Lect.1 .BTE2410Lec. 1 1Basics1

8/9/2019 Lect.1 .BTE2410Lec. 1 1Basics1

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Microbiology

-Study of microscopic microorganism(bacteria, fungi, yeasts, virus, protozoa) and

their effects on other living organisms/cells

and the environment.

-either unicellular (single cell), multicellular

(cell colony), or acellular (lacking

cells/ithout a cellular structure e.g. virus).

- !mportant to kno the role and function of

microorganisms to humans and the industry as

a hole.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicellular


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"elcome to #$% &'

Introductory Microbiology

$' phage

*ungal ood degrader +yanobacteria


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lgae Cocconeis pediculus

Mushroom

rotozoa Entamoeba histolytica


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ther Microbes

found

arasitic orm

0ichens/*ungi


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Parasitic worm

Parasitic worms or helminths are a division of eukaroytic parasiteslive

inside their host. $hey are orm-like organisms that live and feed off livinghosts, receiving nourishment and protection hile disrupting their hosts1nutrient absorption, causing eakness and disease. $hose that live inside thedigestive tract are called intestinal parasites. $hey can live inside humans asell as other animals. 2elminthology is the study of parasitic orms andtheir effect on their hosts. 3iseases caused in humans by helminth infection!nclude ascariasis, dracunculiasis, elephantiasis, hookorm, lymphaticfilariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, and trichuriasis.

Hookworms attached to the intestinal

mucosa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nourishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nourishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasites


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0ichens/*ungi4 A lichen is not a single organism, but the result of a partnership (mutualistic

symbiosis) between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria. The algal and/or

cyanobacterial partner(s) possess the green pigment chlorophyll, enabling them

to use sunlight’s energy to make their own food from water and carbon dioide

through photosynthesis.

The thallus, or lichen body, comes in four shapes:•Foliose: flat leaf-like lichens.•Crustose: crust-like lichens that may be buried in tree bark, or even between the crystals of

rocks.•Fruticose: miniature shrub-like lichens.—one lichen of this type is the famous "reindeer moss" of

Lapland.•Squamulose: scaly lichens made of numerous small rounded lobes, intermediate between

foliose and crustose lichens.

Foliose Crustose Fruticose Squamulose


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thers 5 yeasts, fungi, protozoa,

algae, blue green algae, plant and

animal cells too., etc.


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6outine stuffs7.

#$% &'' (!ntro. Micro.) Sem. !. &8/'

!nstructor

4 rof. 3r. Mohamed !smail bdul 9arim4 $el :8-:;:-'iiu.edu.my

ffice hours

4 6m. %


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+ourse utline

!ntroduction to the biology of bacteria, eukarya

and archaea, and prokaryotes organisms.

$opics include

A Microbial diversity, systematics

A Microbial nutrition, groth B control

A Microbial metabolism B genetics

A Microbial ecology B symbiosis

A !ndustrial and applied microbiology


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+ourse bCectives

A Significant roles of microorganisms in nature

A #asic knoledge of microbiology

- #iological pplications

- !ndustrial and %ngineering applications

- 2uman diseases

A *oundation for further courses and research anddevelopment in biological and biotechnology

engineering


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%valuation method

4 Mid-term eDamination 'E

Materials eek -=

4 Fuizzes


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$eDts

&e'uired4 rescott, 0.M., 2arley, H.., and 9lein, 3.. &I.

Microbiology (=th. %d.). Mc @ra 2ill.

rice round 6M I. (vailable from n

zizah, 3ept. #iotech. %ng. ffice)


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&ecommended

4 . Madigan, M.$., Martinko, H.M., and arker, H. &.#rock #iology of Microorganism (;th. %d.) rentice 2all.

4 &. $alaro, 9.. and $alaro, . &&. *oundations inMicrobiology #asic rinciples ('th. ed.) Mc @ra 2ill.

4 8. $ortora, +.H. &. 0ab %Dperiments in Microbiology.#enCamin +ummings ub.


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#iologyJ

A @reek #ios K life L 0ogos K reckoning

● "hat is #iologyJ Study of lifeN

● "hat is lifeN for a biologistJ

0ifeN is a combination of all characteristicscommon to all living things and absent fromnon living things

● Site here lifeN eDists is cell● +ell is the simplest functioning unit of

lifeN


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+haracteristics of living things 5

microbial cell.

● 6espiration-gaseous eDchange, aerobic,anerobic.

● ?utrition-inorganic and organic

● Metabolism-anabolism, catabolism

● %Dcretion-aste product transport

● Sensitivity-stimulus, receptor, effector

● 0ocomotion-movement

● 6eproduction-seDual and aseDual

● @roth-development


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2allmarks of +ellular 0ife


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Microbes

@ood guys vs. bad guysJ

Bacillus anthracis Lactobacillus

Neiserria gonorhrrea Escherichia coli


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MicrobiologyJ

4 Micro (@reek mikros) K small

4 rganism K living body

4 Science of microorganisms (very small,unicellular, multicellular organisms)

4 $he discipline is Cust over a century old

(relatively ne)4 *oundation for Molecular biology and

#iotechnology


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+opyright O $heMc@ra-2ill

&

"hat is microbiologyJ

4 study of organisms too small to be clearly

seen by the unaided eye (i.e.,

microorganisms)4 microorganisms include viruses, bacteria,

yeasts, protozoa, algae, and fungi


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2istory

MaCor events and figures4 ntoni Pan 0eeuenhoek layu-en-

hookN(3utch)-first poerful microscope

4 0ouis asteur 53ispelled Spontaneous generation

theory (3ecayed matter could produce livingmatter)

4 6obert 9och (@erman) 5 9ochQs postulate 5disease caused by germs.

4 Hoseph 0ister 5 introduce antiseptic agent. Sterilizesurface of humans ith antiseptic agent can killmicrobes.


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ntoni Pan 0eeuenhoek

rior, 6obert 2ooke (%ngland)described fruiting structure of molds

in ::' utilizing compound

microscope. (%ukaryote-bigger size)

Size enlargement &-8 times

Han Sammerdam (3utch) orked on

compound microscope.

Parious technical difficulties"rote illustrated book Micrographia

hich inspired 0eeuenhoek


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+opyright O $he Mc@ra-2ill +ompanies, !nc. ermission reGuired for reproduction or display.

&8

3iscovery of Microorganisms

4 ntony van0eeuenhoek

(:8&-=&8) 5 first person to

observe anddescribe

micro-organismsaccurately *igure .b


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+ompound light microscope 5 no ith better resolution and

higher magnification


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3utch amateur builder,0eeuenhoek- sa prokaryotes-smaller size in :I'. 3iscovered

first bacteria (@reen algae)

Made over


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Spontaneous generation theory

● riginated from 6oman up to Middle ges

0ife form spontaneously arose from non-

living matter (decayed materials)

Eg . . MiDture of hay and ater ill produce

microbes after fe days incubation.

%g. &. 3ust carry microbes. Media in petri

dish if eDpose to air, can support groth of

microbes.


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0ouis asteur (*rench)

● +o-founder of modern bacteriology● 3ispelled Spontaneous generation theory-cell need nutrients and does notgro/dormant if ithout nutrients.

● asteurQs ork ith asteur flask ● Sterilization techniGue asteurizationN

2eat liGuid (ine)


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6ediQs eDperiment

● ::I *rancesco 6edi-proposedmaggots develop from eggs

laid by flies 5 contamination

must take place here.

● Meat in Cars-open, closed,

closed ith gauze. Maggots

developed only in open flask.

● Rtilized control.

.

&.

8.


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?eedhamQs eDp.

● ='< Hohn ?eedham conducted definitive eDp.#oiled chicken broth in flask

0et it cool (being eDposed before beingsealed)

Sealed flask.

Microbes gre

● +oncluded that eDp. supported Spontaneousgeneration theory.


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SpallanzaniQs eDp.● 0azzaro Spallanzani-suggested microbes

entered from air after boiling but beforesealed.

4 *lask as left open

4 *lask & as sealed

4 *lask 8 as boiled and then left open4 *lask ' as boiled and then sealed

lace broth in flask, boiled, dre air out,

create vacuum, sealed, no microbesgre 5 !n case of flask '.

● +ritics-Spallanzani only proved thatspontaneous generation could not occurithout air. ( ?eed air besides nutrients)

.

&.

8. '.


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asteurQs eDp.

● 0ouis asteur-boiled broth in flask,heated the neck of flask, and bend itinto san shape. 0eft flask and nomicrobial groth found in broth.

● ir entered flask but microbes settledin neck of flask, could not enteredinto broth, found no groth in broth.

● !f alloed the broth to touch ith the

dust in sanQs neck of flask, microbesare found to gro in the media).


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+opyright O $heMc@ra-2ill

8&

!ndustrial Microbiology and

Microbial %cology4 0ouis asteur

5 demonstrated that alcohol fermentations and

other fermentations ere the result of microbialactivity

5 developed the process of pasteurization to

preserve ine during storage

i i


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asteurization!ntario, anada Pasteuriation &egulations for *ilk

:8 + for not less than 8 min.,

=& + for not less than : sec., +ontinuous asteurizer


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6obert 9och (@erman)

● +o-founder of modern bacteriology

● 9och orks on germ theory ofdiseaseN.

ny disease has a causative agent.

- must be infected ith the

causitive pathogn.

● 3iscovered endospore in Bacillus anthracis in sheep blood.


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6obert 9och-cont.

● urification of miDed bacterial population

● ioneered usage of solid

nutrient media


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● Staining techniGuesith various dyes

%ndospore stain - Schaeffer-

*ulton endospore stain method(all T oil immersion)


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6obert 9och-cont.

● Steam sterilization techniGue

● Sterilization parameter

utoclave at &. + at .<kg/cm& (< psi) for 8

minutes

4 Sterilization temp. is at

&)+/


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9ochQs ostulates

● 9ochQs postulate states. athogen presents in all pathogenic infected

cases and absent in healthy organism.

&. Suspected pathogen gron in pure culture.8. Suspected pathogen from pure culture

should cause disease in healthy organism.

'. athogen should be re-isolated in infectedorganism and be the same ith the originalcausitive pathogen.


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Hoseph 0ister A Solved hospital disease (operative sepsis)-

open ounds caused by infection of

microorganisms.

A ostulated that sepsis caused by pollen like

dustN from the air (the dust carry microbes).

A +lean and dress ound using carbolic acid

4 +lean ound ith alcohol, can kill microbetoo.

A *ormulated antiseptic method for medical

operation


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'

!mmunological Studies

4 %dard Henner (ca. =;I)

5 used a vaccination procedure to protect

individuals from smallpoD

?$% this preceded the ork establishing the role of

microorganisms in disease.

+ accination is the administration of antigenic

material (a vaccine/attenuated cells) to stimulate an

individual1s immune system to develop adaptive

immunity (stimulate antibodies) against a pathogen.


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Microbial study

4 $ype of microbes #acteriology, virology,mycology, etc.

4 6ole of microbes Microbial ecology 5 affecting

groth. !ts application in Medical, !ndustrial,%nvironmental, *ood and griculture sector.

4 $echniGues utilized characterization and

application using Molecular or microbial genetics

4 urpose of study pplied microbiology or basicmicrobiology


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+opyright O $heMc@ra-2ill '&

$he Scope and 6elevance of

Microbiology4 importance of microorganisms

5 first living organisms on planet

5 live everyhere life is possible

5 more numerous than any other kind of

organisms

5 global ecosystem depends on their activities 5 influence human society in many ays


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+opyright O $heMc@ra-2ill '8

Microbiology is a basic science

4 Microbiologists study the basic biology ofmicroorganisms

5 e.g., microbial morphology 5 e.g., microbial physiology

5 e.g., microbial genetics

4 understanding microorganisms hasimproved the understanding of otherorganisms


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''

Microbiology 5 important in applied

and engineering science too.

4 medical microbiology

4 immunology

4 food and dairy microbiology

4 public health microbiology

4 industrial microbiology

4 agricultural microbiology

4 %ngineering application 5 biotechnology productsand processes.

$h * t f Mi bi l


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'<

$he *uture of Microbiology

+hallenges and opportunities for future

microbiologists

4 infectious disease

4 ne and improved industrial processes

4 microbial diversity and microbial ecology

5 less than E of earthQs microbial population has been cultured @enetic engineering application

#iotechnology products and processes

%nvironmental application-pollution control and bioremediation

etroleum and energy microbiology


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"hat are MicrobesJ"ithin < 9ingdoms, Microbes are categorise into ,&,8

. Monera-%ubacteria and rchaebacteria

&. rotista

-animal like (protozoa)- Paramecium, Amoeba,

-plant like protists (euglenoids, diatoms)

8. *ungi unicellular-yeast, multicellular-mushroom

'. nimalia-+oelenterates, *latorms, Molluscs, nnelids, rthropods, %chinoderms,+hordates


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Rniversal tree

UU +arl "oeseQs domains proposed based on genetic

material similarity representing evolutionary line in ;;.


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6ibosomes 5 protein synthesis.

4 6ibosome 5 involve in protein synthesis,

has m6? (acting as blue print, transfer

genetic information)4 rocaryotic ribosomes 5 have sedimentation

value of =S.

4 %ucaryotic ribosomes 5 have sedimentationvalue of IS.


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3omain-detail branches


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$aDanomy-cont.

Veast 2uman

Superkingdom %ukaryote %ukaryote

9ingdom Mycota nimalia

hylum scomycota +hordata

+lass 2emiascomycetidae

Mammalia

rder %ndomycetales rimate*amily Saccharomyces 2ominidae

@enus Saccharomyces omo

Species cere!isiae sapiens


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Microbial 3iversity

4 Microbial $aDonomy B hylogeny.

4 Summary- diversity of organisms-best to group similarorganisms together.

4 rocaryotic gps. (rchaea, #acteria/rocaryote) first to bedeveloped, folloed by eucaryotes.

4 *ound < 9ingdoms 5 have 8 +lasses/3omain.-#acteria,rchae,%ucarya.

4 +lassification 5 possible evolutionary relationships

(phenetic classification) 5 resently phylogeneticclassification become important- based on comparison ofribosomal 6? structure and chromosome seGuence 5found treelike diagrams called dendrograms.


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+illia and *lagella 5 hip-like appendages in cell

that are associted motility of cell.+illia 5 < to & ug (microns) in length.

*lagella 5 5 & ug in length.

@olgi apparatus 5 sac-like materials (stack of

cisternae) found in cell - helps in development of

cell membranes and packaging of cell products.


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Mitosis and Meiosis.

4 Mitosis 5 aseDual reproduction by eukaryotes.@enetic material is duplicated and then separatedso that each nucleus poses a complete set ofchromosomes (process of nuclear division and

chromosomes separation 5 knon as mitosis)4 Meiosis 5 seDual reproduction by procaryotes.

+hromosomes is reduce by half (from diploid tohaploid state, daughter cell receiving one complete

set of chromosomes). 2aploid cell hich act asgametes may fuse ith other cell to form diploidcell.

Lect.1 .BTE2410Lec. 1 1Basics1

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