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66
Transcript of '''m.,,,PAUL .\1 RUllLl P"ul ~uhk;I Rhn..h·I~IJnJ-h,h,,·J hl~"" n;ln . 1~ Ihe JtIlh"r " r CJ II'"...
l'ut>! ,h,..i ",The Rho"'" "LinJ II""""~I"'"",;,,
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A UCUST NOVL MKlll. 1<,1'1 1
Rhode Island Historyv olume ':9, Number ~ e, .:
CONTENTS
Vanishing Rhode IslandrAUL " RUl l l l
Int rodu ction
In Anothe r Age
Metropolitan Dynamics. 1t}lO·!lJ;;O
Beyond t he C ity . It}lO-! lJ60
Beloved w ounds and Survivals, !t)':;O- Pn:sc nt
Acknowledgm ents
Publi cat ion Note
Index to Volume 49
RHOl)E I~L~" l) HI~TORY .. ruW'oh.-d ,n I.-h-...." '1~, ~~~,,,• .no! , ..",I><, '" The Rho.. 1-w..I H, , ... ".al
.......... o;",;.>nold"'I'",_" ... ,J., .... ,,&no. Rhoolo;l-w..l ........... "" ho.,."...." ,_h"_~•• ""'mho.'... ,r""-<,, In,,,, ~, .....1 """""1'I~"'" ,~lttll't 1,1 A!>!1 I l1q ,,~ ~ -.l 'ho. 'fUM'."'''''' I,,.,, ... , 11~ tI'..... ,wl. JnJ.Y,Ju.oI<oron,>I",".n,.n.lb.oo.~ ., .,.>I""" .. _'h "' .. 1". \I_ ....."r<• .antl .....
,~ .......< .......IJ"" ....... ',""hc"T ",1,,,,- ,. .""' ",, '" ,m, "o>J>JJ" "-'t,R"'....(olanJ H"""'ul""",,y 11011<.... , nt'" I" ,J. < R l IoIU1"'''' " !
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117
PAUL .\1 RUllLl
P"ul ~uhk ;I Rhn..h·I~IJnJ -h,h,,·J hl~""
n;ln . 1~ Ihe JtIlh"r " r CJ II'" "I m"r.., IhJn;l J"::en hunh InduJlnl: the rlctnu<l1111\ [('" 0' Rh, ,,Jc I j"ml \\"' /( 11): r""r!<'1" lIh C <l ll <;;In\hun anJ ""'''11 \1"lIm I.:mJIh" h1<»:IJrh".•11 / ' J R lam. \ [h~
Aru " • , Rt I ,lul/tIlIlIn-
Ch,ld" n II,hm:l:.,/,,">: '" /'"".kC/d~·I·,l1. ' II<'" /9N I'hm " 11\ \\', /lr cll\ 1' >n,> RII / \ / ',,1In l "'/I IRi'h X\(,(H'/l
Introduction
"lI··r h l... double I"'~U~ 01 RhoJ~ I...LmJ Hrsuuv I'" devoted HI rccovvrmx l'IJm~
memorre- ..Memnrv" w rnc-, the crurc John Ref):,'T, analvcmg rhc u..,' 01
phoroaraphs. " implic -, a ccn.nn .H:t til rcdcmpt 11 m wh.n I.. remembered ha- been...avcd rrom norhmancv-. ·· tor -implc rccocmuon coruam the lU"tll"l' 01 " berneremembered," .... hilc "bcmg tur):otl"n " I'" mnm.nclv clo c II' condemnanonAlmo... t mdcpcndcrulv 01 the photll):T;JrheT ·... con-crou.. mtvru . photograrh ... hnng
a h\'mg record 01 the r<l"'1 mm rhc htc 01 the rr'· ...ern , I..·... rabh ..hmg a tragmcntutvhut ',en.. real con..emu..nc...... 01 cur mtun tv Like ur.ll hi-torv. .rlthouah ... t,ntmg
lrom dun-rent prcrm ...c rhcv recupera te a kehn..,; tor ..... hat ha-, been dra ... tlLllh
altered Thcv ..btl ...ugge t wh.u the ...urv l\"In..,; token ... III .1 vam ...hcd world m.rvIell u-, about oLIT..clvc-.
Urban hi..ronan C;em..,;e Lip ... u z hclptullv comphc.nc... our VI,'''''- 1I1 memory .
cxplatmng that " rhe mixture 01 ...en....loon ....mJ 1I11.I...:e'" m il world excite u ...
not 0 much bccau.....· rhcv arc tundimcruallv nvw , hUI because tbev remindU ... 01 omcrhmg tarruhar bm rhrc.ucncd hy IOT):l'ltin..,; " It i... , be ....1\"". ,r-, II we
WI ...h to open lip hrstonc.il wound... ,1",:.11Il1ll .m cuort tn reconcile dutcrcm p.lft"
ot our ...clvc ... Amung manv ~illlllll;lIl"Oll~l)'sclr -c.mc.uunng and ...elt·~lIIHlllln~RhoJe leland ,okn. the TT1o~t telllll~ i... about thv directtun.. ~i\"en ro an our -ct ."'1,He rrunnnst : "T urn Lenat where the old u...cd to bc. "
Th.... unrn....dian- rokc I" on the Vhltllr. ... incc be 11l ...he cannot possrblv recognize... urn c-t huu; that JlI ..·.. nut ,'XI"t ,111)'11111[,' I\ut more rmport.mtlv. t he Iokc [" .11 ..0
.1 p.nncd recognition tha t ...omctlung ..·..... ,·1111;11 wrllhc lu ... t it w.....lllow our..clv e-,
to 10rg,'1 the varuxhccl or nh.nulnn ....d hn-wcrv, mnvu' ihcau-r null, or nu-adow. It
i" ;1'" il the inug..·... 01 t h..· "'CCI1I..· , mcludmg ollr.....·I\I~·"" III till..' ..e'·Il<.', "imply Cilmll'the put away wuhout ):l'.'lllg lip ...orne pr..·CllIlI'" 11;Jrt 01 our...... I\- ..·x ,1.. wcll. Raymond
\Villi,IIT1" ri...:htly 111"'1"'(" that the "o ld vLlI'l"':'· or the nld hack ... trcet" I'" "'lgmlieantnot vn much in n ..ult hut r.nhcr lor the "perceptron and .utmuauon 01 a world
III which one h run nvcc ,Hily;1 ... tranccr ;In..l ,Ill ,1):I..·tll , hut can be a memher.
~I JheU\-c rer, III a ..h,ITnl our..·l· 1I1 lile '" In the modern world lh..·..e Icellll):" .Ir~·
Illcrea"lIl)::ly harJ ttl UIIll ..· hy , ,lIlti ....'e 1;lk,' our ... llLlCl..' where .....e can . \Vh.1tI..·\'er
the re;1"'on .... lll;1ny 01 u .... h.I\"\..· .... takl.."I.1 1'... \'chologiCill claHll upon the rellC'" kit
h~hind. •mJ upon thl..· yam ...h ..·J "'Tne"', with.1 tl..'IMeltV th'lI can my..tilv ollhlJer..
An oJJ rhy ... ical dl ..junctllT," 1ll.IY hl,l" "e xp l.lln' thl' "ourcl·" pi thl' melll.lllty ,on one leyel al Ie.hl. AlthllU..,;h the t'h,m..,;e ... Ihat h,I\"\..' t.lkcn rl.lee .ITe hv no me.m...
ulllqul..· to RhoJI..· hland. Ih," Tl·m.llk.lhk· Jt:..,;rn· 01 thl..' "'1.He·.. oh...crvahle di\"\..·T ....u\'
--o ik rin):: early clght"enrh, to LlI~ 1....·I..·ntleth-l"l·n!urv .lfllidl"h land ..ome "pec-
wcular wilJeme TIl hlMlt l wllilln any ~I\en lew nllle,,~ha.. unJouhtl·J.ly pil(ul..·d
(lur collectlvC' hi toTlcal "'en"'lIl\·lty . (,n'n tWill am'ther .1ll~le: the InJlan n,lme..
oj ItIwn .. dnd \'iIla~e.. and e"'p"l'I,IIl\' hudil'~ 1.11 ""Iter remam.1t one l.lyer 1.11 hl"wry;
thl..·!ater u"e 01 thl..· "'p.le,· h\' 1I11uhllanh 11110 thl..· earl\' tWI..·OIlelh century \" aT a
"I..·cund la}Tf; the rre..eOl ... t.lIU~ 1.11 that "'r.ln· Oel"Urle.. y,·t a thlTJ layer. Llch !al"r
I.. JI"tincl • .mJ all ar~ t:4.lIally " rl..'.l l" III EIO~tl..·In '''' conlinuin~ current III hi ..t!>rv.
I'I H V A NIS H I NC HH O [J [ I,>[ANI}
BU I no one wh o h.I" hccn dazz led h." t he bcnutv ot the "ca. or drawn to thecurious corners ut urba n, vdla>:e, or ru ral ru m.., will he cntt rclv sansncd wu h..uc h a ... implc and r.n ion.J1 cxpl anauon . Totrv '1~'lin : RhoJ e Islan d. an early..c rtled and swinlv mdusrnahzcd "late, 10..1 It:.. nmc rcc mh- and car lv rwcnucthcentury character con..rdcruhlv mo re ..lllwl." rhan did much 01 the rest 01 the
na tion . An econom ic dv'namo lor IU ..t ,I moment , as hi ..tor." ~Ol'S, it created .1major American mctropo ll.. wh rlc II al"l) cu lnva rcd it.. hcauntul ..ho rcs torgenteel East Coa..t vacanoncr.. II placed lhell upo n the na uonal map.
The " heroic e ra" lett hchmd a wealth 01 archnccturallv diver..c srrucrurc-,Iorgoucn hy much 01 Amcrrca hut .."II In u-,c lor work or play by Rhode b land .er-, themselves. Thl" ..tcadv dcchrn- 01 tcxnlc.., the ..ta le':.. mamvrav mdu..t rv.rein forced a long-term pattern 01 ....·oun >: people leaving behind .1 provincial andcla....-ndden sOCICly without manv 0rportu mtle.. [iuvt a.. their forebear.. had letlEurope, and ior Similar rca ..on ..1. The carhcr dcclmc ot tarmmc and wood harvest.
109 In rural disuicl<" returning much 01 the coumrv ...de to virtual w ildemc..... h.tda parallel effect. In rhe ocean re..ort town" rhosc opulent ..vmbols oi let ..urc, rhc
giuru hotels. ..hrunk down to a tcw hcaunful w hue elephant.., and the \·.IC.1tlOntrade a ttracted a new clientele . Rhode tsl.md thu .. en tered the t w cnncrh ccnrurvwith Khost.. aplenty, and they lent an ccnnc.... ,I" well .1"a vpcctul tn..cmarton lorhigh nmcs r .J..t.
Only hv rhc I'1S0.......uh rhc va-t mcrca ..l' in auromoluh- USl' and the rapid xrow t h01 the suburb.., did the..e ~ho..r.. rct rc.n cnurclv In the murgm... Int er..pcrscd w n holder dev elopment , the changc-, took place lc.... drnm.mcallv m Rhode l-Iand thanin man y ot he r ~ ta te!> . In vubu rban warwic k .md west W,ITWICk, -c nnc rcd mi ll
village.. and fact ory complcxc.. like l'onu.rc .rnd Arctic survived as monumcnrs tohr..tory; the ..ta le cconom v pcrcnr uall... ~,I~l: d, rohl1m>: cxpanvron of LI S nnpct u..;and urban redcvcloprncm, wit h us cra..h proz r.un .. of dcrnolmon and rvhurld uu;carne to Rhode Island on lv after hl'wfll.:;11 prv-c rvauon idea.. had cauuhr on sut.ficicn tl y ro keep 1M":": -ccnon -, Ili Providence trom helll ,g rhou ghrlcs..ly -crcnt iccd.
A ccrtum hubu uf mind had Illn,g xmcc grown ;1I11On>: Rhod e b l.mders oi ,Illda~se .. and descnpllom. [t (.1" Ih l: old ~ayi n >: gOl:..!Sta tl' ll h];md is in a ditil:relHtlIlle Zllne from M,mluttan . Rhode hland h,ld will y-nill y Cllnw to ..harl' ~llllle
oi that S.lrne I.Jtl.llit y: l\ had Ix 'co rne an " i~ l .l1l d" llf slowe r cll,mgl: and p..: rl1<1p"del:pl:r I1ll·l1H1rJl:.. th,m the l'lhni l.: ·..hitiing n l: i>:hhorh lllld ~ .lllll t hriv in~ ..uhurl)'111zon es of, ...IY, Ch iGlgo. Delroit, ll11u ..to n, OT Los Angell''' .
Thl're ar ..: othl'r. It:s.. cl ea rl ." l'COnOtllll: n:a..om for Rhode Isl.lml ·s ..pecial iecllll ,g ,For inst an ce, South County. Whll~l' rolJln~ hill .. ar l' ...11d til resemhk sect ions of
North Ca roli na, .Jnd Nl' wpnrt, wllll" l' cunnl:[tlon.. til the 50mh throu gh "\lci..:ty.md com ml:rn' h.Jvl: hl:l:n nu merous. oot h aT~uaol ..... look on soml' ol Ihe ch;HacIl:ris tic "sou thern " il.l\' OT wuh m Allll' ric.m cuhu rl:. Thl' "t.lll"" ol'auty "l'l' ml'llw ildly in exCl'S" of potem i.11 produc t in ' value; II 'Irre.ul'd tol:Xl ..t a.. a l'lIlguowu..ml:mory of some vam..hl,d Gudrl:l: ch ildhood. Thl' "umhnn ..horel me from N,H.
ra~nSl:tt 10 Wat ch Htli hl:caml' a play..:round lo r th..: kl"url:d c1a ~ ..e.., an d not lorthl:m alonl:. Rhode h l.m J tl'mptl'd land stlll dOl'."l pcrmanl'nt or pan iall:scaJ'l'l'"lrom the greater me uopoli lan ra l ran"
Alter 19W, howen'r, change hunkd furward at acCdl'ratlng ratl:" , suddenlythreatenmg muc h of thl: "Iatl: '~ UnlI.JUl: qU;llJtle... The countrY"ldl', whethl' rworkin~ farms or Je lu\ 'l:na ted lore..t , no .... ~rl·w c1t1~n ,mJ <Ill too oltl:n fell to lht'developer's hlueprint and the [on-.tructlon Cfl: .... '.. he.I"'Y machtnl:fy, t ran ..lnrml"llmtn sprawlmg ..uhurh... PI.lce" Ilkl' thl: FrUll Hill ~ec\lon Hf Providence j.m d il"
/-{,J;,n'! \I'<,,',lt 'n /),Jl/I- c'O!llI',HlI ~2.J
..1<"<I.I.. /)lI - II l 't'lm ,' 1""1'1,1, 11<,' u naJY20, JIIII, ( :,,1/" '/1011111//1 ,\ ,1 ,17b!'o.
f,y INTRODUCTION
wes tern neighbor. the Apple vallcv 01 Smnhncld. nnw threatened wit h a surularfaie l mcrca...m~ly ...aw rlu-ir de...cnpnv c runncs become rncrc real c... ratc urh-s.Dozen ... of recognizable comrnunmc.... long admired for their picturesque countrvsidc and mill di ... trrct s, had thl'U surviving farm" , Gr.:m...:e hall .... arid old-timetactones swallowed up or ohlnn;ltl·d cnurclv tor developments and corporateheadquarters. Urban ren ewal and ...hlllin/: rl·taa! paltern... meanwhile displacedfamiliar urban neighborhood commercia l scene... , like rhc once grand downtowndepartment stores ot Pawtuckct, lor ...uh urban ...hoPPlng centers and neighborhood... trip malls dependent on aun unobrlr iratnc. Public iran ...ponauon and servicesdw mdlcd im o a <hnnkmg rc..ourcc lor thl' .Igl·d and ihc rmrovcnsbcd. tunhcrcurnng oif ..ource.. o t thc old hi e.
This double expan..ion chrruxcd dunng th e 1970.. and 19~0 ... An cradrcauonof green space. large hy Rhode Island ... t.mdard... . seemed even larger because nt
intensive house building along the mad lmmagl' even In heretofore remote ruralarea.. and because the pcn crra tum 0 1 hitherto m..ular ,,·l1la...:e.. In South Countyand rhe northwestern counrrv..IJe ...phnt crcd the familiar architectural cohesionwith modem houvinj; development .. anJ gan..h hlgh w.:!.y con nccrorc.
Yet ...uch a dclineauon is too ..implc and ..ch cmauc. Older Rhode bland dtd notbecome an endangered spec ie.. at any one pamcular POint Early hou... m...: devol opmcnt ... . cspcctallv 01 indrvulual home.. plant cd in the wood" or ..mud tarmland .often did not seem like ..uhurh.. urmlthc older "dllng bad largely laded awavPockets of prcviou.. Jwdlll1~" .md IanJ"I:':lpe remained and ...ul l remain tor localreasons. and bccau..c oi pre..crvatuuu..", ' ~rowm~ vigrl.mcc. State purchase has;11..0 <'..rvcd thou..ands til acre ..., mo..tly 111 p.ukland- : A ...milar pre..eI"\'atWI1lSII'roce~~ prevails in many ncighborhood-, .:Il1J downtown ......atcuuardcd by oldor new ethnic cohesion and by a conunuanon -cor. on occavron . a re\'lv;II- -olpedestrian or brcvclc tra ffic, e..peci.:llly on wCl·kl·nlk
Old Rhode Island j.., still present . Foeu" ;1 gl.111l:C at one point . blink an eye atthe sunoundmg ViSll;11context . anda "l'n"e ot cunnnuuy return .... Hut knowthat almo... t every pre...crvcd space pre...em s ,l hi..iorv of continuing contcsr.ruon ..1 dispute over ends and mean.., that would hntdlv h;I\T "lTIl1t:J nccv ...sarv or evenima...: inahlc two genl'T,ltion.. ;II-:ll.
-
II~IJ" 1
1/ 'I" Ih'ulr, 1/,,1" <u ,./ I'"., Id, ' h/921'1 ("UrI,,\ III /Il, Provnlcnccloum.•l-Hullcun
1/~1I1" 1,/
11<1\ " /101m, 1/1/, n,lrrmll'lIl C<III,"
NOlI" ~rr,..·t 1'/,,\ 1<1. "', 1'/'/2 l'h"I" [,\:\/'lfl /" /iuhl, ('''UII.'" '" /',11I1 HI/I1I.·
70 V ..\I\I ... I1 ]:-.IC; RHll[)l ISlA"Jll
A" the rhlllogr,lrh" collected he-re reveal "0 c lcnrlv, mcmorv call" up varu-d.hSllclatlons, l.'spl'ually (11m mu onlv ] tn thn"l' who rl.'Co).:m;:l' "orne vanished
clement related 10 their own P'I"1. walter Kenj'll11in pur-, It more pocucallv"The camera imroduce-, us to unconvcrou-,
opuc-, .1" doc-, p-vchoanalvvr-, to uncon scnur-,unpul-cc." Our mcmones seem to dnn ttl
.1 now noncxrvtcnt mcadow ; Of thev lend to
lakl' "h 'll'e III rn:vcled lucanon-chkc ihc Hupt.Theatre III Providence, which became theC ine rama Ihealer and , III a dracuc pbv-acal
H,m"lorm.1l10n ,.:a C\'S druu-turc and Rav'v
Horne Ent crramrncnr Center tnau rc I . ur thcvm,ly l'nn1l11r ,IS" v.mou-, "ta~c" III l'Xh tcnn: a-,
m dow ntown P.IWtulkCI ItlgtHe" 2. and nA cmular puncu-lc 1I1 "' r.IJ I,I1' Of mulnplcmcarung-, can he v.nd til be m upcration tormo"t City "Hl'l'l" and country lance. A" thearchuccturalcrmc Bernard Rudotvkv put-, 1[ ,
" A town I" nor rhc rc-ulr ot J Jl.'sl):n program:II I" th e rctlccuon 111 .1 wav ut Ill,' " wh ere th e.monvmous -t ruct urc- 1011m ,J" I.H~l.' .1-. an v"m~k archu ccr ur.il monument Archrtccrurc,rhc muS( .mc tcm lit .111.:art", here rcpcat-, It"
,I~e nlll rok ot ,lll'ollllnoJatln~ H" rl.'''lllent"hy t.llllle l,mull.Hlty, hy hnbu .
Th,' look 01 Val1l'ihln~ Rhode leland" r-, Ill
tended, wuhm thu- vm.rll sp.lll.' , hi rcplic.rtcrhc Idl'milY 01 Rhode Island n-clf. The suh.Il'et ot thc SI.Hl"" Identity ha-, been trcqucntlv
dl"O:ll .""ed, .rlthnuuh pvrhap-, never vharplvenough debated. Rcprcscmcd hy thv I'hlllo~r,l phl'r, the unique vrsual chamcrcr
oi rhc -tatc W,IS nntur.rllv trumrd hy it" null Vdl.l,l::l''', It" urh.m cvnrvrs. n-, extra ,ur din<Jfy co.rstlmc rl'!'>ort", and lIS "sw.uup Yankee" rarm Ji~trict-.. No one cuuldcall it rhc N ew Englund u! calendar .ut, like t,lhk-d cra~v J\l.IIIll' nr Nl'w ILim11 ."lurei hUI ncuhcr did any udll.'r vxrvuru; label til .
In .mv ca-,c, constdcrauon 01 how con-crou-, the ph(ltogr'll'hl.' rs were III ,I qualuvIII "Rhodclslundnc-,v" hl.'):!'> the qucvuon 01.rru-uc uucntiunalit y. Wl' c.m S,lytlarlv rhut the maroruv of phntll~t.lplh dr-plavcd he re reveal hnlc beyond local
pride-e-m the archuccrurc, the I1USlIll''''' , thcIanulv, or the nature "CeI11'---or t hcCIvil -crvanr '< obhgnuon In dnClll11l'nt.1 Sltl' Jl.'stln..:J for phy~ic;JIIT.m"form'J1ion
Local or tf<lvdin~mJependl.'llt cr'lfl"nll'n and SOllVl'l1lr-Comp.m\- pholO~rapher"ml.'am 10 sell a !;1\'or<Jhk, il1la~l' (II .1 "tn'l·t, J p.uk. or ,I noteJ hudJmg_Thl')'Ir.lml,d th..:ir work, con!'>ciou..lv ,ll1J uncunscioll"l y, wllh Ihe choice ullocalion ,with the u!'>c oi light anJ angk_II thc l"lnllll'nt 'll'sthelicist Ikrn,ud Ik fl.'n 'ion OIlCl.'wishl.'J that an history coulJ ht., "tflrpl.'J 01 artl!'>t"" nJtlles, <JnJ kJn-Paul Sartrl.'
.lfgUl.'J 'iltllilarly that pholO~r'lphvrl'ndl'r" Icchlll4Ul' mnsil1k hy ..:r..Nng thl.'JI!'>tlnctlon hl.'twl"\.'n the rhoto anJ the Obll'CI 1\!'>l.'II, Ihl.'n our !'>tcrl'ogtaphers lromth..: ISSOs to nut JlIIStC.HJ rholt\~rapher!'> lrom the IS'l(h to Ihl.' l'lll)., and lainmay havl' ht.'en America '.. mo"t ch'lfaetl.'fl"f1c ~ an J 11l0"t JCCl'S"lhl d artist-.
71 I~TR()I) UlII O:"J
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1","IJ/''''ul',j\\lu,k,II''XI!C, Ilrlc" ("1/1, 1',H\IIJ<k"1I'/'H1I1Jn~ { ulIlml"l"n
I !~ur,'-I
\ \0111<'11 !II ,j 1". \'/11, '1~'IJI!Il~ ,HIdWdr/'ll1grr"'1!! /"n' ,/'J!<- /"/2"h"/"/'I 1,'1'1,1111I,' IUI/'>C,,/I," IIIJulHl/1 Xl -,,1721
The m.nontv 01ph ow, tunton un .n cl v. trorn th l' ..nun's vrcwpomt ] om it pl'opl l'The photo... W":Tl' alm osr ce n .nnlv vhot , bv t rodmon . e.If]Ym the rnormng. bothIII take ,IJvanlage ot rhc h..:st light and prubably ,tlso to ov.ud th e omtu-aon oipede-man... and Hallie Commcrcml .md bucuhc -cvru-- alike . whether 01 " seen
lTY" or mill and urban <Hchn Cl'IlU'lll'xn'W'lg.m : .I"', could l',ts1lv have been shottor pos,ihk rcproducuon .1' p'''l l·.HJs Mllsi -ucb c.rrd-, tr .rvclcd wn hm Rhodl'lvland , rhcv were often rhc nul v mc.ur-, III c,h U,1l conuuu nic.ni on bcrwccn mill\'dl.l~l'rs wuh Il'w acccv- ahlv tele phon e... . YCI rUO;ll'.ml ,HI mav ,tlso have hccnthe rn.uor mean- by which non- Rhode [..landc r-, u.nncd ~Iltnr"l" 01 the -taw
The "anonvrnou-," trum c h.r-, more vmucs .nul more complcxuv than rrngluappear at first glance . In coru rust . som e 01 th e muvt LlmClU~ Rhode lvlnnd corn mun uv phon». thl lSl' taken hy lamed Tdnrml~t l.cwi-, Hmc at rhc t ur n ot rhc
r e nt ury to c xprISl' the J,111l,ll-:l 1)1-: ct In :t , III Indu-a r ra1WIIT k up, m child I.l],(IreTS,
an: cx t raurdi narv in t hei r own w'ay ( h~llr l' ~ 1. hut t hl''''' h,IH' nor hi ru; in them
f-I}{llf" :)
\ It.'W "/ I\''''lt'rI, <ll,,"~ lht" I'.H.. <llUt kC<1Il<l1 n d CllIlfh"\ "'/h,' \\",' , /<"rl,'I'lIbI,. LJ!'f<l1\'
J-1,f1Jf" (,
\ /,f hl ~ It' " "~I d" lO m"wn /',." 1,1"1f( "/WIIl ( ' ,,/l' lI' 11 ,/1 11'1 ,0< Nil) " h" ,,,/'\' Chdrl"I1,· I ,,.., RI ll ' C,,/lf'( W'IIIRI II XJ 1'2'11
72 VAN[SIIINC RHO[)l ['iLAN[)
pcculrar to Rlw~k' Island. Hmc was nOI much interestedin the local qu.rhucs of cxplouatron and stunted lives,and lor rhat reason l;l" phOIO,I;raphlC cnncs have noted! hi"purposeful ob-crvanon [db us hnle beyond the face , rhc
hand", and the mdusmnl backdrop of the SUh1CctS. llI The"tr;llghllorward Rhode Island photographers tell u Ihing...about 3 land..caIX' prccr ...dy through its parncular , 3 ... acharacrencucallv Rhode Island scene of the P3....-catuckCanal at We'iterly around the turn of the century dues ...owdllflgure:i1. ",l' "I:e here, I think, natural surroundingsmaking their claim" upon human mtervenuon, sotterungrhc outline... through warer and foliage . We w ill -ec thisluxtapo...nmn dozen" oi runes agam In the phntogr'lph ...
Ninctecruh -ccnturv photographer..., vav... histonun Alan
Trachtenberg, bchcvcd thaI thcv "aw rhc wurld through"a ncw kind oi reading, ,I nc ..... kmd ot Iibrarv." They held that the photographhad achieved a drvisrun ot rmugc trom r....allty by caprunru; an obrccuve truth m
an uncerram and ever-changing world. Civil War photographer.. ottercd almlhtunendurable d.... tail ... lit dearh and "ulknn~ portrait srudio-, provided a distinctlyduferem service, capturing the paymg ...uh,cct bctorc vouth's blush or maturity'sdignuv had fled mtu old ;Igl: Nored urban phutographer.., like our anonymousRhodl' bland photo 'lTIl"t... , might have rumcd 10 tht: cuvat a cvrtam angle or;It a ccrtum hour for Iightlng cttcctv . hut in comru-t III the land-cape pamrvr.thq' did not " mvcnr" dl:uil"llIllllllut .r rhcmc .
7 \ (:--JTROl)ULTlO'"
•
F 'ur< ]/'",1 It/,ll! 'lIl/r,w 'Ir, I',,,,d"h JVlfJ l'ili'I,' I" f,n/<./l,l,l/I1<11/'> (,,1I«1J"1J 1<111.\ 1 ( ,V',
F'XIlr<' 8(,t,l, III rllt'll '''Wlrm,IlI<l1! <i,,', ,III l rum '" 1" \\ I , J;, li d, II '>rr" I
I',,, , t.l, 11<, I') ,Ii· / ')',) 1'/1"1" 1',1:/t",I"rl<' hi,'" /UI/, I <III" , /1"1111<1//.\'.1 (>liK!J
The twcrmcth.ccnrurv photugr;ll'hn viand .. on urhcr groulllt.., ,I .. ,I sununc.mtrruuontv ot thl'l'u..t -19m pluuo.... huwn here l'k,Hly Tn'!:'I!. In Alfred Sleigllt:: ' ..
[,!Tnt'll Nl' ..... York " 20 I " ..rudro .md hi" t11,lg.l::ll1e , (./1/111"" lrurk, t he c i t v .icquucd
.m almo..t cxprc ....uuu ..t .uum.utun wlth.1 II111ljUeh modern rorm III bcsurv . Sll'lg·lnz ;\e..ihcucnllv lkt,Khl'd th.u pc-rvpcrtivc trom the .unluuon..ot the CItV' .. tuvn01 power. who ",IW thc n"Jllg rower.. and the ,JlTl'll'l,ltlllg rnohilnv III t nmvport
only ;1" I'rllol 01 !.:lIlllll1l'rCl,ll triumph A.. Oh"l'T\'l'd hy Stl'lgln::, alllng with many
roet .. and art i ..ts, ihc cuv 1I1l,ICl h.rd <I Jill' 011" own \\\' 'l'l' thi .. lyric viewcxprc....cd In the upl-c,n tmptv.... tun 01 l'rnvrdvncc hy 11Ight, ]9;f() Iligun: 6),
We ;11"0 "l'e phouuournalr ..m ot.1 ,hlll'rl'nt kind . l.n k lkl.lIlo's remarkable Work..I'rogTl' .... Admiruvtratmn ..hot-, 011 kI'Tl· .....nm-cra l'rovrdvncc ulrcadv ..how ,111
,Iging CIt\' rauvn'd .It thl'l'lI~l''' ltlgurl' 71. Anu-nc.t'v othrr ~rl'.J{ IkrTl·....ron-cr.t
rhUIll~r.lrhl'r.. Donuhca Ll11~l' , M,trg.IT~'1 Bourkc-Wlutc. and other..- aJJl'U ,I
rem-wed cmphnve- upon people, l'''I'l'n.llh thl' 1l1,h"l'" oloTdin<u\ people : Hut nonm..t .. oi [hi ....chool \\ orkcd wnh Rhode l..l.md theme... One can onl \ 1111,I~lne
the rvvult .. II the l'hom ll',lgUl·. hl·..t kl1l'" n I"T II" documcnt.rrv I'rtIWU" .JnJ II"collccnvc cttort , h.IJ taken on Rhode hl.JIld .1" It dill poor -cctnm-, 01 Ne\\ YorkCity trom the 19\0.. to the 1<,i;O.., l lf Illl\lgUl' ..UlTl·....l.r ,\ l l1to l1 Rogtl\m '.. workun .the Illrgl" ten one..·' trom t he late IlJ;O.. lm" ahl h<lJ Inc ludcd Providence,
Pawtucket . Central Fall ... oT\\'uun"llL"kl'l SUl1ll' (II the 111"..t bcauuful pu-turc-,m rlu .. collccnon, tho..e In ihc r.rlcmcd 1.1I1J nnw ...IJh ncgl~ctl'dll" tJI 'ldcnl' t '
Iouma l rhotographcr Charlone E..tcv . ..how ,I like "en ..lt l\ II) III human ..ulucr r..
and to the cnv 01 I'TtI\ IJl'n[e III the ]<,i;O" lllgllrl·:.. l
FlgW< YI\mllh,w ,lI" C<>n~re,~,l//>lIl<l1 chu,.-h]YJO I'hot" nl' 1\ ,IIrcd \I"ne Cour u wur rhe C,umr"n 11 /" ", ,, <11\"<'<'/1
7~ VA]\;ISHIf\;C RHODE I"L.AND
Much ether photography trorn the 1'J2lJ:., onward in this collccnon was CUTl
sciouslv inspired hy purposes clll~e to my own" ttl capture the "ieel" 01 a sceneand, somettmc-, its people hdorl' the rnorncnt shp~ away . Such msjurauon i ~
apparent in the work Oi.1 second loumal plunographcr,ihc mdctaugablc wilfred Stone, who irom 1920 ttl the19:'iO....hot rural and village scenes, as in [hi .. photo01 proud women in the knchcn of the Krught svrlleCongrceauonal Church lhgure <Jl. Indeed. Stone i .. thernu..t represented photographer m this collection. Thlo·Providence Camera Cluh'.. treatment oi its subjectsm 19:'i1 ianhfully rcill·cb a compulsive urban dccu
mcnrauon c-.n iust the right moment (figure JOJ. Thl'rclauvelv current photos mcludcd here conunuc rlu-,documerrratmn hut they focus rnrher more narrowlyon odd comers oi the pa~t ..till mt act or returbohcd.on nature ..cvnc.. and rehab...
A few final word .. on method and mrenr. Although amaionrv 01 rhc rnatcnnl .. reproduced involve building...or ..trcvt -cvnc.. with htnidmg-, tcaturcd prornincntlv,
rlu .. phorostudv is em-phatrcaflv not an architectural history, such work I" Oetterdoric by others. and hnlc 01 truly rcprc..vmanvc quality could be accomplishedhere anyway . The pre..em srudv I .. . r.uher"1 rcadmg of photographic resourrc-,at a scattering oi photo archive... The "election has been mflucnced. II not alw.ly"shaped, hy two uucnuonv to ..how the ,i:le.1I ch.tn,i:es that have raken pLICl· smceRhoJe Island's hlgh-prl'stige era , and til capture .1" 1ll.IIlY "cene.. .J" pO....thlc lromliving memory, i.c., tnun about 1\)20 forward
Space lirnnauon, have been turhuidmg. Now, however , I hopl' tu draw a largerpubhc mm helpmg me collect prcturcs lor the next !'Otage:;1 tH,l:L'-sca!c work withhundreds of photos. What you sec here i....1 blo·).;lJlnl ng, ,I workin).; model. It IS ,Ilsoan appeal for assi ..ranee to all the l'xisting pboroc rchrvcs. ..0 rhar hi ..tone snap.shots tucked away in auics mny be s.rlvascd and restored rather than IO!'OI once.1I1d tor all
My rea ding of pholO).;raph .. ha... been ).;reatly influenced by certain soc ial cnucs .I urn in deep debt. mrcllccruallv. 10 the tamed urchu cctural commentator .Il1Jurban cnnc Lewis Mumford. Much of my chnructcnzauon /-,~cs against the gr.unof Mumford's carlv twentivt h-ccntury pessimi ..m by sl'Ckln,l: to demon-narc howand why Providence and Rhode bland gl'lwrally seemed not to 1,111 vtcnru. untilvery recent decades. to the proces"es MumlorJ aruculmclv described in Sticks
and Stones, Cutusrc of the ewes, and other works. If III the end Rhode leland'sspccialnc-,s could nor ltsdl be prml'l.:ll·J trom tlJe" more turiOlIS and hnal th'lIlthose oi the Hurr icane tit I'J,\I\, Ill;my possihilitles remainl·J along tht' way and~liII remain ior protlo·clion 01 prec\tlus pl;lces , hoth plannt'J anJ unplanm'd, gr'IJlLI.lnJ vernacular.
7'; IN TRODUCTIO]\;
Flgme J(}
\\'C~IIJJ1Il,'1 cr SI ,, 'er, f'r<'1'1.11'11''l' .
IO/lkllJ~ wnllrom t.ddv 'rIal. )->51I'Il"r/l "1' A!I,m /1 . MeCof Cama,lCllJh "r lile /'mnol,'lJ<'t' FIlK/II,'("JJIIX
" " n el l'. III'/I'II<',II Renml, l'r/lW"1Rill, C"lIcl'IHJIl fRill X ,l (,(,2 51,
Nute-,
Iohn Ik rgl'f, "U,," "I Photugruphv." In
AI,otH L""klllg INl'w York, 19SIlI, .~ !.
2. Ak,,;Jndro I'/lrtd li', cl.",j( volume on"r,d hbtury, rhe ne,uh ",tlllgl TW\luJIJand t: uhcr SI"ne.': n.rm oIml ,\·k'lfJlJ].~ If1
I'/ll'ultlr ClIllln" [Alh.mv, ~,JY., 1991 1,cxpl.uns the tuncnonv olllnw andmc.nung in oral hl'lOtV
\'eo[).:e Ltpsuz. TWI" f'tI"·I1,~('.'·'- COII('<,III '"
AkwOJl ' alld Am"lIum 1'''I'IlI'l! CultureIMmnt:;ll'oll', l'NOI, 209
'-\ Ravrnorul willuuns. Till' Counrn' .md III('C ll l'( N I'W York, 1<)7·~ I , 2.YX
~ . See Alexander Saxton . Til,' RI't' IIIldFall ollhe WillIe Rt'I'llbli r. elo" /'''/1110 ' ,IIl1d ,"f,ls.' ell/rllT/.' III ,,",,'I/II'ICCllIh ·C,'nlllJl '
Ault'rI<'1I [Lnndon. IYyOI, 1,,, 'I valuableuucrprctatron (" the South's "mcomng"to Ih" n.ruonal ,llIthl'lll:'- fot blackfacernmsrrclsv .
(" Walte r ucr uanun . "Thr Work "I An mthe Al'l: of Mccharuc.rl RI'I'l<,tllll: tllltl,111 ilhnmnatnms. cd H UHW h AIl'nJt(N n v York , 1'1(9). B7 ,
7. Berna rd Rudofvkv, Slret'l,\ 1m I'C0I'!t':
A f'nme/ (or AIIINi.:,!lI.' INew York,1%'11, 2. 1
/l , lIeOj.lmin, "Tllt' Wwk ", Art. 2...0
<) lte rnard Bcrcnsun. A",(heut" (!nt! f/1.,'IOrl '!l1 rllt' 1//'11'1/ Arl' IN,'w Ymk, IY,-\;;I , 1'12.;Flim Schu-r, n('t'f''''Hilo l'ldll"'~ All/-."or r>lJ /'I('/urltd RCl'ICS"1JIl/I!On ICalTIhtl dge, England, l\lfJHl, 11-1,1 , l wrsh to
acknowledge the tlflhllll"al dl~l"II"l< ln 0'p("lcard hrstory III Sill' M,ldl'n 's excellent(;n'l'IJlJ.~' tram I,mln/own. /lllo,}.' h/,mtlf'ldure /""1 Car d I/ICW', IW/0-/\I.10[larncstown. IYHH I.
Ill. <'1'1' Stephen victor, [<"1'1-' Hml-"-" 1'110101"raphv ondRctnrm ill RllII,,," hltwd 11',1"'rucker , IY,~2.1. ,,,pnnt,,d 'n,mNhod!'1,lllnd H"ron' .. l 119S1!: .t~ · :> .~
II Al"n Tr;l( ht l"tl h" rg, 1I"/ldHl,~ AIIl!'JlC'llI l'lwIOg/,lpll' Imagc., <1.\ IIl,ron' Morhn" Hr'hll'I " Wtllkn !:I'oIl!' INe'" York, l<lHI-\I. II',
12.. Md Il.o,,·nthal . " l' hoIOl:r.lphv," in Man I"Ku h le et ,II., l'1ll'l'd0l'l'diol oi lh,. Amalt',mleill New Yor k , 1'J'xll . S!7 -7H,
\1<" ,\ HI \, /l,1l
/'<" I" Il.I,II11" "" I rh,'til h R " I'h " '/'\ 1,1
1/ IUI/\ , 1 Rift \ (~
In Another Age
1 n I~"'O an dJl'rh n.:~IJ':11I OII'W\lJl'l1ll , rt:t:.l1hn...: the CIIY 01 hi" vuurh .~ anmuarcd an old "o:t 01 ... kc.:!c.:ht.:,v .md W.Hln.:olor... 01 rrunJu"'lua l Pmvrdcncc.made rrum- t han a halt ccut ur v l -,uhcr T hc-,c picture- wc«. ud til rvprc-vru
.n-curanlv what nil c.rrnvra could haH' captured . The pncv lit unaxmanon ih,nrhcv em bodied wou ld hcnccuurh b, c.rllcd an hccau-c h\ thv late nmetccmh
ccm urv the Rhode leland r hOlllKT.lrhu l\ .I' .rlrcudv bu ...v wnh m...-chamc a!do cumcmauon. J. dutcrcm kmd I ' f rrOI.:l....... albcn one <;hapt:J In It ... own \lJY
h\ ,U tl ...t1C ..cn ... ibrhm....
A ,d .m o.: backward HI rh.n 111111.: throuKh vch'ctcd rhutllKfdrh .. IT1111H:Jldh:ly "UK'
gl.... t-, the natur•• I and nn-hncc rur.r l t rc.: .l... urc... WI.: h.rvc 10'" II JI ..., 1 "'U~t: ..t ... how
cornplctc!v the chur.u-tcru-rrc ur han. uulu ...m.rl lrtc rh,u dornm.nc-, Rhode lvl.mdalre.idv donun.ncd .md L'\L'n created the pubh, perceptron lit rhv ..urr oundmzcnv Ironment a ccmu rv .I ~O,
Con..ulct . hnct lv the "'lllUlC"'1l1 rh.u n.l'" uJ't1111I ...rn. ThL' L'lUl1l1111IC value 01
Rhode lsl.md t.rctor-, glUld... rnplcd het \\ ccn rhc el\ II W;IT and I '-)(JO. } ldding
tnnunc.. hnhcnu unuungmahlc . The ... rateled the n.nton Jll the ruauut.rc rurc lit
wur..red WOllb and ranked .muuu; the top nvc U1III'1l producer... HI ....IV nothing
or n-, production ut nne ..tlvcrw.uc, mocbmc tlllll ... . .rnd urhcr gIlOL!... Elccmcal
"own and modern t ran ... u Clml'to l'rovrdcncc m thc 11'\:-10.. and sprcud trom
there throughout the ..1.ItL· IlIr nuuucipal ... I1(1wl:a ...c ... . nil ... r.uc anvwhctc could1011 Newport. W,HL'r1tlg hu!l: III the uluanch, or cc-lvhr.ucd I'L'r""l[ulttl":" audnot.rblc ant ... t s.
Nllt .u all ... urrnslnglv. tlu- RhlHk hl,lnd ut t ill' turn-III rhc-ccmur v r1HHograph
wn ... "con ..rrur tcd" tllc·bhoLLlL· till' optl111h th: VIL'\\ III mvch.uucul progr..:..... and
III undurutu ..hcd n.nur.r! hcautv UI"'L\l"'Hk and cuuut rv..ldL· l hc cuv h.rd nnprc ... ·
"'IH' bu ... me.........ccuon mt vrv...ong .uchncc rnn- . .md lrvclv I1L'i g"hhorhlloJ ... wnhJ'.Hk ... and other ... pul 01 fl'P""'l' Thl: \tll.lgl' , Lrrm . lake. hav .md ocean provided
mmcnnl tor"'ll munv ,HIl"'I"', pOl'I ... . and uavvl gllldl'''' III no ...null part bccnu...e 01
thl' cuv' ... fd;lIl\e proxurutv . .1'" wdl,I"'lhc: "'I,HL"'" pruXlllllt\ 10 hcavrlv populatedarca-, ot the [;1...1 CU.I ..I !\:,ltUfl', m ..u,k .md oUI"'I..!.- the l:it\ otlcrnl ...UtlTa"'L· or
tl'll1f'\ltar\, r ..."chlC: rde.l ... l· !rulll ,hL' wurld 01 (Ulllllll'fU', ,m..! It prll\'llkJ "'OllrCl'm.lIc:nal .. iOf hmlllL· ...... n1l'UltJlllln ,
Hv Ihl: lale IllnL'tl'l'lHh C:,'lllUT\' Rhud,' hl.mJ . hkl' 111.111\' nthl'l ... tall· ... . hcg'lIl
t.lklng greal puhllc pndl' m lh Ullh.llll' '· tl'.lIUrl·... .. '-;c\clal h,md\ gmJc: ... \\L'rl'
I'uhlt:-hl'd . rrutu ...L!" lllu ...u'lIl:d \\lIh ... kl·tI.:hl;'" .IllJ photo... l'Ic," ,lIl l I' /I/{ 'l' \ III
RhtJih I, /,,,,J ,md HfII\ I.. Rullil Them and 1 ro/ln TtlI" l'lau" of 11lI," ,-'/ tin
IlIl C'U Rollin OUI til 11' 0 \ 1.J.1l" lor m ..t.lIlu:, pro\ IJnl Jl:IJtkJ JllvlCl' !rom
Ihc ...ca ...oncJ ud\l·kr lin ho.... Ill l:nt,l\ ...11'·... "1 ,'Xtr.lnrJll1aT\ "'rnlt-rl' luvcllallng
Ix'autv. all wlthm an hour l IT 1\'1101 Jll\\ntllwn I'nlvIJL'nc:e tw tr.lln Il T trulk"
Local rnJL' wa ... nghtl" ... purrl:J I1v th,' "'(;111..' ... huddlng park "'V... Il:1ll whICh ullcrl,J
1
7;j VAN IS HI NC R HODE ISlAN])
th..., public mcxpensrvc ple'l~lHes. N...'wsp'lpns .11 ..0 t.urlv resona ted with the crazc'of the state's ..clf-dr-covcrv. A Provrd ...-ncc J ,u ly could na il spectac ula r -ccncrv
wuhm 'IX rmh- ul the St,tH' Il ou, ...· [bcautv whrch]», htcrallv In the hea rt01 the wtld,. while it I' """art'ch' hcyond the th rc-hold 01 the ClI\ From thehilltop ahu\'\.' Its mvcn nnu-, KJ ...-n ...-allcd Ourn ..mckct rhc mghr ..ky rctlccr .. In
a vcllow ~Iow rhc ltKhl" III t' rovrdcncc and Paw tucket hkc rh ..., rllummcd cloud..ahtl\"c tWin natcr~ ; and to th ..., wc..rward on ...· mJ\' watch tor the white ..treamcrIhJI -.ch rh ...· dJ"lJnt wood.. aKlu....· a" th .., II.J ..hhKhl " I a woon-ocker [c tccrnc] CJfpJ ..-.e.. hkc J corn et
The woods rrugh r have been allu nng, hut ....-atcr . a-, nearly always in RhnOt: Island,provided the key til the must common themes III hohdav, na ture scene. and earlymdustriallife. To a di ..nnguishcd museum dr rccror , \"lewmg the ...nne'.. map a-,
an an work, Rhode leland is "an nut spread hand reachm j; down Narragan......-n HayHI rhc open ocean, " If it is. rhcn th e mland nver-, nrc the vcmv. l'hotographcr-,followed in the path 01 the nmctccmh-ccnturv pamtcr-, who regarded ....'utera., a source 01 redcmptinn anJ who..e "lunum-a " or Barbcon.umcd land..cape...uttered homage 10 Goo 's pre ...cncc within the natural world. On the mh"'r band.m ...-rcharns and manufacturer.. "JW ....-ater as rhc .,tr,ltq:;ic locanon and chid
na tural resource of Rhode l-Iand, and rtghtly "0. lndu- trv' .. con riectmn to thestale's warc rwavs and counrrvsrdc gave Rhode Isla nd It., most dr-n ncuvc nmcteenth-ccnr ury fea ture: th ..., m ill village.
In Rhode island: An lnventorv of Historic Enxmecnnx and lndustnal San. GaryKulik not ...,s that rhc· " bnlh.r m tech nologica l bcgmnmgs" in th e sta re createdthe economic ba-a.. ior lt ~ cxtraurdm arv conccnna uon 01early prod uct ion faci h
ti t'S. Roor...,J in the wxulc economy ' ...upplcmcrncd. l.'''pec i.l1 ly in Providence ,along orhc r manutacumng line ..,!. t his ho ld b...'ginm ng wa.. indeed an ccon orruc
m iracle. Yet cconurmcs cannot 'Iho~t, thl'r explai n w hy the "wide bric k-pier rr nll.wi th its ncar -tlnt roof scxmc mul.arch wmdow -, and general lack ui ar ch u ecrura lcm belh-hmcnr' in Kuhk' cnnc r-, ..· phra-,c . hould have been such a List ingarchuc-ct uraf tri umph . ' T h , rhy thm ot clcm -nrs rhat have since vanis hed. hk e
the lighting and vcmilu uon required hd llll.' Ih ..., ,Iva ilahd ny ot more art tl icia lmean", cl'rt ,lI nly ,ldds to our pleasure, But Ihne I... sOllll.' th lng mor e. sOOlt'lh ingrhat till' mill 0pl'rative, Ihe supl.' rinte rll!l-llt, and even till' f,lumy owner couldonly haw felt , not iull y gra"pl.'d, ,II th e t lllle ,
In mu ch of North Anll'ri .....l th l' r'Jet· to ' lC hit've ~rowt h W.IS nUlori ously hl.'cJk...,of mhl.'r consideration s. Lew ls Mum! orJ ..ay., plainl y th'll " whl'le industri 'llLsmtook root. Ih l.' tra tlit](Jn<, llf ,Irchitel'tu re were disregardeJ .'" Th t' C.1 ..e oi Rhod ebland put s th is m,IXllll in ,I thll crent ltghl. The J iStl ngUlshl'J arch itec tura lh isto rian !'-lI.'nry-Ru ...,c1l HLl Chcllck. loo klllg h'1Ck upon the nll11'r...'t,nth cent ury
'IS the state 's golden dTchU t·(,tur,ll y...'a rs, ..,IW th'lt the md ls reacheJ n..:ar. pe ril'ctiunniona lis m hy exprl.'ssing a comhl n.ltlOn oi holdm's., and .,implic ltY oi Jc~ ign
who lly Jppropriate to rh...'lf .,urrollnd m~<,. A Ie....· mill haron... hill only.1 lew, hu iltan environml.'lll .,e1 i·c onsciuusl.... for th ......'nd,
In u"in g Rhode b land ;I ....10 ...'xam ple 01achl "" \·l.'lllent reach",'J ...'a rly (and then lurthe mu..t part .Ihandonedl, Hu chcoc k cre,lt",'d a small fl'Vu!ulion in U .S, a rchllectura l h i..tory , hut he mis.,t,d a ma lor opportunity to dra ....· a larg ...' r co nnecllonht,twn'n arc hlt",'clUral Jl.'... i ~n anJ ...oclal hl.,tnry . For all thcir long hou r.. and low
pay , and t'vc n their use of child lahor, t ht' p'lternilltstic mills sucCl'edl.'d to theirown tenns hcC.1USl.' thq: iound Iheir Oleht, m the eontt'mpurary environment ,hoth human and natural. Hl.'dk y Smith Jt'''cflhes a .,h,ghtly Imagto.lry hUI ..... \.'11rememhcreJ Rhode bland mtll vlllaJ:;(' 01 hI... childhood:
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PIli :l41 L11 ',"'I [Il [M "1111] I' 101 ·p."'II"'IX."'I lll'l[l ueur ptll·l[l1l~.l .1l[1 U:l,JM1:Iq drusmuu nd
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~~ VJlIJ.~c and rural "CCIH:".1l t h ...· turn 01 th ...· ccru ur v "Pl·.lk volume, ab.un Rhode."b lanJ '" pcr"l"'lIn~ lq~,ll"ll'''' Nlllhlll~ "'·(lu ld urpa ...... rh ...· rcmuusccm qualrtv 01 thl'
<ourh Coumv m ill \ 11I.lg...· 01 Br.lJlorJ (llgu r · 11 10'01 th ...· "pr.lgllc Brillge over till'
Narrow Rlv,,:r \llgUfl' II I Thl'''c -pcak to u ... nurncch.uclv
or anoth..:r c..-nrur v .1" thl" probsblv alrc.idv dlJ h~ rh ...·
carlv I'X)()... . L'k...·\\l ·. Wu.:klorJ ·... vl.un "treet in t h ·
Isso... o r I I" '){ )... \lIgur · III ...-x...·r"'.1In'p ......-n... l' 01 qu i -rud ....
Th e null \ IlIag...· .md t h...· null. h...·C.lU ...C01 ih...-rr rmpr ...· rvcmcchamcauon {and bccau...e ...o tn.my ot rh..· ... tructur ·...rcmnm!. ... ...·...·m mur ...· .1 part 01 ou r world, hut onlv III adegrn' Th..· "pring Lake Mill oj Cuv..mrv rl1gure 1-1 \, th ...·
Cc ru crv Ille ,\ 1111or \\ .uw lC k \llgu r...' I "I and ..rb ovcal lthe ...l.n ...·r \ lIk n1l11 \11l.lg ...· of Nurth Srnuhucld lllgu rc· I£'\
ncvcnhcl ·.........ho w .1 ...,dl' 01 ilk h.I-c·J upon .10 m ...ul.mrv
alr cadv lx·eumm..: 11l1['l. ....... rblc 1'1\ rh ...· turn 01 rh ..· c..-ruurvA... rh......he et rnucn rnr Duwn h\ th ...· o lJ ,\ 1t1 1Srrc,iru "
kept the halt-mv tfu...·,11 I m.lg · a ll\ ...· through .~,,· n ......lt" lll...II I amatc-ur IllU""C1.m, .md rh rr .l udlc-ncc ... . rom.mnc
...Uio:..k:..•...lIlllh III -unplcr 11mc-, pr...-varlcd over th c· h.rr...hc·rr... .111110 or null hr ...·
I lg rn t" I 1.\ldl/l \Ir,-, 'r \\ i<k r"I<I. . l f ' <! /8>;,
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hx,urr IHV,ew vl/h,- I'lm hi, nee /lnl" nom thedome ", rhe (:htj'/I,W "" ntl' Churchon I'll "1'<', / ,/"'''' I'm, ,,1<'/1, ". IY(N
N(1-/, Cn/J(" /J,m IN III X l (>1,(101
f-tx,ur, 19\ II ,\ "I the I'"" Id"f!«'/ln'N ulld harI'< I I,,,/tm/( m/h 'mm ,h 'It,JIIIl< "
XU/Mill!: I',,,, "I. II.. I'XN NIH'Col/nil JtI NIII \ l11P
s z VANISHIN r; RH ODE: I Sl A ~ n
By contra... t , all -too-real urban hod le' 01 w,ncr had come, In many CISl'S, alrcndv10 be ...ccn as a mnvancc. In th e t'Mly 11\90, l'rovrdcncc rvvrdcnt s had lost their
imal opponunuy HI gazv at rhc Con' ltJ"'lIl ltl~url' In Such an expanse oi water
do w ntown ha d xrvcn the c it y a potentially uruquc cba racrcr . w nh an almovt Am ... tcrdam -hke :-l'n:-l'of vr... lhk c.mal-;
Rut manufacturers " rolluuon 01 the watcr, ro~ether wnhtnadcquat c cn v sewage rrcatrneru . had turned the COVl'
loul -... mdlmg and reduced public rcsrsrancc to idlmg II .
Srill , contempo rary guidcbook-, pouucd to such "pots .IS
Mo unt Plea-am, Mount Ncutaconkanur un lohnvionl,anJ Tockwonon Hcurhe, as Jll)S"cs~mg w onJ eriul view...
0 1 the h.;n'- ';)-. It the pn -...vncc 01 th e water had reramcd it ...
vt- ua l wonder hy recedi ng int o the distance .
The acnal pcr-pccuvc trum I'rovidcnce's Chnvn.m Sen-neeC hurch (Ilgurc ! l\l ...how-, clc.nlv ho w d O:-l' the warvr ncv
crthclc-,-, muudcd . IU"" bcvond the rmprc...... I\T huddmg..ot rhc Ea-, Side. With the Covc nl lcd and th e I'W\'lJ.:n Cl' RIVl'r cove red at ,\ 1.lTh tS4 U.;1TC, the rem.unme scctum 01 th e nvcr lilgut e !Yl ...ul l ...:Tn·J ior -ccondarvtransport . Drawing an untavor.rblc compar i...on with Fren ch manutacrunng c in e...,a 10c.;1 1rnagazmc compla ined m lY I ~ th at rhcI'rovrdc ncc w.ucrtrunt W;!' hh~htl'd
I-i,~ur, 211L'(dJullj.:<' /'1<1, c. I',,,, loft 11<,
<If") /;; IW RIll ... (,,/If" non(/~HI X l 17(,
fJl':un:2/Th., ,'I.,'w YOlk ('101 "hill/" 'JlJdHm w n frt',gh, 1/,>11 ,'WI ( ,m, I~lTeel. ['mlu/,'nu ",,<llXWJPh",o /'1\' I ' A wutconn #./1/,Colleer"'/! fR III .\3 '~>lIt,
hv " ~Ll.Tl n ,l: lul lboard... and d ~t:nn,l l.I "'JX·(;l ot ... lovcnhnc-e, :'\;01 lor alm " ..1three -quarter.. oi a ccnrurv would pl,mn.:r... vnvrvron ren ewed u ...... ot the waterfront as a key til a coh erent urba n rvvtv,)1 .
wnhm rhe cnv it ..ell. evc rvrhma depended upon th e lmcal dc ...ccndanr 0 1 Ik:l'.10
and canal transport : rhc incrcacmalv t<lPIJ movement . 1'1 po.:Orlo..' .b mucbo-,,1:00...1.., aero..... ever-lamer ..Hl'h:hl·""1 land. Surtacc rr.msponanon, indeed. Idb
rhc rno..t dynamic prctonal storv 0 1 the J.I:c. The c ......cncc oi downtown PrO\I
dcncc In the late mncn-cmh CCnlUT\" , th e nr l ~ lll,l l Uruon I'a-,...cn,.:er Depol{ngun- 201, huilt In II'-ts trom pl.m ... hv th e tamed Thoma-, Tctrt, wa... ma ...... IH:
in physical "cope and "'l~ntIiLmCt' . Ikhlmt It , the In,IJln~ Jock revealed thehuman ...calc 01 commerce Il iJ.:ll Tt' I II
-
The line ol Irollcv-, on \Vot mm-rc Sued nfl';I I<JIM)· I<Jo.,;, almost ..peak .. 101
uvclf m the combmnnon or cnv crowd and mcchanrc.tl l'lllnl'nn l!i~ule 221.The bu..tlrng cen ter III t ran ..pnrt,Hillll, captured wondcrtullv m the monon ;IIlJ
the locomonon 01 Exch.mgc I'l.ll'l', bad t r.m..llllmnlltw downtown (1lgu Tl' 2JlThe contcrnporarv grandeur ot down town could be llll';huled, on (Int.' hand, bv 11:
a lrnn .., con-rant rcburldmc (hgult., 1-11 .md. on the other bv the calm. sculpturedexpanse ut rt s dlmo"t hucohc-Iookmg It.',Khl'I'' Lolkge, l.un,l Unrc crsuv 01Rhode leland campu-, ,IIlJ nCl\\ unhappr!v ..latcd tor dcmolmon jllgule 2.';1
Tht.· past. however, connnuallv revealed It,d! bchmd thl'ltlommg urban avenuesrhu-, a cobblestoned .1I1nwa\, ,I rem nan t »t rhc carlv mncrccmh-ccmurv Llt\
might cuddcnlv come In[O 'lglll (11,l:ure 2(0,1. In what wr- \\ ill come to rl'cugm::l'
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lude tlr~am::c.:J and unheeded hut l1l·\l·uhc:\o:..... Vtll; •• l In the art ... communuv.md III cvrtam l:m:k... 01 hrgh -'01,;11:(\ r,II"I:J till: 1.1c';11 ... 01 Hnu ..h poet-pre..crva-ttoru..t william ,\ ' u rn ... to lcnouncc th ...' Jc·\l'llll'l'r '.. wrecking hall ;InJ thenew cr commercial u~llnc t h.u uncn tllilt 1\\cd.
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Bevun d t hc' CU ITl ITl ..-n-ml ccnt..-r-, /-:1..•.... th c· rl"'lghh"rh""d" wuh ' lll;lllcr- ~cak
buddmg-, an d room tor larg..-r green -pac..·~ An c-n ..·, like l'lumu eld Str eetItlguI..· 2 71could hoa~1 ut th ..' lr own rnprd growth. wuh nelgh horhood 'tme~
and . In -ome Ll,..·..., lcatv !Tee, andn ne hom es. Federal HJl I', AcornSUcci (figure 2.'\1 wa-, tvprcnl 01
the mn... t mien,c· nt'l~hh(lrh"oJdevelopment III It~ populauonhcavv combmauon 01 lace, andct hruc legacrc-, ...omcnrnc 10"
tlmg uncomronahlv toge rher.
NClghho rmg (Own... experienceda crrnila r bur ... t oi gwwth , mutedbv the -urvrvmx cnunt rv"'Ide.The Pa.... ruxct Vallt·\' a mrxrurc ot
rmll vrllagc-, and tarm .... prompted gwwlIlg cornrncrcml dt-trtct-, hke "do -n-rown Cranston Herea LOUin "wh,nCheer" Laundrv proclaimed rhc n 01-crvrcc IIlJu... rril;"'l!lgurt·l<,ll, while III nelghhurh\loJ back..trcct-, cuch ,'" rh r-,one III Phenix. ",!Iage htc wnh It, Inrlc ruual-, conunucd [ tJ~u re lUI. In rhcHlacksronc Vallcv, P.I\\'lllckct- .n gu;lhl\" Anwnc.i'< tL r't hhwric rndust nnldivtncr-c- rcrn.nned IW.n Irs apex .1' a m.mutactunng .md commercial metropo.hs. h om nne ... ulc, Irs gr.md...ur 1.ly III thl' mil l.. rhat dorrun.ncd the LlIlJ ...C;lpt'[itgure ll !; trom another, Irs hll,t1 ing ... t rvct-, and hrgh .p rot lie depart me nt ..rorv.Shancnbcrg'v , ho w cd 1'.1....-tuckct to ht·.1 rc.il comme rcial nva l to Prov idencelilpne ,HI. hht .1 lew m ilt-v ,IW.I\'I.I)-' the li tt le indu ... t nul ..uhu rh 01 Vallcv Pallsl li~u rc ,\.ll, and beyond th.u rhc -t.u ..,', non hcmm«..t \'III,lge... culrnm.nma III
wocn..oc kct. rhc (l tv and t.rctorv ouuplex un the Hluc kvronc River lilgure \-.1 1.
FI ur, 11\Illr, r \111/ and urn un.Jzn· "Ull.Jzn~,
f'lJIHiJ,kd. 1!<,W, NOli RIII\ ( l.. non,/iH,XJ24fJ'
FIxur. )2\-l"m \lr"r, 1',H\lI"k'l /Vj(, l'h"r"I"k,n/"r rhl" »tatcr lru,r ('JlIlp'lnl
Idlll'" I.. Wh"ulOll c,,/I,., rHJII. ,"Uri,'"01 rh" .\I'lluldlll.~ /lOl'''' "",,-,JtcllI tbrarv, 1',1wllI,'kt'r
Frxur,. .uI, It ard I""" 01 rh., VlJlkl I ,J/" \111/( 11111.. rlJlml COllrl"w <>,I'oJlIl Huhle
f- ~u,' W\ 1<" Ir"m tho' \foJzn vue r Hrld,~.
l\ ~J/l , ... ko'l ""oJ lW)(, "hur" b,1\ IIrr..! \f<>n" IUII\ Coli, "un/i./I, \"1MlOr
"" V ..\I\ISH1'Jl , Hlltlllf l'dA:-';1l
fl~ur,
Hoc,1<1/1d ,II7lIlJ' hrlll ,II \1/\ '\1'"1-."11',,,,,'/,11., ,"''' /X<)tl HII/\( ,,1/ "IOn HilI X /11'.11
A, [hL'l:It IL"' IOl:.HL·J b hor .InJ vorn mcrcc t hL' \ .11", 1ll.1"Il' p""lhh: orcamr cdlcrvun- LlCh u rba n .lrL',l had Ih monurncnt-, (0 rh c populnr JL"lTL" tor L" L IpL'
,InJ Ll'ual vntcrt.nruru-nt . Lik e rh c l.lITIL"J \\iooll,ol:kL'IPpt:r;1 Hou-,c . th e Strand
The.ncr In PW\"IJL'nl:(' 1 1 1~U1 e \ ::;1hrou ~ht pcoplc m at .111 w.lkin~ hourv . borh lornlm-, .InJ loy rhc hvc vnrvrt.uurncru th.tt h,IU al rc.rdv hLTOIllL' .md would rvrn.un
dcvpnc ;111 other l:h,Ill~L" - .1 RhoJL' hl.md t radr t IIIn lnvulc t hL' Ihcan r-, dr cnmv
l. tnu"c.11'L" untoldcd , IhL' wm]; ul vkrllcd .md un.unuanvc tcchnuran , like tho'L'ott'rovidcncc', M,llc~tJL' ThL\llL'Y 111~UTL' ,\6)
",101/\
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f 'W
lntcnnv \\ 'r \I
~\<l h"'I'.n'I/,llm!"I', ten ndRII/\lRIl! \ JI/2
Hv nIH\ , LIT~e .HL\I' III rhc vt.uc, l:"rLTwlh' tho-,c IlIL,ltL'll.lloll).: W,ltL'rW,I\"". hndhccornc cxrcn-oon-, otrhc cuv'v IlL'L'd 01 IeI~llrL' 111.1 dltkrcl11 \\;1\-.1" till' -cuuc
trmc-, L'Xqlll~ltdy pl.mncd and L'XlTutL'" 'IlL'" ot tL"l1lpOr,ITV L"LlpL' or "UUIIl1~": '
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t , ,\ , f " II/d ,
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f
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w btch could he .1'0 short .1:>.10 afternoon or ••" long .1:- .1 curnmcr month . Th ...w,1.. th c Ocean St.uc RhoJl' l... land tb,u m.mv 1111111On... 01 \ 'I..uor-, In th .... com
In).; dccudc-, would cclchratc , .md \\ IIh ).;ooJ tva-on . I'h.:.I,urc...1w .mcd tor boththe IUr r l.: r1 c!.J""",.., and th c m.h".......
T h u ... the ...hon- dinner .rrnulnplc-cour....... ''''.llo'IJ 111"'.11 , c ncd nut tor th v toun ..t
Frurn I H:-\; rhc Shnr Tr.m..purt.n 11m Com p.lm ran ..tcnm-hrp-, 'lloll).; th .... r on
nuue In 1.,,\'0\' .ICCl' muu l'rovrdcucc '... [.1"'\ Silk I,I\' ..uch Eavr Providence n c....1" t h...' diruru; hall ,II Srlvcr "ptlng It lgurl' P \ and rh.u ,11''''.\ of arnusvmcnt p.uk .
Vamtv Farr II1l-:urc ~s l, Nlil much tunhcr trom rhc cnv hub W CTl ' the Rhuclclvl.utd Yacht Cluh In Ldgn\uud Itlgur,,· \')1,111.1 the Mrdwav at Rocky J'Olll t
[tunnc ·WI.
~- -..."-"'-"I!!!~-- --
f/xure.J1\Wlmmt'r, <1/ "·urr<1K<1n~eH I'lt'r or,,1/'12) "h"lo bv the Albcrllpe CompanvRmokh-n I\'ew Yurk R/H.\ Cn//enmn(Ril, A 134102/
vn VAt"ISH[[\;G suonr I<;LAND
The traveler with more urnc to spare could (:01 ,,11 .,.. reach Nnnagan-cu Pierl i i ~ure .1 I I. with It~ splendid Grand Ca ..ino, or Newport . with II ... amvncappeals oh vIOU... m a local print shop 16~urc .121and It'> tvpl c.llh fabulou-,lounging Spot... like Bateman '... Hotel [tigu re a ~ 1. We...n-rlv hua"tcJ the clce.rmWatch Hill House l fi~ure ..\..I I.
A... we look at thcM' picture It h tempnng tn "',1\". "TIll' I" Rhode Island." .1-.
orru..ed to all the other po iblihue... Indeed, It may well he that qumte.....enualRhode leland lrom which we derive mosr of our rcmammg ...en ..1..· of cert.unt y
about our collecuve ...clt . It I.... at the very lea ..r. the ...hadow that rcm.nn... IU.. t
bchmd us as WI..' move forward through the twcnncrh ccmurv .
Ftgurc 42Chmle, Hammett , H""k sunc <1ml\/<1I",n..,\' \h"p Thome )/n'/,f
\ '.... 1''''1, 01<<1 /xw) Colle,·tllm v ,the S ,' wpt,r/ U"/url<d ~'Iell
fIXI,Jrf: .n1<1" n ' ..1111/ <1/ Batcrnan , HOlda..·.m fJ,,~ c \ n '1''''rI nd f'h,,'"p\, CI<1T.'me 'IImh"",- Cnll.', ''''n"I/h., '\"wl~'" U" ' " r,,- uJ \,"-"., I
f lJ{Uft' J.J
~\'t1tt'h 11111 H"u,<' \\ <It< h 11111 <"IRd
IINO RUf.' C"lI.., Imn
YI I I" AN OTHEIl. A CE:.
,
I h.l'·<: pass<:d ove r me sl<:Teop:lph.,r.rhat ma ke r 01 dual phuu», lor us ........ uhJ h"nd-hdd "'.:w.:1. ht:C'IU'~ 1..... 1,h IUhq:1O clo-cr III Ih.: pf.', ent
2, wilham I\1cLou,i:hl111, RJw,k I,l,m,]A Hivunv ( N~w y "r k, I Y 7 ~ 1, ,h'll'_ S_
I, I .rm " raldul lo \tH(Un SI. Ann.md fur
knJ ing me these far~ V,,1Illl1<: ' , puhh-hcdby t he l'rovrdcncc ["urn,d C"m p:l1l)' 1Il
11\',)3 and lWI Te"pl'<:Iivdy
4 " T he LOU1''lUl''''1 Rl'glllll: A IIl'auly SpolIII In.: Heart uf lh,' \ .... rld-, Yvt IIUI SIX.".1I1.:s iro m Ih<: Slall' HOUSl·." l'I'JYld"Jln'SUnd'l\' Tril'Ulll', 1(,lu i\' l \l(17 Id'Pl'lfIg InSldll' Ar,;; h iw , 1.
~ . loh n Wilmer ,,] mJ:, "Under Ch.l'I ... nedLIJ:hl The Landscape " t Rho.l.· 1, 1.1 n..l ,m Roh.:n C \\-'mkman,lh,' hh'/I "IAm"IJ"U Rhod,' l vland f uml"'u{'< , ,lX20 ·I920 (Pwv,..l... nee , IYM,!, I \Thl' volume mdudn come "llhcRJ<;D mu-cum', incomparable ':011...
ruin 01 r amrm;:, ul RhuJ.., IslJ,nd "xm's
(, l,lm III dcbr ro rh r,um'<:TlIlJ: r.:,.:aTch01Cathcnn... Lu ll fkn and L I ~1 , E1 ru,
lIlln Ih<: pamtcr-, around rhc I'll" ,d,'ncc'An Cluh and A.E. . Cluh trom rhc 1I'x()..to about 1Y20, The dark. dr"3m, naturelan..ls':dp.:~ollh,'sc pamwr-,~H ",a, 10d -mall but sp.:na,;;ub.1 1:1I.: development .IU J Pnwrdcncc ~ A,he;!'n Scb..,,1 'I"k,
buh sl~'k, ....ere p.:rknh cun-r-wnt "d lhIhl' rhcm cs " llh,S c-suv I hopctounbzcs"m.: "I tn.:s<: p'llnlmgs. dlong .... nh "thush·l<:hwork and non phcuoeraluc m.ucn.rl.In the- brgn·lllrmal hook to olin,'
7 C.lf\ Kulik, lmroductum, Rlwde I-lml<1' \11 tnvcnuuv ,,11I1.,t ,me fngmccriIJ,~ lUui
Iwlll' lTwl Site', dIT l'l'l .:d hy Gary KulikIWa,hmglo", n C, IY 71\1.
~. Lcwrv Mumford..'lll·/.:' 'Illd ,'tum', A"U,]\' (JI Amt'nra, ArrhHt'('tllu and C"'I11:<111<>11 . rvv ,'.1 I)'.;<:w York, I<,):,~I, 7("
Y Hcnrv . HU"l·1! Hll l h<:" ,;; k, Rhude hhmdAr,IJII'" lUll' I I' f""IJ<:nu~ , !YI'"
HI Hcdlcv Smuh. The r'JIlk,... Y"rbJl/IcJlJull(rklf"' I . 1""01 . :' 1\
II ."uml"',,], ,\1 I' k, <lId ,\I"m', . 2"
12 Wor km.m, fan /"r Am"lIt u , ">2
It C,'rwm III "1' n " -I..l.:n <: <:- VI<: "" ..11{,"f.l"",,,,d "tr<:<:t I\n ..lg,", " "w\'ld,'II<t
Uu,l:u':JlJC, ~"\'l;mh.: 1 IY].l 72n,
I~ L<:CIUf<: h~ L I .'kElrn,· dllhl' Rh",1<leland Hrctorrcal Socrc tv. S<:rll'mh.:r IWI,In h.:docurn...m ...J m a tutun- IssU': " I\lt cl< he< An AI1 ' ''ulnul, Th<: tmpouancc"'Ih<: "a n v-and.crau -" movement t",Provsdcnc... can h.:,' be mca-urcd n"l rn", vuccc- '" I m", rl ~'l l :u l u f';; III hal l..l.:mnl'IWns hUI rather m ihc lcgacv 1I1.11 10 nnur... prc-crvanom-av
Fl 'lIft 1 'i
(ll" n ,lr ' m" ,kt I oIt 'I'ru" 'r" I,md H"II"." '1\ till', ft d, r,l/ Jll///' r "1.1 m p,n? ( "lUI, I' r IhI'r 'l\IJ, nn I,' urn..l Rulkl l"
Metropolitan Dynam ics, 1920-1950
Ii\. maiornv III Rh'kle lvlandcr-, h.IJ hccome cnv dwcllcr-, t w cmv ur rhmv£~vcar-, bctorc mo-t Amcnc.m.., hut bv I'J21l rhcv ..bared ba-oc ..xpvnc nc ....with urbanucs clscwhcrc. A prcvrou ..lv umhmkablc Jl',I~r,·,' 1.1 ~l'o~raphlul andcccupauonal rnoluhrv broke down m;mY-11 h\ no mean.. all-c-rcmnunt-, .u m-,u
lantv ,,: ..mmglv ::I1I.lI once , .'\k anw hil" the burldmg .md r....tvlmg plan-, 01 rh ..mcr rnpoli.... urged forward. A.. the rhow,c:r.lph......u~e ... t . It wu.. rhc lca-t uruquc lvRhode l... land mom cnt 01 m•-dcm cnv htc.
Opunu..uc pn""l'ccb broualu the.., 'I;H:lUr tog,·th,'r , de-puc rhc gradual ..lcclm..'
III rh .. texul.. cconumv and rh c cxt r..me .vcn rv 01 the Depression. tmrrueram..trom Europe and elscwhcrc ccrtled uuu a btc -omewhcr.. between sclt-rdcnmvand .r-,..umlauon . ,\ \Jny blue-collar tarmln-, hoped that rheir children would
,c:r;IJudt.. irom high ..chool J.nJ even go on 10 collcg" or pru tc....ronal ..choul .Th.. Dcpr......run rum..d many 01 rh....,· d ream tor on c' ,c:l'nnation, hut \\"orlJWar II ...avinj;.. JnJ rhc C.I. Kill made them {lI iblc lor another. The crnergrru;I1111JJIt- cla .....o.:' cagcrlv put their ... t.uup upon a ..rvh ..uc " ..oplu ..ucauon " Idk mg...h,lrc . Thank... III rhc <ucccv- 01 unuuuz.uum , hundred .. 01 thou....md-, o i Iac turv
worker.. 11111leJ wi th the nuddl c c1.I..... III the con ...umcr markc t for th ..· new war.....
from Cl111.. umvr durable.. to vport ...hut ... Svmpunuaucallv, road .. were widen..·Jior th c growing ..t rcam " I auto H;llli ,', who....· harmful "Ide dl,'Cb were hidden
tur a tim..- in rh c e;lg<:rnl'''~ of indrvi du.rl-, and t.mulic.. for matcrial rmprovcrncru .
At thi .. moment 111 collccuvc ...clt.di ..covvrv .uul ;1l...commodauou to chance.Providen ce became the phon.iournah ..t ' ... c lIy, .1lHI to nlcs..cr extent t he ,c;overn·mvut pholllgr;lpher's work ..p.u-r. In tun.., with tilt' rcchmcalr r nprovcm cm , oi
the c.unvra. phom.. ente red iruu tilt' -cvtu- more mum.uclv. rubbing ..hould cr..with tilt' p;1S..c rslry .1Ild Llplllri n,c; dunging expr,·....lIl1\ .. ot th,' imml~r;lnt ..Iat ..'",udd,·ll,·llle rg,·IH:.., 111(0 Ill;l.... cultu r<: . TIlt' 1ll'..1ollllt'..e photll't, in that ..<:n ..e.
otler '1l1elllllv'1Iem oi the 1ll1lv in,c;'I'II:tllre C;lllln;\'.. ,uhtectlvit\' , The nld<:r ..tyleoleornmncial rhoto.. ,mJ t h" ... tale', dOCLlllll'llt.lry rhlllo .... el·1ll nnw ~tr;ln,c;dy
.I\\"kward by Cntllr.Hi,nn Th<: c ity I.. the luture.;l.. R.lYll1nnJ \Villi<lm~ re.h,t, th ..,contemror;HY Ilter;HY Im~lgt: .., .lIHI at nun)' llllllllent .. th;H Imur,' t.., o\'l'n"ihdm
in,c;ly'eductl\"\:.
AnJ vct an undcrlvin,c; ,u~e ..t l\ In 01com mUll Il·... "','o.:m'" nl'ver lIuite ah....m lromth .. phllll"" taken . I'cr hap... the very Jegr..·.. III ch.lngc III th" rfl .... reroU ... !lJ20 ..., .mJIll..t a... likely th .., remmJn... nl nlJ conllicl .. during th" httt"'rly Jepr..~ ..eJ I,no...,promrteJ ..om .. rhutogr;lrh,,·r... III C;lrtuU: ,h.1Jow... 01 thl' r."t looming wnhln therre.....·nt. Am ..ncJn ... In ,c;l'n..r;l! dl ..clw,'rt:J lltl'talgl;l Junng th .., D"rre..... lon . .\ t m )'
Hollywood film ... oi th ..' cr.1 ,huw ;llullgmg tur th ..· hV~lIne 'Imrlteit\'oi th .. l~NO... ,while ...tnkln~h COntr;lr\ mug..'... - VI\'IJ In .." m.m\' opcnm,c: ...hoh {II PHO.. ,mJ
!<.J-lO.. mtl\'l..·... with :'\i,'\>' York eny .1'" Ih" p1.1Cl' whnl' the rmta~(lnr::.t wtll... tfuAAle W o\'ercum,' oh..ucle... - ncYnthelt:.... conn..'et l;lmlhar theme' ut larnlh,;lllJ traJIIHlIl lOth.. excLlem ..·n t III ,Kcl'krateJ ch;ln~..
•
'01 .. VANISHIKG nu o m ISlAt\;D
11.\:11'" ,J(,
TmJln "II N"I/h ,Uow ', I , t'<'I.
/"0\ '/,1.'11< ·" , Wl'''lllld innn /'d<\'111<k.-r,11" (:, ' IITI<' \ \'" r l II. Wllh'll"'· .md\, 01 I ,.\1,, 11"1
Rhode Island became. rdcallv . a place where p.l"t and future meet. Tlu-, wa-, J.c laim made lor any number 01 other stales and cute... III the time, hut it "cern ... e... ·pccrallv convincing hen: Providence . wrote lohn William... Haley u he ...elt -... rvlcd"Rhode Island HI ... tonan vlm the IIH I trcvsdence tllw-mued GUIdI.', wa, hc ... t
known iOT It... " "I U1et charm." a qua h tv he att nhuu'd to phy ... icallocauon. It had
somcth mg ot th e rctr c... hln ,( m ean OCtween the ... upcr -urban u v III manv a lar):l'r( \I,' and the pwnm:lallt\ 0' the ave rage town. It ha... ,,, ... k v-crej-cr-, bur rhev arcnot dornmam . The p"pulatlon lit ... hghrlv m or e than ! '>O.(XXI ha ... It" horn e... . io rrhe mn"l part. n n the ... lnpc -,J.nJ erect ... III the ha lt-cuclc 01 hill... which hold theU\Il: ccruvr and 1'>11 ...101·...... dJ",uICI 10 thcrr comm on p'llm The remarkableproxlmlt\ herween rhc rcvulcnunl and bu...me...... d....trll:I ... [comra ... r... Wlth llhl'u...ul'>t1c cgreg.num . Till' hili ... accompli ...h rh r-,
In Ihl'" gcn rally d ....gi.lc uurdcbook, Hal ....y made ,I valuable pomt: the accumul.n -ing ill ... that choked m.mv urban centers tairlv early In the twentieth century were... igmfrcantlv nungarcd III Rhode bland's major citie... bv geography, tupogrnph y,and tradition . A look at the photo... tend... to confirm the sclf-conscmus grandeur ofrhc downtown, the mctropolnan stylishlll's ... of borh rhc interiors and the exteriors;
yct there is an mumutc fed as well . a tarnilinntv ,ICW...sncrghborhood-, and a cnw ut personal ...atctv that wouldbe steaoily II"t in sub cqucnr CTJs, Even d'> Providcnccand Rhode Island were overtaken by the rapid cxpan... ionof midw es tern and we ... tern cmc-, and 01more lucranvcrcaronal ccononuc- . rhc pace ot cconc rr uc and populuuon~rowth here permuted an adaprauon J.I many !lovds A" ;I
modern Amcncan IlT imcmnnonal urhan ccmer, lh .,> WJ'"Providence's pre... tlgl' hcvdav. and arguablv the hcvd.rv 01II" cohcvrvc cornmumuc... a' .....dl.
A... could now hc appreciated more completclv. the earlierperiod had laid down successful p.n terns. including hous .ing th,n lasted tor ucncrauonv . Improvcm....nts m transpor·
ratinn , neighborhoods, and even cornmcrcml ul'''lgn t.... ndcd to srnomh out many oithl' rough edgl·s. Ii. a'> two archuccrural historians keenly at tuned to Rhude Islandurxuv, this I-\',Is .11 ... 0 the cnncnllosr moment when thc uldcr gcniu ... im buildingt.ulcd and no plan was Sl·t In plac.... ior the nnphcnuons 01 t hc alltllilwhile and till'"tred p.lttnn, groWlllg llP ,It r.mdnm , then ,he ;w.lilahdity 01 spac .... and the Illud·...... t dq~r........ ul .... xp'mslon hcre eon"trained and tor;l tlllll' dlsgu ....eo the u'lm'IKe.~
Anecootally, Lbt "'IUl'r Mich,lcl Fink rl'memhl'r" hi ... p,trent ... ' hOllse, a " lin le~hh:o mock -Tudor" huilt in 1"J.~o aho\'l' Hop.... Strl'et uron thl' remnants oi .I
IJnn . with a lew CIlW,> ,mu hnr'>c" and .I mmialun: dpplc orchard ... till ,>urvi\"ing.A :-.llInc·... IhTUW trom an ,lomtrahk· puhlic tran"'fl\.lrtauun ... \" ... tl'rn dnu a short walklrom thl' capitol!. thl'se rurallllkens showed how long urhJn oe\"el(lpmcm wa'" tak ·mg til ,,""eep awa', Ihe pa... t , ano how much ot it vet rernJlIleO,;l cu..hlOn agam .'tml'ancr urhan time... to cume.
~~ We ~tJ.rt with J "yml:ltll: thl' ... trel·tCJ.r lines running oown North Mam Streci". m Pro\"io....ncc Jhout 1 "J,~o lfi,:ure .-tt,!. Energy ·dlicient , dean, capahll' oi movmgma"'''l'S ot pas ...enger qUickly with cumfort , the {folley had another ~r....at virtu.... ;it empha<,izcd the u e 01 the houle\·ard . Although the very ~rO\-'<'th oi thl' sur·mundin~ city depnvcd ;llocus such as RJackswl1l' J\oulcv,u o oj Its trolll'y .ICCl·...Sttl rolling pdrks and country .ltmo...phl'Te [H 1'. Lovecr'llt swore that he woulddream. n:~ular1y, oi helng on the open tmlley ,l::Oln~ down Bl;lck... tone RoulcvMdIn the IH"JOsl, the hOllll'V;lfd's survival in .mother di... triet l'pitomized the City
fl~u,,' ·171t,.Iu,1t111111lHI HIIII' !!IIX, I,\( !ldlll{l'PllIce, l't'Wld,·11U'., In<l 10,12<,1 RIII\Coil.', rlUll IRill .\'-1 27<'21
flJ,:u/t' ~ Ii
1'1t, .... tJi d"WIl/IJWfl !'rm·-Jdrll ...·fo,IJO , C"un",\' OJ r tbcl'nwsdencc1"1/1' ,1nhn-'t'\
'1 ~ ME.TROPOLI TAN L1YNA ."'J C<; , J'JIO- I<,I~{)
•
Bvaut ifulmovcrncnt . So I(\n~ .t~ rhc streetcars ,111d tlu- bouleva rds rem ain edintact, ur ban dcn siry and grow Ing private auuunol»lc t ruffic we re offset by a"na tural" and "public " ZUIl<:, th rlVlll,i.: ncar the hcnn of rhc metropolis.
"Every morrunx .md cvcnmg." Haley .....-rotc, "hringsthe tIm,\, and coumcr.tlow of workers to otficc buildings
.md Iacurrn-s, like streams rouTIng Into a central pooland then :-tr.mgcly rever:-mg rhcu courses to ilow hack
to their ..ourcc.."" Acconhng to oral hi ..ron...·", the ..rrcct ca r.. tha t carne III irom the vdlogc-, brought ever largernumb..:r.. 01 ..ccrctancs. who ..bared a comrnunuy oftru-nd.. and rhc pro ..pcct ( Ii . rcquamt.m ccs at downtownlocanon .. like the lnduvmn l Tru ..t Company Building.the I,ngt,..t III the -kvscrapcrs lor decade.. and arguahlvth e mU\t ..ivhsh ever burlt . thnt structure is -ccn her e
with the ongmal ..urrcundme, thai lent it t he con t ra ..trcquncd lor ah ..olurc grandeur (frgu re ,HI. A ..trcctcaramvcd downtown trom 1'3wlUCkt:1 every it'w mmut c..,and the ..H Cl'''' weft: tilled wnh acuvuv. as the camerashOW" tll,l.:Ufe ~K l .
•
I)" VANI~I~INC RHOD!: I"LA~1l
h):IU, ·N/I on Jon~ ( lullt" 1<. ,l,m/,mt\~ tl hllJ~t"tl \rr. , I / ',m ),J./h n d( JU1I,q " r ,,,hn I 1/): 1\ "It
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Both on wcekdav-, and weekend.. do\\ muw n ..huppm;: and cntvrt.unmeru h l'rl.'nnw tar mute common altair.. rh.m rhcv had been . made pil .... lhlo.: h) convcnu-nttransponauon .InJ more moncv to spend (at h:.ht 10 rhc )tJ20 ... JIlJ again 10 theI tJ-1-0,, 1 Friend.. came ollnn;: or were met Jowmm\'n ; and J d.I" 01 .,h,'ppm;: madethe high pomr 01 a week For lunch or supper . co-mopoluan lre.II" ..n ·re olh:rcd
10 I'rovidcncc '.... mcc .vam-hcd Clunarown which included thelion Ftlng Rc..raur.mt on \'v'ol ..hmuum Street IlJgllrl· -1-') 1 a 1.'0111
pact group 01 o t he r rc-raur.mt-, and ..hop .., .rnd even .1 mghrclubTheater.. beckoned, like Locw'v Ocean <t.nc. captured hc-rc III
ItJ2~ lllgu rl· ';()I l-or a morcunmhrbucd p,ln\ crowd, Providence
uttered 11\'1.' rnu-rc .IIlJ mnumcrublc h.lh,.h recorded h) Work ..Progrc.... AJm Illl ..1f.11 H1Il ph, 'I ••;:r'lphl·r Iack IkLlntl lFi;:llfl' ;'] 1
lntcnor.., more murahlc i h.m cxrcnor-; cxlubucd the wnhvanctv 01 inrlucncc-, 01 Art [kco, trom thl' 1.1;:;:\' lone- Lunch
at Ahom and \\',hhm.\.:toll ..t rcet-, lilgurl' "21Itl the more rcnncd
bcautv ..hup-, (!lgUt\..· ':; .~l. The outermost hmus lit the ..clt- con
<ciou-, ..ophbtlr.Hlon crunvvd by thl' middle d,\<'sl.''' mav heround in rhc desl;:n Il! rc..tnur.mtv. ttu .. IJl1l' III the Hiltruun, Hotel111~llre "4I,~The mcxpcnvrvc shoe ..h0I'.1t WeS!lllln"ll'f and\ \'eyhll....ct ottcn-d 111 II.. windllw .. spcctacul.u "winn-" III
nunion, lmkcd 10 tlu- -torcf ront Itsl'h, rL/o;lu down to the lines onthe p,lvlng, .r modcrmsuc mbutcru 111l' nuuum III the window-
..h0l'l'in;: \»,llh·r downn.wn 111;:lIll·':;"I ,
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flKure y,T "ll I'H'W~ "I Hmwood A l·(flUl'. 1<J20and /9JO <;"UrI.·", ,,/ Ihl' I' W \' IJ e fl ...:
loumalBullcnn
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<J ~ VA NIS H I1\C R H O D E I S L A N ll
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Tn K kI Oil AI",m ~!ln'l_ /'rI>\'I,]"lln'
nn,j }<).41' emITI"", <II th/·I'rundellu'CI/ \' A"h,\·,·,
f ' jl ur;' sv1'("UI'lfl.:,",,: un h·,/crall/lIl, I'ru\ '(/cuu·.cuea JYJo. /'h"r" cnnrtcvv or [h,' Echo
<}<) METROPOLITAN DY:'oJAMIC .... . I Y! O·I Y'; ll
The neighborhoods. mean ....-h ile, ik...hcd them clv c... out. Elmwood Avenue, ...ec nhere literally " In prucc... ... " JUring the 19.m..., i ho w n vrelding Its overhangingbrancbcs to a widening ot tramc (figu T\..· Sfll. Federal Hill's open -air market atSpruce Street and Balboa Avenue, GlptUT\..·J In IY.\?, reveal ed ,I mixture 01 old
huilJinF;s and new clothe " Litt le It'II)" '' in changmg umcv tttgure -l';, page lJl l.
Not far irom the newer in rttutmn... and burldmg...,.1n older ....-urld oi lactone...•md warchou...c... offered rcnundcr ... of how much 01 rhc [lty'.; hidden ... ide hadchanged ...carcclv at .ill. At the C r.rwfurd Sal"l"! Bnuge , men unloaded bananasfrom a New York. New I l.rvcn Itlilro,lu car In 1"}3,' liigure 571. A panorama oi
Ahern Street truck dcp.u-,....ccu trom La<';alk Square IfiguTe SRI, differed (romearlier ttmc... only in It ... trucks .II1J ... ign ... . In... ide torcmuu ... the older, una... -sImtlntcd gcncrauon ... continued rhcrr hvc ... with rnall adapranon... (figure So,ll.
tun V:\l'\: !"HI:"' ( ; R H O Il E ["l."' ....n
fl~lJt.· Oil
1ht' Rui JlLlI (Llle \\ ·, . m ,,-h'l
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f'XlH" t, Irl1<II//'" S""'I, ", ,-wl''' II, /r.,kltlgnorth Imlll W,n hm glon \'IU"rt· IV'>1/'h"", hI rhll/II<I' Rt'ol'! ( umcra Cluhor I ht 1',ovlJnl<. f:ngnu: ., 1nJ( \0< lef\'
HI"o/l.d R"'l/J, l"OIn/ RI H\CoIl!. ,wn IRI/, XJ LlJ.J{,
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IIlI ....'E:.TROI'OLlTAN IJYNAMI {"' , 1 '111l I'I',()
Rhode Island 's other ru.uor mdu... t nnl Cltll'~ experienced one last hurst ot cxp.m.sivc opurmsm. Llniomzunun then rhc war cconnmv and the po-twar consumervpending lunge, rut more mcuu-y into the hands ut ordmarv people and lucalmerchants. In a Woon ...ol:kt:t commercial nl'l~hhorhood , we can ...cc the t:......cncc01 blue-collar Rhode Island 1I1l' dumu; the 19.m... , Ii~u re MIl FeJ hy wannne pro ...pcntv tit ~()oJ urnc- and hcavv ...penJln,i:, Ne w pon'< bonkv .ronk Thames Streetlooked ralfi ...hlv upbc,u . Ut tcrlv un 11 kc ibc ur...cal c Cit y 1I! later decade 1 11~t1rl' 61 1
Svmptcm.mc 01 the new , th e I hl1~,i:rovt: Auport ItlUn,i:e [h,i:UTl' 6.:'.1wa modernand conuonablc. It bchcd the rru-crv 0 1 war th.1I n-, icmporarv inhabnarn ... would...non experience or had alr cadv exper ienced. Later It welcomed horne Amcnca'vveteran... jcnh ... red one" at am' rat e! with all th e mctaphoncal ... tr en,i:th 01 the ,i:loheat rhc center o! ihc pic ture : they h.IJ won rhc war .InJ the w orld was theirs.Or vo It <,cemt·J m upuuu ...uc IY4 'l
SLT I'aullluhh:, L'J " \\'''r k lll,~ I n'" ,A n (J,,,III"I"(\' or /\Ill ,<f, ' /'/011101 J ,,/""II'n>VIJL'nn" I\!X7L 1m J .Illkrc·1ll bUI
rungrncnt picture "I IhL''''c' urnc ... . III dlc'prv-cnt ""U'I) ""c'rnc'W Ihl' fL',HklWill rms-, Ih L' Ilnn- l'l 'm c-, t tor l.rbor"'g.lll rZ JII" 11, Illl"luJIIIJ: IhI' Tnll k{;",mn] "H1k", 01 1'1,1 -1 Th" '!Il h ',andthe n,L' "t t hc- :'>Jc'w Ik .I!-.nI L·11lc·JDcrnc .... ,atl '" p.UI\· Wl'fL' .Ir"u.lh!v th emo', dccrvrvc and rncrnorah!c 1'\l'Il I , " j
th e dav. R",IH",JCr Jn,t"n t'nm \\ ",k,
cxccuuvc n "U"lo1' .\ b nlJnt! rmp rcvccd.m mv lhl· concumcr , r.t\ Ill" t!un11J; t hel.nc I\!4(.... h, r en]" r, Jnt! IIJ,h\ 'I vlc-,an d ,h", " 01\', III which , hL" " convlarcdwnh t he new m"hl lll\ " l lh", " llf kh"l " lntcrvu-w 1\!I't". Rh" ,k lelandLJ ,,"" HI, w n Prol' ·l l. Rh",j L' hl ,lIlt!HI,wTl eo1l ""ll'"
1 Wllho1m,.Th., elll and the C"IJ/Jl/l .!Y?
S.:e lor mvrancc. I t!WJTJ .\ h;""k\ 'Invh-Arncncan " '"rklll /l: -c!o1" ml'm"l1Ollr Own 1\lIJd I"" " \ '",k 1'I4M and Ih"mu r, mlt!t!ll -da" I" hn T \\ rm l'Tllh ',An",h<'l nul ·1omh., H,,/ld1 ,Ph lla-
,klrhr,r, I'J.j71. Bv l·"ntra't , Thnrruoav.,'-ildn', Tilml'lJJlu' North (New York ,1'17,ll, Jq'lctl1lg ,I ,111.111 WASPt,hworld with 111,h -crvanr c uneh,ltlJ:nland u11ch'lIlJ:<:ahll' , SL'L'Ill" "Im"" "ulSl<kRh"dL' leland L·ntirdv ; "the onl v thmgI'l'''I'k talk .Ih" lll III Newport I, each"dl<·I," .1- on(" charac ter '.1..... .
_I ]"h n WIIlI ,lm, thin, l'rondcll<e W u_,If"',.,! ( ;lII d.. ,l flam /book r", Hnl&'IlI',JII'! \ '/ \110" \r n l\'IJl' IlLT, 1\!111 ", 11
~ N"lh ln" \jUIIL' makes Ih t, 1'< '1111 j"l me,I' " ,.II ." th ctc-nmonv "I J nL' lJ;hho .rh""Jpohccman. "J ill R.II'< 'IlI, III I\uh k \\ "rk rrr ~
I"n, 44 4.... ~ I
(. lohn Bucbard and Alh..: n Ilu..h -I\", ,,nThe A"hll",'UIL'ut Am,'r/lu A ",<loJ!,md ( 'u fturdl lll , ' un ,n. ....ton. I 'll. ! ,lOll-WI
, ,\.irt had r mk , LI\ Ill", [ cu l" glf.;.1 Jh in theell\ A\RJ R""ull. lu !\·-Auj;U" ]Yl-Y
" Il.l ln /',11IId, n. e lllu-atutcd (.U1d., 10
'I 1 .1m glJldullll n. Rollen r [)a,, ~ Ill'IJ L'n ll lnni: Ihl ' ],l( J1Wn tm nw
Beyond the City, 1920·1960
Ffr he rclanon bet w cen ( It)' and country, alwav- dynamic, -lufrcd <'0 draman 11 callv between the 11)10...md the 19.::'0.. thai only the accclcraung pace
afterwards ha ... Jl"~UlSCJ the ..rgruncancc ot ihe earlier change . Gmwin~ urban.sophisticarion and the paructpauon 01 greater and greater number.. and type..01 people 10 It acccmuarcd. bv contra..t , an idea of rhc rural iust at the momentwhen rural msularnv wa.. dcchnme prccrpnouslv.
This Idea wa .., 01 cour..c. ranly an illusIOn, ;lOJ It is JI"rUh:J by manv of theRhode Island images pn....crucd here The automobile and even the airplanechanged the look oi rhc counrrv...J.: 10 crucial w,Iy.., including the way It wa ..viewed hy the camera . Pholtl,t.:raph.....horpcncd and no doubt exaggerated thedualnv tit the our-ot-Provrdcncc image. between picture....que countryside and theproudly thriving small town, exurb. or un ,J very mater issue for Rhode lslandcrvlU.S. naval facility . A~ -urvrvuu; coururvsrdc grew lc.... like the city or even n ..rrnmcdiarc surrounding... the town or suburb grew more cnvhke.
An clement ui the change in im<l,.;e ... m.rv he ... rmplv rr.iccd to the economics ofrcp roducuon. Abundant pll... icard phllttl~r,lphyIII bc.ichc... and Newport mansion...continued, hUI the vanctv lit other nonurban scene.... ccmcd (t) drop prcctpuou..lv .The popularity III hcnvilv '1\"1i::1."<1 hnen-um ...h l:iHJ.., more expensive to producethan their predecessors. accelerated rhc rcducuon uf the photographic mvcruorv.Besltks the ..hon-e, it W,I" mamly prcvugc scenes likc Roger Williams Park, BrownUn iversity. churchc.., gr.rru t.rctonc... and other much-used Institutions like the
N,Hra~ansett Race T rac k th,lI commanded commercial-level a ttent ion T hevcmacular Hlildside archuccuuc rb.u prcccdccl thl' rna..xivc standardiznncn li t
rcst .mrnntx, ~'l" statum... and the hkc hccumc in effect the self-promotionalsuh..titutc for the oncc.t.nnous land ..e'lpl:" ,
Int ent ionally or not, the am.ucur. the .UII ..no-minded ph(l(~r;lpher, and rhc documcnmnan wok up rhc slack, covcnnu the tracts 01 coururvsidc still bcvond totalurban donunauon. vet rc..haprd ..ubdv or un ..ubrlv by uutomobrlc ,Icce~s. Manyadopted the "view Irom the road" perspective. sometime.. hrcrally intended to
prepare iOTroadway improvement hut more often ..imply 10 rake in the scenea.. did the avera.~e p'l-.,erhy [who wa.. ,I moron ..t , not ,I local pcdcst n.m]. Even<I mmimal artistry could ...how the deep beauty surviving rhrs pencrrutum. AIthough the main vtrect lit a \"illa~e mav have been rL·cently widl.'ned, lor inst;llll:e,with trees on euher ..Ide rayin~ thL· rfll:e, rhe :-<Cl'ne mi~ht yet \"(Ty much ret.lm Itsvilla,.;c Char<lCh:r, <It lea..t lor the time helll~. I'ractic<llIy throughout rhe ..... l·stl·mpart oi rhe ~t<lre , and III plt-nty til mhL" roeht ...1" welL rural charm had h<lrdlyheen dimim..hcd. An " <l rt h ric" ...hot could c,1sIlv L·vokl· <In <llre.tdy·v<lm ...hed L·ra.In ..c<luered ..pm .. whert' the 11Un...... un·ln'd . the era had not v<lOIshed;1t all .dnpnc the mode..t adv;mce.. oi phy"'IC<l1 mohillty .
Rhode Isl<lndL·rs ..,:nh <I !lltll.' lei ..urL' .llld,J car lthen own or horro.....ed ) could ...nlllYthemselvcs picll1ckm~ "Wlm11lm~or lust walkm~ m thl .......orld . ,t~ Ii the ..tatL·ottered thL·m a vast p,nk \Vilh mcrl'.I"m~ number, oj city dwcll ... rs un dayltlll";
F ~ur.
( 11 , n'. n rhc Len \11/. Rnd <1/
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10 ,1 \',\:'-JI'oHI:-.J C su o m. 1'o( :\:'-JIl
c xc u rvnm ... hv C.H, the 1,IJm,.; tr olll'y , or , inerl"l',m,.;h , t he c h.utc red hu.., th e
..rate tch ..muller Thocc wh o co u ld rceu lar lv ,Itlllrd ..uch c xcur vron-, dl"LoH 'rn!
a Rhode bland-.Ktudlh ,.;ood "I;:eJ lor the ..tmc v .KI U.II p opulanon-c-th.u rhcuparent .. had hardlv knt"'" n
The cu nt rad ict nm 01 prrvatc own er..hlp .m d pubhc u-,c. oucn di-cus-cd bvc on ..crvanomvr-, and ..tdtl· o ll lCl.lb In recent \ Cdr' . - ccm vd vc.ircclv apparent up
tll thl' point exc ept In the 'tatl··... Icw e xc lu sive rl"ort' A, the Department 01
En"uunment.II .\1an.l,\:l'nll'nt '.. rno..t mtlucnual ChILI, Robcn Bendick. ob-crvcdro an tmcrvtcwcr In rhc ,\'. 1\" Yorki'!, the probl em W;l .. '1lllply 11m perceived lor.1 Ion.\: urnc:
In Rhodl' leland..1' III m'N Lrcrcrn 'Lltl", m"'1 01lh~' Lind h.r-, JII, ;I\" beenpnvutclv owned hill III o u r 'L1I~' no nne ever kit rhc l.n-k 01 Ih~, llJIH>11,lIl'ark,we l!ldn'( haw, IIr till' 1l.1111111.11IOfc't~and other 1.11~~' publu h"ldm~, IitCHl'~'.
'Kcordmg In our OWII "".II' 01 till' c"untrYsl\J,.' ,.1Il 1111"1111.11, unwrutcu lrildlu"n th,u
\'i.1> ncvcnhclcv, Wuk-l Y.n kn, ,v.,h-dgcd and ;\lcl'ptnl around t he vt.uc. Ihe O\\'IK'r,01 rlu- I,HIll' and 11I1l"I' .md shon-hnc-, "I Rhodl' 1, l.md ~;I\C Ih~,tr nClghh"r, theuw 01 rhccc pl.H: l" , '" Ih.1t pnv.rn- prnpvnv IU1Kll"n~'d vcrv dl'l' rl'Ctlv -;I~ puhhcopen'I',Il:l' Thr-, tr .ldlwln W.I' p..: rh.lp' aholdover 110m .mrnnt l.md-u-c euvunuot common "wlll'r..hlp .lnJ !,U!'oIK .rccc-, whu h th l Itr'l Lumpc.m <cutcr-, In Hh" .kI,LmJ brought wuh them
It rn.rv he tllll much til c lann. hut rhc phowp;lph.. here seem to hear the m.rrk..
nt the-e ennrmou-, I'f1Vdl·,.;e.. In a nrne when rur.rl and vmnll-rown tarmli c-,
c;l..uallv knc .... th e rr unuu- lll-l.lll .. ot a Inrlc bro ok IIr.1 p.rrucular stand III tree
the <arne brook o r trl'l'~ were .rcc cvvihh- tll .llmu't .m v p.I'>'erh\" w dlm>: III takl'
Inc trouble fl) lookat them
}I~ur
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III t11l'llln~-gllnl' 1~2(b nil\..' did mu h; IVl'lli gll I,ll tnuu I'rovuicncc, or cv ..:11 own
;\11 aut urn ohilc ur chartera hll', to ).:1..'\ cnurc!v and cx pnlitiou ..lv dW;J\' trout theurban -cvnc. "Tuihccavro! ihccitv," wrote llalcv, " I " the bcnu ti tul Ten MiltRrvcr wit h u-, vurruunduu; -cvnvrv 01 p.I'lor'll ch a rm." Street cars ern...sed theScckuuk River 10 Rum ford III I'h1l Ilp' 11;1I I..' , whe re C,1110C '" cou ld he n-ru cd to
11.1:';" th rough nulc-, oj W I )O ld ... with Vi"'!; l'" ot pcntn ..ula. nc lds, ;\I1d f.muhousc- c-,
".. , I mnnv," accorduu; to an c,nlic r gt lldd lOlllk, ih.u "t here i ....C,In! TUU I1l to mkct he m ,111111'" 11l/.:IlTl· 6.~1. To th ...· « unh. bv-,r r -cu'u r fro m Broad
SIr"'TI, 1.\)" th ...· [',lwIllX""1 River Rc-crv.ruun . whe re bnJ:-' l:ap..:p;lln t...-r.. ..;IlI) pr,Klln·.! ihcrr cr.m. and whl'l": rka..ur c -cc kc r-,
cou ld pick up their rowho;l\" nc.u the al rc.rdv-tamou .. Rho.!..:"H,IlL rebuilt .mcr ,I l i re III 1')1.\ .md trave l a waterway surrounded hv wh.u '",·..:rTl..:J;1 ..hcc 0 1 ..vlvan w ildcmc.... ltlgur ...· 64 1.
Around ami hl'\"onJ the drstaru ..tr ee IC,1r hnc- lav mOTr· Ill::IJ.._
la kes , a nd hrf l... oncn looking untouched h\ .Il\~ md u..rrtah vm
-uvc the lll:c<I'lOn.I) IT.lctor and the overhead clccmcallmc-,lilgu rl' (,,1 Thrs -ccnc could h...· pr.rcucallv anvwhcrv 111 ruralRhode l-dand . hom South Couruv lIT Block leland or l ittle
Compton to Cumh...·rl.mJ or Bumllvillc. Here and there N.ltlve
American comrnumn...·' connnucd to 'L1T"'lVe, .1" the N,lrr.lg.m·
scn-, proudly ..hewed ;1 rhotllgT.lrh...-r at the Old Sumc Church
in Charlcsmwn jl lgu rc• (,(, J.
fI;:ure (,7
~<lm dance. ,\(lIII/lle CJrC<J /V21
l 'h"t ,, !>I' \\" 111/ ,.,/ SIUIl<' NIII,\C"II,',tul/) IRI II X l .Jf>J J!
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1,lullJ 19·/0 /'hm ,b\ \\lhnd \1'l/)eRJII\ (·,,/It, lI"n RII,)(3 MlY
11 'Ul< hI)
('/",nla tanntwusc cm:a lWIO /'h"I"lrum Parrn s tor " .Ik /l}{/(/ e,m/ln\" ",HI< h,/ ttl l;""'/W,"H"I
I ll o V A'\I I \ H I r-;r; RIlODE J\ l A-..;1l
Out rh crc , at lea ... t lor many n."'IJent"', mnctccnth -ccmurv t r.tdttum s per ... l... redlrk c ih c commonplace Yankee n.unc... . d... Wihrl,J Stone'< photo of a Scituate hamdance ...u~c ... t'" tng urc ( 7). NClI IIl... t a phy ... icalm... ulamv In th e bav hut a p... \ChICm ...ulamv as w e ll seems to wall 011 Stone' ... Prudence 1",1.1nJl·r", l ligur l' (,x! frommodern tirnc ... . So alien HI the urban l'}"l' did the...c scenes :seem ltl Providencehorror.fictiom ... l I I. 1'. Lovccr.rf thut he unaemcd deep and " un whole som e"mv-tcnc-, in dl'c.lved Iarmhousc- . rhc wide~J1rl';IJ abandonment of lund , und It ...
return to woods. 111.' I,mt;hles lit horror borrowed hcavilv tnun rhc local-colorwnrvr... 01 th e hill' nm ctccmh r cr uurv, ...cvcr al 01 the best 01whom purtruvrd
1()7 AEYO:'>i[J TIlE CITY 1l} 2.0 1'1(,(1
...... rural New England ;l~ dramed ul u-,tomu-r vourhtul vigor and curvtvingas a t;Jntah=ing -hadow ghmmcnng
In come oJJ light. AnJ indeed. iust the.,i~ht ul ,I peculiar rural dwclhng, rhr-,
one III Cloc"""rer, coulJ evoke 01 .,en.,...,III my<,tery (Ii~ur ..., (,',1 1.
The truth W;I~ more mundane, hur nWd~ ,11,,0 ,I:""nerally more cheerful. TheStdr · Bun-au of Intormanon's Book oiRhr le Island could nghrlv hU'N in I'HO01 rh ...' adaptution made hy localrarmcr...[(J the comrcuuon 01 ma-c-scale agnculture In the nud«...-crem and wcvtcm"rato.:." Rhode 1 land larm.. produced torrh c' hornc· mark -r, including th ..., 1.:111...' '',
-umrncr colonn«, and -urnmcr 0.:.1011''' , Pcn-hablc.. likc milk, c~., . field andgarden vegetable... . .md rrun round rcadv ret,lIlel", nnd produce ..1.mJ., doncdthl' .,tatl' roads . Acre., 01 thm cum, th ...· van ...-tv ongm.rllv grown hv the Indtan-,tound their ">.-ay into ronnvcakc.. Fi..'",· hundred aptanc-, made honey "Spreads"
hkc the Hillsrd ..., Farm .. in Oaklnwn lllgur...· "m tlounshcd. Srnall-rown bit' inlarming drvmct .. oncn rcm.nn...·J hale and he,HlY, with .,OCi.l1 m ..tmrnon ... "tillmract , like th ...' luvernlc Grange th.n \\.'iIlrnl Ston...· captured m rural WafwickIllgu rc 711. lmprovcnu-nt s ...uch .1" iho-,..., accomph-hcd hy rh c· rll;lJ work III
the Work ... I'mgT...·... ., AJllllOl.,tr.lIIUll III C um h...-r l.m J l l l ~u fl' 721madl' rural lilt'ca ... I",·T wnhour appurcntlv dllllmi.,hlll ,l: II... prcrun-...""lIenl·.,., .
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'"~ rhe H!ltrIlln /k 111, lfJn , ,, I andI'r",e" IIIWI! \,>( 1,'1,'
A... modern run ...· ,nfived wuh ... hurter h.un-, III lalu.r '1I1d.1 modrcum III kl"'llfl'
'JIlU ...penJIll ~ c.r h, -m.rll-tuwn .md rurnltulk them ...clvc llll.;re.hm~lv cmovcdth""lT ll .....n countrvvnlc and I"k ...·... ide ...........nl·... In the- nonhw ·... t ellfner ( I t rhc· ...1.lt.... .which boa...I....d ot ...orne 01
Rhode lcl.md ... rfl·U Ic -, t "'r o t ...
"I'I.J....: hkc ~rrll1~ Lake 111
CknJ.lk pronu .......d \ hllor'"
.1 Jdl,l;httul aucmoon . .111\1
"'lI111111cr r c ...rdcnt ... 111 rhcrr
unv ...crccncd l'OIl'I).;l:'" ,I rc ... ttul week or more 1 1 1 ~tJ r.... 7.' 1
On Lake TIO~Ul' In Covcnuvtolk-, pent th .... rr lcrsur at Kid
BI.IIT' "lhowhodt l ll~u [ H I
It no ..... "'Cl'I11'" h.nd til be
hcvc how rh .... mill town .n-, lu «inc dow nturn
accc! rate d by the I ll-pr.......... tun .
often hc ld lll!-:l'lhc r th rough .... uthack ... andn hnc! w.trtirnc plll pcrirv 11I .1 ... [iiw
dcclin c. ln Arne rhc tn t ....n lv I rc.nc h Cnnndr.m communnv «nunucd With rt -,
o w n 1;1ll~U"'::C In ... tiTI1I1On It ... own c hu rch ....1'1 m-orcd rhcat cr..md c \ en n ... 11\\nr.lT"J........ d~ m rhr-, 1')20 hot [Ilhu rl' "":;1. Sumlurlv m tren t til thc -ccr uc <:.1... 110..- ·
hkc Pc"cl·J"k .\ 1i1 1... , \lpc ranvc... lookout .1I u ... trom 1<)'2 a-, It th .... nmct ....cm h
and twvnt rcth ccmuncs had nun....d lll ,::u rc 76 1 A Sout h Cou n rv rv ulcn t one ....
k....cnlv rc rnarkcdrh,n <I... I"tl' a ... rh .... 1\)70 manv abandoned null-, rood un
changed vcar ... afte r their c111"'lll~, 'h 11 a hrn h.nl varu ...h d hut ml,::ht ...udJl·nhrl·t llrn .' Ch,m~l' lnlhl' urrolllldlll':: ...n .... il·ly did !lot , Illla l . .llw.I\"'" wOlk ,1,k:" l1 11 ... ttill" rhv... ic:l l lllll q lll·!ll· S oj ,llllill tllwn. " ... till" ...·'h .... 01 J\-1.1 pk\'JI Iv ...hll\\" III,::url· 77).
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MIll h" I"In~, II IlHJ,,", Il,'" ' m a /V1.,C " lJTln l' "i the flu/TllIl "JIl,. I (I,'Wit ,J!<III" /'!1"<'H"HI"11 ,\",'11"/1"
11 1 B[¥ () !': D T HE CITY 1'110 - 1',10 0
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II~u" ."0\Imm<>n" ,ll. RIl"d f"hfhr"n. 1<,1.1,,,1'hOl" /" 'h" Rh,,'/ .. "I,m.! p,'ptl rlllll'lli,,' 11 <J lh,""/il / IflTI {],' I" l!u' / l u Hl!\'( "lI"t '/mll , , 'oUrI,'" "rrll,> RI'l"/""Iuud xs.ne An}u\'('.,
ItglJre ,~ I
,\ 1'1/11 .\ lra t. ~\'l' /;/111.1 . /"" j, /Il): wn,/<J)f I'h"w P\"A f !,.-,<'1'1. C,,,na tJ{ lu i' "i Ill,' " fOr/,it'/J«' fn.~m",·rIllS, ,,, /t'/I H,HflfI. ,,1 R.-, ",.1, ['mIt< IR /II \ ( 'o /l':fl lw , Rill '(lt0h22
Bv IhL' later 1'1,:'.0 .. rhcla-a 0 1 rhc utopum nr vi"ion;lry mil l barons. AU...un T . Lcvv
lu crntl v "cl Iw. "'I ~ht'>, rhrouah comrm-oroncd Jen.11 ph ottl ):r<lphy lfi,;:urc 7H l, linrhc arand ~1l;Jl III u:t.·n~ml·l·nnh i hc I VrIC.11 mil l town Lcvv rcorgamzvd LIr~t'
r .Ut " 0 1 Ham-vi lh.. bv cradica ung te ne men t ... . convcrt m g Vtcronun bu rldmg-,and ,lUJ;lcIt IU..ly con ..lruumg Canhbc.m-..tvlc cement .1010.1 .. tucco Jwdhn,\:.. torhr .. torcrn cn '.. i.umbo , these la..t wel l ..paced {like the rc..t tit hi .. builduu;..l and
..upplicd with .IPl' k t ree.. lor child ren ttl climh lligun: 791,
c lo..cr In "on th e pike" ur arcc.... m .lI.! to the cnic.., illfllllTly In ..ular vil1agt'"hkc luh nstuu '.. SiI11l1l11n ..ville jiigure SOl rctaincd n scnucoumrv character tor
cnrlv cornmutvrv . Small cure.., Inn):, t.rmcd tnr their quaint ncs.. an d their remove irom th e urban pace , qui ckl v grewrnurc cluttered wnh the mnrk -, 01corl't mt'rce, hUI rhcval ..o became rnorc livelv Pro..pcruu .. nuddlc cla ....c.. couldrran..purt them..clvc.. to Providen ce. whi le a ..ummcr plac eca rne into t·. ...y commurmg J ...ran ee tur week end dnvcr..wicktord, tor m..r.mcc ,ilgure SI t balanced 11110.1 .mJ newwit h an ca..t' rh.u JI ..armed the mha bnunt.. ag,un ..t oncnbruta l ehangc.. to come .
E..pccial lv dunng the surnrncr , th e automobi le .11..11 meant..ece.... to the Ocean Slate'.. rccrcatiun ..uc ... Now middl edasse.. and upper workuu; c1.I....C.. could cniov .1 vet ..ion ojthe on ce-gen teel extended vacation ul earlie r thiy... Longhefofe mas..ivc .urplanc traitic tn Europe and til dcvclup cdCan hbc.m propcrncs, summer ca-c mea nt a week Of two
in one of the dozens of cabin CllUages on a lake or th e hay,or in a hot el .11 th e sea ..hor c. Th os,,: unable to afford ..uchluxuncs could at lea..t take a weekend hu.. tnr or a dnvctor a dav oi lun .
111 vx rcr snrvc : n u o o r. 1" [ A"J IJ
f "" ~2\1J,r,,~ n rll',,,k .. ,,\ \\,Ir" kJ), wn /Y20 Ph ,t"1'1 Ih Rh, fI IlJnJ l"l'<lrtm"n/ "r Ft Ul 1"""'11 >nC/,,, nL<lIu ,I ("//«111/1 "Uri,
t>llh< Rh ..I, I 1<111,1 \t,II, ·Ir, h \
f'lmr< 1"1
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Im agine, rh cn . N anae.m ..cr t I'.U k\\ .I ~ .n \\ ,Uh'H:k flo w n 1 t h ril ling i i hcc uc t hor.
o ugh l;lTe vh.rrvd w ith (h ou";Jnd.. ot cu hcr mcuc m..t"l tlgu rl..· 1.1. Or pi cture rh..· dnvc
10 Oakland Ika(h In W;Jn"ilCk . whcrcc.r rhcr the zr.m d..·..t h.u cl near (lrm l.lo.:n(l..·
had c.ncrcd to vacanonc r.., an d \\ here th e: roller (",I"II..'r C:UI.." I..ted wit h (hi.' qUII..' tbeaut v til wood ...md w.nc r 111J.:u f\..' :-; \1
A further Jr1\ .., -ourh nuuht lc.u l to rhctunt a-,v lo r tarua..v-vcru.nularl archuccturc01 vacanon \'111.1 .1<0.: LuI .. C o u rt In N.llT,lg,m ..vt t IltgLJrr, S.11or the o.:oll.lge e:olon\ 01
Roy C.JrpC:lHer '~ Bc.tch III Moumuck 1II.I< llf o.: S ~ L For tho...., wnh lc.... ca ..h . Roc kvI'ouu -c-rcachcd. .tf t ..-r th e: rnnldlc I<J.1( )." In- 1111 .. rather t ha n ..rrvc t ru r-c-rcm.un ..,J ,II.most rhc ..arn e pl.tcc rh.n rn.mv 0 1 t hvtr 1',ln:nt .. h.ul ~' n l" Yl'lII !lhu r~' S(, . p,lge 11.11.
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II ~ HEYO:"JD THF CITY t vzo I'J(,()
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/'/1" 111 bv Ihe Rh,,,/" "',m.l P"".IfIIII!" 11,,' T'oIn'", "'<I/lolI C " Utl n ' "'Ib,'" h"d,' "r,1I1t1 \ 1,11,' \ " hl\ rv
h XUf" "'I<1""1<"" ,<1 lit' " '" ,h, l)lltlfh, / 1'''1111<"nl"/" d na-u /',lIt", k, ,It,<l /'>lJ'i
e,mtl"" 0' "<lui Huh/
Nothmg captured the -va-tdc am lucncc bet ter than the comtuerc ta l vacauonarchucc run- 01 the clam ...hack , hk c thi ... one nca r rhc Ston e BriJ~I.' 10 T ivertonl li~url.' l'\ 71. During rhc ]IJ.JO .md ]LJ';O... In::l.'n, 01 th l.:'"' ...hacks served up th egrcusv, tasty, and Illy IOJa\" ' -t nndardsl ,l m,lz i n~ly inexpensive trn'd "' l.:alnnJthat th c vaca ttuner a......oCl.HI.:J with summer.
For casual vivnor -, the-e carctrcc "'l.Xnl', overshadowed another less picturesque0 01.: , By rhc I.:Mly ILJ.JO, Rhod e b land had renamed ,1 vmat tcrmg (II its carhcr na
uonal sl.:aslJ~ tame , hut t lu-, urnc ,1... .1 center ul nulu.uv-n-l.ncd activuv . FromNewport tu Providence the s.ulor -, leave became syn on ymous with a Rhodelsl.md social liie 01d,1tll:1r1~ 10 live m us ic, with J lIl ing and dnnkmg. Th e pres cncc of service pcrvonnc l wn... l'vid~n cl'J tlH) hy till' architccturul appcar.mccIlf barracks liigure HH I, suprcm clv tlnt and funcuonal On {he other hand. theprotcr t ion nf AmnlGII1 waters dunug the ll'n,"' and bernie 19.J(}s m.uh- theillumin.mun of the wawrsat l'ortsnnnnh lfigllrl' HlJ! ,I thrilling sight to visi-tm s and rcsidcn rs alike , Much l.uc r the bcn ctn-, III ,I cominllc9 rmluarvpresence in pcaccnmc would be wo.nhcd ,lg ,l i n , 1 the social COSh, amongwhich .....'ere toxic chcnuc.il spill., nnd th e div ersion 01 ,Wt e resources. includmx ,I prccurus skilled work torcc.
•
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I I'; liE- Y ON D t u a C ITY 1'110-1'1(,0
A... we look back. It seems remarkable that the tarm s, rcsort s, commuter villages.•md nava l fncilitics were not perceived as cumpetmu vic ws ot thv future . Withinthis tiny s tate. space somehow never -ccrucdat u panicular prcnuum un nl itgrew ..uddcnlv ",CoHCl' , We lor,l;l't how tar away th e rush of bulldozer.. seemedin )94 :'; . In Bntum, rhc convervnm oi hi-tone tarrnlund Into houcmg uacrs
wa.. largel.... prohr bu cd bv 101\"" these law s, whi ch reflect ed the ...arne Europeannadmons 0 1 common U"<C t hai Bendick de..cnbc... were support ed bv a cualit tunot political paruc... trum fight ({J kit. It Rhode leland had had ..uch legal pnuccnon- in the ycar~ from th e ] Y40~ rhrouah the ]IJSfh, It nughr have i nt c ll i~cn tl y
managed a conunuing rmx 01 land ll~l:~ and rhus re tained thc Little Edell that hadtur ~o long seemed the cnmmun leg.KY 01 Rhode tsl.mdco . ln-rcnd, rhc h.rlancc nlprospcru v .InJ beauty wa-, lo~" and the lega!.:y W;I~ reduced more severely thanan yone coulJ h,I\'CgUC~~l'J
•
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Lncourncnns; inc Cnunlr,.."J..: rl''''''1\ rork,., !l ,o\UI: 1'>1~'>1,..,~
! 11.11..: \ . 1"""1,1.'11' " flllJ\lr,lInl ( .u,,/'· I mI rollcv Tn!" /'/,/, '" ", lmrrc " "II
rh,' Cdr Ruur", our ".I T'rund.-Ill t'
[l'tnvtdcnrc. I vo II , .e.
--I I ",. , h In n~Jl\ loa nnc ,\ kh,h .I J:r.uJu<ll..:vrudcnt In Amn U: J n ":lnho:.Jun" <I I BrownJnJ J ["",,tim..: 1..:" J ,'nt III ..... ,U1h Count \w, th .h" .1(U"· nh,,"n .1 Il11"
I ~llr, <,If!
\.ll' ,1 I III 141m/.:. r'lI ( m,ilI' "1" Ih I""/.:.I/l· IllJflh, I \1''' ' 111\ \Lll L rl,,,/n ,n'd /<,I7tJ NIII\( ,I/ull J/lINI/I \'
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II " Iltdl Nt' 1.1 f'1< ( I Rlff\1"IJItlNffl'( 1"2
Beloved Wounds andSurvivals, 1950-Present
]I n a tinclv ....1ch\·11 ..hurt ..tor)' 1'1\" Chrhtnph.... r LI F.lfg.... - hrut hcr 01 lam....dPulitzer Pnzc-wmrung nov ch-, Ohvcr LI LlTJ,:l' , .md lumsclt pcrhup-, rhc
he ..r-known Rhode lela nd ncuon wnrc or the I <,J~O .. and ! <J;;O...-;ln Eobl Sid....
matron return.. t tl her o ld Co lt;lgl' horne 1n;1 hluc -collar nl'lgh horhooJ , A hurtn'll with rh .... current rcnaru . a young hou-cwuc. wcuth ... hcavilv upon th nund01 the pmt;l,l::om"'l attcrward Th t-, 1v ,1 -uccmcr . It m .... t.iphnncnl . pn--cntauon
0 1 Rhode leland '... unc;J .. rm-c-, rowardn-, 11\\11 1"';1 ... \ A de-arc 10 11IIg t . to pu-h.lW.J\' th.... "o:n,,," 0 1 ..clt . Itl W ipe OUi j.1 T p.l\ "" over! p.nntul m .... rrumc ot t.mulvpovvrtv and crhrn.... O h "'L UTII \' oncn ...ccruv tll hlur the percepttun III hr..tnru:al
rcvourcec . The old Amcncan trollt 01 ~om~ we-t .md 'tartm~ over n-onl-, .1.l:-l1 n ' tt he place where the nanonv mdu-mal culturc bcc.m . runuru; old hahu-, 0 1 -clt cunt crnpt mm patterns III unnccvv-.uv dcsrrucnon
[)l·,pltl.' vanou-, -cth.rck- ; the Rhllolk l-d.md 01 recent dcc.tdc-, ha-, hcvn the mo-t
pro-pvrou- m hrstorv. Hut wnh th;1I m.ncnah-uc '1Il:(1.'" ha-, come a n-ndcncvtoward rhc vivunl hlandnc-,-, rh.u dl'~UI~""~-11 II do ....~ nor JUlI.llly e radicate 0111\
<cnsc ot the ~t;J Il.'\ 'pl,tt;11 characte r Thl' obluemuon ut count rvvule lo r hou-c-,and condo... rh.n could ca-alv h.... placed in ,\ 11" J" lppl or Anzona continue ttl
promote au tomotulc Ir;llt ll .md tunhcr reduce prospccrs lor lung-term urba n
rccov .... rv. wo rklll,i:: a>:; llIl"'l r....cvclma .1111] othe r dct cmuncd ....nort-,to con-c rvv and rcburld. Have J.:roWlllg t.r-h uma hi lit v, high n-al
....~ t.l\l· value.....utd lucr.ruvc hou~inJ.: pnucct ... foredoomed anv l:O.
herem 'l·ll '\.' III p.rvt, .mv conunu.ruon 01 presen t I lT fut ure "'l·l l;And who, it .mvonc. (,lTl:s:
A dirt mad '1Illllgsldl'.1 wooden hn dl-\l'-,l' it h.rppcn s.•u-rovs th v
RI'Il.:k:-lo lll· Cnn.r ! w it h IlO p.mu-ul.u lunt to dar e the pholllJ.: r.ll'h :th rs 1:- .num vrnuuv Rhol k· 1, 1.1Il d Illgu rl.' l)()l. hi dden hchinda bill.hoard, down till' hlghw,IY tnun a -uburhm tr ,l't! , olf to the silk of
Osll' Il~lhk l1[ol-\rl''' . The p;lt h lc.idv, OI1l' c.m casrlv inugmc. to
un.uhcr ttmc ,I1Hll'lan' ,1111 w.u nna Il.'lli~covny . Stlllll·tilllt:s 'Ud1a p,ll h h ll1ilrkl'll; morl' otTt:n It i:- l1ut markl:J;1t al l Llkt: o ld urh;1ll"'lrl.'l·t, \vhn\' lh\'lrnlky !r.Jek, ... ho\\, Ih rough, II .llln\\" a ,i::limp.......
;It onl' p;lrtlCuJ.u .1tlJ.:k ,hill ...hllt~ out COllll'll1pOrJry n:!l' rcm:....... .ottcrin,g t ht.· wrili ng oh, .... r\' .... r ;1 ,on 01 T\\"I1I.~hl /0111' 'en ...atlOIl. Thl" j" nm 'Ollll.·unlOuchl'J n.\lural id \' lI 11f \,I~htl,l.·nth ·n'ntur\' ;IfChlll'ClUr;11 llla:-Inril:l:l:, hothot which \n ' han' iln urgl'nt I1l·l.·l] to Pft::-l'f\·\'. It I' . Ill:-tl'all, ;111 around U"' ; it I'"
vern;leul,]r allJ Rholk bl.lI1dl ...h .
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IIY HElOV[11 WOUNll" ,\ -": 1) "URVIVAl" , IY " O I'RE<;lt\:T
I I ~ ur, ' V/
-" ,1/ 1< k \I IJl l jf , ' lu/~ I'M' ( "UIIt· \ '"the "<I\\ru:(.'/ t <Ill. \ 1'"',, f\ ,111"'1 <I/h/
11/\ /", 1< <1 / , ,,. ll.'r~
" the human corned... " r",'I,.;n here, as distant trom rhc IJeali=ed picture-windowsuburb of the Eisenhower er.1 .h .mvrhmz could he. It "';.I, that kind uf r uv andstate, and m many ,put-. It ,till b , a.. muster can oo m- r Don Bousquet rcmmd-, 11'>
otu-n enough '\lan\' later photov. more ..clt -conscrou ..lv pcrh;.lp.., continue to tra cethl.. peculiar -elt-rcttccuon, part "dl·lun: and part ...clt -conrcmpt .
The: latest era IIi photographv ottcn ..ccks out the mort' picturesque remnant. c...pe
Ci.ll1y the threaten..-d one Like wildlife photographcr-, or anthropolojn ... t .. mr ...-r ulinpertorrrnng the nvar -unpo..... rble task of saving an endangered srcctcs or people bvmaking their beauty mur..: accc ....iblc, these photograph...,ts point tlI carastrophrc
change. Or they airn at thos ...· .HC.IS bvpas..ed hy the process. andar those restoredthrough sonu- happv II cxccpuonnl confluence of pubhc and private inu-re..t .
More clearly lt1 rhc pre ......-nt tb.mat any previous 11111 ...·, photography '.. luuuauonsbecome cvtd ...-m. TIll' world i .. I.1t least) three dimensional . .md the human hr.1111record.. subjcctrv..., vt.u...,,, rh.u the camera G1I1 never ..cc . Recent photograph .. arcohviull'ily unequal m rh ...· cumplcxu y ot th ...· Rhude 1..lund we s...,...· with our own
eves. and the rr"" ..cnt ..clccnon wou ld rcmum mudcquur c· Ii 11 wet ..., a hundredIlIlles larger. ltut rhc ".1Iu...· nl rhc photograph . however hmu c'J irs view, I .. IU setrh ...' bram workmg .llun~ unpredictable lines . Unlike rhc· camera and unlike rh...·computer. lew I .. Mumford u..cd to ".1\" , th ...· brnm ,.. mhcr...-n rlv an open <v..I em.
Dozcn-, oj documcruarv photogr.lph .. 11\ rhct' rovrdcncc
Camera Club capture , .lg;lm nnd ••x.un. the .11-:111,1.; Rhod eJ..l.unl c ity .u a drca dtullv rncmor.rhlc pom t. IU,,' hdon:urh.m renew al's "mnnumcruah ... m" uhc replacemen t01 rundown hU I vaned .uchi rcc rurc with p.u klllg "1';ln:"and .1 lew la rg\.' l·dlllCl.-~ l had rccklc ......h clea red .IW.I\' l.lrgt:chunk... III 01\ hr... torv Like the ChK.l/.:O ~lrt.Tt ... In Nt:bunAlgrcn '... nml'!"'-\'lddlng them ...clvc... wuhout dctcn... l · PT
dl'''/.:U1M.' ttl the no... ron-, 01 dccluuna tn n un c-c-rhc .u cnuc...
01 rhcsc ph01U'" u llt:1 clue... t lll h l' CIt\' ;1"';1 protoundl ...ltved "r <lel'. with V,ITit:J .lnt.:! n urn crou- h nu-, 01gcru-r n
non ... p;l ... ...eel hcturc.
At Ih i... morncrn tht: m"''''ltlnlll t he l'nwidcncc l'rc ...n vanon "uuet v took ...h.lrl·Arter Jt:C;IJl· ... III rnn ...tlv pnv.ru- and mJI\ rdual cuort . ...a\ mg ... lllglt' lu ... tllfl\..llburldma ..one.1I .111111t: , the t:IIY '''' need lor large-...calc program- became urgent01 , pl'r h;lp'" It would hl' bet ter ttl ....1v, the con-ntucncv 101 th.u kind nl cnon
.Ippl,.ut:d 1ll,,1 ,I'" rhc need became pl':lI l·... t , tromcall v. beloved Brow n Umvcr--uv' ...th Tl';l t l'n cd de... t ruc uon III hou ... ing ch t ncts in th e Lr.... t Stdv g.rlvamccd a grou p III
I'Tl ' ... t:TV.ltltl ll1 "'h , who to their "ll rp T1 c 10unJ ...vmp.nhv ;IIlJ ...upport trom voruc
cuv pl.mncr-, ;lIl J trorn 0 1l1t:!.11... III the Nuuunall'ark Service . The ah ... t r.rctum ota n.monal cuncrruc rum .aud.rcncwal blucpnnt . un ... uuvd 10 the parucular-, 01 ,1
... rn;11I and lu ...nuv.nch ... tate . began In break down under -cruunv Frum tbc-,c
app.m-r ulv nlOJl·~t beginning... . ;II.U/,:\,·I vr-mn .md project emerged.
I k i t: I'" a ... null ",c!cCll ll ll 1I1 wh;It th l' LllTleT,llnllnd III 1'J"1 AI M iJ J k J ild ElId,
" trn'h Il lg11 Tl'lJ1:1 we "' l'l' ,I dl'caycd An lkcn hOllll'-C(loklng Tl· ... UIlll,I11t. With ,I
PUll I lull I"li ll (I pl'n!! ul"' t ' I1l"'. W l ' C,I11 ;11111<1"t t,l"' le tht: 111l ' <l1 ...tew ... ;llld "'llll.· ll
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'f~~ To bcgm with an uldcr nn.n;c : the world un nrc. 'l'\.'11 more rh.m mt:I'lrhutlC.llh,.111 the Nanc k M ill contlagrauon 0 1 July )<J.l I (lLgUT": vl , p. lg\.' II'-J). T hl' world
wa-, ulrcadv o n li re, and thv 111\h:r ",ei..: t)' ,Jilllo", ,h:.... t ruv vd, hut Rhode I..l.mdcr-,
h.udlv knew ho w much had changed I II t heir nwtt back
vard unt il rno« 01 rhc mill .. closed dur rru; the ]9';0". Bvrhc nmc people looked anumd. rhc change.. had .ilrcadvbecome rrrcvvr .....hlc .
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f Ol/l_ Iordan lind hI_ /"mJ f't"torm mx<11 the C.'leI'rr/I· Clun. 1''''lldl'nl't,.1951 Ri llS C"lItTwm IRIII HAl'; I 17}
f,xuu' 9"LII'I'IH 11111 1"<>1 rdc m r, IW,(J Courl"'"of IhO' pnwrdcnce loumal.Hullcun
hf(l1lt' 111'1
320 .~"uln .\l<1ln .\Jr,"'/ '·r'w,d.·l1 ...·19'iO·19S2 "h"lu />1 cnanoue f _In'Rill' C,,/I"(/ltm fRill F"9(~lJ
[.'.1 IHLOVED WnUNO" AND SURVIVALS 1"'~(J PRESENT
the crzarene smoke. At nearby we..munster and Unum, Shepard's, Iamuu.. depart ment store !otill had dl'cadt:s IIiexistence ahead before bankrumcv w ould rhrcncndemolition oi the historic buildrng-c-but the darkness ni rhc corrung era had . "\1 W
speak, already visually descended l i l ~url' 9.l, page IlllI. This was lue in a city oldIly American standards.
Around the ... tates agm,.; urban area v ,md mdu...mal villages, abundant Ima,.;o III
this kind proliferated. The Blackstone V.llll'Y wa a virtual ...ct piece in rbc vtorv.Downtown Paw rucker, a.. seen hy an anonvrnou aUht In 19;;J , seem" not ..0much in decline a... frozen m umc Inx u rc 'lol l. No m.IIOf city suffered quucasintensely, first from rhc c1mm~ Hi the l1ulls. then from the ,,;ou,l:lng ot some 01
its most picturesque neighborhood.. hv the CIl\1 ..rrucuon 01 Route <J:i • •md tm.rllvtrom the virtual ...hurdcw n 01 it ... hrsronc commercial zones In l"JllO... Woonsocket ,
vrcum of far lc...... de ..uucuvc cncrgv, youn,.; people art: ... hown a,l:'llmt.l backgroundthat ... trl l ..t:t:I11 .. ancient hy Amcncnn ..t'111d;HJ ... (t1 ,1:urt: YSl.
Hut it was Providence where t hc urban unugv .. ut an carher ;I,l:l' survived just loru;enough to overlap w uh t hv new diver..itic.. and 11111hlCldtur.11 promise 01 rhc a,l:eahead. The Inside 01 I'rovidcncc .... ful-led Cclcbmv Club [r.mkcd hy M('IrOllrllllt'
mngaainc .IS the Iounh-bc« rnzz club 111 Nnnh America] reminds u.. of the [9;';Os,that era 01 music and soci,J1 change, when vr..llin,l: mustcalurcat .. included Lou»,
Arm..trong and Ella Fnzgcrald. und .uahcnccs and danctnj; couple.; hrokc down rhcraci.ll harriers ttigurc %1. Our-ode thl' Cclcbnty Cluh, on Lippitt Hill. the notuhlyintegrated neighborhood fcll victim to massive mi ..·planning, with I[S mode... t w hue and black wurkmgclass housing, ..mall businesses. nnd 1l,1f" and dullssufkrin,l: from the Iatal disadvantage oj occupyln,l:low-cost space adjacent Ul downtown . r\ tract thatnow holds the Mamou HOld and the Star Plaza wa..dearl'd, leaving behind only I11mlOril'S liigure Y7).
Photographer Charlotll' Estey mvesll~tt:d thl'muillracial urll,m scenl' of 19;;OsSouth M,lIn andWickl.'nden Srfet:t'> more consCIously th;lll any othnRhoJt: bland aru... t. In hcr shot 01 .'10 South ,""am(figu re 9K l, the blllldmg- ..... ith It'> wlJl' ... teps .lnd" Room s" sIgn-looks a ... !f It h,h lx'l.'n hulmg a wmld 01 IlHlkcn and luck Ie.....lodgers. Whl'n Estt:)" turneJ the curner, ..hl· JI ..t:uveTt:J the innncent ,md thl.'dangerous almosr ..iJt: Ily "lJe, Hy her o ..... n .lnnotallon. ".\6 Wickenden SUt:t:t.
•
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( .n], '" their ,,,ntlfll/<I/I"11 Jr, '"In If/NI l'" If, II h k, n.1, II "t, ,"l'm v" J.-n" 19~/I 1912 !'hw<> /'1Chur/mh' h l"1 IU II\ (',,11.', /I""
fR ill \ 1 1>0"'//
I J,l:UT' IIJ()~(, 1\ I' kcndcn 'IT, r- !'",n ,I,'n, "1'1'(), 1912 /'hur" /,, ( :Ir<l tl"tr" h rr 1lOll', C"I/", rI'm OU 11 I 7V ,~IOI
h~llr, · /0 /
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IV" C" un ,'", tIt rl1.. Hh"d,. 1,/,md/n\'I,1I /11'I"rll "JI 11"",,)<1/11111
III VANISH I:-JG IHIOIH ISLA:-JIJ
---Girl~ in Connrmauon \)Tc'''''e,, ''jllJ.:uTe 99) w.l~ only two hlock-, trum 76 Wick
cndcn, III ,111 un-a known .I~ " ' Hcll'v Kitchen,' h;Hlg-Olll 01 ~ailllT" whose ~hip~
anchored m the river" ltigurc IOOl. Thr-, wa~ rhc Im,11 era ot a !ll;110T prcccnc..., o !
C;lPC Vvrdcans on th c, L,sl SIlk, hl'!llTc various rconcutuc dl,lllhC" cu-ed Ih ....m (1111.
T he kwish South Side mihht h...· remembered dntvrcruly hy the rnmcr.r. ,1";1
er;llllp ....d SP;lCl' abandoned WHit loy -II only the old.umco, dld ruu, to rhi-, day,
reta in cuch warm mvmon ...·" \.1 lik thcrc . A neighborhood aln..-adv 1111 rhc \'l'ThC
ot cxtinctiun III ] \;Fd , It is Sl'",'11 hen- .u lt~ 01..1 h"'';ITI , Wdl.lTd AVl'IlUl', wherea
rclunous prccc-e.mn lik~ p,I"t i\klzer', Sh0I'PIIl,l; Center [ligu re 101 1. The IlWU '
c~ty and compactnc-,-, ui the conuuunuv, with 1I~ marry mom-and -pop -rorcs.l~ cmkmg. The presence01 auromobilc-, n.uwnhstanding, thi~ i~;1 crrcvt tor
wulkmg, ...hopping ior a lew
m-m-, dailv, and me...OllngIncnd-, along the wav . In
the new suburban nc"i.l-:hl'lUrhood, wh...-rc many III rhi-,
neighborhood were destinedrhc tormal erhrnc nrgaruza non, continue and somenmes even thrive; yet the
parucular sense of pmxrrmtv
1
h!:Uf< 102fllla «1/"11 fll 1I",pl/ll/llm! ftt.!\",<'<', l'nwidcncc (If(,' /I}'j.f) NII /\('olt., non IIUI, X 1 f>22~
I ,~urL 11/1
\ It" ,lion;: ,h,' \\ ' " "" ' ''IUll /ll<k, IHI''' s ilncvvttle llr,d /\}7(1 Nf //\('"Il.', rIt !/I I HH I \' 1/>1,211
11.\ IIl:lOVI::I) W(JUNI)\ AN)) \URVIVAL"" I I} ~O I'R£\lNT
and Intimacy ot ethnic neighborhood hit: c.mnor Iw reconstructed. LIlt: In dnvuhurbs might he bcncr rnarcnallv, hut tor tnrmcr South Side inhabirant , btl'has, not likely ...ccrncd ..o do...e ag;IIll, The "'l'n"'e 01 proxrmnv contmuc.., 01 cour...c,
arnoru; the new crhrnc
J:roup~ squeezed into theold neighborhood... , hut then .. taxed st n-cr lifc 01 p;bl
decades has varn ..hcd , iot
ThL' pbvsrcal rracmz... 01 thecity ourla...t , at lea ... l In ...ornedl ...mct s. even the hcavu-vthlow<, 01 worscrung eondi
non-, and rni-guidcd urbanenKlnl·L·ring. from the mill 01
the Impcnal Knih- Companyat Hospnsl and Itl ......en ... trcctc, in what ha-, been renamed the lcwclrv [)I"ttin,one could C;hl1y sec m 19';0 hou...L· ... that have -mce vanished liigure 10.2 1. Yet the
lrnpcnal burldmg lI ..c1i i .. now a condo.rrunrurn . and manv mhcr ... rructurc-. have<11 ..0 outlasted the ramp,IJ.:L'" ot thc wrecking hall The ..kvlinc and the urhm am .brcnce present ;1 continuity here rh.n rcmmd ... us III photo... trorn 1iN O or even ll'lf'(l
S'l Jtl many t nher ..ccnc-, around the rate . Dlncvvr lie . ;11 the \\'\)\JI1 ...aquatucketRiver, ..cern.. ,I piece ul almo..t umclc Rho\k t-Iand {ngun... 1031. By the late )lJ611...and ....urlv 1'170s, rhe nmclc....n.... ' .. ul the n.nun- <cenc hold become -uddcnlv moreprcciou ... An Audubon Suuety phlltu~r;lphcr In ...cubed on rhc rever..e ot a photo
• c
1 2 ~ 'o'A:-.I[<.;II I:-.1(; RHo nE t s t .x rc n
r~.. .,
,-.'
In end ... th e text ile mil l.. and
mill rui ns liil-:u rd OSI.
A w oodcn hridge m Rerkdcy
one of the last "talldll1~ in thesr.nc-c-has som ehow managedto survive genera tion" of Iocn .bicycle, and ,1IJ1o l1l ohile: traifi c[ j i ~u re IW l. Ml't,lphori cally..peaking, it 1.".1 br idge het w een our pa..t , our present,
an d II like to th mk l OUT fut ure.
Mo..,t III Rhodcl-dand today rcmam s somewhere hct wccn pnvnnc purity .mdnn-chnnical-nmurnl dcvastution, ..c.:ure:d h)' history and, even more, hy th e: in chnnnon to wipe Hut hr-torv . A ty pIC <l 1 1'170.. sh o t 0 1 W.Hre rt, with ..cagullrc..nru; watchtullv on an old w o odcn docks Ide st ruct u re I h~uTe 1071, ...ho w..u.. <I ..ee rie th at C.1Il cul l he found tn dozen.. 0 1 "pm ... a long t he East or We..t HolY .Equall y crnblcmauc til ourtr ace: mcmonc.. arc our old
l l l ~ure 10"') hi.. ow n anx rouv un prv- -ron til ..uch a vct tmg: "O ne 01 our 1.:1 ~1 CO':I~tJ.1
..cc nc-, o j escapct rom the _,_ pre~ ..urv.. 01 modern livuu; Tru..torn Pond i .... til]uncpculcd. llow 1011~ will the, hl·.:luty he preserved lor nnurc gener,lti llll'> ~ " ·
Like dozens 01 other precious n.numl ..it c... the pond i:- h':lppily still nt:,lrly intact .
Hv way 01 COnlr, I"I, tr y to irnagj nc th e rclanvc pcaccfuluc.... oi t he seu Ill"'; and Ihl'..urvival 01 wrldluc with III ..cnu urbm condu tons in ,I vie w from th e Pa wt u xct
Hridge ,II Ro ute 1. in 11.)6 :; (i igure 10;1. Tudav the warwick ,'\1<1 11 would <rand III
the background 0111-11" vu'w. 01 the vccnc depicted . It I" hard to unaxt nc rh.n anvth ll1~ nnw ..urvi vc...
In cur uras t ag.nn. rhc h r..rune market burldmc at (,X Hud-o n StH..'Ct III l'rovi .
d~'ne~"" Armon' Il l..t nc t \f1 ,..;u re ! (}(1! ha -, been rc..toted a- toru-hmglv. wuh the<I.. .. I .. ranee (II th e Pro vid ence Pre..crvatmn SOC i~· ly '.. Revolv in g Fund. Can nat urehe rc..tored a-, wdl; The ta ..k oj rccr canna ccosvs ten» I" dnunung. hut th e ..ta re'..hope.., fora tuturca-, hcaunfu l and cnvnonrncmallv su ..r.nnnblc ,b II.. pa..t rcvt
upon that pro ..rvct
h xuf<' /lk>f>l'l l / ud , ,,n .\/U " /, Pmvntencc, /'I'J()
C"urr"H' 01 th e /'"",,,1cIl<" Prcxcrvutum\,,, 11'1)' Rn'"ll'In,g /Iwd
hl:UT< /OJFmsnnnPond. Ch ,lr!c ",,"n n rcoJ /W>flf'hlllu nv :\ oJ IC \ oc /; ( '"urln l 01 Ihf."
Hh,~ lc "lund Audu/'''n \/1( /1' 1\'
II,gu r" 11I7n:,Jrll'n war",lr,ml , 1'J75 C"ml,'w"/Iht' Provulencc I" urn,.! Bullcnn
fI~IUf." IlI'i\ '/('w trom lilt' !'awruXl'1 /Indg<' , R'Jlu,'2, Wanl')e'k , I'JI>I,. COllrl,"1 "'-Ih,,
Rh,,,It' t,l,m<l Audul''''1 '"" n-tv
r zs I\ELOVE D WOUr-<I>S Ar-;ll <;UIl.VIVAL". r vvn I' R IO "E N T
4
J-1,~11'" III~
A/lmHI< Mil". (1/IJI'I'Idl". /v7';1'}wl" II, Hulil/II! 1)lIl1lm'l' C"llflt''I'
"I Hu'hmd ()Il/IlI!!'\
J-IXlIrC liN",,,,,,1,'/1 "'llig r 'Jllk,I<<'Ir- v 1'1042f'Il"I" /01' I h,' /<!l".I(' "l,md I )q',IrIllJN)/
o( Tr<lIl'I"'Ft,JI inti ClaTl'Il'" /lu",'I'C"JI.'rlJ!ltl. '''lUI'''' "I r11" /I/lI"i,[,hmd 'loll,' "r< 111\ n
••me
Chre.rophcr La F.lr"..,. "Auburn R.:\ l'Il,-J,In Th,' Wi/."m, (1\:,..... Ymk, 1<,1.111 O!J,',RhnJo: 1, I.ln J ,,!_ rcaJm,.; "r h,'Mm" .Iho'ul
Ih" '1"T)' u-uallv have no Iruuhlc dr-ccmInJ: Ih.- phenumcnon ..'.1 char.ictcncrrccxpcncncc our ullhO:H own rccollccuon
I "h til acknowl...J,,... rh... Rh"J., 1..landLu r.lTV l"'J:dn' pnucct oj 1%<,1, "r"n..",.·Jbv rh c Rho.! 1..land Commnt...... lor lh,·
Humanm 10' mllOJuCm,l:. me III Ihl"I ...XI and bnnJ/:mJ/: II min !h,· ,1a..<room
-"---- -
1 A,IU'llh rhr-, 1\.1 mwparh "'lh<: "IJIII.u:k_,,,no.: Canal. kJJml: l"\.Iul\ '" h... ,'
II _hnuld I" lht: mtcrprunvc center "llh,
(1(.Ilk_llIn.: RIHT <;1.110: p.uk
II ,,, Ihllcltllln' hi>
~ UNl1a l ... Gum. "The Chrld and rhc
.... haJ".... rn The L.zn"u<l);:<· ", Ih,' ,'I,1~1l1
f-",,\, on f<lnl"" and \, "'11<.' 1-1, lIOn. ,,;J.... u ....n Woo.! (~.., .... York. 1"''''''''1, I>!-f,""
:;, lohn T wrmcnch, An",ha D<I\ Amuh..,I)"/I,,r, 1"1'>.
I'> Commcm-, hand .... rn t..,n b)' rh'll,');rarh ... r:....Ial.., ",,,10.
..\(:kn,,'" led"nlt'n h
I uw c a bI~e ddll ul lh.mk~ t o aW,dl' Y'dfll'IY ul uller.. In th e ncldIII prv....-rv. mon. In Ihl~ eJ"l' ul thepht1lt l):fJphl e In:h'Y'l'' rbcm-clvc-,The Rhode I,land 1I1'IOIll:oll "' Jl,;ll'IVJnd II, Il:t>n"Jo:Tolphll: I:UTa"'f Ilt:nt-...:Bavncn . r nu onh ptl'-",:" th e he'lvmgh- culIl:cllon 01 phUWJo:Iolph, hUIhJ\l' made 11 JVJ,IJhle III me wuh the~nllu~nc" arul IU\ln..: C.Ul' 0 1 rhn-c'" ho undcrvtand the rmc ....onh (01th e molll:r1.d Th e Auduh..n Socrcr v.rhe Rhlld~' 1,IJnd Ic.... l'h HI'WfH':JIA"CJl,;IJIIl,n. rhc Crancmn 11l~ltlnc3,1
';;O""I:IY Ih~·l'l:llol<lUolm"4.:Ult L,hTJr\',rhc I'J w IU(k.·1 Pubhc L,hfan , the,"l'Wpt'I1 III'Wfl~JI "'1l..'1l'1\" . thef' rfJl"/ dCllu'/OuTlItII Ihl Prt "' l d~' n ( l'
I'ubhc llhrJn till" Cuv 01 Providence:\f(hlv", the Rh,H,k lelan d "t.lll:AfCh'\·I:' . the Dcp.rrtrmnr 01 lr.m-,I",n'lllllll. the "Lltl'r M,llllhU'Il( "Ill' ,the Sp'luldmJo: Il"u'l' Rvvc.rrch Lrhr.uvut Pa.... rucker, the P,lWtll>.: ..: t V.rllcvI'Te~cn',UIIlIl and I h ~ t " f ll: .l f S"elcl},.md the lhcmnc.;1I and I'feWfY'.ltl<>n""nl'l}' II! Burnllvillc have ;111 ;O:1Yl'nmvalu.rhlc a~~I'LlIln·. l c.mmu dunkthe libr.m.m-, .md ;lTdlIVI'" vutfrcn-ntlvIOl' fU"lll lent rue ~~'veIalllhow, tromtill' 11k, III till" t.cho.
I havc e;lgcrlv drawn up"llthl' l'>.:pntlwoj a hand luI 01 0111(1;11 ;lIld UlIoltlCl;11;.dvi'''r<., Illdudmg ALm Tfa(htl·nhn.l:,
Publil'alinn SUit'
Th., ,.. an eltldlenl 'fUJ\" , wdfre'l'all:h~'d and \Tt\' \·,llu.lhk to ,h<'(JU'C 0 1 Rho.k ],IJnd pfl"l'rVJ"'onI whh to ur..:c '\'lnp,uh"llc Tl"ld..:r~ IIItak..: p.ul m th~' pUJl,;", ot ..: \ p.mJ m ;o:upt,n Ihl' wOfk by pW\'ldln": morepholo, Jnd ntor<' J..:IJII, III \"dm~h..:J
or vanl,hm..: 'll'n~" Jnd 01 ,U( ":"luI dlurh JI mJlnulnlnJo: th l' ,t.lll ,hl'l nf!( JI'trlU' JnJ PIUUfl"<lU~'
IanJ"4.:Jp,:, IluClk h,rw.lrJ to Ih~'
JUlh"f', luJkf 'lUd~ . .... hl(h w,1IhJ\'t~ Iuum lor ;I hl'lOn":dl ('JmlnJ lion ollhe IrI;lnJo:ular rdJllUn,hlp
12" VA:-.JI<;HI:.JC RHOllL I\lA~ll
fuJ\ Bcncdrcr I'JI ,\ \ .1 I..nc BJrton "IArmand .\ 1Jck Wnnd.... JIJ AI Klytll:r~
Doug Rcvnold.., Rid c.r ccn .... ood JnJmy' J"I,UnI carlv In th e proWt:l, ttcuvStartup. lov(e Rl·mln).:llIn ,\ ' J ( Kl:nna ha-,
been marvclou-Iv kno"'kdJo:l'Jbl~' .mdhelptul tin her horne -pace . KUrrlll~'llI e
Tom Robcnv (ncour.l.l:l·d rnc In thl'prol(C! trom t hc he..:m m n..: and gavem e many hdl'lul 'UJo:;:l',"nn' ()t-'I1I'~'
BJ'"en ha-, been mv J~"tht:l, ..: -h"lLlru.:.11
con..clt.:nce. pnl<.!dm,l: me 3,1 evvrv 'IJ":I:to rcrhmk conclu-ron -, ,hll....'m Jo: ml' .mdeven iorunJ:upon me mJt(TlJII h.IJ ov~'r ,
looked or undervalued ().'~',J e h,lr m.1n ,and IJl1In' CJrJ..: .l ... ,Ie" .l:n ..: >.: pn l l' ( lu-,given ~h'lr..: arul »ucn ;JJJ~'d new nte;mmgtorhc .... ork I ;II", w"h W Jlknllwl..:J..:e rhcinfluence 01 ~om.· 0' Ihn'l' who, nvc rrhcb,1 r.nccn vcar.., h.rvc vh.ucd wuh m..: Ih l,'IUd\" 01 Rhode ' ... land : 'l'ott ,\\oll"y , .... hoht.'/-:Jn rrer,mn/-: ph"l"hl'lOfl":~ lOll": hdofl'I hJJ ":fJ'r..:d Ihl'lf iml"lTl,mn'; C,l r\" Kulik ,.rnd rhe vaflOU~ dcrnzcn-, o! b 'i') .md (,(,1I lope "lIe..:t, Provnlcncc, who rendered'Od;lf hi.WTV.l roopcrauvc vcntun- durIll..: the 1",70 , and 19~O~_ Nl'venhde",the cnnclu-aon-, I h.rvc Jr,IwII hen- .•1'"Til ;1 ... ;l1ly c rrorv lIt la(! Of ludg111l'l1I,arc mv very IIW"
"l hi s work wav m.rdc 1'''''lhle bv ,I gf,lllitrom the Rhodclvl.md Commiucc lor Ih l,Il u m ;ull1 l l' ~ _ Thl' ;o:r,mt W,l' ,l<hlll m'Ll' ll'dhy thl' RhoJl' I ~ Lm d Sehool"llk'I"-:ll _
among Ihe Noluon .11 !'Jrk l,l't\ In',ftlCJI plJnnn.., and prl',,'rVJUOnl'h.J rel.lIlOn,h,p c ruu ;ll to th..: pwgr..:"' 0 IJr J(hi~'\" ed
A "\ T () [ :'\: ET T l
A m m nell . D""nw,li: <I/d/,,",, thRh",lc-I "JIlJ /-/" ' ''11<01/ \", h '" .h<Slfm"n "r /.nrh ,he P" ...,J,·n,,' /-/"1 fI, /11 lilt rC,mml" wn "nJ Ih., RIH"I<- / 1",,<1/-/1 lI,n'dl/'., " rI <sur", Cumml ""n ,h, h <II" "n""ITU,', .. , Ithe ....;,,11<>,,<11 Tm 1 " r 1/1 I, 'Ir /',..,
"I' ,U",n "nd <I 'On u/I<lm fu Ih. /',,, 101<"11'I'"~ r'"",,,, "" II In,,' It I>. In,"
A~.,rn "'1"~1 I' ro \\ IJ~n.~ f>"..IIcr ~mll\ "'un and 1 tanl"', Lemon-
Ih. lnJq,<:nJ~nt \\ " m .In Il.h"J~· h l.m J ,Ilhl w oman l"'I:"[dll" \ 11
Ah"'JJn l tamcl \ -I n.\h"Jrn P ..rue] " -IAhearn £mrnJ -I
Ahc.un I""....[I.' \ 0' :-";..,111 1' .lho: ll",Ahearn
Ah...m I"",ph -I
,\h..,..rn \ IJ f' I} l "nn. r\ h, ..m \\ .If\ 1 10
,"h~ ... n 1l....... lI.:1 tAh..,..rn ..... h.",1 '" llr.um' l rr..m.. .mJ
l'h" lu llJ u' .ll u ,nAhearn Ilm"lh, -I
Allen Zac h.mah -,f>-tun , lid/lop, ,hlp \~
,\nl1n"ml.lnl,m Annc HuuhrnconR••"n"d.."..,.1 1,1-,
Anhuccrurc l hc I t.Ill« " [ HculcvL"llnll"n !~ \1
_-\rm'tr"tl..:, L" lIh , 1'1,\trwld Thnll1,I' 1'1
1I ,1I1"u P,' \I," t( l
H." t, ,' I1 , Ikn" ,' I r h"I'r ,m, ,', L HcnlcvC"Ile-uI"n," !1 i!
H.n"m.lt1 " I h'ld , N""p"n , 'J{)
H.llt" , tmerv, ll, l ~
ltcnduk, R"h.ll , uu 11-" 111
IkI HIr"lh , {""lI1hl .l, "A L,,,,k .n tlu- "" """ ."wh-, { ""llnl ~ " (,-1
Ik lll.IIl1lIl, \\ .1lt,'l 111ltctcn-oin, Ik tn.ll.! -o"'-'r..:,'t Iohn (,~
Bcrkclcv " , ~ "kn hl1.1I-:" 121 ,'~
"I ll m"r,' ti , 'I, I 1'1' " 1<1< nc<' W,Hl,u hlnll< l anal I I -1 .' I I. -I~_-I(" _I'.
'J ,IlIIl .ll Run and :\rtltlU.lI 1.11l, \\' Jh 'l 1'''''' ' .lIlel, h, III."k ' l " n, (.m.,1 -,1-(,2
1II.I, k, ,, ,n,' 11.1" '1 ,.,11., :".JlUl.I[ RunIn,1 ..\ '1 til, lJl 1.1 11 , \ \ .<I,'rl'''\\'' .,nel lh,'II I.l< k ' l "n~ (·.m.,1 -,1 III "'h'r', (·.'I'I.IIn."'h"p , l "tI"n \\ II....r .... . Ih JnJ L u I\'-\l1I"r....n Indu'lrIJI,••uro,n ,~ -1'"
I-itll..nel I " hlJ ' -,7I,,,~wn ..nJ \\ " 'n,I"" RJllr'~IJ "''' (,IB.. urh \\ h ll ' \I" Il:dl , 1 ~t
Ko,u",IU,t !)"n 11"III.1Jl<l,el l:'.I.1. "'''''1lIJ: ... 1)
Bw\\n.mJh" m..,,,h.1nI' p" -1 \ I~
IIIII\\n l.. hn ~l·~1
"1<>\\11 ' l. h" I.., I... I ' "'~ ~"
lIuh l, 1'.:11'1 \\ \ "m,hm..: Il.h"J" 1..I..nJf> 7 I!.f>
Index to Volume 49
Cartmgton. Ed ward . ;1'1 -I ; , -I~ ~-, -,"-f>OC .:I Il, Carne Chapman ~
Ccb-bruv Cluh, Provedcn ce 111Ccnrcrvdlc \1111 "-O- s lCh..«, Eh:a.!'<:lh Rullum ~
e n , Aurmm \bn I'rm IJ ",n« ', ~
C1,l.tk"" ,,, hn. 20Coddmgron WIIIl.am , I slOCondon. h anel .. R yConnn. lnhn If>, Is .!.~
(·.J ""o,d ,>u n Cl K"d..:, ' r,m ,..len,,' "''' W
Lralv .\b f\ Hn an .., Iohn ~ -I
ltavr-, r .lu [m" WI I..:hl , ~
n d ..nn. l;u; k ~ ~ , %
n o, n," ', Thurn"' . 7
Il.. rn n ', \1." Thurn.." ~
Lturkhcun. Enuh-, 21
L lrl' , CUUl!. \i ,llI ,'J:,m" n 111L" tn n F<1rn C"'1''' I.' II''11, ~Em" . ..... n. R.. lph \\ .11 ..1" 11Empire "luck Comp.mv. I'wnel c llc"" "'[nngy ,~C<' w.ncrpowce
Equal nchrs. The Independen t "" .. m.mRh..dc 1,1.rnJ', fll't W..man lq:I ,I.11lll, I- I \Enk-on . K.l1, 1-1,21-['In-, Charlunc. 7 \ , III[,,'h""J:" 1'1.1<,',', l'mvuh-ncc, k,~
Ltrnum , lhrrll', (,11lamum, \\,<·1 ...1In<" (,(l
laulkncr, w.lh.nn. 2AFc,kril [ U rutunn N.I'u'II<" LI'" 10hlrll Ccnnmandmcm 1111' 11'1." I, ,~
F1l1 k,\hdl"d , 'J-I
h .. rcnza. U t: aht:t h. ! ;Frt:J:,·l.l ld, EJI.,. IIIllvnn, \\ IIIIJm ... . "-I'
G1c .... '· ..I"r , tMm h" u,,,, lUI', · 'C"'1I'n. <;.Im ud , 10l ;uhol1ll Bllh , I ~
l:re"m' W" k llm <' Arn " IJ -,1t .r""n\\"od Il.I.h.ll el I. :-'.ll ur ..l ll.un
dml Amh,' a l FJII.. WJI~' '1'' '\\ C' dnd Ih "1\I.J, h l" n, em.. 1 '>1-n1
Ii J le- \ fohn W,lh..n" "'~_<l-'i. 1O~
Ii J\\l h" m e, ~Jth3md , l l
I le-nk , , F",nc"" E Th, h"nn " l_ IknlnC.. l1nll ..n, 11_;2
11r 1l'~IIIn AlIT"'rt lounl:~', lOtIh l1 " J " F.lrm " O"kIJ\\'n , 10'Hrn", U' \\'I' ~I
II I" Tony'. II ~
Hnchc, ..:k Hcnrv -Ru.., d l, 7,li nn h ml: g c-tau ram Pnwrdcncc "'''HuJ"" Thea tre. Prov adcncc. 70H""' l' ", '"..: ,\ 1.1.h ill,' Cumpanv \Hurchm n. Anne. "Ann", Hunhm ...,n
R,·, ..n-, kreJ ," I \ -2-'iH utchm ,n. Holmc-, ~\, "- ~
Hurchm 'n, wrlham . It> 10,1\
[mp<:I1..1 Ii.mlt: C" mr""' L!.\lnducr n ..l dcvclnpmcru :'\ JIU , a I Ru n
and Amlt"'ldl FJII, W.:Ile'1",wn andthe Rldck 'l.'ne C..nal. ~I·f>l.
' <;hlr', C 'I'I..m. Sh..I''' COIl"n:\\ ll"n Kd l\' .md Earlv Amn ll'.JnI nJ~,,", ~ I I :." I, 'n . ; " - ~"
Inducrn..1"tru- e C"rnr""' " u, ldm..:,I'rov rdcn cc . "'~
lvr ». Th " rn.I' I'.. vmon, I ~, -I!. 'i,I, "-"'-611
I"n ~ , l unch, PronJenn- . "'61, ,, lm , l'h, Il !" 7IU \Tnt '" (,t.rnJ:' \ War wIck, ]{)7
K<'II \' C hrr' to phn, F . -1(,K..r I" , Abbv Ell:" [Ehz.ilu-th Whll'pkl. ,H- l ~
Kcllv , wilber . ~" ; "Ship'.. Capram.<;h..,, ", Cotton: wilber Kellv .md EarlvAmcnc.m lnduct nahzunun." ,17..tv
KId 111.111'" <;hIlWhll;tI, Covcnuv, I()~
1\11l;:hl'I'ilk C.. nl:l,,;:.I!"'I1~1 Church . 7-1Kuhk, C .ln', -1 '> , 71-;,
/ ,,,1\ Carm"JI"fI. I, hlpl, 'i 1L.1F.rrI:' " C hn , tlJr hn, 117L.,F.lt;:. ' (}l l\Tr , 111L.tlll:. Ann 11-2,1LmJ:~'. [h., .. lh".l ,'"l .'m"n, . I "'t.m ln · \ n ' Ad!<-r. Em lh \It~'r
l .·,II~· . (;m nl " Rh•••k 1,IJnJ ', KI."k'I<m,'Il. ln·r " l.lll· !'.Irk. f>,t
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l ....·..... O..:".Jn "ldlt: Th..·.JI'· r. [' Illn el.·nc", 'Jf>l .. n,J.lk Cornr..ny. ,F ~ l ·-I-I , -If>_P
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l "n, JJ k W..ln r ll...n Cum!"'n\" -1 \ -1 6Lnut ll t' , H" m", H.lnJ LlUnJn Cun,,,,n, ~ f>
L" ' nr"ll , H r , 'J J lOt>b lll" n "nJ IIJll kn m,ll" \\.....n" ...·k"I, -IO
\kLnu"hhn, walham C Ann~ HUlchm~nn
Rccon-adcrcd Il..!'"\t J ""~1 1 C Theater rrm,u~n~e "''''"" ..rnmoeh \t lll \\Jlert"rJ flO\lann. I,,""'rh. -to\1..rhu rv F r"nll~ In.\1,mtlm~' !T.u~. n,-t'"M"lh n , Coneon.!1lI,1 r1zn '.. "horrm.-: Crutct. I""\'ld~nc~, 12!M ll kl . I\-rrv, 2!MlIf'-:,II1 , Edmunu'" 1!M " m , William . K ~
Mu mford . L~ "' I ~. 7-t, 71' 7'J. II'",\tun,l\ Plnrcncc IU
:\..rr.teanscn ParkwJ\ . ..... ,HWKk D"wn~, 111......rr../:Jn""'n Pe-r. ytl-"; .n " k .\t,1I nrc 110,1·10:-';JlInnJll~·.l:u,: nl women V",n~
.... J'Ulnal worn..n , r,Ht\ 7
,\;, '" York Dtamanc Lc.jW,· ~
11.lkIJnulk.ch, I I!I l"Cnnn",. Patnck '"7()Iu "l"nl' Church. ChJrk'h'",n, IO~
( lInn . C"m;:I', ,N..H)
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o ~":III. lohn. -t0''\,;,,111. Iohn AlnhlU\ -t
1' ..""J'u,k C..nal \\...."tl·rh ~1
I'J "' lu \.:, l\nJ..:~. w arwic k 11..I'J"'IUll':' RI\n Re-crvauon !O-t-'>l'ul.:JaI" sun; [(11'I'n k. f-r eu~nck '>I' b m ll l'ltl SUl"I·'. r w n ul·nu ' . "'n1',, 111 1, ... Th.: InJq'I:nu,,", ' ''''m.m Rh"Ul'
I ,bnu ' ~ F Ir ~ 1 w oma n L,,;:I,la'''r, ~-11
I'" , hln , Ararn, J(J
1'lI1hl l-lI(1" n, cnl"rn'rtll 'nt "I . ,"'.'Jl 'rm'Iol. 'lhL' IJC<J""I1,;r.l'rovnh-ncr C"v". 1' 1I'r,,\ Idl'nte 1.1'<'llInS IJu/knn. III/'rr J\ ""'til " 1//II\U'1Icd ( ;lJIdc, "'-tf'r"1 "h,ll " lnurnal, n, '" '-I
Pr", I,knll' L, ''' '':u" "I \ \'01111 n \ "'n~, '"",,,, Id,'n,,' .V,·w,. nr"'\luI·n.:" Pr':~"Po'.t",n .... "'1..,1'.11.0, 11-t1'''' \·luI·n<.:c .nJ W"rn' ~ I '" R.II",..J, -t ~ ~,'
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Ru.. Carpenter ~ IX-,ll h, .\ 1"'unuck. IIIRutl"I,k<·. 1~:mMJ . 7(1
RUl·thn, R (J~"m ,ln' , 23
xahshu rv, SII' rhl'n,"-tS .mdl'f~" n. Edward I,., " l'rl''''' fv lIl;: It"' l"I v
11\ the P,! .llk'wn,' RIWI V'lllt:\'," n-t....mrv. Ican ·P.IUI. 7()
"'(lIU.lI.:, bam U,In..,c. lUt,""'utI, lknn ..tl"-:,,n, Karhcnnc .'<1."hur..-, 20Sh..n"nht:r~'~ ,kr,u'ml·nt -rore
Paweuckcr "'n':;hnr" Tran'ponat,,,n C"mf'.!-n'·. """sLII" r, luh n. -10, -t...\1.lI" r, \ ..mud -l0. "-t."'"... lau- rvvdlc mill nIb;:.:. 110"'m llh. C"or":I' i'/· "O"m lth. HI'J ln '. 11'vmuh. Stephen . (>(l
vnuthncld Conon .md Woolen Cornpanv.""· -t l, ';\)
S" l"I"I V 01 Fncndc. .'.(J"rt,l;:u., H!ld~l' , :'-J .Hr,Ii:.lllwn , K()"rnn;: L..k "",Il h, C k nu.11t. 101''rrm~ Lak ,\1111. Covcntrv "'O-.~ I"11'1,,111:. Alfred. ~I
"'tlln" W Lh fl'U. 7-t [(If>.'
"'I"nl' R"d"." Trvcrton. II-t"Ir..nd Thcan-r l'rovrdcncc I'll"Ull r";:I'. 'Th" Inuq ...:nu'·111 Woman RhuJ..:
1,I ,mJ'~ Fir" W..nun L'·":I,lawT. 1.11..... mm.:... , Z",hdrl..h. l-t
rem.Thnrnac III
T l" tl k ... "Shl!," ("II'Llm, 'hor'" C\'II<>ll\\' , II'<.'r Ii.dln .md L IT h Am l'TlCI!1lnduvrna hz.nmn," 17,-t'J
Tdl llli:h a ~ t, l' h l1 lr . ·11Trv cnon, SIonl' HI1lI~..... II -tFuupm. Fdl ', 1'<
T""hl"nl,,:r..:, Alan, 71fr.m'l",nalllln 1'.I....-t y-t.%, III 11
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Un",n In'uranl" C"mroln\' l'w\'IuI'nn' 11\Un,,'n Pa'~"n",' r 1).,1"'1, 1' '' ' \'IJ " n.:... , 1'1Unll"J L,·a..:u" "I W" m,'n \'ul"'~, '>. 7Unll ...J ' Idt..... Hur".Iu 01 NoIlf;"" "'. '-1-10
v ..tI..... Fall.. \1111, "n·laV.m,'. I·t un'.17· 1"V,lIl l l~' Fall am UWrrll'nt !,.lIk , Ea, 1 l ' l " v l
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Warr <:n , w;ltnl ront, 11..W.lleh 11111HlIu~"" , W""",h'. ytl-YIWall'rr" 'w ,'r. N, H . .. ~. -t7; '" N..l ur a l Ru n
oIntl Anlh.:ial Fall~ W"' '' rr'' 'wer ,lI1d Ihe1\1..... k,u'""C.nal. "1,/>1
\\'J I"'WoI \', \"t' IIldck, w n" Rlvl:T valin
We~r. \101, ! IWd'~' " r , Darucl. ,7
wcldc Thuma' l-t\\'",tmm'l", "'tr.,,,I, r rm rdcncc "'-1
Whed wrt" ht Iohn. 1'·11\Wh lpr k Charlc-, -t IWhlpr k . Chn..tlJrh"r.PWh irrk r"'.:rh. WWhlrr lc. Simon, \'J· -tOwhipple, wrlb.nn, ,N
Whyl" . wrlh.uu 11 II"wrcktord. M.lln "'uen. "0, II IWilkm..un. """ph, N- -tOWllh dm.. Ravmond. n7, "'.1WIlha m, . R" R"r , I.. In, 11WII, ,, n.l,, hn l -t 17
wrrncnch. john Til'"Wm th rup '.. hn I.. In I'" nwomen Anne Hu,..,hm~"n R",,,n'lu""'J
1\-1.; . The frJn,,·~ L I Icnlcv (',,11,·..,non.' z- ·12.' Th" lndcpcndcm \\ "manRhod c I ~ : a nJ ~ F lr~ 1 w oman L'·;:I'].l l" r.~ -I J
W""n~"ek.·, Or"''' U" u..". "'"\\'w['("tn ,'1"'. ,~I
Wnghr . Bcr u.mun. ::,,~
Youne. S,llllud, \"
I am ..... nh ~'ou 10 Pawturkcr.\h ~rca(\'~! tear ,h I ~n<';lkLJ;l -mokcWith the hlack-kalhu-M<"k<:ll"J hi",At the Whnc Tn",o:! "" the .\ I.u n 'itrc,"t lind!:,'Wa, that <unK'tlnC wh" knc ..... OJ\' nuuhcr""'-;1, Mum..: nn (Joe "I the hu<o:< IIm'J up at Ihe It...:htTn vpv me <unJtn,l: there: t11:.no.:lIC .unl:lm~
IIlue urutorm skm rolled kn ..., ·hl,t;:h ,RIJCk turtleneck .......cater hH.lm..:<chnul 10'11:01.1.,""uth smeared wirh whuc fill"", 11J"lu;k .Eye, outhncd 10 kuhlilko: a habv " ...l1 ...;1" the bearmk ut P.IIo'>'!u<.:!<.rlI had read Ho....l- "I'm ..... lIh \'OU rn Rockland
I am ..nth VIlU In Pawruckcr
where arc tho ""'. -the hun who wI'amAt the Limcrock QU;lrn . thCl! ..km hke ponclamIn the rmlkv water or rhc .lU'I\ h..~.01 Sunset <;tolhlc< .... ho al ..... ;I\·. e"I'I",:J .lIn,] .Il th\: dr-mount '
where rs Lnrlc Lucrllc who would ,k.lle wuh rnt:"Tho-e Iun~ attcmoons ar lh~ Blue I",m!'where l~ Roland with Ih~ ,,,,0.1 ~W"'Jtu
Th~ whl\~ ' :;' 1 Find "'L1h I.lln mngc, and the .u::::ILnI: ~m,k:
Or -wcct Eleanor wh" ..."uIJ ..'a lk wnh meThrough ihc dappled ~h.ldt:· ..1 I)unodh LJn~'
Tn -wrm III the Prll~~([ Ikl.l(ht~ 1'''00.1 nn thll~~ hm ,.Ll\'~
Ftlkd with p,,,htJ I~ar~ JnJ 1'.11''':1 J"ll- "n mv I"'rt:h:
And where arc vuuc- rhar ho,v' ...h" mt:·t me III the back I""Behind RhuJe 1~I.lnJ Avenue JnJ ~h""'t:'J nuTh~ broken-....IlkJ rt:'~er""lf wh~·r,· VtJu !<K,h'J lur .u"'Wh~.IJ~
AnJ the harrc! vard-, ...here we round rMUlhn:
rhJI'~ Tl~hl-[ rn.rrrrcd vou lur.l wh,kOur von called I.N rughtSo where am I, wh<l would MI wah ruv Bronrr nowl~AnJ dream "I Wflt,n~ mv own IJ~'l1~ '" n>rn,lIln':
ram with you 1Il l'aw tuc kci
L~t's rucct lor .IIHSI .11IJ l;l~t ~h'II1l'~ rcumonStart at the Whuc T"W!;I, walk lll' M.lIlll" Sh;jrt"l1t1<"lg'~,
Co 10 the w md-or ip, a dunk .nul rrul up ,II 111\' Lcrovfor .I1,lT~ sh""-----{' r brtrcr ~1111
Co on up H,o"d to V..';Hno;r'~ 11.111"· I till"Harlem ]\;o<.:lurn.,H,~pl.lylllg. -wcvt hl\l<' ~,I\Papcnng tho; w",IJ wah lonl:lIl/-:,
The mlm" hall ~l'.I'll:llIl!: J ~1'.:rkkJ 1'.I(h,All over rnc 111 mv pmk and white glllgh,lm Jr,'"With the ~1'.:I!:h~nl S1r"p~ and u-nder ~\fJwtx"n,,'~
SpllIlll!: .'wr the h<...JIr!;; vnur cheek
1'r~~....·J agalll" mllle -Th" I' "UI ,,'n/-:o ~'''u ~,IV .
rhlS w,1I JI",.:I\s hi: tJllI ,,'nl:
NOR.\-'A IENC"ES
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