Rapport à mi-parcours - Juin 2015

RENFORCEMENT ET DÉVELOPPEMENT DE LA COOPÉRATION INTER-

UNIVERSITAIRE ENTRE L’UNIVERSITÉ FRANÇOIS-RABELAIS DE TOURS EN

RÉGION CENTRE ET CINQ UNIVERSITÉS DU TAMIL NADU EN INDE

sous-projet n°3 Diagnostic et risque environnemental : eaux, sols, sédiments et contaminants

responsable Recherche : Marc Desmet responsable Formation : Sébastien Salvador-Blanes

Préambule

Les premiers échanges entre enseignant-chercheurs de l’Université de Tours et ceux du Tamil

Nadu (Anna University - Centre for Water Resources, MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, Institut Français de Pondichery) se sont déroulés en janvier 2013. Sébastien Salvador-Blanes et

Marc Desmet ont rencontré leurs homologues, nouant ainsi l’ébauche d’une collaboration. C’est

également en janvier 2013 que l’Université de Tours a répondu à l’AAP ARCUS.

Ce sous-projet est dédié au “Diagnostic et risque environnemental - eaux, sols, sédiments et

contaminants“. Grace au soutien financier du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et de la Région Centre Val de Loire, nous avons pu mettre en œuvre des échanges avec nos partenaires du Tamil Nadu et ce dans le cadre (i) de mobilités entrantes et sortantes d’étudiants et (ii) d’un programme

de recherche lié à une thèse en co-tutelle. Ce rapport d’activité est donc rédigé selon les deux

axes : formations et recherche auquel s’ajoute un volet de mobilité des enseignants-chercheurs

français et indiens.

le site internet suivant donne des informations détaillées sur le projet et son contenu : geosciences.univ-tours.fr/recherche/arcus-inde.html

Mobilité étudiante sortante

En 2013, un an avant le démarrage d’ARCUS, Marylou Mechin, étudiante dans le Master

Hydrosystèmes et Bassins Versants de l’Université de Tours a pu bénéficier du soutien de la

région Centre Val de Loire pour effectuer son stage

En 2014, 5 étudiants inscrits en M1 du le Master Hydrosystèmes et Bassins Versants de

l’Université de Tours ont effectué leur stage de fin d’année (3 mois).

Maud Bonzi - Investigation on water spread area of tanks in Chennai basin (Anna University , encadrant : N. K. Ambujam) Tristan Fournier - Improvement of the water management of the Willingdon tank for the irrigation (Anna University, encadrant : Saravanan Ramasamy) Pierre Frétigné - Experimental studies on behaviour of interface system between offshore structures (Anna University, encadrement : B.V. Mudgal) Ludmilla Deshayes - Treating sugar effluent using constructed wetlands: assessment of the hydrology balancing and the hydraulic conductivity (MSSRF, encadrement : J.D. Sophia) Ronan Delancret - Quantitative pollen morphology using a light microscope: a tool to distinguish plant species in South India (Institut Français de Pondichery, Encadrement : Dr. Anupama)

En 2015, 4 étudiants en M1 du Master HBV effectuent leur stage de fin d’année (3 mois) : Claude Tania MBengue, Hind Massor & Maxime Morel au Centre for Water Resources - Anna University

d’Avril à Juillet 2015 et Jean Bertinotti au Swaminathan Research Foundation de Mai à Aout 2015.

A mi-parcours du programme ARCUS, 10 étudiants du département Géosciences-Environnement se sont donc rendus en Inde, ce qui représente un total de 30 mois d’équivalent de stage avec nos universités partenaires. D’autre part, Maud Bonzi (stagiaire M1 en 2014) est à nouveau en stage

(M2) en 2015 à l’Indian Institute of Science à Bangalore, dans le cadre de Cellule Franco-Indienne

de Recherches en Sciences de l’Eau (elle ne bénéficie pas du support ARCUS puisque le Karnataka n’est pas éligible). Le stage qu’elle a effectué l’année précédente grâce a ARCUS a été un facteur déterminant pour son acceptation à l’IIS.

Mobilité étudiante entrante

En 2014, Vignesh Rajkumar a effectué un stage de 5 mois intitulé : Particle size and mineralogical

analyses of the suspended matter and sources tracing in an instrumented catchment. Ce travail a

donné lieu a une publication acceptée avec révisions en cours à la revue Geomorphology et co-

signée avec Anna University : Foucher, A., Laceby, J.-P., Salvador-Blanes, S., Evrard, O., Le Gall, M., Lefèvre, I., Cerdan, O., Rajkumar, V., Desmet, M. Quantifying the dominant sources of

sediment in a drained lowland agricultural catchment: novel insights provided through sediment fingerprinting with 137Cs and thorium-based particle size corrections. Geomorphology.

En 2015, Thenmozhi Davhamani a effectué un stage de 3 mois intitulé : Property analysis of bed

sediments in urban fluvial system of Chennaï. Ce travail a permis d’accompagner le début de la thèse en co-tutelle (S.P. Saravanan)

mobilité enseignant-chercheur sortante

En 2013, la Direction des Relations Internationales et le laboratoire GéHCO ont co-financé le

déplacement de Sébastien Salvador-Blanes & Marc Desmet de manière à mettre en place les

premiers contacts avec les partenaires indiens. Cette mission fut essentielle à la mise en place

amont du projet financé par le M.A.E. et la région Centre Val de Loire.

En 2014, le financement ayant été obtenu, Sébastien Salvador-Blanes et Marc Desmet sont allés

présenter le projet à Anna University (Chennai), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (Coimbatore) ,

M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (Chennai), et l’Institut Français de Pondicherry (Pondichery). C’est au cours de cette mission que le périmètre d’accueil des étudiants français

chez nos partenaires indiens a été fixé. C’est également pendant ce séjour que les contours du

sujet de thèse ont été affinés. Sébastien Salvador-Blanes s’est à nouveau rendu en Inde mais son

déplacement a eu lieu dans le cadre d’une délégation officielle de l’Université de Tours et de la

Région Centre Val de Loire en décembre 2014.

En 2015, Cécile Grosbois (Professeur de Géochimie) & Marc Desmet (Professeur de

Sédimentologie) ont effectué une campagne de prélèvements de sédiments sur les deux fleuves

urbains de la ville de Chennai avec leurs homologues du Centre for Water Resources de Anna

University et le nouveau doctorant SP. Saravanan. Le compte rendu de la mission est disponible à l’adresse suivante : geosciences.univ-tours.fr/images/media/20150625114847-field_report_feb_2015.pdf

mobilité enseignant-chercheur entrante

en 2014, le Pr. Ambujam, Directrice du Centre for Water Resources - Anna University & Dr.

Rajalakshmi, Chercheur au MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, ont effectué un séjour à

l’Université de Tours selon le planning suivant :

- Présentation du Laboratoire GéHCO et de ses équipements - Journée de terrain sur le site instrumenté du Bassin Versant du Louroux - Présentation du laboratoire BBV et de ses équipements - Séminaire de présentation des actions de recherche du CWR et du MSSRF

- Rencontre avec les étudiants du Master et mise en place des sujets de stage 2015 - Planification des tâches du doctorant en co-tutelle - Réunion de travail avec le responsable du Master International Planning & Sustainability

Bourse de thèse en co-tutelle

En 2014, Marc Desmet et NK Ambujam ont entrepris un processus de sélection pour recruter un étudiant de Anna University, titulaire d’un Master et susceptible de poursuivre en thèse de Doctorat

En 2015, S.P. Saravanan a démarré sa thèse à l’Université de Tours selon le calendrier suivant, La

soutenance étant prévue en février 2018 à Anna University :

(2014/2015) : 05 jan 2015 au 22 fev 2015, Anna University (2014/2015) : 23 fev 2015 au 31 aout 2015 Université de Tours (2015/2016) : 1 sept 2015 au 4 janv 2016 Université de Tours

(2015/2016) : 5 janv 2016 au 31 aout 2016 Anna University (2016/2017) : 1 sept 2016 to 30 avril 2017 - Université de Tours (2016/2017) : 1 mai 2017 to - 31 dec 2017 - Anna University

Upstream-downstream contamination gradient of the fluvial urban system in Chennai PhD co-supervised by

Pr. Desmet, Director of the Continental GeoHydrosystems Laboratory (GéHCO lab) Pr. Ambujam, Director of the Centre for Water Resources (CWR)

Water pollution of fluvial systems in urban areas is a key issue addressed to the researchers working on watershed risk assessment. The french academic GeHCO laboratory (Tours University) and the Centre for Water Resources (Anna University - Chennai) are associated for supervising a PhD dealing with the trace elements concentrations in bed sediment, suspended matter and water of the large urban rivers of the city of Chennai. The main purpose is the characterization of sediment and water quality at different hydrological periods in order to provide a detailed understanding of sources, storages and signatures of a possible trace elements pollution. The objectives of this PhD consists in : - looking at existing studies in this proposed subject area - mapping the fluvial system and tributaries - identifying potential agricultural, industrial and urban sources of incoming pollution - providing a protocole of sampling bed sediments and water - analyzing sediment and water proxies - quantifying spatial trace element concentrations - reconstructing the assumed upstream-dowstream contamination gradient - correlating the state of polluted waters to the industrial areas and urban development.

Les sédiments de fond et les laisses de crues collectés pendant la campagne de terrain de février ont fait l’objet d’analyses microgranulométriques par Malvern 3000 sur fraction totale et fraction décarbonatée. D’autre part, les Eléments Traces Métalliques sont en cours d’analyse ; Les résultats permettront de rendre compte de l’état de contamination des eaux des deux fleuves

urbains par des éléments qui n’ont pas ou peu été dosés dans le passé. Nous préparons

actuellement les expérimentations en laboratoire permettant d’estimer la mobilité des éléments

traces métalliques depuis le solide vers l’eau. Des analyses complémentaires interviendront en

2016 puisque nous reconstituerons la chronique de contamination sur les dernières décennies à partir d’une carotte prélevée en aval d’un des deux fleuves urbains.

Actions programmées

A l’automne 2015, le Dr. Saravanan du Centre for Water Resources et le Dr. Hooper du

Swaminathan Research Foundation seront accueillis à l’Université de Tours.

En décembre 2015, les premiers résultats de la thèse en co-tutelle seront présentés à la conférence internationale au siège de l’UNESCO (Paris du 1er au 4 décembre 2015), intitulée « Water, Megacities & global Change ». Le comité scientifique a en effet retenu le projet de communication suivant :

Upstream-downstream contamination gradient of the fluvial urban system in Chennai Saravanan, S.P., Desmet, M., Ambujam, N.K., Thenmozhi, D., Manikandabharath, K., Rukkumany, R.H. & Grosbois, C.

In this study, an attempt is made to ascertain the present status of the Adyar and Cooum river, which are the important rivers in Chennai the capital city of Tamil Nadu, India. An intensive study is conducted to find out the sources and transfer of the pollution by trace elements across the river stream; standard methods are employed to study the various parameters in the sediment reservoir, which affects the aquatic system.

The prime aim of this study is to (i) establish an upstream-downstream characterization of the fluvial system, including influents and tributaries, (ii) identify potential agricultural, industrial and urban sources of incoming pollution, (iii) correlate the state of contaminated waters to the industrial areas and urban planning. The sediment samples were collected from 20 different stations along the course of the both rivers. The concentration of heavy metal such as Fe, Al, Mg, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, and Hg were determined. The results indicate the pollution enrichment is due to reworked suspended deposits and dissolved industrial effluents and anthropogenic wastes. The experimental leaching studies and reconstruction of contamination through time (core analysis) are currently lead to estimate the resilience of the river systems.

en Janvier 2016, Parvathy Chandrasekar effectuera son stage au GéHCO pour une période de 8 mois. Elle travaillera sur la préparation d’un projet de thèse ayant trait à la pollution de la Palar

river par les activités liées aux tanneries. En cas de succès sur un appel à projet de type

« évaluation de la qualité de la ressource en eau », nous débuterons la thèse en septembre 2016.

En Février 2016, aura lieu la deuxième campagne de terrain sur les fleuves urbains de la ville de Chennai. La carotte sédimentaire prélevée permettra de retracer l’évolution historique de la

contamination du fleuve par les éléments traces métalliques. Nous nous rendrons également à

l’Indian Institute of Science de Bangalore de manière à consolider nos échanges à la suite

d’ARCUS. Deux enseignants-chercheurs du Laboratoire de Biomolécules et Biotechnologies

Végétales de l’Université de Tours initieront des collaborations avec le Centre for Biotechnology de

Anna University.

ANNEXE 1 - Sujet de stage 2014 et 2015 de la mobilité entrante

2014 - PARTICLE SIZE AND MINERALOGICAL ANALYSES OF THE SUSPENDED MATTER AND SOURCES TRACING IN AN INSTRUMENTED CATCHMENT The GeHCO Research Unit of the University of Tours France) is advertising for a 5-month training period between mid-april and mid-september 2014. This training period is part of a project of cooperation between the Région Centre and the Tamil Nadu state (ARCUS project), supported by the French Foreign Office and the Région Centre. The fundings allow to

cover for travel and living expenses for five months (4125€ = 346500Rs).

The topic of this training period is part of a research project dealing with particle transfers within catchments. This

research project – started in 2011, lasting till 2016 – gathers four institutions: the French Water Agency, the French

Geological Survey, the Atomic Energy Agency and the University of Tours. Nowadays, a generalized morphological degradation of first and second order streams is observed in the intensively cultivated plains of France. This process has increased in the last decades due to two main causes:

- a tremendous modification of agricultural practices – in particular land reallocation and drainage implementation - has

led to an increase of sediment transfers to the water bodies;

- a redesign of the streams provoked a decrease of the transport capacity of suspended sediments and their deposit.

The consequences of this mainly anthropogenically-induced process are a deterioration of the ecological quality of streams and water bodies, and an increased transfer of pollutants (nitrates, phosphates…). The ecological and chemical status of the streams and water bodies has to be improved. This requires identifying the sources (surface erosion, bank erosion, exports through the drainage network) and the transfer processes of the particles. The 2400ha Louroux Pond catchment - located 20 km south of the town of Tours- is representative of intensively cultivated plains of Western Europe. Streams and tile drain outlets have been instrumented at eight different locations. This allows a continuous record of water height and turbidity and automatic sampling of water according to a predefined protocol. This heavily instrumented site is unique in France.

2015 - PROPERTY ANALYSIS OF BED SEDIMENTS IN URBAN FLUVIAL SYSTEM OF CHENNAÏ The GeHCO Research Unit of the University of Tours France) is advertising for a 5-month training period between mid-february and mid-june 2015. This training period is part of a project of cooperation between the Région Centre and the Tamil Nadu state (ARCUS project), supported by the French Foreign Office and the Région Centre. The fundings allow to

cover for travel and living expenses for five months (4125€ = 346500Rs). In December 2014, a co-supervised PhD will

be launch between our two universities. The main purpose of this 3 years study will be the characterization of sediment and water quality at different hydrological periods in order to provide a detailed understanding of sources, storages and signatures of a possible trace elements pollution. The master student involved during the firsts months of this PhD will attend the field trip and sampling protocoles on both urban rivers of Chennai organized in february 2015. He/she will take part to the expected sedimentological analysis The applicant will ideally have good GIS and sedimentological skills Requirements : - experience with laboratory and/or field experiments, preferably with fluvial systems - interest to combine laboratory and field studies - Knowledge of GIS analysis is appreciated - willingness to work in a multidisciplinary environment

ANNEXE 2 - Rapport de stage de Thenmozhi Davhamani

2015 URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION OF CHENNAI FLUVIAL SYSTEM, DATABASE ANALYSIS AND MAPPING

1 - INTRODUCTION Sediments of river receiving industrial and urban discharges are often polluted and this has led to investigation. Sediment associated metals are not in a static state within the fluvial environment it may transfer from sediments to river water and pollute them. It affects not only the river, will extend beyond that environment through food chain. Usually concentration of metals depends upon the source and the fluvial environment at which they are found. In a biological view, metals divided into two types, one which are beneficial to life and other which cause damage and destruction to life. The former one consists of elements such as copper, iron and zinc which play an important role in biological functioning of plants and animals and at the same time it causes toxic to them when they are at higher concentration. But the other group includes elements such as cadmium, lead and mercury which always cause toxicity even at lower concentration and there is no benefit from them. Particle size, specific gravity, surface area, bulk density which affects metal concentration. Pollution as well as contamination always associated with fine sediments (clay minerals) than the coarser one. There is positive correlation between decreasing particle size and increasing metal concentration. Fine sediments have greater surface area than coarser particles. Here there is a positive correlation between increasing surface area and decreasing grain size. Therefore, grain size plays an important role in determining metal concentrations in fluvial sediments. Sediment with metals can be transported as bed load or as suspended load. Usually sand, gravel are settled down as bed load and it mean that metals in bed load remains static during low flow but it may washed during high flows. Clay and other fine particles are carried in suspension which keeps on transferring; it increased extremely during high discharges. So contamination of metals is not static, it will extend beyond the fluvial environment. Here, the focus is to locate the industries and to detect the sources which pollute the fluvial system.

2 - AIMS To mark the location of sediment samples which we collected from Adyar and Cooum river, Chennai. To collect details about industries which were located in and around Chennai. To overlay all the industrial details collected with sample locations in GIS environment. To study about watershed to detect the sources of pollution. To compare the detected sources with laboratory analysis of sediment samples

3 - DATABASE ANALYSIS Twenty two sediment samples were collected from river Adyar, Cooum and Buckingham canal in Chennai. 10 samples from Adyar River 10 samples from Cooum River 2 samples from Buckingham canal By keeping the concept that increasing urbanization increases pollution, we collected 15 sediment samples within the Chennai city limit out of 22 samples. Collection of details about industries and its location from the following sites, CMDA - Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. TNPCB -Tamilnadu Pollution Control Board SIDCO -Small Industries Development Corporation SIPCOT -State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamilnadu Limited. TIDCO -Tamilnadu Industrial Development Corporation.

4 - SITE LOCATION MAP

"

All the industries details in and around Chennai are shown above. Here, some of the maps which show industrial location with its year of establishment. Almost all the polluted industries located near the Adyar estuary and Cooum river mouth. But when comparing with Adyar River, Cooum has more industries around its mouth.

5 - RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

The term “heavy metal” which means any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and toxic or

poisonous at low concentration. Wastewaters from petrochemical and plastic industries are characterized by large amount of polycyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, metal derivatives and other chemicals. Due to improper purification, cause serious defects and lead to accumulation of toxic metals in fluvial system. There is positive correlation between contamination of water and sediments with aromatic hydrocarbon from refinery effluents.

Micro plastics particles which are smaller than 5 mm in size, but it pose a serious environmental as well as human risk. It has several sources, they may come from nylon, cosmetics materials and debris like drink bottles and shopping bags.

Cadmium is biopersistent and is essential micronutrient for animals and plants. But if it extends beyond its range it cause serious problems. It provides good corrosive resistance where high safety is needed such as marine and aerospace applications. Other uses are pigments (paper, rubber, and paint), alloys and electronic compounds. It also present as an impurity in fertilizers, detergents and refined petroleum products. All major chemical industries producing fertilizers are located near the mouth of river cooum and in and around saidapet. Copper usually occurs in water due to copper pipes and other chemical additives. It is essential to human life but when in high doses it cause anemia, liver and kidney damage. Lead reach environment from both natural and anthropogenic sources. There are some broad categories of use: batteries, petrol additives, alloys, pigment, cable sheathing and also used in dentistry as an amalgam and by pharmaceutical industry. Industry uses mercury metal as a liquid electrode in the manufacture of chlorine and sodium hydroxide by electrolysis (fluorescent light bulbs and thermometer). Nickel is important for making stainless steel and it is released into the air by power plants and incinerators. Steel is a main contributor of heavy metals to environment. The effluent from the steel plant may enter the soil nearby during it discharges and then transferred to the river water at the site when there is heavy rain and pollute it. Aluminum application includes tanners and synthetic rubber, foils and cans. Iron is usually abundant in universe. It has wide applications from food containers to cars. Manganese is essential to iron & steel production, fertilizers and ceramics. Similarly Magnesium used as refractory material in furnace lining for producing metals such as iron and steel. Mostly the steel industries are located only around the cooum river mouth. Chromium is used in alloy of stainless steel and synthetic rubber. It is used as a catalyst for tanning of leather. The main human activities that increase the concentration of chromium are steel, leather and textile manufacturing. Almost all the leather industry is concentrated between chindadripet which is also an electronic hub and moors road.

ANNEXE 3 - Résumé de la mission d’échantillonnage sur les fleuves urbains de la ville de

Chennai en février 2015

1 - INTRODUCTION Chennai, the coastal metropolis of South India, has a network of six main waterways crossing the city. Two of them, the Adyar and the Cooum, are natural rivers flowing eastward and draining into the Bay of Bengal. The other waterways are man-made. One of them is the Buckingham Canal, which runs from Andhra Pradesh to Marakannam, and cuts through Chennai from north to south, intersecting both rivers. The samples were collected from upstream side to downstream side of the river. In that, it collected from only bed sediment of the river using with core device.

2 - ADYAR RIVER

Adyar River starts from Malaipattu tank (80.00° latitude and 12.93° longitude) near Manimangalam village in

Sriperumbudur Taluk at about 15 km west of Tambaram near Chennai. It starts to appear as a stream only from the point where water from Chembarambakkam Lake joins the river. It flows through Kancheepuram, Tiruvallur and Chennai district for about 42.5 km before joining the Bay of Bengal in Adyar, Chennai. The river forms a backwater near the mouth

known as “Adyar Creek” due to the formation of sandbar at the mouth. This Creek is a natural channel which carries tidal

water back into the sea.

A mural at the Adyar Poonga exhibition centre shows the wealth of fauna of the original Adyar estuary. As late as the 1960s people fished and bathed in the rivers. Today these waterways are heavily polluted by the indiscriminate dumping of solid waste, by unchecked discharges of untreated industrial effluents and domestic sewage and by the extensive slum encroachments along their banks. Accumulating large volumes of organic sludge, Chennai's polluted waterways have become both an eyesore and a source of disease in the city.

3 - COOUM RIVER The Cooum River is the most polluted river of India which ends in the city of Chennai (formerly Madras) draining into the Bay of Bengal. Along with the Adyar River running parallel to the south, the river trifurcates the city and separates Northern Chennai from Central Chennai. Its source is in a place by the same name 'Cooum' or 'Koovam' in Trivallur district adjoining Chennai. Of the total length of 72 km, the river flows in urban and peri-urban areas for 30 km and rural areas for 42 km.

In Chennai district, the river flows through three corporation zones namely Kilpauk, Nungambakkam and Triplicane for a total length of 16 km. Owing to intensive use of surface water upstream for agriculture, indiscriminate pumping of groundwater leading to reduced base flow in the river, formation of sand bar at the mouth of the river, discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents and encroachment along the banks, the river, especially the downstream, has been highly polluted.