Jana Eckei, Lucie Anna Christa Maria Knor, Annick Kokoe Koudadjey, Stephanie Caroline Hui Ong, Sophie Anna Luise Paul, Soohyun Rhee,

Yu Mi Won

020063 USC - Societies in Transformation - India and China

Dr. Jörg Himmelreich Prof. Dr. Dominic Sachsenmaier

Introduction (Yu Mi)

India ◦ Past policies (Lucie)

◦ Current renewable energy (Sophie)

◦ Developmental Initiatives (Jana)

China ◦ Past & current policies (Soohyun)

◦ Future outlook (Stephanie)

Conclusion (Annick)

How will India and China respond to the ever increasing energy demand in their growing population and what are the implications on the environment?

After independence: Dependent on biomass; rising demand for

electricity and fossil fuels (due to: urbanization, industrialization, population growth

1970s: Focus on developing renewables, pilot projects

1980s: Building infrastructure: Giving access to (clean)

energy; public sector plays an important role: subsidies,

tax incentives

Examples for energy policy in the 1980s

National Biogas Programme

Subsidies for liquefied petroleum and kerosene

Programme on improved Chulha (1982-2002)

1990s ◦ increasing participation of private

sector; wind energy sector broadened considerably

2000s ◦ better tariffs for renewables

implemented, important governmental acts

Source of picture: http://www.energie-punkt.de/links.html

Government Acts in the 2000s:

2001 Energy Conservation Act

2003 Electricity Act

2005 National Environment Policy

2006 National Toxicology Programme

2008 National Action Plan on Climate Change

Source of picture: www.14gaam.com/Image/Logo-Indian-Government.gif

Summary Population growth and modernization → ever

increasing demand for energy

Energy policies focused on providing energy to the rural population relying on biomass

Willingness to change towards renewables

Inefficiency in implementing the policies

Energy consumption is increasing rapidly due to economic growth

5th largest energy consumer ◦ However, per capita consumption still relatively low

Key development objective: supply energy to all areas

Implementation of REs to supplement fossil energy sources

Good for energy security

Wind • Development in the 1990s • 5th largest producer

world wide

Biomass • Power and heat • Agricultural and

industrial waste • Very good for villages • Already used for a long

time

Solar • Solar thermal and PV • Only small share

Hydro • Already well established

Nuclear • 5 reactors under

construction 3rd highest in the world

Meet energy requirements in isolated communities

REs very well suited ◦ Solar water heating systems

◦ Solar lighting systems

◦ Family-size biogas plants

5 regions

Inadequate interregional connection

Too many parties are involved in energy decision making

WRLDC

Energy conservation ◦ Energy Conservation Act in 2001

Unbundling of vertically integrated electricity supply

Electricity Regulatory Commission in every state

Renewable Energy Certificates in 2010

Less losses by investment in a more efficient electricity grid

Commitment to greater energy efficiency

Higher efficiency in power plants

What are the future energy sources?

Domestic coal resources will be exhausted by 2045

The government is planning to substitute coal with nuclear energy making major grid contributions by 2015

India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear power program and expects to have 14,600 MWe nuclear capacity on line by 2020. It aims to supply 25% of electricity from nuclear power by 2050.

Worldwide first separated Ministry for Renewable Energy

◦ Energy Efficiency Mission

◦ Solar Mission

Goal: to 1.000MW solar power

by 2013 (from 10MW in

2010) to 20.000MW

through solar power

and solar thermal

devices by 2025.

Uttar Pradesh - Social Entrepreneurship, making electricity available in rural India

MGP has expanded service to 48 villages and 1,200 customers as of July 31, 2012

MGP builds low cost, energy efficient micro

grids tailored to the specific needs of off-grid households.

For $0.50 per week, MGP provides two lights and a mobile charging unit which operate seven hours per night.

These lights are brighter, cleaner, and longer running than their clients are

able to afford from

kerosene wick

lanterns.

Increasing demand and supply of energy will lead to drastic upturn in CO2 emissions.

912 projects in India according to UNFCCC ◦ 193 projects on energy efficiency

◦ 254 Biomass

◦ 142 wind power

◦ 23 biogas

Industry – 42%

Residential – 30%

Transportation – 11%

Commercial and Agriculture – 4%

• ~1960s : relied almost entirely on biomass and coal

• 1970s : started producing commercial energy still not every got access to electricity

• End of 1970s : major economic reform • 2006 : import natural gas • -2007~ : major player in the world energy

market

Imbalance between supply and demand ◦ Serious regional imbalance

National and local levels done by different bodies

State Council – country‟s highest governing body

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has responsibility for making energy policies

Five-year Plan ◦ 11th (2006-2010)

◦ 12th (2011-2015)

• Introducing the “Renewable Energy Law” in 2005, being effective in 2006

4 major sources of renewable energy with different level of development

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/

2011 – 2015

Investment: $473.1 bio.

Renewable energy targets:

478 mio. mt of coal equivalent 9.5% of overall energy consumption ◦ Hydropower capacity: 290 GW

◦ Wind power: 100 GW

◦ Biomass consumption: 50 mio. Mtce

Half of the world‟s CDM projects are hosted by China, total number: 2,378 (UNFCCC)

CER (Certified Emission Reduction) Projects: ◦ Average annual reductions: 261,113,050.3 tCO2

Project types:

Lehman, de Nobili (www.lehmanlaw.com)

By 2020 20% of energy demand: ◦ Total of 500 GW consisting of alternative energy

300 GW: hydro energy

100 GW: wind power

20 GW: solar

15 Mt: biomass

By 2030: wind power can cover full energy demand

By 2050: ◦ 50 – 70% of energy supply from oil, natural gas, hydro,

nuclear, wind, solar, biomass and other alternative energy

◦ More than 4 PWh of power will come from neighbouring states

16 nuclear reactors in operation, more than 26 under construction

China‟s wind power share may outpace nuclear energy production by 2020

Electricity production share in 2011:

Future supply projections: ◦ 2020: 60 GW

◦ 2030: 200 GW

◦ 2050: 400 GW

http://www.iaea.org/

Independence and energy security

Rising energy demand during rapid economic growth

Energy efficiency

Grid connection

Environmental impact

Market reforms

Access to alternative energy sources

Answer to the research question and comparison between India and

China„s energy situations.

How will India and China respond to the ever increasing energy demand in their growing population and what are the implications on the environment?

How will they respond?

Integrating more in the global market

Investing in alternative energy sources

Subsidizing to promote the production of alternative and cleaner energies such as biomass and micro grid power

Implications for the environment?

Increasing demand in energy has a negative impact on the environment

India and China are investing in alternative energy sources, the environment will thus become healthier in the long run

China India

Increasing population Increasing population

Consumption rate surpassing

energy production rate

Consumption rate

surpassing energy

production rate

2nd largest energy consumer

in the world behind the USA

By 2030, will be the 3rd

largest energy consumer

before Japan and Russia

World‟s 2nd largest consumer

of coal

World‟s 3rd largest

consumer of coal

Huge consumer of oil and

natural gas

Huge consumer of oil,

natural gas and coal

Has to import oil and natural

gas in order to satisfy

demand

Has to import coal, natural

gas and oil to satisfy

domestic demand

China India

Crucial that the country changes

its energy mix by investing more

in clean, reliable and convenient

sources of energy.

Country must invest more in

clean renewable energies in

order to maintain energy

security and have a more

sustainable energy mix

Big emitter of carbon dioxide.

Serious air and water pollution

problems.

Food vs. fuel dilemma. The

country has to choose in same

areas between food security

and energy security.

Energy policies difficult to

implement because emphasis is

not put on energy security and

ecology, but rather on economic

growth and job creation.

Energy policies difficult to

implement due to the lack of

agreement on a common

energy security strategy. The

country recognizes that it has

to act fast in order to be self-

sufficient and to reduce its

persistent balance deficit

which is partially due to gas,

oil and coal imports.

China India

Chinese government encourages and

subsidizes the production of biomass

fuels, which are considered to be a good

alternative to fossil fuels.

India is also investing in nuclear

energy and in wind and water power.

Per capita primary consumption is

relatively high, due to the steadily

growing GDP per capita and

urbanization.

Per capita primary consumption in the

country is low. Large disparities in

consumption across the economic

and social classes. India subsidizes

domestic energy consumption so that

the low and middle income

constituents of the population can

also access energy at an affordable

price.

Challenge is to promote a more efficient

use of oil in transportation, since there

are growing numbers of vehicle owners.

Work on finding other energies to use

instead of oil for transportation.

Challenge is to make energy

accessible to the whole population

and to reduce the import of resources

such as oil and coal, by finding

alternative sources of energy.

What would be your answer to our research question: How will India and China respond to the ever increasing energy demand in their growing population and what are the implications on the environment?

What do you think about China‟s current preference of economic growth rather than energy security and a healthy environment?

http://cdm.ccchina.gov.cn/english/

http://cdm.unfccc.int/Statistics/Registration/NumOfRegisteredProjByHostPartiesPieChart.html

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http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/04/20/china-windpower-idUKPEK33615120090420

http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2011/09/28/china-revises-measures-on-clean-development-mechanism-projects.html

http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html

http://www.iaea.org/pris/CountryStatistics/CountryDetails.aspx?current=CN

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http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2012/08/24/china-releases-12th-five-year-plan-for-energy-saving-and-emission-reduction.html

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