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Evolution et domestication des cotons diploïdes cultivés : données de la

génétique moléculaire et l'agronomie

Evolution and domestication of diploid cultivated cottons: molecular

genetics and agronomic evidence

Christopher VIOT1

1CIRAD, UMR AGAP

Av Agropolis - 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 – France

christopher.viot@cirad.fr

Le coton dans l’Ancien Monde : domestication, culture, usage et commerce

Cotton in the Old World: domestication, cultivation, use and trade

3-4 mai 2017, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

May 3-4, 2017, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France

Christopher VIOT, Evolution and domestication of diploid cultivated cottons: molecular genetics and agronomic

evidence. In C BOUCHAUD, V DABROVSKI (Eds.) Cotton in the Old World: domestication, cultivation, use and trade. May

3-4, 2017, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France

Abstract

The Old World cotton species Gossypium arboreum (Tree Cotton) and G. herbaceum (Levant Cotton) have been

cultivated in Asia, Near Est and Africa for thousands of years. They are sister-species, more or less difficult to

distinguish with certainty. Phenotyping of wild/feral and traditional cultivated gene bank accessions shows

overlapping distributions for plant and fibre traits. Human selection pressure appears evident on plant earliness,

compact architecture, and higher boll and seed weights in particular. Fibre traits appear very similar between

cultivated types of both species for length and colour, possibly as these traits were more easily selected for in

traditional systems, but fibre length appears rather short in most-diffused traditional cultivars, while there existed and

still exist high quality cultivars, for instance in G. arboreum. The respective traditional growing areas of these two

species could result either from initial historic circumstances or from differential adaptations, but no precise data has

been found in support of the latter hypothesis.

Résumé

Les cotons cultivés de l’Ancien Monde Gossypium arboreum et G. herbaceum ont été cultivés en Asie, Proche-Orient et

Afrique depuis au moins 8.000 ans. Ces deux espèces-soeurs sont plus ou moins difficiles à distinguer avec certitude.

Le phénotypage d’accessions sauvages/férales et de cultivars traditionnels en banque de gène montre des

distributions chevauchantes pour la morphologie des plants et la qualité de la fibre. L’effet de la sélection humaine est

évident sur la précocité et compacité des plants, et sur le poids supérieur des capsules et graines en particulier. Les

caractéristiques de fibre apparaissent très similaires entre les types cultivés des deux espèces pour longueur et couleur,

possiblement car ces traits sont de sélection plus facile en système traditionnel, mais la longueur de fibre est plutôt

courte chez la majorité des cultivars traditionnels, alors qu’il a existé, et existe toujours, des cultivars de haute qualité,

en particulier chez G. arboreum . Les aires de culture traditionnelles respectives de ces deux espèces pourraient résulter

des circonstances historiques initiales ou d’adaptations différenciées, mais aucune donnée précise n’a été trouvée en

faveur de la seconde hypothèse.

from Parlatore 1866 in Kohel & Lewis 1984 from Parlatore 1866 in Kohel & Lewis 1984

Gossypium arboreum, in

greenhouse in CIRAD. Var.

sanguineum, wild /feral,

origin Gandajika, Dem.

Congo © c.viot

Gossypium arboreum, in greenhouse in

CIRAD. Cultivated genotype, origin China © c.viot

Gossypium herbaceum,

right, and Gossypium

arboreum, left, in

Kashmir

(Royle 1839)

Common ancestor

-7 million years ago

C-, G-, K-genome diploids

Australia

F-genome diploids

Africa

B-, E-genome diploids

Africa

A-genome diploids

Africa - Asia

G. herbaceum G. arboreum

D-genome diploids

America G. raimondii c. 12 species

AtDt-genome allotetraploids

with A cytoplasm

G. barbadense G. tomentosum

G. hirsutum

G. darwinii

G. mustelinum

Allopolyploidization

1 to 2 million years ago

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Geographic distribution of Gossypium genomes

(adapted from: Hutchinson et al 1947, Parry 1982, Kulkarni et al 2010)

AD D A

E

F B

K C G

?

herbaceum ssp africanum

trifurcatum

brichettii

triphyllum

longicalyx

bendirense

anomalum

capitis viridis

somalense

areysianum

incanum

stocksii

herbaceum arboreum

Geographic distribution of Old World Gossypium species

(adapted from: Parry 1982, Kulkarni et al 2010)

Geographic location of Gossypium arboreum and G. herbaceum phenotypically characterized accessions from Cirad’s gene bank

aw= wild/feral arboreum, ac= cultivated arboreum

hw= wild/feral herbaceum, hc= cultivated herbaceum

herbaceum ssp africanum

herbaceum arboreum

6 ac

2 hc

6 ac

15 ac

aw

2 aw

aw aw 3 aw

5 aw

5 aw

22 aw

10 hc

20 hc

4 hw

hw

hw

hw 2 hw 2

hw

2 hw

2 hw

5 hw

5 hw

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3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530

improvArbo

wildArbo

improvHerba

wildHerba

© c.viot

mtex

Mean fineness

from Li et al, 2014

Geographic distribution and diversification of diploid cultivated cottons

(adapted from: Hutchinson et al 1947, Kulkarni et al 2010)

Gossypium herbaceum 1. cv. africanum 2. cv. acerifolium 3. cv. persicum 4. cv. kuljianum 5. cv. wightianum 1

2

3

4

5 6

7

8

9

10

12

11

Gossypium arboreum 6. hypothetical wild ancestor 7. cv. indicum 8. cv. burmanicum 9. cv. sinense 10. cv. bengalense 11. cv. cernuum 12. cv. sudanense

© c.viot

Cotton fibers on a cotton seed surface ©CIRAD, photograph available by courtesy of Gérard Gawrysiak, LTC CIRAD

Cycle of modern, early annual cotton cultivars (G. hirsutum)

Germination Growth Dormancy Flowering Fruiting Death

1st season 2nd season

Cycle of wild perennial cotton (Gossypium sp)

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Adapted from Trebuil 1993

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