Localizing SDGs among B40neighbourhoods in Klang Valley,

Malaysia: Challenges,possibilities, and lessons drawnfrom the urban grassroots

Denison JAYASOORIA

Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM(UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series)

Institut Kajian Etnik (KITA)Bangi 2020

iv

Cetakan Pertama / First Printing, 2020Hak cipta / Copyright Penulis / AuthorInstitut Kajian Etnik (KITA)Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2020

Hak cipta terpelihara. Tiada bahagian daripada terbitan ini bolehditerbitkan semula, disimpan untuk pengeluaran atau ditukarkan kedalam sebarang bentuk atau dengan sebarang alat juga pun, samaada dengan cara elektronik, gambar serta rakaman dan sebagainyatanpa kebenaran bertulis daripada Institut Kajian Etnik (KITA),Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia terlebih dahulu.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced ortransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanicalincluding photocopy, recording, or any information storage andretrieval system, without permission in writing from the Institute ofEthnic Studies (KITA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Diterbitkan di Malaysia oleh / Published in Malaysia byInstitut Kajian Etnik, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia43600 Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia

Dicetak di Malaysia oleh / Printed in Malaysia byPenerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E MalaysiaEmel: penerbit@ukm.edu.my

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data

Jayasooria, DenisonLocalizing SDGs among B40 neighbourhoods in Klang Valley,Malaysia: Challenges, possibilities, and lessons drawn from theurban grassroots / Denison JAYASOORIA.(Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM; Bil. 63, Februari 2020 = UKM EthnicStudies Paper Series; No. 63, February 2020)ISBN 978-967-0741-59-81. Sustainable development--Research--Malaysia.2. Neighborhoods--Research--Malaysia.3. Government publications--Malaysia.I. Title. II. Series.338.9270720595

v

Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM(UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series)

Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 2008. Hubungan Etnik diMalaysia: Mencari dan Mengekal Kejernihan dalamKekeruhan. Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 1 (November)ISBN 978-983-44318-0-8

Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 2008. Many Ethnicities, ManyCultures, One Nation: The Malaysian Experience. KertasKajian Etnik UKM Bil. 2 (November) ISBN 978-983-44318-1-5

Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 2009. Culture andGovernance in Malaysia’s Survival as a Nation. SiriKertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 3 (September). ISSN 2180-1193

Sun Mee Lee. 2009. Construction of Moken Identity inThailand: A Case Study in Kuraburi. Siri Kertas KajianEtnik UKM Bil. 4 (Oktober). ISSN 2180-1193

Eric Schubert Ansah. 2009. Shaping A New Africa: WhatMalaysians Should Know about the Transformation inAfrica. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 5 (November).ISSN 2180-1193

Thock Ker Pong. 2009. Tsunami Politik 2008 dan HalaTuju Perkembangan Politik MCA: Krisis dan Dilema diSepanjang Jalan. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 6(Disember). ISSN 2180-1193

vi

Sharifah Zaleha Syed Hassan. 2010. NegotiatingIslamism: The Experiences of the Muslim YouthMovement of Malaysia. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil.7 (Jun). ISSN 2180-1193

Korakit Choomgrant. 2010. Expression of Sexuality andLifestyle in Singapore and Bangkok: A Case Study ofSingaporean Homosexual Men. Siri Kertas Kajian EtnikUKM Bil. 8 (Julai). ISSN 2180-1193

Michael Banton. 2010. Ethnic Relations: An InternationalPerspective on the Malaysian Initiative of 2007. SiriKertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 9 (Ogos). ISSN 2180-1193

Jean-Sébastian Guy. 2010. Toward a Second-OrderTheory of Globalization. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil.10 (Ogos). ISSN 2180-1193

Lennart Niemelä. 2010. WALK! Framing a SuccessfulAgrarian Reform Campaign in the Philippines. Siri KertasKajian Etnik UKM Bil. 11 (September). ISSN 2180-1193

Elinor Lumbang Boayes. 2010. The Deadliest Free Pressin Asia: A case study of the Philippines. Siri KertasKajian Etnik UKM Bil. 12 (September). ISSN 2180-1193

Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 2010. Unity in Diversity: TheMalaysian Experience. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil.13 (Oktober). ISSN 2180-1193

Ong Puay Hoon, Dick Yong, Ong Puay Liu & Ong PuayTee. 2010. The Silent Burden: What it Means to beDyslexic. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 14 (Oktober).ISSN 2180-1193

vii

Shazlin Amir Hamzah. 2010. Branding Malaysia throughTourism: When Ads Permeate Our Consciousness, WhatHappens to Our Identity? Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKMBil. 15 (November). ISSN 2180-1193

Tallyn Gray. 2010. Justice and the Khmer Rouge: Ideasof a Just Response to the Atrocities of DemocraticKampuchea in Buddhism and the ExtraordinaryChambers in the Courts of Cambodia. Siri Kertas KajianEtnik UKM Bil. 16 (Disember). ISSN 2180-1193

Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 2011. ’Ilmu Kolonial’ dalamPembentukan Sejarah Intelektual Malaysia: SebuahPandangan. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 17(Januari). ISSN 2180-1193

Shamsul A.B. & Anis Y. Yusoff. 2011. Managing Peace inMalaysia: A Case Study. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil.18 (Mei). ISSN 2180-1193

Clive S. Kessler. 2012. What Every Malaysian Needs toKnow about Race. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 19(Mac). ISSN 2180-1193

Pue Giok Hun & Shamsul A.B. 2012. Peranakan as aSocial Concept. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 20(April). ISSN 2180-1193

Denison Jayasooria & Teo Lee Ken (Editors). 2012.Issues Pertaining to Malaysia’s Ratification of theInternational Convention on the Elimination of All Formsof Racial Discrimination (ICERD) 1965. Siri Kertas KajianEtnik UKM Bil. 21 (Oktober). ISSN 2180-1193

viii

Hasan Mat Nor. 2012. Kompilasi Beranotasi mengenaiOrang Asli: Bahan Bertulis dalam Bahasa Melayu di UKM.Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 22 (November). ISSN2180-1193

Denison Jayasooria. 2012. Malaysia: The Need forInclusiveness. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 23(Disember). ISSN 2180-1193

Denison Jayasooria. 2012. Issues Pertaining to Malaysiaintroducing a New National Harmony Act. Siri KertasKajian Etnik UKM Bil. 24 (Disember). ISSN 2180-1193

James T. Collins. 2013. On Malay Manuscripts: Lessonsfrom the Seventeenth Century. Siri Kertas Kajian EtnikUKM Bil. 25 (Januari). ISSN 2180-1193

Azmi Aziz dan Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 2013.Pluralisme dan Pluralisme Agama: Sebuah WacanaKonseptual. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 26 (April).ISSN 2180-1193 (not in print)

Denison Jayasooria dan Muhammad Ismail Aminuddin.2013. Satu pendekatan dalam membina kesepaduansosial melalui penyertaan komuniti. Siri Kertas KajianEtnik UKM Bil. 27 (April). ISSN 2180-1193

Wendy Smith. 2013. Managing Ethnic Diversity in aJapanese Joint Venture in Malaysia. Siri Kertas KajianEtnik UKM Bil. 28 (April). ISSN 2180-1193 (not in print)

Denison Jayasooria (ed.). 2013. Building an InclusiveSociety on the Foundation of Human Rights andResponsibilities. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 29(April). ISSN 2180-1193

ix

Pue Giok Hun (pnyt.). 2013. Menyelusuri CabaranKepelbagaian: Pengalaman Malaysia Terkini. Siri KertasKajian Etnik UKM Bil. 30 (Mei). ISSN 2180-1193

Leong Kar Yen. 2013. The State and Unseen Realm:State Ideology, History and Memory in Indonesia. SiriKertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 31 (Julai). ISSN 2180-1193

Kartini Aboo Talib @ Khalid. 2014. Consociation in PluralSociety: Accommodating Contemporary MalaysiaSiri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 32 (September).ISSN 2180-1193

Kartini Aboo Talib @ Khalid. 2014. Moderation andPower Sharing in Malaysia: Accommodating concept andpractice. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik Bil. 33 (September),ISSN 2180-1193

Eric Olmedo Panal. 2014. “MAMAKIZATION” Food andSocial Cohesion in Malaysia: A Tentative Framework. SiriKertas Kajian Etnik Bil. 34 (November), ISBN 978-967-0741-03-1

Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 2015. Politics of Languageand Language of Politics: Theory and Practice of the‘nation-of- intent’ as articulated in Malaysia. Siri KertasKajian Etnik UKM Bil. 35 (Jun), ISBN 978-967-0741-10-9

Nurshuhada Binti Mohamed. 2015. JawatankuasaHubungan Antara Kaum (CLC): Sejarah BermulanyaProses Perkongsian Kuasa. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKMBil. 36 (Ogos), ISBN 978-967-0741-12-3

x

Mohd Mahadee Ismail. 2015. Keamatan Kemahiran Sivik:Perbandingan Alumni dan Bukan Alumni ProgramLatihan Khidmat Negara (PLKN). Siri Kertas Kajian EtnikUKM Bil. 37 (Ogos), ISBN 978-967-0741-13-0

Aananthi a/p Thuraisamy. 2015. Cross Cultural Relationsof Live-In Indonesian Maids within Selected MalaysianHouseholds. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 38 (Ogos),ISBN 978-967-0741-14-7

Mohd Syariefudin Abdullah. 2015. Kesepaduan Sosialdalam Komuniti di Kawasan Kejiranan Rukun Tetangga(RT): Kajian di Zon Semenyih, Daerah Hulu LangatSelangor. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 39 (Ogos),ISBN 978-967-0741-15-4

Shazlin Amir Hamzah. 2015. Branding the Malaysiannation: Tracing the role of popular music in theconstruction of an imagined community. Siri KertasKajian Etnik UKM Bil. 40 (Ogos), ISBN 978-967-0741-16-1

Pue Giok Hun. 2015. Perkahwinan Campur danFenomena Peranakan di Semenanjung Malaysia. SiriKertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 41 (Ogos), ISBN 978-967-0741-17-8

Kartini Aboo Talib @ Khalid. 2015. PemerdaganganManusia: Hak, Hambatan dan Inisiatif. Siri Kertas KajianEtnik UKM Bil. 42 (September), ISBN 978-967-0741-18-5

Md. Khaldun Munip Abd. Malek. 2015. Is a History ofOur Own Possible? Negotiating the Limits of “Autonomy”in Contemporary Malaysian Historiography.

xi

Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 43 (November), ISBN978-967-0741-19-2

Anuar Ahmad, Peter Ling Huo Hang & Nur Atiqah TangAbdullah. 2015. “Berbangga Sebagai Rakyat Malaysia”:Satu Kajian tentang Nilai Patriotisme Pelajarberdasarkan Pembelajaran Sejarah. Siri Kertas KajianEtnik UKM Bil. 44 (Disember), ISBN 978-967-0741-21-5

Denison Jayasooria (ed.). 2016. SustainableDevelopment Goals and Malaysia Society: Civil SocietyPerspectives. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 45(Februari), ISBN 978-967-0741-22-2

Denison Jayasooria. 2016. Towards 2030: Malaysia’sDevelopment Agenda. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil.46 (Mac), ISBN 978-967-0741-23-9

Denison Jayasooria. 2016. Human Rights Priorities forMalaysia: 2016 & Beyond. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKMBil. 47 (Mac), ISBN 978-967-0741-24-6

Denison Jayasooria. 2016. Human Rights Violations andRemedies: The Rohingya Case. Siri Kertas Kajian EtnikUKM Bil. 48 (Mac), ISBN 978-967-0741-25-3

Denison Jayasooria. 2016. Inclusive Development forUrban Poor & Bottom 40% Communities in Malaysia. SiriKertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 49 (April), ISBN 978-967-0741-26-0

Denison Jayasooria (ed.). 2016. Strengthening ReligiousFreedom in the Asean Region: Lessons for Malaysia. SiriKertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 50 (April), ISBN 978-967-0741-27-7

xii

Tan Jun-E. 2016. Social and Solidarity Economy forSustainable Development in Malaysia: Concepts,Contexts and Case Studies. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKMBil. 51 (April), ISBN 978-967-0741-31-4

Denison Jayasooria. 2017. Civil Society Organisations'Active Engagement in Sustainable Development Goals.Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 52 (April), ISBN 978-967-0741-37-6

Denison Jayasooria (ed.). 2017. Citizens’ Action toEnhance Democracy in Malaysia. Siri Kertas Kajian EtnikUKM Bil. 53 (April), ISBN 978-967-0741-38-3

Rachel Chan Suet Kay. 2017. Ah Beng Subculture andthe Anti-Capital of Social Exclusion. Siri Kertas KajianEtnik UKM Bil. 54 (August), ISBN 978-967-0741-39-0

Geraldine Avella. 2017. Communities Taking Part:Challenges and Expectations of the Bottom 40Neighbourhoods of Sri Pahang and Jalan Hang Tuah inKuala Lumpur. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 55(October), ISBN 978-967-0741-40-6

Viola Thimm, 2017. Commercialising Islam in Malaysia:‘Ziarah’ at the Intersection of Muslim Pilgrimage and theMarket-driven Tourism. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil.56 (Disember), ISBN 978-967-0741-41-3

Malte Reimann, 2018. Regime Legitimacy in TroubledWaters: To What Extent Does Inequality Influence Trustin Political Institutions in Thailand (2002-2016)? SiriKertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 57 (September), ISBN 978-967-0741-46-8

xiii

Govindran Jegatesen, 2018. Reimagining the Lines inOrang Asli Studies. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 58(Oktober), ISBN 978-967-0741-47-5

Shazlin Amir Hamzah, 2018. Negaraku: The nationalanthem binding Malaysians in integration. Siri KertasKajian Etnik UKM Bil. 59 (Disember), ISBN 978-9670741-48-3

Tan Raan Haan, 2019. Performing Portuguese BecomingBetawi. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 60 (Januari),ISBN 978-967-0741-51-2

Ju-Li Teo, 2019. Promoting Refugee Protection inSoutheast Asia Through the Responsibility To Protect(R2P). Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 61 (Mac), ISBN978-967-0741-53-6

Christopher M. Joll, 2019. Siam’s Javanese fetish:Cultural anomaly or vestige of cosmopolitan past? SiriKertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 62 (December), ISBN 978-967-0741-58-1

xiv

About the UKM Ethnic Studies Paper SeriesUKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series marks the inaugural publication ofthe Institute of Ethnic Studies (KITA), UKM. The purpose of this PaperSeries is in line with UKM’s official status as a research universityunder the 9th Malaysia Plan. The Series provides a premise for thedissemination of research findings and theoretical debates amongacademics and researchers in Malaysia and world-wide regardingissues related with ethnic studies. All articles submitted for this Serieswill be refereed by at least one reviewer before publication. Opinionsexpressed in this Series are solely those of the writer(s) and do notnecessarily reflect the views and policies of KITA. The first two paperspublished in November 2008 under this Series had the ISBN code. For2009, the Series carries the ISSN Code. However, the Series reverts tothe ISBN code with the publication of number 34, November 2014.

For further information, please contact:Dr. Rachel Chan Suet KayChief EditorUKM Ethnic Studies Paper SeriesInstitute of Ethnic Studies (KITA)Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia43600 Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaWebsite: http://www.ukm.my/kita/ukm-ethnic-studies-paper-series/Email: rachelchansuetkay@ukm.edu.my

Mengenai Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKMSiri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM menandakan penerbitan ulung InstitutKajian Etnik (KITA). Tujuan penerbitan bersiri ini adalah selarasdengan status rasmi UKM sebagai sebuah universiti penyelidikandalam Rancangan Malaysia Ke-9. Penerbitan Kertas bersiri ini memberipeluang kepada para akademik dan penyelidik di Malaysia dan luarnegara untuk menyebar penemuan-penemuan kajian dan idea-ideateoretikal masing-masing mengenai isu-isu berkaitan dengan kajianetnik. Artikel-artikel yang dihantar untuk tujuan penerbitan akandiwasit oleh sekurang-kurangnya seorang penilai. Segala pandanganyang diungkapkan oleh penulis artikel dalam penerbitan bersiri iniadalah pandangan penulis berkenaan dan tidak semestinya mewakiliatau mencerminkan pandangan dan polisi KITA. Dua kertas yangditerbitkan pada bulan November 2008 di bawah Siri ini mempunyaikod ISBN. Mulai tahun 2009, Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM inimembawa kod ISSN. Namun, kod diubah balik ke ISBN bermuladengan penerbitan nombor 34, November 2014.

mailto:pliu@ukm.edu.my

xv

CONTENTS

Abstract … 1

Introduction … 2

Part One: Development Policies: Global and National … 5

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) … 5

Mid Term Review of the Eleventh Malaysia Plan … 6

National Community Policy ... 7

Part Two: Case Study of People Living in the Flats in theKlang Valley … 8

Methodology … 8

Neighbourhood demography … 10

Neighbourhood issues & problems ... 12

Community based solutions … 15

Assisting agencies & organisations … 16

Core principles on stakeholder engagement ... 18

Conclusion … 20

References … 22

Appendix … 25

Neighbourhoods … 26

Neighbourhood social issues & problems … 27

Community based solutions ... 28

Assisting agencies & organisations … 29

Photos ... 30

xvi

About the Author … 42

About KITA … 43

1

Abstract

The Malaysian government has made a firmcommitment for the implementation of SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs) through the five-yeardevelopment plans. Civil Society Organisations havebeen included as a partner via membership in theNational Steering Committee and there is a firmcommitment for localizing SDGs although there is adelay in the release of the National SDG Roadmap. Anaction research project was undertaken by the KITA-UKM team along with twelve urban B40 neighbourhoodsin the Klang Valley through a community participatoryprocess of engagement, joint identification of localissues and the drawing of intervention strategies. Thestudy reveals the multi-dimensional nature of groundissues and that the SDGs provide a comprehensive setof goals, targets and indicators which can assist inter-agency and collaborative intervention to overcomegrassroots issues and improve the quality of life of urbanhigh-rise flat dwellers. There is a direct correlationbetween SDG 10:3 on inequalities and discriminationwith solutions driven intervention as per SDGspertaining to urbanisation and participation (SDG11:1),people’s direct participation in urban planning andmanagement (SDG11.3.2) and inclusion in decisionmaking (SDG16.7) and multi-stakeholder partnerships(SDG17.16).

Keywords:

Bottom 40, Multi-dimensional poverty, citizen’sparticipation, inter agency cooperation, multistakeholder engagement

2

Introduction

Malaysia has undergone rapid urbanization andmodernization process since the 1970s with themigration of rural folks to urban locations in search ofbetter jobs and quality of life. The country experienced ashift from agricultural to manufacturing, from rural tourban society. This is largely due to the socio-economicpolicies adopted by the Malaysian government over thepast four decades.

According to the Economic Planning Unit, “Malaysiaregistered an urbanisation rate of 75 per cent, which ismore than 20 per cent higher than the globalurbanisation rate. By 2050, the country is projected toregister an urbanisation rate of between 85 and 90 percent. The increase in urbanisation will bring changes andchallenges”. (NST, 2018)

Urbanisation has both positive and negative impacts. Interms of the negative we can note that in search ofemployment and better quality of life Malaysia witnesseda rural–urban migration with large number of Malaysfrom the villages and Indians from the estates coming tourban centres. At first these communities foundaccommodation in squatter neighbourhoods but with thegovernments low cost housing plans a majority havenow been housed in high-rise low-cost flats. Theseneighbourhoods are located in urban centres such as theKlang valley in thee Kula Lumpur and surrounding areas,Central Malaya in Kinta valley in Perak, Northern Malayain the Peri, area in Penang and in Johor Bahru in theSouth, close to Singapore where there are factories andnumerous job opportunities. These communities can alsobe categorised as low income and falls within the bottom40%. Among them are those in urban poverty and someof the vulnerable groups include single mothers, the

3

elderly and disabled people. These neighbourhoods areoften categorised as high-risk neighbourhoods as thereis high crime, violence and anti-social activities.

Recognising these changing trends and challenges tonational unity and social cohesion, the Department forNational Unity & Integration identified over 400 suchneighbourhood throughout the country especially wherethe local neighbourhood Watch or Rukun Tetangga (RT)is operating. The RT is governed by the Rukun TetanggaAct (2012). Paragraph 1 of this Act empowers theDepartment of National Unity and Integration to set upvoluntary community-based committees with wide rangeof functions for the community well-being. However, thepopular notion is neighbourhood watch, communitysafety and crime prevention. The Act does empower thesetting up of community groups at the localneighbourhood level and in addition to local safety, RTscan undertake activities to enhance and strengthenneighbourliness including addressing “welfare, health,economic wellbeing and quality of life” concerns. Thereis therefore a mandate which can foster inter-agencycooperation in addressing socio-economic issues,affecting the Bottom 40 (B40) at urban locationsthrough the country.

Based on studies from the Institute of Ethnic Studies,National University of Malaysia, between 2013 and 2019(KITA-UKM Studies, 2013-2019), the governmentformulated the ‘Program Sayangi Komuniti (PSK)’ or‘Love Your Neighbourhood’ program. A formal circularand a policy document were issued in 2015 followed bysubsequent program funding for implementation by localneighbourhood leaders.

This article draws on the data and findings of the earlierstudies using the framework of the Sustainable

4

Development Goals and the Malaysian Governmentsmost recent development planning report the Mid TermReview of the Eleventh Malaysia Plan.

This article was originally presented as a paper at theInternational Conference on the Localization of the SDGsand the co construction of the means of implementationorganised by Yonsei University’s Wonju Campus and UNResearch Institute on Social Development (UNRISD)held from Feb 23 and 24, 2019.

This article is divided into two parts. In the first part,there is a brief discussion on development policies andsetting the policy context for the case study of 12 urbanneighbourhoods which is the focus of Part Two which is adescription and analysis of people living in high rise flatsand their day to day experiences. In the conclusionthere is a call for great public policy focus on the bottom40 communities and in finding solutions at theneighbourhood level using the multi-dimensional andcross cutting nature of SDGs.

Appreciation is given to James Raj who assisted me infinalising the tables and appendices for this article.Thank you also to KITA-UKM for publishing this article inthe UKM Ethnic Studies Paper series.

Denison JayasooriaKITA-UKM23 December, 2019

5

Part One: Development Policies: Global andNational

Sustainable Development Goals

The theme of ‘leaving no one behind’ is central to the2030 Agenda of 17 goals, 169 targets and 230 indicators.It draws together economic, social and environmentalconcerns including human rights and good governance.Participation of people is at the heart of effectiveimplementation, as there must be multi stakeholderengagement

Some of the relevant goals, targets and indicators to theB40 flat dwellers are as follows: SDG10 is addressinginequality within the country. Reference is made inSDG10:1 to the Bottom 40 of the socio-economic divide.Here in addressing inequality the focus has shifted awayfrom Poverty Line Income (PLI) to medium income (SDG10:2.1) which is income measurement by dividingincome distribution into two equal halves. This impliesthere is a middle cut off point and those above andthose below. This is a better measurement of poverty incapturing urban poverty. PLI tends to put the povertyline at an unrealistic low level. A median measurementcaptures income inequality and the socio-economicdivide in a society especially in urban locations.

Here too the focus is on addressing discrimination whichis personally felt using international standards(SDG10:3.1). The thrust here is on interventions whichis non-discriminatory, socio-economic and politicalinclusion (SDG 10:2) irrespective of age, sex, race, andethnicity, origin, religious or economic. This is a majorchallenge for most societies but the SDGs take thisseriously through specific targeting and disaggregated

6

data analysis. In this context the remedy is not justensuring equal opportunities but at the same timereducing inequality of outcome. (SDG 10:3). Equalopportunities and inequality of outcomes are twodifferent aspects but essential in the SDG ultimate aimof ‘leaving no one behind’

SDG 11 on cities and human settlement targets housing(SDG 11:1), transport (SDG11.2), waste management(SDG11:6) and public space (SDG 11:7) dimensionswhich brings a multi-dimensional perspective. Inaddition, there is a very strong emphasis on directparticipation of civil society in urban planning andmanagement (SDG 11:3.2). The call and challenges isfor inclusive and sustainable urbanisation (SDF 11.3).This theme of participation is further highlighted inSDG16:7 concerning “responsive, inclusive, participatoryand representative decision making at all levels”. In thiscontext too SDG 17:16 and 17:17 provides emphasis onmulti-stakeholder partnerships as well as on civil societypartnerships.

Mid Term Review of the Eleventh Malaysia Plan

On May 9, 2018 Malaysia saw a change of government.This change has ushered in some changes todevelopment planning and thrust. This new governmenttabled in Parliament on Oct 10, 2018 the Mid TermReview of the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (MTR-11MP)(2018-2020). They introduced into socio-economicplanning the need to ‘strengthen democraticgovernance’. This new pillar is entitled ‘Reforminggovernance towards greater transparency andenhancing efficiency of public service’. These are theSDG 16 targets and indicators. However, the section

7

that is relevant to our discussion is Pillar 2: ‘Enhancinginclusive development and wellbeing’. The policy thrustis on growth with equality as well as improving “thewell-being of all Malaysia irrespective of gender,ethnicity, socioeconomic status and geographicallocation” (Ministry of Economic Affairs Malaysia, 2018).The focus is on increasing income and reducing incomeinequality.

The Bottom 40% is divided into three income groupsnamely poor, low income and lower middle incomebetween Ringgit Malaysia 980.00 to RM 5,228 with lowincome set at RM2,614.00 and below. The medianmonthly household income is set for RM 4,790 (Ministryof Economic Affairs Malaysia, 2018).

In terms of poverty understanding Malaysiangovernment has shifted from just income measurementto a multi-dimensional poverty index (MDI). Fourdimensions identified namely education, health, livingstandards and finally income. This approach is morerealistic of poverty measure as compared to just usingthe basket of goods. It better captures deprivation beingexperienced. This MDI approach is in line with SDGs.However, the challenge in ensuring at the local leveldelivery there is inter agency cooperation and specifictargeting with disaggregated data analysis.

National Community Policy

The Malaysian government on Feb 17, 2019 launch aNational Community Policy (NCP) by the Ministry ofHousing and Local Government. They took reference tothe urbanisation data which stood at 75.6% of Malaysiansociety and that of this urban population 30% live instrata housing namely in low cost and high-rise flats.

8

The NCP is formulated “to enhance the capability of thecommunity and the approach of the government tomould and motivate the people to be aware andsensitive of the properties, space and facilities with thelocal community” (Bernama, 2019).

Part Two: Case Study of People Living in the Flatsin the Klang Valley

Methodology

A study was commissioned by the Department ofNational Unity and Integration, Government of Malaysiato study the social issues facing the Bottom 40% intwenty-five neighbourhoods around the countryincluding the role agencies and organisations can play infinding solutions. These locations were chosen by theGovernment Department concern and this study wasundertaken between June 1, 2016 and Oct 30, 2017.The National Unity & Integration staff provided accessand introductions to all the neighbourhoods beingresearched. They had a good infrastructure alreadydeveloped including local networks and local leadershipwho facilitated the study and feedback.

From this study of 25 neighbourhoods, this article drawsout data from twelve of the neighbourhoods in thegeographical location of the Klang Valley namely themost urbanised part of Malaysia with about six millionpeople and is the economic growth centre with over37% of the nation’s GDP. (Klang Valley Blog). The areais covered by the City Hall of Kuala Lumpur (DBKL) andnine other Municipal councils.

9

Data drawn in this article is from twelve neighbourhoodslocated in the Klang valley and of these six are locatedin the City Hall of Kuala Lumpur and the remaining sixneighbourhoods are located in four other localauthorities of Petaling Jaya, Klang, Kajang and AmpangJaya. All these 12 neighbourhoods are residents dwellingin high-rise low-cost flats which are being rented by thelocal government or those that have been purchased bythe residents. Majority of these are resettledcommunities who were first staying in urban squatters,later were resettled in long houses and subsequentlyrehoused in high rise- low cost flats

Among the methods utilised were firstly, meeting withlocal neighbourhood security committee or theneighbourhood watch committee. There are 22 membersin each committee and all are local residents. Thesecommittees are registered with the Department ofNational Unity and Integration as Rukun Tetangga (RT)or neighbourhood watch committee. Secondly, fieldvisits were made to all neighbourhoods including a walkabout in the neighbourhood. Third, at all theseneighbourhoods we organised focus group discussionwhere the local leaders identified local concerns andshared their views on how they can be solved with theassistance of relevant agencies. Fourth, each of theseneighbourhoods filled a community profile form. Fifth,the core members attended a capacity building programwhere these was interaction with the researchers andofficials on problem solving.

An earlier study was undertaken between July 2012 andJune 2013 on nine urban neighbourhoods (Jayasooria2016: 56-69) resulted in the Department of NationalUnity and Integration in introducing Program SayangiKomuniti (PSK meaning ‘loving your neighbourhood

10

program’). (Jayasooria 2017:46). The key objective ofthe PSK program was to instill among the urbanneighbourhood residence a greater love for theirneighbourhoods, urban space and collective action inlocal problem solving in partnership with both agenciesand local organisations.

Neighbourhood Demography

Flat dwelling is a fairly recent development. Majority ofMalaysians especially Malays first lived in rural villagescalled kampongs, Indians in estates or plantations andthe Chinese in New villages near urban centres.However, with urbanisation and modernization we saw amajor shift of people from rural especially from thevillages and plantations coming into the urban centresfor jobs, better facilities and better quality of life. Theseurban centres became more densely populated.

Founding Years

Of the 12 high-rise flat neighbourhoods, 50% or 6 out of12 neighbouroods saw their shift from squatters intohigh rise living within the last 20 years as indicated inTable 1:

Table 1 - Year neighbourhoods established

YEAR NUMBER %

1960s & 1970s 3 25

11

1980s & 1990s 3 25

2000s 6 50

Total 12 100

The establishment and development of theseneighbourhoods have implications for communitydevelopment and social cohesion. These are nottraditional neighbourhoods but newly formed by bringingpeople from various neighbourhoods including ethniccommunities into new neighbourhoods. This is a majortransition as Malaysians are people living on the landwith open fields (paid fields and plantations) but nowinto densely populated spaces which is skyward withvery little open spaces. Social cohesion, sense ofbelonging and ownership of the neighbourhood aremajor concerns noted, including a lack of communityparticipation and weak sense of joint ownership. There isa need to foster a sense of new community andneighbourhood transcending ethnic and religious lineand among those coming from different locations. Thiswill take time but there must be a conscious efforttowards building neighbourhood solidarity and collectiveownership.

Ethnic composition

The ethnic composition in the 12 neighbourhoods differ.It is generally reflective of the high-rise flats in theKlang Valley where the majority of the residents tend tobe from the Malay community followed by the Indiancommunity.

12

Table 2 and Appendix 1 provides the details. There is atotal of about 43, 383 of whom 75% are Malays and13% are Indians with 8% of Chinese. Ethnic compositionat the specific location might differ as in a number ofneighbourhoods have a higher percent of Indians in atleast 3 neighbourhood where they comprise 30% at KP9,20% at KP4 and 18% at KP11. It is also significant that5% of the residents are foreigners.

Demographic figures and break down of the ethnicfigures are needed to recognise neighbourhooddifferences so as to enhance social cohesion and senseof neighbourliness, understanding and collective actionin solving neighbourhood concerns.

Table 2 - Neighbourhood Demography

ETHNICITY NUMBERS %

Malays 32,329 75

Indians 5,446 13

Chinese 3,467 8

Foreigners 2,141 5

43,383 101

*For details refer to Appendix 1

Neighbourhood Issues & Problems

Grassroots leaders identified 15 local issues andproblems (as per Appendix 2) under 4 main categories

13

namely social ills, crimes, infrastructure and cleanlinessand urban poverty. Of these the most major concernfaced in 10 out of the 12 or 83% of neighbourhoods isdrugs and drug related concerns at the neighbourhoodlevel. Three others areas are faced by 41% or 5 out of12 are vandalism, motorcycle theft and issues pertainingto cleanness of the public spaces at the flats. This isdepicted in Table 3 below.

Table 3 - Neighbourhood Concerns

ISSUES NEIGHBOURHOODS

Drugs 10

Vandalism 5

Motorcycle theft 5

Unclearness 5

Loitering 4

Broken Lifts 4

*For details refer to Appendix 2

These six issues can be identified as major concernswhich require intervention at the collective level bothamong the residents and the agencies concern. Drugsales and addiction is noted as a major concern. In focusgroup discussions they also told of the difficulties facedwith alcohol abuse. While there is quick Police and Anti-Drug Agency action yet this seems to be a recurringproblem at the neighbourhood level. The drug is closely

14

linked with petty theft and here at the neighbourhoodlevel are the moto cycle thefts. Loitering or lofting is anindication of idleness and linked with unemployment andin some cases not in school issues for school goingyounger generation.

Some tell us it is an issue of corruption and enforcement;others say it is due to parental neglect and other blameweak local leaders who fear the local gang involvement.Whatever the reason local leaders in 10 out of the 12have identified this are their major concern.

We have read of the ‘broken windows theory’ which wasformulated by James Wilson and George Kelling in 1982which basically indicated that if one neglects repairing abroken window it will result in other widows to be alsobroken. The meaning here is that in a neighbourhoodone would need to solve the problems at hand if not itwill breed other problems. It was noted “that if a windowin a building is broken and is left unrepaired, all the restof the windows will soon be broken…one unrepairedbroken window is a signal that no one cares and sobreaking more windows costs nothing” (Wilson & Kelling,1982).

Here at the flats this is manifested by vandalism,uncleanness of the neighbourhood with rubbish beingdisposed in an improper way. Broken lifts or badlymaintained in high rise flats causing misery andsuffering especially to the elderly. Some say it is theweak culture of maintenance, blaming the localcommittee or local government, for others it’s theresidents who are not taking good care of the public andcommon spaces in the local neighbourhood. Social andenvironmental conditions breed’s negative perceptionsand unattended situations continue to breed more issues.Furthermore, negative media reporting further creates

15

very negative impressions of these neighbourhoods andpeople tend to stereotype their residential places as wellas fear the people living in them.

Community Based Solutions

Local leaders identified 10 local solutions as indicated inAppendix 3. All these ten have varying priorities at eachof the neighbourhoods. Each neighbourhood were askedto identify at least three key solutions; however, somehave identified less.

Of these ten, five solutions seem more popular assummarised in Table 4. Eight have identified networkingwith agencies in problem solving, five have beenidentified reporting to agencies and three others haveidentified awareness programs, neighbourhood assistedcleaning program and role monitoring & enforcement. Allthese are important for finding solutions to commonneighbourhood concerns. These suggestions are notrocket science but pragmatic and local based. It issignificant to note that local leaders are seeking thecooperation that is urgently needed for collective action.Part of this means joint discussions to determine localpriorities.

Table 4 Local Solutions

SOLUTIONS NEIGHBOURHOODS

Networking with agencies 8

Reporting to agencies 5

16

Awareness Program 3

Neighbourhood assisted cleaning 3

Monitoring & Enforcement 3

*For details refer to Appendix 3

Assisting Agencies & Organisations

Thirteen different agencies and organisations have beenidentified under two categories, namely governmentagencies and local organisations. This is captured inAppendix 4. However, a closer look as illustrated byTable 5 notes that the four organisations most referredto by the local leaders are the community watch by theDepartment of National Unity and Integration which wasmentioned by all neighbourhoods; followed by the policeas cited by 9 neighbourhood leaders; and finally thelocal government and the anti-drug agency which wasreferred to by 7 neighbourhoods.

Table 5 Government Agencies

ASSISTING AGENGIES NEIGHBOURHOODS

Local security committee/community watch (JPNIN)

12

Police 9

Local Government 7

Anti-Drug Agency 7

*For details refer to Appendix 4

17

One can easily recognise the need for inter-agencycooperation and involvement in solving local issues inpartnership with grassroots leaders. This is not onlydone at the Federal government level but urgentlyneeded at the local level. Engaging local people togetherwith the relevant specialised agency is of utmostimportance. In this contest the National Unity &Integration Departments is playing the majorcoordinating role in linking people and their problems atthe local level towards solutions by inter agencycooperation.

However, our major challenge in Malaysia is the absenceof local government elections and therefore difficult tohold local leaders and agencies accountable. Malaysiahad local government elections in the early years but itwas discontinued in the late 1960s. Efficiency andeffectiveness could be linked with the inability of localgovernment action in solving these concerns. Anotherkey factor is the highly centralised Federal agencieswhich are outside the responsibility of local government.Of the four agencies listed in Table 4, three are underFederal agencies. Inter-agency cooperation with arecognised and accountable agency at the grassroots aremajor structural issues impacting grassroots democracyand in solving local issues. In so doing many of theissues identified goes unresolved, impacting negativelythe quality of life of ordinary people. There is aconsistent call for the reintroduction of local governmentelections especially with the change in the Federalgovernment in May 2018 (Goh, 2018).

In this context we can raise the issues pertaining torepresentative democracy and participatory democracy.In the former it’s the elected officials in localgovernment will try an essential role in addressing local

18

concerns. However, it is important to recognise aparticipatory dimension is essential to ensure activecitizenry and grassroots. This dimension is aboutparticipation is as important as being elected to office.

Core Principles on Stakeholder Engagement

Arising from the study of twelve neighbourhoods areseven core principle on stakeholder engagement inproblem solving and in building neighbourhood cohesionand sustainability. The implication meaning activecitizens groups which are self-managed with goodleadership is important and they must work in closecooperation not just with the Department of Unity &Integration but all the essential agencies. The keyaspect is local identification of local issues, findingsolutions and solving the issues in cooperation with allthe relevant agencies. The objective here is to improvethe quality of life as well as improve the level of socialcohesion at the neighbourhood level. The seven keyprinciples are identified are:

Firstly, an organised neighbourhood committee:

A well organised local neighbourhood committee is keyto success in terms of leadership, ethnic representationbased on local demography, representative by genderadequate women representation as well as youthrepresentation especially of those below 30 years of age.Nature of legal structure with delegation of duties andrepresentation which is inclusive and representative ofall the neighbourhood residence.

Second principle: Identification of local issues:

Ability of local leaders to be able to analyse what are themost critical local needs, concerns and issues. They

19

identifying this based on their local knowledge andexperience, based on most frequent complaints by localpeople. Also matters they discuss with local governmentofficials and matters with government official brief themwith. Noting symptoms and root causes is also essentialfor analysis so as to know what to do in addressing theroot causes for long term social transformation andchange at the neighbourhood level.

Third principle: Solutions related activities:

Here we are looking at the activities which they haveorganised which is not one off but continuous andtargeted to the analysis and focused on bringing an endor reduction to the problems identified.

Fourth principle: Participation of people (compared withlocal demography):

Another benchmark is based on the demography figuresso see some co relations in the participation in localactivities. The local reality is minorities are not veryactive nor participating in local neighbourhood programs.Local leaders must ensure that all neighbourhood relatedactivities must see an increased participation of allcommunities. The environment for inclusive participationmust be enhanced including a review of the programsand even food served must reflect community diversity.Fostering local bonding and cohesion is most essential.

Fifth principle: Agency involvement /engagement:

Agency cooperation is very necessary in addressingsome of the local issues such as drugs, alcohol abuse,crime, rubbish clearance and also addressing the qualityof life issues. This cooperation might be in terms of adialogue or meeting or joint enforcement.

20

Sixth principle: Actual reduction or elimination of theissues:

The ultimate objective of the activities is to reduce theproblems, address the needs and eliminate the issues.This assessment can be objective for example if theconcern was disposal of rubbish, the post actionsituation must have changed. This is the long-term goalbut in the mean time we can see a reduction ofproblems and an increase of people participation. It isimportant to document these findings.

Conclusion

In conclusion one can draw five key conclusions onlocalising SDGs for policy advocacy and delivery ofservices at the neighbourhood levels.

First, we note that in the SDGs, the B40 in cities andurban centres are a key target group as there is a focuson addressing inequality. Therefore SDG 10, 11 and 16are key pointers, which lays emphasis on working inpartnership with all stakeholders. B40 local communitiesare key partners in development in the urban space

Second, Malaysia has experienced rapid urbanisation.There is much prosperity in the cities and urban centresin Malaysia but there is another side of the city wherethe urban poor & B40 lives which needs urgentintervention.

Third, the local university became a partner in thisprocess and began documenting the issues and concerns.The University partner the Institute of Ethnic Studies,National University of Malaysia (KITA-UKM) provided

21

research, training and consultancy work in developingintervention programs. Methodology used – communityprofiling, local visits, focus group discussions & capacitybuilding programs including developing a trainingmodule and setting up a monitoring and impactassessment tool.

Fourth, the Department of National Unity andIntegration which has a very strong network in all theurban locations, became the agency partner from theFederal government at the Prime Minister’s Department.The department provided funds for research, capacitybuilding and local community-based projects as well asfacilities networking with other agencies in the solutionsof local problems. They have the potential for playingthe role as a coordinating inter-agency cooperation atthe neighbourhood levels and being the bridge betweengovernment and the grassroots communities.

Fifth and most important, the partnership with localgrassroots communities living in B40 neighbourhoods inthe urban centres in Malaysia. They know the issues andconcerns namely the local problems and also thesolutions. They need the support and assistance to solvethem. We found people’s engagement and partnershipas most urgent and critical along with inter agencycooperation as problems are multi-dimensional. Peopleparticipation including the role of civil society aspartners in local development, in the implementationand localization of SDGs is most urgent and essential.

22

References

KITA-UKM Studies (2013-2019). Three reports werereleased in the national Malay language.

1. Denison Jayasooria dan Muhammad IsmailAminuddin. 2013. Satu pendekatan dalammembina kesepaduan sosial melalui penyertaankomuniti. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 27(April). ISSN 2180-1193

2. Denison Jayasooria, Muhammad IsmailAminuddin & Helmy Muhammad. 2014.Cabaran Kehidupan di Kawasan Flat Bandar:Implikasi Terhadap PenyampaianPerkhidmatan.KITA-UKM Research Report PaperSeries No. 4

3. Denison Jayasooria & James Raj. 2019. Kajianberdasarkan pengalaman: Pengasasan kejiranankomuniti bandar, kesepaduan sosial dan kualitikehidupan. KITA-UKM Research Report PaperSeries No. 13

Bherer, L., Dufour, P., & Montambeault, F. 2018. Theparticipatory democracy turn: an introduction. Journal ofCivil Society, 3(The Participatory Democracy Turn),225–230. doi: 10.4324/9781315145341-1

Denison Jayasooria. 2016. Inclusive Development forUrban Poor & Bottom 40% Communities in Malaysia. SiriKertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 49 (April), ISBN 978-967-0741-26-0

23

Denison Jayasooria. 2017. Public Advocacy: Of Ideas &Practice in Malaysia. Penerbit Universiti KebangsaanMalaysia. Bangi

Goh, B. L. (2018, November 22). Now, for change at thelocal level. The Sun Daily. Retrieved fromhttps://www.thesundaily.my/opinion/now-for-change-at-the-local-level-JE143128

Koo, K.S.K. Klang Valley blog. Retrieved fromhttp://www.klangvalley.info/

Economic Planning Unit of Malaysia. 2015. EleventhMalaysia Plan 2016-2020: Anchoring growth on people.Retrieved fromhttps://www.talentcorp.com.my/clients/TalentCorp_2016_7A6571AE-D9D0-4175-B35D-99EC514F2D24/contentms/img/publication/RMKe-11%20Book.pdf

Economic Planning Unit of Malaysia. 2017. SustainableDevelopment Goals Voluntary National Review 2017:High-level Political Forum. Retrieved fromhttps://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/15881Malaysia.pdf

Ministry of Economic Affairs Malaysia. 2018. Mid TermReview of the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (2016-2020): newpriorities and emphases. Retrieved fromhttps://www.talentcorp.com.my/clients/TalentCorp_2016_7A6571AE-D9D0-4175-B35D-99EC514F2D24/contentms/img/publication/Mid-Term%20Review%20of%2011th%20Malaysia%20Plan.pdf

https://www.thesundaily.my/opinion/now-for-change-at-the-local-level-JE143128https://www.thesundaily.my/opinion/now-for-change-at-the-local-level-JE143128http://www.klangvalley.info/https://www.talentcorp.com.my/clients/TalentCorp_2016_7A6571AE-D9D0-4175-B35D-99EC514F2D24/contentms/img/publication/RMKe-11%20Book.pdfhttps://www.talentcorp.com.my/clients/TalentCorp_2016_7A6571AE-D9D0-4175-B35D-99EC514F2D24/contentms/img/publication/RMKe-11%20Book.pdfhttps://www.talentcorp.com.my/clients/TalentCorp_2016_7A6571AE-D9D0-4175-B35D-99EC514F2D24/contentms/img/publication/RMKe-11%20Book.pdfhttps://www.talentcorp.com.my/clients/TalentCorp_2016_7A6571AE-D9D0-4175-B35D-99EC514F2D24/contentms/img/publication/RMKe-11%20Book.pdfhttps://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/15881Malaysia.pdfhttps://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/15881Malaysia.pdfhttps://www.talentcorp.com.my/clients/TalentCorp_2016_7A6571AE-D9D0-4175-B35D-99EC514F2D24/contentms/img/publication/Mid-Term%20Review%20of%2011th%20Malaysia%20Plan.pdfhttps://www.talentcorp.com.my/clients/TalentCorp_2016_7A6571AE-D9D0-4175-B35D-99EC514F2D24/contentms/img/publication/Mid-Term%20Review%20of%2011th%20Malaysia%20Plan.pdfhttps://www.talentcorp.com.my/clients/TalentCorp_2016_7A6571AE-D9D0-4175-B35D-99EC514F2D24/contentms/img/publication/Mid-Term%20Review%20of%2011th%20Malaysia%20Plan.pdfhttps://www.talentcorp.com.my/clients/TalentCorp_2016_7A6571AE-D9D0-4175-B35D-99EC514F2D24/contentms/img/publication/Mid-Term%20Review%20of%2011th%20Malaysia%20Plan.pdfhttps://www.talentcorp.com.my/clients/TalentCorp_2016_7A6571AE-D9D0-4175-B35D-99EC514F2D24/contentms/img/publication/Mid-Term%20Review%20of%2011th%20Malaysia%20Plan.pdf

24

Bernama. (2019, February 17). PM unveils policy tocreate a more prosperous life. Malaysiakini.com.Retrieved fromhttps://www.malaysiakini.com/news/464389

NST. (2018, March 22). Govt prepares for rapidurbanisation. New Straits Times. Retrieved fromhttps://www.nst.com.my/news/government-public-policy/2018/03/347940/govt-prepares-rapid-urbanisation

Wilson, J. & Kelling, G. (1982). Broken windows.Retrieved from https://media4.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/_atlantic_monthly-broken_windows.pdf

https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/464389https://www.nst.com.my/news/government-public-policy/2018/03/347940/govt-prepares-rapid-urbanisationhttps://www.nst.com.my/news/government-public-policy/2018/03/347940/govt-prepares-rapid-urbanisationhttps://www.nst.com.my/news/government-public-policy/2018/03/347940/govt-prepares-rapid-urbanisationhttps://media4.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/_atlantic_monthly-broken_windows.pdfhttps://media4.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/_atlantic_monthly-broken_windows.pdf

25

Appendix

26

Appendix 1: Neighbourhoods

27

Appendix 2: Neighbourhood social issues and problems

28

Appendix 3: Community based solutions

29

Appendix 4: Assisting agencies & organisations

30

Appendix 5: Photos

Figure 1 - Denison and James together with JPNIN DGand staff.

Figure 2 - Dr. Denison together with JPNIN officers.

31

Figure 3 - NP1 Pendamar Indah 1

Figure 4 - NP1 Pendamar Indah 2

32

Figure 5 - NP2 Kesuma 1

Figure 6 - NP2 Kesuma 2

33

Figure 7 - NP3 Setia Rawang 1

Figure 8 - NP3 Setia Rawang 2

34

Figure 9 - NP4 Enggang 1

Figure 10 - NP4 Enggang 2

35

Figure 11 - NP5 Seri Kembangan 1

Figure 12 - NP5 Sri Kembangan 2

36

Figure 13 - NP6 M & N Petaling 1

Figure 14 - NP6 M & N Petaling 2

37

Figure 15 - NP7 Kampong Baru 1

Figure 16 - NP7 Kampong Baru 2

38

Figure 17 - NP8 Sri Pahang 1

Figure 18 - NP8 Sri Pahang 2

39

Figure 19 - NP 10 Ampang Hiliran 1

Figure 20 - NP10 Ampang Hiliran 2

40

Figure 21 - NP9 Hang Tuah 1

Figure 22 - NP9 Hang Tuah 2

41

Figure 23 - NP11 Gombak Setia1

Figure 24 - NP11 Gombak Setia 2

42

Figure 25 - NP12 Sri Semarak 1

Figure 26 - NP12 Sri Semarak 2

43

About the Author

Datuk Dr Denison Jayasooria (PhD) is the formerPractice Professor of Public Advocacy at the Institute ofEthnic Studies, National University of Malaysia (UKM),where he served as a Principal Research Fellow fromSeptember 2008 to December 2019. In January 2020,he will undertake a new responsibility as the Head ofSecretariat for the All Party Parliamentary Group onSustainable Development Goals (APPGM-SDG) in anhonorary capacity. He is also Co-Chair of the MalaysiaCSO SDG Alliance. At KITA-UKM he will continue for twoyears as Hon Fellow (Research). He can be contacted at+6019 381 0914 or by email:denisonjayasooria@gmail.com.

mailto:denisonjayasooria@gmail.com

44

About KITAThe Institute of Ethnic Studies (KITA) was officially establishedon 8 October 2007 by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)to undertake academic research on subjects pertaining toethnic studies in Malaysia. This research institute is ‘only oneof its kind’ in Malaysia, focusing specifically on ‘ethnic studies’with thematic studies orientation. The Institute emerged out ofthe need to maintain at home the present peaceful inter- andintra-ethnic existence against worldwide problematic, andsometimes violent ethnic situations.

Organisationally, KITA has six research clusters, each beingled by a prominent scholar or a highly experienced professionalperson. The six research clusters are: Social Theory and EthnicStudies; Ethnicity and Religion; Ethnicity at Workplace;Ethnicity and Consumerism; The Arts and Social Integration;Ethnicity and Food. KITA’s postgraduate programme (PhD andMasters) was launched in December 2009.

Mengenai KITAInstitut Kajian Etnik (KITA) ditubuhkan secara rasmi olehUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia pada 8 Oktober 2007. KITAmerupakan satu-satunya institut penyelidikan di Malaysia yangmemberi tumpuan sepenuhnya kepada segala kajian berkaitandengan ‘etnik’ dan ‘etnisiti’.

Dari segi organisasi, KITA mempunyai enam rumpunpenyelidikan. Setiap satu rumpun diketuai oleh seorangsarjana atau ahli profesional yang mempunyai rekod prestasicemerlang. Enam rumpun penyelidikan berkenaan adalah:Teori Sosial dan Kajian Etnik; Etnisiti dan Agama; Etnisiti diTempat Kerja; Etnisiti dan Konsumerisme; Kesenian danIntegrasi Sosial; Etnisiti dan Makanan. Mulai Disember 2009,KITA menawarkan program siswazah (PhD dan Sarjana).

Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 2011. ’Ilmu Kolonial’ dal