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Page 1: itspioneer.chula.ac.th/~kong/its.pdf · Intelligent Transportation Systems â·´ …ÙØ“Ł˙´¨Ò˚µˆÒ¤Òˆ´ì ·ˆ. ˚ˆ˙Ô¨ „˜»ÔµÔ ÀÒ⁄˙Ô“Ò˙Ô¨˙¡ˆˆ`â´‚Ò

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¡ÒÃÃǺÃÇÁÁØè§à¹é¹¾Ãó¹Ò¶Ö§Ãкº¢¹Êè§ÍѨ©ÃÔÂÐ (Intelligent Trans-portation System, ITS) ·Õèãªé¡ÑºÃкº¡ÒèÃÒ¨ÃáÅТ¹Ê觷ҧº¡ â´ÂÃǺÃÇÁ¨Ò¡àÍ¡ÊÒÃáÅк·¤ÇÒÁÇԨѵèÒ§æ ¨Ö§ËÇѧÇèÒàÍ¡ÊÒéºÑº¹Õé¨ÐªèÇÂãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨ã¹Ãкº¢¹Êè§ÍѨ©ÃÔÂдÕÂÔ觢Öé¹ à»ç¹ÊèǹãËéÁÕ¡ÒþԨÒóһÃÐÂØ¡µìãªéã¹âÍ¡ÒʵèÍä»

¼Ùéà¢Õ¹¢Í¢Íº¾ÃФس ÈÒʵÃÒ¨ÒÃÂì ´Ã. ÇÔÅàÅÕÂÁ à·àÅÍÃì (Prof. Dr.William C. Taylor) áËè§ÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂÁÔªÔ᡹Ê൷ ·Õ è»ÃÐÊÒ·ÇÔªÒ¤ÇÒÁÃÙé´éÒ¹ÇÔÈÇ¡ÃÃÁ¡ÒèÃÒ¨ÃáÅТ¹Êè§ áÅÐ á¹Ç¤Ô´´éÒ¹Ãкº¢¹Êè§ÍÑ ©ÃÔÂÐ ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õé ·èÒ¹ÂѧÍØ·Ôȵ¹ã¹¡Òä鹤ÇéÒÇÔ ÑÂáÅÐËҤӵͺãËÁèæãËé¡ÑºÇÔªÒ¹Õé ¢Í¢Íº¤Ø³ËÅÑ¡ÊٵáÒÃàÃÕ¹ÇÔªÒÃкº¢¹Êè§ÍÑ ©ÃÔÂз Õ è¨ Ñ´â´ÂÁËÒÇ Ô·ÂÒÅ ÑÂÁ Ôª Ô᡹·Õ è ãË é¤ÇÒÁÃ Ù é¡ Ñº¼ Ù é ࢠÕ¹ áÅÐà»Ô´âÅ¡·Ñȹì㹡ÒþѲ¹ÒÃкº¡ÒèÃÒ¨ÃáÅТ¹Ê觷Õè·Ñ¹ÊÁÑÂ

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Improving safetyIncreasing (Improving) traffic efficiency

Improving comfortableness (convenience)Contributing to the preservation of enviroment

Creating new industries/bussiness

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Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS)

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Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)

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Advanced Vehicle Control System (AVCS)

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Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)

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Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS)

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Advanced Rural Transportation Systems (ARTS)

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Advances in Navigation Systems

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Electronic Toll Collection

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Assistance for Safe Driving

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Optimization of Traffic Management

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Increasing Efficiency in Road Management

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Support for Public Transport

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Increasing Efficiency in Commercial Vehicles Operations

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Support for Pedestrians

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Support for Emergency Vehicle Operation

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Freeway Management

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à¾×èÍà¾ÔèÁ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö (Capacity) ¢Í§·Ò§´èǹ áÅÐ ·Ò§¾ÔàÈÉËÃ×Íãªé¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö ¢Í§¶¹¹ãËéàµçÁ·Õè áÅлéͧ¡Ñ¹¡ÒÃµÔ ¢Ñ ·Õèà¡Ô ¨Ò¡ÍغѵÔà˵غ¹Ãкº·Ò§´èǹ˹èǧҹ·ÕèÃѺ¼Ô ªÍº : ¡Ò÷ҧ¾ÔàÈÉáË觻ÃÐà·Èä·Â ¡ÃÁ·Ò§ËÅǧà»ç¹µé¹

Transit Management

¤Ø³ÅѡɳР: à» ç¹Ãкº·Õ èª èÇÂãË é¼ Ù é à´ Ô¹·Ò§Ã¶Â¹µìÊÒ¸ÒóÐä´éÃѺ¤ÇÒÁÊдǡ â´ÂãËé¢éÍÁÙÅẺ·Ñ¹¡ÒÅ ¼èÒ¹ÍØ»¡Ã³ì·ÕèÍÂÙ è·Õ èºÃ ÔàÇ³Ê¶Ò¹Õ Ëà ×Í·Õ è» éÒ¨ʹö»ÃШӷҧ à¾× èͺ͡¶Ö§àÇÅÒ·Õ èö¹µìÊÒ¸ÒóШÐÁÒ¶Ö§ ËÃ×ÍàÇÅÒ·ÕèµéͧÃÍ «Ö觷ÓãËé¼Ùéà´Ô¹·Ò§ÊÒÁÒöÇҧἹ¡ÒÃà´Ô¹·Ò§ä´é ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õé¡ÒõԴµÒÁö¢¹Êè§ÊÒ¸ÒóÐáµèÅФѹ·ÓãËé·ÃÒºµÓáË¹è§ áÅÐ »ÃÔÁÒ³¼Ùéâ´ÂÊÒà ·ÓãËéÊÒÁÒö¨Ñ´¡ÒÃà´Ô¹Ã¶ä´éÊÍ´¤Åͧ¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁµéͧ¡Òà à¾Ô èÁ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀҾ㹡ÒÃ¨Ñ ¡ÒÃà´Ô¹Ã¶Ë¹èǧҹ·ÕèÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº : ¢ÊÁ¡. ¡ÃÁ¢¹Ê觷ҧº¡ à»ç¹µé¹

Electronic Toll Collection

¤Ø³ÅѡɳР: èÒ¹à¡çº¤èÒ¼èÒ¹·Ò§ÍÔàÅç¡·Ã͹ԡÊì ЪèÇÂãËé¼Ùéà Ô¹·Ò§¼èÒ¹´èÒ¹à¡çºà§Ô¹â´ÂäÁèµéͧËÂØ´ ËÃ×ͪÐÅÍ·ÓãËéÅ´¡ÒõԴ¢Ñ´ºÃÔàdz´èÒ¹áÅÐÂѧªèÇÂÅ´»ÃÔÁÒ³¡êÒ«¾ÔÉ·Õè»ÅèÍÂÍÍ¡ÁÒ·ÕèºÃÔàdz´èҹ˹èǧҹ·ÕèÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº : ¡Ò÷ҧ¾ÔàÈÉáË觻ÃÐà·Èä·Â

Incident Management and Emergency Response

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Railroad Crossing

¤Ø³ÅѡɳР: à» ç¹Ãкº·Õ èൠ×͹¼Ù é¢ Ñº¢Õ è· Õ èºÃ Ôàdz¨Ø´µÑ´ÃÐËÇèÒ§·Ò§Ã¶ä¿¡Ñº¶¹¹ ËÃ×ͺÃÔàdz·Ò§á¡·ÕèäÁèÁÕÊÑ­­Ò³ä¿ â´ÂÃкº¨Ðàµ×͹ãËé¼Ùé¢Ñº¢Õè à¾ÔèÁ¤ÇÒÁÃÐÁÑ ÃÐÇѧ àÁ×èͼèҹ㹺ÃÔàdz´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ˹èǧҹ·ÕèÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº : ¡ÒÃÃ¶ä¿ áÅÐ ¡ÃÁ·Ò§ËÅǧ

Electronic Fare Payment

¤Ø³ÅѡɳР: Ãкº¹Õé¨ÐãËé¤ÇÒÁÊдǡá¡è¼Ù éà´Ô¹·Ò§áÅмÙé¢ Ñº¢Õ è· Õ è à¡ Õ èÂÇ¡ Ѻ¡ÒÃàÊ Õ¤ èҺà ԡÒÃ àª è¹ ¡Òè èÒ¤ èҨʹö¤èÒâ´ÂÊÒÃö»ÃШӷҧ Ã¶ä¿ à»ç¹µé¹ â´Â¼Ùéà´Ô¹·Ò§ËÃ×ͼÙéâ´ÂÊÒÃãªéà¾Õ§ºÑµÃÊÁÒÃì·¡ÒÃì´à¾Õ§ãºà´ÕÂÇ ·ÓãËé¼Ùéà´Ô¹·Ò§ÊдǡÃÇÁ·Ñ駼Ùé»ÃСͺ¡Ò÷ҧ´éÒ¹¸ØÃ¡Ô ¢¹Êè§ à¾ÃÒЪèÇÂãËé»ÃÐËÂÑ ¤èÒ´Óà¹Ô¹¡ÒÃ˹èǧҹ·ÕèÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº : ¡ÒÃÃ¶ä¿ ¢ÊÁ¡. à»ç¹µé¹

4.2 µÑÇÍÂèÒ§¤Ø³»ÃÐ⪹ì·Õ èä´éÃѺàÁ× èÍ·Ó¡ÒõԴµÑé§Ãкº ITSã¹à¢µàÁ×ͧ »ÃÐà·ÈÊËÃÑ°ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò

ã¹»ÃÐà·ÈÊËÃÑ°ÍàÁÃÔ¡Òä´é·Ó¡ÒùÓàÍÒÃкº ITS ÁÒãªé áÅÐä´é¾ÔÊ Ù¨¹ìãËéàË ç¹ÇèÒ¡ÒÃãªéÃкº´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇÊÒÁÒö·Õ è¨ÐÅ´¡ÒõԴ¢Ñ´¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹ Ñ é¹Â ѧÊÒÁÒö» éͧ¡ Ñ¹Í Øº ѵ Ôà˵ Ø à¾ Ô èÁ¤ÇÒÁàà çÇ㹡ÒÃà¢éÒ¶Ö§¨Ø ·Õèà¡Ô ÍغѵÔà˵Øä´éÍÂèÒ§ÃÇ´àÃçÇ à¾ÔèÁ¤Ø³ÀÒ¾¡ÒÃãËéºÃÔ¡Òâͧ¡Òâ¹Êè§ÊÒ¸ÒóÐáÅÐÂѧªèÇÂãËéÊÔ è§áÇ´ÅéÍÁ´Õ¢Ö é¹ «Ö 觨Ðä´é¡ÅèÒÇâ´ÂÅÐàÍÕ´´Ñ§µèÍ仹Õé

1. Ãкº ITS ÊÒÁÒö·Õè ÐÅ´¤ÇÒÁµÔ ¢Ñ áÅФÇÒÁÅèÒªéÒ·Õèà¡Ô ¢Öé¹

Seattle, Washington ¡ÒÃ㪠éÃкº Ramp Metering·Õ趹¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§ÃÑ°ËÁÒÂàÅ¢ 5 ÊÒÁÒöà¾ÔèÁ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö¢Í§¶¹¹ÁÒ¡¶Ö§ÃéÍÂÅÐ 10 ¶Ö§ 100 ÃÇÁ¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁàÃçÇ¡çà¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹´éÇ ÊèǹàÁ×ͧÍ×è¹æ ÃкºÊÒÁÒöà¾ÔèÁ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö¢Í§¶¹¹àªè¹¡Ñ¹»ÃÐÁÒ³ÃéÍÂÅÐ 8-22

Los Angeles, California Ãкº¤Çº¤ØÁÊ Ñ­­Ò³ä¿¨ÃÒ¨ÃÊÒÁÒö·ÓãËéÅ´¡ÒÃËÂØ´¢Í§ÂÍ´ÂÒ¹ºÃ Ôàdzá¡ÊÑ­­Ò³ä¿Å§¶Ö§ÃéÍÂÅÐ 41

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Long Island, New York â¤Ã§¡ÒâéÍÁÙÅà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃà Ô¹·Ò§(INFORM)ÊÒÁÒö·Õè¨Ðà¾ÔèÁ¤ÇÒÁàÃçÇ㹡ÒÃà´Ô¹·Ò§¨Ò¡ 34 mph à»ç¹ 64 mph«Öè§Êèǹ»ÃСͺ¢Í§â¤Ã§¡ÒèлÃСͺ´éÇ ¡ÒÃãªé»éÒº͡·Ò§Ramp Metering áÅеÑÇà¡çº¢éÍÁÙÅà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¢éÍÁÙÅ â´Â¼Ùé¢Ñº¢Õè Ðà»ÅÕè¹àÊé¹·Ò§µÒÁ»éÒº͡áÅШÐà»ÅÕè¹ÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ àÁ× èÍ»éÒº͡àÊé¹·Ò§·Õèà´Ô¹·Ò§ä´éÃÇ´àÃçÇ¡ÇèÒ

Houston, Texas â¤Ã§¡Òà TranStar ÊÒÁÒö·Õ èÅ´¤ÇÒÁÅèÒªéÒ·Õèà¡Ô ¢Öé¹à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ÍغѵÔà赯 «Öè§ÊÒÁÒö»ÃÐËÂÑ ¶Ö§ 8.4 ÅéÒ¹àËÃÕ­

Ãкº ITS ÊÒÁÒö·Õè ЪèÇÂÅ´¡ÒÃµÔ ¢Ñ ä éÍÂèÒ§äÕ Ãкº¡ÒÃÊ觢éÍÁÙÅ·Õè·Ñ¹ÊÁÑ«Öè§ÊÒÁÒöÊ觢éÍÁÙÅà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒèÃÒ¨Ã

ä»·ÕèÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§¡ÒÃ¨Ñ ¡ÒèÃҨà ¼Ùé¢Ñº¢ÕèáÅеÒÁʶҹÕâ·Ã·ÑÈ¹ì• ÁÕµÑÇà¡çº¢éÍÁÙÅ(Detector) ·Õè½Ñè§ÍÂÙèãµé¶¹¹ ËÃ×͵ԴµÑé§ÀÒÂã¹ÂÇ´ÂÒ¹

à¾×èÍÇÑ »ÃÔÁÒ³¨ÃҨÕ ¡ÒÃÇ Ñ´¡ÒÃࢠéÒÍÍ¡·Ò§´èǹ·ÓãËéÊÒÁÒö¤Çº¤ØÁ¡ÒÃࢠéÒÍÍ¡

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• Ãкº¡ÒõÃǨÊͺ·Õè· Ñ¹ÊÁÑÂÊÒÁÒö·Õè¨Ð¾º¨Ø´·Õ èà¡Ô´ÍغѵÔà˵Øä´ éÍ èÒ§ÃÇ´àà çÇ ·ÓãË éÊÒÁÒöãË é¡Òê èÇÂàËÅ ×Í áÅÐÅ´àÇÅÒ·Õè·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¡ÒõԴ¢Ñ´ä´é

• Ãкºàµ×͹ÀÑÂàÁ× èÍÁÕà˵ءÒóìà¡Ô´¢Ö é¹ÊÒÁÒö·Ó¡ÒêèÇÂàËÅ×ͼÙéà´Ô¹·Ò§ ä´éÍÂèÒ§·Ñ¹·èǧ·Õ

• Ãкº¡ÒÃÊ觢éÍÁÙÅÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ·Ñ¹ÊÁÑÂÊÒÁÒö·Õè¨ÐãËé¢éÍÁÙÅà¡Õ èÂǡѺ¡ÒÃà´Ô¹·Ò§á¡è¼Ùéà´Ô¹·Ò§ä´é ·ÓãËé¼Ùéà´Ô¹·Ò§ÊÒÁÒö ·Õè¨ÐÇҧἹ¡ÒÃà´Ô¹·Ò§ä´é «Ö觢éÍÁÙŨлÃСͺ´éÇ ¤ÇÒÁµÔ ¢Ñ ã¹àÊé¹·Ò§µèÒ§æ¨Ø ·Õèà¡Ô ÍغѵÔà赯 áÅÐ àÊé¹·Ò§¡ÒÃãËéºÃÔ¡ÒâͧÃкº¢¹Êè§ÊÒ¸ÒóÐ

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• ÏÅÏ

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2. ITS ãËé·Ò§àÅ×͡㹡ÒÃà´Ô¹·Ò§á¡è¼Ùéà´Ô¹·Ò§´éÇ¡ÒÃãËé¢éÍÁÙÅ·Ò§´éÒ¹¡ÒèÃÒ¨Ã

Minneapolis-St.Paul, Minnesota ¡Ò÷´Êͺ¡ÒÃÊ è§¢ éÍÁ ÙÅ·Ò§´éÒ¹¡ÒèÃҨö֧¼Ùé¢Ñº¢Õèâ´Â·Ò§à¾¨à¨ÍÃì ¾ºÇèÒ ÁÕ¼Ùéà´Ô¹·Ò§·ÕèãªéºÃÔ¡ÒùÕé¤Ô´à»ç¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 65 áÅмÙé¢Ñº¢ÕèÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒÃéÍÂÅÐ 50 ¡ç¨Ð·ÓµÒÁ¤Óá¹Ð¹ÓµÒÁ·Õèä´éÃѺ¨Ò¡à¾¨à¨ÍÃì

Atlanta, Georgia and Los Angeles, California 㹺ÃÔàdzã¹à¢µàÁ×ͧä´éÁÕ¡ÒÃãËé¢éÍÁÙÅà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¶¹¹áÅСÒâ¹Êè§ÊÒ¸ÒóР«Öè§ÊÒÁÒöàµ×͹¼Ùé¢Ñº¢ÕèàÁ×èÍÁÕʶҹ¡ÒóìäÁ軡µÔà¡Ô ¢Öé¹ â´Â¼èÒ¹·Ò§¨ÍáÊ´§ÀÒ¾«Ö觨ÐáÊ´§àÊé¹·Ò§·ÕèµÔ´¢Ñ´ËÃ×Íà¡Ô´ÍغѵÔà赯 áÅÐá¹Ð¹ÓàÊé¹·Ò§·ÕèàËÁÒÐÊÁ ÃкºÊÒÁÒö¨Ðàª×èÍÁµè͡Ѻ Ãкº¡Òâ¹Êè§ÊÒ¸ÒóÐà¾×èͪèÇÂãËé¼Ùéà´Ô¹·Ò§ÊÒÁÒö à»ÅÕè¹ÇÔ Õ¡ÒÃà´Ô¹·Ò§ä´éàÁ×èͨÓà»ç¹

3. ITS ÊÒÁÒö·Õè¨Ðà¾ÔèÁ¤ÇÒÁàÃçǢͧÂÇ´ÂÒ¹ àÁ×èͼèÒ¹´èÒ¹à¡çº¤èÒ¼èÒ¹·Ò§

äÁèÁÕ¼Ùé¢Ñº¢Õèã´·ÕèªÍººÃÔàdz´èÒ¹à¡çº¤èÒ¼èÒ¹·Ò§à¾ÃÒÐ㹺ÃÔàdz´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇÁÕ¤ÇÒÁµÔ ¢Ñ áµèã¹»Ñ ¨ØºÑ¹¼Ùé¢Ñº¢ÕèäÁèµéͧ»ÃÐʺ»Ñ­ËÒ àËÁ×͹áµè¡è͹àÁ×è͹ÓàÍÒÃкº¡ÒÃà¡çº¤èÒ¼èÒ¹·Ò§ÍÔàÅç¡·Ã͹ԡÊìÁÒãªé

Oklahoma ´ èҹࡠ纤 èÒ¼ èÒ¹·Ò§Í ÔàÅ ç¡·ÃÍ¹Ô¡Ê ìã¹ Oklahoma«Öè§ÍÂÙèâ¤Ã§¡Òà Pike Pass ÊÒÁÒöŴ¤èÒãªé èÒ 㹡ÒôÓà¹Ô¹¡ÒÃŧ¶Ö§ÃéÍÂÅÐ 91

Westchester County, New York Êоҹ Tappan Zee ¢éÒÁáÁè¹éÓHudson ÊÒÁÒöÃͧÃѺ»ÃÔÁÒ³ÂÇ´ÂÒ¹ä´é¶Ö§ 1000 ¤Ñ¹àÁ×èÍãªé èÒ¹à¡çº¤èÒ¼èÒ¹·Ò§ÍÔàÅç¡·Ã͹ԡÊì â´Âáµè¡è͹ÃͧÃѺ»ÃÔÁÒ³ ÂÇ´ÂÒ¹ä´éà¾Õ§450 ¤Ñ¹à·èÒ¹Ñé¹

4. ITS ÊÒÁÒöªèǪÕÇÔµ¼Ùéà Ô¹·Ò§â´Â¼èÒ¹·Ò§Ãкº©Ø¡à©Ô¹

àÁ×èÍãªéÃкº ITS ˹èÇÂãËé¤ÇÒÁªèÇÂàËÅ×ÍÅ´àÇÅÒ¡ÒÃà¢éÒªèÇÂàËÅ×ͨҡ5.2 ¹Ò·ÕàËÅ×Íà¾Õ§ 2 ¹Ò·Õà·èÒ¹Ñé¹ ·ÓãËéÅ´ÍѵÃÒ¡ÒÃàÊÕè§ µèÍ¡ÒÃàÊÕªÕÇÔµ¶Ö§ÃéÍÂÅÐ 15

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Atlanta, Georgia Ãкºä´éàµÃÕÂÁäÇéÊÓËÃѺâÍÅÔÁ»Ô¤à¡Á»Õ 1996·ÓãËé¡Òâ¹Ê觹ѡ¡ÕÌÒ¼èÒ¹¼Ù 餹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡ ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õ é ѧŴ¤ÇÒÁÅèÒªéÒŧàÁ×èÍÁÕÍغѵÔà˵Øà¡Ô ¢Öé¹ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒÃéÍÂÅÐ 50 áÅÐÊÒÁÒö Ñ ¡ÒáѺÍغѵÔà˵Øä´éÃÇ´àÃçÇ¡ÇèÒà´ÔÁ¶Ö§ÃéÍÂÅÐ 38

Orange County, California ·ÕèªÒÂËÒ´ Redondo áÅÐ Hermosa,California ä´éµÔ µÑé§Ãкº·ÕèöµÓÃǨ·ÓãËéÊÒÁÒöŴàÇÅÒ ã¹¡ÒêèÇÂàËÅ×Í»ÃÐÁÒ³ÃéÍÂÅÐ 25

5. Ãкº ITS ªèÇÂÅ´¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍغѵÔà˵طÕèà¡Ô ¢Öé¹

Ãкº ITS ·ÓãËé¡ÒÃà¤Å×è͹µÑǢͧÊÀÒ¾¨ÃҨôբÖé¹ áÅÐÊÒÁÒö»éͧ¡Ñ¹ÍغѵÔà˵طÕèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ ·Õè»ÃÐà·ÈÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò¾ºÇèÒ¡ÒÃãªé Ramp Metering¢Í§·Ò§´èǹÊÒÁÒöÍغѵÔà˵Øä´é»ÃÐÁÒ³ÃéÍÂÅÐ 15 ¶Ö§ 50

Seattle, Washington º¹¶¹¹·Ò§ËÅǧËÁÒÂàÅ¢ 5 ä´éÁÕ¡ÒÃµÔ µÑé§Ramp Metering àÁ×èÍ»ÃÐÁÒ³ 8 »Õ·ÕèáÅéÇÊÒÁÒö Å´ÍѵÃÒ¡ÒÃà¡Ô´ÍغѵÔà˵Øŧ»ÃÐÁÒ³ÃéÍÂÅÐ 38

Minneapolis, St. Paul º¹¶¹¹·Ò§ËÅǧËÁÒÂàÅ¢ 35ÊÒÁÒöŴÍѵÃÒ¡ÒÃà¡Ô ÍغѵÔà˵Øŧ»ÃÐÁÒ³ÃéÍÂÅÐ 27 ¡ÅèÒǤ×ÍÊÒÁÒöŴ¨Ó¹Ç¹·Õèà¡Ô ÍغѵÔàËµØ Ò¡ 421 ¤ÃÑé§àËÅ×Í 308 ¤ÃÑ駵èÍ»Õ

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Federal Highway Administration (1998) Intelligent TransportationSystems: Real World Benefits. FHWA-JPO-98-018,U.S.Department of Transportation.

Vehicle, Road and Traffic Intelligence Society (1999) IntelligentTransprotation Systems.