTxrobeli gadmogvcems, aRniSnul gvars sxva sufiqsiTac (-

sani) gamoTqvamen: TofCisani. murRulis xeobis sofel kaparWeTSi -Ze sufiqsiani qar-Tuli gvaric dadasturda _ kutunaZe. aqve nugzar mgelaZes

daudasturebia agreTve kenWaZeebisa da kamkamiZeebis gvare-

bi76.

murRulis xeobis sofel iskebSi cxovroben: WirizoR-lebi (mTxrobelis sityviT, WirizoRli laRabia. aTaTaurqi

rom mosula alTuneri daurqmeviaT. qarTulad vityviT Wi-rosanebi an Wirozebi), Tramfajebi, Sabanebi, genjoRlebi, arifoRlebi, felevenoRlebi, TofCebi. sofelSi yvelaze

metni Wirosanebi/Wirozebi arian. aSkaraa, rom am SemTxvevaSi -oRli sufiqsi memkvidreobiT saxelSi SedarebiT gvian aris

gaCenili, is, ubralod, Caenacvla qarTul -san da -eb sufiq-

sebs. genjoRlebis qarTuli Sesatyvisia genjosani, arifoR-lebisa _ arifosani da felevanoRlebisa _ felevnisani. nug-zar mgelaZis masalebiT iskebSi mkvidroben agreTve futkara-Zeebi da iremaZeebi.77

76 klarjeTi. m. faRavas redaqciiT, baTumi, 2016, gv. 290. 77 klarjeTi. m. faRavas redaqciiT, baTumi, 2016, gv. 290.

81

sofel bujurSi dadasturda gvari CxaiZe. gadmocemiT

maTi winapari Tanamedrove saqarTvelodan gadmosaxlebula,

Tumca adgilobrivi tradiciidan gamomdinare laRabic gasCe-

niaT; isini iwodebian ase: izeTisani. murRulis sofel oz-malSi ZiriTadad sxvadasxva soflebidan gadmosuli qarTve-

lebi cxovroben. adgilobrivi mkvidrebi `muhajirad wasu-

lan, rusi aq mosula, dabeCavebulan da imitom wasulan~. am

sofelSi dadasturda Zveli qarTuli gvari TaTqiriZe. cno-bilia, rom TaTqiriZeebi Tavadebi iyvnen da maTi STamomaval-

ni arian TaqTaqiSvilebi da TavdgiriZeebi. sofel durCaSi ramdenime `mahalea~ da yvela maTgani

gvaris saxels atarebs: ajoRlebis mahala, bairaxtar mahala (bairaxtarebi), subaSebi mahala (igive aliaRasani), xojisani mahala. mTxrobelebi ajoRlebis nacvlad ajiaSvilsac ambo-ben da hajisansac. am gvaris xalxi `hajebi bevrni yofilan

da daurqmeviT hajisani~. xojisanTa winapari ki xoja yofi-la, bairaxtarisa ki _ medroSe. durCaSive cxovroben: mele-gosani, Citosani, faSalisani, gedugisani. rogorc vxedavT

erTi anTropomimi sufTa qarTulia rogorc ZiriT, ise su-

fiqsiT _ Citosani. sofel korideTSi memiSoRlebi mkvidoben. asaxeleben

lamaziSvilsac. baSqoiSi asaxeleben ColoyaSvilebis gvars.

isini ColaqoRladac moixseniebodnen. gadmocemiT kaxeTidan arian gadmosaxlebuli.

Woroxis xeobaSi erT-erTi yvelaze didi sofelia qarT-la. soflis erTi ubnis saxeli dolabiZea, rac pirdapir mi-uTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom is dolabiZeebiT iyo dasaxle-

buli. soflis mkvidrebi TavianT qarTul gvarebs Cveulebriv

-oRli sufiqsiT moixsenieben. isini, bunebrivia, Tavis droze

qarTul sufiqsebs -Ze da -Svili Caenacvlbnen. Tumca ramde-

nime gamonaklisi aqacaa, magaliTad, durebi, TeTroebi, arnao-tebi, jinoebi. qarTlas mezobeli sofelia Txilazuri. soflis Tavda-

pirveli saxelwodeba iyo TxilaZe, e. i. is TxilaZeebis so-

feli iyo, Tumca am gvarisani dRes aq aRaravin mosaxleobs.

82

sofelis mkvidrTa didi nawili muhajirad wasula. dRes so-

fel TxilaZis/Txilazuris naxevars TafliZeebi Seadgenen.

kontaxevis ubani mTlianad TafliZeebs aqvT dakavebuli.

calke ubani hqoniaT SalikaSvilebs/Salikebs. ubnis saxeli

SemorCenilia, magram aRniSnuli gvarisani aq aRar cxovro-

ben, isini 1914 wels wasulan, `russ gaeqcnen. Salikebis sa-xeli darCa~. qarTuli wyaroebiT, cnobilia, rom SalikaSvi-

lebi samxreT saqarTvelodan warmomavloben. maTi Tavdapir-

veli gansaxlebis adgilis dadgenis saSualebas eTnografiu-

li masala gvaZlevs. esaa klarjeTis sofeli TxilaZe (Wo-roxis marjvena mxares). rac Seexeba TafliZeebs, eTnografi-uli monacemebiT, am sofelSi isini qarTladan gadmosaxle-

bulan: `kontaxevSi yvela TafliZea. TafliZeebSi sami Zma

iyo. ori Tane qarTlas darCa, mesame aq movida. erT Zmas Ta-

vi TeTri hqonda da mis STamomavlebs gvari darCa TeTro. qarTlas arian amisi, mesame Zma xesisi iyo (Zunwi) da imisi

saxeli darCa xeseko. mesames bevri futkari hyavda, imisi sa-xeli darCa TafliZe. xesekoebi cxovroben qarTlas, avanas

da arTvins~. mTxrobelis sityviT, `am sofelS ori Tane gva-

ri Wanebi arian: TofaloRli, delibaSi. 50 wlis win mosu-

lan ardaSnidan. aq bevri yanebi iyo da lazebi yanaSi saqmob-

dnen~.

sofeli damfali/dampali Woroxis napirTan axlos mde-

bareobs. soflis naxevari bolqvaZis gvariTaa dasaxlebuli.

trapenSi zaqraZeebi arian bevrni. damfalaSi Worioxis mar-jvena sanapiroze mdebare sofel kasimeTidan gadmosaxlebu-

lan. kasimeTSi zaqaraZeebi 15 komlis raodenobiT arian, dam-

falaSi _ 5. aqedan wasuli zaqaraZeebis 10 ojaxi ki samsun-Si cxovrobs. `zaqraZeebi uwin trapizonidan mosulan. gare-

uli qarTvelia.~ trapenSi futkaraZeebi (`futkaraZeebi ari-an, magram bairamoRlis uZaxian~) da bolqvaZeebic cxovroben. sofel arxvaSi miqelaZeebi mkvidroben. maT sxvanairad

`yavaziSvils etyvian.~ sofel ibrikis erT-erTi ubani kasime-Tis saxels atarebs. aq TonianoRlebi/Tonianebi cxovroben. mosuli arian trapizonidan. `ebrikaSi bevri varT CauSoRle-

83

bi _ 10-12 saxli. taRlijoRlebi, feruzoRlebi.~ aTaTur-qis dros maTTvis aTamanis gvari miukuTvnebiaT. petrulSi cxovroben: facacoRli, edibelaoRli, nigiaSi _ yarosmanoR-li, yarebi, iaSaroRli. petrulSi `sami ojaxi SindaaZea. ama-Ti gvarisani sinops arian. rusebTan da ermenlebTan Cxubis

dros wasulan~.

sofel qlaskurSi deRikiZeebi mkvidroben. dRes isini

20 komlis raodenobiT arian. am gvarisani didi raodenobiT

arian wasuli sinopSi. cxovroben agreTve TeTraZeebi, wikvi-Zeebi (bevrni arian) da gvaramiZeebi. `zemo qlaskuris uban

wkirmuneTSi zogierTi saxleulis wevrebma dResac ician,

rom isini gumaniZeebi, ... berikaZeebi, beriZeebi iyvnen~78. dev-sqelSi mcxovrebi salioRlebis adrindeli qarTuli gvari

TavdgiriZe yofila. TavdgiriZeebi 90 ojaxs iTvlian. gadmo-

cemiT, TavdgiriZeebi begebi iyvnen. sofel baginSi mkvidroben: xaloRli, sarisloRli (sariSvili), CililoRlu, yaras-loRlu, zengoloRlu, mexroRli, botoloRli, RvedoRli, kuntoRli (kuntoebi). sofel xebas qarTuli gvarebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT

TikanaZeebi da baraTaSvilebi, lazoRlebi (igive laziSvile-bi), sofioRlebi (igive sofiZeebi), bendeloRlebi (igive ben-deliZeebi), tarieloRlebi (igive tarieliZeebi), lominoR-lebi (igive lominaZeebi). `zeda maradidSi cxovroben do-

doRlebis saxleulebi, romelTa Zveli gvari dodiSvili yo-fila. amave soflis uban papunaveTSi asaxeleben muTiZes. ... aqve, maradidSi koJamTa gvaris warmomadgenlebi miiCneven,

rom Zvelad TavdidiZeebi iyvnen. maradidSive gvxvdeba didma-niZeTa sagvareulo~79. aqaurebi arian aspaniZeebi, romlebic

aspinZidan gadmosaxlebula. sxvaTa Soris, qvemo qarTlSi

mcxovrebi aspaniZeebis gadmocemiTac isini javaxeTidan war-

momavloben. qvemo maradidSi dadasturebulia CerqeziSvile-bis, lomiZeebis, karakiZeebis gvarebi.

78 klarjeTi. m. faRavas redaqciiT, baTumi, 2016, gv. 290. 79 klarjeTi. m. faRavas redaqciiT, baTumi, 2016, gv. 290.

84

sagulisyuro gadmocema aqvT daculi beRlevanis xevSi mosaxle qoqolaZeebs, igive bairamaRiSvilebs _ miiCneven,

rom maTi adrindeli gvari iyo talaxaZe, romelic osmaleT-

Si gadmosul giorgi saakaZes Tan xlebia80. Tumca am gadmo-

cemis sandoobas eWvsqveS ayenebs `tbeTis sulTa matiane~,

romelSic qoqolaZis/qoqoliZis gvaria moxseniebuli: `sulsa

qoqolauris mariamis Seundven RmerTman~, `sulsa qoqolisZi-

sa giorgisa da dedasa Seundven RmerTman~81. SesaZloa es

gadmocema sinamdvilis amsaxvelic iyos, Tu im qarTul tra-

dicias gaviTvaliswinebT, rodesac xdeboda sofelSi mosuli

adamianis mier damxvduris gvaris miReba (gvarSi Seyra; zesi-

Zed Sesvlis gamo, simamris gvaris miReba).

zemoT warmodgenili klarjuli gvarebi, ra Tqma unda,

umniSvnelo nawilia im gvarebisa, romlebic aq sxvadasxva

sofelSi binadrobdnen. SedarebiT srulyofili suraTis

warmosaCenad xangrZlivi savele kvleva-Ziebaa saWiro. mTeli

rigi gvarsaxelebi ki osmalTa mmarTvelobis dros daviwye-

bas mieca. klarjeli qarTveli tradiciidan gamomdinare ma-

inc ver eleoda memkvidreobiT saxels, sanaTesao wris gama-

erTianebel saxelwodebas. amis gamo iyo, rom aseTi sanaTe-

sao erTeulebi formdeboda ZiriTadad muslimur saxelze

Turquli -oRli sufiqsis darTviT, rac mxolod da mxo-

lod qarTuli gvarebis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebis (-Ze da -

Svili) Targmans warmoadgenda. umetes SemTxvevaSi eseni iyo

gvaris danayofis (babuiSvilobis) saxelwodebebi. gvxvdeba -

oRliT dabolovebuli qarTulZiriani memkvidreobiTi saxe-

lebic. saamisod tarieloRlis dasaxelebac sakmarisia. mZime

istoriuli warsulis miuxedavad klarjeTSi mainc sakmaod

raodenobiT SemorCa ZirZveli qarTuli gvarsaxelebi da ama

Tu im gvarebis warmomadgenlebs gadmocemac daucavT Tavisi

gvaris sadauroba-warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. gavrcelebuli iyo

80 klarjeTi. m. faRavas redaqciiT, baTumi, 2016, gv. 291. 81 tbeTis sulTa matiane. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva

da saZieblebi daurTo Tina enuqiZem, Tb., 1977, gv. . 106, 138

85

agreTve -san-i sufiqsiani gvarebi. aseTi sufiqsebi Cveuleb-

riv mamakacis saxels erTvis da es saxelebic ufro metad

Turqul-muslimuria. adgilobrivi mkvidrni xSirad gvarebs -

eb sufiqsiTac moixsenieben, magaliTad SeiZleba Salikebi da-vasaxeloT. amave dros, zogierT gvarsaxels ramdenime su-

fiqsiTac asaxeleben: TofCebi, TofCisani, TofCioRli.

86

eTnikuri identobis sakiTxebi klarjeTis

Tanamedrove qarTul mosaxleobaSi

Tanamedrove TurqeTis respublikaSi eTnikur qarTvelTa

identobis problema erT-erTi mwvave da mtkivneuli sakiT-

xia. droTa ganmavlobaSi aq bevrma qarTvelma eTnikuri iden-

toba Seicvala _ isini Turqebad iqcnen. bevri maTganis eTni-

kuri cnobiereba gaorebulia, radgan es problema mWidrodaa

dakavSirebuli enis codnasTan. qarTuli ena ki bolo ramde-

nime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi swrafad ikargeba. qarTuli

enis dakargvis mizezi ramdenimea. pirvel rigSi am faqtor-

Tagan SeiZleba dasaxeldes did qalaqebSi migracia, romelic

ukve TiTqmis yvela ojaxs Seexo. meore mizezad ki sayovel-

Tao saskolo ganaTleba unda dasaxeldes. mivmarToT konkre-

tul eTnografiul monacemebs.

murRuleli mTxrobelis aRniSvniT, `eqvsi Tve aqa var

eqvsi Tve _ izmiTSi. Zmac zamTarSi midis. qarTuli dRes

bevrs esmis, magram ver laparakobs, qalaqebSi qarTulad vis

unda elaparako? amaT uZaxi deiswavleT meTqi. magram... Cveni

ena da gurjoba mainc ikargeba~.

qarTvelTa eTnikur identobas jerjerobiT bevrad gan-

sazRvravs Tamar mefis xsovna. SemorCenilia gadmocemebi,

rom `gurjebis meTave~ `Tamar dedofali~ artanujs idga.

sayuradReboa, rom yvela cixis mSeneblobas Tamar mefes mia-

weren. qarTuli cnobierebis problemasTan negatiuradaa da-

kavSirebuli agreTve miTebi, romlebic, rogorc Cans, mizan-

mimarTulebiT vrceldeboda. magaliTad, zogierTi darwmune-

bulia, rom samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriaze gurjebi aqe-

dan (saqarTvelodan) arian gadasaxlebulni, magaliTad, mur-

RulSi Cawerili eTnografiuli masaliT, xeobis Tavdapirve-

li mkvidrni `jinoviziebi~ yofilan: `aq yofilan jinovizie-

bi. ra enaze laparakobdnen, ar vici. aqaurebi sul baTumidan

arian mosulni~.

qarTuli cnobierebisa da qarTuli enis SenarCunebaSi

garkveuli roli TurqeTTan sazRvris gaxsnamac Seasrula.

87

erT-erTi mTxrobelis TqmiT, `Cemma bRarWebma qarTuli ar

icodnen, kari gaixsna, imis memre deiswavles~. meore mTxro-

beli sofel qlaskuridan aseve aRniSnavs, rom `Cvenc daviw-

yebuli gvqonda qarTuli, sazRvari rom ar gaxsniliyo~.

qarTvelTa identobis SenarCunebaSi mniSvnelovani iyo

tradiciebi, is tradiciebi, rac mxolod maT hqondaT da ri-

Tac isini sxvebisagan gansxvavdebodnen. magaliTad, cekva

`ferxuli~ SeiZleba dasaxeldes. gansakuTrebuli hqondaT

qarTvelebs axali wlis tradiciac: `axalweliwads gogos

gavakeTebdiT, biWia gana. me gamakeTes gogod da gogoebma

Tqves: es ra lamazi gogoao. yvela kar-kar mouqcevdiT. axa-

li weli movida, gamoixedeT karCiao. visamebdiT, dautaSeb-

diT xelebsa, momiparebdiT, deviWyivlebdi. gamtacebeli am-

bobda _ zurgi momZvrao. miscemdnen siminds, fqvils, erbos.

maSin wveri ar mqonda, gatlikuli viyavi. axali rZlebis ka-

ba Camacves~.

sofel bujurSi qarTvelebTan erTad 6 komli lazic

cxovrobs. `Wanuri aravin ar icis. ufrosebi qarTulad la-

parakoben~. mTxrobeli aRniSnavs, rom qmris dedam ki icoda

Wanuri, magram Svilebma ar icodnen. `Cemma erTma bavSvma

icis qarTuli, meorem _ ara, igneben, magram ver laparako-

ben~. sxvaTa Soris, am sofelSi Sekrebili monacemebiT, qar-

Tuli enisa da qarTuli cnobierebis SenarCunebaSi gansakuT-

rebuli roli gaaCniaT aq saqarTvelodan mosul sezonur

muSebs. aWaridan mosulni aq ZiriTadad Txilis krefaze mu-

Saoben: `baTumelebma Cemi Txili oTx dReSi oTxma kacma

mokrifa. Cvenc deveSveleniT. Cemi biWic aq iyo. erTi Tve aq

arian. mere sxvasTan krefen~.

sofel TxilazurSi mcxovrebi ahmed TafliZis (46

wlis) informaciiT, `skolaSi rom wavedi, marto qarTuli

vicodi. gurjebma aravin icoda Turquli. bRarjebma Turqu-

li rom ar icodnen, maswavlebeli bRavda (=uyviroda). zari

rom dairekeboda oqulSi, maSin bavSvebi qarTulad vlapara-

kobdiT. axla qalTan gurjulad vlaparakob, bavSvebTan _

Turqulad~. bunebrivia, es masala pirdapir miuTiTebs Tur-

88

qeTis am regionSi qarTuli enis savalalo mdgomareobaze.

enis dakargvidan eTnikuri cnobierebis dakargvamde arc Tu

ise didi manZilia.

identobis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania istoriis Tavi-

seburi codna. magaliTad, sofel trapenSi erT-erTma mTxro-

belma aRniSna, rom `ardanuji 500 weli iyo saqarTvelos

dedaqalaqi. ardanujis adgilis yvela saxelebi qarTulia~.

qarTvelobis simboloa qalisadmi damokidebulebac. tra-

peneli mTxrobelis TqmiT, `qarTveli qali ojaxSi iqneba,

yanaSi ar gava~. es tradicia dResac grZeldeba. qarTvelobas

qarTuli tradiciebSic xedaven: `qarTveli kaci sad nadi iq-

neba, iq wava. nadi daxmarebaa. nadis dros simReras ityodnen

_ `jivlelo nanai~. nadi simindis motexvis dros, puris

WraSi icodnen, saxlis mSeneblobis dros~.

sayuradReboa, eTnikurobaSenarCunebuli qarTvelebis da-

mokidebuleba gaTurqebuli qarTvelebis mimarT. gaTurqebul

qarTvelebs isini `gadatrialebul qarTvelebs~ uwodeben.

mTxrobelebi aRniSnaven, rom `aTaTurqobis dros gadatrial-

dnen. me moveswari berebma icodnen gurjija~.

am monakveTSi ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTveloSi istoriulad arsebul qarTul-somxur urTie-

rTobebs. irkveva, rom aqa-iq gansaxlebuli somxebi qarTulad

laparakobdnen da maT somxuri saerTod ar icodnen: `ermen-

lebi rabaTSi qarTulad laparakobdnen, cota gagrZelebu-

lad. gadikrifnen. maTi ena aqauri qarTuli iyo~.

qarTvelobis TurqobiT Secvlas zogierTi mTxrobeli

TurqeTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi gadasvlas ukavSirebs:

`aTaTurqis dros gavxdiT Turqi. adre qarTveli viyaviT,

baTumze mibmuli vyofilvarT~.

qarTvelebi imiTac ganasxvaveben Tavs sxvebisagan, rom

isini Tavs ubralod aravis daaCagvrineben: `Cven aqauri mama-

li varT. mamali imas niSnavs, rom Tavs aravis daudebT. kud-

ze Tu damadga, morCa saqme!~ amasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi

masala unda gavixsenoT. devsqelisa da qlaskuris xeobebSi

adgilobrivebs rodesac vkiTxeT: 1946 wels TurqeTis xeli-

89

suflebam artanujeli qarTvelebi bursaSi gadaasaxla, imis

gamo, rom sazRvarTan axlos cxovrobdnen. Tqven ufro ax-

los cxovrobT sazRvarTan. rogor gadarCiT? pasuxi aseTi

iyo: `Cven, qarTvelebi yvelani SeiaraRebul viyaviT. TiToe-

uls xuTi iaraRi mainc gvqonda. axlac asea. Cven gasaxleba-

sac apirebdnen, magram yvelani tyeSi gavediT. jari gvesroda

da Cvenc tyidan vesrodiT. sami Tve verafers gaxdnen da Ta-

vi dagvanebes~.

eTnikuri qarTvelebi kidev erTi ramiT gamoacalkeveben

TavianT Tavs Turqebisagan. am ukanasknelT isini kudianebis

saxeliT moixsenieben. ras unda niSnavdes kudiani? kudi ada-

mianebs ar hqondaT; kudi cxovelebs hqondaT. qarTul enaSi

`kudiani~ araqristianis, avi sulis, eSmakis aRmniSvnelia.

90

eTnografiuli tao

taos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxare yvelaze didi er-

Teulia samxreT saqarTveloSi. klarjeTi taosTan erTad

xSirad erT regionad gaiazreboda: `tao-klarjeTi~ (romel-

Sic SavSeTic igulisxmeboda), magram mainc damoukidebeli

eTnografiuli erTeulebi iyo. tao md. Woroxis Sua dinebis

auzSia. Zv. w. 401 w. berZeni qsenofonti am kuTxis mosaxle-

obas taoxebad moixseniebs. Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi tao kol-

xeTis samefoSi Sedioda. qarTlis (iberiis) samefos warmoq-

mnisTanave (Zv. w. IV_III saukuneebi) tao misi organuli na-

wili gaxda. taos Zv. w. II saukuneSi somxeTi daeufla. ax.

w. I_II saukuneebSi kvlav qarTlis samefoSi Sedioda. Sem-

dgom kvlav somxeTma daipyro da mamikonianTa feodaluri

samflobelo iyo. amitom taoSi qarTul mosaxleobasTan er-

Tad, gansakuTrebiT imier-taoSi, somxuric gaCnda. qarTve-

lebsa da somxebs Soris saeklesio dapirispirebis dros,

taoSi diofizitobam gaimarjva da is diofizitobis Zlier

centrs warmoadgenda. VIII_IX saukuneebSi taoSi farTo sa-

monastro mSenebloba iyo gaCaRebuli. aq aigo qarTuli saek-

lesio arqiteqturis SesaniSnavi nimuSebi (taZrebi _ bana, xaxuli, oSki, iSxani, oTxTa eklesia, parxali, kavkasiZeenis eklesia, eqeqi....). dResac ki gamaognebel STabeWdilebas to-

vebs TorTumisa da solomonisis/kalmaxis cixe-simagris nan-grevebi.

taos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxare sami mikroregio-

nis erTobliobas warmoadgens; esenia: olTisi, TorTumi da parxali. amave dros, qarTuli wyaroebiT tao or nawilad _

imier-taod da amier-taod _ iyofoda. eqvTime TayaiSvili mi-iCnevda, rom imier-tao olTisis wylis marcxniv mdebare ad-

gilebi iyo, xolo marjvena mxare _ amier-tao mdinaris mar-

jvniv mdebareobda. dRevandeli samecniero monacemebiT amier-

tao mTlianad moicavda olTiss, xolo TorTumi da parxali

imier-taos miekuTvneboda. carizmma samxreT-dasavleT saqar-

Tvelos mxareebidan taos mxolod amiernawilis _ olTisis

91

_ dapyroba moaxerxa. imier-tao (parxali da TorTumi) ki ar

Sesula ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi.

klarjeTTan erTad, taoSi mieca dasabami bagrationebis samefo dinastias. taoSi moRvaweobdnen qarTuli saeklesio

kulturis moRvaweebi _ ioane da eqvTime mTawmindelebi. XII-XIII saukuneebSi tao saqarTvelos feodaluri monarqiis sa-

napiro qveyana iyo. erTiani saqarTvelos samefos daSlis

Semdeg, tao samcxe-saaTabagos samTavroSi Sedioda. XVI sau-

kuniis 50-ian wlebSi samcxe-saaTabagos dasavleTi eTnogra-

fiuli erTeulebi da, maT Soris, taoc osmaleTma daipyro.

taoSi, mis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, parxlis xeobaSi

sam qarTul sofelSi (romelic 20-ze meti ubnisagan Sedge-

ba) SemorCenilia qarTuli ena. bevr taoels TavianTi qarTu-

li gvari axsovs. adgilobrivTa TqmiT, aq `ori asi~ qarTve-

lis saxlia. taoel qarTvelebSi ukve oci welia mesaqonle-

obis tradiciuli forma _ iailebi moiSala, radgan `genje-

bi~ qalaqebSi wavidnen. Zvel taoelebs agebuli hqondaT uni-

kaluri terasebi, romlebic 40 safexurze mets moicavs. uZ-

veles terasebze dResac xilis baRebi da venaxebia gaSenebu-

li.

taoSi ganviTarebuli iyo miwaTmoqmedeba. mohyavdaT

xorbali, qeri, fetvi, Wvavi... mniSvnelovani adgili ekava me-

venaxe-oba-mebaReobas. bevri baRi da venaxi terasebze hqondaT

gaSenebuli. 1574 wlis osmaluri davTriT mevenaxeoba da me-

xileoba gansakurebiT ganviTarebuli iyo TorTumis mxare-

Si82. Woroxis xeobaSi mitovebuli terasebi dResac ki gasa-

ocar STabeWdilebas stovebs. terasuli meurneoba taoSi,

iseve rogorc mTel samxreT saqarTveloSi, sairigacio sis-

temas eyrdnoboda. dimitri baqraZe taos olTisis mxaris Se-

saxeb werda: `olTisis olqSi mogzauris gansakuTrebul yu-

radRbas ipyrobs arxebis SesaniSnavi sistema, romelic ueW-

velad Semonaxulia Soreuli warsulidan. arxebi aq did man-

Zilzea gayvanili. isini hkveTen yvelaze ufro maRal ked-

821574 wlis gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari, gv. 98-100.

92

lebsa da mTebis ferdobebs, iyofian meorexarisxovani arxe-

bis mraval Stoebad, miedinebian xeebis grZel RarebSi, mdi-

naris erTi napiridan meoreze, wylis amwevi manqanebiT xe-

laxla adian simaRleebze da qmnian axal arxebs. amgvari ar-

xebi da baRebi 1879 wels vnaxe baTumis olqis arTvinis ok-

rugSi, gansakuTrebiT ki imerxevSi, romelic baTums saucxoo

yurZniT da xiliT amaragebs~83.

taoSi dasturdeba vazis iseTi jiSebi, romlebic aqam-

de cnobili ar iyo, magaliTad, kvirtai, CaCxai, Turvanda, karuli, TxisZuZu. Zvel taoelebs mohyavdaT qeri, Wvavi, cercvi, fetvi, Romi, dika. xis vedro taoelebmac icodnen.

imerxevSi Tu mas kroWi erqva, taoSi is, aRmosavleT saqar-

Tvelos analogiurad, `kodis~ saxeliT iyo cnobili. taoSi

mesaqonleoba iailebis sistemis iyo.

1574 wlis gurjistanis vilaieTis davTriT, olTisis

livis mkvidrT gadasaxadi hqondaT Sewerili ialaRebsa da

yiSlaRebze84, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom mesaqonleoba iseTi-

ve formis iyo, rogorc samxreT saqarTvelos sxva istori-

ul-eTnografiul mxareebSi, manam, sanam saqonels mTaSi/iai-

laze aiyvandnen, garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi (sami-oTxi kvi-

ra) gardamaval zolSi _ yiSlebze abalaxebdnen. islamis mi-

Rebamde misdevdnen agreTve meRoreobas. didi raodenobiT

hyavdaT cxvari. TiTqmis yvela sofels Sewerili hqonda ga-

dasaxadi Taflze, rac mefutkreobis farTod ganviTarebaze

miuTiTebs85. didi raodenobiT moyavdaT kakali, rac gvavara-

udebinebs, rom misgan zeTs xdidnen. olTiselebisaTvis arc

mebambeoba iyo ucxo. aqve 1574 wlis davTriT, bevri samReb-

ro yofila. sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom osmaleTis xeli-

suflebas focxveris tyavze didi gadasaxadi hqonda dawese-

buli, rac taoSi monadireobis farTod ganviTarebis dama-

dasturebelia.

83 Д. З. Бакрадзе. Историко-археологический очерк Карской области. - ИКОИРГО, VII, №1, Тф., 1881, с. 196. 84 1574 wlis gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari. 2016. 85 1574 wlis gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari. 2016.

93

parxlis xeobaSi bevri didi ojaxi yofila. eTnografi-

uli monacemebiT, taoelebi eridebian axlo naTesavebze da-

qorwinebas. marTalia, taoelebi patara ojaxebad cxovrob-

dnen, magram aq iSviaTi ar iyo didi ojaxebic.

XX saukunis samociani wlebis dasawyisSi taoSi imog-

zaura ingliselma denis sesil hilzma. im dros saqarTve-los es istoriul-eTnografiuli mxare TurqeTis xelisu-

falTa mier kvlav Caketili iyo. taoeli qarTvelebis Sesa-

xeb is werda: `Savgvremanma lamazma qarTvelebma, msxvil-

Zvliani nakvTebiT da maTma welSi gamarTulma qalebma, ro-

melTa wiTeli kabebi yayaCosaviT gamokrToda yviTel xor-

balSi, Secvales qera lazebi, maTi gamgmiravi mzeriT da

tansacmel-Semoglejili, SromaSi qancgawyvetili qalebiT~.

ingliseli dawvrilebiT aRwers taos qarTul taZrebs da

dasZens, rom MmaTi gadarCena ZiriTadad meCeTebad gadakeTebam

ganapirobao. parxlis aRwerisas wers: `xeobaSi gafantulia

bevri sxva qarTuli eklesia, (mohyavs mTxroblis sityvebi)

`maRali koSkebiT da suraTebiT qvebze, isini qarTvelebis

Zvelma mefem aago Tavisi asulebisaTvis~. `amboben, aRmosav-

leT TurqeTis dRevandeli qarTuli mosaxleoba gamuslima-

nebuli STamomavlobaa warmoSobiT qristiani xalxisa, ro-

melTa qveyana erT dros kavkasionidan Woroxis mdinaremde

da Senakadamde iyo gadaWimuli. me ar davuwye gamokiTxva am

agents (mxedvelobaSi hyavs taos administraciuli centris

_ iusufeleli finansuri agenti, romelic aseve qarTveli

iyo _ r. T.), radgan is aucileblad uaryofda yovelgvar

kavSirs qristianobasTan. magram is wuxda, rom ganaTlebisa

da emigraciis wyalobiT qarTuli ena ikargeboda~.

parxalSi qarTvelTa sacxovrebeli saxlebi xisa iyo.

imerxevSi `qori~ Tu Tivis Sesanaxi xis nageboba iyo, aq `qo-

ri~ hqvia saxlis pirvel sarTulze cxvris dasayenebel Se-

moRobil adgils. meore sarTuli Tu sacxovrebeli iyo, me-

same sarTulze Tivas inaxavdnen. qobais xevSi erT sofels

ori dasaxleba hqonda _ zamTrisa da zafxulis. eqvsi Tve

`qvemo sofelSi~ iyvnen, eqvsi Tve _ `zemo sofelSi~.

94

taoSi marcvleuli kulturebidan mohyavdaT: qeri, di-ka, Wvavi, girgili...

ganviTarebuli iyo meTevzeoba da xSirad ikvebebodnen

kalmaxiT. zemoxsenebul d. s. hilzs taoSi cnobil eklesia-

monastrebTan erTad sxva dangreuli taZrebic mounaxulebia.

magaliTad, sofel nikomSi mas unaxavs dangreuli eklesia:

`patar-patara qoxebs zemoT aRmarTuliyo maRali, yviTeli

eklesiis ConCxi SesaniSnavi moxatuli svetebiTa da Zalian

dazianebuli gumbaTis yeliT. axlomdebare samlocveloSi,

romelic Zroxebis sadgoms uerTdeboda, ramdenime kargad Se-

naxuli wmindanTa freska vipovne, qarTuli warwerebiTa da

minawerebiT~. TorTumis axlos ki sul axlad, sami wlis

win afeTqebul eqeqis eklesias aRwers. eqvTime TayaiSvilma taoSi daadastura, rom gamuslime-

buli qarTvelebi asrulebdnen zogierT qristianul wesebsa

da Cveulebebs. magaliTad, yurban-bairamis dros (muslimTa

aRdgoma) Rebavdnen kvercxebs da mihqondaT eklesiis nangre-

vebSi. amasve aRniSnavda e. veidenbaumi banis taZris Sesaxeb, romelic mas 1879 wels mounaxulebia. `xaxulSi, monastris

karibWeSi, aRmosavleTis kedelSi, RvTismSoblis suraTia ga-

moqandakebuli, romelsac mkvidrni mariams uwodeben. Tumca

muslimTa qalebi meCeTSi ar dadian, magram am qandakebasTan

modian Tamamad, aRipyroben xelebs da sTxoven Svilierebas:

visac rZe aklia, rZis momatebas, visac avadmyofi hyavs, mis

morCenas. mariami didad swamT araTu dedakacebs, aramed mama-

kacebsac~86. rogorc e. TayaiSvili aRniSnavs, `samuslimano saqarTveloSi Cveulebadaa ziareTSi wasvla. es udris Cvene-bur xatobas. ziareTi samlocvelo adgils hqvia da aseTi adgilebia, sadac Zveli eklesiis nangrevebia, an yofili saj-varea. aq modian sxvadasxva adgilebidan, nametnavad qalebi; moaqvT Camoqnili Taflis sanTlebi, aanTeben sanTlebs da loculoben. aq rCebian erT-or Rames; Tu Soridan mosuli

86 e. TayaiSvili. samuslimano saqarTvelo. _ `dabruneba~, Tb.,

1991, gv. 217-218.

95

arian, ufro metsac. da amaT unda daesizrmoT Rame, Tu ra cxoveli daklan samsxverplod, cxvari, Txa, xbo, Zroxa Tu xari, da rac daesizmrebaT, imas daklaven xolme. aseT Cveu-lebas asruleben portas (Zveli Satberdis) monastris nan-grevebSi da bevr sxva adgilas. ... aseTi ziareTi aqvT xaxu-lis mcxovrebTac maTi xevis saTaveSi, mTaze, sadac eklesiis nangrevebia daculi~87.

eqvTime TayaiSvilma 1907 wels taos olTisis mxareSi,

imogzaura da rogorc adgilze Sekrebili eTnografiuli

monacemebiT gaarkvia, rusebis aq Sesvlamde mosaxleobis um-

ravlesobas gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. `begebi

am mxarisa ekuTvnodnen ximSiaSvilebis gvareulobas~. eqspe-

diciis dros mecnierma isic gaarkvia, rom olTisis zogierT

sofelSi (fanaskerti, aznavi, niakomi) zogierT moxucebuls

qarTuli esmoda da yvelas hqonda imis cnobiereba, rom isi-

ni winaT qarTvelebi iyvnen. olTisis sofel kalkosis ekle-

siaSi daculi yofila qarTuli saxareba, romelsac somxebi

da berZnebi eTayvanebodnen. e. TayaiSvils adgilobrivma Tur-

qulenovanma somxebma Caawerines, rom am soflis mcxovrebni

orTulidan varT mosuli, winaT qarTvelebi viyaviT, xolo

Semdeg grigorianeloba miviReTo88.

Woroxis xeobaSi, taosa da klarjeTis sazRvarze, sam-

wuxaro faqti dafiqsirda. 2007 wels davadastureT, rom

sofel WimWimSi qarTulad mxolod xuTi moxuciRa metyve-

lebda, arada erTi saukunis win, rodesac am sofelSi eqvTi-me TayaiSvili imyofeboda, qarTulad yvela SesaniSnavad sa-

ubrobda: `am sofelSi aris kidev erTi didi sofeli maRal-

zekarze (uReltexilze), iSxnis maxloblad (sofeli iSxanis

samuxtaroSi Sedis), sofelSi 208 suli mcxovrebia da yve-

la qarTulad laparakobs. am soflis saxeli rukaze aris

CilCimi, magram misi saxelia WimWimi da mcxovrebnic ase ga-moTqvamen mis saxels. am soflis saxeli gvamcnevs, Tu saiT-

87 e. TayaiSvili. samuslimano saqarTvelo, gv. 220. 88 e. TayaiSvili. samuslimano saqarTvelo, gv. 333.

96

gan warmosdga saxelwodeba cnobilis qarTvelis mecnieris

da filosofosis ioane WimWimelisa. ... exla cxadia, ioane

yofila sofel WimWimidan da aqedan warmosdga WimWimeli,

rogorc rusTavidan rusTaveli, xonidan xoneli da sxva~89.

saerTod, TurqeTis saxelmwifos teritoriaze arsebul qar-

Tul istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebSi seriozulad dgas

qarTuli enis SenarCunebis sakiTxi. bunebrivia, realurad

safrTxis winaSea is mravali tradicia, romlebic aqaur

qarTvelebs sul cota xnis win kargad hqondaT Semonaxuli.

aRniSnuls Tavisi mizezebi aqvs, romelTagan umTavaresi qar-

TvelTa kompaqturi gansaxlebebis arealidan did qalaqebSi

mosaxleobis migraciaa.

taoSi, parxlis-wylis Senakad qobais xevze eqvTime Taya-iSvilma aRwera `Zveli grZeli sarwyavi arxi, romelic iwyeba

sofel uTavidan, kobakis maxloblad, gaWrilia kldeSi ramo-

denime versis sigrZeze da midis sofel zavrieTSi; amas miawe-ren Tamar mefes da amboben, yvelaze didi Rvawli, romelic

man dasdo am mxares, es ariso~90. orTulSi mTlianad gamu-

slimebuli qarTvelebi yofilan. am soflis sasaflaoze bevri

yofila saflavis qvebi _ cxenisa da cxvris qandakebebi.

1878 wels taos olTisis nawili ruseTis imperiis Se-

madgenlobaSi aRmoCnda. es mxare carizmma yarsis olqSi Se-

iyvana (iseve rogorc kola, artaani da eruSeTi). miuxedavad

imisa, rom aq qarTvelTa kvali warxocili iyo, imdroindeli

rusuli dokumentebiT mainc SeiZleba qarTul toponimebze

Tvalyuris gadevneba: avWala, muxreli, axrisi, orTuli, fan-jureTi, petrevani, fanaskerTi, ureki, salajuri (am saxel-

wodebiT sofeli mTiuleTSic aris), Sua julakari, olori... rac mTavaria, aq dadasturebulia toponimi tauskeri, rac qarTuli taoskaris fonetikuri variantia. parxlis xeobaSi

eqvTime TayaiSvils ramdenime sxva qarTuli toponimi dau-

89e. TayaiSvili. samuslimano saqarTvelo, gv. 222. 90e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri eqspedicia kola-olTisSi da so-

fel CangalSi 1907 wels _ `dabruneba~, Tb., 1991, gv. 221.

97

dasturebia, magaliTad, SeiZleba davasaxeloT sofel par-

xlis ubani `goWvaTi~ (sagoWe adgili), kelenxevi, qoloTeTi (Sdr.: Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi, lexurasa da mejudas xeoba-

Ta saTaveSi, mdebare soflis saxels _ `qoloTi~), saZovre-

bi: cas-xevi, bogaTkeTi. eqvTime TayaiSvili parxlis xeobis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda:

parxalSi gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi cxovroben. qarTuli

moxucebs-Ra esmiT (amas aRniSnavs iSxanis mcxovrebTa Sesaxe-

bac). imave dros mezobel sofel kobakSi didi da patara yvela laparakobs qarTulad, iseve rogorc xevekSi, romlis

mosaxleobac sanaxevrod malulad qristianobas aRiarebs. gi-orgi yazbegis mogzaurobis dros maT jer kidev hyoliaT

marTlmadidebeli mRvdeli91. iqve mecnieri imasac aRniSnavs,

rom parxlelebis ZiriTadi sameurneo saqmianoba mexileoba

da mesaqonleoba iyo. es sofeli ganTqmuli yofila Saleu-

lobis warmoebiT, rac, bunebrivia, mecxvareobis farTod gav-

rcelebas efuZneboda. sxvaTa Soris, xaxulis mosaxleobac

ZiriTadad xileuliT irCenda Tavs, romlebsac moWarbebuli

produqti arzrumSi gahqondaT gasayidad. magram, rac mTava-

ria xaxulelebi didi raodenobiT xils Ciravdnen da zam-

TarSic maTi kvebis erT-erT produqts isic Seadgenda92.

eqvTime TayaiSvili taoelTa garegnobazec axdenda dak-

virvebas: `muslimi qarTvelebi yovelgan TvalsaCinod ganir-

Cevian sxva samuslimano saqarTvelos mcxovrebTagan, Turqe-

bisagan, Taraqamebisagan da sxvebisagan, ganirCevian saxiT, Cac-

ma-daxurviT, zne-CveulebiT, darbaislobiT (pirvel Tqmulia

ZvelTagan sidarbaisle mesxisa), sidinjiT da patiosnebiT.

tanisamosi mamakacisa iseTivea rogorc gurulebisa, aWarle-

bisa da lazebisa, ese igi Caqura~93. mecniers iqve mohyavs n.

91 e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri eqspedicia samxreT saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1960, gv. 83. 92 e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri eqspedicia samxreT saqarTveloSi,

gv. 59. 93 e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri eqspedicia kola-olTisSi da so-

fel CangalSi 1907 wels, gv. 224.

98

Sugurovis wignakidan amonaweri: `sami wlis ganmavlobaSi Ce-

mi frontze yofnisa me kargad davukvirdi namdvil Turqebs,

magram xaxulis Turqebis saxeebSi, nametnavad axalgazrdebi-

sa, aSkarad SevniSne namdvilad qarTuli saxeebi. metad Tavi-

seburia didroni Savi Tvalebi da anagebi tuCisa... gansakuT-

rebiT xaxulis `TurqTa~ (e. i. gamahmadianebuli qarTvele-

bis) Sesaxeb unda vTqva, es xalxi raindulad patiosania, si-

marTliT gamsWvalulia da friad stumarTmoyvare~94.

parxalTan sameurneo-ekonomikuri urTierToba hqoniaT

Wanebs/lazebs. parxalSi paraskevobiT gamarTul bazrobaze

mTebidan mravlad modiodnen lazebi, romlebsac gasayidad

xis nawarmi da iafasiani konstantinepoluri farTali moh-

qonebiaT.

eqvTime TayaiSvils parxalSi friad saintereso eTno-

logiuri faqti daudasturebia; is wers: `Zveli warmarTuli

kultis gadmonaSTs warmoadgens rTvelis dResaswauli: tan-

gaxdili Wabukebi ferxuls cekvaven da yurZnis mtevnebs iki-

deben tanze. es wesi parxals qvemoT mdebare soflebSi-Ra

SemorCenila, TviT parxalSi ki molebi ukrZalaven axalgaz-

rdebs tanT gaxdas. es gaSiSvlebuli vaJebi Cveneburi agunas

da klasikuri baxusis Tanamgzavrebs mogvagoneben~95. eTno-

logebs miaCniaT, rom aRniSnuli ritualis mizani baraqiani

weliwadis dabeveba iyo. magram rituali xom ara gazafxul-

ze, aramed mosavlis aRebisas, rTvelis dros tardeboda.

ufro safiqrebelia, rom gaSiSvlebuli da SiSvel tanze

yurZnis mtevnebasxmuli Wabukebis rokva miRebuli mosavlis

gamo RvTaebisadmi madlierebis gamoxatulebaa. dabejiTebiT

isic unda vTqvaT, rom rituali ferxulis Semadgeneli na-

wili iyo. Cveni eTnografiuli masalebiT, `tikiT vferxu-

lobdiT, qalebi calke vferxulobdiT, kacebi _ calke~.

94 e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri eqspedicia kola-olTisSi da so-

fel CangalSi 1907 wels, gv. 225. 95 e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri eqspedicia samxreT saqarTveloSi,

gv. 83.

99

taos parxlis mxareSi dRes kvlavaa SemorCenili xare-bis Wedoba. yvela Tems Tavisi xarebis Wedoba hqonda. `par-

xliswylis xeobis im soflebSi, sadac amJamadac imarTeba

SuamToba, xarebis Wedoba kvlav sadReobo ritualis nawi-

lad gvevlineba. SuamTobas axlac sruldeba ferxulebi,

imarTeba Widaoba, xarebis Serkineba... tradiciulad, am dReo-

baze Wanebi/lazebi da murRulelebi gadmodian mezobeli xe-

obebidan. gansakuTrebiT xalxmravalia walikvanis SuamToba. „cxeneb vaxtunebdiT walikvanSi. walikvani marto qobaisi

aris“. „walikvanSi kacis Wedoba, Tofis srola, xarebis We-

doba vicodiT. iyo mamlis Wedoba. mamlebi bevri iyvnen da

vaWedebdiT. memre fexburTi devwyeT“96.

zaqaria WiWinaZis mier 1890-ian wlebSi mopovebuli ma-

salebiT, 1860 wlamde `parxlis erT sofelSi qarTvel mah-

madianebs qristianobac ekavaT, da saidumlod qarTvelobdne-

no, mRvdlad maT mRebraZe hyavdaTo~. sayuradReboa parxalSi dadasturebuli mTeli rigi

leqsikuri erTeulebi. magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT _

vitalRujoT (vicuravod). inga RutiZes kidev sxva iseTi

leqsikuri erTeulebi daudasturebia, romlebic salitera-

turo qarTulisaTvis (da sxva dialeqtebisaTvis) ucxoa:

gzabawari _ biliki, qvabuqi _ qarbuqi, pawapuwaÁ _ girCebi, kali _ ekali, rTveli _ Semodgoma, RarRalobs _ mwared tiris, Tvalwyali mouvida _ tiris, gulidam tiris _ gu-lamoskvnili tiris, yavarze gaslamdin gaTovldeba _ Zalian

male mova Tovli, muceli enTeba _ muceli stkiva...97

taour dialeqtSi metsaxelis gamomxatveli sityvaa

`laRabi~.

parxlis xeobaSi adreuli qorwinebis faqtebic das-

turdeba. erT-erTi mTxrobelis TqmiT. `aT da eqsi wlis vi-

yavi rom davqorwindi, qalic aT da xuTi wlis iyo~.

96 r. gujejiani. xarebis Wedoba tradiciul qarTul yofaSi. gv.

26-36. 97 i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi _ enobrivi viTareba, gv. 183.

100

qarTvelebis gansaxlebis areali istoriul

taoSi (parxliswylis xeoba)

taos istoriul-eTnografiul mxareSi gamoiyofa: parxa-li (parxliswylis xeoba), olTisi da TorTumi. 1878 wli-

dan taos mxolod olTisis mxare Sedioda ruseTis imperiis

SemadgenlobaSi, sadac qarTuli mosaxleoba, faqtobrivad,

aRar iyo SemorCenili. sxvadasxva monacemebiT, XX saukunis

dasawyisSi qarTuli mosaxleoba mniSvnelovani raodenobiT

iyo TorTomis mxareSi. Tumca dRes ukve aq eTnikuri qarTve-

lebi aRar arian. taoSi eTnikuroba mxolod parxlis xeoba-

Si, ufro swored parxliswylis Senakad qobaisxevSi mcxov-

rebma qarTvelebma SeinarCunes.

parxliswylis xeoba danarCeni taosagan bunebriv-geogra-

fiuli TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebulia da am gansxvavebulobas

misi Sav zRvasTan SedarebiTi siaxlove ganapirobebs. par-

xliswylis xeobidan pirdapir lazeTSi da klarjeTis mur-

Rulis xeobaSia gadasasvleli. eTnografiuli masalebiT ir-

kveva, rom parxlis xeobaSi mcxovreb taoel qarTvelebs

mWidro sameurneo-ekonomikuri kaSvSirebi hqondaT rogorc

murRulel qarTvelebTan, ise lazeTis mosaxleobasTan.

parxliswylis marcxena Senakad qobaisxevze mdebare

soflebi geografiuli TvalsazrisiT mTas warmoadgens. xeo-

bis saTaveSi mdebareobs ori sofeli gaRma qobai da gamoRma qobai. isini zRvis donidan saSualod 1500 metr simaRleze

mdebareoben. gaRma qobai ki zRvis donidan 2030 metrzea, xe-vai _ 1630 metrze, balxi _ 1870-1880 metrze. magram Tavi-danve unda iTqvas, rom aq dasaxlebis Tavisebur formasTan

gvaqvs saqme. qobaiSi zamTarSi aravin ar rCeba, zamTarSi xe-

obis dablob nawilSi gadadian. zamTrisa da zafxulis sad-

gomebi eqvs-eqvs Tviania. aseTi dasaxlebis forma istoriu-

lia Tu SedarebiT gviandeli warmonaqmni, gaurkvevelia. eT-

nografiuli masala ufro im daskvnis saSualebas iZleva,

rom dasaxlebis am formis tradiciulobaze visaubroT.

101

erTi SexedviT, qobaisxevze TiTqos sami qarTuli sofe-

li _ qobai, xevai da balxi mdebareobs, magram, sinamdvile-

Si, soflebis raodenoba gacilebiT metia da TiToeuli es

dasaxelebuli sofeli ramdenime sofels moicavs, romlebsac

aq ubnebs uwodeben. qobaelebis mxolod sazafxulo sofels

hqvia qobai, sazamTro soflebi, romlebic sakmaod daSorebu-

lia sazfxulo sofels sakmaod dablaa da maTi saxelwode-

bebia maxaTeTi da WilaTi. xevai soflebisagan/ubnebisagan Sedgeba; esenia: basle (baslikari), kraekari (krekari), Weilenkari, dualekari/do-lekari, vaCekari, xanfekari, fiSnarxevi, qelazori (mWedlian-Tkari), xowiTebi, godliekari (t. futkaraZis mixedviT _

goRdekari). erTi mTxrobeli xevais Temis soflebis/ubnebis

Sesaxeb Tu am CamonaTvals gvTavazobs, sxva informatorTa

informacia am raodenobas ufro zrdis anda soflis saxels

sxva fonetikuri variantiT gvTavazoben: qonobani, dolonjo-kari, dolenkari, hamfiankari, fiSnarxevi... xevais Tems agare-bic hqonda, romelTa nawili adre soflebi yofila (yovel

SemTxvevaSi -kariT dabolovebuli toponimebis mimarT es da-

bejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas): devsekari, veliTavi, Wirxlaqe-Ti, zemoWeilenkari, yuledabi, cerekari, azlenkari, maRalba-silkari, Sablinkari, kuareTi, bowminda...98 TiToeul es da-

saxelebuli sofeli calke ubnebisagan/mahaleebisagan Sedge-

ba, magaliTad, eliasxevis ubnebi yofila: artaani, breqqiani, funCaani99. qobais ubnebi/soflebia aliankari da omeriankari. balxis Temis ubnebia/soflebia: balxi, wiTelkari, yara-manlebi, xucekari, onoxeTkari, litrevi, savriaTi, gaRma fevzianebi, abazianebi. mTxrobelis sityviT, `am balxSi aTi

saxlia. zamTarSi aravin rCeba, balxibarSi CavdivarT yvela.

98 t. futkaraZe. qarTuli ena, rogorc TurqeTis respublikis

kulturis erT-erTi Semadgeneli: problemebi, perspeqtivebi _ qar-

Tvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi, IV, 2015, gv. 18. 99 t. futkaraZe. qarTuli ena, rogorc TurqeTis respublikis

kulturis erT-erTi Semadgeneli, gv. 18.

102

aq bevri Tovs da ver damdgarvarT~. amrigad, balxsac Tavisi

sazamTro sofeli aqvs; esaa balxibari. saxelwodeba ki pir-

dapir miuTiTebs imaze, rom balxibari dablobis, baris bal-

xia. `aq zamTar aravin rCeba, qvemoTken midian, balxibarSi.

zafxulSi aq varT, zamTarSi qvemoT mivdivarT. uwin sam Tve

vrCebodiT. qobais xevis yvela sazafxulo sofels Tavisi

agarebic gaaCnia. es igive mTis sadgomebia, romlebsac klar-

jeTsa da SavSeT-imerxevSi qarTvelebi `iailebs~ uwodeben.

xevais agarebia: yevereTi, qediyana, nafarexevi. qobais agarebi yofila: qeTqeTi, leknari, Zvelagara da sxv. eTnografiuli monacemebiT, parxliswylis xeobis sxva

soflebis mkvidrnic adre qarTvelebi yofilan, romlebic

droTa ganmavlobaSi gaTurqebulan, rasac sofelTa adgilis

saxelebic adasturebs, adgilobrivTa anTropologiuri ti-

pic. erT-erTi aseTi soflis saxelwodebaa zemo vani, agreT-ve zRafori. samecniero literaturaSi miuTiTeben, rom par-

xliswylis xeobaSi gaTurqebuli qarTvelebi cxovroben:

devTisaSi, utavSi (aqaa mikrotoponimi safiCxeTi), kanWaloS-Si, axalTSi, kervelaTSi, dutTereTSi. oTxTas mTeli rigi

qarTuli mikrotoponimebic am soflis mkvidrTa qarTul

warmomavlobaze miuTiTeben100. erT-erTi informatori SeniS-

navda: `mTeli alagebi qarTulia, xalxebi qarTvelebi ar

arian~. `sul boloSi, parxlis bolos, sofelia ermenli xe-vai. am sofelSi ermenlebs (somxebs) ucxovriaT. soflis

qarTuli saxelwodeba miuTiTebs imaze, rom aq somxebi mosu-

li iyvnen, Tumca arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom ermenli xevais mcxovrebi `ermenlebi~ gagrigorianebul-gasamomxebuli qar-

Tvelebi iyvnen. aseTi procesebi istoriul samxreT saqar-

TveloSic mimdinareobda. amis magaliTad SeiZleba germaneli

k. koxis cnoba gavixsenoT, romelic qalaq arTvinis mosax-leobas gagrigorianebul-gasomxebul qarTvelebad moixseni-

ebs. agreTve Cvens mier adre Cawerili eTnografiuli mona-

100t. futkaraZe. qarTuli ena, rogorc TurqeTis respublikis

kulturis erT-erTi Semadgeneli, gv. 20.

103

cemebiT, imerxevSi mcxovrebi `ermenlebi~ somxur enaze ar

laparakobdnen. maTi mSobliuri ena qarTuli iyo.

dRevandeli eTnografiuli monacemebiT, qobaisxevSi

`ori asi~ saxli dgas, e. i. orasi komli qarTveli cxov-

robs, Tumca, rogorc irkveva, Zvelad es mxare ufro mWid-

rod yofila dasaxlebuli da adgilobrivi qarTvelebi Tur-

qeTis sxvadasxva qalaqSi gafantulan. aqedan qarTvelebi ga-

dasaxlebulini arian agreTve raionul centSi, patara qa-

laqSi iusufelSi. 50 wlis win adgilobrivi qarTuli mo-

saxleoba 9 aTasi ojaxi yofila. didi raodenobiT gadasax-

lebulan bursaSi, anTaliaSi. `bursaSi erTmaneTi waiyvanes~. gadasaxlebis mizezad imas asaxeleben, rom `aq saqmianoba ar

aris~. isic sainteresoa, rom aqedan migrirebulTa mniSvne-

lovani nawili zafxulSi qobais xevSi modis. adre parxlis-

wylis xeobaSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa ZiriTad saqmianobas mesa-

qonleoba warmoadgenda.

xevaiSi mcxovrebi mTxrobelis TqmiT, `10 wlis viyavi

stambols rom wavedi, dam wamiyvana. 1985 wels saqariaSi mi-

vedi istambulidan. aT da eqvsi (e. i. 16) wlis viyavi rom

davqorwindi, qalic aT xuTi wlis iyo. anam gazarda. colic

aqauri iyo, TaTaraSvilis qali. xuTi biWi myavs. axla 78

wlis var. roca wavedi Cems sofelSi 661 saxli iyo, axla

155 davrCiT. aq ver gvimuSavia da imitom wavedi~.

mTxrobelis sityvebi, bunebrivia, kiTxvas gaaCens: Tu 60

wlis win 661 ojaxs adgilze dasqamebis saSualeba hqonda,

Semdeg ra moxda, ratom veRar dasaqmdnen adgilobrivi qar-

Tvelebi? ra iyo da aris qarTvelTa masobrivi gadasaxlebis

mizezi winaparTa sacxovreblidan. cnobilia, rom es mxare

1980-ian wlebamde faqtobrivad Caketili iyo. adgilobrivi

qarTvelebi tradiciuli meurneobis _ miwaTmoqmedebisa da

mecxoveleobis produqtebiT ikmayofilebdnen Tavs. aq arse-

bobda mTeli saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sameurneo-

ekonomikuri kavSirebis sistemac. parxliswylis xeobaSi

mcxovreb qarTvelebs aseTi sameurneo-ekonomikur kavSirebi

gaaCndaT rogorc lazeTis, ise murRulis xeobis mosaxleo-

104

basTan. 1980-iani wlebidan TurqeTis xelisuflebam adgi-

lobriv qarTvelebs mimosvlis SezRudva mouxsna da maTi

didi nawili qalaqebisaken gaemarTa. Tumca qarTul mosaxle-

obas jerjerobiT erTi tendencia axasiaTebs _ isini zaf-

xuls winaparTa soflebSi atareben da cdiloben keris Se-

narCunebasac. `Cemi Zma aq darCa da me wavedi. Cemi debi ga-

Txovdnen stambolSi. aq lazebi modiodnen. aq saWmelebi iyo.

yvelaze Raribi rize iyo. xofac ase iyo. yveli mohqondaT,

yvela lazs aq megobari hyavda. lazuts moitandnen saCuqrad.

aman momRala~. bolo ori sityvidan Cans, rom soflurma

cxovrebam adamiani `moRala~ da amitom migrirda soflidan;

man qalaqSi cxovreba da komforti irCia. `aqedan imitom mi-

dian, rom rai imuSaon~. adgilobrivi meurneobis moSlis da-

madasturebelia agarebis sistemis moSlac. balxis zemoT,

mTaSi alpur zonaSi Cans agarebi (mTuri dasaxlebebi), sadac

sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi saqoneli hyavdaT da sadac ojaxis

wevrTa naxevari sacxovreblad da saSromad iq adioda. `aTi

weliwadia agarebi: yevereTi, qediyana da nafarexevi davagdeT. axla isini gaveranda~. balxis erT-erT mahaleSi _ savriaTSi mTxrobelis bavSvobis dros `ori oci da aTi saxli~ (e. i.

50) yofila. axla rvaSiRaa xalxi, danarCeni carielia~.

105

taoel qarTvelTa eTnikuri identobis sakiTxi

`gurjistanis vilaeTis davTrSi~ Tu CavixedavT, davina-

xavT, rom mxare ZiriTadad eTnikuri qarTvelebiT iyo dasax-

lebuli. XVI saukunis bolos eTnikur qarTvelebTan erTad

SigadaSig somxuri da Turquli mosaxleobac iyo gaCenili.

dRes istoriuli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleo-

bis did nawils Turqebi warmoadgenen, romlebic umetes Sem-

TxvevaSi gaTurqebuli qarTvelebi arian. bevrs ukve maxsov-

robac ki aRara aqvs SemorCenili, rac udavod qarTuli

enobriv-eTnikuri samyarodan Turqul enobriv-eTnikur samya-

roSi gadanacvlebis anu identobis sruli dakargvis mimaniS-

nebelia. TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebSi identobis sakiTxi

SeiZleba iTqvas Zalian mwvaved dgas. am TvalsazrisiT aq ga-

moiyofa ramdenime jgufi: 1. identobadakargulebi, romleb-

sac adrindeli qarTvelobis Sesaxeb mxolod maxsovrobaRa

aqvs SenarCunebuli, 2. identobaSenarCunebulni da enadakar-

gulni, 3. eTnikuri qarTvelebi, romlebsac enac SenarCunebu-

li aqvT.

identobis TvalsazrisiT ra mdgomareoba gvaqvs parx-

liswylis xeobis qarTvelebSi? eTnografiuli monacemebiT

aq samive aRniSnuli kategoriis xalxi cxovrobs. Cven gansa-

kuTrebuli yuradReba, albaT, bolo orze unda SevaCeroT.

parxliswylis xeobaSi, konkretulad ki qobais xevSi qarTve-

lobisa da qarTuli enis SenarCunebis yvelaze ZiriTadi faq-

tori geografiuli garemoa. cnobilia, rom mTis pirobebSi

novaciebi SedarebiT Znelad da nela inergeba; aseTi sazoga-

doebebi ufro tradiciulia. es exeba identobis sakiTxsac.

sayuradReboa, rom identobisa da enis problema, faqtobri-

vad, erTmaneTTanaa gadajaWvuli. irkveva, rom enis dakargva

bolo ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi swrafi tempiT mimdi-

nareobs, rac ZiriTadad ori faqtoriTaa gamowveuli: qobais-

wylis xeobis mosaxleobisagan swrafi dacla da migracia

did qalaqebSi da saskolo ganaTleba. arcTu ise didi xnis

win, ori-sami Taobis win qarTul enas adgilze Tavisi fun-

106

qciebi gaaCnda. masze adgilobrivTa didi nawili saubrobda

da isini `Cveneburad~ da `gurjebadac~ gaiazrebdnen Tavs.

axla swrafi tempiT xdeba enisa da identobis dakargva, Tum-

ca enis dakargva identobis dakargvas mainc ar niSnavs _ is

ori-sami Taobis ganmavlobaSi kvlav ganagrZobs arsebobas.

qobaisxevSi identobis SenarCunebis erT-erTi garegani gamo-

xatuleba gaxlavT jgufis saxeli, rac gamoixateba sityvaSi

`Cveneburi~. marTalia, dRes eTnonimi qarTveli maTTvis cno-

bilia, magram cota xnis win is ucnobi iyo da mxolod bo-

lo xanebSi qarTvel turistebTan urTierTobam es eTnonimi

maTTvis Sinagani gaxada. saqarTvelodan Casul adamianebs isi-

ni `Cveneburs~ uwodeben. am faqtors identobis SenarCuneba-

Si dRes, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gadamwyveti mniSvneloba gaaC-

nia. qarTvelebTan urTierToba maTi minavlebuli eTnikuri

cnobierebis aRdgenisa Tu SenarCunebis erT-erTi faqtorTa-

gania da es im dros, rodesac TurqeTSi yvela faqtori qar-

Tuli eTnikuri cnobierebis gaqrobas aCqarebs, romelTaganac

yvelaze mTavari mainc did qalaqebSi gadasaxleba da sxveb-

Tan saqorwino urTierTobaSi Sesvlaa.

qarTvelTa eTnikurobis SenarCunebis mniSvnelovan faq-

torTagan unda dasaxeldes agreTve is tradiciuli dResas-

wau-lebi, romlebic aq dRemde imarTeba, Tumca xelisufleba

cdilobs am dResaswaulebSi erTgvarad Caerios da mas ofi-

cialuri saxe misces. am dResaswaulebs saxelic ucvales da

festivali daarqves. Tumca, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom e. w. festivalebi qalaqebSi gadasaxlebulTa identobis

SenarCunebis erT-erTi saSualebaa, radgan soflebidan wa-

sulTa didi nawili cdilobs misi monawile iyos da weli-

wadSi erTxel mainc Sexvdes naTesavebsa da sxva danarCen

qarTvelebs. sam-oTxdRiani kontaqti ki am TvlsazrisiT

mniSvnelovani faqtoria. tradiciulad aseT `festivalebze~

xdeba sasurveli wyvilis SeTvalierebac.

`festivalebi~ gaxlavT qarTuli identobis SenarCunebis

erT-erTi winapiroba im TvalsazrisiTac, rom aq grZeldeba

iseTi qarTuli tradiciebi rogorebicaa Widaoba, xarebis

107

Widili da ferxoba. ferxoba adgilobrivi qarTuli cekvaa,

romelsac mamakacebi asruleben. yvelam icis, rom es maTi,

gurjebis cekvaa. mTxrobelis sityviT, `tikiT vferxulob-

diT. kacebi calke ferxulobdnen, qalebi _ calke~. sxvaTa

Soris, istoriulad da cota xnis winac aq dResaswaulebze

mxolod parxliswylis mosaxleoba ar iyrida Tavs. aq laze-

bi da murRuleli qarTvelebic modiodnen. `RarWebi RarWeb-

Tan Widaobdnen, didebi _ didebTan~. aq mosul lazebs la-

zeTSi ukan dabrunebulebs, Turme, Tan beqmezic mihqondaT.

erTi tendenciis Sesaxeb: dRes qobais xeobis mkvidrni

erTmaneTSi ZiriTadad Turqulad laparakoben, rac, bunebri-

via, momavalSi maT eTnikur cnobierebas da identobaze mniS-

vnelovan gavlenas moaxdens. mTxrobeli TviTon akeTebs Se-

fasebas da, vfiqrobT, am Sefasebas komentatic ki aRar

sWirdeba: `orive enaze vlaparakobT saxlSi. aq Tu deibada

qarTvelia, Tu ara da sxvagan Tu deibada, imas qarTuli ar

ecodineba, is TurqCaa ukve~.

qobaisxevidan wasul qarTvelebs, romlebic sapensio

asakisani arian, parxlis xeobaSi yofna, axalgazrdebTan Se-

darebiT, didxans uxdebaT. isini xuTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi Ta-

vis soflebSi arian. gagrZeldeba Tu ara es tradicia, amis

Tqma Zalian Znelia.

qarTuli identobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi ganusazRvreli

mniSvneloba aqvs saqorwino tradiciebis SenarCunebas. xevege-

li informatoris TqmiT, `ZiriTadad gurjebi mogvyavs co-

lad. Turqebi _ cota. axlo naTesavi ar moiyvans axlo na-

Tesavs colad. ise xojiani xojianze qorwindeba. RarWebma aRar ician gurjija~. TurqeTis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi wasuli

axalgazrdebi qorwils ZiriTadad aq ixdian, im dros, rode-

sac maTi didi nawili Tavmoyrilia parxlis xeobaSi. amis mi-

zezi qorwilSi urTierTvaldebulebis tradiciacaa. Tumca,

unda iTqvas, rom tradiciuli qorwili ukve daviwyebasaa mi-

cemuli. mxolod ufrosi Taoba moeswro Cveulebriv qarTul

qorwils, rodesac xaris dakvla aucilebeli iyo. is adre

sami dRe grZeldeboda.

108

eTnografiuli masalebiT irkveva, rom qarTuli enisa da

qarTuli cnobierebis winaaRmdeg gansakuTrebiT xojebi (mas-

wavleblebi) gamoirCeodnen. yvela informatori erTxmad aR-

niSnavs, rom maswavleblebi moswavleebs `gurjija laparaks~

ukrZalavdnen da aseTi bavSvebis mimarT sadamsjelo RonisZi-

ebebsac mimarTavdnen. amis gamoa, rom aseTi represirebulebi

TavianT Svilebs saxlSi `gurjija~ aRar elaparakebodnen da

aRarc imas aswavlidnen, rom isini `TurqCa~ ar arian. `axal-

gazrdebmac ician gurjuli. zogni saxlSi gurjulad lapa-

rakoben. Cven Tavs gurjs veZaxiT~.

amrigad, erTi sityviT unda davaskvnaT, rom qarTvelo-

bis gaqrobis procesi ZiriTadad XX saukunis meore naxevar-

Si daiwyo. erT-erTi imerxevelis naTqvami, rom `aTaTurqis

dros gavxdiT Turqebi~, parxliswylis xeobis qarTvelebze-

dac vrce-ldeba.Amiuxedavad qarTvelTa garkveuli nawilis

deeTnizaciisa, maT mniSvnelovan nawils eTnikuroba SenarCu-

nebuli aqvs, ris dasadastureblad ori faqti SeiZleba mo-

viyvanoT. erT-erTi saeqspedicio saqmianobisas, rodesac iu-

suflelSi iqauri axalgazrdobis jgufma qarTvelebi Seg-

vniSnes, gaxarebulebma TiTqmis Sehkivles: `Cveneburebi~! qar-

Tuli eTnikuri cnobierebis damasaturebelia Semdegic:

`2010 wels erTma iqaurma megobarma _ rejeb iazijma _ miT-

xra: saqarTvelos, Tbilisis unaxavad rom movkvde, Tvalebi

Ria damrCeba~101!

101t. futkaraZe. qarTuli ena, rogorc TurqeTis respublikis

kulturis erT-erTi Semadgeneli, gv. 22.

109

taoelTa qarTuli gvarebi

cnobilia, rom TurqeTSi aTaTurqamde memkvidreobiTi

saxelebi/gvarebi saerTod ar arsebobda. adamianebs oficia-

lur dokumentebSi mxolod saxeliTa da mamis saxeliT mo-

ixseniebdnen. dRes TurqeTSi moqalaqe qarTvelebi Turqul

gvarebs atareben, magram bevrs kargad axsovs Tavisi gvari.

ra viTareba gvaqvs taos parxliswylis xeobaSi mcxovreb

qarTvelebSi? pirovnul saxelebs rac Seexeba, aq qarTulis

kvali ukve didixania waSlilia. ucxo enobriv-eTnikurma da

religiurma garemom pirovnuli saxelebi Zalian male gandev-

na. 1595 wels Sedgenili `gurjistanis vilaieTis davTris~

mixedviT, samxreT saqarTveloSi qarTul-qristianuli saxe-

lebi iyo gabatonebuli. Tumca am saxelebis nakvalevi dRes

saerTod aRar SeimCneva, rasac ver vityviT memkvidreobiT sa-

xelebze/gvarebze. qobais xevSi, marTalia, termini `gvari~

arsad araa SemorCenili, magram naTesauri wris aRmniSvneli

saxelebi TiTqmis xeluxlebladaa Cvenamde moRweuli. ver

vityviT, rom parxliswylis xeobaSi gvarebi Tavisi klasiku-

ri, Tavdapirveli formiTaa SemorCenili, gansakuTrebiT

mxedvelobaSi maqvs qarTuli gvarebis mawarmoebeli sufiqse-

bi, magram qarTuli gvarebi aq SemorCenilia da maTze Tval-

yuris gadevneba da saqarTvelos sxva mxareebTan analogiebis

gavleba garkveuli daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas iZleva.

qobaiSi ityvian: `qaCuebSi mivalT~, `tursanebSi mi-

valT~. aqve arian kidev velvianni, beqirianni, yemberiani. yem-beriani da qaCuebi saerTo warmomavlobisani arian. qobaiSi

yofilan kakabebi (axla aq aRar cxovroben), suloRlebi, laRabebi (mTxrobelis sityviT, `laRabi metsaxelia~ da gva-

ri aqedan momdinareobs). aqve fiqsirdeba gvarebi: fafuliani (dRes bursaSi arian mTlianad gadasaxlebulni), turcxiani, bocebi, zeinoveni (axla bursaSi arian).

gaRma qobaiSi fiqsirdebian Caxirisebi, melegoRli, haja-medoRli, devriSoRli, kakabebi, iunuzoRli, Citosani...

110

moyvanili monacemebiT aSkaraa, rom parxliswylis xeo-

bis eTnikur qarTvelebSi memkvidreobiTi saxeli anu gvari

SenarCunebulia. is garkveuli sanaTesao wris aRmniSvnelia.

erTi sanaTesao wris warmomadgenlebi TavianT warmomavlobas

erTi winaprisagan angariSoben. sayuradreboa, rom zogierTi

aqauri gvari Tavisi ZiriTa da sufiqsiT sufTa qarTulia,

rac gvafiqrebinebs imas, rom isini sakmaod didi xnis, aq

TurqTa mosvlamdea warmoqmnili. aseT gvarebs Soris SeiZle-

ba davasaxeloT, magaliTad, qacuebi, tursanebi, kakabebi, la-Rabebi, turcxiani, bocebi, Citosani... cnobilia, rom Tanamed-

rove qarTuli gvarsaxelebis sufiqsebi mravlobiTobisa da

mikuTvnebulobis gamomxatvelia. am SemTxvevaSi zustad aseTi

Sinaarsi da datvirTva gaaCnia taos aRniSnul xeobaSi mrav-

lobiTobis gamo-mxatvel -eb sufiqss. kakabebi niSnavs vinme kakabas STamomavlebs, modgmas, Sesabamisad _ Citosani _ Ci-tos STamomavlebs, modgmas. analogiurad -eb sufiqsi dasav-

leT saqarTveloSic gamoiyeneba, oRond aq is ara gvarsaxe-

lebs daerTvis, aramed gvaris danayofebs _ babuiSvilobebs.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas -sani sufiqsis Sesaxeb. dasavleT sa-

qarTveloSi ramdenime gvaris fuZeSi gvaqvs is daculi (maga-

liad, vardo-sani-Zis, ala-san-ias gvarebSi).

moyvanili masalebiT Cans, rom taoSi gvarsaxelebis saw-

armoeblad gamoiyeneboda agreTve -an sufiqsic (magaliTad,

turcxi-ani, yemberi-ani). sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom es su-

fiqsi Tavis droze gvarebs mTel saqarTveloSi awarmoebda,

bolos ki mxolod ZiriTadad svaneTsa da leCxums SemorCa,

xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi -an sufiqsiT gvaris dana-

yofebis saxelebi iwarmoeboda. ase rom, taour gvarebis fu-

Zeebsa da sufiqsebs Tu CavukvirdebiT, davaskvniT, rom am

SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs saerTo qarTul movlenasTan.

qobaiSi ramdenime gvari TurqulZiriani da Turqulsu-

fiqsiania; esenia: melegoRli, hajamedoRli, devriSoRli, iu-nuzoRli... daskvna SeiZleba erTmniSvnelovani gamovitanoT,

rom osmaleTis imperiis daqvemdebarebul qarTvelebSi gvar-

saxelebis warmoqmnis procesi ar Sewyvetila, is Semdegac

111

grZeldeboda, Tumca sanaTesao wris saxels isini ukve Tur-

quli sufiqsiT iformeben da es xdeboda maSin, rodesac

Turqebs memkvidreobiTi saxeli ar hqondaT da amitom arc -

oRli sufiqss hqonda TurqeTSi aRniSnuli datvirTva. es

garemoeba ki daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom am

SemTxvevaSi isini swored qarTuli enis gavleniTaa Seqmnili

da -Ze da -Svili sufiqsebis kalkirebuli formebia. aRniSnu-

lis damadasturebeli ki, vfiqrobT, Semdegi eTnografiuli

masalaa, romelsac qvemoT moviyvanT.

xevaiSi Cawerili masala: `60 welia stambuls var. aq

xuTi TviT movdivar. iq sanaTisis fabrika maqvs. Cveni gur-

juli gvaria dolonjiSvili~. amave dros isic irkveva, rom dolonjoSvilebi cxovroben ubanSi/sofelSi, romelsac do-lonjokari hqvia. e. i. erTi sanaTesao wre erT dasaxlebul

punqtSi cxovrobda. analogiurad aseTive dasaxlebis forma

iyo qobaiSic. saamisod zemoT moyvanili masalis gaxsenebac

sakmarisia: `qaCuebSi mivalT,~ `tursanebSi mivalT~. qaCuebi, tursanebi socialur erTeulsac _ sanaTesao wresac aRniS-

navs da im dasaxlebasac, romelSic am sanaTesao wris war-

momadgenlebi cxovroben.

xevaiSi sufiqsiT -kari kidev ramdenime mahalea (ubania);

esenia: baslekari, godRekari, kraekari, WvelianTkari/Weilen-kari, dolenkari, vaCekari, hamfianTkari. aq kidev erTi ubnis saxelwodebaa xowieTebi da meoresi _ fiSnarxevi. es ukanas-kneli SesaZloa anTroponimTan dakavSirebuli ar iyos, mag-

rag toponimi `xowieTebi~ rom anTroponimiuli warmoSobi-

saa, es sakamaTo araa. `kariT~ nawarmoebi toponimebi Tanamde-

rove saqarTveloSi bevri gvaqvs da maT fuZes, Cveulebri,

anTroponimi warmoadgens (magaliTad, navdaraanTkari, beraka-anTkari, romlebSic, Sesabamisad navdaraSvilebi da berekaSvi-lebi cxovrobdnen). SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom taoSic gvarsa-

xelebi Zalian Zveli movlena iyo. amis utyuari dadasture-

baa zemoT CamoTvlili toponimebi. Tumca erTi ram unda aR-

vniSnoT, parxliswylis xeobaSi -kari sufiqsiT adgilTa sa-

xelebi ki SemorCa, magram, garda erTisa (dolenjokari _

112

dolenjoSvilebi) Sesabamisi memkvidreobiTi saxelebis mata-

rebelni aRar cxovrobdnen, an TiToeul ubanSi/sofelSi mac-

xovreblebma is dakarges.

saintersoa -kariT dabolovebul ubnebSi/soflebSi ro-

meli memkvidreobiTi saxelis matarebelni mkvidrobdnen: qo-

nobanSi _ alTunebi, baslekarSi _ qejejani, god(R)ekarSi _ qautebi, TaTaraSvili, kraekarSi _ CaroxCebi (qalamnis mke-

Tebels niSnavs), WveliankarSi (WeliankarSi) _ halioRlebi, dolenkarSi _ boreqCebi, vaCekarSi _ hiToRlebi, hamfiankar-Si (xanfenkarSi) _ alTunebi, fiSnarxevSi _ kuloRlebi... aSkaraa, rom CamoTvlili memkvidreobiTi saxelebi xevais Te-

mis dasaxelebul soflebSi osmalTa mflobelobis drosaa

Seqmnili. aSkaraa, rom taoeli qarTveli memkvidreobiTi sa-

xelis tradicias ver eleoda da, sxvadasxva garemoebis ga-

mo, is kvlav qmnida erTi kacis, winapris memkvidreTa aRmiS-

vnel saxels, oRond ukve sxva enis safuZvelze (bunebrivia,

qristianobis dakargvisa da islamis miRebis Semdeg). Tumca

am wreSi namdvilad qejejani, qautebi, TaTaraSvilebi ver

moeqcevian.

axla balxis Temis gvarebi unda CamovTvaloT: omerianni, Sirianebi, festilebi, yorRebi, yolatianni, huseiniani, efen-diani... balxibari cxra ubnis/soflis erTobliobas warmoad-

gens; esenia 1. gaRma fevziani (cxovroben qemaliani da Toza-iani), 2. abazianebi (cxovroben helimianebi da dairiani), 3. yaramanlebi (cxovroben xojiani da Tofliani), 4. xucekari (cxovroben foxlebi, paCeliani da zulaliani), 5. onaxeTka-ri (cxovroben remezani, hajiani, qeremiani), 6. litrevi (cxovroben litriani da uzuniani), 7. wiTelkari (cxovro-ben Warabiani, deliani da auSiani), 8. balxibari (cxovroben qolaTiani), 9. savriaTi (cxovroben taoliani da Tahiri). rogorc Cans, mxolod erT `mahalisa~ da gvaris saxeli em-

Txveva erTmaneTs _ litrevSi litrianebi cxovrobdnen. ki-dev erTi faqti: savriaTis mkvidrni iyvnen `taoliani~. am

gvarsaxelSi udavod Cans saqarTvelos samxreTis yvelaze

didi istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris _ `taos~ saxelwode-

113

ba. im dros, rodesac xalxSi am mxaris saxeli, faqtobri-

vad, aRar SemorCa, gvarSi is Semoinaxa.

1595 wels Sedgenil `gurjistanis vilaeTis did davTa-

rSi~ taos olTisis mxarea Setanili. aq mcxovrebi qarTve-

lebi qarTul-qristianul pirovnul saxelebs atarebdnen:

abesalom, avali, aleqsa, andria, aRdgomeli, baduka, beri/be-rika, berZena, besel, beqa, gaba, gigol, giorgi, gogela, go-giCa, goZia, gulabi, gulaberi, daviT, demetre, elia, elioz, elisa, varsim, vaxtang, vigria, zaza, zandar, zarTel, zaqa-ria, Tabuka, Tevdore, iason, ivane, ilarion, ioram, kalan-dar, kvirika, kobia, liparti, maisura, maxara, maxarebel, mo-gel, nodar, noSrevan, oqropir, pavle, saba, sarali, simon, farcvan, cirak, wamala, xareba, javel, jojik...

114

eruSeTis istoriul-eTnografiuli mxare

samcxis samxreTiT, javaxeTis dasavleTiT da artaanis

CrdiloeTiT eruSeTi mdebareobda. igi moicavda teritorias arsianis qedsa da nialis vels Soris. eruSeTi, artaanTan erTad, wundis saerisTavoSi Sedioda. saqarTveloSi erT-er-

Ti pirveli qristianuli taZari eruSeTSi aages (IV sauku-

ne). eruSeTSi ijda eruSneli episkoposi. XVI saukunis bo-

los eruSeTi, saqarTvelos sxva samxreT provinciebTan er-

Tad, osmalTa mflobelobaSi gadavida. 1878 wels eruSeTi

ruseTis imperiam SeierTa, magram mas Semdgom isev TurqeTi

daeufla. vaxuStis daxasiaTebiT `ars es eruSeTi uvenaxo,

uxilo, viTarca javaxeTi, egreTve mosavliTaca, pirutyÂT, nadiriTa da mdinare-TevziTa, aramed mTani arian tyianni ga-

remos missa da yuavilovan-balaxovan-wyaroiani~.

gvian periodSi eruSeTSi qarTuli mosaxleoba faqtobri-

vad ar SemorCa. XIX saukunis meore naxevrisa da XX saukunis

dasawyisis rusul dokumentebSi eruSeTis mosaxleoba Turqe-

badaa aRricxuli, Tumca maTi ZiriTadi nawili mahmadiani qa-

rTveli iyo, romlebmac Tavis droze deeTnizacia ganicades.

eruSeTis yvela soflis saxeli qarTuli iyo, SeiZleba davasa-

xeloT: giorgis-ubani, lamiani, fala, fetobani, saTleli, xer-Tvisi, Suawyali/Suarwyali, SuRalauri, erema, banarxevi, var-Zna, Rvinia, zedawminda, kapani, kilis-cixe, marcvalaTi, mere, monasteri, sakabolo, samxlia, tamala, winsaTibi, Wabori, Cor-Covani, ali, arila, enixevi, zeindara, sakire, satyepeli, ste-fan-wminda, WanWaxi, Wilvana, CildireTi, agara, varxana, yveli, obola, saixve, xeoTi, diRviri, wurwyabi, wiTelsaTibi... 1886 wlis monacemebiT eruSeTSi 1313 komli (10 aTasze

meti suli) mosaxleobda. araerTi naeklesiari daudasture-

bia eruSeTSi dimitri baqraZes: `focxovSi sakmaod bevri ek-lesiaa, romelTa umravlesoba dangreulia. ai is adgilebi,

sadac eklesiebia: xeoTi, mere, oxTeli, arila, saRiri, xeos-

mani, injigola, didWarali, ceka, varxani, marcvaleTubani,

ginia, peTobani, saTleli da didjvari... yvelaze didi ekle-

115

siebia wurwyabsa da alSi. es ukanaskneli gumbaTiania, sru-

lad mTeli~102.

1595 wels osmalTa mier eruSeTSi mcxovreb qarTve-

lebs gadasaxadi Sewerili hqondaT xorbalze, qerze, Wvavze, fetvze, selze. misdevdnen meRoreobas, mesaqonleobas, mec-

xvareobas, mohyavdaT xili da bostneuli da yurZeni. inten-

siurad iyo ganviTarebuli mefutkreobac. zogierT sofelSi

ufro meti raodenobiT xorbali mohyavdaT, zogierTSi ki _

qeri, zogan ki Tanabari raodenobiT.

`gurjistanis vilaieTis davTris~ mixedviT, eruSeTi

mTlianad qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, rasac aq aRricxu-

li anTroponimebi adasturebs. qristianul-marTlmadideblur

saxelebTan erTad gavrcelebuli iyo Zveli qarTuli saxe-

lebic: gogiCa, imeda, maxara, wamala, maxarebeli, axalkaci, cxadia, xareba, varZel, badri, laSqara, beruna, Rvinia, kvi-rika, kapana, fofxa, SoTa, gogora, lomina, kakala, sixarula,

niora, xaxuta, oqropir, lasura, ia, zedgina, vefxa...103

XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTve-

loSi mowyobil eqspediciebSi z. WiWinaZes eruSeTis Sesaxebac moupovebia eTnografiuli masalebi. SavSeTel berikacebs misT-

vis uTqvamT: `Cvens ber kacebs moveswar da isini ambobdnen,

rom TorTom xeobis gamahmadianebis Semdeg tao gamahmadianda da

amis Semdeg zaruSeTio; zaruSeTis Semdeg SavSeTi da SavSeTs

Semdeg imerxevi~104. z. WiWinaZis kiTxvaze: `zaruSeTs, _ Tqven

romel mxares uwodebT? _ Cvens qiTabSi (wigni) zaruSeTi ar-

sad moixsenieba, CvenSi eruSeTs ityvian. saiT sZevs zaruSeTi?~

SavSelebs upasuxiaT: `SavSeTis gadaRma, aRmosavleTiT, ardaha-

nis mxares, sadac TviT ardahani sZevs; ager, Sexede arsians,

SavSeTis da ardahanis titvlikana mTebs, ai im mTebs iqiTa mde-

bare adgilebs zaruSeTi hqvian~105.

102d. baqraZe. arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, gv. 65. 103gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari, wigni II, Tb., 1941, gv.

294-330. 104z. WiWinaZe. qarTvelTa gamuslimeba, Tb., 2004, gv. 28. 105z. WiWinaZe. qarTvelTa gamuslimeba, Tb., 2004, gv. 29.

116

artaanisa da palakacios

istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi

kolas istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris CrdiloeTiT,

mtkvris zemo dinebis orive mxares, artaani mdebareobs. `xo-lo ars artani vake da utyeo, balaxyuaviliani, mosavliT,

viTarca javaxeTi, da mTanica utyeoni, mcire arynalTagan ki-

de~106. artaani eruSeTis samxreTiT mdebare mxare iyo

mtkvris xeobaSi. dasavleTiT ki artaans SavSeTi da tao

esazRvreba. artaani wundis saerisTavoSi Sedioda javaxeTTan

da kolasTan erTad.

erTiani saqarTvelos samefos daSlis Semdeg (XV sau-

kunis meore naxevari) artaani samcxe-saaTabagos samTavros

SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. artaanis istoriul-eTnografiuli

erTeuli Turqebma, am mxaris dapyrobis Semdeg, orad gayves:

`didi artaani~ gurjistanis vilaieTSi Sedioda, `patara ar-

taani~ _ yarsis vilaieTSi. istoriulad artaanelebs mWid-

ro sameurneo-ekonomikuri kavSirebi hqoniaT SavSelebTan.

SavSelebi gare samuSaoze (ZiriTadad saTibad) artaansa da

kolaSi dadiodnen; Tan gasayidad xilic mihqondaT. Tavis

mxriv artaanis mosaxleoba, imis gamo, rom artaani utyeo

iyo, xe-tyes SavSeTidan ezideboda. aqedanve SehqondaT kevre-

bi.

artaani landSafturi da bunebriv-geografiuli Tval-

sazrisiT Zalian msgavsia javaxeTisa. aq iseTive sasoflo-sa-

meurneo kulturebi iyo ganviTarebuli, rogoric javaxeTSi.

moyavdaT xorbali, qeri (es ori marcvleuli Tanabari rao-

denobiT iTeseboda), Wvavi, bostneuli kulturebi, moSenebu-

li hyavdaT saqoneli, cxvari, Rori, misdevdnen mefutkreo-

bas107. `artaanis kazaSi mosaxleobis meaTedi Tu laparakobs

qarTulad. mosaxleobas mohyavs kanafi, xorbali da qeri,

106vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. qarTlis

cxovreba. t. IV. s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema. Tb., 1973, gv. 674. 1071574 wlis gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari, gv. 316-320.

117

hyavT didZali Sinauri frinveli da Zroxa. aqedan Zalze

Zneli gziT olTisSi, arsianis mTaze gadavliT axalcixesa

da sxva mezobel adgilebSi gasayidad gaaqvT puri, qeri, er-

bo, mierekebian cxvars, Zroxasa da kameCs~108. `gurjistanis

vilaieTis davTris~ mixedviT sofel wisqvilis-xevSi, ro-

melSic 36 komli cxovrobda, eqvsi wisqvili muSaobda. ar-

taanis zogierT sofelSi (magaliTad, qarqlujSi) mohyavdaT

bamba.

1595 wlis `gurjistanis vilaeieTis did davTarSi~

didi artaanis livaSi dadasturebulia qarTuli soflebi:

wmindaelia, wisqvilis-xevi, ori-eklesia, maRarkara, zemo-te-baTi, faxreli, zanazgomi, fiCxazgomi, adaguli, gura, patara tyisTavi, ganardidi, dadaguli, Sua-eklesia, xeva, didi-tyis-Tavi, tyemlobi, axalSeni, mindaSeni, zemo sabuRari, zemo WinWrobi, gogaSeni, nadarbazi, sefisxevi, duduna, gulabere-Ti, veli, didi-vardosani, guguba, uri, fiklobi, oruSeTi, didi qvemo-fuCRuleTi, xoSureTi, qvemo-jvarisxevi, samoTxe, sasxara, kargsofeli, oqroqoTani, okami (am saxelwodebiT

sofeli arsebobs Sida qarTlsa da javaxeTSic), Savcixe, tyemlobi...

friad sayuradReboa 1595 wlis `gurjistanis vilaie-

Tis davTarSi~ sofel yuraT-meliqis (soflis mkvidrebi

atarebdnen Semdeg saxelebs: samson, maxarebel, gaguna, guli-sadeb, ioseb, mamisa, eliazar, gogiCa, zaqara, laSqara, gri-gol, giorgi, mamuka, daviT, Tevdore...) Sesaxeb minaweri: `vi-naidan zemoxsenebuli sofeli arzrumis, artaanisa da axal-

cixis gzebze mdebareobs mas gamvlel-gamomvlelTa ganuwyve-

teli mgzavrobisa da dabanakebisagan mosveneba ara aqvs, misma

mcxovreblebma amis gamo dafantva iwyes da sofeli lamis

gaapartaxes. radganac amJamad zemoxsenebul sofelsa da ar-

taanis cixes Sua mdebare xidebis SekeTeba am sofelma Ta-

vis-Tavze miiRo da, radganac am samsaxuris sanacvlod maTi

sagangebo gamosaRebisagan ganTavisufleba aucilebeli, mniS-

108d. baqraZe. arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, gv. 41.

118

vnelovani da fadiSahis qveynisaTvis sasargebloa, amitom

axal samefo davTarSi xsenebuli soflis mcxovrebni Cawe-

ril iqnen ganTavisuflebulad, im pirobiT, rom isini dab-

rundnen da TavTavianT adgilze dasaxldnen, rom es sofeli

gamvlel-gamomvlelisaTvis dasabanakebeli adgili iyos da

rom sofel komkis-wyarodan vidre qvemo-WinWrobamde wode-

bul soflamde xidebi SeakeTon~109.

artaanis sofel urSi, solomon aslaniSvil-bavrelis mowmobiT, 1878 wlisaTvis 1829 wels axalcixidan gadmosax-

lebuli mahmadiani qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen. aseTi soflebi

ki ara erTi da ori iyo. iqve axlos verana sofel xarisman-Si mas darbazuli nageboba unaxavs. iqve sofel velSic una-xavs samcxidan mosuli mahmadiani qarTelebi, romelTaganac

mxolod sami moxuciRa laparakobda qarTulad. sainteresoa

is faqti, rom 1828-1829 wlebis omis dros rusebis samcxe-

javaxeTSi Sesvlisas mahmadiani qarTvelebi samcxe-javaxeTi-

dan artaanis mxareSi saxldebian da artaanisave sofel ve-

lidan Turqulenovani kaTolike qarTvelebi javaxeTSi gad-

modian sacxovreblad. ase rom, mosaxleobis erTgvar gac-

vlas hqonda adgili. solomon aslaniSvil-bavrels sofel velSic unaxavs oTxi Zveleburi darbazi (`ficrebis siZvele

amtkicebs, rom didi xnisa unda iyvnen isini~).

artaanSi mesaqonleobas iseTive masStabebi hqonda, ro-

gorc javaxeTSi. magaliTad, 1574 wlis osmaluri dokumen-

tis Tanaxmad, didi artaanis livis qiamxis nahies Tormeti

soflis miwa saZovrebad iyo gacemuli110. didi iyo gadasaxa-

di Rorze. es faqti ki adasturebs im mosazrebas, rom mus-

limuri osmaleTi ekonomikuri berketebiT aiZulebda adgi-

lobriv qarTul mosaxleobas, rom uari eTqvaT maTTvis miu-

Rebel meRoreobaze. artaanSi moxseniebulia e. w. bezirxane-bi/zeTsaxdelebi, rac miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom aq didi

109gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari, wigni II, Tb., 1941, gv.

442-443. 110 1574 wlis gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari, gv. 7.

119

raodenobiT xdidnen zeTs. javaxeTis analogiurad zeTs aqac

selisagan xdidnen.

artaanis Sesaxeb e. veidenbaumi werda: `XVI saukuneSi ardahani osmalebma daipyres, ris Semdegac qristianoba da

qarTuli ena aq ukvalod gaqra; darCa mxolod uamravi ekle-

siis nangrevi qalaqis SemogarenSi~111.

qarTul wyaroebsa da saistorio sabuTebze dakvirveba

im daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom artaans or-

gvari gageba hqonda. farTo gagebiT masSi gulisxmobdnen ag-

reTve istoriul-eTnografiul mxares, romelic Crdilis

(Turqulad: `Cildiri~) tbis irgvlivaa da romelsac pala-kacio ewodeboda. es mxare javaxeTs samxreTidan esazRvrebo-da; is karwaxis tbisa da nialis yuris mTis samxreTiT iwye-

boda. vaxuSti bagrationi palakacios ar axsenebs, magram aS-

karad artaanis aRmosavleT sazRvrad fosos mTas asaxelebs

(`xolo mzRvris artans: aRmosavliT mTa, amas da fosos So-

risi~). fosos mTis aRmosavleTiT ki Crdilis tbaa, romlis

irgvliv da mis CrdiloeTiT vidre javaxeTamde palakacio mdebareobda, romelic aseve qarTuli qveyana iyo. artaansa

da palakacios erTmaneTisagan mijnavs XVI saukunis dasawyi-

sis samcxe-saaTabagos saeklesio dokumenti, romelSic zemo

qarTlis saepiskoposoebis sazRvrebia mocemuli. palakacio

artaanis patara nawilTan anu artaanis mtkvris marjvena

mxaresTan erTad, wyarosTaulis saepiskoposoSi Sedioda, ar-

taanis didi nawili _ eruSnelisaSi: `wyarosTuelis sam-

wyso: zaveTi da imis zeiT palakacio kolas samzRuramdin,

mtkvars aqeT artaani. eruSnelis samwyso: tlaoSs zeiTi,

sul artaani kolis samzRuramdin~112.

calke moixseniebs palakacios qveyanas `istoriani da

azmani SaravandedTanis~ avtori: `amisagan uwin movides laS-qarni aranisa da gelaqunisa TurqTani qveyanasa palakacios da ZaRlis-xevad wodebulsa~; `...queyana artaanisa, ZaRinis-

111e. veindebaumi. baTumidan arTvinamde, Tb., 2005, gv. 85. 112qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, tomi III, Tb., 1970, gv. 245.

120

xevisa da palakacio waeRo TurqTa~113. palakacio, fososTan

erTad, `axali qarTlis cxovrebis~ mesame teqstSicaa moxse-

niebuli.

zaqaria WiWinaZis mier XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi ze-

mo saqarTveloSi (samxreT saqarTveloSi) mopovebuli eTnog-

rafiuli masalebiT irkveva, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba

javaxeTis samxreTiTa da Crdilis tbis mimdebare teritori-

as zegans da aq mcxovreb qarTvelebs zegnelebs uwodebda. qedis xojas axmed xalifaSvils misTvis uambia: `zegani ne-biT aris gamahmadianebuli, aq osmalebs sisxli ar dauRvri-

aT. _ amitom zegani nebiT gaqristiandebao. amis niSani Cven

ukve vnaxeT, Serif-beg ximSiaSvili, zegneli, Tavis nebiT

gaqristianda. Zvelad xoja xerxeuliZe ase ityoda: rom ne-biT arc erTi mxarea gamahmadianebuli, sadac ki gamahmadiane-

bulan, yvelgan ZaliT momxdara. zegnelebs aWarlebzed ara

naklebi utanjiaT, naxevari zegani focxovisa da qvablianisa-

ken gawyda brZolaSi, radgan ar TaTrdebodneno, dandalom

zegans mibaZa da mitom gawydnen esenic brZolaSi~114.

zaqaria WiWinaZe zeganSic yofila da zegneli moxuci-

sagan, romelTa winapari aq axalcixis mxridan yofila ruse-

bis Sesvlisas gadmosaxlebuli, aseTi ram Cauweria: `Cven

axalcixelebi gaxlavarT. axalcixe da axalqalaqi rom rus-

ma aiRo, mis Semdeg iq ar davdeqiT da mTlianad axmed faSas

gamovyeviT, iman aq zeganSi mogviyvana da sxva da sxva sof-

lebSi dagvasaxla, maSin, Cvens aq mosvlamdis, zegnelebs Se-

SinebodaT, vai Tu rusebi movidneno da amitomac isini osma-

loSi gaqceuliyvnen. Cven rom movediT aq, zeganSi 40 sof-

lamdis iyo ayrili da wasuli~115.

`saocaria, rom axalcixis gaswvriv qvabliansa da foc-

xovs qarTvel mahmadianebSi qarTuli ena aRaravin icis da

imaT iqiT ki zegans, sadac 120 sofelia, aWaras da sxvagan

113qarTlis cxovreba, tomi II, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1959,

gv. 38, 78. 114z. WiWinaZe. qarTvelTa gamuslimeba, Tb., 2004, gv. 21. 115z. WiWinaZe. qarTvelTa gamuslimeba, Tb., 2004, gv. 104.

121

ki mTlaT qarTulad laparakoben qarTveli mahmadianebi~116.

SavSeTel Rrmad moxucs zaqaria WiWinaZisaTvis Cauwerinebia:

`yvelaze ufro karga CildirSi darCa qarTuli ena. me kar-

gad maxsovs, rom iqidan Cvensa beri kacebi rom movidodnen,

maSin isini mamaCems qarTulad elaparakebodnen. me ki TaT-

ruls vlaparakobdi, maTi enis araferi mesmoda~117.

erT adgilas zaqaria WiWinaZe CamoTvlis samxreT sa-

qarTvelos gamahmadianebul mxareebs da maTTan erTad zegansa

da zegnelebsac moixseniebs: aWara, qobuleTi, zegani, maWaxe-

li, devsqeli, livana, murRuli, imerxevi, SavSeTi, artaani,

`olTelni~, `ardanujelni~118. am CamonaTvalSic mniSvnelova-

nia is, rom zegani artaanSi ar igulisxmeba. zegani arcerT rusul wyaroSi ar ixsenieba. am istoriul-eTnografiul

mxareSi sofeli zeganic yofila, romelsac meore saxeli

`zaqi~-c rqmevia. Tumca, ufro marTali viqnebiT, Tu vit-

yviT, rom `zaqi~ iyo Tavdapirveli saxelwodeba da `zegani~

Semdgom Serqmeuli, radgan `gurjistanis vilaieTis did

davTarSi~ Cildiris livis mgelcixis raionSi Setanilia

sofeli `zaqi~119, romelSic Tormeti komli qarTveli cxov-

robda. zaqis meore saxelwodeba rom zegani iyo, es dastur-deba eqvTime TayaiSvilis 1902 wlis mogzaurobis angariSi-

dan. mas dawvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili zeganis/zaqis didi gum-

baTovani eklesia, romelzedac qarTuli nusxaxucuriT Ses-

rulebuli warwerebic daudasturebia (qveTavi ase aqvs dasa-

Taure-buli: «Зегани или Заки». teqstSi _ «Зеганская церковь или Заки»). aSkaraa, rom sofel zaqSi mdebare ek-lesias adgilobrivebi zeganis eklesiadac miiCnevdnen da eq-vTime TayaiSvilma amitomac moixsenia is ori saxeliT. mis

dros zegnis/zaqis eklesiis maxloblad mosaxleoba ar yo-

fila (misgan 5 versiT yofila daSorebuli sofeli zarabi-

116z. WiWinaZe. qarTvelTa gamuslimeba, Tb., 2004, gv. 106. 117z. WiWinaZe. qarTvelTa gamuslimeba, Tb., 2004, gv. 100. 118z. WiWinaZe. qarTvelTa gamuslimeba, Tb., 2004, gv. 106-107. 119gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari, wigni II, Tb., 1941, gv.

291.

122

uki). sxvaTa Soris, qarTvel mecniers aRniSnuli aqvs, rom

zegnis/zaqis eklesia saukeTesoa ara mxolod Cildiris uCa-

stokSi, aramed mTel ardaganis/artaanis okrugSio. eqvTime TayaiSvils eklesia X-XI saukuneebiT aqvs daTariRebuli120.

1595 wlis `gurjistanis vilaieTis davTarSi palakaci-

os mxareSi aRricxulia mamakacis Semdegi qarTuli saxelebi:

aRdgomel, axala, abula, bero/bera, beroz, beruCa, gegena, giorgi, gogina, gogota, godora, goCa, gubela, gulaba, elia, erdgula, varsima, daviT, varZel, zesela, zurab, Tornik, Tula, imeda, kakala, kobeSa, lasur, lomisgul, lomSer, ma-misa, maxarebel, mindoda, narindaviT, orRoba, patagul, po-pia, saba, serafion, sixarula, sula, tariel, fisxala, fo-fxa, focxvera, qitia, Rvinia, Sergil, Cita, ciskara, cxada, Zula, wamala, xatia, xaxuta, javaxa... artaanSic igive saxe-lebi iyo gavrcelebuli. kidev SeiZleba davasaxeloT: anana, axalbeda, badri, batata, bereka, gvara, goga, gogiCa, gogor, goSpar, daTuna, varZel, zaqara, iason, imarindo, iona, kakaba, kupata, kupra, kutala, mamuCa, maRalda, macaca, mereba, min-dora, molodina, naTena, nanika, papuna, rosTom, farcvan, qi-tesa, Ronena, Salika, SoTa, Zamana, Wani, xmala, jalia, jane-la, jarji, jvarisa...

120 Материалы по археологии Кавказа… Выпуск XII, М., 1909, с. 64-68.

123

kolas istoriul-eTnografiuli mxare

`patara artaani~ anu igive kola mdinare mtkvris saTa-veebis qvabulSi mdebareobda. rogorc e. TayaiSvili aRniSnav-da, `teritoria amisi (kolasi _ r. T.) udris 1.898 kvad-

ratul kilometrs. es aris uzarmazari CaRrmaveba anu qvabu-

ri, saxe aqvs tolferdi samkuTxedisa, romlis ganieri fuZe

CrdiloeTisaken mdebareobs, xolo mwvervali samxreTisaken.

zedapiri misi warmoadgens vakes, romelic amaRlebulia

zRvaze 1898 futiT. SuaSi patara maRlobi axlavs, romel-

zedac gaSenebulia sofeli okami, administraciuli centri

gelis uCastokisa. ... mTebidan, romlebiTac SemozRudulia

kolas qvaburi, auarebeli wyaro gamodis, romelnic sxvadas-

xva adgilas erTdebian da bolos Seadgenen mdinare mtkvars...

momaRlo adgilebsa da mTis kalTebze aris saxnavi miwebi,

magram puri da qeri yovelTvis ar mwifdeba. mTeli danarCe-

ni nawili vakisi warmoadgens morwyul mindvrebs, amitom aq

saukeTeso saZovrebi da saTibebia da mcxovrebni umetes Sem-

TxvevaSi misdeven saqonlis moSenebas, Tumca xvna-Tesvasac ar

akleben xels~121.

kolas mkvidri mahmadiani qarTveloba 1877-1878 ruseT-

osmaleTis omis Semdeg mama-papaTa miwa-wylidan ayrila da

TurqeTis Sida vilaieTebSi gadasaxlebula. maT adgilze ki

carizms berZnebi da somxebi dausaxlbia. ardaganis okrugi-

dan sul 1.407 komli da 22.843 suli gadasaxlebula, mag-

ram aqedan ramdeni iyo koladan da ramdeni artaanidan Cven-

Tvis ucnobia. eqvTime TayaiSvils kolaSi bevri sofeli da

nasoflari unaxavs, sadac eklesiebis, koSkebis da cixeebis

naSTebi bevri daufiqsirebia, maT Soris, dadeSis saepiskopo-

sos kaTedrisa, romelic gumbaTovani taZari yofila. vaxuS-

tis cnobiT, `mtkvris kidezed, dadeSs ars eklesia, didSve-

nier-gumbaTian-Seni, ... ijda episkopozi, sruliad kolisa, da

121e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri eqspedicia kola-olTisSi da so-

fel CangalSi 1907 wels. _ `dabruneba~, Tb., 1991, gv. 303.

124

aw uqmi ars~. taZris irgvliv ezoSi ki bevri saflavis qva

yofila mimofantuli, romlebic jer kidev 1843 wels germa-

nel karl koxsac unaxavs. saflavis qvebs Soris ki bevri

yofila Sekazmuli cxenisa da cxvris qandakebebi, rac saer-

Tod tradiciuli iyo samxreT saqarTvelos istoriul-eT-

nografiuli mxareebisaTvis.LAL

miiCneven, rom istoriul-eTnografiuli regionis saxe-

lwodeba _ kola, momdinareobs kolxas tomis saxelisagan

(Tumca, piriqiT ki unda yofiliyo _ kolasagan unda migve-

Ro kolxa). iberiis (qarTlis) samefos warmoqmnisTanave, ko-

la mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. kolaSi Seiqmna qarTuli

agiografiis erT-erTi Zegli `kolael yrmaTa wameba~, ro-

melSic qristianobis gavrcelebis gariJraJze qristianebsa

da warmarTebs Soris brZolaa asaxuli. eqvTime TayaiSvils

kolaeli yrmebis monaTvlis adgilad miaCnda didi wyaros

mimdebare teritoria, `romelic nakaduliviT gamohquxs mTi-

dan samxreT-aRmosavleTis nawilSi qvaburisa da romelsac

exla mahmadianebi eZaxian kuriux-baCais, xolo qristianebi

aiazmas uwodeben, ese igi nakurTxs anu wmida wyals. es sa-

xeli ZvelTaganve unda momdinareobdes, qarTvelebs am saxe-

liT mounaTlavT Tavisi sayvareli mdinare. am wyaroze aSe-

nebuli yofila Zveli qvis eklesia Cveulebrivi rigisa, rom-

lis nangrevebi dResac Cans; albaT es is adgilia, sadac

jer moinaTlnen wyalSi Rame, farulad TavianTi warmarTi

mSoblebisagan da Semdeg amisaTvis ewamnen maTgan amave adgi-

las `cxra yrma, sulieri Zmani, kolaelni~122. kola dadaSe-

nis saepiskoposoSi Sedioda. eqvTime TayaiSvilma kolaSi mo-

gzaurobisas 1907 wels araerTi eklesiis nangrevi da cixe

daafiqsira. erT-erT qvaze ki sofel muzareTSi qarTul

asomTavrul warwerasac miagno _ `w- o g-Mi~.

vaxuSti kolas Sesaxeb Semdegs mogviTxrobs: `da ars

adgilni kolisani mosavliT, pirutyÂT da haviT, v”a javaxe-

122e. TayaiSvili. samuslimano saqarTvelo. _ `dabruneba~, Tb., 1991,

gv. 304.

125

Ti, da kacnica hgone egreTve, aramed aw umetesni mohmadian-

ni~. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi kolas mosaxleoba ukleb-

liv gamuslimanebuli iyo. `qarTulad Znelad vinme lapara-

kobs~ (d. baqraZe). rac Seexeba artaanis mxares, d. baqraZe

werda: `artaanis kazaSi mosaxleobis meaTedi Tu laparakobs

qarTulad. mosaxleobas mohyavs kanafi, xorbali da qeri;

hyavT didZali Sinauri frinveli da Zroxa. aqedan Zalze

Zneli gziT olTisSi, arsianis mTaze gadavliT axalcixesa

da sxva mezobel adgilebSi gasayidad gaaqvT puri, qeri, er-

bo, mierekebian cxvars da kameCs~. kola dRes ZiriTadad

qurTuli eTnikuri elementiTaa dasaxlebuli.

126

qarTvelTa gansaxlebis areali

Savi zRvis samxreTSi

TurqeTSi eTnikuri qarTvelebi Savi zRvis samxreTiTac

cxovroben. Savi zRvis regionebSi, isini aq ramdenime vila-

eTSi kompaqturad mkvidroben da warmoadgenen muhajir qar-

TvelTa STamomavlebs, gadasaxlebulebs samxreT saqarTve-

los istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebidan (aWara, maWaxeli,

SavSeT-imerxevi, klarjeTi). qarTvel mahmadianTa SavizRvis-

pireTis samxreTSi (agreTve marmarilos zRvis regionSi) ga-

dasaxleba moxda 1877-1878 ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg, ro-

desac istoriuli samxreT saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mxa-

reebi ruseTis imperiam SeierTa. marTalia, omis damTavrebis

Semdeg, muhajiroba oficialurad sami wlis ganmavlobaSi

grZeldeboda, magram, rogorc eTnografiuli monacemebiT ir-

kveva, qarTvelTa individualuri gadineba Semdegac grZelde-

boda. xdeboda muhajirTa ukan dabrunebac. iseve rogorc

sxva geografiul arealebSi, aqac eTnikur qarTvelTa gansax-

lebis arealebis dadgenas xangrZlivi dro da savele kvle-

va-Zieba sWirdeba. winamdebare monakveTi eyrdnoba 2014 wels

TurqeTis SavizRvispireTSi mopovebul savele eTnografiul

masalebs. saeqspedicio saqmianobam dasaxelebuli sakiTxis

kvlevaSi garkveuli sicxade Seitana. bunebrivia, eqspedicia

qarTvelTa yvela sofelSi ver moaxerxebda misvlas, magram,

adgilobrivTa mxardaWeriT (tufan Safak lominaZe, fehmi uzal-ustiaSvili...), met-naklebad es sakiTxi garkveuli iqna.

eTnikuri qarTvelebi Savi zRvis samxreTiT cxovroben

giresunis, ordus, samsunis, sinopis, kasTamonus provincieb-Si123. am provinciebSi adgilobrivi qarTvelebi 200 qarTul

sofels miuTiTeben.

123qarTvelTa gansaxlebis areals SavizRispira regionSi Seexo

inga RutiZe axlaxan dabeWdil saintereso monografiaSi. muhajir

qarTvelTa Sesaxeb masalebis Sekreba gvixdeboda masTan erTad. aqve

qarTvelTa materialur kulturasa da sameurneo yofaze mniSvne-

127

Savi zRvis samxreTiT eTnikuri qarTvelebi mkvidroben

giresunis vilaeTis ramdenime sofelSi. SeiZleba davasaxe-

loT firazisis ilCes sofeli Tefeqoi. sofelSi 200 saxli

dgas da yvela maTgani qarTvelebs ekuTvniT. eTnografiuli

monacemebiT, soflis mkvidrni aWaridan, qedadan arian gadmo-

saxlebuli. mTxrobelis winaprebi, romlis gvaricaa midili-oRlu (midelaSvili), qedadas erT-erTi soflidan 37 kom-

lis raodenobiT ayrilan: `osmalebi rom gayares, rusebs ga-

moeqcnen. 5 Zmani iyvnen Cemi didvanebi; ori aWaraSi darCeni-

la. sami Zmidan erTi giresunisave sofel trapols darCeni-la da ori am sofelSi (TefeqoiSi) dasaxlebula~. Tavda-

pirvelad muhajirebi zRvispiras dasaxlebulan. magram mTiani

aWaridan wamosulebs adaptaciisa da aklimatizaciis prob-

lema (`zRvis pirze avad gaxdnen, cxeloda, buzi kbenda~)

SeeqmniaT da migrantebi zRvidan arcTu moSorebiT mTa-gora-

kian da tyian adgilas dasaxlebulan. Tefeqoidan qarTvelebi

sofel iunus emreSi wasulan. firazisis raionSi sxva qar-Tuli sofelicaa. xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom so-

felSi, marTalia 200 saxlia, magram misi mkvidrni, ZiriTadi

nawili, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebi, ZiriTadad qalaqebSi

cxovroben. dasaxelebuli mTxrobelis TqmiT (76 wlis), mi-

si badiSebi qalaq bulanjakSi cxovroben. Tefeqoidan ori saTis savalze sxva qarTuli sofeli-

caa. am sofelSi _ yaraRajSi _ Curuqsudan (qobuleTidan) mosulTa STamomavlebi cxovroben. migrant megreliZeebs Tav-dapirvelad soflisaTvis zegneli daurqmeviaT, Semdeg ki

`saxeli gadabrunebula~. giresunis vilaieTSi sul 19 qar-

Tuli sofelia, aqedan goreles da bulanjakis ilCeebSi _

Svid-Svidi, Tirebolus ilCeSi _ ori, esperis ilCeSi _ sa-

mi, xolo firazisis ilCeSi, rogorc aRiniSna, _ ori124. so-

lovani masalebi moipova eTnologma nodar SoSitaSvilma. sainte-reso masalebi aqvT mopovebuli agreTve axalgazrda eTnologebs

mirian xositaSvilsa da giorgi avTandilaSvils. 124 Sdr.: i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi _ enobrivi viTareba, gv.

96.

128

fel damudaresa da yarayadSi ZiriTadad mTiani aWaridan

(Wvana, wyaroTa) gadmosaxlebulebi cxovroben125.

eTnikuri qarTvelebi mniSvnelovani raodenobiT mkvidro-

ben ordus provinciaSi; aq saerTo jamSi 33 qarTul sofels

iTvlian: golqois ilCeSi _ oTxs, facaSi _ Tormets da unieSi _ Cvidmets. uniis qarTvelTa kulturis centris

xelmZRvanelis monacemebiT, uniis raionSi mosaxleobis saer-

To raodenoba 120 aTasia. 120 aTasidan ki 35-40 aTasi eTni-

kuri qarTvelia. sxvaTa Soris, uniis qarTvelTa sazogadoe-

bis Tavmjdomare uniaSi amasiidanaa mosuli. misi informaci-

iT, amasiaSi xuTi qarTuli sofelia: aqiazi, beldaRi, Civi, CaTalCami, da iuva. samxreT SavizRvispireTSi ki qarTveli

muhajirebi ZiriTadad aWaris soflebidan, qedisa da xulos raionebidan arian mosuli; es soflebia: vaio, zendidi, zeso-feli, mzvare, kaxaberi, maxunceTi, kaxaberi... unies ilCes qarTuli soflebia: guzeliali, jevizdere, baSqoi, Tefeqoi, iailari, elmaliqi, hizarbaSi qumarli, iu-jeleri, aludere, CaTalfinari, hizarbaSi qumarli, gunlu-qi, inqur fatih mahale, Teqqirazi, eqinjiqi, aidinTefe, Ca-TalTefe, soilemezi (sul 20 sofeli). `unieSi calke gamo-

yofen CaibaSis, romelic 6 sofels moicavs: qoqluki, aqbaba, sarijariki, Teqe, eiribujaki, quSedere~126. iseve rogorc sxvagan, unies raionSic zamTarSi sof-

lebSi mosaxleoba naxevrdeba, zafxulSi izrdeba. eTnografi-

uli monacemebiT, unieSi mosulma qarTvelebma (mama-papam)

`didi brZola gawia am miwas, rom moWideboda~. osmalebs 10

kacis misacemi miwa, 50-70 kacisaTvis miuciaT. dRes uniaSi

mxolod Turqebi da qarTvelebi cxovroben. qarTvelTa muha-

jirobis dros aq Turqebi saerTod ar yofilan _ mxolod

`ermenlebsa~ (e. i. somxebs) da berZnebs ucxovriaT. eTnogra-

fiuli masaliT, `Cven gavasufTaveT. Cven sofelSi somxebma

125 muhajirTa STamomavlebis umetesobam icis Tavisi qarTuli gva-

ri. aqauri qarTuli gvarebis Sesaxeb saubari qvemoT gvaqvs. 126 i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi _ enobrivi viTareba, gv. 103.

129

1900-1908 wlebSi 15 kaci mogvikles. roca Turqebsa da er-

menlebs Soris daiwyo dapirispireba, maSin gurjebsa da er-

menlebs Sorisac daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad ermenlebTan mSvido-

bianad vcxovrobdiT. uniaSi gadmosaxlebuli amasieli qar-

Tvelis informaciiT, maTi dedeebi amasiaSi somxebis adgi-

lebSi arian dasaxlebuli. isic irkveva, rom unieSi ZiriTa-

dad aWarlebi arian dadaxlebuli, facaSi ki qobuleTelebi~.

unies raionis sofel CaTalfinarSi mcxovrebi osmana os-Turqis (xoxotaiSvili, xaxutaiSvili?) informaciiT, so-

felSi ZiriTadad qobuleTis mxaridan gadmosaxlebuli muha-

jirebi cxovroben: `qobuleTidan gadmosula Cemi dede. me

mesame var~. xoxotaSvilebi ki ZiriTadad ara CaTalfinarSi,

aramed mTaSi, zRvidan 40 kilometriT daSorebul sofel

eqinjikSi cxovroben. CaTalfinarelebi ZiriTadad qobuleTis

soflebidan _ cixisZiridan da xucubnidan _ arian migrire-bulni. aqve qedadan migrirebulTa STamomavlebic mravlad

mkvidroben. Sesabamisad muhajirTa STamomavlebi uban-uban

arian gansaxlebulni.

`rusi da osmanli rom Cxubobdnen, im dros wamosulan~.

irkveva, rom qarTvel muslimTa unies mxareSi migracia main-

cdamainc mxolod 1878 wels ar momxdara. 1878 wels dawye-

buli procesi aq 1893 wlamde gagrZelebula.

sofel eqinjikSi Tavdapirvelad 12 mosaxle mosula. isi-

ni erTmaneTis naTesavebi _ biZaSvilebi, deidaSvilebi _ yo-

filan. saidanac wamosulan, is sofeli maRla (mTaSi) yofi-

la da axal sacxovrisSic iseTive adgili mouZebniaT, zRvi-

dan 35 kilometris daSorebiT (uniesTan axlos). eqinjukSi 400 qarTvelis saxlia (`12-dan amdeni gamravldnen~).Mmarto

xoxotaiSvili 100 komlze metia. zamTarSi saxlebis didi

nawili daketilia, maTi mflobelebi ZiriTadad qalaq uniesa da sxva qalaqebSi mkvidroben: `zogi saxli dakletilia.

TxilobaSi modian. Txilobis memre midian. zamTarSi 100 sax-

lSi cxovroben. berebi varT nametani. Cvens sofelSi mTlad

qarTvelia~. irkveva, rom muhajirebis nawils, garkveuli

xnis ganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelosTan garkveuli urTierToba,

130

misvla-mosvla hqondaT. misvla-mosvlis dros, maT winaprebs

xilisa da vazis nergebi wamouRiaT unies raionis soflebSi.

imis gamo, rom migrantebi axal garemoSi iseTive mTian, Re-

lian da tyian adgilebSi dasaxldnen, rogorc samSobloSi,

maT didxans SeinarCunes qarTuli sameurneo yofa, materia-

luri kultura (Sromis iaraRebi, sacxovrebeli da sameur-

neo nagebobani, samosi).

eTnografiuli masalebis Segroveba unias raionis so-

fel iujelerSic (Zveli saxeli _ mitarboli) moxerxda. 87

wlis mTxrobelis osman duranis (qarTuli gvari nagervaZe) mowodebuli monacemebiT, misi winaprebi am sofelSi qedis

raionis sofel Waraxmelidan mosulan. sofelSi dRes 400

komli cxovrobs. ramdenime Turquli ojaxi mogvianebiT mo-

sula, maT saxlebi qarTvelebisagan SeuZeniaT. sofelSi ru-

sebs gamoqceuli 12 ojaxi dasaxlebula. mTxrobeli gadmog-

vcems: `baTumidan mosulan, rusma gamoaqcia da aq damjdaran.

12 ojaxi mosula. mosula dede; isini oTxi Zma yofilan. ma-

maCemi aq deibada. pirvelad ordu qalaqSi gaCerebulan, Sem-

deg _ ordus SixlarsofelSi. baba SixlarsofelSi daibada.

is sofeli mTaSia. exlac aris Cveni xalxi iqa. aq tyeebSi

damjdaran, tye gaukafiaT. bebo rom wamosula, skivriTa da

erTi ZroxiT wamosula. maSin is 15 wlis yofila~.

eTnikuri qarTvelebi mkvidroben uniis raionis sofel

qusCaSi. qusCaSi mxovrebi ahmed quinjus (qarTuli gvari de-vaZe, 82 wlis) cnobiT, sofelSi qarTvelebis 78 saxlia. ma-

Ti winaprebi aWaris sofel vaiodan mosulan: `musulmanoba

rom adga. imitom movidnen~. arian gvian mosulebic. danaSau-

lisaTvis Tavis aridebis mizniT, aWaridan 1945 welsac ki

gadmosaxlebula: `mokiTxva-mokiTxviT Camovida. iqauri saxe-

li dedulai erqva, aq Cven davarqviT hasana. coli ar mouy-

vania aq~. qusCas mkvidrnic Tavdapirvelad zRvis pirze, qa-

laq unies maxloblad dausaxlebiaT: `pirdapir aq ar mosu-

lan. koRo iyo bevri unies qalaqis gverdze, cxro iyo maSin

avadmyofoba. im avadmyofobas gamoeqcnen da aq amovidnen. pir-

velad 16 mosaxle mosula. dRes am sofelSi 100-mde ojaxi

131

cxovrobs. iseve rogorc sxva soflebSi, qusCaSic zamTarSi

mxolod mosaxleobis nawili rCeba: `zamTarSi 20-30 ojaxi

rCeba; qalaqSi midian~.

mniSvnelovani raodenobiT arian eTnikuri qarTvelebi

facas raionSi, sadac 12 qarTul sofels iTvlian (sxva mo-

nacemebiT _ 14); es soflebia: qabaqdaRi, duaieri, mehmedaqi-fi, qaraTaSi, oluqlu, salihli, hoilu, ToqlubaSi, Ceier-daRi, qonaqbaSi, dugunluqi, hamluqi, iusuflu, jabrani. aWa-ridan da umetes wilad qobuleTidan muhajirad mosulebs

aq ZiriTadad dausaxlebeli adgilebi daxvedriaT. aqa-iq mxo-

lod ermenlebsa (e. i. somxebsa) da rumeebs (berZnebs) uc-xovriaT. aWarlebi ufro meti raodenobiT qorRanis raionSi mkvidroben. sxva mTxrobelis sityviT, qorRanis raionSi

(ordus vialaeTi) ufro meti Caqvelebi arian. `mTaSia qor-

Ranis raioni; imis CaTvliT facelebi da qorRanelebi erTad

25 sofeli varT~. migrirebuli muhajirebisaTvis saxelmwi-

fos erT kacze 12 heqtari miwa miucia. migrirebulebs Ziri-

Tadad mTiani da tyiani adgilebi dauWeriaT. qabaqdaRSi 250 gurjis saxlia. qarTvelebis 12 sofeli or Reles Sorisaa

moTavsebuli. dasaxelebul sofelTagan es sofeli yvelaze

didia, danarCeni soflebi 50-70-100 komlianebia. sul facas

aRniSnul xeobaSi qarTvelTa 1.500 komli cxovrobs. Tumca

isini am raodenobiT mxolod zafxulSi arian: `zamTarSi

suyvela qalaqSi darCeba. berebi arian mxolod soflebSi~.

erT-erTi mTxrobelis TqmiT, misi mama gadmosaxlebidan ram-

denime xnis Semdeg oblad darCenila. Curuqsudan biZa mosu-la 13 wlis biWis/ZmiSvilis ukan wasayvanad, magram is ar

gayolia. misi winaprebi facamde gemiT mosulan. Tumca xeli-

suflebas isini jer erzinjanSi (erzrumTan axlos) dausax-

lebia. aq ori weliwadi gauZvliaT. Semdeg zRvis piri mouT-

xoviaT, aq siciveao (mTxrobeli ahmed hasanis Ze guienakaia. qarTuli gvari _ beJaniZe). eTnikuri qarTvelebi mkvidroben sofel qabaqdaRSi. so-felSi TiTqmis yvelas axsovs qarTuli gvari.

132

qarTvelebi mniSvnelovani raodenobiT arian samsunis vi-

laeTis qalaq CarSanbaSi da salifazarsa da misi raionis 9 sofelSi; es soflebia: qestanefinari, qaradere, muslubei, enidua, uSCuazi, biCme, aiazma, yarabaSi, filenjiki. inga Ru-tiZis masalebiT salifazaris raionSi sxva qarTuli sofle-

bicaa: alan ienqini, ieni doRani da kidev ramdenime ubani

(quSCuazi, soiuqi, merkezi). saerTo jamSi aq eTnikuri qar-Tvelebis raodenobas 6.000-dan 7.000-mde iTvlian: `am sof-

lebSi mTlad qarTvelebi cxovroben. 3-4 ojaxi iqneba Tur-

qi; sufTa qarTvelebi varT~. mosulobas amboben orTabaTumi-dan, maWaxlis sofel zedvakidan. muhajirebis es nakadi ise-Tive bunebriv-geografiul garemos eZebda dasasaxleblad,

rogorc danarCenebi: `Tavdapirvelad zRvis pirze dasaxle-

bulan, magram koRos gamo, mTebSi, tyeSi asulan. erT adgil-

ze 10-15 komlze mets ar asaxlebdnen. xuTi iqa, eqvsi _ iqa,

aTi _ iqa. bevrs erTad cxovrebis uflebas ar aZlevdnen~.

salifazaris raionis sofel aiazmaSi mcxovrebi mTxrob-lis omer ilmazis (vaSalamiZe) `babais dede _ rismanaRa~ orTabaTumidan mosula. `muslimanoba uuwevian, Cven muslime-

bi varT, aq ver davdgebiTo. ar alocvinebdnen rusebi. ori

Zma iq darCenila, sami _ wamosula. memre gedaval, gadmoviy-

vano (saqarTveloSi darCenil Zmebzea saubari), memre ki ka-

rebi dauklitiaT da memre ver gadmosulan. direq CarSanbaze mosulan. iqauroba ar moswonebiaT, [dasalevi] wyali, tye ar

yofila. mumlebi yofilan. Cven sofelSi wyalma unda idino-

so da aq amosulan~. aiazmeli muhajirebi drodadro aWaras

stumrobdnen, naTesav-mokeTeebTan urTierTobas agrZelebdnen.

am misvla-mosvlis dros xilis nergebi moutaniaT: `Cveni de-

de aqedan wasula da baTumidan xuTi Ziri nergi moutania;

nergebi cxenze daukravs, ise moutania da gauSenebia Savi

yurZeni, msxali, kakali, vaSli, tyemali, leRvi~. `roca mo-

vidnen aTi aqa, xuTi iqiT sofelSi damdgara. dadinulan,

mTis alags eZebdnen, mTis avas iyvnen miCveuli. serSi amosu-

lan. qvemoT iaziebSi cxens wyali rom ara daulevia, aq ro-

gor unda viyoTo da zemoT amosulan. Cveneburebi ukan ar

133

wasulan, arTvinidan mosulebi ki ukan wasulan~. sofelSi

dRes 300 saxli dgas. dReisaTvis soflis mkvidrTa ZiriTa-

di nawili zamTarSi salifazarSi Cadis, adgilze mxolod as

saxlSi rCebian, danarCenebi, rogorc aRniSnaven, midi-modis.

garda salibazarisa, midi-modian agreTve samsunsa da SarCan-baSi. mTxrobelis mamas 18 Svili yolia, 8 biWi da 10 – go-

go. mravalSvilianoba muhajir muslim qarTvelebSi Cveuleb-

rivi movlena iyo. swored amis Sedegia eTnikur qarTvelTa

didi raodenoba Tanamedrove TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi (daax-

loebiT ori milioni, visac eTnikuri cnobiereba gaaCnia).

samsunis vilaeTis CarSanbas raionis sofeli CaTaRSi eqspedicias maspinZlobas uwevda qalaq samsunis meris moad-

gilis, eTnikuri qarTvelis axmed ilmazis (romlemac ori

dRis ganmavlobaSi namdvili qarTuli tradiciebiT gvimaspin-

Zla) simamri: `aq mTlad yvela gurjia. am sofelSi 300 kom-

lia~. 75 wlis javiT genjis aRniSvniT, misi qarTuli gvaria

beriZe, laRabi _ ixtiaroRli. eTnografiuli monacemebiT,

qestanefinarSi 350 qarTvelis saxli dgas, qestenefinar iu-qareSi _ 320, yaradereSi _ 200. umetesoba maWaxlidanaa

migrirebuli: `Cveni Zvelebi gurjistanidan sofel zedvake-dan movidnen, maWaxlidan. mTlad iqidan mosuli arian, zogi

qvedavakedan. asi da aTi welia rac movidnen. ColaloRlebi qveiT cxovroben, isini mindieTidan mosulan~. am eTnografi-

uli masaliT Cans, rom muhajirebis mosvla Semdegac grZel-

deboda. mTxrobelis winapari XX saukunis dasawyisSia mosu-

li. is zesiZed mosula: `iqaur dids uTqvams: vincxas gin-

daT, wadiTo, vincxas ar gindaT wasvla, aq iyaviTo. sami Zma

yofila iqidan wamosuli. aq dasaxldnen, magram Svilebi (va-

Jebi) ar eyolaT. iq erTi Zma darCenila; imis saxeli ar vi-

ciT. aq rom movidnen imaT erqvaT imilai, mairi da SaRbanai. aq rom movidnen, darigdnen. ded-mama iq darCenila. abdioR-lebis ojaxze mosula eminai, Sabanaic _ meore Zmac daasax-

la. mairi ColaloRlebTan mivida. imaT qalze mivida, ojaxze

mivida. imaT gogoebi yavdaT. Cemi dedebi rom movidnen, visTa-

nac dasaxldnen, isini 20 wlis dasaxlebulebi iyvnen. erTma-

134

neTi moyavdaT, midiodnen da modiodnen. aq adgili bevri

iyo~. moyvanili eTnografiuli masala, arapirdapir magram

mainc gvafiqrebinebs, rom muhajirobis mizezi ara mxolod

religiuri faqtori iyo (`rusebma uTxres: Cven rjulze Tu gadmotriadlebiT, aq iyaviT, Tua ara da wadiTo~). `aq bevri adgili iyo~ _ pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom samxreT saqarTve-

los mTian adgilebSi adgili cota iyo. es qarTuli mxaree-

bi gadametsaxlebuli iyo, rac, TavisTavad cxadia, muslimi

qarTvelebis migracias xels uwyobda. maSindeli oficialu-

ri rusuli monacemebiT, Woroxis auzidan qarTveli mahmadi-

anebis erTi mesamedi gadasaxlda (daaxloebiT 38.000 kaci).

aRniSnul regionebSi qarTvel muhajirTa STamomavlebSi mo-

povebuli eTnografiuli masalebiT (arapirdapiri monaceme-

biT), muhajirobis mizezi iyo ara mxolod religia, aramed

ekonomikuri da demografiuli faqtorebi. regioni iyo gada-

metsaxlebuli. saxnav-saTesi miwis naklebobam da im faqtma,

rom TurqeTis xelisufleba maT didi raodenobiT miwas

urigebda, migracias masobrivi xasiaTi misca. maSindel erT-

erT rus avtors aRniSnuli aqvs, rom muhajiroba naklebad

moxda saxnavi miwebiT SedarebiT mdidari mxareebidan127. mu-

hajirobis Semdegac ganicdidnen miwis deficits adgilobri-

vi qarTvelebi. igive avtori werda, rom `muSaxeli propor-

ciulad didia, vidre dasamuSavebeli miwis farTobi~128. ise-

ve rogorc sxvagan, zemoT dasaxelebul sofel CaTaRSic eT-nikuri qarTvelebi tradiciebs ar iviwyebdnen: `Cveni dedei

iqidan mosula, motexilobebs uwyobda, imisagan babam iswav-

la, babam me damaswavla. Cem dedem icoda Tofis gakeTeba, ma-

uzers akeTebda~.

samsunis vilaeTSi Sedis qalaqi bafra, samsunidan sino-pisaken mimaval gzaze. qalaqis irgvliv qarTuli soflebia:

diqenjiki, ormanosi da kuSkaiasi129.

127 v. lisovski. Woroxis mxare, baTumi, 2015, gv. 52. 128 v. lisovski. Woroxis mxare, baTumi, 2015, gv. 102.

129i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi _ enobrivi viTareba, gv. 138.

135

didi raodenobiT arian eTnikuri qarTvelebi dasaxlebu-

li qalaq sinopsa da sinopis vilaeTSi. baton tufan lomi-naZis mier mowodebuli informaciiT, am geografiul region-

Si 59 qarTuli sofelia. merkezis ilCes qarTuli sofle-

bia: abali, ahmetieri, aloglu, avdani, demirCikoi, dibekli, erikli, firenqoiu, golu, hajioRlu, kabali, karapinari, ya-zimaga, qiliCli, kirenCukuru, lala, lomanie, meleqsahi, mu-saqoi, sinejani, tangali, taSmanli, TavuqCukoi, Tosunbei, uzungurgen, iuvali. aianCikis ilCeSi oTxi qarTuli sofe-

lia: belpinari, CaibaSi, mestani da saharabaSi. erfelekis ilCeSi qarTvelebi Semdeg soflebSi mkvidroben: abdurahman-faSa, aqCaCami, atbagi, daRuieri, deRirmenjili, goqCebeli, hamidie, hasandere, injemeidani, injepinari, qanada, Serefie, Teqqe, veiseli, ieniCami. gerzes ilCeSi: aqiraCi, gurCuveTi, hizarCai, sarniCi, iakadibi Dda iaqili. Turqelis ilCeSi

qarTvelebi 8 sofelSi cxovroben: demirqafi, goqCealan, ha-sandaRi, qoseletaSi, quzqoi, mantarliki, sazqiSla da duz-leri. qalaq sinopSi qarTvelTa sazogadoebis Tavmjdomaris

winaprebi borCxis sofel axalSenidan mosulan, xolo misi

nena Zirad WadveTidan yofila. sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare se-lamiTin aidinis babua da bebia, orive baTumSi cxovrobda. dasaxlebulan sinopidan 15 kilometrSi, sofel qiliCliSi. sofelSi dResac 15 komli qarTveli cxovrobs. TxuTmetive

komls saxli sinopSic aqvT. misive informaciiT, sinopis

soflebSi qarTvelebis raodenoba 40 aTasze metia. qalaq si-

nopSi 350 aTasi mcxovrebia, aqedan qarTvelebi 35% arian.

sofel numaniaSi (iuvalSi) mcxovrebi remzi qaias mier mowodebuli masalebiT, misi dede 8 wlis iyo TurqeTSi _

sinopis mxareSi rom movida. is maWaxlidan migrirebula. me-

ore mTxrobelis _ sabri ilmazeris gadmocemiT, misi qarTu-li gvaria SaraSiZe, misi winapari ki aq Curuqsudan (qobu-leTidan) iyo muhajirad mosuli.

sofeli lala qarTvelebiTaa dasaxlebuli (100 ojaxi-

dan 90 qarTulia da 10 _ Turquli). lala ramdenime maha-

136

lesagan (ubnisagan) Sedgeba: frenk mahale, TauxCu mahale, alTunoRlu, xaraguloRlu. mTxrobelis nevzaT quCukis (qarTuli gvari _ patarabiWebi) mowodebuli masaliT misi

winaprebi aq arTvinis sofel najviadan (fistixli) gadmo-saxlebulan. `arTvinidan Svidi kilometria. am soflis meo-

re mxares sofeli sinqoTia. gadmosaxldnen 1878 wels~.

sofel lalas TauxCi mahales mkvidri sabri eqijis wi-naprebi borCxis sofel koZiridan arian migrirebuli. sino-

pis soflebSi borCxis soflebidan bevri arian gadmosaxle-

buli. aqve arian maWaxlelebi, Curuqsuelebi, murRulelebi.

sinejanSi qarTvelebi ZiriTadad borCxis mxaredan arian

mosuli. 72 wlis Sahin gulis (afxaniZis) TqmiT, misi winap-rebi aq xebadan gadmosaxlebulan: `xebadan varT monasuli.

rusebs gamoeqcnen~. sinejanis mezobel sofel avdanSic (si-nopidan avdanamde 33 kilometria) muhajirebi mkvidroben. aq

isini CerqezebTan erTad Tanacxovroben (40 komli `Cvenebu-

ri~ da 30 komli _ Cerqezi).

sinopis sofel iuvali qoiSi maWaxlidan gadmosaxlebu-

li malaymaZeebi cxovroben. 78 wlis mTxrobelis qadir do-rus gadmocemiT, misi babas baboi mosula: `sami moZme (Zma)

mosula, erTi emre gadacvlila. ori moZme gabevrebula. er-

Ti moZmec iq darCenila, TurqeTis mxares xerTvisSi. maWax-

lidan jer stambolSi wasulan, adgili ar moswonebiaT da

bolos sinopSi damkvidrebulan. iseve rogorc sxva maWaxle-

lebs, maTac moutaniaT aq Tofebis keTebis tradicia.

sofeli deirmejilis injemidas mahaleSi (sinopis erfe-lekis ilCe). mustafa ozgenjanis (bregvaZe) winaprebi gur-jistanidan, qlaskuris xeobidan 1893 wels gadmosaxlebu-

lan. sami Zma _ quCuka, qeskinaa da genjaa _ ayrila qlasku-

ridan. isini cal-calke dasaxlebulan. `qlaskuridan bevri

wamosula, mTeli qlaskuri, devsqeli, maWaxeli erTad mosu-

lan~. sofelSi 40 komlia. aq erTmaneTSi Sereulad cxovro-

ben devsqelelebi, qlaskurelebi da maWaxlelebi. sinopis

erfelekis raionSi Sedis sofeli ieniCami. am soflis mkvid-

ris SavqeT aqiloRlaris (WkvianiSvilis) informaciiT, misi

137

muhajiri winaprebi aq aWaris sofel tignaridan mosulan.

marTalia, mTxrobeli aWaraze saubrobs, magram, rogorc ir-

kveva, sinamdvileSi misi Zvelebi klarjeTis sofel qlasku-ridan arian: `sami Zma mosulan. rusebi rom osmalebs ar-

Tvins arTmevdnen, maSin sinaps gadmosulan. sami Zmidan erTi

dakargula. gevigeni, rom erTi dakarguli babuas Zma izmiTs

ariso. qlaskuris sofelSi dasaxlebula zogi WkvianiSvili.

arTvinidan, borCxadan sinopamde fexiT mosulan. Cemi dedes

nenei (deda) gzaSi momkvdara. iq Ceuflian _ ise gevigoneT.

Tan saqoneli, cxvari, Txa wamouyvaniaT. erTi sinaps darCeni-

la, danarCeni ukan gatrialebulan qlaskurSi. Cems sofelSi

asi ojaxi qarTveli cxovrobs~.

sinopis vilaeTis qalaq aianjikSic cxovroben eTnikuri qarTvelebi. mis siaxloves sami qarTuli sofelia. samive

sofelSi daaxloebiT 150 komli qarTveli cxovrobs. saxara-baSeSi, mestanSi da qiranharmanSi maradideli da maWaxleli

muhajirebi arian.

kasTamonis vilaeTSic mkvidroben eTnikuri qarTvelebi.

vilaeTis qalaq CaTalzeiTSi mcxovrebi rejef demiris (qar-Tuli gvari baraqoRli) Zvelebi Suaxevis raionis sofel

Warnalidan ayrilan. 130 wlis win mTxrobelis dede da misi

ori Zma mosula. isini jer marmarilos zRvis regionSi, qa-

laq adafazarSi misulan. aq adgili ar moswonebiaT da qa-

laq Turqelis sofel qoselSi gadasulan. adafazaridan qo-

selSi 10 komli wamosula. sofel qoselSi 40 komli yofi-

la da yvela maTgani `gurji~ yofila. axla maTi naxevari

aqedan migrirebulia da sofelSi 20 komliRa cxovrobs.

zamTarSi ki mxolod 3-4 komli rCeba. Turqelis raionSi

sxva qarTuli soflebicaa: sazaqi, hasandaRi, suluCuquri. TiToeul maTganSi mxolod 15-20 komli cxovrobs. aqvea so-

feli hamidie, romelic oTxi mahales erTobliobas warmoad-

gens. dRes aqauri qarTvelebis didi nawili stambolSi, si-

nopSi, izmirSi, ankaraSia sacxovreblad wasuli. rejef demi-ris winaprebi roca mosulan, soflis adgilze tye yofila.

tye gaukafavT da 20 ojaxi dasaxlebula. sayuradReboa, rom

138

soflis Tavze iailac hqondaT da iailaze SuamTobis dRe-

saswaulsac awyobdnen.

qalaq CaTalzeTidan (raionuli centridan) sofel hami-dieSi (kastamonis vilaeTi) gadainacvla eqspediciam. Cvenebu-

rebis mosvlisas aq aravis ucxovriaT. migraciis TariRad

1877 wels asaxeleben jer inebolSi misulan. aqedan ki _

CaTalzeTSi. am soflis mkvidrebi imerxevelebi arian. sofe-

li oTxi mahalesagan Sedgeba. hamidies maxloblad kidev ori

sofelia, romelSic imerxevidan migrirebulebi cxovroben.

aWareli muhajirebi aTmeidanSi arian. CaTmienT mahaleSi _

imerxevelebi, yabalaxSic imerxevelebi (erT mahaleSi aWar-

lebi arian, samSi _ imerxevelebi). CaTmienT mahaleSi imerxe-

vis sofel iveTidan migrirebulebi cxovroben. sofelSi 75

saxlia da zamTarSi mxolod oTxi ojaxiRa rCeba. `aTi kaci

rom mosula, danarCeni 20 weliwads mere mosulan~.

qalaq erfeleqis (125 aTasi mcxovrebi) 45% eTnikuri

qarTvelia. aq dasaxlebulan 1877-1878 wlebSi. erfeleqis

meris sityviT, romelic eTnikuri qarTvelia, `Cveni raionis

eqvsi sofeli qarTulia da salaparako enac qarTuli aqvT~.

erfeleqis raionis sofeli abduramanfaSaSi (mahale aT-baa) mcxovrebi selahadin ozxaias (88 wlis) mowodebuli in-

formaciiT, dede qlaskuridan gadmosaxlebula. `rusebs uT-

qvamT CvenebisaTvis, ar ilocoTo, amdgaran da wamosulan. Ce-

mi babos baboi (dede) wamosula. sami Zma wamosula: ahmedi, mamudi da asani. aq daqorwinebulan. jer abduramanfaSaSi mo-sulan (axlosaa es sofeli). aq rom damjdaran, iq Turqebi

gurjebs saqonels paravdnen. mere am sofelSi yana mouciaT

da aq damdgaran. aCuqes es adgili~. mTxrobelisave sityviT,

misi winaprebi borCxadan fexiT mosvlas 40 dRe mosdomebi-

an. erfeleqlis ilCes sofel veiselSi murRuleli muhaji-

rebi cxovroben, eniqoiSi _ maWaxlelebi. aqve sofel deir-menjilSic eTnikuri qarTvelebi cxovroben. am soflis

mkvidris hiqmeT eSiloRlis (`80-dan 2 qvea~, e. i. 78 wlis)

informaciiT, baTumis soflidan jer borCxis sofel Tikna-raSi mosula da Semdeg _ TurqeTSi: `qlaskuri sofelia

139

iqidan mosuli varT~. migrirebuli arian 1877 wels. ori

migrirebuli Zmidan meore ukan wasula: `80 komli iqidan

mosulan. roca gamoiqcnen, Cven en did babos genjaa rqmevia.

imas oTxi Svili yolia. oTxi Svilidan exla 225 varT. aqe-

dan istambuls arian, almanias, fransas, bursas arian, safan-

jas arian. iqidan rom movsulvarT, aqurma Turqebma demi-

bRvires. bevri biWebi yavdaT, SeeSindaT. Turqebi goubuZgnia

(gauyria). aq xuTi Tane Turqi yofila. Cvenebi movidnen, isi-

ni wasulan~. qlaskuris xeobidan migrirebulebs winaparTa

sacxovrisSi darCenil naTesavebTan misvla-mosvla da urTi-

erToba gaaCniaT~. erfeleqis raionis qarTuli soflebidan

SeiZleba kidev davasaxeloT: baSarani, Teqqe, ieniCami (cxov-roben sxva eTnosebic), hamidie130... TurqeTis qarTvelebTan kontaqtis Sedegad gairkva, rom

qarTvelTa osmaleTis imperiis teritoriaze gadmosaxleba

mxolod 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg ar

dawyebula. 1828 wels samcxe-javaxeTidan mosuli muhajire-

bis 12 sofeli baliseqirisa da bursas vilaeTiebis sazRvar-

zea. mesxebs aq uwodeben `aqalian gurjisun~.

sinopis vilaieTis Turqelis raionis sofel qoseleTa-Si dasaxlebul aWarlebsa da maWaxlelebs Cxubi mosvliaT.

mas Semdeg aqedan aWarlebi wasulan adafazarSi, geiveSi, bo-luSi (TurqmenebiT dasaxlebuli provinciaa). boluSi or

qarTul sofels miuTiTeben. rac Seexeba qoseleTaSi mcxov-

reb gurjebs, isini Tavis Tavs aWarels ar uwodeben, xazs usvamen, rom qeTqeTelebi varTo. qarTvelebi cxovroben qur-

TistanSic. diarbeqirSi, tufan lominaZis informaciiT 5

qarTuli sofelia. `fenerbaxCes~ safexburTo klubis prezi-

denti diarbeqireli qarTvelia; is qarTulad saubrobs. qar-

Tvelebis ZiriTadi nawili aq gaTurqebula. mxolod ramdeni-

me kacmaRa icis rom qarTvelebi arian. stambolTan axlos

aris qalaqi Sile Sav zRvaze. eseni berTeli qarTvelebi

130m. CoxaraZe. klarj muhajirTa soflebi. _ klarjeTi, gv. 270-

271.

140

arian; ruseTis Semosvlis dros gadmosaxlebulan. Silelma

qarTvelebma qarTuli ar ician. Siles mezobeli qalaqia aR-va. am qalaqSi ki lazebi mkvidroben. ruseTi rom Semosula

SavSeTelebi muSSi, adanaSi, mersiSi gadasaxlebulan.

sinopidan 20 kilometrSi mdebareobs sofeli ahmedieri. is qarTvelebis centralur soflad miiCneva. am sofelSi

mcxovrebi lominaZeebi 1908 wels mosulan cixisZiridan.

sinopis sofel sinejanis mahale qiTabsis qoiSi qarTve-li wignaZeebi mkvidroben. isini xebadan migrirebulan. xuTi

Zma yofila: asana, osmana, ahmeda, emini da huseina. am xuTi Zmis mamas (babos) dursuna rqmevia. dursuna xebaiSi darCeni-la, mas miuRia islami. wignaZeebis migracia muhajirobas ar

ukavSirdeba. maT winapars borCxaSi xalxi dauxocia da maT-

Tvis faSas uTqvams, aqedan gadadiTo. es muhajirobamde 20

wliT adre momxdara, e. i. 1857 wels. am masalis moxmoba

ufro imitom miviCnieT saWirod, rom gveCvenebina, Tu raoden

gvian miiRo qarTvelTa nawilma istoriul klarjeTSi mahma-

dianoba. sinopis raionSi xebadan muhajirad mosuli xuTi

Zmis STamomavlebi dRes sxvadasxva qalaqSi mkvidroben da

isini 150 ojaxs warmoadgenen. marto stambolis uban SiS-liSi wignaZeebis 50 ojaxi cxovrobs. aq isini sul 30 wlis

dasaxlebuli arian da yvela qorwilSi erTad iyrian Tavs.

irkveva, rom wignaZeebi xSirad mizezs eZeben, rom erTad iy-

vnen.

stambolidan aeroportis gzaze dasaxlebul punqtSi _

Sirinevleris ubanSi kompaqturad cxovroben maWaxlelebi. aq

maWaxlelebis 3.000 ojaxs iTvlian. stambolis sefaqois ubanSi cxovroben agreTve qarTvelebi kompaqturad _ aq Zi-

riTadad imerxeveli da sinopeli qarTvelebi mkvidroben.

kasTamonis vilaeTSi hamidies soflebi qarTulia. Tur-

qeTSi qarTvelTa xuT sofels hamidie hqvia. esenia: giresun-Si, goljukSi, rizeSi, CaTalzeiTinSi (kastamonis) da gem-

likSi. qarTveli muhajirebi baTumidan gemiT wamosulan, ro-

melsac `hamidie~ erqva da sxvadasxva adgilebze dasaxlebu-

lebma TavianT soflebs `hamidie~ daarqves.

141

eTnikuri qarTvelebi cxovroben izmiTis sofel Sirin sunihieSi, romelsac adre gurjuqoi erqva. aq migrirebuli

arian borCxis sofel adagulidan. qarTulis kargi mcodnis orhan beriZis sofelia gire-

sunis vilaeTis bulanjaxis raionis sofeli damudere (ax-losaa qarTvelTa sofel TefeqoisTan). orhan beriZis wina-pari damudareSi qedis raionis sofel woniarisidan mosula.

`Svidi Zmakaci (=Zma) wamosula aWaridan. sami Cvens sofelSi

dasaxlebula, oTxi _ orduSi. damudaredan sam sofels

ubartyia. am soflebSi erTad 300 komlia.

qalaq ToqaTSi cxovrobda orhan albairaqi (51 wlis).

dRes is stambolSi mkvidrobs. misi winaprebi xebadan arian migrirebulni: `xebas yofilan Cemi winaprebi. kavazoRli (ka-vazaSvili) metyvian. Cemi xisimebi baTums arian, nakaSiZeebi. rusebma rom gamosulan, ermenlis saxlebi miuciaT qalaq

ToqaTSi, ruseT-osmaleTis omis periodSi. erTi sinopSi wa-mosula. Cemi emiSvilebi ToqaTSi cxovroben. xebas ubans, sa-

idanac wamovediT, gorgavi erqva. Cveni sofeli mTeli qar-

Tveli arian. gaRmai sofelSi lazebi arian~.

marmarilos zRvis regionis izmiTis raionis sofel

gildakSi qarTvelebi cxovroben. mTxrobelis sezan (salome) gonanCanis (bairamoRlu, baramiZe) winaprebi murRulis xeo-bis sofel trapenidan arian mosulebi. `erTi sofeli baira-

moRlu iyo da wamosulan. trapenidan rom wamovidnen pirda-

pir centralur adgilebSi mosulan. memre ar moewonaT da

maRali adgilebi ipoves. aq sofelSi bairamoRlebi 50 ojaxi varT~.

aWaridan mosuli muhajiri qarTvelebi xofaSic cxovro-ben. zeki osman aRa oRlus gadmocemiT, `iqidan (saqarTvelo-

dan) Camosula osmanoRlu. sofeli ar vici, mxolod baTumi

da aWara vici. osmaleT-ruseTis omis Semdeg wamosulan. me

xofidan var. bevrni varT, xofis centrSi vcxovrobT. xofi-

dan babua samsunSi gadmosula, imitom, rom maswavleblebi da

saxelmwifo moxeleebi iyvnen~.

142

stambolSi, rogorc aRiniSna, qarTvelebi didi raodeno-

biT arian. am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia stambolis beikozis raioni. beikozSi eTnikur qarTvelebs sazogadoebac aqvT

Seqmnili. beikozSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi muhajirobis dros

ar arian dasaxlebuli. rogorc erT-erTi samrewvelo raioni

_ `beikozi~ TurqeTis sxvadasxva soflidan uyrida Tavs mo-

saxleobas. qarTvelebic aq sxvadasxva soflidan arian Tav-

moyrili. `beikozSi yovel dros stambolis raioni iyo da

yvela muhajirebi modiodnen. aq sami cnobili qarxana iyo.

anatoliidan Camosuli xalxi im qarxanaSi muSaobda. mere aq

gamravldnen. xo ici qarTvelis xasiaTi, TviTon movida, da

mere Tavis naTesavebi moiyvana. aq erTi sofelia _ aqbaba (be-ikozis ubania) _ sul qarTvelebi arian. da mere gavakeTeT

sazogadoeba, rom organizebuli viyoT. beikozSi mosaxleobis

80% Savi zRvis xalxia, warmoSobiT qarTvelebi da lazebi~.

`Cven viciT, talRa, romelic wamovida saqarTvelodan, xu-

loelebi dasaxldnen giresunis bulanjakis raionSi (aq rva sofelia). roca gadmosaxldnen miuTiTes zRvispireTi, magram

avidnen mTebSi. SavizRvispireTSi SileSic arian qarTvelebi

(istambulis raioni). 1957 wels beikozSi pirveli qarTuli

ojaxi Camosaxlda bulanjakidan. biZaCemma mamaCemi Camoiyvana. daiwyes cxovreba, fabrikaSi muSaoba. deidaCemis saxlSi 20

kacs eZina qarTvelebs, rodesac aq daiwyes Camosaxleba da

fabrikaSi muSaoba. saarCevno siebs Tu gadavxedavT bulanCa-kidan 3.000 qarTveli iyo gadmosaxlebuli. aq meore nakadi

movida samsunidan, ordudan, arTvinidan. bulanCakidan vinc

Camovida, viciT, isini yvela qarTvelia, radgan viciT rome-

li soflidanaa Camosuli. SileSi imdenive qarTvelia, ramde-

nic beikozSia. beikozSi qarTvelebi 15% varT. qarTvelebi stambolSi arian sefaqoisa da baqirqois ubnebSi. Sile axal-

cixidan Camosuli kaTolike qarTvelebis centri iyo~. tu-fan lominaZis informaciiT, stamboleli qarTveli kaToli-

keebis umravlesobas SemdegSi mahmadianoba miuRia.

beikozSi mopovebuli eTnografiuli masalac, romelic

qarTvelebis muhajirobas exeba, sxvagan Cawerili masalis

143

analogiuria: `iqauroba maSin iCiqnian, baTumi maSin rusisaT-

vis miucemia fadiSahs da Cveni dedeebi Sewuxebulan da uT-

qviaT: TurqeTSi dajeqiTo. iqidan wamosulan. am sofelSi _

deforanSi _ TxuTmeti gvaria axla. `zogi fexiT wamosu-

lan, axmedoRlebi. Cemi axmeda dede amasiaSi wamosula. aske-

ri yofila. isini rom wamobargulan, dedesi qali quCubanoR-

lebidan aris _ eseni duzjeSi wasulan~.

eTnikuri qarTvelebi cxovroben TokaTis raionis sofel

erbaaSi, sofel zoRaliCuqurSi. mTxrobelis Temis janeris (xajiSvilis) informaciiT, `sofelSi sul gurjebi arian.

laparakoben Zvel qarTul kiloze. mosuli arian aWaris so-

fel cxemlaridan. am sofelSi axla 15 saxlia, Zvelad 50

saxli iyo. gadasulan stambolSi, izmiTSi, sxva did qala-

qebSi (am qalaqebis raionebSi). magaliTad, bevri arian gebze-Si, TokaTSi _ erbas da niqsaris raionebSi. arian qalaq

TurqelSi. eseni cxovroben Savi zRvis sanapiroze, SigniT mTebSi. iq arian kidev aWarlebi zemodan, maWaxlebi. Txilna-radan Camosuli xalxia oTx sofelSi. viCeSi, rizes raionSi ori megruli sofelia. isini namdvili megrelebi arian. fa-caSi sul sam sofelSi arian~. sayuradReboa, rom Semdeg am

axalgazrda mTxrobelma aWaridan warmomavloba uaryo da

aRniSna, rom maWaxlis soflebidan: evfratidan da zedvakedan arian mosuli.

rogorc aRiniSna, amasiaSi xuTi qarTuli sofelia.

imerxevSi dabadebuli aihan izikis (axla cxovrobs stambol-

Si) gadmocemiT, aq qarTvelebi 1901 welsac dasaxlebulan

imerxevidan, magaliTad, am wels aq misi diobneli `biZeebi~ damkvidrebulan, agreTve ToqaTSi da CorumSi. ordus vilaeTis golqois raionSi sam qarTul sofels

miuTiTeben: qaSqinari, iuafinari da jixadie. pirvel or so-

felSi imerxevidan gadmosaxlebulebi cxovroben, mesameSi –

maWaxlelebi.

qarTveli respodentebi miuTiTeben kidev araerT sofel-

ze, sadac eTnikuri qarTvelebi an qarTuli warmomavlobisa-

ni mkvidroben. murRuleli mTxrobelis ieuf uzunis (53

144

wlis, `naxevar saukunes sami weli gaiara~. gazrdilia qalaq

arTvinSi), informaciiT, ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros, misi

winaprebi sinopSi gadmosaxlebulan, Semdeg _ izmiTSi, bur-saSi, `yarsis xelSekrulebis Semdeg nawili ukan dabrunebu-

la. sami-oTxi wlis Semdegac dabrunebulan ukan~. misive in-

formaciiT, bursaSi murRulelebi cxovroben soflebSi:

alaCa, baiden, orhanie da osmani. orhaniesa da seidabads xa-tilas xeobidan arian mosuli. `seidabadi da saerTod 4 so-

feli bursis centris soflebia. bursaSi kidev arian iusu-

felidan mosuli. bursaSi qarTvelebi rom arian, maT naxe-

varma qarTuli ena ician~.

amrigad, aseTia Savi zRvis regionSi gansaxlebul qarT-

velTa geografia, aq maTi dasaxlebis istoria. winaswari mo-

nacemebiT eTnikur qarTvelebi TurqeTis am geografiul are-

alSi, rogorc aRiniSna, orasze met sofelSi arian gansax-

lebuli. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aranaklebi raode-

nobiT arian isini marmarilos zRvis regionSi (marto bur-

sis vilaieTSi samocdaaTi qarTuli sofelia), sxva regione-

bis did qalaqebSi, da, rac mTavaria, saqarTvelos istori-

ul-eTnografiul mxareebSi (SavSeT-imerxevi, klarjeTi,

tao), maSin cxadi gaxdeba ra did eTnikur jgufTan gvaqvs

saqme, romelTa did nawils dRes qarTuli eTnikuri cnobie-

reba SenarCunebuli aqvs.

145

SavizRvispireTis samxreTSi mcxovreb

qarTvelTa eTnikuri identobis problemebi

Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis erT-erTi aqtu-

aluri sakiTxi saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mcxovrebi qar-

Tvelebis identobis, eTnikuri cnobierebis problemaa. eTni-

kuri qarTvelebi sazRvargareT TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi mniS-

vnelovani raodenobiT arian. Tumca, xazi unda gavusvaT imas,

rom zusti statistikuri monacemebi TurqeTSi, mcxovrebi

qarTvelebis Sesaxeb ar gagvaCnia; ar gagvaCnia monacemebi ma-

Ti eTnikuri struqturis Sesaxeb, radgan am mniSvnelovani

sakiTxisadmi qarTul mecnierebaSi interesi jer ar gaCenila.

bunebrivia, Cven aq ubralo moqalaqeebis cnobismoyvareobas

ar vgulisxmobT. arada, ucxoeTSi mkvidri qarTvelebis eTni-

kuri cnobierebis sakiTxebis kvleviT seriozul qveyanaSi

mkvlevarTa mTeli jgufi unda iyos dainteresbuli.

istoriulad osmaleTis imperia da Semdeg TurqeTis

respublika eTnikuri siWreliT gamoirCeoda da gamoirCeva

SeiZleba mTeli kategoriulobiT iTqvas, rom eTnikur Tur-

qebs osmaleTis imperiaSi bevrad Warbobdnen sxvadasxva eT-

nosis warmomadgenlebi. imasac unda gaesvas xazi, rom osma-

leTSi, faqtobrivad, eTnikurobis gageba arc yofila. samar-

Tlianad SeniSnaven, rom osmaleTis imperiaSi nacionalistur

periodamde saerTod ar yofila naciis Tanamedrove koncef-

ciebi. iseve rogorc winamorbed bizantiis imperiaSi, sazoga-

doebis organizacia religiiT ganisazRvreboda. berZnebi,

somxebi, ebraelebi arasodes ar yofilan meorexarisxovani

moqalaqeebi. marTalia, osmaleTis imperiis saxelmwifo ena

osmaluri iyo, magram is imperiis sxvadasxva eTnikuri war-

momavlobis jgufebis asimilacias xels ar uwyobda.

miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, osmaleTis imperiaSi araTurqu-

li eTnikuri erTobebis asimilacia mainc mimdinareobda da

es asimilacia, vimeorebT, iyo ara eTnikuri, aramed religiu-

ri. qarTvelTa mTelma jgufebma osmaleTis imperiaSi islami

miiRes da es procesi dasrulda XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mij-

146

naze. asimilacia, bunebrivia, mimdinareobda. enisa da eTniku-

robis Secvlis faqtebic iyo, magram gvian periodamde mas ma-

sobrivi xasiaTi ar hqonia. Turquli enis gavrceleba mxo-

lod mamakacebSi xdeboda, romlebic armiaSi msaxurobdnen.

qals Turqulis enis Seswavla saerTod ar Sexebia. da ami-

tomac iyo, rom eTnikur qarTvelTa ZiriTad nawilSi ena Se-

narCunda _ deda Svilebs qarTul enaze elaparakeboda. mxo-

lod XX saukunidan gamocxadda TurqeTis saxelmwifos yve-

la moqalaqe Turqad, misi eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxeda-

vad. Cven amjerad eTnikuri qarTvelebis mdgomareoba gvainte-

resebs Tanamedrove TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi.

miuxedavad XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan arsebuli

saxelmwifo politikisa, TurqeTis saxelmwifos teritoria-

ze mcxovrebma sxvadasxva eTnikurma erTobebma, da, maT So-

ris, qarTvelebmac, eTnikuroba da ena SeinarCunes. eTnogra-

fiuli monacemebiT aSkaraa, rom TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi

mcxovreb qarTvelebis did nawils, enasTan erTad, eTnikuri

cnobierebac SenarCunebuli hqonda.

amjerad Cvens interess ar Seadgens im jgufebis Seswav-

la, romlebmac ena da eTnikuri cnobiereba dakarges. aseT

jgufebs adrindeli qarTvelobis Sesaxeb mxolod maxsovro-

baRa aqvs SenarCunebuli. danarCeni qarTvelebi pirobiTad Se-

iZleba or jgufad davyoT: 1. identuroba SenarCunebulni da

enadakargulni, 2. eTnikuri qarTvelebi, romlebsac enac Se-

narCunebuli aqvT.

rogorc aRiniSna, Savi zRvis regionSi eTnikuri qarTve-

lebi sakmaod didi raodenobiT mkvidroben. mivmarToT saTa-

nado eTnografiul masalebs. magram, radgan eTnikuri cnobie-

rebis problemas enasTan mimarTebaSic ganvixilavT, amitom

masalebi xSirad erT konteqstSi iqneba warmodgenili. unda

iTqvas, rom dReisaTvis TurqeTis Savi zRvis regionSi

mcxovreb eTnikur qarTvelTa Soris qarTuli ena arasaxarbi-

elo mdgomareobaSia: qarTul enas axalgazrdobis didi nawi-

li ukve veRar flobs. giresunis vilaeTis bulanjikis il-

Ces sofel TefeqoiSi (firazis raioni) mcxovrebi mTxrobe-

147

li gadmogvcems: `saxlSi Cveneburad, gurjulad vlaparakob qalTan. magram patarebma qarTuli ena kargad ar ician. ax-la veubnebi yvelas, daiswavleT qarTuli. Svilebma ician qarTuli. sami Svili da erTi gogo myavs. Svilebma ician qarTuli. badiSebma ar ician, pawa ki ician. win-win soflis baRanebma TurqCa ar icodnen. piradobaSi Turqi miweria, gurji var. CvenTvis qarTveloba aris siamaye, ampartavnebac ki. muslimanic var, magram qarTvelic var. didi nene rom gabrazdeboda, Se qarTveliSviloo, gvetyoda. 15 wlis Svi-liSvils rom kiTxoT: vin xar? getyviT, gurji varo. Cemgan deiswavla, rom gurjia~. tufan lominaZe: `qarTvelma Tu Turqi dapatiJa saxlSi, memre es Turqi amayobs, rom qarTve-lis saxlSi viyavi. qarTvelebi amayoben, rom qarTvelebi arian. sxvebs amuSavebdnen da TviTon yomarbazobdnen~. moyva-nili eTnografiuli masala miuTiTebs: 1) qarTuli enis ara-

saxarbielo mdgomareobaze _ ufrosi Taoba qarTul enas

flobs, xolo axalgazrdebi da bavSvebi _ ara; ufrosi Tao-

ba mouwodebs axalgazrdebs, rom qarTuli ena iswavlon; 2)

marTalia, oficialur iurdiul dokumentSi eTnikur qar-

Tvels Turqi uweria, magram Tavs is qarTvelad miiCnevs; 3)

muslimoba mas xels ar uSlis imaSi, rom qarTvelad gaiaz-

ros Tavi; 4) eTnikur qarTvels siamayis grZnoba aqvs Tavisi

qarTvelobis gamo; ucxo eTnikur da religiur garemoSi eT-

nonimi qarTveli gaqra, radgan Suasaukuneobrivi stereotipe-bis gamo, eTnonimi `qarTveli~ qristianTan asocirdeboda; 5)

miuxedavad imisa, rom 15 wlis axalgazrdam qarTuli ar

icis, is mainc Tavs qarTvelad gaicnobierebs, raSic mniSvne-

lovani roli papas miuZRvis. erTi mTxrobeli pirdapir ac-

xadebs, rom qarTuli enis ucodinroba qarTvelobis dakar-

gvas ar niSnavs: `gurjija Turqs boloks vetyviT. gurjija rom ar ician, axlebi boloki ver gaxdebian~.

qarTuli eTnikuri cnobierebis mkveTri gamomxatvelia

Semdegi eTnografiuli masala: `rZali Turqi moviyvane da

bazarSi qalebi meCxubnen, ratom moiyvane Turqio~. 20-30

wlis win aseT frazas veravin ityoda, radgan, praqtikulad

148

Sereuli qorwinebebi ar xdeboda. isini mxolod eTnikuri

jgufis SigniT qorwindebodnen. saqorwino urTierToba rom

qarTuli eTnosis SesanarCuneblad mniSvnelovani faqtoria

eTnikur qarTvelebs gasigrZeganebuli aqvT. amasiaSi mcxovre-

bi ori qarTveli Zma specialurad Camovida unieSi, rom qar-

Tveli qali SeerToT colad, radgan sadac daibadnen Sesaba-

misi saqorwino partniori _ qarTveli sacole ver moZeb-

nes: `CemTvis sulerTi araa vis SeirTav. saxlSi vsaubrobT

imaze, rom sasurvelia qarTveli rZali gvyavdes, magram ver

davaZaleb mainc. me TviTon aq qarTveli qalis mosaZebnad wa-

movedi~. meore mTxrobelma ki naTqvams daamata: `umcros Zmas

Seyvarebuli yavs, qarTveli ar aris, mamaCemi ki ambobs rom

qarTveli unda iyoso~. `Cemma biZam Turqis qali rom iTxova,

gavSordiT, ar mogvewona Turqi rom moiyvana~ (aiSan wigna-

Ze).

kidev erTi eTnografiuli masala saqorwino urirTobe-

bis Sesaxeb: `exla SvidSi qorwilia erTi murRuleli axal-

gazrdis. Zalian patriotia. azrze rom movida, es gavakeToT,

is gavakeToTo, Zlivs vakavebdi, Zalian patrioti gaxda. mere

araqarTveli (mgoni arnauti) gogo unda SeerTo. me vuTxari,

ras Svrebi, araqarTvels ratom irTav meTqi da daaneba Tavi.

axla quTaisel Tamrikos irTavs~. unies sofel qusCaSi 82 wlis ahmed quinju (devaZe) kiTxvaze: qarTvelebi erTi gva-

risani erTmaneTSi qorwindebiT? aseT pasuxs iZleva: `rom

Camovidnen, maSin erT gvarSi daqorwineba ar iyo, mere daiw-

yes, Turqebze rom ar daqorwinebuliyvnen~.

gamokveTili mdgomareoba daikaves saqarTvelos terito-

riuli mTlianobisaTvis. es politikurad damuxtuli qar-

Tveli imasac aRniSnavs, rom `qarTvelebs garkveuli wona da

gavlena aqvT, rom arCevnebSi maTTvis sasurveli kandidati

gaiyvanon da xma miscen. erT-erT deputatobis kandidats

mxars vuWerdiT, radgan vicodiT, rom qarTveli iyo~. aseTi

SemTxveva qarTvelebis mier eTnikuri qarTvelebisaTvis mxa-

ris daWerisa araerTi gvaqvs dadasturebuli. aris bevri

faqti, rodesac qarTvelebi biznesSi partniorobas qarTvel-

149

Tan arCeven. amis gamoa, rom unieSi biznesis 60-70% qarTve-

lebis xelSia. agreTve: muhajirobis Semdegve qarTvelebis

SekavSirebulobis maCvenebelia is faqtebic, rom `yaCaRobis

dros qarTvelebis mokvlas da Zarcvas yvela erideboda. qar-

Tvelebi aravis mkvlelobas ar SearCendnen. ase rom ar mov-

qceuliyaviT, ver SevinarCunebdiT qarTvelobas~. esaa ucxo

eTnikur garemoSi qarTvelTa SekavSirebis gamoxatuleba, rac

damaxasiaTebeli iyo qarTuli xasiaTisaTvis.

unieli qarTvelebi SekiTxvaze: religia xels ar giSvi-

liT qarTvelobaSi? ra aris qarTveloba? _ aseTi pasuxi mi-

viReT: `rogorc Tqven grZnobT qarTvelobas, ise Cven

vgrZnobT. religias araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs. rogorc

Sen axsni, rom qarTveli xar, ise me. Zneli asaxsnelia, ra-

tom var qarTveli~. migvaCnia, rom am sityvebs araviTari ko-

mentari ar sWirdeba. Tavis droze maTi winaprebi religiis

gamo mowydnen qarTul eTnikur erTobas. magram dRes muha-

jirTa STamomavlebi sruliad gansxvavebulad azrovneben;

mTavaria, maT sazRvrebis gaxsnis Semdeg TavianTi meore naxe-

vari ipoves. isini dRes, yovel SemTxvevaSi didi nawili, re-

ligiur gansxvavebulobas araviTar mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs.

dakvirvebuli mTxrobeli ise rom SekiTxva ar dasmula, ko-

mentars agrZelebs: `scades, rom religiis gamo saqarTvelo-

sagan, qarTvelobisagan gamoveyaviT, magram Cven amas proble-

mad ar miviCnevT. zogma aqaurma qarTvelma isic Tqva, vis ra-

Si sWirdeba es sazogadoebao, magram aseTi xalxi cotaa,

romlebic qarTvelobas agdebiT uyurebs. Cven rom sazogado-

eba davaarseT, esec miuTiTebs, rom qarTuli eTnikuri cno-

biereba gvaqvs. saqarTveloSic xom aris xalxi, romlebsac

amerikeloba da evropeloba urCevniaT qarTvelobas~. igive

informatori imasac aRniSnavs, rom `iZulebuli viyaviT

TurqebisaTvis gagvegebinebina, rom Cven somxebisagan ganvsxva-

vdebiT. Tavi rom dagvemkvidrebina, Turqebze ufro Turqebi

gavxdiT~. e. i. aSkaraa, rom eTnikurma qarTvelebma TurqeTis

saxelmwifoSi integracia moaxerxes. sxvanairad, isini ganwi-

ruli iqnebodnen dasaRupavad. sxva meTodebiT eTnikurobi-

150

saTvis brZolas, dapirispirebas azri rom ar hqonda, amas

kargad mixvdnen. amis gamoZaxilia ramdenime qarTvelis naT-

qvami: `Cven qarTvelebi varT, magram TurqeTis moqalaqeebi~.

es ormag eTnikur cnobierebas sruliadac ar niSnavs. aq mo-

qalaqeoba da eTnikuroba erTmaneTTan mSvidobian Tanaarsebo-

baSia. unies sazogadoebaSi Cawerili masala: `marTalia Tur-

qebma migviRes, miwa mogvces, magram 130 welia Turqi ver

gavxdi, verc gavxdebi. me Turqi ar var, TurqeTis moqalaqe

var, gurji var. axalgazrdobis dros, qarTul laparaks rom

vismendiT, qarTuli laparaki yofilao, gvixaroda~.

unias raionis sofel iujeleris 87 wlis mkvidri os-

man durani (nageravaZe): `neta erT qveyanaSi vyofiliyaviT~! unias raionis sofel qusCis sasaflaoze ganisvenebs

1990-ian wlebSi TurqeTis soflis meurneobis ministri da

vice-premieri rafaidin Sahini (lorTqifaniZe). misi saflavis

qvaze dabadebisa da gardacvalebis TariRebia amokveTili:

1939-2013. anderZis Tanaxmad micvalebuls saqarTvelodan

Camotanili qviT gaukeTes saflavi da miwa saqarTvelodan,

aWaris sofel viaodan Camotanili daayares da dakrZales sa-

qarTveloSi dabadebuli bebiisa da babuas gverdiT. es faq-

tic TurqeTis pilitikuri moRvawis maRali qarTuli eTni-

kuri cnobierebis damadasturebelia.

aRiniSna, rom qarTvelebi amayni arian da, rogorc ir-

kveva, es siamaye garkveulwilad maT Soris arsebulma kul-

turulma sxvaobamac Seqmna. Sefarulad es Cans Semdeg eT-

nografiul masalebSi: `Cvenebma rom saxli gaakeTes, dabeC-

dnen yazaxebi, ezo ar icodnen. Turqebis mamasaxlisi eubne-

boda Tavisianebs: Tu saxls aaSenebT, midiT da naxeT da qar-

Tvelebisnairi saxlebi aaSeneTo~. `Turqebs iseTi saWmelebi

ara aqvT, rac Cven gvaqvs. maT qarTuli yaurma ar ician. igi-

ni modian qarTuli yaurma vWamoTo. igini yaurmas nigozs,

zafranas, qinZs... ar uSvrebian. igini moxarSaven yaurmas da

flavze daayrian. Cven saWmels vakeTebT, magaT saWmeli ar

ician, mcenareebs ar uSvrebian~ (facas raioni, sofeli qabax-daRi). [axmed hasanis Ze guiekaia (beJaniZe): `30 wlis win

151

Cveneburi Turqis qals ar iTxovda. axla Turqebma Cvengan

saqme deiswavles, igini saxlebs fanjrebi ar hqonia~]. igive

mTxrobeli kiTxvaze: evropaSi Tqvens Tavze ras ityviT, vina

xar, qarTveli, Tu Turqi~? myisier pasuxs iZleva: `evropaSi

rom wavide mkiTxon, vin xar, vityvi qarTveli varo. Cveni

baRnebic Cveneburad ainSi arian, isinic qarTvels ityvian~.

eTnikur qarTvels siamayis grZnobas Tavisi garegnobac

uviTarebs. saubrisas, rodesac qalebs komplimenti uTxres,

rom lamazebi xarT, pasuxi iyo mokle da moswrebuli: `gur-ji var da!~ qarTvelebs Turqebis mimarT garkveuli stereotipi hqon-

daT Seqmnili, isini maT garkveuli epitetebiTac moixsenie-

nen: Cven Turqebs qals ar vaZlevdiT; Turqebs bolokaebs da kudianebs veZaxdiT. Cveneburebi ar uyvardaT; Cveneburebi ma-gari kacebi iyvnen.~

`Turqebi maSin siminds ver marglidnen, Cveneburebma da-

aswavles. kudianebma ar icodnen simindis gafxeka, margvla.

rigebSi siminds ar Tesdnen. 10 yabaxs iRebdnen da margvla

rom daiswavles 100 yabaxi miiRes. Cveneburebma aswavles

saxlebis keTeba, oTaxebad dayofa. jameebic ar icodnen, Cve-

neburebma daaswavles xis jameebis gakeTeba. saxlSi locu-

lobdnen, maSin fuxara iyvnen meti~.

cnobilia, rom eTnikuri cnobiereba pirdapir kavSirSia

religiasa da enasTan. zemoT moyvanili masala pirdapir miu-

TiTebs imaze, rom TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs myar eTni-

kur cnobierebaSi religia xels ar uSliT. sayuradReboa,

rom erT-erTi eTnografiuli masaliT, sinopel muslim qar-

Tvelebs kudianebi (=Turqebi) giaurebs uwodebdnen. albaT

imitomac, rom `qristianebi bevri miyvars, mahmadianebi ar

miyvars, baboisac ar uyvarda mahmadianebi, aginebda. qarTve-

lebma erTad moviyareT Tavi, amaze gemrieli ra aris~ (aiSan

wignaZe). igive SeiZleba iTqvas enis Sesaxebac. bevri axal-

gazrda, dedisa da mamisagan, babuisa da bebiisagan gansxvave-

biT, qarTulad veRar laparakobs, magram es maT qarTul eT-

nikur cnobierebas ar arRvevs. rogorc Cans, ojaxi am Sem-

152

TxvevaSi garkveul gavlenas axdens bavSvis, axalgazrdis eT-

nikur mentalobaze. amis pirdapiri pasuxia erTi informato-

ris mokled naTqvami: `ena rom daikargeba, gurjoba darCeba~.

`rom mkiTxon, vetyvi gurji varo. gurjis ena rom ar ician,

mainc ityvian, gurji varo~ (selahadin ozxaia, 88 wlis, er-felekis raioni, sofeli afTuramanfaSa, mahale aTabaa). imer-xevSi dabadebulis da stambolSi gazrdilis aihan izikis sityvebiT ki `vinc qarTuli ena ar icis, isinic qarTvelad

miiCneven Tavs~. ufrosi Taoba cdilobs axalgazrda qarTve-

lebi erTmaneTTan daaxlovos, gaacnon erTmaneTs.

qarTvelTa garkveuli nawili, axalgazrdoba cdilobs

qarTuli enis daswavlas, radgan is maT praqtikuli Tval-

sazrisiTac sWirdebaT, saqarTvelosTan misvla-mosvlis in-

tensiuri procesis gamo. `biWi davaqorwine, gelini qarTve-lia. sxvasTan saqme ara gvaqvs, gogos qmaric qarTvelia. Cem-ma biWebma qarTuli ar ician. me ar davelaparake. axla eZe-ben, cdiloben deiswavlon. axla undilar. windawin aravin movidoda, arc aqedan wevidoda, axla dagWirda~. sinopeli qarTvelebis eTnikurobis garkveuli gamoxatu-

leba gaxldaT islamisadmi nihilisturi damokidebulaba,

Rvinisa da aryis sma: `qorwili sami dRe icodnen. didi moz-

veri dakla baboma. dugunSi dalevdnen raxs, biras da Sa-

rafs. brinjisagan vakeTebdiT raxs, yarfuzidan, yurZnidan.

yurZnidan Sarafs vakeTebdiT. biras qerisagan vakeTebdiT. mo-

las dugunSi ar mouSvebdiT~. `Cemi dede yurZnidan raxs ake-

Tebda. deiTro da ra qenio? _ lamazi wveniao da vsvio, gem-

rieliao. sami wlis win sinopis sofelSi Cemma naTesavebma

ori minibusi Rvino gaTaves~. `Cveneburi duguni gvqonda. ax-

la gadavarda qarTuli duguni. or dRes win-win deviwyebdiT

facias moyvanamde. dugunSi (qorwilSi _ r. T.) zogi svamda

Sarafs. axlac smen, tyuils ver vityvi~.

qarTvelTa eTnikuri cnobierebis SenarCnebaSi fraid mni-

Svnelovania naTesauri urTierTobebis SenarCuneba. axla qar-

Tuli soflebi ZiriTadad daclilia mosaxleobisagan, maTi

ZiriTadi nawili TurqeTis sxvadasxva did qalaqSi cxov-

153

robs. magram yvela cdilobs zafxuli sofelSi gaataros.

swored am dros ixdian soflebSi qarTvelebi qorwilebs da

aq istumreben erTmaneTis valdebulebas, ecnobian axal naTe-

savebs. am wesis dawesebis gamo, qarTvelebi ara mxolod na-

Tesaur kavSirs inarCuneben, aramed eTnikur cnobierebasac

imyareben, qorwilebi arc imis saSualebas iZleva, rom qar-

Tvelebma qarTuli cekvebi daiviwyon: `xoronebi sul aris

qorwilebSi. xoroni rom ar icodes, iseTi qarTveli ar

aris~.

qarTuli eTnikuri cnobierebis maRal gamoxatulebad

unda miviCnioT Semdegi eTnografiuli masala: `sami Zma gada-

saxlebula sinopSi. Semdeg mxolod erTi Zma darCenila si-nopSi, ori ukan wasula qlaskurSi, maSin TurqeTma rom ukan daibruna borCxa _ 1921 wels. arTvinSi 8 marts arTvinis

ukan dabrunebas aRniSnaven. im dResaswaulze ar mivdivar;

Cven ar vzeimobT. Tqven deginaxeT bevri gamixarda; erTi sis-

xli gvaqvs~ (SevqeT aqiloRlari-WkvianiSvili, 54 wlis). ar

zeimobs qarTvelTa garkveuli nawili saqarTvelos terito-

riis nawilis isev TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebas. maT

ar ezeimebaT qveynis teritoriuli rRveva, saqarTvelodan

miwis CamoSoreba. am informatorisaTvis eTnikurobis gansaz-

RvraSi mTavaria ara religia, aramed saerTo warmomavloba.

saqarTveloSi qarTul sazogadoebas bevri dafiqreba

marTebs TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebTan damokidebulebaSi,

isini ar unda grZnobdnen odnav almacer damokidebulebasac

ki maT mimarT. arada, rogorc Cans, aseTi damokidebuleba

zogierT qristian qarTvels araqristianebis mimarT aqvs:

`saqarTveloSi TurqeTis qarTvelebs namdvilad ar uyureben,

Tqven kargi, namdvili qarTveli ar xarTo. Cven SuaSi dav-

rCiT, aqac gveubnebian Turqebi ar xarTo. me ar vici qristi-

ani, muslimi, Cven erTi xalxi varT~.

niSandoblivia erTi masalac, romelic stambolSi sezan-salome gonanCisagan (baramiZe) CaviwereT: `erT piknikze viya-viT, sadac aRmovaCineT, rom qurTi bavSvebi qurTulad lapa-

rakobdnen. Cemi bavSvebi dainteresdnen amiT. me avuxseni, rom

154

isini TavianT enaze laparakoben. mas Semdeg CemTan qarTulad

laparaki daiwyes. dedaCemi, bebia maT qarTulad elaparakeba

da bavSvebma ufro meti qarTuli ician, vidre me. dedaCemi

etyvis xolme: `gargani (argani-joxi) gindaT (e. i. sacemi

xarTo). Cemi Svilebi arnautebi arian, qmari arnauti myavs.

magram ufro qarTveloben. bevSvebs bebia zrdis, me kidev yve-

laferi qarTuli mainteresebs da ufro amis gamo qarTvelo-

ben, albanurs ki arafers xedaven~.

dRes TurqeTSi, sadac ki ase Tu ise qarTvelTa kompaq-

turi dasaxlebebi arsebobs, TiTqmis yvelgan Seqmnilia qar-

Tuli sazogadoebebi, romelTa gacxadebuli mTavari mizani

qarTuli kulturuli urTierTobebis gaRrmavebaa. Tavdapir-

velad, jer kidev saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebamde,

erT-erT pirvel sazogadoebas `kavkasiuri sazogadoeba~ da-

arqves inegolSi mcxovrebma qarTvelebma, e. i. odesaRac sa-

zogadoebaSi qarTvelebi eridebodnen TavianTi eTnikurobis

gamJRavnebas. axla piriqiTi procesia. kastamonis vilaeTis

sofel hamidieSi dabadebuli dauT kaptani (omeriZe) gviam-bobs: `borCxis sofel adagulidan var. skolaSi wavedi me

Turquli ar vicodi. maswavlebelma saxlSi qarTulad ar

ilaparakoTo. qarTulad Tu davilaparakebdi, damabezRebdnen

da Txilis joxs gvaWmevdnen. didma nenem Tqva, Turqulad

laparaki rom deviwye, naxe, didi kaci gaxda, Turqulad la-

parakobso. maswavlebeli gavxdi da Cemi istoria da kultu-

ra ar vicodi. iqaurebma (sazRvrispira dasaxlebebSi mcxov-

rebma qarTvelebma. devsqeli aqvT konkretulad mxedvelobaSi

_ r. T.) mxolod rusebi ician. da rusi qali ratom moiyva-

neo, qarTvelze miTxres. germaniaSi rom wavedi mere movedi

azrze, Cemi istoria da kultura ar vici-meTqi. coli gar-

damecvala da vTqvi, qarTveli unda moviyvano~. giresunis vi-laeTis bulanjakis raionis sofel damudereSi dabadebuli

orhan beriZe: `mama sul qarTulad saubrobda mezoblebTan,

naTesavebTan. raionebSi rom mivdiodiT, vmalavdiT, rom qar-

Tveli varTo. rogorc irkveva, Tavis droze `qarTvelebs eT-

nikuri daCagrulobis gancda hqondaT~. es gancda, aSkarad

155

maSin ufro gaCnda, rodesac skolebSi misulebs qarTul la-

paraks ukrZalavdnen. Cveni babuebi ambobdnen, rom saqarTve-

lo arsebobs, magram isic vicodiT, rom sarfis iqiT ruse-

Tia. roca sazRvari gaixsna, devinaxeT, cxviri, nikapi...

Tqvenc qarTuli gaqvT. Cemi bavSvobis dros, Cvens sofelSi

`qarTveli varo~ ar ambobdnen. `qarTveli ar var~ imas ar

niSnavda, rom gurji ar var~.

zemoT moyvanili ori eTnografiuli masala mravalmxri-

vaa sayuradRebo: 1) ori qveynis _ TurqeTisa da sabWoTa

kavSiris _ mizanmimarTuli politikis Sedegad, qarTvelebi

ara mxolod teritoriulad iyvnen erTmaneTisagan gaTiSuli.

es gaTiSva da istoriis ar swavleba eTnikuri qarTvelebis

cnobierebas garkveul daRs asvamda; 2) eTnikur qarTvelebs,

romelTa didma nawilma osmaleTis imperiaSi cxovrebisas ena

da eTnikuroba SeinarCuna, XX saukunis TurqeTSi enas ar-

Tmevdnen, skolaSi da saxlSi qarTul enaze laparaks uS-

lidnen da amisaTvis `joxs aWmevdnen~, 3) sazRvrebis gaxsnis

Semdeg maT sakuTari fesvebis Sesaxeb bevri ram gaiges, zogma

es ufro adre germaniaSi samuSaod wasvlis Semdeg gaigo,

rom sazRvris iqiT ara ruseTia, aramed saqarTveloa, rom

meore mxareze ara rusebi, aramed qarTvelebi cxovroben,

romlebic anTropologiurad maTi erTgvarovani arian, 4)

TurqeTSi mcxovrebma qarTvelebma eTnonimi qarTveli daiviw-

yes, ufro swored masze Tavad Tqves uari, radgan Sua sau-

kuneobrivi azrovnebiT, `qarTveli~ da `qristiani~ Tanabar-

mniSvnelovani cnebebi iyo. magram amiT `qarTvelobaze~ anu,

ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, `gurjobaze~ uari ar uTqvamT. es

rac Seexeba egzoeTnonims/garesaxelwodebas. samagierod Tvi-

saxelwodebaT/endoeTnonimad axali termini `Cveneburi~ gamo-

iyenes.

zemoxsenebuli orxan beriZis qarTuli cnobierebis ga-

moxatuleba isicaa, rom man zepirad daiswavla `vefxistyao-

sani~ da qarTvel poetTa sxva lesebi da amasve aswavlis

Tavis jer kidev patara vaJs, romelsac deda Turqi hyavs.

da kidev: Sexvedridan ramdenime dReSi orxan beriZe aRmoC-

156

nda ra TurqeTis erT-erT qalaqSi da gaigo ra, rom im qa-

laqSi qarTvelebi qurdoben, aRSfoTebuli yveboda telefon-

Si, Tu rogor Wrian qarTvelebi aseTi saqcieliT Tavs da

saqarTveloSi Camosvlis Semdeg me mecniers raRac unda me-

Rona, rom kriminal qarTvelebs Tavis saqmianobaze uari eT-

qvaT.

axla ganaTlebuli qarTvelis, mxatvar qamil olgunis (TavadiZis) (72 wlis) monaTxrobs SemogTavazebT: `muslimebi

rom iyvnen da rusebi rom iyvnen da rusebi rom Camovidnen

da erTmaneTs uZaxian, aha, giaurebi modian. imaT ise goniob-

dnen, qristianebi, giaurebi moklian, moiparvian. kavkasiidan

bevri Camovidnen. me vyofiliyavi im dros, ar wamovidodi. ...

aqauri xalxma ician Cveneburi, magram ar ician, vin arian. ma-

Sin mTavari gansxvaveba iyo muslimoba da qristianoba. axla

xalxi gasinaTldnen da gaiges vin arian, rom qarTvelebi

arian. jer patarebi viyaviT, TerTmeti wlisani, moviyareT

gurjis bavSvebma Tavi da vTqviT: gavigoT vin varT gurjebi

da sinopis biblioTekaSi wavediT. raRac wigni vnaxeT soci-

al-demokratebze. ewera, rom gurjistanSi rusebma social-

demokratebi Caamxes. mas Semdeg 26 maiss meviyrebodiT Cem

saxlSi. me suraTi davxate, rom qarTveli xalxi datyvevebu-

lia da cixeSi arian. 26 maiss 12-13 wlisani Rvinos davlev-

diT saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis. vTqviT, saqarTveloSi weri-

li dauweroT, rom vin varT; saqarTveloSic xom aris licei

da werili maT davuwereT da qarTuli wignebi da Jurnalebi

gamogvigzavneT. konverts davawereT: gurjistan, Tiflis,

licei. fostaSi mivediT, rom gagvegzavna. arc gamkiTxes, ra-

tom ase werav? davaTuTxleT da CavagdeT safosto yuTSi.

ori Tve vucadeT pasuxs, rom tfilisidan mogvweren, Tbili-

sidan ara, magram policiidan movidnen. erTi qarTveli kaci

iyo, miTxra Sen ase giqniao, ratom douwereTo. iq vinmes

cnobilobTo? saxlSi xandaxan risTvis iyrebiTo? xandaxan

ara, 26 maiss viyrebiT-meTqi. ra aris 26 maisio. is saqarTve-

los gamarjvebis dRea-meTqi. naxati rom gavakeTe, saqarTve-

lo jaWvSi movaqcie. wadi da is naxati daxieo. uTxari, dav-

157

fxriwav-meTqi. wavedi saxlSi, wavafare, ar davfxriwe. is

werili tiflisSi ar wasula. Cven 13-15 wlis bavSvebi varT.

amxanagis mama cnobili mosamarTle iyo da araferi ar gvi-

qnes, dagvaSines. es moxda axmed melaSvilze 10 wliT adre.

axmed melaSvili gagvecno, Cavexute, imaze vocnebobdiT. sul

xuTi-eqvsi amxanagi viyaviT~. qaam TavadiZis naTqvams, tufan lominaZis, romelmac qarTuli gvari sasamarTloTi daibruna,

naTqvams davumatebT: `1965 wels qarTvelebi 5-6 bavSvi er-

Tad davjdebodiT. ded-mama sul gveubnebodnen, icodeT, qar-

Tvelebi xarTo. es bavSvebi sul erTad viyaviT klasSic da

gareTac. sanam axmed melaSvili gvaswavles, ukve vicodiT

yvelafri. amaTma gvaswavles qarTveloba~. igive qarTveli ki-

dev aRniSnavs: `bavSobisas istoriis wignSi rom wavikiTxe

Turqebma qarTveli mefe lipariti deikaves da qarTvelebma

omi waages, maSin guli Zalian gamityda~.

ra komentari unda gavukeToT zemoT moxmobil eTnogra-

fiul masalas? qarTveli bavSvebis garkveuli nawili cdi-

lobda gaerkvia TavianTi fesvebis Sesaxeb yvelaferi, didi

survili saqarTveloSi qarTvelebTan dakavSirebisa, rom am

gziT qarTvelTa warsulis Sesaxeb yvelaferi gaegoT. kidev

erTi, garkveuli nawilisaTvis mTavari iyo ara religiuri

identoba, aramed eTnikuri identoba. erT-erTi mTxrobelis

sityviT, `sinopSi da arTvinSi qarTvelebi arasdros ar ma-

lavdnen Tavis qarTvelobas. qarTvelobis dakargva advili

araa. dRevandel dReSi yvelam yvelaferi icis. yvela erTnai-

rad icvams... qarTuli xasiaTi magaria da qarTveloba Semor-

Ceba TurqeTSi~.

eTnografiuli masalebiT aSkaraa TurqeTis did saxelm-

wifoSi qarTvelebi erTmanaTs ecnobodnen, erTmaneTs eZeb-

dnen: `universitetSi swavlisas sufraze Sors davinaxe kaci

da vifiqre, qarTvelia, isic miyurebda da mere gavicaniT er-

TmaneTi da davaxlovdiT~ (tufan lominaZe).

Tanamedrove TurqeTSi qarTvelebma erTmaneTis moZebnisa

da gacnobis originalur xerxs mimarTes. isini mobiluri

telefoniT pouloben erTmaneTs. adamians transportSi, qu-

158

CaSi da sxvagan Tu dainaxaven da mas qarTvelad miiCneven,

amoiReben telefons da viTom qarTul enaze laparakoben.

pirveli fraza aseTia: rogor xar, Wo? erT-erT qarTvels,

romelmac es informacia mogvawoda am xerxiT 50-ze meti

qarTveli yavs gacnobili.

qarTuli eTnikuri cnobierebis/identobis koneteqstSi

unda iqnes ganxiluli morwmune muslimi qarTvelebis Turqe-

Tis arqivebiT daintereseba da qarTuli sabuTebis moZieba,

qarTvel muhajirTa 1884 wlis aRweris gamosacemad momzade-

ba paraleluri qarTuli teqstiT, dokumenturi filmis ga-

daReba qarTvelTa osmaleTis imperiaSi gadaxasaxlebis Sesa-

xeb. am konteqstSi ver ganvixilavT `yuranis~ qarTulad

Targmnasa da gamocemas, radgan TurqeTis moqalaqe morwmune

qarTvelebma yvelam SesaniSnavad icis Turquli ena da ag-

reTve is, rom iqaur qarTvelebs misi qarTul enaze gageba

friad gauWirdeba da qar-Tuli wera-kiTxvis mcodneni Tana-

medrove TurqeTSi mcire raodenobiT arian.

eTnikuri qarTvelebisaTvis dResac siamayis safuZvelia

Tamar mefe. stambolSi mcxovrebi murRuleli informatori

Semdegs gadmogvcems: `Cems bavSobaSi sofelSi erTi giJi iyo.

dedas rom vuTxari, ratomaa giJio? _ imitom, rom murRul-

Si Tamar mefis saflavi naxao da imitom gaxda giJio. ase am-

bobeno, Cvens mxareSi Tamar dedoflis Svidi saflavi yofi-

lao da erTi murRulSi yofilao~.

anatoliaSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri qarTvelebi darwmunebu-

li arian, rom isini qarTul identobas/cnobierebas ar da-

kargaven. zemoT moxmobili eTnografiuli masalebi, vfiq-

robT, amis damadasturebelia. maTi sazrunavi axla qarTuli

enaa. erT-erTi informatoris sityvebi _ `me meti araferi

mainteresebs, ena qarTuli ar daikargos~ _ amis damadastu-

rebelia.

Cqari tempiT ikargeba qarTuli ena. 20-30 wlis win

iseTive viTareba iyo, rogorc XX saukunis dasawisSi. isic

unda iTqvas, rom enis dakargvis paraleluri procesi araa

eTnikurobis dakargva. aseT viTarebaSi eTnikuri qarTvelebi

159

ramden xans, ramdeni Taobis ganmavlobaSi SeinarCuneben eTni-

kur cnobierebas, gaurkvevelia. erTgvar sirTules is gare-

moeba qmnis, rom qarTvelebi sakuTari sasoflo dasaxlebebi-

dan masobrivad gadadian samuSaod da sacxovreblad did qa-

laqebSi. sofels mowyvetil eTnikur qarTvelebSi qarTuli

enis swrafi dakargvis procesi mimdinareobs. aseT SemTxveva-

Si enis dakargvidan eTnikurobis dakargvamde procesi Cveu-

lebriv ori-sami Taobis gasvlis Semdeg mTavrdeboda. magram

ramdenime faqtori imis imeds iZleva, rom qarTuli eTniku-

ri cnobiereba SeiZleba did-xans SenarCundes.

160

Savi zRvis regionSi gansaxlebul

qarTvelTa gvarebi

qarTveli xalxisaTvis memkvidreobiTi saxeli/gvarsaxe-

li odiTganve damaxasiaTebeli movlena iyo; zemoT vnaxeT,

rom muslim qarTvelebSi anTroponimebma Rrma cvlilebebi

ganicada, qristianul pirovnul saxelebs mahmadianur samya-

roSi gavrcelebuli saxelebi Caenacvla. dResac, TurqeTSi

qarTvel muslimebSi, bunebrivia, Turquli/muslimuri saxe-

lebia gavrcelebuli. qarTveli muhajirebi, imis gamo, rom

Turquli enobrivi da eTnikuri samyarosaTvis gvarsaxeli

ucnobi iyo, oficialur dokumentebSi mxolod saxelebiTa

da mamis saxelebiT moixseniebodnen, erTi SexedviT mahmadian

eTnikur qarTvelebSi gvari anu memkvidreobiTi saxeli ufun-

qcio iyo. es mxolod saxelmwifosa da gareSe myofTaTvis.

TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelTa mniSvnelovani nawilisaTvis

memkvidreobiTi saxelebi/gvarsaxelebi kvlav ganagrZobdnen

arsebobas. zogjer gvari miviwyebulic iyo, magram axali na-

Tesauri urTierTobis damadasturebeli terminebi _ laRabi,

laqafi _ kvlav arsebobda, riTac xazi esmeboda erTi kacis,

erTi winapris memkvidreobas. mxolod isini arsad ar fiq-

sirdeboda, is muslimi qarTvelebis TavebSi iyo. bevri sana-

Tesao garTianeba ki mxolod da mxolod osmalTa batonobis

periodSi iyo warmoqmnili, rasac misi Turquli formac

adasturebs. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom isini Turquli

`oRliT~ bolovdeboda da bolovdeba, rac sxva araferi iyo,

Tu ara qarTuli `Ze~-sa da `Svili~-s pirdapiri Targmani.Ees

iTqmis rogorc marmarilos zRvis regionSi, ise Savi zRvis

regionSi dasaxlebul muhajir qarTvelTa Sesaxeb.

pirovnuli saxelebi muhajir qarTvelebs yvelas musli-

muri aqvT. Tumca dRes aq-iq SeimCneva tendencia qarTuli

saxelebis darqmevisac; magaliTad, sezan-salome... bunebrivia,

es qarTuli saxelebi meore saxelebia da isini araoficia-

luria.

161

muhajiri qarTvelebis nawilma gadmocemiT icis Tavisi

winaprebis qarTuli gvari. magaliTad, giresunis vileTis

firazis ilCes sofel TefeqoiSi mkvidroben mideloRlebi (midelaSvilebi), CxakoRlebi (CxakoZeebi), medloRlebi, kan-buroRlebi (Zirad daviTaZeebi), haiToRlebi, zelzeloRlebi, ailoSvilebi, bairaxtarebi. fiqsirdeba korkotaSvilis Tu

korkotaZis gvari, radgan Tavis droze eTnikuri qarTvelebi

gvars Turquli formiT _ korkotoRli _ gamoTqvamdnen. uniis raionis sofel eqinjukSi mkvidoben xaxutaSvile-bi/xoxotaSvilebi, romlebic warmomavlobiT qobuleTidan arian. TaTlifinariSi cxovroben beJaniZeebi, niniZeebi, beri-Zeebi, mJavanaZeebi, basiliZeebi, SubaliZeebi, kilaZeebi, megre-liZeebi, safilioRluebi, inaiSviliebi. yvela es gvari qobu-leTidan, cixisZiridan, xucubnidan yofila gadmosaxlebuli.

sofelSi axla beJaniZeebis aTi ojaxia. unias raionis sofel mitarbolSi/iujelerSi qarTvele-

bi cxovroben. 87 wlis mTxrobelis osman duranis informa-ciiT, misi mama-papis qarTuli gvaria nagervaZe. amave raionis sofel qusCaSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs axsovT TavianTi gvare-

bi: lorTqifaniZe, devaZe, CikvaiZe, WeliZe, beriZe, parseliZe. amave sofelSi cxovroben RenioRlebi (ReniSvili? ReniZe?). facas raionis sofel qabaqdaRSi kenWioRlebi cxovro-ben. informatori qarTulad Tavis gvars kenWiSvilad gad-mogvcems. SesaZlebelia misi winaprebi kenWaZeebi iyvnen. amave soflis mkvidrTagan SeiZleba davasaxeloT kidev diasamiZee-bi, gogitiZeebi, oqropiriZeebi, golomaniZeebi, gorgaZeebi, jinWaraZeebi, civaZeebi, lorTqifaniZeebi, qaTamaZeebi, bajeli-Zeebi, cecxlaZeebi, megreliZeebi, maxaraZeebi, SublaZeebi, mes-xiZeebi, xutaZeebi, xabaZeebi, mowyobilebi, eliaZeebi, inaiSvi-lebi, kakalaZeebi, dadianebi (`dadianebi arian qalaqSi, pawia

arian. CvenebTan erTad mosulan~). informatoris miTiTebiT

sofelSi sul 38 qarTuli gvaria. amave soflis mkvidri

gvarad beJaniZe gadmogvcems: `Cvena aq beJoRlis gveubnebian. babuebma Tqves: beJan diasamiZisagan modis beJaniZis gvari. Ta-

mar mefes uTqvams, vin darCao (gadarCao). upasuxiaT, diasa-

162

miZe beJanis Zeo da dReidan beJaniZe iqnebio~. qabaqdaRSi fiqsirdeba agreTve uiSvilis gvaric. saqarTveloSi aseTi

gvari dRes ar aris. rogorc Cans, egnate ninoSvils uiSvi-lis gvari ar gamougonia, is mwerlis fantaziis mier araa

Seqmnili. muhajirobamde qobuleTis mxareSi (qvemo guriaSi)

iuSvilebi namdvilad mkvidrobdnen.

samsunis vilaeTis salifazaris raionis sofel qestena-finarSi dafiqsirda gvarsaxelebi centeraZe, vaSalomiZe, ja-fariZe, futkaraZe, jinWaroRli, pilniZe, gogitiZe. mTxrobe-li gadmogvcems: `vaSalomiZe var da aq, sofelSi ise gveZaxi-

an hajioRlad. hajize wasulan da gaxda hajioRli~. amri-

gad, qarTul gvarTan erTad, muhajiri qarTvelebi meore mem-

kvidreobiT saxelsac atareben, romelic osmalebis Semos-

vlis Semdeg warmoiqmna. is igive mamiSvilobaa an gvaris met-

saxelia, romlebic adgilobrivebi termin `laRabiT~ moixse-

nieben. aseTi laRabebi Zalian bevri dasturdeba marmarilos

zRvis regionSi mcxovreb muhajir qarTvelebSic.

salifazaris raionis sofel aiazmaSic moxerxda eTnog-rafiuli masalebis Cawera. aq vaSalamiZis gvari dasturdeba. CarSanbas raionis sofel CaTaRSi beriZeebi da jafariZeebi cxovroben. asaxeleben kidev: hajioRlus, SiSmanoRlus, Co-laloRlis, saiToSvils, TemindriSvils, qosolars da alve-rals. sinopis qarTvelTa saTvistomos Tavmjdomare gvarad

frangiSvilia. am gvaris warmomadgenlebi borCxis sofel

axalSenidan arian gadmosaxlebulni. sinopis sofel iuvalSi dadasturda gvarsaxelebi Celebi/CelebaZe, bairaxtaroRlebi igive wignaZeebi, memoirlebi/memiZeebi, SaraSiZeebi, komaxiZee-bi, patarabiWebi (klarjeTis sofel najviadan arian mosu-li). sofel lalaSi TavaZeebi mkvidroben. CamoTvlilTagan

yuradRebas iqcevs `patarabiWebi~. es qarTuli anTroponimi

yuradRebas iqcevs imiT, rom is Serqmeuli metsaxelia, uf-

ro swored gvaris metsaxelia. aSkaraa, Zveli, adrindeli

gvari daikarga da gvaris metsaxeli darCa Tavisi qarTuli

JReradobiT. arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom `patarabiWebi~ Tav-

163

dapirvelad romelime gvaris mamiSviloba/gvaris danayofi

yofiliyo. sinopSi pipinaSvilebis/pepinaSvilebisa da Sali-kaSvilebis gvarebic dasturdeba. orive gvari cal-calke so-

felSi mkvidrobs. am ukanasknelT calke sasaflaoc gaaCniaT.

rogorc Cans, isini gadmosaxlebuli arian Woroxis xeobis

marcxena napirze mdebare sofel Txilazuridan (qarTlas me-

zobeli sofelia), sadac miuTiTeben, rom am sofelSi aris

calke mahale (ubani) _ Salikebi. Salikebi anu igive Sali-kaSvilebi Txilazuridan muhajirobis dros mTlianad ayri-

lan.

sinopis sofel sinejanSi dasturdeba afxaniZis gvari,

romlebic xebadan arian mosuli. `sofelSi axla afxaniZeebi

ormoci saxlia~. amave sofelSi mkvidroben meliqiSvilebi, muxtaroRlebi. muxtaroRlebic xebadan migrirebulan. Ziri-

Tadad cxovroben sinopis sofel adanaSi. sofel lalas mahale TauCiSi mosaxle aduloRlebi najviadan gadmosaxlebulan. sofel iaqabSi malaymaZeebi di-di raodenobiT mkvidroben. mosuli arian maWaxlidan. malay-

maZeebi iuvali qoiSic bevrni arian. sinopis sofel deirmenjilis mahale injemSi (erfelekis ilCe) qlaskuris xeobidan gadmosaxlebuli bregvaZeebi mkvidroben (`dededan gevigneviT es gvari~). bregvaZeebis wi-

naprebi sami Zma _ genjoi, qeskanai da quCuka _ wamosula.

migrirebulebis saxelebma bregvaZeebis gvarSi axal mamiSvi-

lobebs/laRabebs Cauyares safuZveli. mTxrobeli xazgasmiT

aRniSnavda: `Cveni laqafia genjaa. amave sofelSi dasturdeba

agreTve xailoRli, jelaToRli. eseni udavod osmalobis

periodSi warmoqmnili laRabebia. mTxrobelma aRniSna, rom

`uwindeli gvarebi magaTi ar viciT~.

kastamonis vilaeTSi qalaq CaTalzeiTinSi cxovroben ba-raqoRlebi, romelic sofel qoseledanaa gadmosuli. mTxro-

belis gadmocemiT qoseleSi mkvidroben agreTve mamaloRlebi igive mamalaZeebi, haiToRluebi, goroxoRlebi (goroxaZeebi), pawioRlebi (pawiZeebi), eTimoRluebi, alibairaxtaroRlebi.

164

CamoTvlil anTroponimebs iqauri qarTvelebi `laqafebs~

uwodeben.

kastamonis vilaeTis sofel hamidieSi (mahale _ meidan-Ciki) sul qarTvelebi cxovroben. `aq sul gurjebi varT.

Cven varT esmerienTi, avjienTi, hurienTi, mamadienTi, yasli-enTi, zohreTi, zrobeTi~. am memkvidreobiTi saxelebis su-

fiqsi -enTi pirdapir miuTiTebs imaze, rom muhajirebi imer-xevidan arian mosuli. es sufiqsi imerxevSi gvarebis mawar-

moebeli yvelaze gavrcelebuli sufiqsia.

erfelekis raionis sofel afTuramanfaSaSi (mahale: aTa-baa) qlaskureli muhajirebis STamomavlebi mkvidroben: kuku-loRli/kukulaZe (`Cven kukulaZe varT, kukulebi. eseni la-

qafia~), CavdroRli, WiaToRli, dodoroRli, odiSoRli. di-di dakvirveba ar sWirdeba imas, rom am oRlebiT nawarmoebi

gvarebi osmalobamdea Seqmnili; kukulaZe kukuloRlad iqca, WiaTaZe _ WiaToRlad, godoraZe _ godoroRlad, odiSeliZe _ odiSoRlad. imave raionis sofel deirmenjilSi deikiZee-bi cxovroben. deikiZis gvaris matarebeli aRniSnavs, rom `aq

laRabi gvaqvs eSiloRli~. es erT-erTi iSviaTi SemTxvevaa, rodesac qarTvel muhajirebs gvaric axsovT da laRabic

(gvaris metsaxeli Tu mamiSviloba) aqvT. aqve cxovroben ag-

rTve ZelabiZeebi da aznauriZeebi. sofel veiselSi bolqvaZe-ebi cxovroben. safanjaSi mkvidroben: asaniZe, nadiraZe, asmaniZe. miuTi-Teben, rom am sam gvars saerTo warmomavloba aqvs da isini

xebadan gadmosaxlebulan. amave sofelis mkvidri WroRaSvi-lebi 1828 wels samcxedan muhajirad wamosulTa STamomav-

lebi arian. WroRaSvilebs laRabic hqoniaT _ CaqiroRli. aqve arian kaxaberiZeebi sofel kaxaberidan, gorgoSaZeebi _ maradididan. am ukanasknelT laRabic _ sardal-oRli _ ga-aCniaT. safanjaSi aris sxva laRabebic: fartal-oRli da je-beji-oRli. sinopis sofel sinejanSi (mahale qiTabsis qoi) wignaZee-bi cxovroben. migrirebuli arian xebadain. soflidan wigna-Zeebi farTod arian gansaxlebuli TurqeTis qalaqebSi, gan-

165

sakuRebiT stambolSi. wignaZeebs dakrZalvis qarTuli tra-

dicia SeunarCunebiaT, maT sasaflao calke aqvT mowyobili.

imave sofelSi godoraZe/godoraSvilebic mkvidroben. sxvaTa Soris, TavaZeebsa da godoraZeebs Soris mesisxleoba yofi-

la, rac maT xebadan gadmoyoliaT. xebadan (ubani _ gorgavi) wamosulan muhajirad kavazoRlebi, romlebic qalaq TokaTSi arian dasaxlebuli. mTxrobelis ohan albairaqis (51 wlis)

TqmiT, `Cemi xisimebi baTums arian nakaSiZeebi~. gorgavSi lo-minoRlebsa (lominaZe) da talaxaZeebsac ucxovriaT. kastamonis vilaeTis sofel hamidieSi omeriZeebi saxlo-

ben. migrirebulan borCxis sofel adagulidan. giresunis vilaeTis bulanjaxis raionSi aWaridan muha-jirad mosuli beriZeebi cxovroben. amave sofelSi arian

Wumbur-oRlebi (igive WumburiZe), odabaS-oRlebi, geCi-oR-lebi, harman-oRlebi. sinopis erfelekis raionis sofel ieniCamSi WkvianiSvi-lebi cxovroben. eTnografiuli monacemebiT, am gvaris war-

momadgenlebi exlac cxovroben qlaskuris xeobaSi. ieniCamSi Semdeg laRabebs asaxeleben: TaliboRli, iailoRli, yira-ToRli, izloRli... samsunis vilaeTis CarSanbas raionis sofel qesTanafina-rSi dasturdeba gvarebi: ustioRlu (ustiaSvili), meloR-li, SirinoRli, abdioRlu, salixoRlu, demraoRli, TaTu-noRli, semizoRli, uzbaSoRli, qosoRli, sofuoRli, Ce-loRli. stambolis beikozis ubanSi 34 wlis axalgazrda jemil iumselni aRniSnavs: `nakaSiZe, papiSvili, xamzoRli erTi gva-rebi varT. erTi mxare icis nakaSiZe, meorem icis _ papiSvi-

li. bebia moloRli iyo~. sofel deforanSi TxuTmet gvars asaxeleben, maT Soris, velioRlis, ginoRlis, WokioRlis, TofaloRlis, eliboRlis, kobaloRlis, ToranoRlis, papi-oRlis... Zneli araa Turquli sufiqsiT gaformebul memkvid-

reobiT saxelebSi qarTuli Zirebi rom amovikiTxoT: Wokio-Rli udavod WokiZe iyo, eliboRli _ eliboZe, kobaloRli _ kobalaZe, papioRli _ papiZe... velioRlebis Zveli qarTu-

166

li gvari daviTaZe yofila. TokaTis raionis sofel erbaaSi eTnikuri qarTvelebi cxovroben. sofelSi miuTiTeben qavTa-raZeebis, xajiSvilebisa da bolqvaZeebis gvarebze. sinopeli qamil olguni aRniSnavs, rom misi `qristianis drois gvari iyo TavadiZe. muslimobisas gavxdiT TavbadiSi-Svili. guriidan wamovsulvarT. Cemi mama xSirad qobuleTze saubrobda~.

stambolSi mcxovrebi murRulelis miTiTebiT misi qar-

Tuli gvaria grZelosmaniSvili. udavoa es gvari murRulSi

osmalebis gabatonebis Semdeg unda warmoqmniliyo. iuf uzun-grZelosmaniSvilis dedis gvari ki roin-oRli (roini-Ze) yofila. es gvari ki devsqelis xeobidanaa.

SavizRvispireTis muhajir qarTvelebSi SemorCenilia

metsaxelebi da es metsaxelebi umeteswilad qarTuli gax-

lavT. mamakacs, romelsac hasani rqmevia, zedmeti saxeli de-dulai hqonda. erT-erTi mTxroblis TqmiT: `Cemi dedis saxe-

li iyo baTumela. sofelSi ase eZaxdnen. oficialuri saxeli

ki fatma erqva~. sofel lalaSi erT-erTi qalis metsaxeli

iyo Subnelai: `sofel Saubnidan iyo gaTxivili da imitom~.

baton tufan lominaZis did bebias ki TuTia erqva. toponi-midan nawarmoebi qalis saxelebi, romlebic -ela sufiqsiT

bolovdeboda saqarTvelos sxva mxareebisaTvisac iyo damaxa-

siaTebeli. aseT saxelebs gansakuTrebiT gaTxovili qalebi

atarebdnen. agreTve, aSkaraa, rom qarTuli saxelebi mxolod

metsaxelis saxiT iyo SemorCenili.

sanaTesao wris aRmniSvnel terminad gvxvdeba `laRabic~.

es termini Zalian gavrcelebulia marmarilos zRvis region-

Si. `laRabi~ zogjer termin gvars enacvleba, umetes Sem-

TxvevaSi ki gvaris danayofis aRmniSvneli terminia an gvaris

gaqrobis Semdeg muslimobis miRebis Semdeg warmoqmnili axa-

li sanaTesao gaerTianebis aRmniSvneli termini. am laRabebis

umravlesoba qarTvelma muslimebma axal sacxovrisSi Tan

waiRes, ar dakarges. es im dros, rodesac Turqebs araviTa-

ri memkvidreobiTi saxeli ar hqoniaT. Tumca muhajiri qar-

Tvelebis nawilma gadmocemiT icis Tavisi winaprebis qarTu-

167

li gvari. qarTul soflebSi dafiqsirebuli es gvarebi ze-

moT dasaxelebuli gvqonda. is ki ara, zogierT aseT gvarSi

SemorCenilia gadmocema adrindeli gvaris Sesaxeb. magali-

Tad, beJaniZeebSi daculi gadmocemiT, maTi adrindeli gvari

iyo diasamiZe. muslimi qarTvelebis gvarebi xSir SemTxvevaSi Turquli

-oRluTi iwarmoeboda, rac qarTuli -Ze da -Svili sufiqse-

bis Targmani iyo. qarTuli sufiqsebis TurquliT Canacvleba

gadasaxlebamde momxdara. xSir SemTxvevaSi ki -oRlis win

qarTuli gamWvirvale Zirebi ikiTxeba.

sayuradReboa, rom muhajiri qarTvelebis metyvelebaSi

Zalian xSirad qarTul sufiqss -Ze mravlobiTobis, krebiTo-

bis aRmniSvneli -eb sufiqsi enacvleba. saamiso magaliTebi

araerTi gvaqvs moxmobli marmarilos zRvis regionidan. Sa-

vizRvispireTidan ki `patarabiWebis~ magaliTis dasaxelebac

sakmarisia.

amrigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom osmaleTis imperiaSi

mcxovreb qarTvelebis umetesobas memkvidreobiTi saxelebi

mudmivad hqondaT, miuxedavad imisa, rom osmalur samyaroSi

isini ar arsebobdnen. imerxevsa da sxva regionebSi gvarebis

sawarmoeblad xalxur metyvelebaSi gamoiyenebdnen uZveles

qarTul formants -eT. zogjer qarTul sufiqsebs Turquli

enacvleboda. magaliTad, WumburiZe Wumbur-oRlad iqca da a. S. qarTuli gvaris Turquli formiT Secvlis Semdeg, Zvel-

ma qarTulma gvarma Tavi ki SeinarCuna, magram is metsaxelad

anu laRabad iqca. agreTve qarTvelebi, mahmadianobis miuxeda-

vad, ara mxolod gvars, aramed egzogamiurobasac inarCuneb-

dnen, rac muslim qarTvelebSi gvaris SenarCunebis erT-erTi

mTavari faqtori iyo.

168

qarTvelTa gansaxlebis areali marmarilos

zRvis regionSi

TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi eTnikuri qarTvelebis kompaqtu-

ri gansaxlebis erT-erTi arealia marmarilos zRvis regio-

ni. gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT cxovroben eTnikuri qar-

Tvelebi bursas, saqarias, qojaelis vilaieTebis sxvadasxva

ilCeebSi/raionebSi. magaliTad, bursis provinciaSi informa-

torebi 70-mde qarTul sofels asaxeleben.Bwarmodgenili

monakveTi srulyofili ver iqneba, radgan is eyrdnoba aRniS-

nul regionSi eTnografiul masalebis moZiebis orkvirian

periods 2013 wlis agvistos TveSi. miuxedavad amisa, gar-

kveul warmodgenas gviqmnis dasaxelebuli regionis qarTul

mosaxleobaze. unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvelTa gansaxlebis

arealis Sesaxeb faqtobrivad samecniero literatura ar

gagvaCnia. erTaderTi gamonaklisi mxolod inga RutiZis ax-laxan gamocemuli qarTvelebis enobrivi viTarebisadmi miZ-

Rvnili monografiaa131, romelTanac erTad, rogorc SavSeT-

imerxevSi, klarjeTSi-nigalSi, taos parxlis xeobaSi, ise

marmarilos da Savi zRvis regionebSi vkrebdiT masalebs.

bursas vilaieTis qarTuli soflebi raionebis mixedviT

Semdegia:

a) qestelis raioni: seidabadi, orhanie (gadmosaxlebu-

li arian xatilas xeobidan), osmanie, saifie (orive am so-felSi mosuli arian murRulis soflebidan), alaCami (mur-Rulidan mosulebi), burhanie (am sofelSi mahmadiani mesxebi

cxovroben). malxaz CoxaraZes sofeli seidabadi qesTelis

ilCes qarTuli soflebis cxrilSi Seyvanili ara aqvs, rad-

gan rogorc aRniSnavs, am sofelSi melodan, xodidan da Wim-

Wimidan gadmosaxlebulebma qarTuli ena aRar ician, `Tumca

qarTvelobis da qarTulis xsovna jerac arsebobs~132.

131 i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi, Tb., 2016. 132 m. CoxaraZe. klarj muhajirTa soflebi. _ klarjeTi, gv. 255.

169

b) bursas vilaieTis gemlikis raionis qarTuli sofle-

bia: hamidie, haidarie, fevzie, adlie da Suqrie. g) osmangazis raioni: qairaislahi, souRfinari, suleima-

nie (aqac mesxebi mkvidroben).Aamave raionSi adre yofila ki-

dev erTi sofeli _ sulTani. hesis aSenebis gamo, sofeli

gauqmda. mTxrobelis sityvebiT, `sulTani iyo sofeli, hesi

gakeTda da aayenes. qalaqSi Cavidnen~;

d) orhanlis raioni: aqCai (mesxebi). iseve rogorc da-narCeni qarTvelebi, samcxidan mahmadiani mosaxleoba aq muha-

jirobis dros mosula;

e) qemalfaSas raioni: qarafinari, qomurjuqadi; v) qarajabeis raioni: boRazqoi; inegolis raionSi eTni-

kur qarTvelTa 18 sofelia. ialovas vilaieTis goqCederes raionSi `mTeli qarTvelebi da lazebi arian~.

saqarias provinciaSi qarTvelebi mkvidroben hendekis, safanjas, geives, qojaalis, aqiazis, qarafurCeqis, qarasus da saqarias raionebSi. yvelaze meti qarTveli hendekisa da safanjas raionebSi cxovrobs _ hendekSi ocamde qarTul so-

fels iTvlian, safanjaSi _ TxuTmets; pirveli maTganis qar-

Tuli soflebia: baliqliihsanie, biCqiatiki, guldibi, gun-doRani, esenTefe, Teqerleqsuleimanie, iqramie, karaCokeki, kizanliki, muradie, nuzheTie, nurie, serveTie, SevkeTie, ha-miTli, hijrie, huseinSeixi. es CamonaTvali malxaz CoxaraZes monacemebiT SeiZleba SevavsoT: ieSilvadi, iqbalie, luTfie-qoSqi, suleimanie, finarli, qargaliieniqoi, qizanliqi (mis cxrilSi araa karaCokeki, kizanliki da nuzheTie)133. aqve

lazebis soflebicaa (kafanjiki da akova). dRes hendekel qarTvelTa umetesoba qalaqebSia gada-

saxlebuli. soflebi moxucebis amaraa. eTnografiuli mona-

cemebiT, hendekSi qarTvelebi ZiriTadad mTiani aWaridan, xu-ladan migrirebulan _ eseni iyvnen muhajirebi, romelTa aWa-

ridan ayra 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis damTavre-

bisTanave moxda. garda amisa, hendekSi murRulis xeobidanac

133 m. CoxaraZe. klarj muhajirTa soflebi. _ klarjeTi, gv. 259.

170

mosulan muhajiri qarTvelebi. rogorc irkveva, murRulidan

migrirebulebs Tan TavianTi soflebis saxelebic moutaniaT:

avana, trapeni, orji. aWaridan migriraciis damadasturebelia

soflis saxelwodeba Caqvi, xolo klarjeTidan _ sofeli

xatila. am soflebSic dRes iseTive demografiuli viTaree-

baa, rogorc hendekSi. maTi mkvidrnic ZiriTadad did qalqeb-

Si arian sacxovreblad wasuli, Tumca sofels ar kargaven

da `modian Txilis aRebis dros~. am soflebis mkvidrebs

Seqmnili aqvT `baTumis muhajirebis saTvistomo~. erT-erTma

informatorma Tavisi winaprebis Tavdapirvel sacxovrisad

Curuq-su, e. i. qobuleTi daasaxela. sofel luTfieqoSqSi mopovebuli eTnografiuli monace-

mebiT, `Cveni didvanebi movidnen baTumidan _ oTxi ojaxi,

arTvinidan. gadmocemiT, baTumidan da arTvinidan trapizonam-

de da samsonamde fexiT mosulan. sofel luTfie koSkSic ZiriTadad didvanebi arian darCenilni. `uwin erT saxlSi Tu

9-10 kaci iyo, dRes mxolod 3-4 kacia~.

irkveva, rom muhajiri qarTvelebi sacxovrebel adgilad

eZebdnen analogiur landSafts, iseTsas rogoric saqarTve-

loSi _ gansaxlebis Tavdapirvel arealSi (aWaraSi, qobu-

leTSi, SavSeT-imerxevSi, klarjeT-liganSi) hqondaT. maTi

soflebi upiratesad mTian adgilebSia gaSenebuli. umetes

SemTxvevaSi maT soflis gasaSeneblad tyis gakafva uxdebo-

daT. migracia erTdrouli aqti ar iyo. istoriuli samxreT

saqarTvelodan mahmadian qarTvelTa gadasaxleba Semdegac

grZeldeboda. sofel luTfieqoSqSi mcxovrebi erT-erTi

mTxrobelis aRniSvniT, rusisa da alemaniis omis drosac

mosulan aWaridan: `sazRvari Caketili iyo, magram Woroxi-

dan gadmocurdebodnen~. `aq qarTlac aris sofeli (qarTla Woroxis xeobis marcxena mxares, klarjeTSia _ r. T.), axla

biCkaTi hqvia. arxvacaa (arxva murRulis xeobaSia _ r. T.),

axla serveTie hqvia. avana arxvas axlosaa. Secvlili saxe-

lia iqbalie. xatila aris oriTana. zemo xatilas axla gun-dovani daarqves~. sofel luTfieqoSqidan sofel qarTlamde 15 kilometrs miuTiTeben. `hendekSi gurji mahale oria. 100

171

ojaxi iqneba. 13 ubania hendekSi da sam ubanSi qarTvelebi

cxovroben. 1878 wels zogi pirdapir hendekis centrSi da-

saxlda. muhajirebi jer izmiTSi Casulan da Semdeg iqaur

gamgeobas daufantia. rusebsa da osmalebs Soris SeTanxmeba

iyo, an waiyvaneT, an Cven gavagdebTo.Aan eseni waiyvaneT, an

stambolSi SemovalTo~.

saqariaSi qarTvelebi cxovroben qalaq qarasusa da mis raionSic. qarasus erTi ubani mTlianad qarTvelebiTaa dasax-

lebuli. maTi muhajiri winaprebi qarasuSi aWaridan _ Tana-medrove xelvaCauris raionis sofel gvaradan, agreTve qed-qe-didan, urexidan migrirebulan.Qqarasus azizies ubanSi

(quCaze) 5 aTasamde qarTveli cxovrobs. `rusebis SegveSinda

da amitom wamovidnen Cveni dedebi. aqedan bevri mitrialebu-

la qedqedSi~. qarasuSi mosvlamde am qalaqis muhajirebi

jer samsunSi misulan, Semdeg _ xendekSi da xendekidan aq. `wyali da tye uZebniaT da sadac daunaxiaT wyali da tye iq

dasaxlebulan. qojaalis raionSi kidev oTxi qarTuli sofe-

lia. sami weliwadi moundnen aq mosvlas. rusebs gamoeqcnen.

srolebi rom iyo, SeeSindaT da gamoiqcnen. erTi ufrosi ka-

ci yofila, romelic Tavis xalxs eubneboda, ar waxvideTo

da amis gamo, is rusebs dauWeriaT~.

qarTuli sofelia melenepiri (qojaalis raioni) Savi

zRvis sanapiroze. soflidan stambolamde 200 kilometria.

am sofelSi macxovrebelni muhajirad arian mosuli qvemo maWaxlidan. asaxeleben soflebs: simoneTs, Txilnaras, mi-reTs... qarTvelTa raodenobas 250 komlamde iTvlian. es so-

felic axalgazrdebisagan, faqtobrivad, daclilia. mTxrob-

lis TqmiT, `dede da ori Zma mosula. Cemi dede maSin 4

wlis iyo.Aaqauri aini mowonebiaT, Cvens sofels hgavso. aq

Turqebi yofilan, isini, Turqebi goudevniaT~.

qojaalis raionis qarTuli soflebia kidev demiraCma, bezirgani, goqluqi da gurjiqoi (igive qoiieri). demiraCme-li informatori miuTiTebs, rom misi winaprebi aq aWaridan,

mirveTidan Camosulan. migrirebulebi arian maradididanac. `aTi wliT adre mosulan abazebi. abazebs daunaxvebiaT teri-

172

toria, aq dajeqiTo~. `Cven Tavze vityodiT, muhajiri varTo.

am soflidan vinc adgeba da sxvagan wava, muhajiria. demiraC-

meli qarTvelebic qalaqebSi arian sacxovreblad gasuli: `me

izmiTs vzivar da exla TxilisaTvis movel, iq vsaqmob.~

gurjiqoi araoficialuri saxelia. adre am sofelSi

berZnebs ucxovriaT. mTxrobelis TqmiT, `adre rumebi cxov-

robdnen. rumebi aTaTurqma aayena da mere gurjebi movidnen~.

samsunSic ucxovriaT Cvens dedebs, zogi iq darCenila sam-suns, sinops. informatoris mier mowodebuli masaliT, maTi

winaprebis sofels saqarTveloSi sxalaZeebi hqvian. Aam sof-lidan 35 komli mosula. `giaurs gamourekia, muslimebi wa-

mosulan. rusebs gurjebi zRvaSi Cauyria. rusebs Cvalebi

(tomrebi) CaucmeviT da ise gamouSviaT~.

qarTveli mahmadianebi cxovroben arifeas raionSic. maTi erT-erTi sofeli ieniqois (igive yiClaCai) saxels atarebs.

ieniqoelebi gadmosaxlebulan xebadan (zedubani), Subanidan, kinCxeTidan, katafxiadan, kabanidan. mdinare saqariisTvis muha-jir qarTvelebs Woruxi daurqmeviT: `wyalisferi rom erTia

daurqmeviaT Woruxi~. ieniqoiSi dRes 150 komli cxovrobs.

`zafxulSi dasajdomel adgils ver naxav. wavlen adabazarSi.

150 ojaxia da 150 pensiaze gamosuli xalxia. aq aTi wliT

adre yofilan abazebi/afxazebi. qarTvelebs afxazebisaTvis fu-

li miuciaT da isini qalaq duzjeSi gauSviaT~. qarTveli mu-

hajirebi gadmosaxlebis Semdeg mizezs asaxeleben: `baTumidan

aq wamosulan ruseTTan omis gamo. bevri muslimanoba xelSi

hqonebia, isini gamoqceulan. danarCenebi darCenilan. muslima-

noba daikargebao da wamovidnen. am sofelSi bevria da gare-

Tac arian.Aaaq movidnen 60 ojaxi. Aaaxla asi da naxevari gav-

xdiT. bevri did qalaqebSi arian. sxva soflebSic arian. Aaq

Cerqezebic arian. mezobel Cerqezul sofel CinardibSi 15

ojaxi qarTvelic cxovrobs. afxazis sofelSi 20 ojaxia

qarTveli. aqurobaSi sul xuTi qarTveli sofelia. 200 [kom-

li] yaraCamSia, Woroxis gaRma. biCxi deres vetyviT, iqac ari-an. imaze axlos sarais vetyviT, aq 60 aris. doganCaiSi arian hasanoRlebi. esenic maradididan, zedobnidan arian mosuli~.

173

amave informatoris TqmiT, qarTvelebi cxovroben agreTve so-

fel ilimbegSi, xolo safanjaSi isini WanebTan erTad cxov-roben. `saqarias provinciaSi 200 aTasi qarTvelia. Wanebi da

qarTvelebi erTad movidnen, 140 wlis win movidnen. Wanebic

rusebs gamoeqcnen borCxidan. zamTarSi marto berebi rCebian.

70 ojaxi aris zamTarSi, zafxulSi 150 ojaxi. axalgazrdebi

kiTxuloben da saqmoben~. ieniqoeli mTxrobelebi xazs usva-

men, rom maT sofelSi mxolod qarTvelebi cxovroben da isi-

ni aq sxvebs ar uSveben.

Semdegi sofeli, romelSic muSaobis saSualeba mogvecaa,

esaa aqCai. Tavdapirvelad am sofelSi Cerqezebs ucxovriaT.

mTxroblis muRasin hiliCis winaprebi aqCaiSi maradididan mosulan. sofelSi dRes 230 saxli dgas da umetesoba (150

komli) qarTvelia, `danarCeni 80 sxvadasxvaa (afxazebi, Cer-

qezebi, Wanebi). cota mosulan da mere daSenebuli arian. ru-

seTTan rom omi iqna, maSin wamosulan. izmiTs iqiTac arian Cvenebi. zemoT kapanze damjdaran, vakeSi ar damjdaran. iq

gaCveulni yofilan zedan. rogorc maradidSi iyvnen, aqac ise

damjdaran. Cvenebi amasac Woroxs etyvian~.

rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTvelebi cxovroben saqarias pro-

vinciis safanjas ilCeSic. safanjis centrSi isini ieni maha-leSi, jami jediTis mahalesa da qirqfinarSi mkvidroben. ra-ionSi ki oTxi qarTuli sofelia: guldibi, erdemli, mahmu-die da muradie. malxaz CoxariZes am raionis qarTul so-

felTa cxrilSi kidev dasaxelebuli aqvs: aqCai, ianiqi, qadi-finari.134 mahmudieSi muhajiri qarTvelebi maradid-baTumidan

migrirebulan. muradies mezobli qarTulia sofeli guldi-bic. am ukanasknel sofelSi 250 komli qarTveli cxovrobs:

`mTeli gurjebi varT, 250 saxli. rusi rom Samovida, Cvene-

bi aqeT wamosulan kirnaTidan da kobaleTidan, kaxaberidan. rusis askerebs Cvens dedeebis qalebze gonji TvaliT Seuxe-

davT. Cvenebi sibiriaSi wauyvaniaT. tye iyo aqauroba da tye-

Si dasxdomilan. sofel guldibs sxva soflebis bedi ar ga-

134 m. CoxaraZe. klarj muhajirTa soflebi. _ klarjeTi, gv. 260.

174

uziarebia da ar daclila mosaxleobisagan, radgan is qalaq-

Tan axlosaa. `qalaqi axlosaa, fabrikebia, saqmoben da mere

saxlSi modian~.

geives ilCeSi qarTuli sofelia nuruosmanie (200 kom-li). aq maradididan mosulebi binadroben. m. CoxaraZe am rai-

onis kidev oTx sofels asaxelebs: doRanCai (10 komli) da

ilembei (100 komli), qaraCami (100 komli) da Serifie (60 komli).

qarTvelebi mkvidroben saqarias vilaieTis aqiazis raio-nis sofel reSadieSi. reSadieli mTxrobelis sityviT, sofe-

li 1877 welsaa darsebuli. `baTumidan wamovediT. sofeli

ar viciT. Cems dedes dabadebis pasportSi baTumi ewera.

wylis ZebnaSi miagnes am adgils. wyaro unaxavT da iq dam-

dgaran~. sofeli mTeli xalxi qarTulia. 150 ojaxia qarTve-

li~. irkveva, rom aWaridan wamosulebi jer murRulis xeo-baSi misulan da Semdeg _ marmarilos zRvis regionSi. zogi-

erTi aWaridan ayrili jer xatilas wyalze damkvidrebula,

magram rusebis samxreTisaken svlas qarTvel mahmadianTa xa-

tila-murRulidan ayrac mohyolia.Aaqve sofel SerifieSi mkvidri qarTvelebi (250 ojaxi) ki imerxevidan mosvlas am-

boben.Aam soflebSi damkvidrebamde muhajirebs karga xani

uxetialiaT da 8-9 wlis Semdeg upoviaT sasurveli adgili.

reSadie muhajirTa mosvlisas tyiani adgili yofila. ro-

gorc aRniSnaven, im dros mosuli qarTvelebis raodenoba

mxolod Svidi ojaxi yofila. `Svidi ojaxidan 150 ojaxi

gamxdara~. reSadieSi qarTvelebis raodenoba meore msoflio

omis dros 20 komliT gazrdila. xatilas xeobidan migrire-buli qarTvelebis erTi sofeli aris bursas vilaieTSi _

orhanie (`qalaqis sofelia~). garda amisa, xatiladan mosu-lebi cxovroben agreTve imaniesa da iqramieSi. orive es so-feli hendeks miekuTvneba. `Cemi babua ityoda: xatilaSi 300

ojaxi yofila. aq xuTi sofeli gamxdara xatilidan mosuli

xalxi~. xatilelebis ayris mizezi ermenlebi (somxebi) yo-

filan: `iqidan somexebi mosulan. sofelSi 2-3 beri mu-

klavT. RameSi yelebi dauWriaT. es 1860-ian wlebSi momxara.

175

Zroxebi wauyvaniaT.Oamaze adre yofila es ambavi. ermenlebi

sxva soflebSic igives akeTebdnen. axalgazrdebi omSi yofi-

lan da imitom moerivnen~. reSadieSi qarTvelTa erTi nawi-

li ruseT-alemaniis omis drosac migrirebula (40 ojaxi).

eTnikuri qarTvelebiTaa dasaxlebuli sofeli ahme-die.Aahmedieli qarTvelebi jer adabazarSi dasaxlebulan,

iqidan ki aq gadmosulan. `amosulan aqa am sofelSi, kai miwa

yofila. dasasvenebuli alagi es unaxavT. maSin adabazari so-

feli yofila. miuciaT aqauroba, dajeqiTo. Cemi dede Suaxe-

vidan wamosula, baTumis mxridan. arTvins SavSeTs vetyviT. mokrefili arian aq sxvadasxva soflebi. tomaSeTs ityodnen, kobalTa, daCieTi... ityodnen am soflebidan varTo. zogi ine-gol ar dajda. axla 60 saxlia.Bbevri gurjia, gaerivnen.

Cxubze adre wamovidnen, roca baTumi TurqeTis xelSi iyo.

aq rom mosulan Cvenebi, maSin rumebi yofilan. aTaTurqma

gawyvita isini. ioniaSi gaiqcnen. rumebma Turquli icodnen.

maTi Zveli qveyana aqauroba iyo da gayar-gamoyares. jer de-miraCmaSi damjdaran, mere aq. baTumidan gemiT mosulan. es

sofeli aqiazis raions ekuTvnis _ reSadie, Serafie. quCu-jekSi naxevari Cvenebi arian~. am mTxrobelTan Semosulma me-

zobelma aRniSna, rom maTi winapari quTauridan (Suaxevis

raioni) gamosula.

qarTvelebi cxovroben saqarias vilaieTis qarafurCeyis raionis sofelebSi mejidie da yanliCai. mejidie sakmaod di-di sofelia, is mTlianad qarTvelebiTaa dasaxlebuli. meji-

dielTa muhajiri winaprebi Suaxevisa da xulos raionebis

soflebidan arian migrirebuli... nawilobriv qarTvelebi

cxovroben sofel mesudieSic. amasTanave, qarafurCeyisa da aqiazis raionebSi bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi SavizRvispira

raionebidan, gansakuTrebiT giresunis provinciis bulanjakis da firazizis soflebidan bevri qarTvelia migrirebuli.

bursis provinciis inegolis garSemo 18 qarTuli sofe-

lia; es soflebia: baxCekai, gulbaxCe, elmaCai, TufeqCiyona-Ri, muraTbei, sulhie, fevzie, yarayadi, Cailija, CifTliqi, hairie, hamidie, hasanfaSa, hilmie... am raionis zogierT so-

176

felSi qarTvelebi Sereulad sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebTan

(abazebi, Cerqezebi, bosnielebi, pomakebi...) erTad cxovroben: baharie, eriqli, ieniji (qarTvelebi yvelaze metni _ as kom-

lamde aq cxovroben), findikli, qesTane, yarajayai, hajiya-ra135. qalaq inegolsa da mis soflebSi mcxovrebi qarTvele-

bi Tavs erTmaneTisagan erTgvarad ganasxvaveben imis mixedviT,

Tu saidan arian aq maTi winaprebi mosuli: aWareli, Caqveli, maWaxeli136. sofel dereCatSi 60 komli cxovrobs; isini Caqvidan yofilan gadmosaxlebuli. sofel heirieSi ZiriTadad qvemo maWaxlelebi arian dasaxlebulni. sofelSi qarTvelTa 130

komls iTvlian. inegolis erT-erTi qarTuli sofelia hami-die (Zvelad gazeli). qarTvelebi aq 50 komlis raodenobiT

arian. am soflis mkvidrma abdula TaTaroRlma winapar muha-jirTa aWaridan ayris Sesaxeb wigni dawera. abdula TaTa-roRlus didi interesi gaaCnia istoriis mimarT da winapar-Ta gadmocemuls yvelafers afiqsirebda: `Cveni dediebi, did-

vanebi iqidan movsulvarT. 1878 wels osmaleTisa da Turqe-

Tis omis dros aWaris xalxi omSi Cxubobda osmalebis mxa-

reze. Cven Rorjomis sofel mekeiZeebidan varT, xulaze ax-loa. yvelaze metni mekeiZebidanaa mosuli. aqauri xalxi bev-

ri ufro Rorjomidanaa. sanam aq mosulan or-sam adgilze

damjdaran. soflidan pirvel msoflio omSi osmaleTis mxa-

reze 72 kaci wasula da mxolod 4 dabrunebula~. irkveva,

rom heirieSi focxovidan gadmosaxlebulebic cxovroben:

`isini ori-sami komli yofilan focofelebi. Cven xalxs Se-

ucodebiaT da miuRiaT~. focxovelebi am qarTul sofelSi

1910-1911 wlebSi mosulan. saerTod focxovelebi qalaq ine-

golSi mniSvnelovani raodenobiT arian. es faqti imaze miu-

TiTebs, rom ruseTis imperiis mier SeerTebuli qarTuli mi-

wa-wylidan osmaleTis imperiaSi qarTvelTa migracia ar Sew-

yvetila. cnobilia, rom focxovelebma qarTuli ena aRar

135 Sdr.: i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi, gv. 213-214. 136 i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi, gv. 216.

177

icodnen. inegolis ramdenime sofelSi dasaxlebis Semdeg ki

maT qarTuli ena iswavles137.

inegolSi erT-erTi qarTuli sofelia sulhie/meziTi. qarTvelebTan erTad sofelSi lazebi da afxazebic cxovro-

ben. isini calke ubnebad arian gansaxlebuli.

qarTulia sofeli hilmie. hilmieli mTxrobelis TqmiT,

`ukve meSvide Taoba Cndeba, rac baTumidan gamoqceulan.

mTxrobelis sityviT, misi baboi-dedebi CanCxalos soflidan

mosulan (Wvanas xeoba). mTxrobelis nizameTin mailis winap-rebi Tavdapirvelad giresunSi misulan. Svid weliwad naxe-

vari giresunSi darCenilan. dedes didi Svili giresunSi

Sesrulebula 20 wlis. didi RarWi giresunSi darCenila.

danarCenebi ki bursas mosulan da iailebze damdgaran~.

inegolis sofel hasanfaSaSi (saadeT qui) ara aWaridan, aramed imerxevidan gadmosaxlebuli qarTvelebi arian.

mTxrobelis musa Sahinis winaprebi mosuli arian imerxevis

sofel xoxlevidan. maTTvis hasan-faSas vakeSi miucia adgili

dasasaxleblad. magram migrantebs adgili ar moswonebiaT,

`mTa araa, wyali araa, sicxea da aq ver vimuSavebT. mTaSi

dajdomilan~. am adgilas maSin movidnen, rodesac 1877 wels

muhajirebi dasaxldnen. muhajirebi Suaxevis sofel Walas soflidan mosulan. mosuli arian sofel qveSidanac. Wala-sofelSi sami Zma yofilano, ori Zma mosula aqa, erTi _ sa-

qarTveloSi darCenila. aRniSnul sofelSi qarTvelebi 40

komlis raodenobiT iyvnen. axla ki 30 komlamde arian Sem-

cirebuli. inegolis sofel TufeqCiyonaRSi sofel oladau-ridan gadmosaxlebulebi mkvidroben. ar SeiZleba ar aRvniS-

noT, rom inegolSi _ qarTvelTa gansaxlebis am mniSvnelo-

van regionSi Tavs iyrian imerxevis soflebidan gadmosaxle-

buli qarTvelebi. erT-erTi mTxrobelis aRniSvniT, imerxevis

sofel xoxlevidan misi ojaxi gadasaxlebula. maT Semdeg

danarCenebi moyolian: `pirvelad mxolod Cveni ojaxi wamo-

vida, mere sxvebic movidnen _ inegols, bursas, ankaras. Cemi

137 i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi _ enobrivi viTareba, gv. 221.

178

emis simamri bazgireTidan movida.Aaq mkvidroben agreTve

imerxevis soflebidan Wvarebidan, manatbidan, maCxateTidan... mosulebi, romelTa migracia inegolis regionSi 50-55 wlis

win daiwyo. ra Tqma unda, XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

imerxevidan marmarilos regionSi migrirebulebi muhajirebi

ar arian. imerxevelTa muhajir qarTvelTa Soris dasaxlebis

es faqti sxva konteqstSia gansaxilveli _ qarTvelebi qar-

Tvelebs Soris dasaxlebas aniWebdnen upiratesobas.

inegolis regionSi qarTuli soflebia agreTve oilaTi (sofeli-kurorti), baRCekaia da mesrulie. erT-erTi mTxro-belis sityviT, isini baRCekaiaSi mawyvalTdan arian mosuli.

iqve mkvidroben muhajirebi Suaxevidan, xulodan, dRvanadan, niniadan. `omi rom gavardnila, osmalos dros imaze wamosu-

lan. rusebi waarTmevdnen muslimobas. imaze SeeSindaT da wa-

movidnen. jer inegolSi iyvnen. maTi biZaSvilebi iznikSi dar-Cenilan~. am soflebSic zamTrSi mosaxleobis raodenoba

mcirdeba. zafxulis 50 komli zamTarSi 25 komlad iqceva.

bursis vilaieTSi Sedis qalaqi gemliqi. Ggemliqi marma-

rilos zRvis sanapiroze mdebareobs. qarTvelebi gemliqis

raionis ramdenime sofelSi cxovroben. erT-erTi aseTi so-

felia hamidie. erTi hamidieli mTxrobelis informaciiT, mi-

si winaprebi qedis raionis vaSlis soflidan arian mosuli.

hamidieSi 80 saxlia da yvela maTganSi qarTvelebi mkvidro-

ben. mTxrobelebi winaprebis gadmosaxlebis TariRad 1877

wels asaxeleben. didi nawili arTvinis sofel adagulidan (murRulis xeoba) arian mosuli. mis winapar muhajirs gem-

leqis mahale ar moswonebia. dedes mTavrobis kacisaTvis uT-

qvams, gemliqSi buzebi ariano. hamidies adgilas tye yofila.

is ukan arTvinSi dabrunebula da aTi usta wamouyvania. maT

aq 15-20 komlis saxlebi gaukeTebiaT. isini yofilan xebadan, wiTureTidan, ebrikadan, najviadan, adagulidan, yasimeTidan (yvelaze metni arian adagulidan da najviadan). eTnografiu-

li masalebiT irkveva TiToeuli soflidan ramdeni komli

iyo mosuli: xebadan _ 3 komli, wiTureTidan _ 4 komli,

ebrikadan _ 3 komli, najviadan (nigaradan) _ 7 komli, sami-

179

golov-soflidan _ 3 komli, adagulidan _ 17 komli, yazi-meT soflidan _ 1 komli, araveT soflidan _ 3 komli,

borCxadan _ 1 komli, arTvinidan _ 1 komli, agreTve zemo maWaxelidan. maWaxlelebi cxovroben agreTve sofel haida-rieSi (gemlikis zemoT). gemlikis raionSi qarTvelebi cxov-

roben agreTve hairiesa da selimieSi. gemlikSi Wanebis sofe-

lia Suqria. Wanebi qarTvelebs `Woroxmels~ uwodeben.

qarTvelebi mkvidroben sofel haidarieSi. eTnografiu-li monacemebiT, sofelSi 120 (`asi da oci~) saxlia. es ra-

odenoba Semcirebulia, radgan mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani na-

wili gemliqsa da sxva qalaqebSia sacxovreblad wasuli. am

soflis mosaxleoba maxinjauridan, Caqvidan, Caqvis Telidan da maWaxlidan mosula. haidarieli mTxrobelis siytviT,

`arTvini Cveni yofila uwin. bursaSi, izmiTSi, iznikSi, ine-golSi, adabazarSi varT gurjebi.Uufro bevri iqneboda, mag-ram istambulsa da bursas wavidnen~. rogorc irkveva, muha-jirad mosul qarTvelebs haidariedan `TaTrebi~ gaudevniaT.

muhajirad wamosvlis mizezad muslimobas asaxeleben: `mus-

limi rom viyaviT, aqana gamovediT. vincxas fuli hqonebia, is

gamoqceula. zogi ukan wasula. sofeli hairie arTvinidan

gamosula. asi mosaxle wamosula erTad. axla ki aqedan da-

rigdnen stambolSi, bursaSi. Cemi biZaSvilebi mTeli stam-

bolSia~.

gemliqis raionis sofel hairieSi liganidan/livanadan

mosuli qarTvelebi cxovroben: `hairie, selimie livanadan

movsulvarT. borCxas yofila Cveni dede sofel senaTiss~. aq garda aRniSnuli soflisa migrirebulan agreTve adaguli-dan, arTvinidan, valaSidan, devsqelidan, sikoTidan, axalda-bidan. `rusi mosula osmalnis da wamosulan. muslimanebi

aqeT wamosulan. gemliqSi damdgaran. gemiT mosulan. aqac ar

vijeqiT. zeviT selimie da hairie erTad iyvnen adgil obas~. iseve rogorc sxva soflebis mkvidrni, hairieli da selimie-

li qarTvelebis umetesoba did qalaqebSia gadasaxlebuli.

`aq zamTarSi 20 rCeba.Mme istambols var, es bursasaa, sxve-

180

bi gemliqSi arian~. sofel zandanSi maWaxelidan migrirebu-

lebi cxovroben.

bursis vilaieTis iznikis/nikeas raionSi ramdenime qar-

Tuli sofelia: elmali, sarisu, siRijhisari, uzun Ciari, faSapinari, qirinTi, qurTluja, Camli boRazi, jajiosmani. qarTuli sofelia emalie. emalie tipuri mTiani aWaris so-felia. aq mkvidroben Rorjomidan, takiZeebidan, agaradan, Wvanadan, almaCidan migrirebuli qarTvelebi. sofelSi 150

komli cxovrobs. `axalgazrdebi wasuli arian. didvanebi aq

cxovroben. `bursaSi erTi quCaa. aq sul Curuqsudan mosuli

xalxi cxovrobs. sofeli yofila da quCad iqca. bursis qes-telis raionSic arian qarTvelebi. aq iznikis raionSi ki 6 qarTuli sofelia, 2 _ megrel-lazis, gemliks lazis 2 so-

felia. iznikis qarTuli soflebia: elmali, jandarli, qi-rinTi, qiTluja, haji, osmani, hisardere, mejidie (lazi),

elmaCuqeri (lazi)~.

bevri eTnikuri qarTveli cxovrobs qojaelis vilaie-

Tis qalaq goljuksa da mis ilCeSi; es soflebia: esqiferha-die, ieni ferhadie, ijadie, irSadie, luTfie, mamurie, nime-Tie, nusreTie, sireTie, SevqeTie, hasanie, hamidie. sxvebTan erTad cxovroben amave rionis sxva soflebSic: aivazpinari, umie (orive sofelSi naxevari lazebi arian), ihsanie, mesru-rie (aq mxolod lazebi mkvidroben). CamonaTvals malxaz Co-xaraZis mier Sedgenili cxrilidan emateba: selimie, sofu-lari, fanaieri...

hamidie qalaq izmiTis maxloblad mdebareobs, romel-

Sic 350 komli mkvidrobs. zamTarSi bevri qalaqSi gadadis

sacxovreblad.Hhamidies borCxa rqmevia, radgan misi mkvidre-bi arTvin-borCxadan mosulan: `borCxas Signidan movidnen.

sofeli ukve damdgari iyo da ramdenime ojaxi mere movida,

cota gvian. hasan feimi faSam gaukeTa organizeba da daasax-la aq qarTvelebi. naTesavebma erTmaneTs gaagebines, vin sad

midioda. amitom centri sofeli gaxda hamidie. baTumi rusi-as rom misces imitom wamovidnen, gamoiqca xalxi. malaknebi

rom movidnen xilis baRebSi Rorebi gauSves da adgilebi

181

uwminduri gaxda da iqidan mosuli xilis, xorblis Wama ar

SeiZleboda. borCxidan baTumamde fexiT mividnen, mere gemiT

_ izmiTamde. im dros porti iyo izmiTi. hasan zuboRli ad-gilobrivi jaris gmiri iyo. muhajiri qarTvelebis soflebi

aqedan ialovamde man dasva~. 71 wlis vedaT sirmenis (gurji-oRlis) informaciiT, misi `dede hamidieSi rom mosula aTi

da oTxi wlis yofila~. sofelSi pirvelive dasaxlebisas

qarTvelebs 250 saxli auSenebiaT. muhajirTa ramdenime kom-

li ukan dabrunebula. mTxrobelebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom

`visac adgili ar eyo, zogierTi baliqisirSi (vilaieTi, rai-

oni) wavida~.

goljukis raionSi dasaxlebulebs Tavdapirvelad sof-

lebisaTvis sxva saxelebi uwodebiaT: saCmali (qarTvelebma

daarqves SevqeTie), sireTi (igive murRuli), mamurie (igive murkvieTi. Woroxis xeobaSi katafxias siaxlovesaa. muhajire-

ma TavianTi soflis saxeli Tan moitanes), ijadie (igive ali-mezeri), irSadie (igive beiluRi), feradie (igive Caidali), nusheTie (igive didi doSeme), saqarbiCki (igive pawai doSeme), hasanie (igive cocxoba. cocxoba Woroxis xeobaSi xebasa da maradids Sorisaa. muhajirebma TavianTi soflis saxeli Tan

moitanes), Sirinqoi (igive damlari). lazebTan (moxti lazeb-

Tan) erTad qarTvelebi cxovroben sofel lutvieSi, umieSi (igive kamfara) da CatalSi. saerTo jamSi goljukSi 19 da

sam Sereul qarTul sofels iTvlian. goljukis mosaxleobas

200 aTass miuTiTeben. sofel SevqeTeSi/saCmalSi murRulis

xeobidan da borCxidan arian migrirebulni. sofelSi Tavda-

pirvelad 50 saxli mosula. Semdeg naxevari cocxobaSi gada-sulan. murRulis xeobis soflebidan (jansuli, kordeTi, oz-

mali, lomikeTi, bagebi) arian migrirebuli sofel doSemeSi (axla nusreTie) mcxovrebi qarTvelebi. am sofelSi 300 sax-

li dgas da zamTarSi mxolod amis naxevarSia mosaxleoba.

qarTvelebis aRniSvniT, goljukis mkvidrTa 80% eTnikuri

qarTvelia, xolo izmiTisa _ 60%.

qojaelis provinciis qarTefes raionis qarTuli sof-

lebia: balabani (cxovroben sxva eTnosebTan erTad), eSmeahme-

182

die da Sirinsulhie. malxaz CoxaraZis cxrilis mixedviT aq

600 komli qarTveli cxovrobs, romlebic maradidis sofle-

bidan arian mosuli.

qarTvelebi cxovroben agreTve baliqesiris provinciis gonenis raionis ramdenime sofelSi. es soflebia: baljide-de, CifTliqalani, eqSidere, qoCbairi, fehlivan hoja... amave provinciis maniasis raionSi qarTvel muhajirTa STamomavle-

bis sofelia jumhurieTi, balias raionSi _ ieniqavaqi. bali-

qesiris raionSi eTnikuri qarTvelebi cxovroben armuTalan-Si (200 ojaxi)138.

aseTia eTnografiuli monacemebi TurqeTis marmarilos

zRvis regionSi qarTvelTa gansaxlebis arealis Sesaxeb. saer-

To jamSi muhajir qarTvelebs TurqeTis aRniSnul regionSi

125 sofeli hqondaT Seqmnili. ra Tqma unda, moyvanil monace-

mebs sisrulis pretenzia ara aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT adgilze

muSaoba darwmunebuli varT axal masalebs momavalSic gamoav-

lens. Tqmuls aucileblad unda davamatoT is, rom muslim

qarTvelTa migracia marmarilos zRvis regionSi mxolod ru-

seT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omis damTavrebis Semdgom sam-

wlian periods ar moicavs, rodesac xdeboda jgufuri migra-

cia. qarTvelTa individualuri migraciebi momdevno xangrZliv

periodSic mimdinareobda sabWoTa periodis CaTvliT, manam,

sanam sabWoTa-kavSirisa da TurqeTis sazRvarze mavTulxlar-

Tebs gaabamdnen. informatorTa miTiTebiT, sakmao raodenobiT

gadasulan marmarilos zRvis regionSi qarTvelebi 1923, 1931,

1939, 1941 wlebSi, damamTavrebel etapad ki 1942 wels asa-

xeleben. samarTliania imave informatorTa sityvebi rom muha-

jirobis dros `wamosvla iyo, gamoqceva ar iyo~. XX sauku-

nis 20-30-ian wlebSi momxdar gadmosaxlebas ki isini `gamoq-

cevas~ uwodeben139. es gaqceva ki sabWoTa xelisuflebisagan

xdeboda.

138 m. CoxaraZe. klarj muhajirTa soflebi. _ klarjeTi, gv. 254. 139 i. RutiZe. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi _ enobrivi viTareba, gv. 214.

183

qarTvelTa eTnikuri identobis problemebi

marmarilos zRvis regionSi

TurqeTis saxelmwifo eTnikurad Wreli iyo. Tavdapir-

velad eTnikur Turqebs bevrad sWarbobdnen araTurqebi.

Turqebs prioriteti hqondaT im mxriv, rom saxelmwifo ma-

Ti iyo. aqedan gamomdinare TurqeTis saxelmwifos armiis ena

Turquli iyo. islamizaciis paralelurad es faqtori sxva

eTnosebs araTanabar pirobebSi ayenebda da is xels uwyobda

maT asimilacias, gaTurqebas. bunebrivia, qarTvelebic ver ga-

daurCnen am process da bevrma maTganma ena da eTnikuri cno-

biereba Seicvala. es procesi TurqeTSi dResac araa dasru-

lebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTis mTeli mosaxleoba

Turqad gaiazrebs Tavs, bevr jgufs kidev aqvs SenarCunebu-

li eTnikuri TavisTavadoba. SeiZleba davasaxeloT Cerqezebi,

abazebi/afxazebi, boSnakebi/bosnielebi, arnautebi/albanelebi

da bevri sxva. maT Soris arian qarTvelebi.

winamdebare Tavi marmarilos zRvis regionSi mcxovreb

qarTvelebs exeba, romelTa ZiriTadi nawili, rogorc aRi-

niSna, muhajirobis dros ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis

omis Semdeg arian migrirebuli.

dasawyisidanve xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom eTnikuri

identobis sakiTxi qarTvelTa Soris sruliad sxvagvari iyo

20-30 wlis win da sxvagvaria axla. es procesi qarTvelTa

sasargeblod rodi mimdinareobs. Cqari tempiT ikargeba qar-

Tuli ena. 20-30 wlis win iseTive viTareba iyo, rogorc

XX saukunis dasawisSi. isic unda iTqvas, rom enis dakar-

gvis paraleluri procesi araa eTnikurobis dakargva. aseT

viTarebaSi eTnikuri qarTvelebi ramden xans, ramdeni Taobis

ganmavlobaSi SeinarCuneben eTnikur cnobierebas, gaurkveve-

lia. erTgvar sirTules is garemoeba qmnis, rom qarTvelebi

sakuTari sasoflo dasaxlebebidan masobrivad gadadian samu-

Saod da sacxovreblad did qalaqebSi. sofels mowyvetil

eTnikur qarTvelebSi qarTuli enis swrafi dakargis proce-

si mimdinareobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi enis dakargvidan eTnikuro-

184

bis dakargvamde procesi Cveulebriv ori-sami Taobis gas-

vlis Semdeg mTavrdeboda. magram ramdenime faqtori imis

imeds iZleva, rom qarTuli eTnikuri cnobiereba SeiZleba

didxans SenarCundes.

mivmarToT saTanado eTnografiul monacemebs. erT-erTi

informatoris sityviT, is `moqalaqe Turqia, sisxli aqvs

gurjis~. es mTxrobeli imasac aRniSnavda, rom misi Svilebi

amboben, rom gurjebi arian, magram ena ar ician. `Cvenc (gu-

lisxmobda Tavisi Taobis xalxs _ r. T.) naxevrad Turqu-

lad vlaparakobT, naxevrad qarTulad. roca RarWi viyavi

gurjulad vlaparakobdi, me devilaparake Turqulad cxra

wlis rom viyavi maSin. me axla Cem babos Turqulad ver da-

velaparakebi, Semrcxveba. RarWebTan Turqulad vlaparakobT~.

izmiTis sofel hamidieSi Cawerili masala: `Cven RarWobaSi

Turqulad Tu davilaparakebdiT, nu ipranWebi, Cveneburad

ilaparakeTo. Tqven Cveneburi xarT. Cven Tavs gurjs vuwo-

debT. sityva `qarTuli~ ar vicodiT, mere viswavleT~.

zogierTi mTxrobeli asimilaciasa da enis dakargvas er-

TmaneTTan akavSirebs: `Cven asimilacia ganvicadeT. nel-nela

rom laparakoben televizorSi, vignebT. sami Svili myavs.

arc erTma qarTuli ar icis~. sxva mTxrobeli ki aRniSnavs,

rom `ufrosma vaJma icis qarTuli. me vitire baTumi rom

davinaxe~. am SemTxvevaSi winaparTa samSoblos danaxvaze

cremli TurqeTeli qarTvelis eTnikuri identobis mniSvne-

lovani gamoxatulebaa. kidev erTi amonaridi: `SevardnaZes

rom davinaxavdi, sagareo saqmeTa ministri rom iyo, Cemi ka-

ci iyo, momwonda da miyvarda. me namdvili qarTveli var.

qarTvels rame rom daemarTos, aq vtiri. axla misvla-mos-

vlaa da es interess badebs qarTuli enis Sesaswavlis. ena

ar ician, magram gulSi qarTvelebi arian~. vfiqrobT, am sit-

yvebs komentari ar sWirdeba.

qarTvelTa Soris sul raRac 20-25 wlis win dominire-

bda eTnikuri endogamia _ isini mxolod qarTvelebze qor-

windebodnen, rac mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo enisa da eTni-

kurobis SesanarCuneblad. did qalaqebSi sacxovreblad ga-

185

dasvlam SidaeTnikur qorwinebebs wyali Seuyena. sxvadasxva

monacemebiT, sxva eTnosis warmomadgenlebze qorwinebis pro-

centi 20-sa da 25-s Soris meryeobs. erT-erTi mTxrobelis

sityviT, `amis (miuTiTa gverdze mjdom mamakacze _ r. T.)

qali da Cemi qali Turqia da amitom aRar ician Svilebma

qarTuli~. Tumca iseTi faqtebic araerTia, rodsac bavSvebs

dedac qarTveli hyavT da mainc ar ician da ar laparakoben

qarTulad. sofel demiraCmaSi aseTi masala dafiqsirda: `Ce-

mi coli qarTvelia, magram baRnebTan qarTulad ar lapara-

kobs. male gurji ar darCeba, devikargebiT~. ratom ar ela-

parakeba eTnikuri qarTvelebis umetesoba TavianT Svilebs

qarTulad? pasuxs informatorebi Tavadve iZlevian: `oqulSi

(e. i. skolaSi) gurjija ar ilaparakoTo, gvirtyamdnen.Uwin-

delma berikacebma Turquli cota icodnen, beriqalebma saer-

Tod ar icodnen TurqCa. me oqulSi deviswavle Turquli~.

sxva sofelSi, sxva mTxrobelisagan Cawerili masala: `meq-

TebSi wasvlamde mTeli qarTveluri iyo. aq TurqCa ar

icodnen. meqTebSi mirtyamdnen, qarTvelurad nu laparakobo~.

`33 viyaviT pirvel klasSi. arcerTma Turquli ar vicodiT.

axlandelma axalgazrdebma cotam icis qarTuli. ojaxSi da-

cotavda qarTuli laparaki, rZlebi, televizori~. sofeli

sulhie: `joxis WamiT deviswavle Turquli. Mme bevri joxi

vWame, Seni ar vici~. analogiuri masala aTeulobiTa dafi-

qsirebuli 40-50 wlis mamakacebTan. aSkaraa, eTnikur qarTve-

lebSi Turquli enis Seswavla ZiriTadad skolebSi moxda.

imis gamo, rom qarTulad molaparake bavSvebs Turqi maswav-

leblebi cemdnen, maT masobrivad Seaqcies qarTul enas zur-

gi da Svilebs ara dedaenaze, aramed Turqul enaze zrdian.

es momdevno TaobaSi ukve qarTuli enis realuri gaqrobis

saSiSroebas iwvevs. magram, kvlav unda mivmarTo zemoxsene-

bul mTxrobels: `Cemi RarWi ambobs, gurji var, ratom ar

damaswavleT gurjijao~. mSoblisadmi Svilis mier gamoTqmu-

li sayveduri aSkarad miuTiTebs axalgazrdis eTnikur cno-

bierebaze, qarTuli enis ucodinrobis miuxedavad, mas qarTu-

li identoba gaaCnia (sofeli hairie: `laparaki deviviwyeT,

186

magram gurjoba ar deviviwyeT~). sakvlevia, ram Camouyaliba

`RarWs~ qarTuli cnobiereba. rogorc Cans, ojaxurma gare-

mom da winaswar unda vTqvaT, kidev sxva faqtorebmac, ro-

melTa Soris, umTavaresad sxva eTnosebis mimarT arsebuli

garkveuli stereotipebi gvesaxeba.

sofel ieneqoiSi dafiqsirebuli masala: Cvens kiTxvaze:

axalgazrdebi laparakoben qarTulad? aseTi pasuxi miviRe:

`is ar mkiTxo. oTxi biWi myavs da ori gogo. qarTvels mive-

ci da qarTvels avarTvi (e. i. qarTvelze gavaTxove da qar-

Tvelisagan viTxove) rZlebi. bulgaristanidan mosuli ar

viTxove, qarTveli viTxove. Cemi Svilebi Cems laparaks gaag-

neben~. mTxrobelis sityvebSi aSkarad sinanuli Cans imis ga-

mo, rom misi Svilebi mis laparaks mxolod `gaagneben~, e. i.

gaigeben. eTnikuri cnobierebis SenarCunebaSi ki jerjerobiT

im faqts aqvs mniSvneloba, rom Svilebis saqorwino partni-

orebis beds am SemTxvevaSi kvlav mama wyvets _ misi Svilebi

qarTvelebze qorwindebian.

qarTuli eTnikuri cnobierebis SesanarCuneblad, ro-

gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs sa-

qorwino urTierTobebs. TurqeTis marmarilos zRvis region-

Si zogierT qarTul sofelTan axlosaa afxazebis (abazebis)

sofeli. sofel ieneqoiSi aseTi masala dafiqsirda: `Cerqe-

zebi da abazebi, fuli Tu gqonda, qals mogcemdnen. qarTve-

lebi qals ar yidulobdnen. iSviaTad, magram mainc xdeboda

qarTvelebisa da abazebis daqorwineba. mas mere, rac qar-

Tul-afxazuri omi daiwyo, qalis gaTxoveba aRar xdeba~. so-

fel hamidies mkvidri informatori: `abazebTan kargad viya-viT, magram iq (e. i. saqarTveloSi) rom eiSalnen, vlapara-

kobT, magram megobari ar varT. megobroba imaT ar undT. Cer-

qezebi jobia~.

marmarilos zRvis regionSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi cdi-

loben qarTul soflebSi sxva eTnosis warmomadgeneli ar

SeuSvan: `qarTvelis meti aravinaa aqa. fuls mogcemTo, mag-

ram ar aviyvanT. mxolod qarTvelebs mivcemT, sxvas ar mo-

vuSvebT aq~. sofel reSadieSi mopovebuli masala: `150 oja-

187

xi qarTulia. sxvebs ar uSveben aqa. roca dasaxldnen, kanoni

daudiaT: garedan sxva ar unda SemoeSvaT. aq gogos sofelSi

siZe ver dajdeba~. `qarTveli unda yofiliyo qali. sircxvi-

li iyo Turqze daqorwineba~. sofel hamidieSi mopovebuli

masala: `erTi kaci movida, Savi. did fuls maZlevda miwaSi.

mere daveWvdi, vin iyo. stambolidan iyo, qurTi da aRar mi-

vec. erTi qurTi mere bevrs moiyvanda~. sofel doSemeSi Ca-werili masala: `aq sxvas ar vuSvebT. Tu movuSvebT, Cven ag-

vayeneben~.

qarTvelTa eTnikuri cnobierebis SeryevaSi qarTvelebi

mizezad soflebis daclas da qalaqebSi mosaxleobis migra-

cias asaxeleben, rac srul WeSmaritebas warmoadgens.Hhami-

dieli mTxrobelis naambobi gamogvadgeba sailustraciod:

`ileva gurjebi. aq ver vakiTxebT bavSvebs. aqedan wavidnen,

Turquli deiswavles, iq daqorwindnen. aRar icis qarTuli.

vinc aq darCa, imaT ician~. `qarTvelebi erTmaneTs exmarebian.

umuSevari Tu arian erTmaneTs asaqmeben~.

sofel selhieSi Cawerili masala: `ukan dabruneba min-

da, coliT, bavSvebiT. moqalaqeoba minda. ratom eSiniaT Cveni

ukan dabrunebis? me minda iq Cavifla miwaSi, saidanac Cemi

winaprebi movidnen. me aq stumari var. Cemi miwa araa. moqa-

laqeobaze gancxadeba Setanili ara maqvs. uari rom miTxran

guli gamiskdeba~.

`Cven TaTrebs kudians vetyviT, gvZulda da imitom. aqe-

dan gavdevneT, maTi iyo es sofeli. TaTrebs eSiniaT, gurji

momklavso. Turqebi beCdebian CvenTan~. garkveuli stereoti-

pebi ara mxolod Turqebis mimarT hqondaT Seqmnili. doSeme-Si Cawerili masaliT uaryofiTi stereotipi hqondaT somxe-

bis mimarTac: `gonjobas Tu vizamdiT, dedeebi gvetyodnen:

ai, Se somxis Sviloo~. aseTi stereotipebi eTnikuri iden-

tobis SenarCunebas garkveulwilad xels uwyobda da uw-

yobs.

sayuradReboa, rom qarTvelebi cdiloben eTnikuri Ta-

visTavadoba garegnuli formiTac gamoxaton, imReron da

icekvon. inegolel qarTvelebs ukve didi xania qarTuli

188

cekvis maswavlebeli hyavT miwveuli. erT-erTma qarTvelma

germaniis qalaq bremenSic ki Seqmna qarTuli cekvis ansam-

bli. cdiloben sadResaswaulo dReebSi qarTuli erovnuli

samosiT Seimoson. magaliTad, iznikis raionis sofel seli-mies mkvidrma, romelic axla bursaSi mkvidrobs da morwmune

mahmadiania, suneTis (windacveTis) dros Tavis vaJsa da

sxvebsac Coxa-axaluxi Caacva. amrigad, am adamianisaTvis Co-

xa-axaluxi qarTuli eTnikuri identobis gamoxatulebaa.

igive mTxrobeli Semdegsac aRniSnavs: `qarTvelebi lamazebi

varT, magram cud saqmes rom gaakeTeben, vrcxvenulob~.Mmis-

Tvis mTavaria ara sarwmunoeba, aramed warmomavlobiT qar-

Tveloba: `qarTveli qarTvelia, sisxlia mTavari. Siaa, mus-

limi, Tu qristiani, ra mniSvneloba aqvs. TbilisSi taqsis

mZRolma rom miTxra, ra sarwmunoebis xaro, muslimi rom

vuTxari, aba, ra qarTveli xaro. qarTvelebi saerTod ambo-

ben: muslimi xarT, ra qarTvelebi xarTo. religiuri erovne-

ba ar SeiZleba, sisxliT erovneba unda iyos~.

marmarilos zRvis regionSi qarTvelTa eTnikuri iden-

tobis gamoxatulebaa isic, rom aq mravlad aqvT Seqmnili

saTvistomoebi. qarTvelebi cdiloben deputatebad, qalaqis

merebad qarTvelebi gaiyvanon da xSirad am mizans aRweven

kidevac. qarTvelobis gadarCenis erT-erTi mizezi sxva xal-

xebis mimarT Camoyalibebuli garkveuli stereotipia. maT es

stereotipi ucxo garemoSi cxovrebam Camouyaliba, rac Ta-

vis gadarCenis erT-erTi saSualeba iyo. sayovelTaod cnobi-

lia, rom qarTvelebi, romlebic Tavis samSobloSi gaTiToka-

cebulni, individualistebi arian, ucxo eTnikur garemoSi

iSviTi SekavSirebulobiT gamoirCevian. es stereotipi maTi

gadarCenis erT-erTi faqtoria.

189

marmarilos zRvis regionSi mcxovrebTa

qarTuli gvarebi

qarTveli xalxisaTvis memkvidreobiTi saxeli/gvarsaxe-

li odiTganve damaxasiaTebeli movlena iyo; originaluri

gaxldaT qarTuli pirovnuli saxelebi. muslim qarTvelebSi

anTroponimebma, bunebrivia, Rrma cvlilebebi ganicada, qris-

tianul pirovnul saxelebs mahmadianur samyaroSi gavrcele-

buli pirovnuli saxelebi Caenacvla. imis gamo, rom Turqu-

li enobrivi da eTnikuri samyarosaTvis gvarsaxeli ucnobi

iyo, isini oficialur iuridiul dokumentebSi mxolod sa-

xelebiTa da mamis saxelebiT moixseniebodnen, mahmadian eTni-

kur qarTvelebSi gvarma/memkvidreobiTma saxelma funqcia da-

karga. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, tradiciiT,

gadmocemebiT memkvidreobiTi saxelebi kvlav ganagrZobdnen

arsebobas. mxolod isini arsad ar fiqsirdeboda.

pirovnuli saxelebi muhajir qarTvelebTa STamomavlebs

muslimuri aqvT. Tumca dRes aq SeimCneva tendencia qarTuli

saxelebis darqmevisac; bunebrivia, es qarTuli saxelebi meo-

re saxelebia da isini araoficialuria. magaliTad, sulhie-

li 32 wlis axalgazrda siamayiT ambobs, rom `gumuSoRli

vyofilvar. pasportSi ilqer mqvia, qarTulad ki _ laSa~.

sxvaTa Soris, marmarilos zRvis regionSi mcxovreb

qarTvelebSi SemorCenilia metsaxelebi da es metsaxelebi

umeteswilad qarTuli gaxlavT. magaliTad SeiZleba davasa-

xeloT sofel gurjiqoiSi Cawerili metsaxelebi: zozola, wowolai, pawisani, CaquCai, alafandoRli... rac mTavaria, mu-hajirebSi SemorCenilia metsaxelis adgilobrivi termini _

`kili~. aseTi termini metsaxelis aRsaniSnavad saqarTvelos

sxva mxareebSic gvxvdeboda, magaliTad, samegreloSi mas `ki-

li~ ewodeboda140. qvemo maradididan gadmosaxlebul qarTve-

lebSi SemorCenilia metsaxelis aRmniSvneli sxva qarTuli

140 i. gabelaia. abaSis xeobis gvarsaxelebis eTnoistiriuli sakiT-

xebi. _ qarTveluri memkvidreoba. quTaisi, 1996, gv. 56.

190

sityva; esaa `Zergli~. mTxrobelis sityviT, `Zergls aq ex-

la aRar arqmeven. dasacini saxeli _ Zergli uwindelebma

icodnen~. sanaTesao wris aRmniSvnel terminad gvxvdeba `la-

Rabic~. sofel hilmieSi mcxovreb unizameTTin maili aRniS-navs, rom `Cveni laRabi asanoRli iyo~. marmarilos zRvis

napirze, gemlikis raionis qarTul soflebSic gamoiyeneben

termin laRabs. `soiadi (= gvari) ar yofila (mTxrobeli

Turqul gvars gulisxmobs, romelsac axla atareben, e. i.

Turquli gvarebi ar gvqondao), layabi gvqonda: dursunoR-li, lemoRli, mamudoRli, hajoRli, baraxtaroRli, kvewi-noRli. muhajiri qarTvelebis nawilma gadmocemiT icis Tavisi

winaprebis qarTuli gvari. magaliTad, saqarias raionis so-fel hendekSi, sadac ZiriTadad murRulidan mosulebi cxov-

roben, asaxeleben iseT qarTul gvarebs, rogorebicaa abaSiZe, lorTqifaniZe, kirvaliZe, inaiSvili, ciskariSvili... erT-er-Ti mTxrobelis sityviT, is gvarad aTabegia da misi winapre-bi marmarilos zRvis regionSi Curuq-sudan anu qobuleTi-

dan arian mosuli. danarCenebs TavianTi adrindeli qarTuli

gvarebis Sesaxeb am sofelSi gadmocema ar SemorCeniaT.

qalaq qarasuSi qarTvelebis erTi ubania. misi mkvidrni

aWaridan arian mosuli.Aaq dafiqsirda Semdegi qarTuli gva-

rebi: sxalaZe, cincaZe, avjiSvili... am gvaris warmomadgenle-

bi kirnaTidan gadmosaxlebulan.

Savi zRvis sanapiroze stambolidan aRmosavleTiT qarT-

velebi cxovroben sofel menenipirSi. erT-erTi informato-ris TqmiT `Cveni soadini (=gvari) TofaloRlia. mirveTidan varT mosuli~. es gvari, ra Tqma unda, muhajirebma samSobo-

dan moiyoles Tan. aWaraSi ukve qarTvel mahmadianebs sasaub-

ro enaSi gvaris qarTuli sufiqsebi Turquli sufiqsiT

hqondaT Secvlili. ase rom, TofaloRlebis Tavdapirveli

qarTuli gvarsaxeli TofaliZe/TofaliSvili iyo. qarTuli gvarsaxelebis xsovna SemorCenilia sofel de-miraCmaSi: `aWaris sofel mirveTidan Camosulan. Cveni qarTu-

li gvaria lonkroZe. lonkroebi aq bevrni varT. iq (e. i.

191

mirveTSi) aseTi gvari ver vnaxeT. rogorc Cans lonkroZee-bi/lonkroebi mTlianad aiyarnen mirveTidan, sofelSi maTi

gvarisa aRaravin darCa. sayuradReboa, rom sanaTesao erTeu-

lis anu gvarsaxelis xsenebisas, muhajiri qarTvelebi or

sufiqss gamoiyeneben: -Ze da mravlobiTobis aRmniSvnel -eb

formants. gvarsaxelebSi sufiqsebis monacvleoba maT samSob-

lodan aqvT motanili. analogiuri viTreba saqarTvelos sxva

istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebSic dasturdeba, maT Soris,

TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi Semaval provinciebSi, magaliTad,

imerxevSi. demiraCmeli qarTvelebi sxva qarTul gvarebsac

asaxeleben, romelTa nawili qarTuli sufiqsiTaa nawarmoebi

da nawili _ TurquliT: baqaraZe, devaZe, bakuriZe, parcvaZe, kavazoRli, dermiSoRli, karasanoRli, xalkoRli... sofel gurjiqoiSi sxalaZeebi mkvidroben. aWaraSi maTi winaprebis sofelsac sxalaZeebi erqva. informatoris, TqmiT, romelic gvarad sxalaZea sofelSi cxovroben kidev WaxioR-lebi, begoRlebi, berberoRlebi, laSqaroRli, muradoRli da gulaebi. `oRlobiT~ mosxeniebul gvarebs Turqul enob-

riv garemoSi qarTuli sufiqsebi Turquli sufiqsiT aqvT

Canacvlebuli. Tumca kategoriulad amis mtkiceba yvela Sem-

TxvevaSi ar SeiZleba, radgan gamoricxuli araa aWaris mo-

saxleobaSi osmalTa mmarTvelobis dros axali gvarebic

warmoqmniliyo.

arifeas raionis sofel ieniqoiSi fiqsirdeba aseTi mem-kvidreobiTi saxelebi: hasanoRli, kamiSoRli (mosuli arian

katafxiidan), CoTuroRli (igive CoTraZe)... sxvaTa Soris,

qarTvelebma mezobel sofelSi mcxovrebi afxazebis gvarebic

ician, kerZod isini asaxeleben aseT afxazur gvarsaxelebs:

biJnova, agrba, anqvabi, aiqba, mifaC, qafS, lafS, euzba, aJon-ba, x(q)rfs, marSan, agunba, aTiba... sofel aqCaiSi mkvidroben: kalianjoRlebi, mamioRlebi, fonoebi... sofel mahmudieSi dafiqsirda araboRlebis, Sain-oRlebis da ersois gvarebi. muhajirTa erT sofelSi termini `Zengli~ metsaxels

(`dasacin saxels~) aRniSnavs, sxva sofelSi, kerZod, gul-

192

dibSi mas gvaris aRmniSvneli gageba aqvs.Gurdibeli mTxrobe-

li aRniSnavs: `kirnaTidan, kobaleTidan (es kirnaTis zevida-

naa) da kaxaberidan varT mosuli. iqauri Zengli kaxaberiZea. meores Zenglia gorgalaZe, mesamesi _ mologinaZe, meoTxesi _ wiTliZe~ (miuTiTebda gverdiT msxdom Tanasoflelebze).

sofel reSadieSi dadasturda gvarsaxelebi WiSkaroR-li, salauri, kotoSoRli, bostanaSvili (bostanjioRli), xojaSvili; ahmedieSi _ daviTaZe, qavJaraZe (mosuli arian

maxinjauridan), hamidieSi _ Rorjomidan mosuli TaTaroR-lebi, mamal-oRlebi, qurdoRlebi, lezgioRlebi, mekeiZeebi... (furtiodan) eTimoRlebi, (nigazeulidan) darCiZeebi, jine-zoRlebi, boloko, kvetero, mesxoRlebi, aCio. sofel sul-

hieSi mcxovrebi axalgazrda aRniSnavs, rom is gvarad gumu-SoRlia. inegolis sofel hazardaSi asaxeleben yazanjioR-lebs, arifoRlebs, aziroRlebs, buqoRlebs... marTalia inegolis soflebSi ZiriTadad aWaridan migri-

rebuli muhajirebi cxovroben, magram zogierT sofelSi

imerxevidan mosulebic damatebian. sofel TufeqCi qonaqSi imerxevis sofel xoxlevidan migrirebulebi damatebian. xox-

levidan 53 wlis win mosulTa qarTuli gvarebia: mesxiZe, jenigeli, gorgaZe. sofel saadeTSi cecxlaZeebi mkvidroben, romelTa winaprebic Suaxevidam mosulan. sofel baRCikaiaSi mesa mesrulies didvanebic Suaxevidan migrirebulan, romel-

Ta gvari jinoRli yofila.Ees mTxrobeli imasac aRniSnavs,

rom `aWaraSi abdiaSvilebs gviZaxdnen~. sofel baRCikaiaSi

mcxovrebi hasan aidini ki iqaur gvarad deliaRaoRlis miu-TiTebs.

gemlikis raions sofel haidarieSi dadasturda qarTu-li gvarebi: jijavaZe, axvlodiani/axvlediani, beqiroRli, ki-risiroRli, markoRli, patikoRli. `beqiroRlebi koxoZe vyofilvarT (mTxrobelma Semoswrebuls mimarTa: `Tqven qo-xoZe/koxoZe xarT~), muxamedebi afaqiZeebidan arian~. asaxele-

ben agreTve lampariZes, gorgilaZes, CijavaZes. am soflis

mkvidrni maxinjauridan ariam migrirebuli. gemlikis hairie-Si dadasturda gvari laxanoRli.

193

iznikis raionis sofel elmalSi cxovroben: raSioRle-bi, WvaneloRlebi, elmoRlebi, takiZeebi, beqiroRlebi, mari-oRlebi, delijoRlebi, demirCioRlebi, TaTaroRlebi, lez-gioRlebi, WyartioRlebi, mevludoRlebi, xuleloRlebi, WinkaloRlebi, delmemedoRlebi, ismeiloRlebi, memioRlebi, mamalioRlebi, koTxoRlebi. goljukis raionis sofel hamidieSi ZiriTadad borCxisa da misi mimdebare soflebidan gadmosaxlebulebi cxovroben.

muhajir qarTvelebs TavianTi soflisaTvis borCxac uwode-biaT. am sofelSi mkvidri qarTvelebi TavianT qarTul gva-

rebs asaxeleben: zuboRli, igive abdulaoRli, jelaToRli, yadioRli, gurjoRli (Tavdapirvelad darabiZeebi yofilan),

gaSaloRli (mustoRli), balasanoRli, soukoRli, xajioR-li, demirjioRli, iazijioRli, omeroRli, SinanoRli, ali-ozioRli, bataloRlu, abanozoRli, kvenoRli, qeraboRli (qarTulad saubarSi es gvari qerabiZa-d da qerabiZed war-moTqves). asaxelenen agreTve minaZes, orWelebs, jeleToRls, C(W)iloasanoRlis, lazamedebs, Wanomerebs, keraboRlebs/ke-rabiZes. rogorc Cans, kerabiZeebs fazoRlebi gamoyofian

(`fazoRlebi kerabiZeebis SigniT arian~). am `qarTul~ gva-

rebs dRes aRaravin ar atarebs. hamidieSi laRabi anu metsa-

xelebic aqvT. maTi umetesoba ki qarTulia. dafiqsirda Sem-

degi laRabi saxelebi: jayva, cucura, iaSari, pui... goljukis raionis sofelia SevqeTi/saCmali. pirveli

axali saxelia, meore _ Zveli. am sofelSi mcxovrebi in-

formatoris TqmiT, `axla CavdaroRli varT, adre kula-loRli viyaviT. kulaloRli laRabi yofila~. am gvaris

xalxi borCxis midamoebidan mosula. am masalaze dakvirveba

cxadyofs, rom osmaleTis imperiaSi qarTvelTa sakuTarma

saxelebma (gvarsaxelebma) mniSvnelovani transformacia gani-

cada: kulaliZe jer kulaloRlad iqca, qarTuli gvarsaxe-

lis sufiqss Turquli sufiqsi Caenacvla, Semdeg adgilzeve

muhajirobamde qarTulZiriani gvarebi TurqulZiriani gvare-

biT Seicvala. es maCvenebelia imisa, rom osmaleTis imperia-

Si qarTvelebi memkvidreobiT saxelebs ver eleodnen, miuxe-

194

davad imisa, rom osmalur samyaroSi isini ar arsebobdnen.

kidev erTi transformaciuli procesi moxda anTroponimeb-

Tan dakavSirebiT. qarTuli gvaris Turquli formiT Sec-

vlis Semdeg, Zvelma qarTulma gvarma Tavi ki SeinarCuna,

magram is metsaxelad anu laRabad iqca. amas imave sofelSi

sxva mTxrobelisagan Cawerili masalac adasturebs: `Cvenebi

murkvieTidan, mosulan, layabi murkivaZea~. murkvieTi 1886

wlis saojaxo siebiT katafxiis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi Se-

dioda. is anTropotoponimia da murkvieTi imitom erqva, rom masSi murkivaZeebi cxovrobdnen. aq ki muhajirobis Semdeg

(SesaZloa iqac) mas Semdeg, rac axali Turquli formis mem-

kvidreobiTi saxelebi miiRes, wminda qarTuli gvarsaxeli

layabad anu metsaxelad iqca. amave sofelSi dasturdeba

gvarsaxeli uznaZe. `aq yvelaze meti adamianis gvaria uzuna-ri (uznaZeebi). Cveni erTmaneTSi daqorwineba ar SeiZleba.

yvela gvarebSi uzunarebis gogo aris rZlad~. am masalaSi

mniSvnelovani is garemoeba, rom qarTvelebi, mahmadianobis

miuxedavad, ara mxolod gvars, aramed gvaris SigniT egzoga-

miasac inarCunebdnen. am masalis Semdeg SeiZleba kiTxvac

gaCndes: egzogamiurobis tradicia xom ar iyo muslim qar-

TvelebSi gvaris SenarCunebis mTavari faqtori? vfiqrobT,

rom am kiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi unda gaeces.

goljukis raionis erT-erTi qarTuli sofelia doSeme (igive nuzreTie). sayuradreboa, rom am soflis 300 ojaxSi

ramdenime ojaxia, romlebic xofidan da rizedan arian mosu-

li. qarTvelebi murRulis xeobis sxvadasxva soflidan (jan-suli, kordeli, ozmali, lomikeTi, bagebi) migrirebulan.

Tavdapirvelad 63 komli dasaxlebula da rom gamravlebu-

lan Semdeg sxva soflebic `gaukeTebiaT~. mTxrobelis sit-

yviT, `Wanebi gurjebi gaxdnen~. doSemeSi Semdegi gvarebi da-

dasturda: CitoRli (Citiani), wuwisani, yanCeloRli (yanCe-lisani), serToRli (xalibegisani), TaTaroRli (TaTriZe, igive bairaxtarisani), seifoRli, aRjanoRli (yvelaze metni

arian), qeseroRli.

195

daskvna: marmarilos zRvis regionSi migrirebulma qar-

Tvelebis didma nawilma qarTuli memkvidreobiTi saxele-

bi/gvarebi SeinarCuna. maxsovrobas SemorCa rogorc -Ze, ise -

Svili sufiqsiani gvarebi. bevr SemTxvevaSi am qarTul su-

fiqsebs Turquli sufiqsi -oRli Caenacvla. bunebrivia laS-qaroRlis, CitoRlis, WiSkaroRlis, kvewinoRlis, kotoSoR-lis, mamaloRlis, markoioRlis... Tavdapirveli qarTuli

gvarebi iyo: laSqaraZe an laSqaraSvili, CitaZe/CitiZe, WiS-kariZe, kvewiniZe, kotoSiZe., mamalaZe, markoiZe.. amasTanave,

osmalTa mmarTvelobis dros warmoiqmna axali gvarsaxelebi

Tu meore memkvidreobiTi saxelebi (gvaris danayofebi, babu-

iSveilobebi), romlebsac fuZe Turquli aqvs: aRjanoRli, aliozioRli, ismeiloRlebi, mamudoRli da a. S. -oRliT ga-

formebuli gvarsaxeli Tavdapirvelad sxva qarTul for-

mants rom irTavda es koleqtiur mexsierebas kargad aqvs

SemorCenili. aseTi qarTuli sufiqsebi ki kidev iyo: -san-i, -

eb-i, -an-i: yanCeloRli da yanCelisani (aris kidev gvarebi: pawi-san-i, wuwi-san-i), lonkroZe da lonkroebi (dadasturda agreTve gvarsaxelebi: fono-eb-i, Wanomer-eb-i), CitoRli da Citiani... uzunaZis gvarSi -ar sufiqsac anacvleben: uznaZe da uzunari.

196

muhajir qarTvelTa STamomavlebis enis,

religiisa da eTnikuri cnobierebis

urTierTmimarTebis problema*

TurqeTSi eTnikuri qarTvelebis zusti raodenobis dad-

gena gaZnelebulia. TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis varau-

diT, maTi raodenoba 2 milionamdea.

teritoriuli principiT TurqeTSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri

qarTvelebi or jgufad iyofian: 1. saqarTvelos istoriul

teritoriaze mcxovrebi qarTvelebi da 2. anatoliaSi mcxov-

rebi qarTvelebi, romlebic aq gadmosaxlebuli arian Zveli

qarTuli istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebidan (aWara, klar-

jeTi, tao, SavSeT-imerxevi). migrirebulebic or jgufad

arian warmodgenili: muhajirebi, romlebic anatoliaSi Ziri-

Tadad ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omis dros dasax-

ldnen da migrantebi, romlebmac ukanaskneli 20-30 wlis

ganmavlobaSi datoves saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli

mxareebi (Tanamedrove arTvinis vialaieTi). wignSi zemoT

naTqvams kvlav gavimeorebT: TurqeTSi muhajiri qarTvelebis

STamomavalni _ eTnikuri qarTvelebi _ kompaqturad ZiriTa-

dad or regionSi (marmarilos zRvis mxares da Savi zRvis

samxreT sanapiroze) arian gansaxlebuli. dazustebuli in-

formaciiT qarTvelTa xuTi sofeli diarbeqiris mxaresacaa.

faqtobrivad asimilirebuli arian samcxe-javaxeTidan 1830

wels ayrili qarTvel mahmadianTa STamomavlebi, Tumca am

jgufis daZebna Tanamderove TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi SesaZ-

lebelia. igive bedi gaiziares mdinare mtkvris zemo welSi

(istoriuli provinciebi _ kola da --------------------------- wignis monakveTSi meordeba wina monakveTebSi warmodgenili zogierTi eTnografiuli masala da daskvna.

artaani) mcxovrebma eTnikurma qarTvelebma. isinic ruseTis

Sesvlis Semdeg TurqeTis sxvadasxva provinciebSi gaifan-

tnen. aq qarTuli mosaxleoba faqtobrivad aRaraa.

197

mTeli tao-klarjeTi XVI saukunis bolos mTlianad qa-

rTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. mxolod umniSvnelo raodeno-

biT cxovrobdnen aq somxebi da Turqebi. amis damadasturebe-

lia osmalebis mier Catarebuli 1595 wlis aRwera141. qar-

Tuli provinciebis deeTnizacia xangrZlivi procesi iyo _

is ZiriTadad religiuri faqtoriT iyo ganpirobebuli. cno-

bilia, rom osmaleTis xelisufleba, iseve rogorc sxva

qveynebis xelisufalni, Sua saukuneebSi eTnikurobas yurad-

Rebas naklebad aqcevda; maTTvis mTavari iyo religiuri faq-

tori. osmaleTi dainteresebuli iyo qveynis qristian mosax-

leobas mahmadiaoba mieRo. islamis mimdevrebi garkveuli pri-

vilegiebiT sargeblobdnen, radgan marTlmadideblebs bevrad

meti gadasaxadi hqondaT Sewerili. ekonomikuri faqtoridan

gamomdinare qarTveli marTlmadidebeli qristianebi nel-ne-

la iRebdnen islams. islami jer qarTvelma feodalurma ze-

dafenam miiRo. feodalTa mier aseTi nabijis gadadgmac same-

urneo-ekonomikuri mizezebiT da socialuri privilegiebis

SenarCunebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. maT sxvanairad arc SeeZ-

loT, radgan miwasa da yma-glexebze arsebul memkvidreobas

sxvanairad ver SeinarCunebdnen. pirvelad swored maT Soris

gavrcelda Turquli ena, rac osmaleTis imperiaSi integra-

ciis aucilebeli winapiroba iyo. mwarmoebeli mosaxleoba ki

eTnikurobas me-18 saukuneSic inarCunebda, radgan mxaris ma-

sobrivi islamizacia jer dawyebuli ar iyo. bunebrivia, qar-

Tvelebs ena, kultura da eTnikuroba kvlav SenarCunebuli

hqondaT. yovelive es kargad aqvs aRwerili XVIII saukunis

pirveli naxevris istorikoss vaxuSti bagrations: „...xolo

aw mTavarni da warCinebulni arian mohmadianni, da glexni

qristianeni... garna vinanica arian qristianeni, iginica um-

wyemselni arian, vinaiTgan arRara morCileben qarTlis kaTa-

likozsa, da berZenT ara scalis maTTvis ... ena sakuTari

aqusT igive qarTuli. garna warCinebulni nadimTa da krebu-

141 gurjistanis vilaeieTis didi davTari, Tb., 1941.

198

lTa Sina aw ubnoben TaTrulsa da TvisTa saxlebTa anu ur-

TierTis megobrobaTa Sina ityvian qarTulsave“142.

osmaleTis imperiaSi moqceul qarTul provinciebSi eT-

nikur qarTvelTa masobrivi islamizacia XVIII saukunis Sua

xanebidan iwyeba. es procesi umtkivneulod ar mimdinareobda.

sameurneo-ekonomikri faqtorebis gamo qarTvelTa mniSvnelo-

vani nawili Tu nebayoflobiT iRebda axal religias, garkve-

uli jgufebi mainc erTgulni rCebodnen marTlmadidebluri

qristianobisa. XIX saukuneSi dafiqsirebuli gadmocemebis

Tanaxmad xdeboda Zaladobrivi islamizaciac. Cvens mier Cawe-

rili eTnografiuli masalebiT, eTnikuri qarTvelebis gar-

kveul nawils muhajirobis dros 1878 wels sul ori Tao-

bis miRebuli hqondaT mahmadianoba. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis

liganis xeobaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis mimarT. asea Tu ise,

XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebis dasawyisidan osmaleTis imperia-

Si Semavli saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis

mosaxleobas islami ukve gaTavisebuli hqonda, ramac ganapi-

roba kidevac ruseTis imperiis mier istoriuli qarTuli

provinciebis dakavebis Semdeg adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

mniSvnelovani nawilis muhajiroba da Savi da marmarilos

zRvebis regionebSi gadasaxleba. muhajirebi darwmunebuli

iyvnen, rom „giaurebi“ (qristiani rusebi) maT daxocavdnen.

cnobilia, rom enasTan da kulturasTan (igulisxmeba

eTnikuri, xalxuri, glexuri kultura) erTad eTnikurobis

erT-erTi markeri eTnonimicaa. mas Semdeg rac osmaleTis im-

periaSi qarTvelebma islami miiRes, maT endoeTnonimi/avtoeT-

nonimi „qarTvelic“ dakarges. es iyo pirveli, magram ara

mTavari niSani deeTnizaciisa. SevniSnavT, rom erTiani eTno-

nimi msoflioSi arsebul eTnosebs Tavdapirvelad ar hqon-

daT. saerTo saxelwodeba politikuri Tanacxovrebs Sedegad

Cndeboda. prioriteti ki lokalur/teritoriul saxelwode-

bebs hqonda143. amrigad, eTnosi xangrZlivi periodis ganmav-

142 qarTlis cxovreba. tomi IV, Tb., 1973 660-661. 143 r. TofCiSvili. evropis eTnologia, Tb., 2009, gv. 25-26.

199

lobaSi arsebobda da is erTiani TviTsaxelwodebis gareSe

iyo. deeTnizaciis procesis dawyebisTanave pirveli eTnikuri

niSani, romelsac eTnikuri erToba kargavs endoeTnonimia/av-

toeTnonimia. xazs vusvamT, eTnikurma qarTvelebma pirveli

rac dakarges TviTsaxelwodeba iyo. mizezi advilad amosac-

nobia: Sua saukuneebis stereotipiT eTnikurioba da religi-

uroba sinonimuri cnebebi iyo. qarTvelis maSindeli Segne-

biT, qarTveli iyo is, vinc marTlmadidebeli qristiani iyo,

yvela muslimi eTnikurobis miuxedavad, TaTrad miiCneoda,

kaTolike _ frangad, monofiziti _ somxad. amrigad, dRidan

islamis miRebisa, eTnikur qarTvelebSi cneba „qarTveli“

gaqra. Tumca, xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom xangrZlivi pe-

riodis ganmavlobaSi, mahmadiani qarTvelebi TaTrad/Turqad

ar gaiazrebdnen Tavs. enisa da kulturis SenarCunebis gamo-

isobiT maT araqarTuli cnobiereba faqtobrivad ar Camouya-

libdaT. ar CamouyalibdaT imitom, rom garSemomyofni maTgan

gansxvavebulni iyvnen absoliturad sxva eniTa da kultu-

riT. kulturis sakiTxs qvemoT kvlav davubrundebiT. aq

mxolod Semdegs aRvniSnavT: muslimma qarTvelebma axali

TviTsaxelwodeba Seqmnes _ „Cveneburi“. xolo garSemomyofi

TurqebisaTvis isini „gurjebi“ iyvnen. ase rom, enisa da gan-

sxvavebuli kulturis gamo, maT arc Turquli mosaxleoba

gaiTavisebda, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelebi maT sarwmu-

noebaze (islamze) iyvnen gadasuli.

rac Seexeba eTnonims `qarTveli~, is mTlad ar amovard-

nila muslimi qarvelebis leqsikonidan. oRond am leqsikur-

ma erTeulma negatiuri Sinaarsi SeiZina. zogierT sofelSi

icodnen sityva `qarTveliSvili~, romelsac im dros gamoi-

yenebdnen, rodesac bavSvi rames daaSavebda da bebia daucac-

xanebda da gakicxvis mizniT ase mimarTavda: `ai, Se qarTve-

liSvilo~! igive Sinaarsi hqonda termins _ `somxiSvili~

marmarlos zRvis regionSi. sofel doSemeSi Cawerili masa-

liT, `gonjobas Tu vizamdiT, dedeebi gvetyodnen: `ai, Se

somxis Sviloo~. aseTi stereotipebi eTnikuri identobis

SenarCunebas garkveulwilad xels uwyobda.

200

eTnikur qarTvelebs Turquli cnobierebaze gadasvlaSi

kidev erTi faqtori, Tumca ara mniSvnelovani, uSlida xels

_ esaa gvarsaxeli anu memkvidreobiTi saxeli. cnobilia, rom

osmaleTis imperiaSi Turqebs memkvidreobiTi saxeli ar gaaC-

ndaT. dokumentebSi yvela moqalaqe mxolod saxeliTa da ma-

mis saxeliT fiqsirdeboda. miuxedavad amisa, muslimi qar-

Tvelebis umetesoba mainc inarCunebda memkvidreobiT saxels

da zepiri gziT is Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda. ufro meti,

araerTi faqti dasturdeba rodesac isini axal memkvidreo-

biT saxels/sanaTesao wris saxels/gvaris danayofis saxels

qmnidnen, romelTa fuZesac amjerad ukve muslimuri saxeli

warmoadgenda.

axla marmarilosa da Savi zRvis regionebSi mcxovreb

eTnikur qarTvelebs davubrundeT, romelTa winaprebi 135

wlis win ruseTis mier osmaleTis damarcxebisa da saqar-

Tvelos istoriuli mxareebis SemoerTebis Sedegad aRmoC-

ndnen gadasaxlebuli. muhajir qarTvelTa miwa-wylidan ayris

mizezi mxaris ruseTis imperiaSi Sesvla da imis SiSi iyo,

rom rusebi muslim qarTvelebs kvlav qristianobaze moaqcev-

dnen da agitacia imis Sesaxeb, rom „giaurebi“ (rusebi) maT

daxocavdnen.

TurqeTSi 25-30 wlis win araasimilirebuli, eTnikuri

qarTvelebis TiTqmis absolituri umravlesoba qarTul ena-

ze laparakobda. 45 wlis da meti asakis adamianebisagan in-

formaciis Cawera ZiriTadad qarTul enaze xdeba. am asakis

adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom skolaSi misvlamde mxolod `Cvene-

burebis~ enaze anu `gurjija~ laparakobdnen. axalgazrdebSi

ki am TvalsazrisiT viTareba radikalurad Secvlilia. wi-

naswar unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli enis dakargva da Tur-

qul enaze gadasvla mTeli rigi obieqturi mizezebiT aris

ganpirobebuli. am mizezTagan SeiZleba davasaxeloT:

1. qarTvelTa mier sasoflo dasaxlebebis masobrivi mi-

toveba da did qalaqebSi sacxovreblad gadasvla.Hqalaqi de-

eTnizaciis yvelanair winapirobas hqmnis. hamidieli mTxrobe-

lis naambobi gamogvadgeba sailustraciod: `ileva gurjebi.

201

aq ver vakiTxebT (e. i. vaswavliT _ r. T.) bavSvebs. aqedan

wavidnen qalaqebSi, Turquli deiswavles, iq daqorwindnen.

aRar ician qarTuli. vinc aq darCa, imaT ician~.

2. saskolo ganaTlebis miRebis aucilebloba. eTnikur

qarTvelebs, romelTa didma nawilma osmaleTis imperiaSi

cxovrebisas ena da eTnikuroba SeinarCuna, XX saukunis meo-

re naxevridan TurqeTSi enas arTmevdnen, skolaSi da saxlSi

qarTul enaze laparaks uSlidnen da amisaTvis `joxs aWmev-

dnen~: sofel TxilazurSi mcxovrebi ahmed TafliZis (46

wlis, 2013 w.) informaciiT, `skolaSi rom wavedi, marto

qarTuli vicodi. gurjebma aravin icoda Turquli. bRarjeb-

ma Turquli rom ar icodnen, maswavlebeli bRavda (=uyviro-

da). zari rom dairekeboda oqulSi, maSin bavSvebi qarTulad

vlaparakobdiT. axla qalTan gurjulad vlaparakob, bavSveb-

Tan _ Turqulad~. bunebrivia, es masala pirdapir miuTiTebs

TurqeTis am regionSi qarTuli enis savalalo mdgomareoba-

ze. enis dakargvidan eTnikuri cnobierebis dakargvamde arc

Tu ise didi manZilia.

sofel demiraCmaSi aseTi masala dafiqsirda: `Cemi coli

qarTvelia, magram baRnebTan qarTulad ar laparakobs. male

gurji ar darCeba, devikargebiT~. ratom ar elaparakeba eT-

nikuri qarTvelebis umetesoba TavianT Svilebs qarTulad?

pasuxs informatorebi Tavadve iZlevian: `oqulSi (e. i. sko-

laSi) gurjija ar ilaparakoTo, gvirtyamdnen. Uwindelma be-

rikacebma Turquli cota icodnen, beriqalebma saerTod ar

icodnen TurqCa. me oqulSi (=skolaSi) deviswavle Turqu-

li~. sxva sofelSi, sxva mTxrobelisagan Cawerili masala:

`meqTebSi wasvlamde mTeli qarTveluri iyo. aq TurqCa ar

icodnen. meqTebSi mirtyamdnen, qarTvelurad nu laparakobo~.

`33 viyaviT pirvel klasSi. arcerTma Turquli ar vicodiT.

axlandelma axalgazrdebma cotam icis qarTuli. ojaxSi da-

cotavda qarTuli laparaki, rZlebi, televizori...~ sofeli

sulhie: `joxis WamiT deviswavle Turquli.Mme bevri joxi

vWame~. analogiuri masala aTeulobiTa dafiqsirebuli 40-50

wlis mamakacebTan. aSkaraa, TurqeTel eTnikur qarTvelebSi

202

Turquli enis Seswavla ZiriTadad skolebSi moxda. imis ga-

mo, rom qarTulad molaparake bavSvebs Turqi maswavleblebi

cemdnen, maT masobrivad Seaqcies qarTul enas zurgi da Svi-

lebs ara dedaenaze, aramed Turqul enaze zrdian. es momdev-

no TaobaSi ukve qarTuli enis realuri gaqrobis saSiSroe-

bas iwvevs. moqmedebda garkveuli fsiqologiuri faqtori

(axlandel mSobels scemdnen Turquli enis ucodinarobis

gamo, mas aRar unda Svili igive viTarebaSi aRmoCndes). eT-

nogenetikur procesebSi fsiqologiuri faqtoris roli rom

sakmaod mniSvnelovania imave TurqeTeli qarTvelebis sxva

magaliTic mowmobs. cnobilia, rom artanujis mosaxleobis

umravlesobas qarTuli ena SenarCunebuli hqonda da rogorc

qarTvelebi sasazRvro zolidan TurqeTis xelisuflebam

bursis vilaeTSi gadaasaxla 1946 wels. gadasaxlebidan

TiTqmis 70 wlis Semdeg, isini TavianT Tavs marTalia Tur-

qad ar miiCneven, magram `gurjobas~ uaryofen da lokalur-

teritoriuli tipis axali TviTsaxelwodeba Seqmnes _ `ar-

tanujeli~144. imis gamo, rom isini qarTvelobis gamo daisa-

jnen, momavalSi axali sirTuleebis Tavidan acilebis miz-

niT, dRes qarTul warmomavlobasac ki uaryofen.

3. qarTuli enidan Turqul enaze gadasvlaSi aranaklebi

roli hqonda politikur faqtorsac. zemoT moyvanili arta-

nujeli qarTvelebis deeTnizacia, ra Tqma unda, am jgufSic

Tavsdeba. ori qveynis _ TurqeTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris _

mizanmimarTuli politikis Sedegad, qarTvelebi ara mxolod

teritoriulad iyvnen erTmaneTisagan gaTiSuli. es gaTiSva

da istoriis ar swavleba eTnikuri qarTvelebis cnobierebas

garkveul daRs asvamda. am TvalsazrisiT erTgvarad dadebiTi

roli iTamaSa sazRvris gaxsnam, ris Semdegac maT sakuTari

fesvebis Sesaxeb bevri ram gaiges. zogma es ufro adre ger-

maniaSi samuSaod wasvlis Semdeg gaigo, rom sazRvris iqiT

ara ruseTia, aramed saqarTveloa, rom meore mxareze ara

144i. RutiZe. artanujis toponimebi _ istoriuli realobis

mowmeni. _ kavkasiis eTnografiuli krebuli, XIII, Tb., 107-124.

203

rusebi, aramed maTi Tanamemamuleni _ qarTvelebi cxovroben,

romlebic anTropologiurad maTi erTgvarovani arian. amri-

gad, dReisaTvis qarTuli cnobierebisa da qarTuli enis Se-

narCunebaSi garkveuli roli TurqeTTan sazRvris gaxsnamac

da erTmaneTTan mimosvlamac Seasrula. erT-erTi mTxrobelis

TqmiT, `Cemma bRarWebma qarTuli ar icodnen, kari gaixsna,

imis memre deiswavles~. meore mTxrobeli sofel qlaskuri-

dan aseve aRniSnavs, rom `Cvenc daviwyebuli gvqonda qarTu-

li, sazRvari rom ar gaxsniliyo.~

4. qarTuli enis dakargvaSi did rols TamaSobs eleqt-

ronuli sainformacio saSualebebi, gansakuTrebiT, televi-

zia. dRes TurqeTel qarTvelTa did nawils qarTuli tele-

viziebic ainteresebs. 4-5 qarTuli arxis miRebis saSualeba

aqvT kidevac. magram alternatiul qarTul arxebs umetesoba

mainc ver uyurebs. am SemTxvevaSi qarTulis mcodneebs mainc

enobrivi barieri uSliT xels. es `enobrivi barieri~ maTvis

aris qarTul saliteraturo enasa da dialeqts Soris gar-

kveuli gansxvaveba da qarTvel telewamyvanTa metismetad

swrafi (`ficxeli~) saubari.

5. saqorwino urTierTobebi. dRemde qarTuli enisa da

eTnikuri cnobierebis SenarCunebaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan

faqtors saqorwino urTierTobebi warmoadgenda, radgan sa-

soflo dasaxlebebSi qarTveli mxolod qarTvelze qorwin-

deboda. TurqeTel qarTvelebs Soris sul raRac 20-25

wlis win dominirebda eTnikuri endogamia _ qarTveli mxo-

lod qarTvelze qorwindeboda. did qalaqebSi sacxovreblad

gadasvlam SidaeTnikur qorwinebebs wyali Seuyena. sxvadasxva

monacemebiT sxva eTnosis warmomadgenlebze qorwinebis pro-

centi 20-sa da 25-s Soris meryeobs. erT-erTi mTxrobelis

sityviT, `amis (miuTiTa gverdze mjdom mamakacze) qali da

Cemi qali Turqia da amitom aRar ician Svilebma qarTuli~.

Tumca iseTi faqtebic arearTia, rodesac bavSvebs dedac

qarTveli hyavT da mainc ar ician da ar laparakoben qarTu-

lad. sofel demiraCmaSi aseTi masala dafiqsirda: `Cemi co-

li qarTvelia, magram baRnebTan qarTulad ar laparakobs.

204

male gurji ar darCeba, devikargebiT~. sofel ieniqoiSi da-

fiqsirebuli masala: Cvens kiTxvaze: axalgazrdebi laparako-

ben qarTulad? aseTi pasuxi miviRe: `is ar mkiTxo. oTxi bi-

Wi myavs da ori gogo. qarTvels miveci da qarTvels avarTvi

(e. i. qarTvelze gavaTxove da qarTvelisagan viTxove) rZle-

bi. bulgaristanidan mosuli ar viTxove, qarTveli viTxove.

Cemi Svilebi Cems laparaks gaagneben~. sofel reSadieSi mo-

povebuli masala: `150 ojaxi qarTulia. sxvebs ar uSveben

aqa. roca dasaxldnen, kanoni daudiaT: garedan sxva ar unda

SemoeSvaT. aq gogos sofelSi siZe ver dajdeba (e. i. zesiZed

veravin mova _ r. T.). `qarTveli unda yofiliyo qali. sirc-

xvili iyo Turqze daqorwineba~.

ismis kiTxva: TurqeTel qarTvelebSi qarTuli enis da-

kargva da masobrivad Turqul enaze gadasvla ra mimarTeba-

Sia qarTvelTa eTnikur cnobierebasTan? winaswar unda iT-

qvas, rom eTnikurobis dakargva enis dakargvis paraleluri

procesi araa. aseT viTarebaSi eTnikuri qarTvelebi ramden

xans, ramdeni Taobis ganmavlobaSi SeinarCuneben eTnikur

cnobierebas, gaurkvevelia. manam, sanam aRniSnuli problemis

Sesaxeb eTnografiul monacemebs davimowmebT, unda aRvniS-

noT, rom uwin araqarTul enaze saubari sircxvilad miiCne-

oda. dRes ki es stereotipi Secvlilia. erT-erTi informa-

toris sityviT, is `moqalaqe Turqia, sisxli aqvs gurjis~.

es mTxrobeli imasac aRniSnavda, rom misi Svilebi amboben,

rom gurjebi arian, magram ena ar ician. `Cvenc (gulisxmobda

Tavisi Taobis xalxs) naxevrad Turqulad vlaparakobT, na-

xevrad qarTulad. roca RarWi viyavi gurjulad vlaparakob-

di, me devilaparake Turqulad cxra wlis rom viyavi maSin.

me axla Cem babos Turqulad ver davelaparakebi, Semrcxveba.

RarWebTan Turqulad vlaparakobT~. izmiTis sofel hamidie-

Si Cawerili masala: `Cven RarWobaSi Turqulad Tu davila-

parakebdiT, nu ipranWebi, Cveneburad ilaparakeTo. Tqven Cve-

neburi xarT. Cven Tavs gurjs vuwodebT. sityva `qarTuli~

ar vicodiT, mere viswavleT~.

205

axla ramdenime masalas moviyvanT enisa da eTnikuri

cnobierebis urTierTmimarTebis problemaze. bunebrivia, ume-

tes SemTxvevaSi, enis dakargva TandaTan eTnikurobis dakar-

gvasTanaa dakavSirebuli, is eTnikurobis Secvlis winapiro-

baa. movixmoT eTnografiuli masala. zogierTi mTxrobeli

asimilaciasa da enis dakargvas erTmaneTTan akavSirebs: `Cven

asimilacia ganvicadeT. nel-nela rom laparakoben televi-

zorSi, vignebT. sami Svili myavs. arcerTma qarTuli ar

icis~. `Cemi RarWi ambobs, gurji var, ratom ar damaswavleT

gurjijao~. mSoblisadmi Svilis mier gamoTqmuli sayveduri

aSkarad miuTiTebs axalgazrdis eTnikur cnobierebaze, qar-

Tuli enis ucodinrobis miuxedavad, mas qarTuli cnobiereba

gaaCnia (sofeli hairie: `laparaki deviviwyeT, magram gurjo-

ba ar deviviwyeT~). bevri axalgazrda, dedisa da mamisagan,

babuisa da bebiisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTulad veRar lapara-

kobs, magram es maT qarTul eTnikur cnobierebas ar arRvevs.

rogorc Cans, ojaxi am SemTxvevaSi garkveul gavlenas ax-

dens bavSvis, axalgazrdis eTnikur mentalobaze. amis pirda-

piri pasuxia erTi informatoris mokle pasuxi: `ena rom da-

ikargeba, gurjoba darCeba~. `rom mkiTxon, vetyvi gurji va-

ro. gurjis ena rom ar ician, mainc ityvian, gurji varo~

(selahadin ozxaia, 88 wlis, erfelekis raioni, sofeli af-TuramanfaSa, mahale aTabaa). `vinc qarTuli ena ar icis, isi-

nic qarTvelad miiCneven Tavs~.

sakvlevia: enisa da kulturis elementebis dakargvis Se-

mTxvevaSi `RarWs~ ra uyalibebs qarTuli cnobierebas? ro-

gorc Cans, gadamwyveti mainc ojaxuri garemoa. Tumca aranak-

leb mniSvnelovania sxva faqtorebic, romelTa Soris, umTa-

varesi sxva eTnosebis mimarT arsebuli garkveuli stereo-

tipebia. am problemas dawvrilebiT qvemoT SevexebiT. `Cven

TaTrebs kudians vetyviT, gvZulda da imitom. aqedan gavdev-

neT, maTi iyo es sofeli. TaTrebs eSiniaT, gurji momklav-

so. Turqebi beCdebian CvenTan~. garkveuli stereotipebi ara

mxolod Turqebis mimarT hqondaT Seqmnili. doSemeSi Cawe-

rili masaliT uaryofiTi stereotipi hqondaT somxebis mi-

206

marTac: `gonjobas Tu vizamdiT, dedeebi (e. i. papebi) gvet-

yodnen: `ai, Se somxis Sviloo~. aseTi stereotipebi eTniku-

ri identobis SenarCunebas garkveulwilad xels uwyobda da

uwyobs. qarTvelebi imiTac ganasxvaveben Tavs sxvebisagan,

rom isini Tavs ubralod aravis daaCagvrineben: `Cven aqauri

mamali varT. mamali imas niSnavs, rom Tavs aravis daudebT.

kudze Tu damadga fexi, morCa saqme!~ amasTan dakavSirebiT

kidev erTi masala unda gavixsenoT. devsqelisa da qlasku-

ris xeobebSi adgilobrivebs rodesac vkiTxeT: 1946 wels

TurqeTis xelisuflebam artanujeli qarTvelebi bursaSi ga-

daasaxla, imis gamo, rom sazRvarTan axlos cxovrobdnen.

Tqven ufro axlos cxovrobT sazRvarTan. rogor gadarCiT?

pasuxi aseTi iyo: `Cven, qarTvelebi yvelani SeiaraRebul vi-

yaviT. TiToeuls xuTi iaraRi mainc gvqonda. axlac asea.

Cvens gasaxlebasac apirebdnen, magram yvelani tyeSi gavediT.

jari gvesroda da Cvenc tyidan vesrodiT. sami Tve verafers

gaxdnen da Tavi dagvanebes~. ratom da rodidan SeiaraRdnen

eTnikuri qarTvelebi? pasuxi Zalian martivia: saqarTvelos

daSlisa da osmaleTis imperiaSi moqcevis Semdeg, bunebrivia,

dampyroblisagan Tavis dacvis instiqti maT amisagan ubiZgeb-

da. rodesac saxelmwofo ver icavs, adamianebis jgufi Tavad

icavs Tavs. amaSi maT bunebriv-geografiuli garemo, lanSa-

ftic exmareboda. kidev erTi masala: `ded-mama sul gveubne-

bodnen, icodeT, qarTvelebi xarTo. es bavSvebi sul erTad

viyaviT klasSic da gareTac. sanam axmed melaSvili gvaswav-

les, ukve vicodiT yvelafri. amaTma gvaswavles qarTveloba~.

eTnikur qarTvels siamayis grZnobas Tavisi garegnobac

uviTarebs. saubrisas, rodesac qalebs eqspediciis wevrma qa-

lebma komplimenti uTxres, rom lamazebi xarT, pasuxi iyo

mokle da moswrebuli: `gurji var da!~ qarTvelebs Turqebis mimarT garkveuli stereotipi hqo-

ndaT Seqmnili, isini maT garkveuli epitetebiTac moixsenie-

ben: `Cven Turqebs qals ar vaZlevdiT; Turqebs bolokaebs

da kudianebs veZaxdiT. Cveneburebi ar uyvardaT; Cveneburebi

magari kacebi iyvnen~.

207

`Turqebi maSin siminds ver marglidnen, Cveneburebma da-

aswavles. kudianebma ar icodnen simindis gafxeka, margvla.

rigebSi siminds ar Tesdnen. 10 yabaxs iRebdnen da margvla

rom daiswavles 100 yabaxi miiRes. Cveneburebma aswavles

saxlebis keTeba, oTaxebad dayofa. jameebic ar icodnen, Cve-

neburebma daaswavles xis jameebis gakeTeba. saxlSi locu-

lobdnen, maSin fuxara iyvnen meti~. unias raionis sofel

qusCis sasaflaoze ganisvenebs 1990-ian wlebSi TurqeTis

soflis meurneobis ministri da vice-premieri rafaidin Sa-hini (lorTqifaniZe). misi saflavis qvaze dabadebisa da gar-

dacvalebis TariRebia amokveTili: 1939-2013. anderZis Ta-

naxmad micvalebuls saqarTvelodan Camotanili qviT gauke-

Tes saflavi da miwa saqarTvelodan, aWaris sofel viaodan

Camotanili daayares da dakrZales saqarTveloSi dabadebuli

bebiisa da babuas gverdiT. es faqtic TurqeTis politikuri

moRvawis maRali qarTuli eTnikuri cnobierebis damadastu-

rebelia.

aRiniSna, rom qarTvelebi amayni arian da, rogorc ir-

kveva, es siamaye garkveulwilad adgilobrivTagan gansxvave-

bulma kulturulma viTarebamac Seqmna. Sefarulad es Cans

Semdeg eTnografiul masalebSi: `Cvenebma rom saxli gaake-

Tes, dabeCdnen yazaxebi, ezo ar icodnen. Turqebis mamasax-

llisi eubneboda Tavisianebs: Tu saxls aaSenebT, midiT da

naxeT da qarTvelebisnairi saxlebi aaSeneTo~. `Turqebs ise-

Ti saWmelebi ara aqvT, rac Cven gvaqvs. maT qarTuli yaurma

ar ician. igini modian qarTuli yaurma vWamoTo. igini yaur-

mas nigozs, zafranas, qinZs... ar uSvrebian. igini moxarSaven

yaurmas da flavze daayrian. Cven saWmels vakeTebT, magaT

saWmeli ar ician, mcenareebs ar uSvrebian~ (facas raioni,

sofeli qabaqdaRi). [axmed hasanis Ze beJaniZe: `30 wlis win

Cveneburi Turqis qals ar iTxovda. axla Turqebma Cvengan

saqme deiswavles, iginis saxlebs fanjrebi ar hqonia~]. igive

mTxrobeli kiTxvaze: evropaSi Tqvens Tavze ras ityviT, vina

xar, qarTveli, Tu Turqi~? myisier pasuxs iZleva: `evropaSi

208

rom wavide mkiTxon, vin xar, vityvi qarTveli varo. Cveni

baRnebic Cveneburad ainSi arian, isinic qarTvels ityvian~.

cnobilia, rom eTnikuri cnobiereba pirdapir kavSirSia

religiasa da enasTan. zemoT moyvanili masala pirdapir miu-

TiTebs imaze, rom TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs myar eTni-

kur cnobierebaSi religia xels ar uSlis. sayuradReboa,

rom erT-erTi eTnografiuli masaliT, sinopel muslim qar-

Tvelebs kudianebi (=Turqebi) giaurebs uwodebdnen. albaT

imitomac, rom `qristianebi bevri miyvars, mahmadianebi ar

miyvars, baboisac ar uyvarda mahmadianebi, aginebda. qarTve-

lebma erTad moviyareT Tavi, amaze gemrieli ra aris~ (aiSan

wignaZe). igive SeiZleba iTqvas enis Sesaxebac. bevri axal-

gazrda, dedisa da mamisagan, babuisa da bebiisagan gansxvave-

biT, qarTulad veRar laparakobs, magram es maT qarTul eT-

nikur cnobierebas ar arRvevs. rogorc Cans, ojaxi am Sem-

TxvevaSi garkveul gavlenas axdens bavSvis, axalgazrdis eT-

nikur mentalobaze. dReisaTvis qalaqebSi cxovrebis pirobeb-

Si ufrosi Taoba cdilobs axalgazrda qarTvelebi erTma-

neTTan daaxlovos, gaacnon erTmaneTs. mniSvnelovania socia-

luri qselis rolic. eTnikurma qarTvelebma erTmaneTis gac-

nobis originaluri xerxic gamonaxes _ quCaSi, transportSi

yofnisas, Tu miiCnies, rom axlos mdgomi adamiani eTnikuri

qarTvelia, mobiluri telefoniT xmamaRla `tyuil~ saubars

mimarTaven, magaliTad, aseTs: `rogor xar, Woo!~ da a. S.

erT-erT Cvens informators am gziT 50-mde Tanamemamules

yavs gacnobili.

sinopeli qarTvelebis eTnikurobis garkveuli gamoxatu-

leba gaxldaT islamisadmi nihilisturi damokidebulaba,

Rvinisa da aryis sma: `qorwili sami dRe icodnen. didi moz-

veri dakla baboma. dugunSi dalevdnen raxs, biras da Sa-

rafs. brinjisagan vakeTebdiT raxs, yarfuzidan, yurZnidan.

yurZnidan Sarafs vakeTebdiT. biras qerisagan vakeTebdiT. mo-

las dugunSi ar mouSvebdiT~. `Cemi dede yurZnidan raxs ake-

Tebda. deiTro da ra qenio? _ lamazi wveniao da vsvio, gem-

rieliao. sami wlis win sinopis sofelSi Cemma naTesavebma

209

ori minibusi Rvino gaaTaves~. `Cveneburi duguni gvqonda. ax-

la gadavarda qarTuli duguni. or dRes win-win deviwyebdiT

mzadebas facias (=patarZlis) moyvanamde. dugunSi (qorwil-

Si _ r. T.) zogi svamda Sarafs. axlac smen, tyuils ver

vityvi~.

qarTvelTa eTnikuri cnobierebis SenarCnebaSi fraid mni-

Svnelovania tradiciuli naTesauri urTierTobebis simyare.

axla qarTuli soflebi ZiriTadad daclilia mosaxleobisa-

gan, maTi ZiriTadi nawili TurqeTis sxvadasxva did qalaqSi

cxovrobs. magram yvela cdilobs zafxuli sofelSi gaata-

ros. swored am dros ixdian soflebSi qarTvelebi qorwi-

lebs da aq istumreben erTmaneTis valdebulebas, ecnobian

axal naTesavebs. am wesis dawesebis gamo, qarTvelebi ara

mxolod naTesaur kavSirs inarCuneben, aramed eTnikur cno-

bierebasac imyareben, qorwilebi arc imis saSualebas iZleva,

rom qarTvelebma qarTuli cekvebi daiviwyon: `xoronebi

(=xorumi) sul aris qorwilebSi. xoroni rom ar icodes,

iseTi qarTveli ar aris~.

qarTuli eTnikuri cnobierebis maRal gamoxatulebad

unda miviCnioT Semdegi eTnografiuli masala: `TurqeTma

rom ukan daibruna borCxa _ 1921 wels. arTvinSi 7 marts

arTvinis ukan dabrunebas aRniSnaven. im dResaswaulze ar

mivdivar; Cven ar vzeimobT. Tqven deginaxeT bevri gamixarda;

erTi sisxli gvaqvs~ (SevqeT WkvianiSvili, 54 wlis). ar ze-

imobs qarTvelTa garkveuli nawili saqarTvelos teritori-

is nawilis isev TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebas. maT ar

ezeimebaT qveynis teritoriuli rRveva, saqarTvelodan mi-

wis, istoriuli teritoriis CamoSoreba. am informatori-

saTvis eTnikurobis gansazRvraSi mTavaria ara religia, ara-

med saerTo warmomavloba.

qarTvelTa identurobis SenarCunebaSi mniSvnelovani iyo

tradiciebi, is tradiciebi, rac mxolod maT hqondaT da ri-

Tac isini sxvebisagan gansxvavdebodnen. magaliTad, cekva

`ferxuli~ SeiZleba dasaxeldes. gansakuTrebuli hqondaT

qarTvelebs axali wlis tradiciac.

210

sayuradReboa, rom qarTvelebi cdiloben eTnikuri Ta-

visTavadoba garegnuli formiTac gamoxaton, imReron da

icekvon. cdiloben sadResaswaulo dReebSi qarTuli erovnu-

li samosiT Seimoson. am adamianisaTvis Coxa-axaluxi qarTu-

li eTnikuri identobis gamoxatulebaa.

zemoT aRiniSna, rom qarTvelobis gadarCenis erT-erTi

mizezi sxva xalxebis mimarT Camoyalibebuli garkveuli ste-

reotipia. maT es stereotipi ucxo garemoSi cxovrebam Camo-

uyaliba, rac Tavis gadarCenis erT-erTi saSualeba iyo. sa-

yovelTaod cnobilia, rom qarTvelebi, romlebic Tavis sam-

SobloSi gaTiTokacebulni, individualistebi arian, ucxo

eTnikur garemoSi iSviaTi SekavSirebulobiT gamoirCevian. es

stereotipi maTi gadarCenis erT-erTi faqtoria.

zemo moyvanili eTnografiuli masala miuTiTebs: 1) qar-

Tuli enis arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaze _ ufrosi Taoba

qarTul enas flobs, xolo axalgazrdebi da bavSvebi _ ara;

ufrosi Taoba mouwodebs axalgazrdebs, rom qarTuli ena

iswavlon; 2) marTalia, oficialur iurdiul dokumentSi

eTnikur qarTvels Turqi uweria, magram Tavs is qarTvelad

miiCnevs; 3) muslimoba mas xels ar uSlis imaSi, rom

qarTvelad gaiazros Tavi; 4) eTnikur qarTvels siamayis

grZnoba aqvs Tavisi qarTvelobis gamo; 5) miuxedavad imisa,

rom 15 wlis axalgazrdam qarTuli ar icis, is mainc Tavs

qarTvelad gaicnobierebs, raSic mniSvnelovani roli papis

qmedebam imoqmeda. erTi mTxrobeli pirdapir acxadebs, rom

qarTuli enis ucodinroba qarTvelobis dakargvas ar niSnavs:

`Turqs boloks da kudians vetyviT. gurjija rom ar ician,

axlebi boloki da kudiani ver gaxdebian~.

unieli qarTvelebi SekiTxvaze: religia xels ar giS-

liT qarTvelobaSi? ra aris qarTveloba? _ aseTi pasuxi mi-

viReT: `rogorc Tqven grZnobT qarTvelobas, ise Cven

vgrZnobT. religias araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs. rogorc

Sen axsni, rom qarTveli xar, ise me. Zneli asaxsnelia, ra-

tom var qarTveli~. am sityvebs araviTari komentari ar

sWirdeba. Tavis droze maTi winaprebi religiis gamo mow-

211

ydnen qarTul eTnikur erTobas. magram dRes muhajirTa STa-

momavlebi sruliad gansxvavebulad azrovneben; mTavaria is,

rom maT sazRvrebis gaxsnis Semdeg TavianTi Ziri ipoves.

isini dRes, yovel SemTxvevaSi, didi nawili, religiur gan-

sxvavebulobas araviTar mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben. aSkaraa,

rom eTnikurma qarTvelebma TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi integra-

cia moaxerxes. sxvanairad, isini ganwiruli iqnebodnen dasa-

Rupavad. sxva meTodebiT eTnikurobisaTvis brZolas, dapiris-

pirebas azri rom ar hqonda, amas kargad mixvdnen. amis gamo-

Zaxilia ramdenime qarTvelis naTqvami: `Cven qarTvelebi

varT, magram TurqeTis moqalaqeebi~. es ormag eTnikur cno-

bierebas sruliadac ar niSnavs. aq moqalaqeoba da eTnikuro-

ba erTmaneTTan mSvidobian TanaarsebobaSia. unies sazogadoe-

baSi Cawerili masala: `marTalia Turqebma migviRes, miwa

mogvces, magram 130 welia Turqi ver gavxdi, verc gavxdebi.

me Turqi ar var, TurqeTis moqalaqe var, gurji var. axal-

gazrdobis dros, qarTul laparaks rom vismendiT, qarTuli

laparaki yofilao, gvixaroda~.

erT-erTi informatori aRniSnavda: `me vitire baTumi

rom davinaxe~. am SemTxvevaSi winaparTa samSoblos danaxvaze

cremli TurqeTeli qarTvelis eTnikuri identobis mniSvne-

lovani gamoxatulebaa. kidev erTi amonaridi: `SevardnaZes

rom davinaxavdi, sagareo saqmeTa ministri rom iyo, Cemi ka-

ci iyo, momwonda da miyvarda. me namdvili qarTveli var.

qarTvels rame rom daemarTos, aq vtiri. axla misvla-mos-

vlaa da es interess badebs qarTuli enis Sesaswavlis. ena

ar ician, magram gulSi qarTvelebi arian~. vfiqrobT, am sit-

yvebs komentari ar sWirdeba. cremls kidev unda davubrunde.

2014 wels sinopis erT-erT qarTul sofelSi eTnografiu-

li masalebis Caweris Semdeg, rodesac 75 wlis informato-

ri gvemSvidobeboda, mas cremlebi wamouvida da mxolod imis

TqmaRa moaxerxa: `raRai meSveleba axla me!~

amrigad, TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs eTnikur iden-

tobaSi, qarTvelad Tavis gaazrebaSi religia (mahmadianoba)

da qarTuli enis ucodinaroba xels ar uSlis. dRes arsebu-

212

li mdgomareobiT TurqeTSi qarTul cnobierebas safrTxe ar

emuqreba. am cnobierebas mTeli rigi mizezebi ganapirobebs,

romelTa Sesaxebac zemoT gvqonda saubari da romlebsac ki-

dev erTi istoriis maxsovroba _ unda miematos. am istoria-

Si ki mTavari figura Tamar mefea145.

145r. gujejiani. qarTuli tradiciuli kulturis motivebi isto-

riul samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi. _ saqarTvelos eTnogra-

fia/eTnologia, roland TofCiSvilis saerTo redaqciiT, Tb., 2010,

gv. 178-182.

213

sarCevi Sesavali---------------------------------------------------------------------3

eTnografiuli SavSeT-imerxevi----------------------------------------9

gvarebi SavSeT-imerxevSi------------------------------------------------30

eTnografiuli klarjeTi-----------------------------------------------44

eTnikuri qarTvelebis gansaxlebis areali klarjeTSi--------65

qarTuli gvarebi klarjeTSi------------------------------------------79

eTnikuri identobis sakiTxebi klarjeTis

qarTul mosaxleobaSi---------------------------------------------------86

eTnografiuli tao-------------------------------------------------------90

qarTvelebis gansaxlebis areali istoriul taoSi

(parxliswylis xeoba)--------------------------------------------------102

taoel qarTvelTa eTnikuri identobis problema--------------105

taoelTa qarTuli gvarebi--------------------------------------------109

eruSeTis istoriul-eTnografiuli mxare------------------------114

artaanisa da palakacios istoriul-eTnografiuli

mxareebi---------------------------------------------------------------------116

kolas istoriul-eTnografiuli mxare----------------------------123

qarTvelTa gansaxlebis areali Savi zRvis

samxreTSi-------------------------------------------------------------------126

SavizRvispireTis regionSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa

eTnikuri cnobierebis problemebi----------------------------------145

Savi zRvis regionSi gansaxlebul qarTvelTa gvarebi--------160

qarTvelTa gansaxlebis areali marmarilos zRvis

regionSi--------------------------------------------------------------------168

qarTvelTa eTnikuri identobis problemebi

marmarilos zRvis regionSi------------------------------------------183

marmarilos zRvis regionSi mcxovrebTa

qarTuli gvarebi---------------------------------------------------------189

muhajir qarTvelTa STamomavlebis enis, religiisa da

eTnikuri cnobierebis urTierTmimarTebis problema-----------196

214

Roland Topçişvili

Tarihsel-Etnoğrafik Güney Gürcistan ve Türkiye Gürcüleri

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge; universal505@ymail.com