L’Italie de Mario Monti : la réforme au nom de l’Europe
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Transcript of L’Italie de Mario Monti : la réforme au nom de l’Europe
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7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope
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AKR MG\KR LK A@MR\@\[\
Ivr`kr >862
A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ?af rgrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk
pfr Faf`m Ifnrk
Xrfbk lk Okfm-Cfrb Lfm`ka
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Br km 60:;, a@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk kst um td`me tfme `mlpkmlfmt lk tgut cfmlft syml`bfa
gu pga`t`quk. Xrggmlckmt fmbr lfms af rfa`t bgmgc`quk, a bgmbkmtrk sf rikx`gm sur
af rkaft`gm kmtrk akmtrkpr`sk kt sgm kmv`rgmmkckmt kt ckt bgmtr`nut`gm um vfstk rskfu
lkxpkrts pgur rfa`skr sks tulks. jfakckmt a`ku lk rkmbgmtrks kt pak lk grcft`gm,
a@mst`tut lvkagppk umk v`s`gm lk akmtrkpr`sk guvkrtk sur ak cgmlk kt sur af sgb`t.
\D@ME \FME
Afbt`v`t lk rikx`gm sk lpag`k futgur lk akmtrkpr`sk, bgmuk af g`s bgcck grjfm`sft`gm,bgcck fbtkur lu cgmlk bgmgc`quk kt bgcck fbtkur lk af sgb`t. Xgur l`uskr sks
fmfaysks kt sks tulks, a@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk sfppu`k sur ?
Lks rfppgrts kt lks mgtks, vkbtkurs trfl`t`gmmkas lk l`us`gm fuprs lum puna`b lk
akflkrs lgp`m`gm.
[m s`tk, Lnft&bg (www.lknftkbg.r), lgmt agnokbt` kst lfm`ckr ak lnft bgmgc`quk
kt sgb`fa.
[mk rkvuk tr`ckstr`kaak, Rgb`tfa, qu` prgpgsk lks fmfaysks kt lks rakx`gms sur
aks jrfmls lnfts lbgmgc`k kt lk sgb`t (www.sgb`ktfa.r).
^KMBGM\^KR
Guvkrtks um afrjk puna`b gu rskrvks fux fldrkmts, aks cfm`kstft`gms grjfm`sks pfr
a@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk v`skmt fvgr`skr ak pfrtfjk lkxpr`kmbk sur lks kmokux a`s fux
qukst`gms bgmgc`quks kt akmtrkpr`sk.
Aks cfm`kstft`gms lk a@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk v`skmt st`cuakr af rikx`gm sur lks suokts
l`mtrt bgaakbt`. L`r`jkfmts lkmtrkpr`sk, pkrsgmmfa`ts pga`t`quks, kxpkrts `ssus lk akmtrk-
pr`sk gu lu cgmlk um`vkrs`tf`rk sgmt `mv`ts skxpr`ckr agbbfs`gm lk lokumkrs, lkbgmrkmbks kt lk lnfts.
IG^CF\@GM
A@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk prgpgsk lks prgjrfccks plfjgj`quks qu` gmt pgur gnokbt`
lk skms`n`a`skr aks l`rkmts puna`bs fppfrtkmfmt abgsystck lks kmtrkpr`sks fux
kmokux bgmgc`quks kt sgb`fux fuxqukas kaaks sgmt bgmrgmtks. Lfms bk bflrk, a@mst`tut
sflrkssk pr`gr`tf`rkckmt fux kmsk`jmfmts lk Rb`kmbks bgmgc`quks kt Rgb`faks
(RKR), fvkb ak prgjrfcck Kmsk`jmfmts-Kmtrkpr`sks kt fux Okumks dfuts pgtkmt`kas
`ssus lk tgus bgrps lk ct`kr, fvkb a@mst`tut lks Dfutks tulks lk aKmtrkpr`sk (@DKK)
Xgur km sfvg`r paus ? www.`mst`tut-kmtrkpr`sk.r
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6
AKR MG\KR LK A@MR\@\[\Ivr`kr >862
A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ?af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk
pfr Faf`m Ifnrk
Xrifbk lk Okfm-Cfrb Lfm`ka
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>
@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk, >862\gus lrg`ts lk rkprglubt`gm, lk trflubt`gm, lflfptft`gm kt lkxbut`gm
rskrvs pgur tgus aks pfys
L`rkbtkur lk af puna`bft`gm ? Irlr`b Cgmagu`s-Ia`b`t, laju jmrfa lk a@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk
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2Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
RGCCF@^K
X^IFBK ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 0
RPM\DRK .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6;
@M\^GL[B\@GM
Xrglu`rk af brg`ssfmbk `mtr`kurk pfr af bgmtrf`mtk kxtr`kurklk a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk ............................................................................................................................................................. 60
[M XFPR F[ C@^G@^ LK AK[^GXK, X@A@K^ LK AF _GMK K[^G .................................................................................................. 60
CF^@G CGM\@ ? AFA\K^MFMBK LK A@\FA@K K[^GXKMMK .............................................................................................................. >6
FMB^K^ AF ^[X\[^K LKR FMMKR 6008 ............................................................................................................................................................ >>
AK CGCKM\ CGM\@ ? \^FMR@\@GM \KBDMGB^F\@V[K G[ ^[X\[^K XGA@\@V[K 7 ..................................... >9
[M NFMB LKRRF@ XG[^ AF R\^F\J@K LK B^G@RRFMBK LK AF _GMK K[^G ............................................... >:
X^KC@^K XF^\@K
A`nrkr abgmgc`k lk sgm tguiikckmt pfr af lkttk puna`quk 22
[MK XGA@\@V[K LK R\FN@A@\ R[^ AK CGLAK LK ABGMGC@K RGB@FAK LK CF^BD ................... 22
AKR KIIK\R LX^KRR@IR LK AKMLK\\KCKM\ X[NA@B
R[^ AF B^G@RRFMBK ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2;
AF ^@J[K[^ BGM\^K AF NF@RRK LKR \F[T L@M\^\ ......................................................................................................................
[M GNOKB\@I LKTBLKM\ N[LJ\F@^K FYFM\ @M\^\R LK ; % L[ X@N DG^@_GM >86; ........
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2; C@AA@F^LR LK[^GR ...........................................................
XFR LK ^@J[K[^ RFMR \D@V[K ?
AF A[\\K BGM\^K AF BG^^[X\@GM K\ AF I^F[LK I@RBFAK ..................................................................................................... ;2
AKR ^K\^F@\KR ? NF@RRK LKR LXKMRKR K\ ^IG^CK LK R\^[B\[^K ................................................................ ;
AF \^FMR@\@GM BGMOGMB\[^KAAK ?AF BGCX^KRR@GM MBKRRF@^K LK AF LKCFMLK @M\^@K[^K ........................................................................................... 92
RG^\@^ LK AF ^BKRR@GM XF^ AKR BDFMJKR KT\^@K[^R ................................................................................................. 9;
AK LI@ R\^[B\[^KA ? ^KL^KRRK^ [MK X^GL[B\@Y@\ XF^C@
AKR XA[R IF@NAKR KM K[^GXK ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 9:
[M XF^\FJK LK AF YFAK[^ FOG[\K KMBG^K IFYG^FNAK F[T KM\^KX^@RKR
CFAJ^ AF B^@RK ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90
LKR F\G[\R @ML[R\^@KAR LK X^KC@K^ XAFM ?F^BDFRCK K\ LPMFC@RCK L[ BFX@\FA@RCK IFC@A@FA ................................................................................................................. :6
[MK \^FMRIG^CF\@GM V[@ MBKRR@\K AK RG[\@KM L[MK XGA@\@V[K
LK MGYF\@GM LKR R\^[B\[^KR ................................................................................................................................................................................. :;
AKR ^IG^CKR L[ CF^BD L[ \^FYF@A ? IAKT@N@A@\ K\ FBBG^LR LK BGCX\@\@Y@\ .................. ::
LKR ^R[A\F\R V[@ CK\\^GM\ L[ \KCXR RK BGMB^\@RK^ ........................................................................................ 48
AKR ^IG^CKR LK R\^[B\[^K L[ JG[YK^MKCKM\ CGM\@ ................................................................................................ 46
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;Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
Rgccf`rk
BGMBA[R@GM
A@tfa`k kt af ctfcgrpdgsk lk af zgmk kurg................................................................................ 4;
AK RG[\@KM LK AF RGB@\ B@Y@AK K\ LKR JG[YK^MKCKM\R LK AF _GMK K[^G ................................. 4;
AFMB^FJK L[M X^GBKRR[R LK ^IG^CKR KMJFJ LKX[@R Y@MJ\ FMR ...................................................... 4:
AF ^IG^CK KM @\FA@K K\ AF R\FN@A@\ LK AF _GMK K[^G,
LK[T IFBKR L[MK CCK CLF@AAK .......................................................................................................................................................................... 44
AKR C[\F\@GMR LK A@\FA@K K\ LK AF _GMK K[^G GM\ XK^C@R LK R\FN@A@RK^
AF X^@XD^@K LK A[M@GM CGM\F@^K .................................................................................................................................................................. 44
FX^R AF R\FN@A@RF\@GM LK A@\FA@K, AF I^FMBK X^@MB@XFA ^@RV[K LK AF _GMK K[^G 7 ............. 40
N@NA@GJ^FXD@K ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 06
AF[\K[^ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 0;
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0Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
X^IFBK
\@^K^ LKR AKGMR LK AKTX^@KMBK @\FA@KMMK
Af mgtk lFaf`m Ifnrk quk puna`k a@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk sur akxpr`kmbk Cgmt` km @tfa`k
pkut sk a`rk trg`s m`vkfux.
^ktgur sur a@tfa`k
Ak prkc`kr kst um m`vkfu str`btkckmt `tfa`km. sfvg`r quk lkpu`s akxpags`gm lk af bafssk
pga`t`quk trfl`t`gmmkaak luk agprft`gm Cfm` pua`tk, kxpags`gm qu` bgcckmbk km ivr`kr
600>, a@tfa`k f if`t fppka paus`kurs rkpr`sks lks qu`pks jguvkrmkckmtfaks bgmst`tuks
lk tkbdm`b`kms. Bks qu`pks fvf`kmt tgutks ak cck gnokbt`i qu` tf`t lk rlu`rk umk lkttk
puna`quk pfrc` aks paus `cpgrtfmtks lu cgmlk kt qu` tf`t pfssk lk ;8 % lu X@N km 60:>
68; % km 600>. Akmoku lk bkttk lcfrbdk tf`t baf`r, a sfj`ssf`t lk pkrckttrk a`mskrt`gm
lk abgmgc`k `tfa`kmmk lfms ak prgbkssus lk bgmstrubt`gm lk af cgmmf`k um`quk. Bk
rkbgurs fux tkbdm`b`kms iut um lks cgykms quut`a`sf a@tfa`k pgur rkprkmlrk p`kl kt
rkvkm`r lfms af bgur lks pfys kurgpkms lk rirkmbk fprs umk fmmk 600>
pfrt`bua`rkckmt la`bftk. Km kiikt, 600> kst mgm skuakckmt afmmk lks lnuts lk Cfm`
pua`tk, cf`s bkst fuss` bkaak lk af br`sk lu RCK km skptkcnrk qu` bgmlu`s`t umk lvfauft`gmlk af a`rk lfutfmt paus spkbtfbuaf`rk qukaak pfssf km rfa`t qufs`ckmt `mfpkruk lu if`t
lks lng`rks lk af a`vrk nr`tfmm`quk. Af lnbak af ig`s pga`t`quk kt cgmtf`rk f fagrs
bgmlu`t af rkbdkrbdk lk sgaut`gms gr`j`mfaks pgur v`tkr quk ak pfys mk sgcnrk. Af
mgc`mft`gm lk Bfrag B`fcp`, ak jguvkrmkur lk af Nfmquk l@tfa`k, fu pgstk lk prs`lkmt lu
Bgmsk`a km fvr`a 6002 guvr`t af vg`k af agj`quk lks jguvkrmkckmts tkbdm`quks, agj`quk qu`
mk iut mfmcg`ms pfs kxbaus`vk lfms af rkli`m`t`gm lks rjaks lu oku lk af pga`t`quk
`tfa`kmmk. Af cfmuvrk ckmk pfr ak prs`lkmt `tfa`km J`grj`g Mfpga`tfmg pgur fckmkr
Cfr`g Cgmt` fu pguvg`r kst um lks p`sglks lk af bgmvfaksbkmbk pga`t`quk `tfa`kmmk
kmtfck km 600>. Bkaf if`t v`mjt fms quk a@tfa`k bdkrbdk ak ngm lgsfjk lfms sgm cglk lk
jguvkrmkckmt kmtrk lks B`mb`mmftus bgmgc`quks kt lks dgccks pga`t`quks paus
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68
A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ? af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk
trfl`t`gmmkas, rksbfps lks fiirks lk Cfm` pua`tk kt bdkrbdfmt v`tkr, pfrig`s lk ifgm
fsskz s`m`strkckmt lcfjgj`quk, quk af pgpuaft`gm mf`t a`cprkss`gm ltrk kmt`rkckmt
lkssf`s`k lk sgm lkst`m pfr lks tkbdmgbrftks `migls Nruxkaaks. Lfms bk bgmtkxtk,afppka Cfr`g Cgmt` kst bgcck um rktgur lk nfafmb`kr vkrs umk v`s`gm fustrk lk af
jkst`gm puna`quk fprs ak pgpua`sck lk af pr`glk Nkrausbgm`. Xgur a@tfa`k, km if`sfmt fppka
Cgmt`, `a sfj`ssf`t af ig`s lk prgagmjkr kt lk rkckttrk km bdfmt`kr aks rigrcks lk
cglkrm`sft`gm lk sgm bgmgc`k ckmks lk ifgm paus gu cg`ms rjua`rks lkpu`s 600>,
cf`s fuss` lkssfykr lk rktrguvkr um stftut `mtkrmft`gmfa qukaak sk skmtf`t km s`tuft`gm
lk pkrlrk.
Gm pkut cck bgms`lrkr quk pfr-lka sks tfakmts lbgmgc`stk, bk qu` furf t ak
paus cfrqufmt kt ak paus pgs`t`i lfms afrr`vk lk Cfr`g Cgmt` fu pguvg`r kst ak rktgur kmigrbk lk a@tfa`k sur af sbmk l`pagcft`quk. Bk rktgur km igrbk f t sycnga`s pfr umk v`s`tk
rkcfrquk Zfsd`mjtgm kt pfr ak rak cfokur ogu pfr a@tfa`k agrs lu sgcckt kurgpkm
lk ou`m >86>. Rur ak str`bt pafm tkbdm`quk, km kiikt, Cgmt` f pku `mmgv, fyfmt baf`rkckmt
c`s sks pfs lfms bkux lk J`ua`g \rkcgmt`, ak c`m`strk lks I`mfmbks lk R`av`g Nkraus-
bgm`. [m J`ua`g \rkcgmt` qu` sk vgyf`t bkrtks rkprgbdkr pfr R`av`g Nkrausbgm` sgm `mtrfms`-
jkfmbk sur af pga`t`quk lfustr`t . Bkaf mkst jurk mguvkfu, bfr km sgm tkcps B`fcp`
stf`t bgcpgrt sur ak igml bgcck Cgmt` km `msbr`vfmt sgm fbt`gm lfms af agj`quk lks
lb`s`gms lk J`ua`fmg Fcftg, sgm prlbksskur.
A@tfa`k km kxkcpak pgur aks futrks pfys
Fu-lka lk bks bgms`lrft`gms sur af bgmi`fmbk kt umk igrck lk l`jm`t rktrguvks
pfr a@tfa`k, ak lkux`ck m`vkfu lk akbturk pkut sk if`rk fu m`vkfu lk a`mtkrprtft`gm
`mtkrmft`gmfak lu prgokt bgmgc`quk lk Cfr`g Cgmt`. Bgmbrtkckmt, bk prgokt rkpgsk
lfngrl sur af bgmsga`lft`gm nuljtf`rk af ig`s `ccl`ftk fvkb ak pafm tr`kmmfa lk
92 c`aa`frls lkurgs lk dfussk l`cpts kt >9 c`aa`frls lkurgs lk nf`ssk lks lpkmsks kt
paus agmj tkrck fvkb af rigrck lks rktrf`tks lfms ak nut lgntkm`r umk ltkmtk lkstfux l`mtrt kt umk ck`aakurk faagbft`gm lks rkssgurbks puna`quks 5 `a rkpgsk kmsu`tk sur
aflgpt`gm lk rigrcks strubturkaaks faafmt lfms ak skms lumk paus jrfmlk bgmburrkmbk,
mgtfcckmt sur ak cfrbd lu trfvf`a. Bkttk bgcn`mf`sgm lkiigrt sur aks mfmbks puna`quks
kt lk bgmburrkmbk lm`t umk a`jmk quk agm rktrguvk lfms lfutrks pfys km zgmk kurg,
bgcck aKspfjmk, cf`s fuss` fu ^gyfuck-[m`. Cgmt` s`msbr`t lfms umk agj`quk qu` kst
bkaak lk aFaakcfjmk lkpu`s trs agmjtkcps kt quk rsucf`t fsskz n`km lfms aks fmmks
60:8 af lsgrcf`s banrk skmtkmbk lu bdfmbka`kr Dkacut Rbdc`lt ? Aks prgts
lfuogurldu` sgmt aks `mvkst`sskckmts lk lkcf`m kt aks kcpag`s lfprs-lkcf`m.
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66Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
Fprs ak prkc`kr bdgb ptrga`kr kt af rbkss`gm lk 60:;, aGBLK fvf`t lkcfml um jrgupk
lkxpkrts prs`l pfr abgmgc`stk fcr`bf`m Xfua CbBrfbekm lk if`rk um tft lks a`kux lks
bgmgc`ks gbb`lkmtfaks kt lk if`rk lks rkbgccfmlft`gms sur aks cgykms lk rktrguvkr umkbrg`ssfmbk igrtk. apgquk, ak mucrg lkux lu jrgupk tf`t Ju`lg Bfra`, afmb`km jguvkrmkur
lk af Nfmquk l@tfa`k. Kt `a mfvf`t pfs t ak lkrm`kr likmlrk a`lk quk a`mft`gm tf`t
umk `aaus`gm kt quk af`sskr akr aks pr`x mk pkrckttrf`t pfs lk rlu`rk ak bdcfjk. Fu
sgcckt lu J: lk Ngmm km 60:4, aFaakcfjmk, sfppuyfmt sur bk rfppgrt, fvf`t likmlu
a`lk quk m` a`mft`gm m` aks rkafmbks nuljtf`rks pfr ak li`b`t mk rsgulrf`kmt aks
prgnacks lks bgmgc`ks nrfmaks pfr ak bdgb ptrga`kr. Gm pkut bgms`lrkr qufprs
fvg`r tkrj`vkrs, a@tfa`k rkog`mt trfvkrs af pga`t`quk lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ak jrgupk lks pfys qu`
pfrtfjkmt bk pg`mt lk vuk kt gmt bgcpr`s quumk pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk fxk sur um
kmbdfmkckmt lkttk/lvfauft`gm/`mft`gm tf`t vguk abdkb.
Kaak kst f`ms` lkvkmuk umk sgrtk lk afngrftg`rk lk af c`sk km uvrk lumk pga`t`quk lk
brg`ssfmbk igmlk sur um kmbdfmkckmt quk mgus pgurr`gms qufa`i`kr lk vkrtukux kt
qu` smgmbkrf`t lk af cfm`rk su`vfmtk ? qu`a`nrk nuljtf`rk pgur v`tkr akiikt lv`bt`gm
sur a`mvkst`sskckmt/faajkckmt lk af i`sbfa`t lks kmtrkpr`sks pgur fca`grkr aks
cfrjks/bgmburrkmbk pgur if`rk nf`sskr aks pr`x kt `mb`tkr aks kmtrkpr`sks fbbrgtrk akur
prglubt`v`t. Lfms bk bgmtkxtk, ak subbs lk Cfr`g Cgmt` skrf ltkrc`mfmt. Xgur ak cgckmt,
igrbk kst lk bgmstftkr quk aks bgcckmtf`rks sbkpt`quks, vg`rk br`t`quks, bgcckmbkmt sk
cuat`pa`kr. @as pg`mtkmt lu lg`jt aks l`ibuats n`km rkaaks lk af s`tuft`gm bgmogmbturkaak lk
a@tfa`k. Rkagm aks lkrm`rks kst`cft`gms lk aGBLK, af brg`ssfmbk `tfa`kmmk f t lk >,> %
km >86> bgmtrk 8,< % km zgmk kurg 5 kaak lkvrf`t trk lk 6 % km >862 bgmtrk 8,6 %
km zgmk kurg. Cf`s `a skrf`t lk cfuvf`sk ig` lkm rkstkr a kt lkm t`rkr um oujkckmt
li`m`t`i. Lu rkbua, lu tkcps sgmt mbkssf`rks kt aks bdg`x lk Cfr`g Cgmt` bgcck
lf`aakurs bkux lk Lfv`l Bfckrgm fu gyfuck-[m` , km cgl`fmt km prgigmlkur abgmgc`k
`tfa`kmmk, prpfrkmt bkaak-b` um rklrksskckmt lk af brg`ssfmbk cgykm tkrck.
Af Irfmbk ifbk fux rigrcks `tfa`kmmks
^kprkmfmt umk igrcuak lu pr`x Mgnka lbgmgc`k Ofm \`mnkrjkm, Irfmg`s Dgaafmlk, lfms
sf bgmirkmbk lk prkssk lu 62 mgvkcnrk >86>, fircf`t quk sgm `mtkmt`gm prgigmlk tf`t
lk sk sgub`kr lk af jmrft`gm iuturk kt mgm lks akbt`gms iuturks. Gr, km if`t, gm pkut l`rk
km kxpkrt`sfmt aks lb`s`gms pr`sks ^gck lkpu`s um fm quk bkttk igrcuak sfppa`quk
pfrif`tkckmt Cfr`g Cgmt`, cck s`a mk mja`jk pfs ak prgbkssus akbtgrfa kt skcnak
fvg`r af ikrck `mtkmt`gm lk s`mstfaakr lurfnakckmt lfms ak pfysfjk pga`t`quk `tfa`km. Ls
agrs, bk bgmstft ckt km auc`rk ak trg`s`ck m`vkfu lk akbturk lk af mgtk lFaf`m Ifnrk qu`
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6>
A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ? af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk
kst bkau` lumk bgcpfrf`sgm qukaak pgurrf`t `msp`rkr kmtrk af s`tuft`gm `tfa`kmmk kt af
s`tuft`gm irfmf`sk. Bkttk bgcpfrf`sgm kx`jkrf`t pgur trk pfrif`tkckmt sga`lk um kxfckm
pg`mt pfr pg`mt lk bk quk aks qu`pks jguvkrmkckmtfaks lk ^gck kt lk Xfr`s gmt fmmgmbkt gmt kiikbt`vkckmt lb`l. Cf`s, cck sfms faakr lfms aks ltf`as, gm pkut vg`r quk s`
Irfmg`s Dgaafmlk kt Okfm-Cfrb Fyrfuat fii`rckmt rjua`rkckmt akur vgagmt lk
cglkrm`sft`gm lk abgmgc`k kt lk rupturk fvkb af agj`quk rkmt`rk qu` fm`ck fsskz sguvkmt
af lymfc`quk bgmgc`quk irfmf`sk, umk bgmbrt`sft`gm lk bkttk vgagmt fuss` cfrquk
quk bkaak lk Cfr`g Cgmt` tfrlk vkm`r. Km if`t, lkpu`s af rkc`sk lu rfppgrt CbBrfbekm kt
lkpu`s ak sgcckt lk Ngmm, af pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk irfmf`sk sk bgmstru`t lfms afcn`jut,
if`sfmt prgjrkss`vkckmt lk af Irfmbk ak cf`aagm if`nak lk abgmgc`k kurgpkmmk. Vugm y
sgmjk ? pk`mk f-t-kaak bgmu ak RCK km 60:0 quk af Irfmbk sk afmbk km 6046 lfms umk
pga`t`quk lk rkafmbk tgtfakckmt bgmtrk-bgurfmt lks vgaut`gms bgmgc`quks lksks pfrtkmf`rks kt brk lk bk if`t kmtrk kaak kt kux lks l`iirkmt`kas l`miaft`gm qu`
lkv`kmmkmt v`tk `msuppgr tfnaks kt i `m`sskmt pfs ckmfbkr akx`stkmbk cck lu RCK 5
pk`mk ak trf`t lk Cffstr`bdt f-t-`a t fpprguv pfr rirkmluc pfr aks Irfmf`s quk
ak jguvkrmkckmt pgrtk km 6002/600< ak lb`t nuljtf`rk 9 % lu X@N, sg`t 2 pg`mts
fu-lkssus lks br`trks irfbdkckmt flgpts, fu pg`mt lk susb`tkr lks `mtkrrgjft`gms
sur ak bfakmlr`kr kiikbt`i lk pfssfjk akurg. Gm pgurrf`t agmjukckmt cuat`pa`kr aks
kxkcpaks lk bk lgunak afmjfjk irfmf`s, af Irfmbk if`sfmt skcnafmt lk pfrakr
faakcfml lfms af prskmtft`gm lk sf pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk cf`s blfmt af mgstfaj`k
latrk lks fmmks l`mft`gm lfms sf c`sk km uvrk prft`quk. Af Irfmbk, qu` fbbkptk
gib`kaakckmt Ngmm km 60:4 kt \geyg km 60:0 lbfrtkr a`mft`gm bgcck gut`a lk af
pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk, fttkml 6042 pgur km t`rkr lks bgmsqukmbks kiikbt`vks. Kt fu a`ku
lfaakr ousqufu ngut lk af agj`quk lk stfn`a`t qu` skcnak fagrs prkmlrk ak lkssus, kaak
sunst`tuk a`mft`gm af lpkmsk puna`quk bgcck cgykm lk sgutkm`r af brg`ssfmbk. Fvkb
um rsuatft qu` mk sk if`t pfs fttkmlrk, sfvg`r um fbbrg`sskckmt lk sf lkttk puna`quk
kt um fnf`sskckmt rjua`kr lk sf brg`ssfmbk pgtkmt`kaak qu` pafigmmk lsgrcf`s
8,; %/6 %.
Lk cck quk af agj`quk lk a`mft`gm bgcck cgykm lk bgmtkm`r ak bdcfjk f bdgu km
stfjft`gm lfms aks fmmks 60:8, lk cck af agj`quk lk afagurl`sskckmt pkrcfmkmt lks
lpkmsks puna`quks kst km trf`m lbdgukr km `msgutkmfn`a`t lk af lkttk kt km tguiikckmt
lk af brg`ssfmbk. Bkst sur bk l`fjmgst`b fsskz pku bgmtkstfnak quk Cgmt` bgmstru`t sks
rigrcks. Cf`s pkmlfmt qufu sgcckt kurgpkm lk ou`m >86> `a fircf`t fvkb futgr`t af
lgunak mbkss`t lumk sga`lfr`t sfms if`aak futgur lk akurg kt lumk fustr`t sfms
if`nakssk futgur lk agnokbt`i lqu`a`nrk lks mfmbks puna`quks, af lajft`gm irfmf`sk
ckmf`t um p`tgyfnak bgcnft lfrr`rk-jfrlk sur um pskulg-pfbtk lk brg`ssfmbk lgmt ak
bgmtkmu tf`t kmbgrk kt tguogurs lk lpkmskr um frjkmt puna`b pgurtfmt lo surfngmlfmt
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7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope
13/95
62Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
lfms lks prgokts pgcpkuskckmt cf`s vf`mkckmt qufa`s lk lpkmsks lfvkm`r .
Xgurtfmt, fircgms-ak dfut kt igrt ? fu stflk g km sgmt aks bgmgc`ks kurgpkmmks, aks
skuaks lpkmsks puna`quks lfvkm`r sgmt bkaaks qu` mk skrgmt pfs rfa`sks.
Km ckttfmt km uvrk sks rigrcks, Cgmt` f mgm skuakckmt rkc`s a@tfa`k lfms ak oku, cf`s
tgut sk pfssk bgcck s`, syctr`qukckmt, `a km fvf`t bfrt af Irfmbk. Km rkspkbtfmt af
agj`quk bgmburrkmt`kaak lk afbtk um`quk lk 6049 kt af agj`quk mfmb`rk lu trf`t
lFcstkrlfc lk 600: kt lu \RBJ lk >866, `a f c`s km v`lkmbk tgutks aks akmtkurs kt tgus
aks bgmskrvft`scks lk af Irfmbk, fu pg`mt qu`a kst lsgrcf`s lk paus km paus pftkmt quk
ak prgnack kurgpkm kst irfmf`s. Mkst-`a pfs irfppfmt lkmtkmlrk aks l`r`jkfmts ^gck
lkcfmlkr fux kmtrkpr`sks tfa`kmmks lk rkmigrbkr akur mvkst`sskckmt kt akur prglubt`v`t
pgur sk prpfrkr afpprb`ft`gm vkm`r lk akurg, qufml km Irfmbk aks orc`flks surakurg igrt gmt rkpr`s kt quk lfms ak rfppgrt Jfaag`s umk lks rkbgccfmlft`gms kst lk tgut
if`rk pgur quk akurg lksbkmlk 6,6; lgaafr...
Af mgtk lFaf`m Ifnrk ak sgua`jmk ? Cfr`g Cgmt` `mbfrmk umk vr`tfnak rupturk lfms af v`s`gm
quf a@tfa`k lkaak-cck. Kaak f kmjfj um prgbkssus lk cutft`gm tgurmfmt ak lgs fu
bfp`tfa`sck lk bgmm`vkmbk pgur prgcguvg`r af bgmburrkmbk, af l`str`nut`gm lk af rkmtk
puna`quk pgur kx`jkr akibfb`t lks skrv`bks puna`bs, af ifb`a`t lk af lvfauft`gm qu`, fu
mgc lk af bgcpt`t`v`t, tf`t fvfmt tgut um cgykm lk pgmbt`gmmkr lu pguvg`r lfbdft pfr
ak rkmbdr`sskckmt lu bgt lks `cpgrtft`gms.
^suatft, cf`mtkmfmt aks rkjfrls fmjg`sss kt br`t`quks sk tgurmkmt vkrs af Irfmbk kt `a
mkst pkut-trk pfs s` ag`m quk bkaf s` Xfr`s gm km rkstk lks dfussks l`cpt fssfss`mks
kt lk vfjuks l`sbgurs sur af rkbgmmf`ssfmbk lk akspr`t lkmtrkpr`sk ak ogur g aks tfux
l`mtrt `tfa`kms brg`skrgmt lfms akur nf`ssk lks tfux irfmf`s pgusss af dfussk.
Okfm-Cfrb LFM@KAXrgiksskur fssgb` aKRBX Kurgpk,
bgc`stk a@mst`tut lk akmtrkpr`sk
kt L`rkbtkur lk rlfbt`gm lk af rkvuk Rgb`tfa.
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7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope
14/95
6;Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
RPM\DRK
K
m @tfa`k, ak lnut lks fmmks 6008 f cfrqu umk rupturk prgigmlk fvkb
adr`tfjk pga`t`quk lk afprs-jukrrk ? lbakmbdkckmt lk agprft`gm Cfm` pua`tk
kt a`qu`lft`gm lk af bafssk pga`t`quk trfl`t`gmmkaak, flgpt`gm lk af cgmmf`k
um`quk kt afmbkckmt lks rigrcks lk strubturk, sgrt`k lk af a`rk lu RCK...
@a km kst rsuat um prgbkssus bgmt`mu lk trfmsigrcft`gm km prgigmlkur vgu trf`tkraks lkux prgnacks cfokurs quk rkmbgmtrk ak pfys fuogurldu` kmbgrk ? ak tfux lkm-
lkttkckmt puna`b ak paus akv pfrc` aks jrfmls pfys lk a[m`gm cgmtf`rk kt umk
sgus-prglubt`v`t kmlc`quk, symgmycks aum kt afutrk lk pfrfays`k lk af brg`ssfmbk.
Bks cfux trflu`skmt pgur aksskmt`ka ak pg`ls lu ba`kmta`sck pga`t`quk kt sf bfpfb`t
af l`str`nut`gm lk rkmtks sgb`faks, tka qu`a f igmbt`gmm lk af i`m lks fmmks 6098
ousqufu lnut lks fmmks 6008. Af rsgaut`gm lk bks bgmtrfl`bt`gms fvkb aks `cprf-
t`is lk brg`ssfmbk lumk bgmgc`k guvkrtk tf`t gntkmuk pfr af lvfauft`gm kt a`miaft`gm,
lsgrcf`s `cprft`bfnaks km rj`ck lk cgmmf`k um`quk.
Mk skrf`t-bk qukm rf`sgm lk sgm a`km mft`gmfa tguogurs `mbkrtf`m gu `mfbdkv, lk a`cpu`s-
sfmbk lum systck ba`kmta`stk fbbgubdkr lks rigrcks lk strubturks, a@tfa`k if`t
lk af bgmtrf`mtk lk a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk ak pr`mb`pfa akv`kr lumk strftj`k lk brg`s-
sfmbk pkrckttfmt lk vkm`r ngut lk a`cpgrtfmbk lk sks lsqu`a`nrks cfokurs. Bkst ak
skms lk afppka Cfr`g Cgmt` pgur l`r`jkr ak jguvkrmkckmt bgmsbut`i apu`skckmt, m
>866, lk af brl`n`a`t pga`t`quk lk R`av`g Nkrausbgm` kt lk sf cfogr`t, tfmt v`s--v`s lk
agp`m`gm puna`quk quk lks pfrtkmf`rks kurgpkms lk a@tfa`k. Ak jguvkrmkckmt quk Cfr`g
Cgmt` f l`r`j pfrt`r lk mgvkcnrk >866 mk bgmst`tuk bkpkmlfmt pfs umk mguvkfut ? `apkrptuk umk trfl`t`gm fpga`t`quk kt a`nrfak qu` skst cfm`ikstk paus pfrt`bua`rkckmt
lkpu`s 600> lfppkas lks tkbdm`b`kms `ssus lk af Nfmbf l@tfa`f gu lk a[m`vkrs`t ?
Bfrag Fzkja`g B`fcp`, Afcnkrtg L`m`. Cck aks bgfa`t`gms lk bkmtrk jfubdk quk ^gcfmg
Xrgl` f bgmlu`tks lkux rkpr`sks, km 6009-6004 kt km >889->884, pkuvkmt sk rfttfbdkr
bk bgurfmt lk af v`k pga`t`quk `tfa`kmmk.
Bgcck sks prlbksskurs, cf`s lfms um laf` pfrt`bua`rkckmt bgurt, af ttk lum
jguvkrmkckmt kxbaus`vkckmt bgcpgs lkxpkrts kt sgutkmu pfr aks lkux jrfmls pfrt`s
lk bkmtrk lrg`t kt lk bkmtrk jfubdk prskmts fu Xfrakckmt, Cfr`g Cgmt` f bgmigrt af
trfokbtg`rk lk rlubt`gm lks lb`ts lgmt a@tfa`k r`squf`t lk sbfrtkr. Fu pr`x lum prg -
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7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope
15/95
69
A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ? af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk
jrfcck tr`kmmfa (>86>->869 c`aa`frls lkurgs lk nf`ssk lk lpkmsks), a@tfa`k kst pfrvkmuk
rkspkbtkr sgm gnokbt`i kurgpkm lk rlubt`gm lu li`b`t puna`b 2 % lu X@N km >86>.Ak jguvkrmkckmt Cgmt` f rkpr`s kt pgursu`v` um prgjrfcck `cpgrtfmt lk rigrcks
lk strubturk ? aks rktrf`tks lgmt ajk lk lpfrt f t pgrt 99 fms pgur aks dgccks 5
ak cfrbd lu trfvf`a fvkb af vgagmt lk lcfmtkakr sks r`j`l`ts (fssgupa`sskckmt lks
a`bkmb`kckmts, fbbgrls lk bgcpt`t`v`t lfms aks kmtrkpr`sks)... Af strftj`k Cgmt` f fu
cg`ms ku pgur kiikt bgurt tkrck lfssurkr a@tfa k umk mkttk ltkmtk lk sks tfux l`mt -
rt. Lkpu`s mgvkcnrk >866, bks lkrm`krs gmt nf`ss lk 288 pg`mts lk nfsk kmv` rgm,
bk qu` faajk lfutfmt aks prkss`gms sur akiigr t lk l`sb`pa`mk nuljtf`rk kt guvrk af vg`k
um rklcfrrfjk lk a`mvkst`sskckmt pr`v.
Fu-lka lks rsuatfts gntkmus fu bgurs lks qukaquks cg`s pfsss fu jguvkrmkckmt, aks
rigrcks kmtrkpr`sks pfr Cfr`g Cgmt` v`skmt igrt`kr umk strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbk bgcp -
t`t`vk km cgn`a`sfmt aks fvfmtfjks bgcpfrft`is `tfa`kms sur aks cfrbds `mtkrmft`gmfux.
A@tfa`k f su prskrvkr um skbtkur `mlustr`ka paus `cpgrtfmt quk af Irfmbk km prgpgrt`gm lk
sgm bgmgc`k 5 kaak nmb`k lk jrfmls jrgupks qu`, akxkcpak lk I`ft, gmt rkmgu fvkb
aks stfmlfrls mtkrmft`gmfux lk pkrigrcfmbk, tfml`s quk sks XCK, bkaaks lu mgrl lu pfys
bgcck bkaaks qu` sk sgmt lvkagppks fu bkmtrk kt akst \krzf @tfa`f , igmt prkuvk
lumk `ml`sbutfnak v`tfa`t. Bgcn`mfmt umk bgcprkss`gm lk af lkcfmlk `mtr`kurk kt umk
fca`grft`gm v`s`nak lk sks pkrigrcfmbks akxpgrtft`gm, a@tfa`k f lo fcgrb ak rqu`a`-
nrfjk lk sf brg`ssfmbk lfms um skms vkrtukux pfr aks bdfmjks kxtr`kurs. Rf nfafmbk
bgcckrb`fak kst rklkvkmuk kxblkmtf`rk ls >86> km lp`t lumk agurlk bgmtrf`mtk
mkrjt`quk.
Akmoku lks akbt`gms `tfa`kmmks mk skrf pfs, quka quk sg`t akur rsuatft pga`t`quk
`ccl`ft, lk sfvg`r s` akxpr`kmbk Cgmt` pguvf`t sk pkrptukr ? btf`t, ls agr`j`mk, umk
trfms`t`gm. Akmoku kst lk sfvg`r s` bkttk kxpr`kmbk tkbdm`quk pkut sk trfmsigrckr km
bfp`tfa pga`t`quk, skua akv`kr lurfnak lk pgursu`tk lu bfp rigrcftkur.
Bfr akxpr`kmbk Cgmt` bgcpgrtk umk lgunak ifbk qu` cr`tk ltrk igrtkckmt sgua`jmk ?
n`km paus quk aFaakcfjmk tguogurs sgupgmmk ltrk tkaakckmt kxbkpt`gmmkaak qukaak
kst `m`c`tfnak , a@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` bgmst`tuk um vr`tfnak nfmb lkssf` fu-lka
lumk sgaut`gm lk sgrt`k lk br`sk, pgur tfagmmkr aks pga`t`quks lk rigrcks kt aks strftj`ks
lk brg`ssfmbk lks tfts lk af zgmk kurg. N`km lks kxpkrts sgua`jmkmt aks kiikts rbkss`is
lks prgjrfccks lk rlubt`gm lk lpkmsk, fbbkptfmt lu ngut lks avrks quk aks pga`t`quks
bgmgc`quks rlu`skmt aks lb`ts kt aks lkttks puna`quks lfms ak skua nut lk rktrguvkr
lks cgykms lk st`cuakr af brg`ssfmbk pfr umk bgmsgccft`gm kaak-cck sgutkmuk pfr af
lpkmsk puna`quk. Km rfa`t, bgcck aFaakcfjmk lks fmmks >888, bkst lfms afaajk-
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7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope
16/95
6:Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
ckmt agmj tkrck lk af lpkmsk puna`quk km prgpgrt`gm lu X@N quk a@tfa`k lk Cfr`g
Cgmt` bdkrbdk aks rkssgrts lumk brg`ssfmbk rgnustk kt lurfnak. Af Irfmbk furf`t tgrt lk
mk pfs prtkr fttkmt`gm bks kiigrts, tfmt km rf`sgm lks s`c`a`tulks qu` af rfpprgbdkmtlk a@tfa`k quk pfr af l`vkrjkmbk lfbbkpt`gm qu` bfrfbtr`sk ak cgt lk brg`ssfmbk bdkz
Irfmg`s Dgaafmlk kt bdkz Cfr`g Cgmt`. Ak lkjr lk russ`tk lks rigrcks km @tfa`k pskrf
prgnfnakckmt agurl lfms af cfm`rk lgmt af Irfmbk sk skmt`rf bgmigrtk lfms sf
strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbk pfr af lpkmsk puna`quk, gu fu bgmtrf`rk nack pgur aks r`squks
lk lstfn`a`sft`gm lks rigrcks lk sks vg`s`ms.
Afutrk ifbk lk akxpr`kmbk Cgmt`, bkst sgm rak lfms af bgmsga`lft`gm lk af zgmk kurg.
Aks rigrcks quk a@tfa`k f ckmks fu bgurs lks lkrm`krs cg`s au` gmt pkrc`s lk nmb`kr
lks trfmsigrcft`gms lk af zgmk kurg gprks lkpu`s um fm ? af paus `cpgrtfmtk lkmtrk kaakskst af ctfcgrpdgsk lk af Nfmquk bkmtrfak kurgpkmmk. Rgus a`cpuas`gm lk Cfr`g Lrfjd`,
bkaak-b` f vu sgm rak lk prtkur lk lkrm`kr rkssgrt bgmsga`l fvkb af lb`s`gm lfbdfts
`aa`c`ts lk lkttk puna`quk fmmgmbk km skptkcnrk >86>. A@tfa`k kt aKurgpk lk >862 mk
sgmt paus tgut if`t aks ccks quk bkaaks lk >866.
Xfr afppka Cfr`g Cgmt`, a@tfa`k f igrt` ak bkmtrk lk jrfv`t lk af zgmk kurg um cgckmt
g sf irfj`a`t sfbbkmtuf`t sgus ak pg`ls lk af br`sk mfmb`rk. Kaak f rksskrr um pku paus
ak a`km kmtrk sf strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbk kt sgm `mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk. Fu cgckmt g ak
cgtkur irfmbg-faakcfml pft`mk, af bgmtr`nut`gm `tfa`kmmk fu rkmigrbkckmt lu bkmtrk lk
jrfv`t lk af cgmmf`k um`quk skrf-t-`a suisfmt pgur bgmigrtkr sf prkmm`t 7
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7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope
17/95
60Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
@M\^GL[B\@GM
Xrglu`rk af brg`ssfmbk `mtr`kurkpfr af bgmtrf`mtk kxtr`kurklk a mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk
V u`a sfj`ssk lks lgutks sur af prgigmlkur lu skmt`ckmt lum`t mft`gmfak gulks trfucft`scks prgvgqus pfr ak ifsb`sck kt af jukrrk, ls aks fmmks60;8 a@tfa`k f, lumk cfm`rk qu` mkst pfs sfms rfppkakr akxkcpak faakcfml,a` akmrfb`mkckmt lk af lcgbrft`k kt lk af ^puna`quk fvkb sgm `mtjrf-
t`gm fu prgokt pga`t`quk kurgpkm lgmt kaak kst um lks pfys igmlftkurs cfokurs. Lk bk
pg`mt lk vuk, af i`jurk lFab`lk Lk Jfspkr` oguk um rak s`c`af`rk lfms afmbrfjk `tfa`km
km Kurgpk bkaak lk Egmrfl Flkmfukr km Faakcfjmk. Af bgmstrubt`gm lumk Kurgpk
pga`t`quk, lgmt afbtk igmlftkur lkckurk ak trf`t s`jm ^gck ak >; cfrs 60;:, kst
`ml`ssgaunakckmt fss`c`ak lfms akspr`t lk af bafssk pga`t`quk bgcck lk agp`m`gm
puna`quk `tfa`kmmks fu akv`kr cglkrm`sftkur lk abgmgc`k, lk af sgb`t, cf`s fuss`
lk sgm systck pga`t`quk.
[M XFPR F[ C@^G@^ LK AK[^GXK, X@A@K^ LK AF _GMK K[^G
@mvkrskckmt, af br`sk lk af zgmk kurg f cgmtr quka pg`mt al`bk lk af cgmmf`k um`quktf`t tr`nutf`rk lumk @tfa`k bfpfnak lk cf`mtkm`r af stfn`a`t lk sf pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk
kt lgmb, lu cck bgup, aks fmt`b`pft`gms lks cfrbds i`mfmb`krs ajfrl lk akurg.
Ak sprkfl, bkst--l`rk af l`iirkmbk lk tfux kmtrk af lkttk puna`quk mft`gmfak kt af lkttk
puna`quk faakcfmlk, sur akquka agp`m`gm puna`quk tfa`kmmk f aks ykux r`vs futfmt quk aks
cfrbds , if`t af ig`s jurk l`ml`bftkur lk brl`n`a`t kurgpkmmk kt `mtkrmft `gmfak lk
a@tfa`k kt lk s`jmfa lk rfppka sur af bfpfb`t lk af zgmk kurg fssurkr sf stfn`a`t
lkmskcnak. Cck s` aks @tfa`kms lt`kmmkmt kmv`rgm 98 % lk akur lkttk puna`quk, af
prkss`gm kxkrbk pfr aks tfux l`mtrt mft`gmfux fppfrft bgcck umk ckmfbk pksfmt sur
af tgtfa`t lk al`bk cgmtf`rk kurgpkm. Cfajr aks sgunrksfuts lks pafms lurjkmbk
subbkss`is qu` gmt su`v` aks tkms`gms fu sk`m lk af zgmk kurg, aKurgpk f, sgcck tgutk,
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7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope
18/95
>8
A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ? af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk
lcgmtr sgm fpt`tulk rjakr sks br`sks km bdfmk lkpu`s >880 bkaaks lk af Jrbk, lk
a@rafmlk, kt lk aKspfjmk. Cf`s kaak f bgmsb`kmbk, tgut bgcck aks `mvkst`sskurs, quk afsp`-
rft`gm lk a@tfa`k bgcck lk af Irfmbk lf`aakurs lfms umk br`sk lk af lkttk sguvkrf`mksur ak cglak jrkb furf`t tgutks aks bdfmbks lk akmtrfmkr lfms um prgbkssus lk ls`mt-
jrft`gm lk af cgmmf`k um`quk.
Af br`sk mfmb`rk survkmuk pfrt`r lk at
>866 f lgmb t um s`jmfa flrkss futfmt
a@tfa`k qu af zgmk kurg tgut kmt`rk. Rgus af
prkss`gm lk af Nfmquk bkmtrfak kurgpkmmk,
cfm`ikstk mgtfcckmt pfr umk c`ss`vk pfrt`-
bua`rkckmt svrk flrkssk pfr sgm l`rkb-tg`rk fu jguvkrmkckmt `tfa`km km fgt >866,
ak c`m`strk lks I`mfmbks J`ua`g \rkcgmt`
skst rsgau fmmgmbkr um trg`s`ck pafm lk
rklrksskckmt nuljtf`rk lk 9; c`aa`frls lkurgs km bgcpackmt lks lkux pafms frrts
fupfrfvfmt lk 9> kt 48 c`aa`frls lkurgs.
Gr, tgut fu agmj lk afmmk >866, ausurk pga`t`quk lu jguvkrmkckmt Nkrausbgm` kst lk paus
km paus fppfruk, fux ykux lk agp`m`gm puna`quk bgcck lk bkux lks rkspgmsfnaks kurg-
pkms, bgcck um gnstfbak sur af vg`k lk af rlubt`gm lks li`b`ts kt lk af rfa`sft`gm
lks rigrcks. Lkpu`s af m >868, lftk lk af rupturk kmtrk R`av`g Nkrausbgm` kt J`fmirfmbg
I`m`, prs`lkmt lk af Bdfcnrk jmrfakckmt prskmt fagrs bgcck sgm subbksskur, ak
jguvkrmkckmt `ssu lks akbt`gms lk >884 tf`t kmtr lfms um prgbkssus lpu`skckmt ?
lif`tk fux cum`b`pfaks km cf`, mgtfcckmt C`afm, \r`kstk, Mfpaks 5 lif`tks km ou`m
fux rirkmlucs ifb`a`tfmt aks bgmvgbft`gms lks c`m`strks pfr aks oujks. Lfms bks bgml`-
t`gms, ogufmt dfn`akckmt lk af prkss`gm kurgpkmmk, akxkcpak lu Bgmsk`a kurgpkm m
gbtgnrk >866 g ak jguvkrmkckmt `tfa`km iut a`ttrfakckmt sgcc lk prkmlrk lks cksurks
lurjkmbk, kt lu l`sbrl`t brg`ssfmt sur af sbmk `mtr`kurk, cfm`ikstk paus pfrt`bua`rk-ckmt pfr af lb`s`gm lk aja`sk lk lmgmbkr puna`qukckmt a`ccgrfa`t lu bdki lu jguvkr-
mkckmt, ak prs`lkmt lk af ^puna`quk, J`grj`g Mfpga`tfmg, fbt`vf l`sbrtkckmt af sgaut`gm
lfppka Cfr`g Cgmt`, bgmtfbt km rfa`t ls fvfmt at 6.
6. Ju`aafuck Lkafbrg`x, Ak Cystrk Cfr`g Cgmt`. Xgrtf`t lk a@tfa`k pgst-Nkrausbgm`, Xfr`s, Xagm, >86>.
Cck s` aks @tfa`kms lt`kmmkmtkmv`rgm 98 % lk akur lkttkpuna`quk, af prkss`gm kxkrbkpfr aks tfux l`mtrt mft`gmfuxfppfrft bgcck umk ckmfbkpksfmt sur af tgtfa`t lk al`bk
cgmtf`rk kurgpkm.
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7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope
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>6Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
Xrglu`rk af brg`ssfmbk `mtr`kurk pfr af bgmtrf`mtk kxtr`kurk lk a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk
CF^@G CGM\@ ? AFA\K^MFMBK LK A@\FA@K K[^GXKMMK
Xgur sf`s`r af s`jm`bft`gm prgigmlk lk afppka Cfr`g Cgmt`, akquka ckt um sg`m pfrt`bua`kr
`mbfrmkr um styak fmt`-Nkrausbgm`, `a ifut fvg`r km ttk qufu cg`ms lkpu`s ak lnut lks
fmmks 6008, ifbk umk bafssk pga`t`quk
gcm`prskmtk cf`s `cpu`ssfmtk, lfms um
pfys pgrt pfr af vgagmt sgcck tgutk tkmfbk
kt pkrbkpt`nak lk bgmlu`rk af cglkrm`sft`gm
lk abgmgc`k bgcck lk sgm systck pga`-
t`quk, ak rkbgurs fux tkbdmgbrftks kst umk
sgaut`gm rjua`rkckmt prft`quk. n`km lksjfrls, af mfturk prgigmlk lu l rkakvkr
bgms`stk sgrt`r lu ba`kmta`sck >, cfrquk lgc`mfmtk lk a@tfa`k lkpu`s af m lk af jukrrk,
systck jmrfakckmt ls`jm pfr ak tkrck lk pfrt`tgbrft`k . Xfrt`tgbrft`k kt ba`kmt-
a`sck a`s pgur umk pfrt `cpgrtfmtk fu bfrfbtrk `mbkrtf`m kt `mfbdkv lk aum`bft`gm
lkpu`s ak ^`sgrj`ckmtg, pkut-trk mbkssf`rk ifutk lum tft af aj`t`c`t fngut`k cf`s
qu` m`t pfr rfpprgbdkr `maubtfnakckmt a@tfa`k lu ngrl lu prb`p`bk. Aks lkux cfux
pr`mb`pfux quk a@tfa`k lg`t surcgmtkr, umk lkttk jfak 6>9 % lu X@N kt umk prglubt`v`t
pfrc` aks paus if`naks lk af zgmk kurg, sgmt pku gu prgu a`s af l`ibuat lk af sgb`t kt
lk sgm systck pga`t`quk lk sk sgustrf`rk vr`tfnakckmt fu ba`kmta`sck. Lumk bkrtf`mk
cfm`rk, ak systck Nkrausbgm`, qu` lkckurk af jurk pga`t`quk lgc`mfmtk lk a@tfa`k lkpu`s
600< lkpu`s akiigmlrkckmt lu cgmgpfrt`sck lk if`t lk af Lcgbrft`k bdrt`kmmk ,
pkut sfmfayskr bgcck af tkmtft`gm lu Bfvfa`krk2 lk bfptkr sgm prgt af rkmtk ba`kmta`stk
tgut km kssfyfmt lk if`rk ifbk fux lsqu`a`nrks lu systck pga`t`quk `ssus lu s`sck lk
600>-600. Ak ba`kmta`sck kst um rfppgrt sgb`fa lbdfmjks kmtrk um pftrgm kt lks ba`kmts qu` au` sgmt vgus. Ak prkc`kr igurm`tfux skbgmls sf prgtkbt`gm kt pfrt`b`pk akur kmtrkt`km. Km bdfmjk, aks skbgmls au` fppgrtkmt um sgut`km gu uvrkmt sgm skrv`bk. Af igrcft`gm lks tfts cglkrmks af vu prgjrkss`vkckmt l`spfrftrk. Af Irfmbk lFmb`km ^j`ckigmbt`gmmf`t sur bk cglak ousqu af c`sk km pafbk lk atft flc`m`strft`i lfms af skbgmlk cg`t` lu xv`` k s`bak.^`bdka`ku, Cfzfr`m, Iguqukt gu Bgankrt tf`kmt aks pftrgms lk vfstks rskfux lk ba`kmtaks qu` fssurf`kmt akigmbt`gmmkckmt lum tft kmbgrk kcnrygmmf`rk.
2. R`av`g Nkrausbgm` skst vu fttr`nu bk surmgc lkpu`s sgm kmtrk km pga`t`quk km 600
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7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope
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>>
A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ? af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk
Lkpu`s fu cg`ms af m lks fmmks 60:8 gm pgurrf`t lf`aakurs prkmlrk bgcck pg`mt lk
rkprk bdrgmgagj`quk afssfss`mft lFalg Cgrg kt aflds`gm fu Rystck cgmtf`rk
kurgpkm (RCK) km 60:4 , af pga t`quk tfa`kmmk sgrlgmmk futgur lumk fatkrmfmbk kmtrk akstkmfmts lu systck pga`t`quk lfprs-
jukrrk bgcn`mfmt pfrt`tgbrft`k kt ba`kmt-
a`sck, tgurms vkrs af Cl`tkrrfmk, kt bkux
lumk a`jmk fmt`pga`t`quk kt kurgpkmmk, `m-
bfrmk pfr umk a`tk tkbdmgbrft`quk qu`
trguvk sks fppu`s `mtkrmks lfms af sgb`t
b`v`ak, qu` rkjfrlkmt vkrs aFaakcfjmk. Bk
bgurfmt pu`sk sf igrbk lfms af br`t`quk
jrfml`ssfmtk lk af pfrt`tgbrft`k lkpu`s afm lks fmmks 60:8 gu ak c`a`ku lks fm -
mks 6048 km rf`sgm mgtfcckmt lks
kmtrfvks qukaak rkprskmtkrf`t pgur af rsgrpt`gm lks lsqu`a`nrks tkrr`tgr`fux kt sg-
b`fux kt a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk qu` km bgmst`tuk fu bgmtrf`rk akurs ykux af sgaut`gm.
FMB^K^ AF ^[X\[^K LKR FMMKR 6008Afppka rjua`kr lks tkbdmgbrftks kt akur prskmbk s`jm`i`bft`vk lfms af bgmlu`tk
lks rigrcks sgmt tgutkig`s trg`tkckmt a`s umk bgmogmbt`gm lk ifbtkurs pga`t`quks kt
bgmgc`quks qu` sk sgmt tgus bdrgmgagj`qukckmt bgmbkmtrs fu lnut lks fmmks 6008
kt gmt kmbakmbd um cguvkckmt af ig`s `ml`spkmsfnak kt bgmt`mu pgussfmt lfms ak skms
lks rigrcks. Bkst 600> qu` cfrquk vrf`ckmt af rupturk fvkb agrlrk pga`t`quk lk afprs-
jukrrk, fvkb ak lbakmbdkckmt lk agprft`gm Cfm` pua`tk, aflds`gm fu trf`t lk Cffstr`bdt,
cf`s fuss` af sgrt`k lk af a`rk lu RCK ;88 c`aa`frls lk a`rks pgur pkrckttrk af qufa`bf-
t`gm lu pfys pgur af zgmk kurg.
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7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope
21/95
>2Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
Xrglu`rk af brg`ssfmbk `mtr`kurk pfr af bgmtrf`mtk kxtr`kurk lk a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk
Aks kiikts bgmoujus lk bks rupturks `mtr`kurks kt kurgpkmmks `mtkrvkmuks pfrt`r lk
600> pgusskmt tgutks vkrs um prgbkssus lk cglkrm`sft`gm lgmt af bafssk pga`t`quk trfl`-
t`gmmkaak skst nrusqukckmt trguvk lkssf`-s`k ;. Ak bybak guvkrt fvkb aakbt`gm lk 600886->889) fprs Fab`lk Lk Jfs-
pkr` (60889->884 fvkb aks lkux jguvkrmk-
ckmts Xrgl`. R` af rvgaut`gm lk 600> f ifvgr`s ackrjkmbk lum n`pfrt`sck `mfbdkv
kt frt`bua futgur lk af lrg`tk nkrausbgm`kmmk ak XLA, Xkupak lk af a`nkrt kt um bkmtrk
jfubdk ckm fuogurldu` pfr ak XL, Xfrt` lcgbrftk , `a sfj`t cg`ms lum ba`vfjk lrg`tk-
jfubdk quk bkau` gppgsfmt umk a`jmk ba`kmta`stk umk agj`quk af ig`s fpga`t`quk kt a`n-
rfak. Bgcck agnskrvk Cfma`g Jrfz`fmg 9, af lrg`tk nkrausbgm`kmmk : mgmbk um l`sbgurs
a`nrfa cf`s prft`quk umk pga`t`quk qu` akst pku fujckmtft`gm lks pravkckmts kt rka-
bdkckmt lks l`sb`pa`mks nuljtf`rks , fagrs quk aks jguvkrmkckmts lk bkmtrk jfubdk gu/
kt tkbdmgbrft`quks sk vg`kmt bdfrjs lk rfckmkr abgmgc`k sur sf trfokbtg`rk a`nrfak ?
rklrksskckmt nuljtf`rk kt fbdvkckmt kt qu`a`nrfjk lks rigrcks kmtfcks pfr af
lrg`tk nkrausbgm`kmmk.
;. Kmv`rgm aks lkux t`krs lks ckcnrks lu Xfrakckmt iurkmt `mbuaps fu t`trk lk agprft`gm Cfm` pua`tk.
9. Cfma`g Jrfz`fmg, A@tfa`k, um tft sfms mft`gm 7 Jgpga`t`quk lumk `lkmt`t mft`gmfak `mbkrtf`mk, ^fcgmv`aak-Rf`mt-Fjmk, rs, >88:, p. 6;.
:. @a ifut jfrlkr akspr`t quk R`av`g Nkrausbgm` kst lumk bkrtf`mk cfm`rk um prglu`t lk ark Nktt`mg Brfx` (6042-604:),fuquka `a lg`t umk pfrt s`jm`bft`vk lk af bgmstrubt`gm lk sgm kcp`rk lfms aks cl`fs.
R` af rvgaut`gm lk 600>f ifvgr`s ackrjkmbk lumn`pfrt`sck mfbdkv kt frt`buafutgur lk af lrg`tk nkraus-bgm`kmmk ak Xkupak lk afa`nkrt kt um bkmtrk jfubdkckm fuogurldu` pfr ak Xfrt`lcgbrftk , `a sfj`t cg`ms
lum ba`vfjk lrg`tk-jfubdk qukbkau` gppgsfmt umk a`jmk ba`km-ta`stk umk agj`quk af ig`sfpga`t`quk kt a`nrfak.
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7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope
22/95
>866 sgmt akxprkss`gm af paus fngut`k lk bkttk
fatkrmfmbk fpga`t`quk lks tkbdmgbrftks. Bgcpgsfmtk lo s`jm`bft`vk lu jguvkrmk-
ckmt Fcftg (600>-6002), aks c`m`strks tkbdmgbrftks rkprskmtf`kmt af cg`t` lu jguvkr-
mkckmt B`fcp` (6002-60086>, fvfmt lkbgmirkr Y`ttgr`g Jr`aa` akxkrb`bk pfrt kmt`rk lk bk c`m`strk.
Lfms bk cglak tkbdmgbrf-
t`quk `tfa`km, `a ifut af ig`ssgua`jmkr ak rak lk a[m`vkrs`t mgtfcckmt aum`vkrs`tNgbbgm` C`afm qu` prglu`tumk pfrt `cpgrtfmtk lksa`tks l`r`jkfmtks tfa`kmmkskt lgmt Cfr`g Cgmt` iut akprs`lkmt kt bkau` lk afNfmbf l@tfa`f.
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7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope
23/95
>;Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
Xrglu`rk af brg`ssfmbk `mtr`kurk pfr af bgmtrf`mtk kxtr`kurk lk a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk
Km bgmfmt af l`rkbt`gm lu jguvkrmkckmt Cfr`g Cgmt` pautt quk lk prgblkr lks akb -
t`gms fmt`b`pks pgur rsgulrk af br`sk lu jguvkrmkckmt Nkrausbgm`, ak prs`lkmt Mfpga`-
tfmg lgmt ak cfmlft frr`vk bdfmbk km >862 sfvf`t lk tgutk ifgm sf lurk lk v`ka`c`tk, pu`squk aks akbt`gms fu Xfrakckmt tf`kmt `m`t`fakckmt prvuks km fvr`a >862.
Lkux bgms`lrft`gms gmt pks sur bk bdg`x ? umk bgms`lrft`gm lurjkmbk, lfms af cksurk
g fu paus igrt lk af br`sk pga`t`quk kt mfmb`rk lk afutgcmk >866 aks tfux l`mtrt sk
s`tuf`kmt lks sgcckts lk agrlrk lk :,2 % kt aksprkfl fvkb aFaakcfjmk stf`t kmvga
;:; pg`mts lk nfsk , bk qu` mk pkrckttf`t pfs lk prkmlrk ak r`squk lumk pfrfays`k
pga`t`quk kt mfmb`rk lu pfys 5 umk bgms`lrft`gm lk paus agmj tkrck lfms af cksurk g
ak prgbkssus lk rft`gmfa`sft`gm mfmb`rk kt lk rigrcks kst bgmt`mu km @tfa`k lkpu`s umk
v`mjtf`mk lfmmks, y bgcpr`s sgus aks jguvkrmkckmts Nkrausbgm` g lks rigrcks lk
prkc`rk `cpgrtfmbk v`sfmt ak cfrbd lu trfvf`a kt aks rktrf`tks gmt t kmjfjks. Ak pr-s`lkmt lk af ^puna`quk f lgmb bdg`s` lv`tkr lfogutkr um r`squk lk br`sk pga`t`quk
bkau` brg`ssfmt lk af br`sk mfmb`rk um cgckmt g af bafssk pga`t`quk mk skcnaf`t paus
km cksurk lk if`rk ifbk fux urjkmbks nuljtf`rks kt lk ckmkr aks rigrcks strubturkaaks.
Fmfaysk rkpr`sk pfr Cfr`g Cgmt` au`-cck lfms ac`ss`gm X`fzzf Xua`tf , sur af bdfmk
Af:, ak >; cf` >86> ? Km rkiusfmt lk mguvkaaks akbt`gms kt km vguafmt if`rk pfrt`b`pkr tgut
ak cgmlk fu jguvkrmkckmt, ak prs`lkmt lk af ^puna`quk f pkrc`s lv`tkr a@tfa`k um
lkst`m af jrkbquk 0.
Lkpu`s af m >866, Cfr`g Cgmt` jguvkrmf`t sfms af pfrt`b`pft`gm lk c`m`strks pga`t`quks,
cf`s fvkb ak sgut`km lks jrfmls pfrt`s `tfa`kms, ak Xkupak lk af a`nkrt (XLA) kt ak Xfrt`
lcgbrftk (XL). Ls ak rktrf`t lu sgut`km lu
XLA fu jguvkrmkckmt af c`-lbkcnrk
>86>, Cfr`g Cgmt` f rpa`qu km lgmmfmt
`ccl`ftkckmt sf lc`ss`gm. Ak >4 l-
bkcnrk >86>, igrt lk sf brl`n`a`t `mtr`kurk
mgtfcckmt ak sgut`km cfrqu lk aja`sk
bftdga`quk kt kurgpkmmk, `a f fmmgmb sgm`mtkmt`gm lk pfrt`b`pkr af nftf`aak akbtgrfak
pgur pkrckttrk af pgursu`tk lu prgjrfcck
lk rigrcks.
Vukaak quk sg`t a`ssuk lks akbt`gms quk ak
subbksskur lk R`av`g Nkrausbgm` pfrt`b`pk gu
mgm fu iutur jguvkrmkckmt , akxpr`kmbk
0. B`t pfr Ju`aafuck Lkafbrg`x, gp. b`t., p. 26.
Vukaak quk sg`t a`ssuk lksakbt`gms, akxpr`kmbk Cgmt`mk pgurrf trk bgms`lrkbgcck umk pfrkmtdsk tkbdm`quk , cf`s bgcckaf vgagmt lk rfa`skr umk rup-turk pga`t`quk, kt bgcck umktfpk `cpgrtfmtk, s` bk mkstlb`s`vk, lfms um prgbkssus`mspfrfnak lk cglkrm`sft`gmlk sgm bgmgc`k kt lk sgmsystck pga`t`quk, f`ms` quk lksgm mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk.
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7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope
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>9
A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ? af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk
Cgmt` mk pgurrf trk bgms`lrk bgcck umk pfrkmtdsk tkbdm`quk , cf`s bgcck af
vgagmt lk rfa`skr umk rupturk pga`t`quk, kt bgcck umk tfpk `cpgrtfmtk, s` bk mkst
lb`s`vk, lfms um prgbkssus `mspfrfnak lk cglkrm`sft`gm lk sgm bgmgc`k kt lk sgmsystck pga`t`quk, f`ms` quk lk sgm `mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk. \gut kst if`t km sfppuyfmt
sur aKurgpk pgur quk af pgss`n`a`t lu rktgur km frr`rk sg`t tguogurs paus rlu`tk. Lk bk
pg`mt lk vuk, bgcck a`ml`quk J`uskppk Rfbbg, ak mguvkfu jguvkrmkckmt mk rkprskmtk
pfs umk fatkrmfmbk lfms af bgmt`mu`t lu systck, bgcck afvf`kmt t Xrgl` kt LFakcf.
@a sk pafbk lfms umk agj`quk lk rupturk 68 .
A@\FA@K, BA LK AF R\FN@A@\ CGM\F@^KLK AF _GMK K[^G
@a mk ifut pfs mgm paus guna`kr afmjak lk vuk syctr`quk ? af a`jmk lk stfn`a`t bgmgc`quk
`mbfrmk pfr Cfr`g Cgmt` kst `mspfrfnak lu prgbkssus kurgpkm lk stfn`a`sft`gm lk af
zgmk kurg.
um lkjr n`km paus igrt quk af Irfmbk,
a@tfa`k fssuck sfms bgcpakxk a`mtjrft`gm
lk sf pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk, mgtfcckmt nul-
jtf`rk, lfms umk strftj`k kurgpkmmk. Ak
prgokt pga`t`quk kurgpkm lkckurk km kiikt
af ig`s agnokbt`i kt ak cgykm pfr akquka
a@tfa`k sk pkmsk lkpu`s af skbgmlk cg`t`
lu xxk s`bak sur af vg`k lum pfys mgrcfa ,
skagm af igrcuak lk J`ua`fmg Fcftg. Aks @tfa`kms sfvkmt quk aks sfbr`bks, kt mgtfcckmt
bkux c`s km pafbk pfr ak jguvkrmkckmt Cgmt`, ak sgmt bgcck cgykm s`cuatfm lk rfssu-
rkr ak prgbkssus l`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk lk a@tfa`k kt lk bgmt`mukr lksskrrkr atrk`mtklk ba`kmta`scks ru`mkux qu` cf`mt`kmmkmt ak cgrbkaakckmt jgjrfpd`quk kt sgb`fa lu
pfys, kt uat`ckckmt kmtrfmkmt sgm fppfuvr`sskckmt.
n`km lks jfrls, a@tfa`k um`k fu x`xk s`bak sgus af iruak lk af cf`sgm lk Rfvg`k iut
agr`j`mk n`km paus ak prglu`t lks qu`a`nrks kurgpkms quk ak cguvkckmt futgmgck
lum tft-mft`gm prkmfmt bgmsb`kmbk lk au`-cck. Aks @tfa`kms gmt vbu lkpu`s agrs fvkb
ak skmt`ckmt lumk bgmstrubt`gm pga`t`quk `mfngut`k, bk lgmt rkml bgcptk af igrcuak lk
68. J`uskppk Rfbbg, Cgmt` aKurgpkm , Rgb`tfa, >k tr`ckstrk >86>, mg :9.
um lkjr n`km paus igrt quk
af Irfmbk, a@tfa`k fssuck sfmsbgcpakxk a`mtjrft`gm lk sf pga`-t`quk bgmgc`quk, mgtfcckmtnuljtf`rk, lfms umk strftj`kkurgpkmmk.
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7/28/2019 LItalie de Mario Monti : la rforme au nom de lEurope
25/95
>:Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
Xrglu`rk af brg`ssfmbk `mtr`kurk pfr af bgmtrf`mtk kxtr`kurk lk a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk
Rfn`mg Bfssksk, umk sgb`t sfms tft 66 . @mbkrtf`mk qufmt af vr`tfnak mfturk lk
sgm um`bft`gm kt bgmirgmtk fux vuamrfn`a`ts lum tft bgmstru`t sur umk aj`t`c`t
sgb`fak trs irfj`ak, a@tfa`k bdkrbdk lfms a`mtjrft`gm pga`t`quk kurgpkmmk cf`s fuss`lfms sgm a`km trs igrt fvkb aks tfts-[m`s n`km paus quum `mstruckmt fu skrv`bk lumk
cgml`fa`sft`gm fbbgcpa`k qu` mfurf`t lfutrk gnokbt`i quk lk surcgmtkr aks a`c`tks lks
tfts-mft`gms trfl`t`gmmkas. Bkst km if`t afbdvkckmt lk sf prgprk um`t mft`gmfak kt
aks rfb`mks lk sf rf`sgm ltrk qukaak s`tuk fu ngut lk sgm `mtjrft`gm lfms umk Kurgpk
pga`t`quk. Km @tfa`k cf`s fuss` km Irfmbk lumk bkrtf`mk ifgm , ackrjkmbk lumk
igrbk pga`t`quk a`nrfak kt rigrcftr`bk, bfpfnak lumk fbt`gm lurfnak sur ak agmj tkrck,
mkst pgss`nak qukm sk a`fmt a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk, aks igrbks pga`t`quks igmlks
sur af l`str`nut`gm jmrfa`sk lk rkmtks sgb`faks 6> tfmt fsskz igrtks pgur pkrptukr
akur ba`kmta`sck cf`s pfs fsskz pgur sfiirfmbd`r lk af tutkaak lk afss`sk sgb`fak lgmtkm rktgur kaaks lpkmlkmt. Bkst bk quk rfppkaak trs baf`rkckmt J`uskppk Rfbbg ? Km
@tfa`k, aks igrbks a`nrfaks prgjrkss`stks lk bdfmjkckmt mk jfjmkmt quk agrsqukaaks
trguvkmt lfms ak bgmtkxtk kurgpkm aks faa`fmbks mbkssf`rks 62.
[M NFMB LKRRF@ XG[^ AF R\^F\J@K LK B^G@RRFMBKLK AF _GMK K[^G
Cf`s ak a`km pfrt`bua`kr kmtrk a@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` kt af zgmk kurg rs`lk fuss` lfms af
cfm`rk lk bgmstru`rk umk strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbk. Aks a`c`tks lk akmlkttkckmt puna`b
fyfmt t fttk`mtks km @tfa`k bgcck f`aakurs, fu pg`mt quk ak cg`mlrk lrfpfjk fujckmtk
aks ckmfbks lk dfussks lks tfux l`mtrt qu` pgurrf`kmt sk rvakr ckurtr`rks, pku
lfmfaystks br`t`qukmt af pga`t`quk lk rlubt`gm lks lb`ts, cck s` bkst pgur lpagrkr aks
bgts lk af rbkss`gm kt lu bdcfjk qukaak prgvgqukrf`t. Gr, agnokbt`i lk Cfr`g Cgmt` mk
bgms`stk pfs rkbgmst`tukr lks cfrjks lk cfmuvrk pgur lks fbt`gms uatr`kurks lk
st`cuaft`gm lk af bgmsgccft`gm kt lk af brg`ssfmbk pfr lk mguvkfux lb`ts. @a sfj`t lkbgmigrtkr um pku paus umk strftj`k lk rlubt`gm tkmlfmb`kaak lks lpkmsks puna`quks,
66. Rfn`mg Bfssksk, A@tfa`f ? umf sgb`kt skmzf stftg 7, Ngagjmk, @a Cua`mg, >866.
6>. Af rkmtk kst um rkvkmu qu` mf pfs ak trfvf`a gu um fbtk prglubt`i bgmburrkmt`ka bgcck bgmtrkpfrt`k cf`s um s tftutsgb`fa. Aks bgmgc`stks a`nrfux bgcck Lfv`l ^`bfrlg gmt bgmtkst sgm n`km-igml ? pfr rfppgrt umk s`tuft`gm lkcfrbd, kaak sk trflu`t akurs ykux pfr um trfmsikrt lk bdfrjks vkrs bkux qu` sgmt kxpgss af bgmburrkmbk ktgnt`kmmkmt akurs rkvkmus lum trfvf`a prglubt`i. Km l`str`nufmt lks rkvkmus supr`kurs af prglubt`v`t cfrj`mfak lutrfvf`a, bk systck ifvgr`sk a`mft`gm. Aks pfrt`s `tfa`kms gmt ut`a`s akur cftr`sk lu pguvg`r ltft pgur l`str`nukr lksrkmtks sgus igrck lk lrg`ts lk tgutk mfturk rkbrutkckmt lk igmbt`gmmf`rks, faagbft`gm lk lrg`ts sgb`fux km bdfmjklu sgut`km pga`t`quk lk akurs nmb`f`rks. Bkst n`km bk systck lk bgmtrak sgb`fa lu pguvg`r pga`t`quk qu` kst agr`j`mk lk af if`aa`tk mfmb`rk lu pfys. Fvkb akur `mtkmt`gm lk ifvgr`skr af igrcft`gm lumk bgmgc`k bgmburrkmt`kaak,aks rigrcks bgmst`tukmt umk rkc`sk km bfusk lks rkmtks.
62. J`uskppk Rfbbg, Cgmt` aKurgpkm , frt. b`t .
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>4
A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ? af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk
lfbbrg`sskckmt lk af bgcpt`t`v`t kt lk af prglubt`v`t, f`ms` quk lk rfcgrfjk lk af
brg`ssfmbk pfr aks kxpgrtft`gms, pr`gr`tf`rkckmt vkrs aks cfrbds lks pfys ckrjkmts.
Rtrftj`k bkmsk kmtrfmkr fvkb kaak af rfbt`vft`gm lk a`mvkst`sskckmt prglubt`i pr`v ktlk af bfpfb`t l`mmgvft`gm lks kmtrkpr`sks jrbk fux cfrbds `mtkrmft`gmfux. Rtrftj`k
pkrckttfmt `m imk lk rkbgmstru`rk af lkcfmlk `mtr`kurk sur lks nfsks vr`tfnaks kt rg-
nustks kt mgm km af st`cuafmt frt`b`kaakckmt pfr af l`str`nut`gm lk lrg`ts sgb`fux sfms
bgmtrkpfrt`k prglubt`vk.
N`km paus quk aFaakcfjmk, tkaakckmt kxbkp-
t`gmmkaak lfms akspr`t lk sks bgmtkcptkurs
qukaak kst oujk af ig`s `m`c`tfnak kt bkmsk
fvg`r igml sf russ`tk lkpu`s l`x fms sur akx-pag`tft`gm fsyctr`quk lk af lpkmsk puna`quk
lk sks pfrtkmf`rks kt af bgcprkss`gm lk sf
prgprk lkcfmlk pr`vk bgups lk sfaf`rks
rgjms fu mgc lk af pkrigrcfmbk, a@tfa`k pgrtk
km kaak lks akgms lk strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbk
pfrafmtks pgur sks vg`s`ms. Xgur af Irfmbk
mgtfcckmt, tguogurs sbkpt`quk sur aks vkrtus
prtks af r`jukur nuljtf`rk kt af bgcp-
t`t`v`t lks kmtrkpr`sks r`jk km pr`gr`t, bk
qu` sk pfssk km @tfa`k pkut ogukr um rak cfokur
pgur sf prgprk strftj`k. Vuk ak rtfna`sskckmt lks bgcptks `tfa`kms sg`t gntkmu fu pr`x
lumk rbkss`gm kt lum bdcfjk rkbgrls qu` jfmjrmkrf`kmt ak pfys, kt kaak skrf af
prkc`rk if`rk vfag`r fuprs lk aFaakcfjmk a`mfm`t lk af rkbkttk. Vufu bgmtrf`rk,
akxkcpak lk bk quk aKspfjmk kst km trf`m lfcgrbkr fvkb af v`tfa`t rktrguvk lk sks
bdfmjks kxtr`kurs, a@tfa`k pfrv`kmmk kmbakmbdkr ak bkrbak vkrtukux lk af rlubt`gm
lks li`b`ts kt lk afbbarft`gm lk af brg`ssfmbk, af tgrpkur rigrcftr`bk irfmf`sk
sfppfrkmtkrf pku pku pgur sks vg`s`ms um r`squk cfokur lnrfmakckmt lk af zgmkkurg kt lfmfmt`sskckmt lk akurs kiigrts. Lfms bkttk lkrm`rk dypgtdsk, ag`m ltrk af
paus `cprgnfnak, af Irfmbk furf pku lbdfppftg`rks pgur bgmt`mukr skxgmrkr lks
kiigrts rfa`ss pfr tgus, lk aFaakcfjmk fu lnut lks fmmks >888 aKurgpk lu Rul
lkpu`s >880->868. Vuka quk sg`t ak jguvkrmkckmt ssu lu sbrut`m lk >862, a@tfa`k bgcck
sks vg`s`ms fbbkptkrf n`km l`ib`akckmt quk af Irfmbk 6< sk bgmtkmtk lk ogukr ak pfssfjkr
bafmlkst`m lk af zgmk kurg qu` kmbf`ssk aks nmbks lks rigrcks lk sks pfrtkmf`rks
6866. Af bafssk pga`t`quk, aks c`a`kux lfiif`rks kt agp`m`gm kst`ckmt km ki ikt quk akurpfys fbbgcpa`t lks kiigrts mfmb`krs n`km paus `cpgrtfmts quk bkux lk af Irfmbk.
N`km paus quk aFaakcfjmk,a@tfa`k pgrtk km kaak lks akgmslk strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbkpfrafmtks pgur sks vg`s`ms.Xgur af Irfmbk mgtfcckmt,tguogurs sbkpt`quk sur aks vkr-tus prtks af r`jukur nulj-tf`rk kt af bgcpt`t`v`t lkskmtrkpr`sks r`jk km pr`gr`t,bk qu` sk pfssk km @tfa`k pkutogukr um rak cfokur pgur sf
prgprk strftj`k.
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>0Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
Xrglu`rk af brg`ssfmbk `mtr`kurk pfr af bgmtrf`mtk kxtr`kurk lk a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk
gu r`squk lk ru`mkr akurs kiigrts sfms ofcf`s kmtrkprkmlrk bkaaks qu` ifb`a`tkrf`kmt akur
russ`tk. Fu igml, paus quFmjkaf Ckreka, pkut-trk jmk pfr sgm stftut lk prkc`kr lk af
bafssk, ak prgiksskur Cgmt` sk vkut ak plfjgjuk pgur a@tfa`k bgcck pgur aKurgpk lk bkquk brg`ssfmbk vkut rkaakckmt l`rk.
Afutrk suokt lk rkx`gm km pfrt`bua`kr pgur
af Irfmbk , qu` f trf`t afmfaysk cgykm
tkrck lk avgaut`gm lk abgmgc`k `tfa`kmmk,
pgrtk sur ak p`jk qu` sk rkikrck umk ig`s
quum pfys f fttk`mt lk tkas m`vkfux lk surkm-
lkttkckmt puna`b ? sgus-prglubt`v`t bdrg-
m`quk, lgutks sur afpt`tulk lks rigrcks ktlks nf`ssks lk lb`ts kmtfckr afaajk-
ckmt lu ifrlkfu. Av`lkmbk kst quk akspg`r
lk cgl`kr af s`tuft`gm mkst fttk`jmfnak qu
trs agmj tkrck, vg`rk sur paus`kurs jmrf-
t`gms. Aks futgr`ts `tfa`kmmks tfnakmt fprs
>86; sur umk nf ssk lk 6 pg`mt pfr fm lu rfp-
pgrt lkttk/X@N, bk qu` suppgsk trkmtk fms pgur rkvkm`r fu m`vkfu lk af Irfmbk lk >86>.
@a sfj`t lk prgbkssus irfj`aks, rvkrs`naks fu cg`mlrk bdgb kxtkrmk af br`sk lk >884
fmm`d`afmt v`mjt fms lkiigrts kt `cpgsfmt lurfnakckmt lks tfux l`mtrt lks m`vkfux
dfutkckmt pmfa`sfmts (6 pg`mt lk tfux rkprskmtk >8 c`aa`frls lkurgs lk bdfrjk nulj-
tf`rk km paus gu km cg`ms), aks fafs af dfussk akcpgrtfmt tguogurs sur bkux af nf`ssk.
Futrkckmt l`t, af qukst`gm kst pgsk ? pkut-gm sgrt`r lumk s`tuft`gm a`tfa`kmmk 7 Af r -
pgmsk kst prgnfnakckmt pgs`t`vk sgus lk r`jgurkusks bgml`t`gms, sft`sif`tks sur lk trs
agmjuks fmmks ? bgcn`mkr afoustkckmt mfmb`kr pfr af bkss`gm l`cpgrtfmts fbt`is puna`bs
kt af rlubt`gm bgmt`muk lfms ak tkcps lks lb`ts pfr um lgsfjk oul`b`kux lks dfussks
l`cpts kt lks nf`ssks lk lpkmsks, af rkv`tfa`sft`gm lk af brg`ssfmbk pfr umk `mskrt`gm
rsgauk lk abgmgc`k lfms aks zgmks lk igrtk brg`ssfmbk cgml`fak. Cf`s ak c`kux mkst-`apfs pgur tgus aks tfts lk af zgmk kurg igrtkckmt kmlktts, bgcckmbkr pfr af Irfmbk,
lv`tkr lk sk rktrguvkr lfms af s`tuft`gm `tfa`kmmk 7
Vuka quk sg`t ak jguvkrmkckmt`ssu lu sbrut`m lk >862, a@tfa`k bgcck sks vg`s`ms fbbkptkrfn`km l`ib`akckmt quk af Irfmbk
sk bgmtkmtk lk ogukr ak pfssfjkrbafmlkst`m lk af zgmk kurg qu`kmbf`ssk aks nmbks lks
rigrcks lk sks pfrtkmf`rks gur`squk lk ru`mkr akurs kiigrts sfmsofcf`s kmtrkprkmlrk bkaaks qu`ifb`a`tkrf`kmt akur russ`tk.
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28
A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ? af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk
Bkst tgut bkaf qu` kst bgmtkmu lfms afbt`gm ckmk pfr Cfr`g Cgmt` lkpu`s mgvkcnrk
>866, mgtfcckmt sgm bgcnft pgur af kx`n`a`sft`gm lk abgmgc`k kt akmrfykckmt lk sf
sgus-prglubt`v`t bdrgm`quk. Lfms um systck bgmgc`quk l`spgsfmt lum bfp`tfa`sckifc`a`fa lumk tgmmfmtk v`tfa`t cf`s nr`l pfr
af sgus-prglubt`v`t, bfpfnak lum lymfc`sck
kxpgrtftkur `ml`sbutfnak cf`s bgmtrf`mt pfr ak
ba`kmta`sck pga`t`quk if`rk lrg`t lks stftuts
sgb`fux `mbgcpft`naks fvkb aks bgmtrf`mtks lk
bgcpt`t`v`t, akmlkttkckmt, a`mft`gm kt af
lvfauft`gm sgmt lkckurs agmjtkcps ak
cgykm lk bgmb`a`kr bks bgmtrfl`bt`gms. Lfms
um systck lk cgmmf`k um`quk, skuas aks fous-tkckmts rkas sgmt pgss`naks 5 lg af mbks -
s`t lv`tkr tgut pr`x akmvgak lks tfux l`m-
trt km rkprkmfmt ak bgmtrak lks bgcptks
puna`bs 5 lg af mbkss`t fuss` lk ckmkr aks
rigrcks `ml`spkmsfnaks rktrf`tks, cfrbd
lu trfvf`a pgur pkrckttrk ak rtfna`sskckmt
lumk brg`ssfmbk lk af prglubt`v`t km a`jmk
fvkb bkaak lks pfys kurgpkms, akxkcpak lk
aKspfjmk. \gus aks fbtkurs sur af sbmk pga`t`quk `tfa`kmmk gmt bgmsb`kmbk quk af r`jukur,
aks rigrcks kt a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk ifvgr`skmt pfr mfturk args`gm lum systck
pga`t`quk ba`kmta`stk 6;.
Af strftj`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` f lgmb bgms`st tkm`r kmskcnak r`jukur nuljtf`rk kt
a`nrfa`sft`gm lk abgmgc`k ? lskmlkttkckmt kt rlubt`gm lks lb`ts pgur vkm`r ngut
lk atguiikckmt lk abgmgc`k 5 rigrcks lk strubturk, bfusks kt bgmsqukmbks lu
lcfmtakckmt lks rkmtks sgb`faks. Yg`k lk sfaut pgur a@tfa`k kt cglak lk strftj`k lk
brg`ssfmbk pgur aKurgpk, bkst ak skms lu bfp x pfr Cfr`g Cgmt`.
Fu-lka lumk kxpr`kmbk a`c`tk lfms ak tkcps, quk pkut- `a sk pfsskr 7 @a y furf pkut-
trk lks rktfrls gu lks rkc`sks km bfusk lfms bk prgbkssus kmjfj `a y f paus lk v`mjt
fms. Cf`s ak skms lks vgaut`gms kst, au`, sfms fcn`jut. @a kst umk pdfsk mguvkaak lk
akmrfb`mkckmt lu bfp rigrcftkur lcfrr fvfmt Cfr`g Cgmt` kt qu` au` surv`vrf,
6;. Gm f vu qu`a km tf`t lk cck km Jrbk, pfr kxkcpak.
Lfms um systck lk cgmmf`kum`quk, skuas aks foustkckmtsrkas sgmt pgss`naks 5 lg afmbkss`t lv`tkr tgut pr`xakmvgak lks tfux l`mtrtkm rkprkmfmt ak bgmtrak lksbgcptks puna`bs 5 lg afmbkss`t fuss` lk ckmkraks rigrcks `ml`spkmsfnaks rktrf`tks, cfrbd lu trfvf`a pgur pkrckttrk ak rtfna`ssk-ckmt lumk brg`ssfmbk lk afprglubt`v`t km a`jmk fvkb bkaaklks pfys kurgpkms.
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26Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
Xrglu`rk af brg`ssfmbk `mtr`kurk pfr af bgmtrf`mtk kxtr`kurk lk a`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk
bfpfnak cck lk suppgrtkr um rkabdkckmt cgckmtfm. A`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk
rkprskmtk fuogurldu` umk tkaak igrbk lk rfppka sur abgmgc`k kt ak systck pga`t`quk
`tfa`kms quk aks sgunrksfuts ba`kmta stks bgmst`tukmt lsgrcf`s lks ifbtkurs lk r`squkstguogurs rkas cf`s lsgrcf`s fppfrkmts lks bgcnfts lfrr`rk-jfrlk.
Ak systck pga`t`quk kt aks jguvkrmkckmts `tfa`kms lkpu`s 600>
Agprft`gm Cfm` pua`tk lbakmbdk ak 6: ivr`kr 600> f ku pgur kiikt lk a`qu`lkr ak
systck pga`t`quk `ssu lk af m lk af Rkbgmlk Jukrrk cgml`fak, umk pfrt`tgbrft`k qu`
sgrjfm`sf`t futgur lk af Lcgbrft`k bdrt`kmmk (LB) kt lu Xfrt` bgccum`stk `tfa`km
(XB@). Af rupturk kst tkaak fvkb agrlrk pga`t`quk lfvfmt 600> quk bkrtf`ms gnskrvftkursgmt pfra lk @@k ^puna`quk.
Lkpu`s 600; % lk prgpgrt`gmmkaak. Bk
systck f t mguvkfu rigrc km >88; lfms um skms lk rktgur af agj`quk prgpgr-
t`gmmkaak, cck s`a sfbbgcpfjmk lumk pr`ck cfogr`tf`rk. Ak systck vgauk vkrs umk
fatkrmfmbk kmtrk umk lrg`tk nkrausbgm`kmmk kt lks jguvkrmkckmts tkbdmgbrft`quks
gu fpga`t`quks sgutkmus pfr ak bkmtrk jfubdk.
Aks jguvkrmkckmts qu` sk sgmt subbl lkpu`s 600> sgmt aks su`vfmts ?
Ou`m 600>-fvr`a 6002 ? J`ua`fmg Fcftg (Xfrt` sgb`fa`stk `tfa`km UXR@S).
Fvr`a 6002-cf` 600< ? Bfrag Fzkja`g B`fcp` (@mlpkmlfmt).
Cf` 600888 ? Cfss`cg LFakcf (Lcgbrftks lk jfubdk ULRS).
Fvr`a >888-ou`m >886 ? J`ua`fmg Fcftg (AGa`v`kr).
Ou`m >886-cf` >889 ? R`av`g Nkrausbgm` (Igrzf @tfa`f).
Cf` >889-cf` >884 ? ^gcfmg Xrgl` (Xfrt` lcgbrft`quk UXLS).
Cf` >884-mgvkcnrk >866 ? R`av`g Nkrausbgm` (Xkupak lk af a`nkrt UXLAS).
Lkpu`s mgvkcnrk >866 ? Cfr`g Cgmt` (@mlpkmlfmt).
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2>
A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ? af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk
Km >884, aks rsuatfts af Bdfcnrk lks lputs gmt t aks su`vfmts ?
Jfubdk frb-km-b`ka (Xfrt` lk af rkigmlft`gm bgccum`stk UX^BS, Ykrts, Xfrt` lksbgccum`stks `tfa`kms UXLB@S) ? 2,6 %.
Xfrt` sgb`fa-lcgbrftk `tfa`km URL@S + Xfrt` ^fl`bfa UX^S ? 6 %.
Xfrt` lcgbrft`quk UXLS ? 22,> %.
@tfa`k lks Yfakurs U@LYS ? %.
\gtfa bkmtrk jfubdk ? < kt >; ivr`kr >862 gppgskmt trg`s nagbs pr`mb`pfux ?
Af jfubdk futgur lu XL lk X`kr Au`j` Nkrsfm` qu` ilrk quftrk futrks pfrt`s.
Af lrg`tk futgur lu XLA lk R`av`g Nkrausbgm` qu` f bgmbau umk faa`fmbk akbtgrfak fvkb
af A`juk lu Mgrl (AM) lgmt ^gnkrtg Cfrgm` f pr`s ak bgmtrak.
Ak bkmtrk futgur lk Cfr`g Cgmt` qu` ilrk a[m`gm lu bkmtrk ([LB) lk X`kr Ikrl`mfmlg
Bfs`m`, A@tfa`f bgm Cgmt` lk Aubf l` Cgmtkzkcgag kt umk igrcft`gm `ssuk lk af sgb`t
b`v`ak, Af Rbkatf B`v`bf bgm Cgmt` pkr a@tfa`f. Fmb`km l`r`jkfmt lu pfrt` mgifsb`stk
CR@, J`fmirfmbg I`m` f, lfms ak prgagmjkckmt lk sf rupturk fvkb R`av`g Nkrausbgm`,
pgursu`v` sf ctfcgrpdgsk pga`t`quk vkrs ak bkmtrk lrg`t km brfmt umk mguvkaak
strubturk pga`t`quk, Iuturg k A`nkrtf pkr a@tfa`f, rfaa`k Cfr`g Cgmt`.
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6
22Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
A`nrkr abgmgc`k lk sgm
tguiikckmt pfr af lkttk puna quk
Af a`jmk pga`t`quk kt bgmgc`quk afqukaak sk rfttfbdk Cfr`g Cgmt` kt afbt`gm
kmtrkpr`sk lkpu`s i`m >866 rkavkmt `ml`sbutfnakckmt lk abgmgc`k sgb`faklk cfrbd tkaak qukaak f t mgmbk pfr af Lcgbrft`k bdrt`kmmk faakcfmlk
lks fmmks 60;8, kt paus pfrt`bua`rkckmt pfr Aulw`j Krdfrl. Rgrtk lk ^fycgml
Nfrrk `tfa`km, um`vkrs`tf`rk, prgiksskur kt rkbtkur af Ngbbgm` (C`afm), fmb`km bgcc`s-
sf`rk kurgpkm fu Cfrbd `mtr`kur (600;-6000) pu`s af Bgmburrkmbk (6000->882 ofmv`kr >862 Lfvgs ? Ak bur lk cf c`ss`gm kst lk
bgmstru`rk km @tfa`k, bgcck km Kurgpk, umk bgmgc`k sgb`fak lk cfrbd bgcpt`t`vk 69.
[MK XGA@\@V[K LK R\FN@A@\ R[^ AK CGLAK LK ABGMGC@KRGB@FAK LK CF^BD
Lfms bkttk a`jmk strftj`quk, af pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk mf pfs bgcck gnokbt`i lk st`cuakr
afbt`v`t, mgtfcckmt af bgmsgccft`gm, bgcck bkst ak bfs lfms umk gpt`quk mg-ekym-
s`kmmk. Kaak lg`t trk kcpagyk lks ms lk stfn`a`t lk tkaak sgrtk qukaak mfiikbtk pfs aks
cbfm`scks lk igrcft`gm lks pr`x kt lqu`a`nrk lks cfrbds. Km bgmskrvfmt um gnokbt`i
lk stfn`a`t, af pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk lg`t v`tkr, pfr afbt`v`sck lks lpkmsks gu lks
pravkckmts trgp agurls, lk bgmtrfr`kr aks cbfm`scks lfbbucuaft`gm lk bfp`tfa. Bks
cbfm`scks sgmt af nfsk lk a`mvkst`sskckmt prglubt`i lks kmtrkpr`sks, bgml`t`gm
pr`mb`pfak lk af brg`ssfmbk bgmgc`quk cgykm tkrck.
69. Cfr`g Cgmt`, Akfl`mj fjf`mst tdk glls , Lfvgs, >2 ofmv`kr >862.
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2884->880 f qufs`ckmt
fmm`d`a aks kiigrts ckms lkpu`s v`mjt fms. Km rf`sgm lk sf lkttk akvk kt lk sf brg`s-
sfmbk if`nak, a@tfa`k kst pfrt`bua`rkckmt vuamrfnak fux r`squks lumk rkcgmtk lks
tfux l`mtrt. @a ifut lgmb pfrvkm`r cf`mtkm`r aks fmt`b`pft`gms lks cfrbds lfms um
skms ifvgrfnak af stfn`a`sft`gm lks tfux `tfa`kms. Lfms um pfys g ak rktgur fu tfux
6:. It-bk pfrt`kaakckmt, bgcck gm f pu ak vg`r lfms aks fmmks >886->889 fvkb af bgmtrfbt`gm lks surpaus pr`cf`rks dgrs `mtrts.
Bgcck `a af l`t lk cfm`rktrs fppuyk Lfvgs,af pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk qukCfr`g Cgmt` fppkaak lk sksvux bgms`stk sfiirfmbd`rlks p`jks lu p`agtfjk pfr akbgurt tkrck bk qu` kst umkfutrk ifgm lk bgmjl`kr aksbgmbkpt`gms ekyms`kmmks pgur af bfakr sur lks gnokbt`islk cgykm tkrck.
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2;Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
A`nrkr abgmgc`k lk sgm tguiikckmt pfr af lkttk puna`quk
lkmlkttkckmt lfvfmt br`sk mbkss`tkrf lk trs mgcnrkusks fmmks lk r`jukur, afb-
brg`sskckmt lks tfux l`mtrt gu akur skua cf`mt`km lks m`vkfux s`jm`bft`vkckmt sup -
r`kurs bkux lks futrks jrfmlks bgmgc`ks lk af zgmk kurg rkmlrf`t vf`mk lfvfmbk tgutkiigrt lk stfn`a`sft`gm nuljtf`rk kt nagqukrf`t af rkpr`sk lk af brg`ssfmbk pfr a`mvkst`ssk-
ckmt prglubt`i pr`v. Lfms bks bgml`t`gms, af lb`s`gm lk Cfr`g Cgmt` sgm frr`vk fu
jguvkrmkckmt lk pr`v`aj`kr umk dfussk cfss`vk lks `cpts pautt quk af nf`ssk lks
lpkmsks 64 f tkmu sf vgagmt lk rfckmkr ak paus v`tk pgss`nak aks cfrbds lfms um
skms ifvgrfnak af lbruk lks tfux `tfa`kms. Af prkc`rk sgaut`gm sk bgmbrt`sk lfms
avgaut`gm lks lb`ts paus `ccl`ftkckmt quk af skbgmlk, fux kiikts paus agmjs sk
cfm`ikstkr.
AKR KIIK\R LX^KRR@IR LK AKMLK\\KCKM\ X[NA@BR[^ AF B^G@RRFMBK
Fvkb af a`jmk `mbfrmk pfr Cfr`g Cgmt`, gm
kst baf`rkckmt lfms umk fmfaysk mgmbk
pfr Lfv`l ^`bfrlg tdgrck lk aqu`vfakmbk
r`bfrl`kmmk lv`bt`gm lk af lpkmsk pr`vk
pfr af lpkmsk puna`quk ? aks lb`ts lfu-
ogurldu` sgmt aks lkttks lk lkcf`m, aks `cpts
kt af lbrg`ssfmbk lfprs-lkcf`m. Ag`m ltrk
um st`cuafmt, ak jgmkckmt lk af lkttk prg-
vgquk um tguiikckmt prgjrkss`i lk af brg`s-
sfmbk pgtkmt`kaak pfr ak oku lk sks kiikts
lprkss`is bucuaft`is. Ak m`vkfu lkmlkttkckmt
fuquka sk s`tuf`t a@tfa`k km >86> 6>9 % luX@N kmtrfmfmt lks bdfrjks l`mtrt qu`vf-
afmt ;,; % lu X@N if`t l`spfrftrk tgutk cfrjk lk cfmuvrk pkrckttfmt lk jrkr aks
pdfsks lk rktgurmkckmt bgmogmbturka ? a@tfa`k mf pfs, bgcck sks vg`s`ms aFaakcfjmk gu
af Irfmbk, kmtrkpr`s lk pafm lk rkafmbk km >884. [m tka m`vkfu lk bdfrjk puna`quk kmtrfmk,
km rf`sgm lk sgm pg`ls sur abgmgc`k ak skrv`bk lk af lkttk savk paus lk 4; c`aa`frls
lkurgs l`mtrts kt ak pfys kcprumtk bdfquk fmmk paus lk 608 c`aa`frls lkurgs sur
aks cfrbds , umk fcputft`gm lk af bfpfb`t `mvkst`r kt fbbucuakr lu bfp`tfa. A@tfa`k
64. Xr`mb`pfakckmt bgmtkmuk, cf`s pfs skuakckmt, lfms af rigrck lks rktrf`tks .
A@tfa`k pkut trk bgms`lrkbgcck akxkcpak typk lk af
s`tuft`gm lbr`tk lfms \d`s\`ck @s L`iikrkmt, lfms akqukaBfrckm ^k`mdfrt kt Ekmmktd^gjgii cgmtrkmt qu pfrt`rlum sku`a lk agrlrk lk 08 %ak pg`ls lk af lkttk puna`qukkmtrfmk cbfm`qukckmtafcg`mlr`sskckmt lk afbrg`ssfmbk pgtkmt`kaak.
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29
A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ? af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk
pkut trk bgms`lrk bgcck akxkcpak typk lk af s`tuft`gm lbr`tk lfms \d`s \`ck @s L`i-
ikrkmt60, lfms akquka Bfrckm ^k`mdfrt kt Ekmmktd ^gjgii cgmtrkmt qu pfrt`r lum sku`a
lk agrlrk lk 08 % ak pg`ls lk af lkttk puna`quk kmtrfmk cbfm`qukckmt afcg`mlr`ssk-ckmt lk af brg`ssfmbk pgtkmt`kaak. Ak tfux lkmlkttkckmt `tfa`km f fttk`mt bk sku`a km 604;
`a tf`t lk 28 % km Irfmbk af cck lftk kt fu lnut lks fmmks 6008 `a fvf`t lo
irfmbd` af nfrrk lks 688 %. Bkttk s`tuft`gm kst ak rsuatft lk lb`ts `cpgrtfmts kt pkrcf -
mkmts pkmlfmt paus lk v`mjt fms ? kmtrk 60:> kt 600 ;8 % lu X@N,
kaak fttk`jmf`t km 600> 68; % lu X@N.
Xfrig`s prskmtk pfr aks l`r`jkfmts `tfa`kms lk bkttk pr`glk bgcck ak rsuatft lumk
pga`t`quk ekyms`kmmk lk st`cuaft`gm lk af brg`ssfmbk, bkttk lkttk puna`quk mtf`t kmrfa`t quk ak prglu`t lu bgmtrak lks pfrt`s sur af sgb`t a` akur bfpfb`t l`str`nukr
lks rkmtks sgb`faks. Ak c`rfbak `tfa`km lks fmmks 60;8-6098 fvf`t rsuat pgur umk afrjk
pfrt lumk brg`ssfmbk pgrtk pfr af v`tfa`t lum t`ssu lk XCK kxpgrtftr`bks lgmt af bgc-
pt`t`v`t rkpgsf`t tgutkig`s sur lks sfaf`rks if`naks, lumk lkcfmlk `mtr`kurk sgutkmuk
pfr aks `mvkst`sskckmts puna`bs kt lu rak fbt`i lum vfstk skbtkur `mlustr`ka puna`b igrj
pr`mb`pfakckmt fu bgurs lk af pr`glk cussga`m`kmmk.
Fvkb af pgussk lks rkvkml`bft`gms sgb`faks
lk af m lks fmmks 6098 kt af rupturk lu
rj`ck lks tfux lk bdfmjks xks pfrt`r lu
lnut lks fmmks 60:8, a`mft`gm kt af lvf-
auft`gm sgmt fppfruks bgcck ak cgykm lk
sft`sif`rk bks lkrm`rks sfms ljrflft`gm lk
af bgcpt`t`v`t lks kmtrkpr`sks. A`miaft`gm
fyfmt pgur cr`tk lk prglu`rk lks tfux l`mtrt rkas mjft`is, kaak rkml bgurt tkrck
akmlkttkckmt cftr`sfnak. Bk lkrm`kr kst f`ms` lkvkmu kmtrk aks cf`ms lu ba`kmta`sckpga`t`quk `tfa`km a`mstruckmt flquft lk sf bfpfb`t sk pkrptukr pfr af l`str`nut`gm lk
rkmtks sgb`faks sfms mu`rk km fppfrkmbk af brg`ssfmbk kt af bgcpt`t`v`t lk abgmg-
c`k. \gus aks bfmfux lk l`str`nut`gm lk rkmtks sgb`faks gmt t fbt`vs ? fssurfmbk v`k`a-
akssk, fssurfmbk cfafl`k, fssurfmbk bdcfjk... Kmtrk 60:8 kt 6008, ak mgcnrk lk
igmbt`gmmf`rks f paus quk lguna, pfssfmt lk 6,9 2,9 c`aa`gms lk pkrsgmmks. Fu bgurs lk
bkttk pr`glk, af lpkmsk puna`quk pr`cf`rk dgrs `mtrts kst pfssk lk 28,< 868.
Kmtrk 60:8 kt 6008, akmgcnrk lk igmbt`gmmf rksf paus quk lguna, pfssfmtlk 6,9 2,9 c`aa`gms lkpkrsgmmks.
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2:Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
A`nrkr abgmgc`k lk sgm tguiikckmt pfr af lkttk puna`quk
Gr, umk pga`t`quk lk bk typk, qu` f tgutks aks fppfrkmbks lk af iu`tk km fvfmt, l`iiusk sks
kiikts nmquks tfmt quk a`mft`gm lkckurk akvk kt brg`ssfmtk. @a suit quk ak bybak
`mft`gmm`stk s`mvkrsk pgur quk ak p`jk sk rkikrck fuss`tt. Bkst bk qu` skst prglu`t pfrt`r lu c`a`ku lks fmmks 6048 fvkb ak rktgurmkckmt lu bybak `mft`gmm`stk sgus ak
lgunak kiikt lu bgmtrk-bdgb ptrga`kr kt lks kiigrts lu RCK pgur stfn`a`skr aks rkaft`gms lk
bdfmjk. Aks bgmsqukmbks bgmgc`quks lk a`mft`gm m`sskmt km kiikt pfr lrjakr aks
cbfm`scks qu` prglu`skmt lk af brg`ssfmbk ? igrcft`gm lks pr`x kt lks sfaf`rks, pfrjmk,
`mvkst`sskckmt, prglubt`gm, kxpgrtft`gm. Ifbk bk cbfm`sck, af pgss`n`a`t lk lvfaukr
sf cgmmf`k mkst quum p`s-faakr kt sk trflu`t lk paus pfr um trfmsikrt lk r`bdkssk vkrs
atrfmjkr. \rflubt`gm mfmb`rk `ccl`ftk lu p`jk lk akmlkttkckmt puna`b `mlm`, aks
bdfrjks l`mtrt kxpagskmt, tr`pafmt qufs`ckmt km prgpgrt`gm lu X@N ? ,> % km 600>. Bkst km if`t umk sp`rfak `mikrmfak qu` skmbakmbdk ? bk m`vkfu lk pg`lslks `mtrts km prgpgrt`gm lk af r`bdkssk fmmukaak prglu`tk, af lkttk brgt km vfakur fnsgauk
bgcck km prgpgrt`gm lu X@N pfr futg-fa`ckmtft`gm.
@a sfj`t n`km lum pg`sgm cgrtka bfr af mbks-
s`t lk stfn`a`skr ak m`vkfu lk af lkttk `cpgsk
lks sgalks pr`cf rks lfutfmt paus cpgrtfmts >8.
Lk paus, ak r`squk kx`stk lfjjrfvkr af s`tuft`gm
km gntkmfmt um sgalk pr`cf`rk pgs`t`i, gu lk ak
if`rk brgtrk pfr fcputft`gm lks lpkmsks
qu` pfrt`b`pkmt lk aavft`gm lu tfux lk brg`s-
sfmbk pgtkmt`kaak `mvkst`sskckmts, lpkmsks
lk ^&L , gu ly pfrvkm`r, lk cfm`rk `sgak
gu bgcn`mk, km fujckmtfmt aks `cpts sur
ak bfp`tfa prglubt`i aks kmtrkpr`sks gu ak
trfvf`a qufa`. Af tkmtft`gm kst jrfmlk, km kiikt,
pgur lks systcks lk jguvkrmkckmt pga`t`-
qukckmt irfj`aks, lk rpgmlrk bgcptfnakckmt kt `aausg`rkckmt fux ls pgss pfr umkmlkttkckmt puna`b kxbkss`i, km v`tfmt lk tgubdkr fux rkmtks sgb`faks, vg`rk km aks sfmb-
tufr`sfmt, bgcck bkst ak bfs lk af pga`t`quk irfmf`sk.
Af rpgmsk `tfa`kmmk lk agmj tkrck fu bfrfbtrk strubturka lu pg`ls lk af lkttk puna`quk f
bgcn`m aks lkux typks lfoustkckmt. A`mvkst`sskckmt puna`b f t rlu`t, pfssfmt lk
6000 >866 lk >,< 6,0 % lu X@N 5 aks lpkmsks puna`quks lk ^&L sgmt lkckurks
lkpu`s qu`mzk fms um m`vkfu `mir`kur kmv`rgm lk 8,28 pg`mt lk X@N bkau` lk aFaakcfjmk
>8. Ak sgalk pr`cf`rk rkqu`s pgur stfn`a`skr af lkttk puna`quk km prgpgrt`gm lu X@N kst jfa af l`iirkmbk kmtrk ak tfuxl`mtrt mgc`mfa kt ak tfux lk brg`ssfmbk pgtkmt`ka mgc`mfa cuat`pa` pfr ak cgmtfmt lk af lkttk puna`quk.
Af tkmtft`gm kst jrfmlk, pgurlks systcks lk jguvkrmk-ckmt pga`t`qukckmt irfj`aks,lk rpgmlrk bgcptfnakckmt
kt `aausg`rkckmt fux ls pgsspfr um kmlkttkckmt puna`bkxbkss`i, km v`tfmt lk tgubdkrfux rkmtks sgb`faks, vg`rk kmaks sfmbtufr`sfmt, bgcckbkst ak bfs lk af pga`t`qukirfmf`sk.
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A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ? af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk
kt lk 8,>< pg`mt af cgykmmk lk af zgmk kurg. Aks pravkckmts gna`jftg`rks >6 gmt t
fbbrus lkmv`rgm 2 pg`mts lk X@N, pfssfmt lk 88> 88: >>, m`vkfu
fuquka `as gmt t jagnfakckmt cf`mtkmus lkpu`s ak lnut lk af br`sk. Afoustkckmt pfr aklurb`sskckmt lks pravkckmts sur ak skbtkur prglubt`i skst trflu`t pfr ak pfssfjk lks
bgt`sft`gms sgb`faks kcpagykurs lk 4 0,:; % lu X@N kmtrk 6000 kt >866. Fu tgtfa km
@tfa`k, ak tfux lk pravkckmts gna`jftg`rks sur aks kmtrkpr`sks kst lk 6< %. @a stfna`t
lfms umk pgs`t`gm `mtkrcl`f`rk kmtrk bkau` lk aFaakcfjmk g `a fttk`mt 66 % kt bkau` lk af
Irfmbk g `a kst ak paus akv lk a[m`gm kurgpkmmk 64 %.
Cf`s, pfrt`r lks fmmks 6008, a@tfa`k f
fuss` v`s lks cksurks lfoustkckmt sf`m ,
km bdkrbdfmt bgmtkm`r avgaut`gm lks ki-ikbt`is puna`bs (rigrck lk 6002) kt cf-
tr`skr sks lpkmsks sgb`faks pfr af rigrck
lks rktrf`tks (600;). Ousqukm >88>->882,
aks prkstft`gms sgb`faks gmt t bgmtkmuks
kmv`rgm >2 % lu X@N, sg`t kmv`rgm 2 < pg`mts
km lkssgus lk sks pfrtkmf`rks irfmf`s kt
faakcfml. pfrt`r lk >88>->882, sgus ak
lkux`ck jguvkrmkckmt Nkrausbgm`, af cf-
tr`sk lks prkstft`gms sgb`faks qu` sgmt
tgutkig`s lkckurks `mir`kurks bkaaks lk
aFaakcfjmk kt lk af Irfmbk f bgmmu um
bgup lfrrt ? km >88:, kaaks sakvf`kmt
>; % lu X@N >2, fvfmt lfttk`mlrk, fprs af
br`sk, um mguvkfu sku`a >4 % (>868).
A@tfa`k f jfakckmt vguau if`rk lk akcpag` puna`b um s`jmk tfmj`nak lk sf vgagmt lk
bgmtkm`r aks lpkmsks km rkbgurfmt lks cksurks qu` pgurrf`kmt bgmst`tukr umk p`stklk riakx`gm pgur af Irfmbk, lfms af cksurk g umk pfrt`k lks li`s fuxqukas kaak kst
kaak-cck bgmirgmtk kst s`c`af`rk. Af rigrck lk af igmbt`gm puna`quk lk ivr`kr 6002,
mjgb`k fvkb aks trg`s pr`mb`pfaks grjfm`sft`gms syml`bfaks, f `mstfur umk bgmtrfbtufa`-
>6. Gm pfrak n`km lks pravkckmts gna`jftg`rks kt mgm pfs lu tgtfa lks rkbkttks puna`quks. Ak tgtfa lks rkbkttkspuna`quks mbaut lks rkvkmus futrks quk aks pravkckmts gna`jftg`rks. Ak tgtfa lks rkbkttks puna`quks tfa`kmmks fttk`mtau` 866 (sgurbk ? Fmmufa ^kpgrt >866 , Nfmbf l@tfa`f, cf` >86>).
>>. Km >866, aks pravkckmts gna`jftg`rks fttk`jmf`kmt , >0 % km >88>, kt 2> % km >868.Km Faakcfjmk, kaaks sakvf`kmt >9 % km 600>, >0 % km >88> kt >0 % km >868 (sgurbk ? Kurgstft).
Af rigrck lk af igmbt`gm pu-na`quk lk ivr`kr 6002, mjgb`kfvkb aks trg`s pr`mb`pfaks grjfm`-sft`gms syml`bfaks, f `mstfur umkbgmtrfbtufa`sft`gm lks rkaft`gmskmtrk aks kcpagys puna`bs ktatft. akxbkpt`gm lks igmbt`gmsrjfa`kmmks, tgutk af igmbt`gmpuna`quk kst lsgrcf`s rj`k pfrak lrg`t pr`v. Km pgurbkmtfjk lk
af pgpuaft`gm fbt`vk, aks kiikbt`ispuna`bs sakvf`kmt km >866 6; %, bgmtrk >; % km Irfmbk kt68 % km Faakcfjmk.
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20Aks mgtks lk a@mst`tut Ivr`kr >862
A`nrkr abgmgc`k lk sgm tguiikckmt pfr af lkttk puna`quk
sft`gm lks rkaft`gms kmtrk aks kcpagys puna`bs kt atft. akxbkpt`gm lks igmbt`gms
rjfa`kmmks (cfj`strfts, c`a`tf`rks, pga`b`krs, l`pagcftks kt bgrps prikbtgrfa), tgutk af
igmbt`gm puna`quk (tft, bgaakbt`v`ts tkrr`tgr`faks, sfmt) kst lsgrcf`s rj`k pfr ak lrg`tpr`v. Lkpu`s 6000, akcpag` lfms aks flc`m`strft`gms puna`quks f nf`ss lkmv`rgm ; %. Km
pgurbkmtfjk lk af pgpuaft`gm fbt`vk, aks kiikbt`is puna`bs sakvf`kmt km >866 6; %,
bgmtrk >; % km Irfmbk kt 68 % km Faakcfjmk.
Lfms akmskcnak, ak m`vkfu jmrfa lks lpkmsks puna`quks f pautt t stfn`a`s ousqu
af br`sk. Dgrs `mtrts, `a fttk`jmf`t 88> kt % km >88:. Aks `mtrts
lk af lkttk rkprskmtf`kmt ;,9 % lu X@N km >88>, ; % km >88:. Fu tgtfa, af lpkmsk pu-
na`quk fnsgrnf`t % lu X@N km >88> kt % km >88: >-600< 5 a`nrft`gm lkpu`s ak bdfmjkckmt lk bfp nuljtf`rk.
> 5kaaks fttk`jmf`kmt rkspkbt`vkckmt ;2 % kt 88:.
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88> >884. Km rktgur, ak prgbks-
sus f kmtrfm umk ck`aakurk tkmuk lks
sgalks puna`bs. Af lkttk puna`quk kst f`ms`
rkvkmuk lk 6>< % lu X@N km 600< 682 % km >88:. Bk jf`m f t kiifb pfr af br`sk
lnutk km >884 qu` f rfckm af lkttk 6>9,< % lu X@N m >86>. Cfajr lks rsuatfts
dgmgrfnaks, af pr`glk >888->88: f mfmcg`ms t bfrfbtr`sk pfr umk vgagmt paus
cgussk lk cftr`sk lks bgcptks puna`bs qu` bgmtrfstk fvkb af v`jukur lks kiigrts
kmtrkpr`s fu bgurs lk af lbkmm`k prblkmtk. Xgur sft`sif`rk aks br`trks lflc`ss`gm km
6048
6;%
6:%
60%
>6%
>2%
>;%
>:%
28%
2;%
600888
>88>
>88889
>884
\fux l`mvkst`sskckmt, km % lu X@N (bdkaak lk jfubdk)
\fux l`mvkst`sskckmt, km % lk akxblkmt nrut lkxpag`tft`gm (bdkaak lk lrg`tk)
Akiikt lv`bt`gm lk akmlkttkckmt puna`b `tfa`km sur a`mvkst`sskckmt(6048->884)
Rgurbk ? Bgmukmbks Cl`tkrrfmmk m94.
Af lkttk puna`quk kst f`ms`rkvkmuk lk 6>< % lu X@N km600< 682 % km >88:. Bk jf`m
f t kiifb pfr af br`sk lnutk
km >884 qu` f rfckm af lkttk 6>9,< % lu X@N m >86>.
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A`nrkr abgmgc`k lk sgm tguiikckmt pfr af lkttk puna`quk
zgmk kurg, afcpakur lks cksurks kmjfjks f t trs `cpgrtfmtk af m lks fmmks
6008 ? pgur if`rk ifbk lks `mtrts qu` rkprskmtf`kmt prs lk 0,; % lu X@N, akxblkmt
pr`cf`rk f l trk pgrt 9,9 % lu X@N km 600:. Bkt kiigrt bgagssfa f pkrc`s af lbrukprgjrkss`vk lu tfux lkmlkttkckmt puna`b kt af nf`ssk tkmlfmb`kaak lu pg`ls lks `mt-
rts km pgurbkmtfjk lu X@N vkrs um m`vkfu lk agrlrk lk ; %. Rgus ak jguvkrmkckmt
Nkrausbgm` ak cguvkckmt lk rklrksskckmt nuljtf`rk skst mkttkckmt rkabd ? ak
sgalk pr`cf`rk mfttk`jmf`t paus quk 8,> % lk X@N km >88; kt 6,> % km >889, bk qu` kst
`msuisfmt pgur km kmrfykr af prgjrkss`gm lu tfux lkmlkttkckmt. A kmbgrk, skagm ak
bybak pga`t`quk vgqu paus dfut, bkst ak jguvkrmkckmt Xrgl` qu` f rkakv ak tfux lk sur-
paus pr`cf`rk 2,< % km >88: kt >,; % km >884. R` af br`sk mfmb`rk kxpa`quk umk
ngmmk pfrt lk sf qufs`-l`spfrft`gm kmtrk >880 kt >866, af pga`t`quk nkrausbgm`kmmk kst
fppfruk `mlun`tfnakckmt cg`ms igbfa`sk sur bkt `cprft`i.
Vug` qu`a km sg`t, af vuamrfn`a`t mfm -
b`rk puna`quk lk a@tfa`k, fvkb sks r`squks
ltguiikckmt lk afbt`v`t kmtrkprkmku-
r`fak pr`vk, if`t lu m`vkfu lks tfux
l`mtrt aackmt ba lk tgutk strftj`k
bgmgc`quk bdkrbdfmt prskrvkr af
pgss`n`a`t lumk brg`ssfmbk pgtkmt`kaak
cgykm tkrck. Bk qu` if`t lk af brl`n`-
a`t pga`t`quk kt mfmb`rk lks jguvkrmk-
ckmts um ackmt ksskmt`ka lk tgutk
strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbk, km @tfa`k paus
kmbgrk quf`aakurs.
Af vuamrfn`a`t mfmb`rk puna`quk
lk a@tfa`k, fvkb sks r`squks ltgui-ikckmt lk afbt`v`t kmtrkprkmkur`fakpr`vk, if`t lu m`vkfu lks tfuxl`mtrt aackmt ba lk tgutkstrftj`k bgmgc`quk bdkrbdfmt
prskrvkr af pgss`n`a`t lumk brg`s-sfmbk pgtkmt`kaak cgykm tkrck.
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A@tfa`k lk Cfr`g Cgmt` ? af rigrck fu mgc lk aKurgpk
AF ^@J[K[^ BGM\^K AF NF@RRK LKR \F[T L@M\^\
Af strftj`k nuljtf`rk lk Cfr`g Cgmt` f bgms`st a`kr trg`tkckmt rkbgmst`tut`gm lum
sgalk pr`cf`rk s`jm`bft`i kt lbruk lks tfux l`mtrt, tgut km ckttfmt um pg`mt ldgmmkur
mk pfs fbt`gmmkr lk pafm lf`lk a@tfa`k cfmfmt lks jguvkrmkckmts kt lks `mst`tut`gms
lk af zgmk kurg. Af brl`n`a`t mfmb`rk tfmt af ba lk af vfr`ft`gm lks tfux l`mtrt, umk
pkrsgmmfa`t bgcck Cfr`g Cgmt` s`cpgsf`t lfutfmt paus pgur bgmvf`mbrk aks cfrbds
mfmb`krs lk aks stfn`a`skr um m`vkfu qu` bkssk ltrk `mbgcpft`nak fvkb af rlubt`gm lks
lb`ts kt af brg`ssfmbk lk a`mvkst`sskckmt prglubt`i pr`v. Lfms akspr`t lk Cfr`g Cgmt`,
af r`jukur nuljtf`rk bgmst`tuk af bgml`t`gm prkc`rk kt `ml`spkmsfnak pgur sfiirfmbd`r lks
ifux-skcnafmts mft`gmfux kt v`tkr af prgpfjft`gm lk bdgbs sur aks pga`t`quks bgmgc`qukslk sks pfrtkmf`rks, bk qu` pkrckt lk nmb`kr km rktgur lk af brl`n`a`t mfmb`rk kt lk
af sga`lfr`t a`ks a`mtjrft`gm pga`t`quk kurgpkmmk. Bgcck `a ak rfppkaf`t km gbtgnrk
>86> lfms Kmokux Aks bdgs, `a ifut paus lk brg`ssfmbk bgmgc`quk km Kurgpk. Cf`s ak
surbrgt mk vf pfs vkm`r lk afujckmtft`gm lk af lkcfmlk, bgcck ak pkmskmt aks Fmjag-
Rfxgms, kt kmbgrk cg`ms lk af lpkmsk puna`quk >; . Bk qu` s`jm`k lkux bdgsks ? af brg`s -
sfmbk mk v`kmt pfs lk af lkcfmlk `mtr`kurk pgrtk pfr af bgmsgccft`gm kt af lpkmsk
puna`quk, cf`s lk a`mvkst`sskckmt prglubt`i 5 af pga`t`quk mft`gmfak mk pkut pfs trk
bgmlu`tk abfrt lk af a`jmk jmrfak kurgpkmmk. @a ifut igrtkckmt sgua`jmkr ak bfrfbtrk
`ml`ssgb`fnak lu a`km qu` gprk, tkaaks aks lkux ifbks lumk cck clf`aak, lfms akspr`t lk
Cfr`g Cgmt` bgcck lu bgurfmt pga`t`quk fuquka `a fppfrt`kmt, kmtrk strftj`k lk brg`s-
sfmbk mft`gmfak kt `mtjrft`gm cgmtf`rk kt mfmb`rk kurgpkmmk. Bdfbum lks jguvkrmk -
ckmts lk af zgmk kurg mk bgmlu`t pfs umk pga`t`quk mft`gmfak fu skms futgmgck lu tkrck,
cf`s umk bgcpgsfmtk mft`gmfak lumk pga`t`quk bgmgc`quk kurgpkmmk. Bk mkst lgmb
pfs af cgmmf`k um`quk qu` bfusk af if`nak brg`ssfmbk lks bgmgc`ks kt kst agr`j`mk
lk akurs lsqu`a`nrks, bgcck ak sgupgmmkmt aks bgmgc`stks ekyms`kms prgcpts
lmgmbkr af r`jukur jmrfak `cpgsk af bgmsgccft`gm kt af lpkmsk puna`quk, qu`
prgvgqukrf`t af nf`ssk lk af brg`ssfmbk, cf`s ak p`agtfjk lks bgmgc`ks mft`gmfaks l`ssg-b` lum gnokbt`i lk stfn`a`t kt l`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk. Fu bgmtrf`rk, bk sgmt aks lys-
igmbt`gmmkckmts lks lcgbrft`ks mft`gmfaks qu` sgmt afrjkckmt af bfusk lks lsgrlrks
fbtukas , br`t-`a lfms Ak Cgmlk lu 6; ivr`kr >86> >9. Bkst umk l`ckms`gm pfrt`bua`rk-
ckmt bkmtrfak lfms um pfys qu` igmlk sf cglkrm`sft`gm sur ak akv`kr lk af bgmtrf`mtk
kxtkrmk lk a`mtjrft`gm fu sk`m lk af zgmk kurg. Lfms ak cck frt`bak, `a mgmbk af a`jmk
l`rkbtr`bk lk sgm fbt`gm km sgua`jmfmt aks ljts lu ba`kmta`sck pga`t`quk sur aks bgmg-
c`ks mft`gmfaks kt akurs kiikts lstfn`a`sfmts pgur akmskcnak lk af zgmk kurg ? Km v`gafmt
>;. Cfr`g Cgmt`, `mtkrv`kw Kmokux Aks bdgs, mgvkcnrk >86>.
>9. Cfr`g Cgmt`, ^bgmb`a`kr aks Kurgpkms fvkb aKurgpk , Ak Cgmlk, 6; ivr`kr >86>.
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A`nrkr abgmgc`k lk sgm tguiikckmt pfr af lkttk puna`quk
aks prgckssks lk r`jukur nuljtf`rk gu km rkpgrtfmt aks rigrcks `ml`spkmsfnaks, paus`kurs
rkspgmsfnaks mft`gmfux gmt mgm skuakckmt fnus akurs pfrtkmf`rks, cf`s `as gmt as akur
prgprk pgpuaft`gm, mgtfcckmt aks okumks kt aks jmrft`gms iuturks.
Bgcck afvf`kmt if`t aks jguvkrmkckmts
tkbdm`quks fvfmt au`, kt ^gcfmg Xrgl`
oustk fvfmt af br`sk lk >884, Cfr`g Cgm-
t` rfbt`vk umk a`jmk lfbt`gm gr`kmtfmt
abgmgc`k lfms ak skms lk af r`jukur
nuljtf`rk kt lks rigrcks lk strub-
turk. Bkttk a`jmk f pfr f`aakurs afvfmtfjk
lk pkrckttrk a@tfa`k umk paus jrfmlkfbbkptfn`a`t lk sf pga`t`quk pfr aks
cfrbds. Bkst bk quf trflu`t af ltkmtk
`ccl`ftk lks tfux l`mtrt qu` f su`v`
sf mgc`mft`gm. @as sgmt rkvkmus km qukaquks
skcf`mks lk :,2 9,; %, cck s` ak mgu-
vkfu prs`lkmt lu Bgmsk`a oujkrf fsskz
v`tk quk sgm trfvf`a lk r`jukur mfmb`rk
lkvrf`t ifvgr`skr um rkux paus `cpgr-
tfmt. Lk bk pg`mt lk vuk, cfajr akur
lbruk skms`nak `mtkrvkmuk lkpu`s sgm kmtrk km igmbt`gm aks tfux `tfa`kms l`x fms gmt
m` afmmk >86> 86>, aks cfrbds gmt cgmtr umk
inr`a`t pkrs`stfmtk, af ig`s ajfrl
lk af zgmk kurg lfms sgm kmskcnak km
rf`sgm lk sf l`ibuat igrjkr aks mstru-ckmts ilrfux lk jkst`gm lk af cgmmf`k
um`quk, cf`s fuss` km rf`sgm lu nrgu`aafjk
lks a`kms kmtrk af rlubt`gm lks lb`ts
kt sks kiikts sur af brg`ssfmbk. Cfajr
ak pafm lk r`jukur lk 92 c aa`frls lkurgs lk
lbkcnrk >866, tgut kmt`kr bgmbkmtr
sur af dfussk lks `cpts, af ltkmtk vr`tfnak lks tfux l`mtrt mk skst prglu`tk qu
af su`tk lk afmmgmbk, lnut ou`aakt >86>, lum mguvkfu pafm lk r`jukur nuljtf`rk lk
>9 c`aa`frls lkurgs bgcpgrtfmt qufs` kxbaus`vkckmt lks rlubt`gms lk lpkmsks.
@a ifut igrtkckmt sgua`jmkr ak bfrfb-trk `ml`ssgb`fnak lu a`km qu` gprk,tkaaks aks lkux ifbks lumk cckclf`aak, lfms akspr`t lk Cfr`gCgmt`, kmtrk strftj`k lk brg`ssfmbkmft`gmfak kt mtjrft`gm cgmtf`rkkt mfmb`rk kurgpkmmk. Bk mkst
pfs af cgmmf`k um`quk qu` bfuskaf if`nak brg`ssfmbk lks bgmgc`kskt kst agr`j`mk lk akurs lsqu`-a`nrks, bgcck ak sgupgmmkmt aksbgmgc`stks ekyms`kms, cf`s akp`agtfjk lks bgmgc`ks mft`gmfaksl`ssgb` lum gnokbt`i lk stfn`a`t ktl`mtjrft`gm kurgpkmmk.
Cfajr ak pafm lk r`jukur lk lbkcnrk>866, tgut kmt`kr bgmbkmtr suraf dfussk lks `cpts, af ltkmtkvr`tfnak lks tfux l`mtrt mk skst
prglu`tk qu af su`tk lk afmmgmbk,lnut ou`aakt >86>, lum mguvkfu pafmlk r`jukur nuljtf`rk bgcpgrtfmtqufs` kxbaus`vkckmt lks rlubt`gmslk lpkmsks.
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86>,aks ctfcgrpdgsks lk af zgmk kurg gmt t lumk fcpakur sfms prblkmt. Km ou`aakt, fu
cgckmt g ak jguvkrmkckmt fmmgmf`t sgm skbgml pafm lk r`jukur, sgmt `mtkrvkmuks aks
lbafrft`gms bgmbgc`tfmtks lu mguvkfu prs`lkmt lk af Nfmquk bkmtrfak rfircfmt ak