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Hormones au féminin : Repensez votre santé Références

Page (P.) 15 Paragraphe (par.) : Si vous lisez le...

GREENE, R. A. et FELDON, L. Perfect Balance, New York, Clarkson Potter/Publisher, 2005, 351 p. par.: Si vous lisez les... LEE, J. R. Équilibre hormonal et progestérone naturelle, France, Éditions Sully, 2002, 174 p. par. : Paru en 2003, le... NORTHRUP, C. La sagesse de la ménopause, Québec, Éditions AdA, 2003, 847 p.

P. 27 par.: L’adrénopause se définit... MIGEON, C. J., KELLER, A. R., LAWRENCE, B. et al. « Dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone levels in human plasma. Effect of age and sex: day-to-day and diurnal variations », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 17, 1957, p. 1051-1062. Revue dans LABRIE, F., BÉLANGER, A., SIMARD, J. et al. « DHEA and peripheral androgen and estrogen formation: Intracrinology », Annals New York Academy of sciences, vol. 774, 1995, p. 16-28. par.: L’adrénopause et la... Revue dans REBAR, R. W. « Androgen therapy for aging men and women: Not ready yet », Journal Watch General Medicine, vol. 27, 2006, p. 1.

P. 28 par.: De plus en plus...

Document de référence du Collège des médecins du Québec et de l’Ordre des pharmaciens du Québec. Les produits de santé naturels. Pour mieux conseiller vos patients, octobre 2004, 24 p.

P. 29 par.: Une lecture des articles... KRONENBERG, F. et FUGH-BERMAN, A. « Complementary and alternative medicine for menopausal symptoms: A review of randomized, controlled trials », Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 137, 2002, p. 805-813. par.: Des articles scientifiques... NEWTON, K. M., REED, S. D., LACROIX, A. Z. et al. « Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo: A randomized trial », Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 145, 2006, p. 869-879.

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NELSON, H. D., VESCO, K. K., HANEY, E. et al. « Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes: Systematic review and meta-analysis », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 295, 2006, p. 2057-2071. STEINBERG, W. M. « Nonhormone choices for menopausal symptoms. Vasomotor hot flashes and flushes », Patient care, juin 2006, p. 41, 44-45. TICE, J. A. et GRADY, D. « Alternatives to estrogen for treatment of hot flashes: Are they effective and safe? », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 295, 2006, p. 2076-2078. par.: Une étude a porté... NEWTON, K. M., REED, S. D., LACROIX, A. Z. et al. «Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo: A randomized trial », Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 145, 2006, p. 869-879.

P. 31 par.: Récemment, deux méta-analyses des...

NELSON, H. D., VESCO, K. K., HANEY, E. et al. « Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes: Systematic review and meta-analysis », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 295, 2006, p. 2057-2071. TICE, J. A. et GRADY, D. « Alternatives to estrogen for treatment of hot flashes: Are they effective and safe? », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 295, 2006, p. 2076-2078.

P. 34 par.: Néanmoins, les femmes ne... GORMAN, B. K. et GHAZAL READ, J. « Why men die younger than women », Geriatrics and aging, vol. 10, 2007, p. 179-181. par.: N’oublions pas qu’au... GORMAN, B. K. et GHAZAL READ, J. « Why men die younger than women » Geriatrics and aging, vol. 10, 2007, p. 179-181.

P. 37 par. Le 20 juillet 2001...

GERSON, M. et KUTTENN, F. « Enjeux et perspectives du traitement de la ménopause. Une femme, un traitement hormonal substitutif? », Les sélections de médecine/sciences, no 16, 2001, p. 5-12.

P. 39 par. : Les ECE (estrogènes conjugués...

FRASER, I. S., JANSEN, R. P. S., LOBO, R. A. et al. Estrogens and Progestogens in Clinical Practice, New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1998, 928 p. SPEROFF, L., GLASS, R. H. et KASE, N. G. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility, 6e édition, Baltimore, Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins, 1999, 727 p. par.: Dans les ECE, environ...

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FRASER, I. S., JANSEN, R. P. S., LOBO, R. A. et al. Estrogens and Progestogens in Clinical Practice, New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1998, 928 p. NACHTIGALL, L. E., RAJU, U., BANERJEE, S. et al. « Serum estradiol-binding profiles in postmenopausal women undergoing three common estrogen replacement therapies: Associations with sex hormone-binding globulin, estradiol, and estrone levels », Menopause, vol. 7, 2000, p. 243-250. par.: Au contraire, non seulement... LINDOFF, C., PETERSON, F., LECANDER, I. et al. « Transdermal estrogen replacement therapy: Beneficial effects on hemostatic risk factors for cardiovascular disease », Maturitas, vol. 24, 1996, p. 43-50. SCARABIN, P.-Y., ALHENC-GELAS, M., PLU-BUREAU, G. et al. « Effects of oral and transdermal estrogen/progesterone regimens on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women. A randomized controlled trial », Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 17, 1997, p. 3071-3078. BONDUKI, C. E., LOURENÇO, D. M., BARACAT, E. et al. « Effect of estrogen-progestin hormonal replacement therapy on plasma antithrombin III of postmenopausal women », Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, vol. 77, 1998, p. 330-333. SCARABIN, P.-Y., OGER, E. et PLU-BUREAU, G. « Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk », Lancet vol. 362, 2003, p. 428-432.

P. 42 par.: En mai 2002, ce...

Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. « Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 288, 2002, p. 321-333.

P. 44 par. : Une analyse des résultats... PRENTICE, R. L., LANGER, R. D., STEFANICK, M. L. et al. « Combined analysis of Women’s Health Initiative observational and clinical trial data on postmenopausal hormone treatment and cardiovascular disease », American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 163, 2006, p. 589-599. ROSSOUW, J. E., PRENTICE, R. L., MANSON, J. E. et al. « Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 297, 2007, p. 1465-1477.

par.: Il est intéressant de...

ROSSOUW, J. E., PRENTICE, R. L., MANSON, J. E. et al. « Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 297, 2007, p. 1465-1477. par.: ensuite, il est important...

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MASTORAKOS, G., SAKKAS, E. GR., XYDAKIS, A. M. et al. « Pitfalls of the WHIs. Women’s Health Initiative », New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1092, 2006, p. 331-340.

P. 45 par.: finalement, commencer l’hormonothérapie...

PRENTICE, R. L., LANGER, R. D., STEFANICK, M. L. et al. « Combined analysis of Women’s Health Initiative observational and clinical trial data on postmenopausal hormone treatment and cardiovascular disease », American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 163, 2006, p. 589-599. ROSSOUW, J. E., PRENTICE, R. L., MANSON, J. E. et al. « Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 297, 2007, p. 1465-1477. par.: Peu de gens sont... The Women’s Health Initiative Steering Committee. « Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 291, 2004, p. 1701-1712.

P. 46 par.: Parmi les points positifs,…

The Women’s Health Initiative Steering Committee. « Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 291, 2004, p. 1701-1712. MASTORAKOS, G., SAKKAS, E. GR., XYDAKIS, A. M. et al. « Pitfalls of the WHIs. Women’s Health Initiative », New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1092, 2006, p. 331-340. par.: En fait, le seul... The Women’s Health Initiative Steering Committee. « Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 291, 2004, p. 1701-1712. MASTORAKOS, G., SAKKAS, E. GR., XYDAKIS, A. M. et al. « Pitfalls of the WHIs. Women’s Health Initiative », New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1092, 2006, p. 331-340.

P. 47 par.: Nous observons pourtant que... The Women’s Health Initiative Steering Committee. « Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 291, 2004, p. 1701-1712.

P. 50 par. : Ces observations sont en... GRADY, D., WENGER, N. K., HERRINGTON, D. et al. « Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases risk for venous thromboembolic disease: The Heart and

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Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study », Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 132, 2000, p. 689-696.

P. 51 par. : Il est pertinent de...

HANLEY, D. A. et JOSSE, R. G. « Prevention and management of osteoporosis: Consensus statements from the Scientific Advisory Board of the Osteoporosis Society of Canada », Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 155, 1996, p. 921-922.

P. 52 par. : Par exemple, le risque...

REID, R. L. et LEMAY, A. « Un mauvais service – Il est regrettable que la Société canadienne du cancer n’ait pas étudié plus à fond la population de femmes à laquelle elle s’est adressée », La Presse, 20 janvier 2004, p. A-11.

P. 53 par. : Il est important de...

GRADY, D., WENGER, N. K., HERRINGTON, D. et al. « Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases risk for venous thromboembolic disease: The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study », Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 132, 2000, p. 689-696.

P. 58 par. : Si vous faites une...

Heart and Stroke Foundation. Women, heart disease and stroke, HSFO, 2003.

par. : Il y a environ... Revue dans MIYAGAWA, K., RÖSCH, J., STANCZYK, F. et al. « Medroxyprogesterone interferes with ovarian steroid protection against coronary vasospasm », Nature Medecine, vol. 3, 1997, p. 324-327. par.: Parmi les maladies cardiovasculaires,... MIKHAIL, G. W. « Coronary heart disease in women is underdiagnosed, undertreated, and under-researched », British Medical Journal, vol. 331, 2005, p. 467-468. par. : Il est actuellement connu... LERNER, D. J. et KANNEL, W. B. « Patterns of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the sexes: A 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population », American Heart Journal, vol. 111, 1986, p. 383-390. U.S. Department of health and human services. National vital statistics report: U.S. Department of health and human services. Centers for disease control and prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, 2002, 50 p.

par.: Dans une étude en... Étude WISE. « Le statut hormonal : Un élément fondamental », Rapporté dans l’Actualité médicale, 24 janvier 2001, p. 28.

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BAIREY MERZ, C. N., JOHNSON, B. D., SHARAF, B. L. et al. « Hypoestrogenemia of hypothalamic origin and coronary artery disease in premenopausal women: A report from the NHLBI-Sponsored WISE study », Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 41, 2003, p. 413-419.

P. 59 Tableau (tabl.): Saviez-vous que...

revue dans BELCHETZ, P. E. « Hormonal treatment of postmenopausal women » The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 330, 1994, p. 1062-1071.

P. 60 par.: Des chercheurs ont observé...

BAIREY MERZ, C. N., JOHNSON, B. D., SHARAF, B. L. et al. « Hypoestrogenemia of hypothalamic origin and coronary artery disease in premenopausal women: A report from the NHLBI-Sponsored WISE study », Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 41, 2003, p. 413-419.

par.: Dans une étude randomisée...

HODIS, H. N., MACK, W. J., LOBO, R. A. et al. « Estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis », Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 135, 2001, p. 939-953. par.: Deux expériences chez des... ADAMS, M. R., KAPLAN, J. R., MANUCK, S. B. et al. « Inhibition of coronary artery atherosclerosis by 17-beta estradiol in ovariectomized monkeys. Lack of an effect of added progesterone », Arteriosclerosis, vol. 10, 1990, p. 1051-1057. CLARKSON, T. B., SHIVELY, C. A., MORGAN, T. M. et al. « Oral contraceptives and coronary artery atherosclerosis of cynomolgus monkeys », Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 75, 1990, p. 217-222.

par.: Par ailleurs, si la...

CLARKSON, T. B., SHIVELY, C. A., MORGAN, T. M. et al. « Oral contraceptives and coronary artery atherosclerosis of cynomolgus monkeys », Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 75, 1990, p. 217-222. ADAMS, M. R., KAPLAN, J. R., MANUCK, S. B. et al. « Inhibition of coronary artery atherosclerosis by 17-beta estradiol in ovariectomized monkeys. Lack of an effect of added progesterone », Arteriosclerosis, vol. 10, 1990, p. 1051-1057.

par. : D’autres études chez...

ADAMS, M. R., KAPLAN, J. R., CLARKSON, T. B. et al. « Ovariectomy, social status, and atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys », Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 5, 1985, p. 192-200. ADAMS, M. R., KAPLAN, J. R., KORITNIK, D. R. et al. « Pregnancy-associated inhibition of coronary artery atherosclerosis in monkeys. Evidence of a relationship with endogenous estrogen », Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 7, 1987, p. 378-384.

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P. 61 par. : À la ménopause, malheureusement,...

JENSEN, J., NILAS, L. et CHRISTIANSEN, C. « Influence of menopause on serum lipids and lipoproteins », Maturitas, vol. 12, 1990, p. 321-331. STEVENSON, J. C., CROOK, D. et GODSLAND, I. F. « Influence of age and menopause on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women », Atherosclerosis, vol. 98, 1993, p. 83-90.

par. : L’étude PEPI (Postmenopausal...

The Writing Group for the PEPI trial. « Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) trial », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 273, 1995, p. 199-208.

P. 61 (version : avril 2008) et P. 62 (version : juin 2009)

par. : Cependant, il est important... BASDEVANT, A., DE LIGNIERES, B. et GUY-GRAND, B. « Differential lipemic and hormonal responses to oral and parenteral 17 beta-estradiol in postmenopausal women », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 147, 1983, p. 77-81.

BUSH, T. L. et MILLER, V. T. « Effects of pharmacologic agents used during menopause: Impact on lipids and lipoproteins », dans D. R. MISHELL (dir.). Menopause: Physiology and pharmacology, Chicago, Year Book Medical, 1987, p. 187-208. CROOK, D., CUST, M. P., GANGAR, K. F. et al. « Comparison of transdermal and oral estrogen-progestin replacement therapy: Effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 166, 1992, p. 950-955. PAGANINI-HILL, A., DWORSKY, R. et KRAUSS, R. M. « Hormone replacement therapy, hormone levels, and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in elderly women », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 174, 1996, p. 897-902. ERENUS, M., KARAKOÇ, B. et GÜRLER, A. « Comparison of effects of continuous combined transdermal with oral estrogen and oral progestogen replacement therapies on serum lipoproteins and compliance », Climacteric, vol. 4, 2001, p. 228-234. WEST, S. G., HINDERLITER, A. L., WELLS, E. C. et al. « Transdermal estrogen reduces vascular resistance and serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 184, 2001, p. 926-933.

P. 62 par.: Dans une étude chez... ERENUS, M., KARAKOÇ, B. et GÜRLER, A. « Comparison of effects of continuous combined transdermal with oral estrogen and oral progestogen replacement therapies on serum lipoproteins and compliance », Climacteric, vol. 4, 2001, p. 228-234.

par.: L’estradiol-17 a contribué...

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ADAMS, M. R., KAPLAN, J. R., MANUCK, S. B. et al. « Inhibition of coronary artery atherosclerosis by 17-beta estradiol in ovariectomized monkeys. Lack of an effect of added progesterone », Arteriosclerosis, vol. 10, 1990, p. 1051-1057.

P. 63 par.: Il existe plusieurs marqueurs...

RIDKER, P. M., HENNEKENS, C. H., BURING, J. E. et al. « C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women », The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 342, 2000, p. 836-843. DECENSI, A., OMODEI, U., ROBERTSON, C. et al. « Effect of transdermal estradiol and oral conjugated estrogen on C-reactive protein in retinoid-placebo trial in healthy women », Circulation, vol. 106, 2002, p. 1224-1228. Revue dans MODENA, M. G., BURSI, F., FANTINI, G. et al. « Effects of hormone replacement therapy on C-reactive protein levels in healthy postmenopausal women: Comparison between oral and transdermal administration of estrogen », The American Journal of Medicine, vol. 113, 2002, p. 331-334. tabl.: Un taux élevé de... RIDKER, P. M., HENNEKENS, C. H., BURING, J. E. et al. « C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women », The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 342, 2000, p. 836-843. par.: Un lien direct est... CERMAK, J., KEY, N. S., BACH, R. R. et al. « C-reactive protein induces human peripheral blood monocytes to synthesize tissue factor », Blood, vol. 82, 1993, p. 513-520. GALVE-DE ROCHEMONTEIX, B., WIKTOROWICZ, K., KUSHNER, I. et al. « C-reactive protein increases production of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha, and expression of mRNA by human alveolar macrophages », Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 53, 1993, p. 439-445. TORZEWSKI, J., BOWYER, D. E., WALTENBERGER, J. et al. « Processes in atherogenesis: Complement activation », Atherosclerosis, vol. 132, 1997, p. 131-138. PASCERI, V., WILLERSON, J. T. et YEH, E. T. H. « Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells », Circulation, vol. 102, 2000, p. 2165-2168. TORZEWSKI, M., RIST, C., MORTENSEN, R. F. et al. « C-reactive protein in the arterial intima: Role of C-reactive protein receptor-dependent monocyte recruitment in atherogenesis », Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 20, 2000, p. 2094-2099.

par.: Des chercheurs ont observé...

VAN BAAL, W. M., KENEMANS, P., VAN DER MOOREN, M. J. et al. « Increased C-reactive protein levels during short-term hormone replacement therapy in healthy postmenopausal women », Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 81, 1999, p. 925-928.

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DECENSI, A., OMODEI, U., ROBERTSON, C. et al. « Effect of transdermal estradiol and oral conjugated estrogen on C-reactive protein in retinoid-placebo trial in healthy women », Circulation, vol. 106, 2002, p. 1224-1228. MODENA, M. G., BURSI, F., FANTINI, G. et al. « Effects of hormone replacement therapy on C-reactive protein levels in healthy postmenopausal women: Comparison between oral and transdermal administration of estrogen », The American Journal of Medicine, vol. 113, 2002, p. 331-334. VONGPATANASIN, W., TUNCEL, M., WANG, Z. et al. « Differential effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women », Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 41, 2003, p. 1358-1363.

par. : Au contraire, l’estradiol-17 ... NUNOMURA, W., TAKAKUWA, Y. et HIGASHI, T. « Changes in serum concentration and mRNA level of rat C-reactive protein », Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1227, 1994, p. 74-78. VONGPATANASIN, W., TUNCEL, M., WANG, Z. et al. « Differential effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women », Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 41, 2003, p. 1358-1363. SATTAR, N., PERERA, M., SMALL, M. et al. « Hormone replacement therapy and sensitive C-reactive protein concentrations in women with type-2 diabetes », Lancet, vol. 354, 1999, p. 487-488.

P. 65 par.: En médecine, il est...

KESSLER, K. M. « Syndrome X: The epicardial view », Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 19, 1992, p. 32-33. KASKI, J. C., ROSANO, G. M. C., COLLINS, P. et al. « Cardiac syndrome X: Clinical characteristics and left ventricular function. Long-term follow-up study », Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 25, 1995, p. 807-814. par.: Selon des chercheurs, une... BAIREY, C. N. « WISE study », Journal of the American College of Cardiology (supplément de Cardiology), 7 février 2006. par.: Plusieurs études ont montré... revue dans VANE, J. R., ANGGARD, E. E. et BOTTING, R. M. « Regulatory functions of the vascular endothelium », The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 323, 1990, p. 27-36. Revue dans WHITE, R. E., DARKOW, D. J. et FALVO LANG, J. L. « Estrogen relaxes coronary arteries by opening BKCa channels through a cGMP-dependent mechanism », Circulation Research, vol. 77, 1995, p. 936-942. par.: Chez les femmes atteintes...

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COLLINS, P., ROSANO, G. M. C., SARREL, P. M. et al. « 17 -estradiol attenuates acethylcholine-induced coronary arterial constriction in women but not men with coronary heart disease », Circulation, vol. 92, 1995, p. 24-30. par.: Des chercheurs ont observé... ROSANO, G. M. C., SARREL, P. M., POOLE-WILSON, P. A. et al. « Beneficial effect of oestrogen on exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia in women with coronary artery disease », Lancet, vol. 342, 1993, p. 133-136. par.: On connaît la nitroglycérine... Revue dans ROSANO, G. M. C., SARREL, P. M., POOLE-WILSON, P. A. et al. « Beneficial effect of oestrogen on exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia in women with coronary artery disease », Lancet, vol. 342, 1993, p. 133-136.

P. 66 par.: Des recherches chez des singes,...

WILLIAMS, J. K., HONORÉ, E. K., WASHBURN, S. A. et al. « Effects of hormone replacement therapy on reactivity of atherosclerotic coronary arteries in cynomolgus monkeys », Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 24, 1994, p. 1757-1761. MISHRA, R. G., HERMSMEYER, R. K., MIYAGAWA, K. et al. « Medroxyprogesterone acetate and dihydrotestosterone induce coronary hyperreactivity in intact male rhesus monkeys », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 90, 2005, p. 3706-3714. MIYAGAWA, K., RÖSCH, J., STANCZYK, F. et al. « Medroxyprogesterone interferes with ovarian steroid protection against coronary vasospasm », Nature Medecine, vol. 3, 1997, p. 324-327. par.: Une étude réalisée chez... ROSANO, G. M. C., WEBB, C. M., CHIERCHIA, S. et al. « Natural progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone acetate, enhances the beneficial effect of estrogen on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in postmenopausal women », Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 36, 2000, p. 2154-2159. par.: Par exemple, dans une... MATHER, K. J., NORMAN, E. G., PRIOR, J. C. et al. « Preserved forearm endothelial responses with acute exposure to progesterone: A randomized cross-over trial of 17- estradiol, progesterone, and 17- estradiol with progesterone in healthy menopausal women », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 85, 2000, p. 4644-4649. par.: Des études chez des guenons... HERMSMEYER, R. K., MISHRA, R. G., PAVCNIK, D. et al. « Atherosclerosis and lipoproteins. Prevention of coronary hyperreactivity in preatherogenic menopausal rhesus monkeys by transdermal progesterone », Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 24, 2004, p. 955-961.

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JIANG, C., SARREL, P. M., LINDSAY, D. C. et al. « Progesterone induces endothelium-independent relaxation of rabbit coronary artery in vitro », European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 211, 1992, p. 163-167.

P. 67 par. : Il est important de...

MASTORAKOS, G., SAKKAS, E. GR., XYDAKIS, A. M. et al. « Pitfalls of the WHIs. Women’s Health Initiative », New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1092, 2006, p. 331-340.

P. 68 par. : Par exemple, le risque...

JICK, H., JICK, S. S., GUREWICH, V. et al. « Risk of idiopathic cardiovascular death and nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives with differing progestagen components », Lancet, vol. 346, 1995, p. 1589-1593. SEAMAN, H. E., DE VRIES, C. S. et FARMER, R. D. T. « Venous thromboembolism associated with cyproterone acetate in combination with ethinyloestradiol (Dianette®): Observational studies using the UK General Practice Research Database », Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, vol. 13, 2004, p. 427-436. GUILBEAULT, V. « Un CO dangereux? » Le clinicien, mai 2007, p. 26.

P. 69 par.: Plusieurs études ont montré...

LINDOFF, C., PETERSON, F., LECANDER, I. et al. « Transdermal estrogen replacement therapy: Beneficial effects on hemostatic risk factors for cardiovascular disease », Maturitas, vol. 24, 1996, p. 43-50. SCARABIN, P.-Y., ALHENC-GELAS, M., PLU-BUREAU, G. et al. « Effects of oral and transdermal estrogen/progesterone regimens on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women. A randomized controlled trial », Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 17, 1997, p. 3071-3078. BONDUKI, C. E., LOURENÇO, D. M., BARACAT, E. et al. « Effect of estrogen-progestin hormonal replacement therapy on plasma antithrombin III of postmenopausal women », Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, vol. 77, 1998, p. 330-333.

par. : De plus, les estrogènes...

GEBARA, O. C. E., MITTLEMAN, M. A., SUTHERLAND, P. et al. « Association between increased estrogen status and increased fibrinolytic potential in the Framingham Offspring study », Circulation, vol. 91, 1995, p. 1952-1958. MORALES, D. E., McGOWAN, K. A., GRANT, D. S. et al. « Estrogen promotes angiogenic activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro and in a murine model », Circulation, vol. 91, 1995, p. 755-763. DE MITRIO, V., MARINO, R., CICINELLI, E. et al. « Beneficial effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy with transdermal estradiol on sensitivity to activated protein C », Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis, vol. 11, 2000, p. 175-182. FALCO, C., TORMO, G., ESTELLÉS, A. et al. « Fibrinolysis and lipoprotein(a) in women with coronary artery disease. Influence of hormone replacement therapy », Haematologica, vol. 86, 2001, p. 92-98.

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par. : Il est intéressant de...

CHAMBERS, J. C., McGREGOR, A., JEAN-MARIE, J. et al. « Demonstration of rapid onset vascular endothelial dysfunction after hyperhomocysteinemia: An effect reversible with vitamin C therapy », Circulation, vol. 99, 1999, p. 1156-1160. NAPPO, F., DE ROSA, N., MARFELLA, R. et al. « Impairment of endothelial functions by acute hyperhomocysteinemia and reversal by antioxidant vitamins », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 281, 1999, p. 2113-2118. MIJATOVIC, V., KENEMANS, P., JAKOBS, C. et al. « A randomized controlled study of the effects of 17beta-estradiol-dydrogesterone on plasma homocysteine in postmenopausal women », Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 91, 1998, p. 432-436. MIJATOVIC, V., KENEMANS, P., NETELENBOS, C. et al. « Postmenopausal oral 17beta-estradiol continuously combined with dydrogesterone reduces fasting serum homocysteine levels », Fertility and Sterility, vol. 69, 1998, p. 876-882. KALELI, B., YILDIRIM, B., DEMIR, S. et al. « Effects of low-dose 17- -estradiol plus norethisterone acetate and tibolone on fasting plasma homocysteine levels in postmenopausal women », Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, vol. 82, 2003, p. 1107-1111. par. : En 2003, dans une... SCARABIN, P.-Y., OGER, E. et PLU-BUREAU, G. « Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk », Lancet, vol. 362, 2003, p. 428-432.

P. 70 (version : juin 2009) par.: En 2005, les résultats... STRACZEK, C., OGER, E., DE JONAGE-CANONICO, M. B. Y. et al. « Prothrombotic mutations, hormone therapy, and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women. Impact of the route of estrogen administration », Circulation, vol. 112, 2005, p. 3495-3500.

P. 70 par.: D’ailleurs, le risque...

WENGER, N. K., SPEROFF, L. et PACKARD, B. « Cardiovascular health and disease in women », The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 329, 1993, p. 247-256.

tabl.: L’estradiol-17 , les statines...

GRADY, D., WENGER, N. K., HERRINGTON, D. et al. « Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases risk for venous thromboembolic disease: The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study », Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 132, 2000, p. 689-696. ALBERT, M. A., DANIELSON, E., RIFAI, N. et al. « Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: The pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): A

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randomized trial and cohort study », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 286, 2001, p. 64-70.

P. 72 tabl.: Qu’est-ce que l’étude WHIMS ?

SHUMAKER, S. A., LEGAULT, C., RAPP, S. R. et al. « Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women. The Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study: A randomized controlled trial », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 289, 2003, p. 2651-2662. par.: Selon le Dr Barbara... SHERWIN, B. Entrevue dans L’Actualité médicale, 2004.

par. : Un bon article synthèse... GIBBS, R. B. et GABOR, R. « Estrogen and cognition: Applying preclinical findings to clinical perspectives », Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol. 74, 2003, p. 637-643. tabl.: Saviez-vous que... Groupe de travail de l’Étude canadienne sur la santé et le vieillissement. « Méthodes d’étude et prévalence de la démence », Journal de l’Association médicale canadienne, vol. 150, 1994, p. 899-913. Groupe de travail de l’Étude canadienne sur la santé et le vieillissement. « The incidence of dementia in Canada », Neurology, vol. 55, 2000, p. 66-73.

P. 73 par. : Les résultats ont montré...

ZANDI, P. P., CARLSON, M. C., PLASSMAN, B. L. et al. « Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women. The Cache County Study », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 288, 2002, p. 2123-2129. par.: Une étude avait déjà... MULNARD, R. A., COTMAN, C. W., KAWAS, C. et al. « Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: A randomized controlled trial. Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 283, 2000, p. 1007-1015. par.: Des chercheurs ont émis... Revue dans BRINTON, R. D. « Investigative models for determining hormone therapy-induced outcomes in brain. Evidence in support of a healthy cell bias of estrogen action », Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1052, 2005, p. 57-74.

P. 74 par.: L’estradiol-17 exerce un effet vasodilatateur...

PENOTTI, M., SIRONI, L., MIGLIERINA, L. et al. « The effect of tamoxifen and transdermal 17 -estradiol on cerebral arterial vessels: A randomized controlled study », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 178, 1998, p. 801-805.

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GREENE, R. A. et FELDON, L. Perfect Balance, New York, Clarkson Potter/Publisher, 2005, 351 p. par.: L’estradiol-17 exerce un effet protecteur... GREEN, P. S., BISHOP, J. et SIMPKINS, J. W. « 17 -estradiol exerts neuroprotective effects on SK-N-SH cells », The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 17, 1997, p. 511-515. MOORADIAN, A. D. « Antioxidant properties of steroids », The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 45, 1993, p. 509-511. BEHL, C., SKUTELLA, T., LEZOUALC’H, F. et al. « Neuroprotection against oxidative stress by estrogens: Structure-activity relationship », Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 51, 1997, p. 535-541. MOOSMANN, B. et BEHL, C. « The antioxidant neuroprotective effects of estrogens and phenolic compounds are independent from their estrogenic properties », Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 96, 1999, p. 8867-8872. NILSEN, J. et BRINTON, R. D. « Divergent impact of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) on nuclear mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling », Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 100, 2003, p. 10506-10511. Revue dans BROWER, V. « A second chance for hormone replacement therapy? », European Molecular Biology Organization, vol. 4, 2003, p. 1112-1115. par.: L’estradiol-17 exerce un effet trophique... NAFTOLIN, F., GARCIA-SEGURA, L. M., KEEFE, D. et al. « Estrogen effects on the synaptology and neural membranes of the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus », Biology of Reproduction, vol. 42, 1990, p. 21-28. WOOLLEY, C. S., WEILAND, N. G., McEWEN, B. S. et al. « Estradiol increases the sensitivity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells to NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic input: Correlation with dendritic spine density », The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 17, 1997, p. 1848-1859. GARCIA-SEGURA, L. M., NAFTOLIN, F., HUTCHISON, J. B. et al. « Role of astroglia in estrogen regulation of synaptic plasticity and brain repair », Journal of Neurobiology, vol. 40, 1999, p. 574-584. BRINTON, R. D. « Cellular and molecular mechanisms of estrogen regulation of memory function and neuroprotection against Alzheimer’s disease: Recent insights and remaining challenges », Learning & Memory, vol. 8, 2001, p. 121-133. GENAZZANI, A. R., PLUCHINO, N., LUISI, S. et al. « Estrogen, cognition and female ageing », Human Reproduction Update, vol. 13, 2007, p. 175-187.

par.: Par exemple, des analyses...

BRINTON, R.D., TRAN, J., PROFITT, P. et al. « 17 -estradiol increases the growth and survival of cultured cortical neurons », Neurochemical Research, vol. 22, 1997, p. 1339-1351.

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BRINTON, R. D., CHEN, S., MONTOYA, M. et al. « The women’s health initiative estrogen replacement therapy is neurotrophic and neuroprotective », Neurobiology of Aging, vol. 21, 2000, p. 475-496. WOOLLEY, C. S., WEILAND, N. G., McEWEN, B. S. et al. « Estradiol increases the sensitivity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells to NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic input: Correlation with dendritic spine density », The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 17, 1997, p. 1848-1859.

P. 75 par.: Chez les animaux, un...

Revue dans GIBBS, R. B. et GABOR, R. « Estrogen and cognition: Applying preclinical findings to clinical perspectives », Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol. 74, 2003, p. 637-643. SINGH, M., MEYER, E. M., MILLARD, W. J. et al. « Ovarian steroid deprivation results in a reversible learning impairment and compromised cholinergic function in female Sprague-Dawley rats », Brain Research, vol. 644, 1994, p. 305-312. DANIEL, J. M., HULST, J. L. et BERBLING, J. L. « Estradiol replacement enhances working memory in middle-aged rats when initiated immediately after ovariectomy but not after a long-term period of ovarian hormone deprivation », Endocrinology, vol. 147, 2006, p. 607-614. par.: On sait que les... PHILLIPS, S. M. et SHERWIN, B. B. « Variations in memory function and sex steroid hormones across the menstrual cycle », Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 17, 1992, p. 497-506. PHILLIPS, S. M. et SHERWIN B. B. « Effects of estrogen on memory function in surgically menopausal women », Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 17, 1992, p. 485-495. KAMPEN, D. L. et SHERWIN, B. B. « Estrogen use and verbal memory in healthy postmenopausal women », Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 83, 1994, p. 979-983. SHERWIN, B. B. et TULANDI, T. « “Add-back” estrogen reverses cognitive deficits induced by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in women with leiomyomata uteri », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 81, 1996, p. 2545-2549. SHERWIN, B. B. « Estrogen and cognitive aging in women », Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 23, 2002, p. 527-534. par. : De façon concordante, une... GRIGOROVA, M., SHERWIN, B. B. et TULANDI, T. « Effects of treatment with leuprolide acetate depot on working memory and executive functions in young premenopausal women », Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 31, 2006, p. 935-947. par.: Chez des hommes ayant...

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SALMINEN, E. K., PORTIN, R. I., KOSKINEN, A. I. et al. « Estradiol and cognition during androgen deprivation in men with prostate carcinoma », Cancer, vol. 103, 2005, p. 1381-1387. par.: À la ménopause, le... GREENE, R. A. et FELDON, L. Perfect Balance, New York, Clarkson Potter/Publisher, 2005, 351 p. par.: Par exemple, les femmes... Groupe de travail de l’Étude canadienne sur la santé et le vieillissement. « Méthodes d’étude et prévalence de la démence », Journal de l’Association médicale canadienne, vol. 150, 1994, p. 899-913. par. : Des recherches chez des... YUE, X., LU, M., LANCASTER, T. et al. « Brain estrogen deficiency accelerates Abeta plaque formation in an Alzheimer’s disease animal model », Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 102, 2005, p. 19198-19203.

P. 76 par.: Dans les neurones corticaux...

XU, H., GOURAS, G. K., GREENFIELD, J. P. et al. « Estrogen reduces neuronal generation of Alzheimer -amyloid peptides », Nature Medicine, vol. 4, 1998, p. 447-451. YUE, X., LU, M., LANCASTER, T. et al. « Brain estrogen deficiency accelerates Abeta plaque formation in an Alzheimer’s disease animal model », Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 102, 2005, p. 19198-19203. par.: Dans une étude chez... FILLIT, H., WEINREB, H., CHOLST, I. et al. « Observations in a preliminary open trial of estradiol therapy for senile dementia-Alzheimer’s type », Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 11, 1986, p. 337-345. BRINTON, R. D. « Investigative models for determining hormone therapy-induced outcomes in brain. Evidence in support of a healthy cell bias of estrogen action », Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1052, 2005, p. 57-74.

P.76 (version: juin 2009)

par.: Des chercheurs estiment qu’environ... Revue dans GREENE, R. A. et DIXON, W. « The role of reproductive hormones in maintaining cognition », Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America, vol. 29, 2002, p. 437-453.

P. 76 (version: juin 2009)

par.: Récemment, deux études totalisant... NICHOLSON, P. « Ovary removal linked to cognitive impairment », Rapporté dans The Medical Post, 4 septembre 2007, p. 4.

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SCHULTZ, S. « Ovary removal doubles Parkinson’s risk », HealingWell.com, 14 avril 2005. ROCCA, W.A., GROSSARDT, B. R., DE ANDRADE, M. et al. « Survival patterns after oophorectomy in premenopausal women : A population-based cohort study », Lancet Oncology, vol. 7, 2006, p. 821-828.

P. 76 (version: avril 2008) et P. 77 (version : juin 2009)

par.: En conclusion, l’estradiol-17 ... GENAZZANI, A. R., PLUCHINO, N., LUISI, S. et al. « Estrogen, cognition and female ageing », Human Reproduction Update, vol. 13, 2007, p. 175-187. SUZUKI, S., BROWN, C. M., DELA CRUZ, C. D. et al. « Timing of estrogen therapy after ovariectomy dictates the efficacy of its neuroprotective and antiinflammatory actions », Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 104, 2007, p. 6013-6018. Revue dans GREENE, R. A. et DIXON, W. « The role of reproductive hormones in maintaining cognition », Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America, vol. 29, 2002, p. 437-453.

P. 77 (version : avril 2008) et P. 78 (version : juin 2009) par.: À ce jour, les...

COOPE, J., THOMSON, J. M. et POLLER, L. « Effects of “naturel oestrogen” replacement therapy on menopausal symptoms and blood clotting », British Medical Journal, vol. 4, 1975, p. 139-143. STRICKLER, R. C., BORTH, R., CECUTTI, A. et al. « The role of oestrogen replacement in the climacteric syndrome », Psychological Medicine, vol. 7, 1977, p. 631-639. THOMSON, J. et OSWALD, I. « Effect of oestrogen on the sleep, mood, and anxiety of menopausal women », British Medical Journal, vol. 2, 1977, p. 1317-1319. Revue dans DE NOVAES SOARES, C., ALMEIDA, O. P., JOFFE, H. et al. « Efficacy of estradiol for the treatment of depressive disorders in perimenopausal women », Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 58, 2001, p. 529-534.

P. 77 (version: avril 2008) et P. 78 (version : juin 2009)

par.: Dans une étude à... DE NOVAES SOARES, C., ALMEIDA, O. P., JOFFE, H. et al. « Efficacy of estradiol for the treatment of depressive disorders in perimenopausal women », Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 58, 2001, p. 529-534.

P. 78 par.: L’estradiol-17 réduit les...

SCHMIDT, P. J., NIEMAN, L., DANACEAU, M. A. et al. « Estrogen replacement in perimenopause-related depression: A preliminary report », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 183, 2000, p. 414-420.

par.: Dans une étude à...

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GREGOIRE, A. J. P., KUMAR, R., EVERITT, B. et al. « Transdermal oestrogen for treatment of severe postnatal depression », Lancet, vol. 347, 1996, p. 930-933. tabl.: L’efficacité des antidépresseurs... THASE, M. E., ENTSUAH, A. R. et RUDOLPH, R. L. « Remission rates during treatment with venlafaxine or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors », The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 178, 2001, p. 234-241. par.: En effet, des chercheurs... ROMEO, E., STRÖHLE, A., SPALLETTA, G. et al. « Effects of antidepressant treatment on neuroactive steroids in major depression », The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 155, 1998, p. 910-913. UZUNOVA, V., SHELINE, Y., DAVIS, J. M. et al. « Increase in the cerebrospinal fluid content of neurosteroids in patients with unipolar major depression who are receiving fluoxetine or fluvoxamine », Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 95, 1998, p. 3239-3244. STRÖHLE, A., ROMEO, E., HERMANN, B. et al. « Concentrations of 3 alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids and their precursors in plasma of patients with major depression and after clinical recovery », Biological Psychiatry, vol. 45, 1999, p. 274-277. par.: Une étude rigoureuse chez... HARLOW, B. L., COHEN, L. S., OTTO, M. W. et al. « Early life menstrual characteristics and pregnancy experiences among women with and without major depression: The Harvard study of moods and cycles », Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 79, 2004, p. 167-176.

P. 79 par.: Il est connu qu’...

Revue dans PECINS-THOMPSON, M. et BETHEA, C. L. « RU 486 blocks and fluoxetine augments progesterone-induced prolactin secretion in monkeys », Neuroendocrinology, vol. 65, 1997, p. 335-343.

P. 81 par. : Premièrement, nous savons que...

MAJEWSKA, M. D., HARRISON, N. L., SCHWARTZ, R. D. et al. « Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GAGA receptor », Science, vol. 232, 1986, p. 1004-1007. Revue dans DEUTSCH, S. I., MASTROPAOLO, J. et HITRI, A. « GABA-active steroids: Endogenous modulators of GABA-gated chloride ion conductance », Clinical Neuropharmacology, vol. 15, 1992, p. 352-364. MAGUIRE, J. et MODY, I. « Neurosteroid synthesis-mediated regulation of GABAA receptors: Relevance to the ovarian cycle and stress », The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 27, 2007, p. 2155-2162.

P. 82 par. : Deuxièmement, l’allopregnanolone, en...

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TOUFEXIS, D. J., DAVIS, C., HAMMOND, A. et al. « Progesterone attenuates corticotropin-releasing factor-enhanced but not fear-potentiated startle via the activity of its neuroactive metabolite, allopregnanolone », The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 24, 2004, p. 10280-10287. tabl. : Pour en savoir plus... PAZOL, K., WILSON, M. E. et WALLEN, K. « Medroxyprogesterone acetate antagonizes the effects of estrogen treatment on social and sexual behavior in female macaques », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 89, 2004, p. 2998-3006.

P. 83 tabl.: La progestérone est un...

SCHUMACHER, M., ROBEL, P. et BAULIEU, E.-E. « Development and regeneration of the nervous system: A role for neurosteroids », Developmental Neuroscience, vol. 18, 1996, p. 6-21. MELLON, S. H. et GRIFFIN, L. D. « Neurosteroids: Biochemistry and clinical significance », Trends in endocrinology & metabolism, vol. 13, 2002, p. 35-43. MAGUIRE, J. et MODY, I. « Neurosteroid synthesis-mediated regulation of GABAA receptors: Relevance to the ovarian cycle and stress », The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 27, 2007, p. 2155-2162.

par.: La progestérone exerce un... GOODMAN, Y., BRUCE, A. J., CHENG, B. et al. « Estrogens attenuate and corticosterone exacerbates excitotoxicity, oxidative injury, and amyloid beta-peptide toxicity in hippocampal neurons », Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 66, 1996, p. 1836-1844. ROOF, R. L., HOFFMAN, S. W. et STEIN, D. G. « Progesterone protects against lipid peroxidation following traumatic brain injury in rats », Molecular and Chemical Neuropathology, vol. 31, 1997, p. 1-11.

P. 84 par.: Par contraste, des recherches...

CIRIZA, I., CARRERO, P., FRYE, C. A. et al. « Reduced metabolites mediate neuroprotective effects of progesterone in the adult rat hippocampus. The synthetic progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) is not neuroprotective », Journal of Neurobiology, vol. 66, 2006, p. 916-928.

par.: L’administration de progestérone...

CERVANTES, M., GONZÁLEZ-VIDAL, M. D., RUELAS, R. et al. « Neuroprotective effects of progesterone on damage elicited by acute global cerebral ischemia in neurons of the caudate nucleus », Archives of Medical Research, vol. 33, 2002, p. 6-14. MURPHY, S. J., LITTLETON-KEARNEY, M. T. et HURN, P. D. « Progesterone administration during reperfusion, but not preischemi ovariectomized rats », Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, vol. 22, 2002, p. 1181-1188.

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par.: La progestérone a aussi...

REGENSTEINER, J. G., WOODARD, W. D., HAGERMAN, D. D. et al. « Combined effects of female hormones and metabolic rate on ventilatory drives in women », Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 66, 1989, p. 808-813. PASCUAL, O., MORIN-SURUN, M.-P., BARNA, B. et al. « Progesterone reverses the neuronal responses to hypoxia in rat nucleus tractus solitarius in vitro », Journal of Physiology, vol. 544.2, 2002, p. 511-520. par.: Un autre effet positif... ROOF, R. L., DUVDEVANI, R., BRASWELL, L. et al. « Progesterone facilitates cognitive recovery and reduces secondary neuronal loss caused by cortical contusion injury in male rats », Experimental Neurology, vol. 129, 1994, p. 64-69. ASBURY, E. T., FRITTS, M. E., HORTON, J. E. et al. « Progesterone facilitates the acquisition of avoidance learning and protects against subcortical neuronal death following prefrontal cortex ablation in the rat », Behavioural Brain Research, vol. 97, 1998, p. 99-106. ROOF, R. L., DUVDEVANI, R. et STEIN, D. G. « Gender influences outcome of brain injury: Progesterone plays a protective role », Brain Research, vol. 607, 1993, p. 333-336. par.: La progestérone exerce un... VONGHER, J. M. et FRYE, C. A. « Progesterone in conjunction with estradiol has neuroprotective effects in an animal model of neurodegeneration », Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, vol. 64, 1999, p. 777-785. tabl.: Pour en savoir plus... NILSEN, J. et BRINTON, R. D. « Impact of progestins on estradiol potentiation of the glutamate calcium response », NeuroReport, vol. 13, 2002, p. 825-830.

P. 85 par.: De nombreuses études ont...

Revue dans SCHUMACHER, M., ROBEL, P. et BAULIEU, E.-E. « Development and regeneration of the nervous system: A role for neurosteroids », Developmental Neuroscience, vol. 18, 1996, p. 6-21. YU, W.-H. A. « Survival of motoneurons following axotomy is enhanced by lactation or by progesterone treatment », Brain Research, vol. 491, 1989, p. 379-382. GONZALEZ DENISELLE, M. C., LÓPEZ-COSTA, J. J., GONZALEZ, S. L. et al. « Basis of progesterone protection in spinal cord neurodegeneration », The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 83, 2002, p. 199-209. GONZALEZ DENISELLE, M. C., LÓPEZ-COSTA, J. J., SAAVEDRA, J. P. et al. « Progesterone neuroprotection in the Wobbler mouse, a genetic model of spinal cord motor neuron disease », Neurobiology of Disease, vol. 11, 2002, p. 457-468.

par.: La progestérone est aussi...

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CHAN, J. R., RODRIGUEZ-WAITKUS, P. M., NG, B. K. et al. « Progesterone synthesized by Schwann cells during myelin formation regulates neuronal gene expression », Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol. 11, 2000, p. 2283-2295. par.: La progestérone a aussi... HOFFMAN, G. E., MOORE, N., FISKUM, G. et al. « Ovarian steroid modulation of seizure severity and hippocampal cell death after kainic acid treatment », Experimental Neurology, vol. 182, 2003, p. 124-134. ENSOM, M. H. H. « Gender-based differences and menstrual cycle-related changes in specific diseases: Implications for pharmacotherapy », Pharmacotherapy, vol. 20, 2000, p. 523-539. FOLDVARY-SCHAEFER, N., HARDEN, C., HERZOG, A. et al. « Hormones and seizures », Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medecine, vol. 71, 2004, p. S11-S18.

P. 87 par.: L’ostéoporose est une...

MELTON, L. J., CHRISCHILLES, E. A., COOPER, C. et al. « Perspective: How many women have osteoporosis? », Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 7, 1992, p. 1005-1010. Revue dans CHEUNG, A. M., FEIG, D. S., KAPRAL, M. et al. « Women’s health. Prevention of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women: Recommendation statement from the Canadian Task Force on preventive health care. » Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 170, 2004, p. 1665-1667.

P. 88 par.: Peu de gens sont...

HANLEY, D. A. et JOSSE, R. G. « Prevention and management of osteoporosis: Consensus statements from the Scientific Advisory Board of the Osteoporosis Society of Canada », Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 155, 1996, p. 921-922.

par.: À la ménopause, la...

GREENSPAN, S. L., MAITLAND, L. A., MYERS, E. R. et al. « Femoral bone loss progresses with age: A longitudinal study in women over age 65 », Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 9, 1994, p. 1959-1965. RAISZ, L. G. et PRESTWOOD, K. M. « Estrogen and the risk of fracture - new data, new questions », The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 339, 1998, p. 767-768.

P. 89 tabl.: Avez-vous besoin de...

BROWN, J. P. et JOSSE R. G. « Lignes directrices de pratique clinique 2002 pour le diagnostic et le traitement de l’ostéoporose au Canada », Journal de l’Association Médicale du Canada, vol. 168 (suppl. 6), 2003, p. SF1-SF38. BRAULT DUBUC, M. et CARON LAHAIE, L. Valeur nutritive des aliments, 9e édition, Société Brault-Lahaie, 2003, 331 p.

par. : Certains croient que le...

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FINKELSTEIN, J. S. « Calcium plus vitamin D for postmenopausal women-Bone appétit? », The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 354, 2006, p. 750-752. par.: Une sous-étude de la... JACKSON, R. D., LACROIX, A. Z., GASS, M. et al. « Calcium plus vitamine D supplementation and the risk of fractures », The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 354, 2006, p. 669-683.

P. 90 tabl.: La diminution de l’...

YANG, Y. X., LEWIS, J. D., EPSTEIN, S. et al. « Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 296, 2006, p. 2947-2953.

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P. 99 par.: Selon le Dr Greene,...

GREENE, R. A. et FELDON, L. Perfect Balance, New York, Clarkson Potter/Publisher, 2005, 351 p. tabl.: L’estradiol-17 et la... LAGANIÈRE, J., DEBLOIS G., LEFEBVRE C. et al. « Location analysis of estrogen receptor target promoters reveals that FOXA1 defines a domain of the estrogen response », Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 102, 2005, p. 11651-11656. LEO, J. C. L., WANG, S. M., GUO, C. H. et al. « Gene regulation profile reveals consistent anticancer properties of progesterone in hormone-independent breast cancer cells transfected with progesterone receptor », International Journal of Cancer, vol. 117, 2005, p. 561-568.

P. 100 par. En effet, l’estradiol-17 ...

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P. 107 par.: Une étude randomisée, à...

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P. 124 par.: Une analyse de toutes...

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par.: Une étude de la...

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par. : L’étude MISSION...

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P. 126 tabl. : Saviez-vous que…

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par.: Finalement, une importante étude... FOURNIER, A., BERRINO, F., RIBOLI E. et al. « Breast cancer risk in relation to different types of hormone replacement therapy in the E3N-EPIC cohort » International Journal of Cancer, vol. 114, 2005, p. 448-454.

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P. 139 par. : Chez les femmes porteuses...

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par. : Actuellement, il semble que... FOULKES, W. D. et NAROD, S. A. « Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: Epidemiology, genetics, screening and predictive testing », Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Médecine Clinique et Expérimentale, vol. 18, 1995, p. 473-483.

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BARTEK, J., BARTKOVA, J., VOJTESEK, B. et al. « Patterns of expression of the p53 tumour suppressor in human breast tissues and tumours in situ and in vitro », International Journal of Cancer, vol. 46, 1990, p. 839-844. LEVINE, A. J. « p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division », Cell, vol. 88, 1997, p. 323-331. par.: Vours verrez, au cours... GOODMAN, Y., BRUCE, A. J., CHENG, B. et al. « Estrogens attenuate and corticosterone exacerbates excitotoxicity, oxidative injury, and amyloid beta-peptide toxicity in hippocampal neurons », Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 66, 1996, p. 1836-1844. ROOF, R. L., HOFFMAN, S. W. et STEIN, D. G. « Progesterone protects against lipid peroxidation following traumatic brain injury in rats », Molecular and Chemical Neuropathology, vol. 31, 1997, p. 1-11. GREENE, R. A. et FELDON, L. Perfect Balance, New York, Clarkson Potter/Publisher, 2005, 351 p.

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POUTANEN, M., ISOMAA, V., PELTOKETO, H. et al. « Role of 17 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in endocrine and intracrine estradiol biosynthesis », The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 55, 1995, p. 525-532. GHERSEVICH, S. A., POUTANEN, M. H., MARTIKAINEN, H. K. et al. « Expression of 17 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human granulosa cells: Correlation with follicular size, cytochrome P450 aromatase activity and oestradiol production », Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 143, 1994, p. 139-150. par.: La HSD-17 type 1... CASEY, M. L., MACDONALD, P. C. et ANDERSSON, S. « 17 -Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2: Chromosomal assignment and progestin regulation of gene

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par.: Chez les femmes ménopausées,... Revue dans NISKER, J. A., HAMMOND, G. L., DAVIDSON, B. J. et al. « Serum sex hormone – binding globulin capacity and the percentage of free estradiol in postmenopausal women with and without endometrial carcinoma », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 138, 1980, p. 637-642.

P. 144 tabl. : ANASTASIA (1er tableau) YUE, W., SANTEN, R. J., WANG, J.-P. et al. « Aromatase within the breast », Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. 6, 1999, p. 157-164. tabl.: ANASTASIA (2e tableau) EDERY, M., GOUSSARD, J., DEHENNIN, L. et al. « Endogenous oestradiol-17 concentration in breast tumours determined by mass fragmentography and by radioimmunoassay: Relationship to receptor content », European Journal of Cancer, vol. 17, 1981, p.115-120. VAN LANDEGHEM, A. A. J., POORTMAN, J., NABUURS, M. et al. « Endogenous concentration and subcellular distribution of estrogens in normal and malignant human breast tissue », Cancer Research, vol. 45, 1985, p. 2900-2906. YUE, W., SANTEN, R. J., WANG, J.-P. et al. « Aromatase within the breast », Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. 6, 1999, p. 157-164.

P. 145 par.: Les chercheurs ont observé...

YUE, W., SANTEN, R. J., WANG, J.-P. et al. « Aromatase within the breast », Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. 6, 1999, p. 157-164.

P. 147 par.: La plupart des tissus,...

ERIKSEN, E. F., COLVARD, D. S., BERG, N. J. et al. « Evidence of estrogen receptors in normal human osteoblast-like cells » Science, vol. 241, 1988, p. 84-86

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INGEGNO, M. D., MONEY, S. R., THELMO, W. et al. « Progesterone receptors in the human heart and great vessels », Laboratory Investigation, vol. 59, 1988, p. 353-356. DOGLIONI, C., GAMBACORTA, M., ZAMBONI, G. et al. « Immunocytochemical localization of progesterone receptors in endocrine cells of the human pancreas », American Journal of Pathology, vol. 137, 1990, p. 999-1005. BONACCI, R., PINCHERA, A., FIERABRACCI, P. et al. « Relevance of estrogen and progesterone receptors enzyme immunoassay in malignant, benign and surrounding normal thyroid tissue », Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, vol. 19, 1996, p. 159-164. WANG, H., CRITCHLEY, H. O. D., KELLY, R. W. et al. « Progesterone receptor subtype B is differentially regulated in human endometrial stroma », Molecular Human Reproduction, vol. 4, 1988, p. 407-412. MULAC-JERICEVIC, B., MULLINAX, R. A., DEMAYO, F. J. et al. « Subgroup of reproductive functions of progesterone mediated by progesterone receptor-B isoform », Science, vol. 289, 2000, p. 1751-1754. Revue dans GRUBER, C. J., TSCHUGGUEL, W., SCHNEEBERGER, C. et al. « Production and actions of estrogens », The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 346, 2002, p. 340-352.

par.: En effet, un taux... HORWITZ, K. B., MOCKUS, M. B., PIKE, A. W. et al. « Progesterone receptor replenishment in T47D human breast cancer cells. Roles of protein synthesis and hormone metabolism », Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 258, 1983, p. 7603-7610. REE, A. H., LANDMARK, B. F., ESKILD, W. et al. « Autologous down-regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels for estrogen receptors in MCF-7 cells: An inverse correlation to progesterone receptor levels », Endocrinology, vol. 124, 1989, p. 2577-2583. CLARKE, R. B., HOWELL, A. et ANDERSON, E. « Estrogen sensitivity of normal human breast tissue in vivo and implanted into athymic nude mice: Analysis of the relationship between estrogen-induced proliferation and progesterone receptor expression », Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 45, 1997, p. 121-133. TURGEON, J. L. et WARING, D. W. « Progesterone regulation of the progesterone receptor in rat gonadotropes », Endocrinology, vol. 141, 2000, p. 3422-3429. par.:Un taux élevé de... TURGEON, J. L. et WARING, D. W. « Progesterone regulation of the progesterone receptor in rat gonadotropes », Endocrinology, vol. 141, 2000, p. 3422-3429. HSUEH, A. J. W., PECK, E. J. Jr. et CLARK, J. H. « Progesterone antagonism of the oestrogen receptor and oestrogen-induced uterine growth », Nature, vol. 254, 1975, p. 337-339.

P. 148 tabl.: Pour en savoir plus...

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VEGETO, E., SHAHBAZ, M. M., WEN, D. X. et al. « Human progesterone receptor A form is a cell-and promoter-specific repressor of human progesterone receptor B function », Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 7, 1993, p. 1244-1255. McDONNELL, D. P. et GOLDMAN, M. E. « RU486 exerts antiestrogenic activities through a novel progesterone receptor A form-mediated mechanism », Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 269, 1994, p. 11945-11949. McDONNELL, D. P., SHAHBAZ, M. M., VEGETO, E. et al. « The human progesterone receptor A-form functions as a transcriptional modulator of mineralocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity », The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 48, 1994, p. 425-432. MULAC-JERICEVIC, B., MULLINAX, R. A., DEMAYO, F. J. et al. « Subgroup of reproductive functions of progesterone mediated by progesterone receptor-B isoform », Science, vol. 289, 2000, p. 1751-1754. Revue dans INOUE, T., AKAHIRA, J.-I., TAKEYAMA, J. et al. « Spatial and topological distribution of progesterone receptor A and B isoforms during human development », Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 182, 2001, p. 83-89. INOUE, T., AKAHIRA, J.-I., SUZUKI, T. et al. « Progesterone production and actions in the human central nervous system and neurogenic tumors », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 87, 2002, p. 5325-5331.

P. 150 par.: Des chercheurs ont vérifié...

POTTEN, C. S., WATSON, R. J., WILLIAMS, G. T. et al. « The effect of age and menstrual cycle upon proliferative activity of the normal human breast », British Journal of Cancer, vol. 58, 1988, p. 163-170. par.:Des études ont montré... MEYER, J. S. et CONNOR, R. E. « Cell proliferation in fibrocystic disease and postmenopausal breast ducts measured by thymidine labeling », Cancer, vol. 50, 1982, p. 746-751. WALKER, K. J., PRICE-THOMAS, J. M., CANDLISH, W. et al. « Influence of the antioestrogen tamoxifen on normal breast tissue », British Journal of Cancer, vol. 64, 1991, p. 764-768. POTTEN, C. S., WATSON, R. J., WILLIAMS, G. T. et al. « The effect of age and menstrual cycle upon proliferative activity of the normal human breast », British Journal of Cancer, vol. 58, 1988, p. 163-170.

P. 151 par.: L’utilisation de contraceptifs...

ANDERSON, T. J., BATTERSBY, S., KING, R. J. B. et al. « Oral contraceptive use influences resting breast proliferation », Human Pathology, vol. 20, 1989, p. 1139-1144. WILLIAMS, G., ANDERSON, E., HOWELL, A. et al. « Oral contraceptive (OCP) use increases proliferation and decreases oestrogen receptor content of epithelial cells in the normal human breast », International Journal of Cancer, vol. 48, 1991, p. 206-210.

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HARGREAVES, D. F., KNOX, F., SWINDELL, R. et al. « Epithelial proliferation and hormone receptor status in the normal post-menopausal breast and the effects of hormone replacement therapy », British Journal of Cancer, vol. 78, 1998, p. 945-949.

P. 152 par.: Des chercheurs ont trouvé...

LAIDLAW, I. J., CLARKE, R. B., HOWELL, A. et al. « The proliferation of normal human breast tissue implanted into athymic nude mice is stimulated by estrogen but not progesterone », Endocrinology, vol. 136, 1995, p. 164-171. par.: Étonnamment, en 1962, un... KENNEDY, B. J. « Massive estrogen administration in premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer », Cancer, vol. 15, 1962, p. 641-648.

P. 153 par.: Plusieurs chercheurs ont observé...

CLARKE, R. B., HOWELL, A. et ANDERSON, E. « Estrogen sensitivity of normal human breast tissue in vivo and implanted into athymic nude mice: Analysis of the relationship between estrogen-induced proliferation and progesterone receptor expression », Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 45, 1997, p. 121-133. POTTEN, C. S., WATSON, R. J., WILLIAMS, G. T. et al. « The effect of age and menstrual cycle upon proliferative activity of the normal human breast », British Journal of Cancer, vol. 58, 1988, p. 163-170. par.: Une étude d’immunohistochimie... SÖDERQVIST, G., ISAKSSON, E., VON SCHOULTZ, B. et al. « Proliferation of breast epithelial cells in healthy women during the menstrual cycle », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 176, 1997, p. 123-128. par.: Comme la prolifération est... MASTERS, J. R. W., DRIFE, J. O. et SCARISBRICK, J. J. « Cyclic variation of DNA synthesis in human breast epithelium », Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 58, 1977, p. 1263-1265. POTTEN, C. S., WATSON, R. J., WILLIAMS, G. T. et al. « The effect of age and menstrual cycle upon proliferative activity of the normal human breast », British Journal of Cancer, vol. 58, 1988, p. 163-170. SÖDERQVIST, G., ISAKSSON, E., VON SCHOULTZ, B. et al. « Proliferation of breast epithelial cells in healthy women during the menstrual cycle », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 176, 1997, p. 123-128. par.: Dans le but de... LAIDLAW, I. J., CLARKE, R. B., HOWELL, A. et al. « The proliferation of normal human breast tissue implanted into athymic nude mice is stimulated by estrogen but not progesterone », Endocrinology, vol. 136, 1995, p. 164-171.

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P. 154 par.: En effet, la production... Revue dans GRUBER, C. J., TSCHUGGUEL, W., SCHNEEBERGER, C. et al. « Production and actions of estrogens », The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 346, 2002, p. 340-352.

par.: Les chercheurs ont observé...

McMANUS, M. J. et WELSCH, C. W. « The effect of estrogen, progesterone, thyroxine, and human placental lactogen on DNA synthesis of human breast ductal epithelium maintained in athymic nude mice », Cancer, vol. 54, 1984, p. 1920-1927. LAIDLAW, I. J., CLARKE, R. B., HOWELL, A. et al. « The proliferation of normal human breast tissue implanted into athymic nude mice is stimulated by estrogen but not progesterone », Endocrinology, vol. 136, 1995, p. 164-171. par.: L’étude dont nous... LAIDLAW, I. J., CLARKE, R. B., HOWELL, A. et al. « The proliferation of normal human breast tissue implanted into athymic nude mice is stimulated by estrogen but not progesterone », Endocrinology, vol. 136, 1995, p. 164-171. par.: Cependant, d’autres chercheurs... CHANG, K.-J., LEE, T. T. Y., LINARES-CRUZ, G. et al. « Influences of percutaneous administration of estradiol and progesterone on human breast epithelial cell cycle in vivo », Fertility and Sterility, vol. 63, 1995, p. 785-791.

P. 155 par.: Des chercheurs ont repris...

FOIDART, J.-M., COLIN, C., DENOO, X. et al. « Estradiol and progesterone regulate the proliferation of human breast epithelial cells », Fertility and Sterility, vol. 69, 1998, p. 963-969.

P. 158 par.: J’ai été étonnée...

CURTIS, S. W., WASHBURN, T., SEWALL, C. et al. « Physiological coupling of growth factor and steroid receptor signaling pathways: Estrogen receptor knockout mice lack estrogen-like response to epidermal growth factor », Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 93, 1996, p. 12626-12630.

P. 159 par.: Des données épidémiologiques montrent...

HUTCHINS, G. G. « Estradiol and insulin crosstalk in breast cancer », communication dans DigitalCommons@The Texas Medical Center, 2001. par.: De façon concordante, une... KENT, A. « Obesity, death and breast cancer », BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 113, 2006, p. 1222-1223. par.: L’explication actuellement répandue...

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Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group. « Body mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women », Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 95, 2003, p. 1218-1226.

P. 160 par.: Une étude d’envergure... TRETLI, S. « Height and weight in relation to breast cancer morbidity and mortality. A prospective study of 570,000 women in Norway », International Journal of Cancer, vol. 44, 1989, p. 23-30. par.: Il est d’un grand… KENT, A. « Obesity, death and breast cancer », BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 113, 2006, p. 1222-1223.

P. 161 tabl.: Pour en savoir plus... VAN DER BURG, B., RUTTERMAN, G. R., BLANKENSTEIN, M. A. et al. « Mitogenic stimulation of human breast cancer cells in a growth factor-defined medium: Synergistic action of insulin and estrogen », Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 134, 1988, p. 101-108. NEWTON, C. J., BURIC, R., TRAPP, T. et al. « The unliganded estrogen receptor (ER) transduces growth factor signals », The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 48, 1994, p. 481-486.

P. 163 par. : Une étude suédoise impliquant...

STATTIN, P., BJÖR, O., FERRARI, P. et al. « Prospective study of hyperglycemia and cancer risk », Diabetes Care, vol. 30, 2007, p. 561-567.

par.: Une étude réalisée par... COURNOT, M., MARQUIÉ, J. C., ANSIAU, D. et al. « Relation between body mass index and cognitive function in healthy middle-aged men and women », Neurology, vol. 67, 2006, p. 1208-1214.

par. : L’exercice physique pratiqué...

McTIERNAN, A., ULRICH, C., SLATE, S. et al. « Physical activity and cancer etiology: Associations and mechanisms », Cancer Causes and Control, vol. 9, 1998, p. 487-509.

P. 164 tabl.: Pour en savoir plus...

McMICHAEL-PHILLIPS, D. F., HARDING, C., MORTON, M. et al. « The effects of soy supplementation on epithelial proliferation in the normal breast », Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 41, 1996, p. 263.

par.: D’abord, les chercheurs...

BULBROOK, R. D., SWAIN, M. C., WANG, D. Y. et al. « Breast cancer in Britain and Japan: Plasma oestradiol-17 , oestrone and progesterone, and their urinary metabolites in

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normal British and Japanese women », European Journal of Cancer, vol. 12, 1976, p. 725-735. par.: De plus, la plus faible... Revue dans BULBROOK, R. D., SWAIN, M. C., WANG, D. Y. et al. « Breast cancer in Britain and Japan: Plasma oestradiol-17 , oestrone and progesterone, and their urinary metabolites in normal British and Japanese women », European Journal of Cancer, vol. 12, 1976, p. 725-735.

P. 168 par.: À mon sens, un...

ROCA, C. A., SCHMIDT, P. J., ALTEMUS, M. et al. « Differential menstrual cycle regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in women with premenstrual syndrome and controls », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 88, 2003, p. 3057-3063.

P. 169 par.: Étant donné les répercussions... PORTER, J. C. « Hormonal regulation of breast development and activity », The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 63, 1974, p. 85-92.

P. 171 par.: Lorsqu’on découvre qu’...

Revue dans ALTUNDAG, K. et IBRAHIM, N. K. « Aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer: An overview », The Oncologist, vol. 11, 2006, p. 553-562.

P. 172 par.: Dans la Million Women Study,...

Million Women Study Collaborators. « Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women study », Lancet, vol. 362, 2003, p. 419-427. ROZENBAUM, H. « Cancer du sein et hormonothérapie substitutive dans l’étude the Million Women Study », (analyse de l’article: « Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women study », Lancet, vol. 362, 2003, p. 419-427.) http://www.menopauseafem.com/medical/analyse2.php3?id=493 par.: Une étude a effectivement... Revue dans NATRAJAN, P. K., SOUMAKIS, K. et GAMBRELL, Jr. R.D. « Estrogen replacement therapy in women with previous breast cancer », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 181, 1999, p. 288-295.

P. 173 tabl.: Saviez-vous que..

WREN, B. G. « Hormonal replacement therapy and breast cancer », European Menopause Journal, vol. 2, 1995, p. 13-19.

P. 174 par.: Les femmes ayant un...

LEWIS, S., LOCKER, A., TODD, J. H. et al. « Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in breast carcinoma », Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 43, 1990, p. 385-389.

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GABELMAN, B. M. et EMERMAN, J. T. « Effects of estrogen, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor- on the growth of human breast epithelial cells in primary culture », Experimental cell research, vol. 201, 1992, p. 113-118.

par.: tabl.: Saviez-vous que...

WREN, B. G. « Hormonal replacement therapy and breast cancer », European Menopause Journal, vol. 2, 1995, p. 13-19.

P. 175 par. : Les principaux risques de… BITOMSKY, M. « Better breast CA survival gives MDs new challenges », Rapporté dans The Medical Post, 24 janvier 2006, p. 38. Par. : Avec la chimiothérapie, les… BITOMSKY, M. « Better breast CA survival gives MDs new challenges », Rapporté dans The Medical Post, 24 janvier 2006, p. 38.

par. : Des chercheurs se sont... BERRY, D. A., CIRRINCIONE, C., HENDERSON, I. C. et al. « Estrogen-receptor status and outcomes of modern chemotherapy for patients with node-positive breast cancer », Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 295, 2006, p. 1658-1667.

P. 176 par.: Chez les femmes ménopausées,...

ALTUNDAG, K. et IBRAHIM, N. K. « Aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer: An overview », The Oncologist, vol. 11, 2006, p. 553-562. par.: Les effets secondaires des... BITOMSKY, M. « Better breast CA survival gives MDs new challenges », Rapporté dans The Medical Post, 24 janvier 2006, p. 38.

par.: Le tamoxifène entraînerait une... FISHER, B., COSTANTINO, J. P., WICKERHAM, D. L. et al. « Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer: Current status of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study », Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 97, 2005, p. 1652-1662. TSAO, A. S., KIM, E. S. et HONG, W. K. « Chemoprevention of cancer », CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, vol. 54, 2004, p. 150-180. Revue dans ALTUNDAG, K. et IBRAHIM, N. K. « Aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer: An overview », The Oncologist, vol. 11, 2006, p. 553-562.

P. 177 par.: Les effets négatifs du...

CUZICK, J., POWLES, T., VERONESI, U. et al. « Overview of the main outcomes in breast-cancer prevention trials », Lancet, vol. 361, 2003, p. 296-300.

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BITOMSKY, M. « Better breast CA survival gives MDs new challenges », Rapporté dans The Medical Post, 24 janvier 2006, p. 38.

par.: Entre autres à cause...

FISHER, B., COSTANTINO, J. P., WICKERHAM, D. L. et al. « Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: Report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study », Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 90, 1998, p. 1371-1388. POWLES, T., EELES, R., ASHLEY S. et al. « Interim analysis of the incidence of breast cancer in the Royal Marsden Hospital tamoxifen randomised chemoprevention trial », Lancet, vol. 352, 1998, p. 98-101.

par.: Chez les femmes ménopausées...

ALTUNDAG, K. et IBRAHIM, N. K. « Aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer: An overview », The Oncologist, vol. 11, 2006, p. 553-562. The Writing Committee. « A comparison of letrozole and tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer », The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 353, 2005, p. 2747-2757.

par.: Des stratégies utilisant le...

COOMBES, R. C., HALL, E., GIBSON, L.J. et al. « A randomized trial of exemestane after two to three years of tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer », The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 350, 2004, p. 1081-1092. Revue dans ALTUNDAG, K. et IBRAHIM, N. K. « Aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer: An overview », The Oncologist, vol. 11, 2006, p. 553-562.

P. 178 par.: Nous avons vu que...

MILLER, W. R. et O’NEILL, J. « The importance of local synthesis of estrogen within the breast », Steroids, vol. 50, 1987, p. 537-548.

P. 179 par.: Des études ont montré...

LONNING, P. E. « Pharmacology of new aromatase inhibitors », Breast, vol. 5, 1996, p. 202-208. GEISLER, J., KING, N., ANKER, G. et al. « In vivo inhibition of aromatization by exemestane, a novel irreversible aromatase inhibitor, in postmenopausal breast cancer patients », Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 4, 1998, p. 2089-2093.

P. 180 par.: Des chercheurs ont déjà...

MILLER, W. R. et O’NEILL, J. « The importance of local synthesis of estrogen within the breast », Steroids, vol. 50, 1987, p. 537-548.

P. 181 par.: La privation en estradiol...

YUE, W., SANTEN, R. J., WANG, J.-P. et al. « Aromatase within the breast », Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. 6, 1999, p. 157-164.

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MASAMURA, S., SANTNER, S. J., HEITJAN, D. F. et al. « Estrogen deprivation causes estradiol hypersensitivity in human breast cancer cells », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 80, 1995, p. 2918-2925. SANTEN, R. J., SONG, R. X., ZHANG, Z. et al. « Long-term estradiol deprivation in breast cancer cells up-regulates growth factor signaling and enhances estrogen sensitivity », Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. 12 (suppl. 1), 2005, p. S61-S73. par.: D’autres chercheurs ont... POLLOW, K., BOQUOI, E., BAUMANN, J. et al. « Comparison of the in vitro conversion of estradiol-17 to estrone of normal and neoplastic human breast tissue », Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 6, 1977, p. 333-348. MEHTA, R. R., VALCOURT, L., GRAVES, J. et al. « Subcellular concentrations of estrone, estradiol, androstenedione and 17 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17- -OH-SDH) activity in malignant and non-malignant human breast tissues », International Journal of Cancer, vol. 40, 1987, p. 305-308.

P. 183 par.: Une étude a montré...

POWLES, T. J. « Tamoxifen and oestrogen replacement », Lancet, vol. 336, 1990, p. 48. VERONESI, U., MAISONNEUVE, P., COSTA, A. et al. « Prevention of breast cancer with Tamoxifen: Preliminary findings from the Italian randomised trial among hysterectomised women », Lancet, vol. 352, 1998, p. 93-97. HORN, Y., WALACH, N., PAVLOTSKY, A. et al. « Randomized study comparing chemotherapy with and without estrogen priming in advanced breast cancer », International Journal of Oncology, vol. 4, 1994, p. 499-501.

P. 185 par.: À l’instar de...

ARPINO, G., WEISS, H., LEE, A. V. et al. « Estrogen receptor-positive, progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer: Association with growth factor receptor expression and tamoxifen resistance », Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 97, 2005, p. 1254-1261. par.: Des recherches montrent que... WALKER, K. J., PRICE-THOMAS, J. M., CANDLISH, W. et al. « Influence of the antioestrogen tamoxifen on normal breast tissue », British Journal of Cancer, vol. 64, 1991, p. 764-768. HORWITZ, K. B., KOSEKI, Y. et McGUIRE, W. L. « Estrogen control of progesterone receptor in human breast cancer: Role of estradiol and antiestrogen », Endocrinology, vol. 103, 1978, p. 1742-1751. par.: Un effet estrogénique avec... FERRAZZI, E., CARTEI, G., MATTARAZZO, R. et al. « Oestrogen-like effect of tamoxifen on vaginal epithelium », British Medical Journal, vol. 1, 1977, p. 1351-1352.

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P. 186 par.: Comme l’estradiol-17 , le...

HORWITZ, K. B., KOSEKI, Y. et McGUIRE, W. L. « Estrogen control of progesterone receptor in human breast cancer: Role of estradiol and antiestrogen », Endocrinology, vol. 103, 1978, p. 1742-1751.

P. 188 par.: Plusieurs femmes ayant eu...

TRINH, X.-B., PEETERS, F. et TJALMA, W. A. A. « The thoughts of breast cancer survivors regarding the need for starting hormone replacement therapy », European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. 124, 2006, p. 250-253.

par.: En 2004, la Société... LEA, R., BANNISTER, E., CASE, A. et al. « Recours à l’hormonothérapie substitutive après un traitement contre le cancer du sein. Directives cliniques de la SOGC », Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, vol. 26, 2004, p. 55-60. par ex.: De nombreuses études proposent... POWLES, T. J., HICKISH, T., CASEY, S. et al. « Hormone replacement after breast cancer », Lancet, vol. 342, 1993, p. 60-61. WILE, A. G., OPFELL, R. W. et MARGILETH, D. A. « Hormone replacement therapy in previously treated breast cancer patients », American Journal of Surgery, vol. 165, 1993, p. 372-375. DISAIA, P. J., GROSEN, E. A., ODICINO, F. et al. « Replacement therapy for breast cancer survivors », Cancer, vol. 76, 1995, p. 2075-2078. EDEN, J., BUSH, T., NAND, S. et al. « A case controlled study of combined continuous oestrogen-progesterone replacement therapy among women with a personal history of breast cancer », Menopause, vol. 2, 1995, p. 67-72. DISAIA, P. J., GROSEN, E. A., KUROSAKI, T. et al. « Hormone replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors: A cohort study », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 174, 1996, p. 1494-1498. DISAIA, P. J. « Estrogen replacement therapy for the breast cancer survivor: A reappraisal », Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 64, 1997, p. 175-180. VASSILOPOULOU-SELLIN, R., THERIAULT, R. et KLEIN, M. J. « Estrogen replacement therapy in women with prior diagnosis and treatment for breast cancer », Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 65, 1997, p. 89-93. DEW, J., EDEN, J., BELLER, E. et al. « A cohort study of hormone replacement therapy given to women previously treated for breast cancer », Climacteric, vol. 1, 1998, p. 137-142.

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STOLL, B. A. et PARBHOO, S. « Treatment of menopausal symptoms in breast cancer patients », Lancet, vol. 1, 1988, p. 1278-1279. BREWSTER, W. R., DISAIA, P. J., GROSEN, E. A. et al. « An experience with estrogen replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors », International Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine, vol. 44, 1999, p. 186-192. MAHAVNI, V. et BULLER, R. E. « Estrogen replacement therapy in endometrial and breast cancer survivors », Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 42, 1999, p. 863-875. NATRAJAN, P. K., SOUMAKIS, K. et GAMBRELL, Jr. R. D. « Estrogen replacement therapy in women with previous breast cancer », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 181, 1999, p. 288-295. URSIC-VRSCAJ, M. et BEBAR, S. « A case-control study of hormone replacement therapy after primary surgical breast cancer treatment », European Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 25, 1999, p. 146-151. VASSILOPOULOU-SELLIN, R., ASMAR, L., HORTOBAGYI, G. N. et al. « Estrogen replacement therapy after localized breast cancer: Clinical outcome of 319 followed prospectively », Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 17, 1999, p. 1482-1487. DISAIA, P. J., BREWSTER, W. R., ZIOGAS, A. et al. « Breast cancer survival and hormone replacement therapy: A cohort analysis », American Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 23, 2000, p. 541-545. BECKMANN, M. W., JAP, D., DJAHANSOUZI, S. et al. « Hormone replacement therapy after treatment of breast cancer: Effects on postmenopausal symptoms, bone mineral density and recurrence rates », Oncology, vol. 60, 2001, p. 199-206. COL, N. F., HIROTA, L. K., ORR, R. K. et al. « Hormone replacement therapy after breast cancer: A systematic review and quantitative assessment of risk », Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 19, 2001, p. 2357-2363. O’MEARA, E. S., ROSSING, M. A., DALING, J. R. et al. « Hormone replacement therapy after a diagnosis of breast cancer in relation to recurrence and mortality », Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 93, 2001, p. 754-762. par.: Par exemple, lors d’... EDEN, J. « Should women who have had breast cancer take hormone replacement therapy? », Maturitas, vol. 22, 1995, p. 69-70. EDEN, J., BUSH, T., NAND, S. et al. « A case controlled study of combined continuous oestrogen-progesterone replacement therapy among women with a personal history of breast cancer », Menopause, vol. 2, 1995, p. 67-72. par.: Une autre étude importante... DEW, J., EDEN, J., BELLER, E. et al. « A cohort study of hormone replacement therapy given to women previously treated for breast cancer », Climacteric, vol. 1, 1998, p. 137-142. par.: Une synthèse des articles...

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MAHAVNI, V. et BULLER, R. E. « Estrogen replacement therapy in endometrial and breast cancer survivors », Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 42, 1999, p. 863-875.

P. 189 par.: Une étude menée par...

O’MEARA, E. S., ROSSING, M. A., DALING, J. R. et al. « Hormone replacement therapy after a diagnosis of breast cancer in relation to recurrence and mortality », Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 93, 2001, p. 754-762. par.: Récemment, trois études randomisées,... HOLMBERG, L. et ANDERSON, H., pour les comités HABITS. « HABITS (hormonal replacement therapy after breast cancer – is it safe?), a randomised comparison: Trial stopped », Lancet, vol. 363, 2004, p. 453-455. XYDAKIS, A. M., SAKKAS, E. GR. et MASTORAKOS, G. « Hormone replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors », Annals New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1092, 2006, p. 349-360.

(version: juin 2009)

par.: Dans une étude publiée… Revue dans DISAIA, P. J., BREWSTER, W. R., ZIOGAS, A. et al. « Breast cancer survival and hormone replacement therapy: A cohort analysis », American Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 23, 2000, p. 541-545.

par.: Pendant près de 60 ans,... SEGALOFF, A. « Progress report: Results of studies by the Cooperative Breast Cancer Group – 1956-60 », Cancer Chemotherapy Reports, vol. 11, 1961, p. 109-141. KENNEDY, B. J. « Massive estrogen administration in premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer », Cancer, vol. 15, 1962, p. 641-648. SEGALOFF, A. « Cooperative Breast Cancer Group », Cancer Chemotherapy Reports, vol. 41, 1964, supplément. HILF, R., MICHEL, I. et BELL, C. « Biochemical and morphological responses of normal and neoplastic mammary tissue to hormonal treatment », Recent Progress in Hormone Research, vol. 23, 1967, p. 229-295. Revue dans LONNING, P. E., TAYLOR, P. D., ANKER, G. et al. « High-dose estrogen treatment in postmenopausal breast cancer patients heavily exposed to endocrine therapy », Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 67, 2001, p. 111-116.

par.: Plus récemment, des chercheurs... LONNING, P. E., TAYLOR, P. D., ANKER, G. et al. « High-dose estrogen treatment in postmenopausal breast cancer patients heavily exposed to endocrine therapy », Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 67, 2001, p. 111-116.

P. 190 par.: Des recherches chez des...

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HILF, R., MICHEL, I. et BELL, C. « Biochemical and morphological responses of normal and neoplastic mammary tissue to hormonal treatment », Recent Progress in Hormone Research, vol. 23, 1967, p. 229-295.

par.: L’effet anticancer des...

SEGALOFF, A. « Hormones and breast cancer », Recent Progress in Hormone Research, vol. 22, 1966, p. 351-379. par.: D’autres chercheurs ont... LIPPMAN, M., BOLAN, G. et HUFF, K. « The effects of estrogens and antiestrogens on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture », Cancer Research, vol. 36, 1976, p. 4595-4601. LIPPMAN, M., BOLAN, G. et HUFF, K. « The effects of glucocorticoids and progesterone on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture », Cancer Research, vol. 36, 1976, p. 4602-4609.

P. 191 par.: Anastasia avait repris les...

SONG, R. X.-D., MOR, G., NAFTOLIN, F. et al. « Effect of long-term estrogen deprivation on apoptotic responses of breast cancer cells to 17 -estradiol », Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 93, 2001, p. 1714-1723.

par.: Des chercheurs en oncologie...

MAURIAC, L. et DEBLED, M. Quel traitement anti-hormonal après hormonothérapie adjuvante par inhibiteur de l’aromatase? Paris, Eurocancer, John Libbey Eurotext, 2006, p. 189-190. par. : En résumé, toutes ces... Revue dans SANTEN, R. J., SONG, R. X., ZHANG, Z. et al. « Long-term estradiol deprivation in breast cancer cells up-regulates growth factor signaling and enhances estrogen sensitivity », Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. 12 (suppl. 1), 2005, p. S61-S73. KATZENELLENBOGEN, B. S., KENDRA, K. L., NORMAN, M. J. et al. « Proliferation, hormonal responsiveness, and estrogen receptor content of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells grown in the short-term and long-term absence of estrogens », Cancer Research, vol. 47, 1987, p. 4355-4360. tabl. : Déficit en estradiol et... Revue dans SANTEN, R. J., SONG, R. X., ZHANG, Z. et al. « Long-term estradiol deprivation in breast cancer cells up-regulates growth factor signaling and enhances estrogen sensitivity », Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. 12 (suppl. 1), 2005, p. S61-S73. LEWIS, S., LOCKER, A., TODD, J. H. et al. « Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in breast carcinoma », Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 43, 1990, p. 385-389.

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POUTANEN, M., ISOMAA, V., PELTOKETO, H. et al. « Role of 17 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in endocrine and intracrine estradiol biosynthesis », The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 55, 1995, p. 525-532.

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par.: L’estriol provient de... FLOOD, C., PRATT, J. H., LONGCOPE, C. et al. « The metabolic clearance and blood production rates of estriol in normal, non-pregnant women », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 42, 1976, p. 1-8.

P. 192 par. : En fin de grossesse,…

Revue dans CASEY, M. L., MACDONALD, P. C. et ANDERSSON, S. « 17 -Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2: Chromosomal assignment and progestin regulation of gene expression in human endometrium », Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 94, 1994, p. 2135-2141. par.: À la suite de... LEMON, H. M. « Estriol prevention of mammary carcinoma induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene and procarbazine », Cancer Research, vol. 35, 1975, p. 1341-1353. par.: L’estriol pourrait aussi... Rapporté dans FOLLINGSTAD, A. H. « Estriol, the forgotten estrogen? », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 239, 1978, p. 29-30.

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par.: En effet, des chercheurs... HUGGINS, C., TORRALBA, Y. et MAINZER, K. « Hormonal influences on mammary tumors of the rat. I. Acceleration of growth of transplanted fibroadenoma in ovariectomized and hypophysectomized rats », Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 104, 1956, p. 525-538.

P. 193 par. : L’estriol ne peut être…

KUHL, H. « Pharmacokinetics of oestrogens and progestogens », Maturitas, vol. 12, 1990, p. 171-197.

par.: De façon concordante, des... ANDERSON, J. N., CLARK, J. H. et PECK, E. J. Jr. « The relationship between nuclear receptor-estrogen binding and uterotrophic responses », Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 48, 1972, p. 1460-1468. ANDERSON, J. N., PECK, E. J. Jr. et CLARK, J. H. « Estrogen-induced uterine responses and growth: Relationship to receptor estrogen binding by uterine nuclei », Endocrinology, vol. 96, 1975, p. 160- 167.

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tabl.: Pour en savoir plus... LEMON, H. M., WOTIZ, H. H., PARSONS, L. et al. « Reduced estriol excretion in patients with breast cancer prior to endocrine therapy », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 196, 1966, p. 112-120. LONGCOPE, C. « Breast cancer and estriol dynamics (abstr.) », Program of the Breast Cancer Task Force, 1975, p. 148. BULBROOK, R. D., SWAIN, M. C., WANG, D. Y. et al. « Breast cancer in Britain and Japan: Plasma oestradiol-17 , oestrone and progesterone, and their urinary metabolites in normal British and Japanese women », European Journal of Cancer, vol. 12, 1976, p. 725-735. BULBROOK, R. D., MOORE, J. W., CLARK, G. M. G. et al. « Plasma oestradiol and progesterone levels in women with varying degrees of risk of breast cancer », European Journal of Cancer, vol. 14, 1978, p. 1369-1375. MACMAHON, B., COLE, P., BROWN, J. B. et al. « Oestrogen profiles of Asian and North American women », Lancet, vol. 2, 1971, p. 900-903. DICKINSON, L. E., MACMAHON, B., COLE, P. et al. « Estrogen profiles of Oriental and Caucasian women in Hawaii », The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 292, 1974, p. 1211-1213.

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par.: Des recherches montrent aussi... DESHPANDE, N., CARSON, P. et HORNER, J. « Oestriol in human breast tumours », Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, vol. 7, 1976, p. 11-13.

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par.: Dans les années 1990,… Revue dans NATRAJAN, P. K., SOUMAKIS, K. et GAMBRELL, Jr. R.D. « Estrogen replacement therapy in women with previous breast cancer », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 181, 1999, p. 288-295.

P. 194 par.: Nous avons vu que... COWAN, L. D., GORDIS, L., TONASCIA, J. A. et al. « Breast cancer incidence in women with a history of progesterone deficiency », American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 114, 1981, p. 209-217. par.: L’étude a montré ... MOHR, P. E., WANG, D.Y., GREGORY, W. M. et al. « Serum progesterone and prognosis in operable breast cancer », British Journal of Cancer, vol. 73, 1996, p. 1552-1555.

P. 194 (version: avril 2008) et P. 195 (version : juin 2009) tabl. : Saviez-vous que...

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INOH, A., KAMIYA, K., FUJII, Y. et al. « Protective effects of progesterone and tamoxifen in estrogen-induced mammary carcinogenesis in ovariectomized W/Fu rats », Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, vol. 76, 1985, p. 699-704.

P. 195 par.: En effet, les cancers...

ARPINO, G., WEISS, H., LEE, A. V. et al. « Estrogen receptor-positive, progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer: Association with growth factor receptor expression and tamoxifen resistance », Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 97, 2005, p. 1254-1261. par.: Par exemple, des chercheurs... CLARK, G. M., McGUIRE, W. L., HUBAY, C. A. et al. « Progesterone receptors as a prognostic factor in Stage II breast cancer », The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 309, 1983, p. 1343-1347. par. : La présence ou l’... Revue dans FUQUA, S. A. W., CUI, Y., LEE, A. V. et al. « Insights into the role of progesterone receptors in breast cancer », Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 23, 2005, p. 931-932. BARDOU, V.-J., ARPINO, G., ELLEDGE, R. M. et al. « Progesterone receptor status significantly improves outcome prediction over estrogen receptor status alone for adjuvant endocrine therapy in two large breast cancer databases », Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 21, 2003, p. 1973-1979. par.: En d’autres mots,... CUI, X., ZHANG, P., DENG, W. et al. « Insulin-like growth factor-I inhibits progesterone receptor expression in breast cancer cells via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway: Progesterone receptor as a potential indicator of growth factor activity in breast cancer », Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 17, 2003, p. 575-588.

P. 195 (version: avril 2008) et P. 196 (version : juin 2009)

par.: Des chercheurs ont observé... LIN, V. C. L., ENG, A. S., HEN, N. E. et al. « Effect of progesterone on the invasive properties and tumor growth of progesterone receptor-transfected breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 », Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 7, 2001, p. 2880-2886. LEO, J. C. L., WANG, S. M., GUO, C. H. et al. « Gene regulation profile reveals consistent anticancer properties of progesterone in hormone-independent breast cancer cells transfected with progesterone receptor », International Journal of Cancer, vol. 117, 2005, p. 561-568.

P. 195 (version: avril 2008) et P. 196 (version : juin 2009)

par.: Cette inhibition de la...

52

LEO, J. C. L., WANG, S. M., GUO, C. H. et al. « Gene regulation profile reveals consistent anticancer properties of progesterone in hormone-independent breast cancer cells transfected with progesterone receptor », International Journal of Cancer, vol. 117, 2005, p. 561-568.

P. 195 (version: avril 2008) et P. 196 (version : juin 2009) par.: Des recherches ont montré... FORMBY, B. et WILEY, T. S. « Progesterone inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells: Inverse effects on Bcl-2 and p53 », Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, vol. 28, 1998, p. 360-369.

P. 196 par.: Une étude avec des...

HORWITZ, K. B. et McGUIRE, W. L. « Estrogen control of progesterone receptor in human breast cancer. Correlation with nuclear processing of estrogen receptor », Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 253, 1978, p. 2223-2228. par.: Selon moi, la progestérone... ALKHALAF, M. et EL-MOWAFY, A. M. « Overexpression of wild-type p53 gene renders MCF-7 breast cancer cells more sensitive to the antiproliferative effect of progesterone », Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 179, 2003, p. 55-62.

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par.: La progestérone exercerait un... LEO, J. C. L., WANG, S. M., GUO, C. H. et al. « Gene regulation profile reveals consistent anticancer properties of progesterone in hormone-independent breast cancer cells transfected with progesterone receptor », International Journal of Cancer, vol. 117, 2005, p. 561-568.

P. 197 (version: avril 2008) et P. 198 (version : juin 2009)

par.: Une des stratégies pour... LIN, V. C. L., ENG, A. S., HEN, N. E. et al. « Effect of progesterone on the invasive properties and tumor growth of progesterone receptor-transfected breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 », Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 7, 2001, p. 2880-2886.

P. 200 par.: Une étude concernant les...

RICHARDS, J. B., PAPAIOANNOU, A., ADACHI, J. D. et al. « Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on the risk of fracture », Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 167, 2007, p. 188-194.

P. 201 par.: Je ne suis pas...

LEE, J. S. « Raloxifene may lower stroke risk in some postmenopausal women », International Stroke Conference, Orlando, 17 février 2006, extrait LB2.

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LEE, J. S. « Un taux élevé d’oestrogènes favorise la survenue d’un AVC », International Stroke Conference, Rapporté dans L’Actualité médicale, 12 avril 2006, p. 27. LEE, J. S. « Measuring estrogen levels may help predict women’s stroke risk », Rapporté dans The Medical Post, 14 mars 2006, p. 17.

P. 202 par. : Les chercheurs ont observé…

LEE, J. S. « Measuring estrogen levels may help predict women’s stroke risk », Rapporté dans The Medical Post, 14 mars 2006, p. 17.

par.: D’ailleurs, on sait... BROWNER, W. S., PRESSMAN, A. R., NEVITT, M. C. et al. « Association between low bone density and stroke in elderly women. The study of osteoporotic fractures », Stroke, vol. 24, 1993, p. 940-946.

P. 203 par. : Plusieurs croient que cette...

HODGES, D. « Link between HRT, breast CA ‘remarkable’ », Rapporté dans The Medical Post, 1er mai 2007. par. : Cependant, ces données ne... DISAIA, P. J. « Estrogen replacement therapy for the breast cancer survivor: A reappraisal », Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 64, 1997, p. 175-180.

P. 204 par.: Finalement, un autre point...

Revue dans DERZKO, C. « Hormone therapy in early menopause : Deconstructing the studies », Patient Care, 26 septembre 2008, p. 19-31.

P. 205 (version : juin 2009)

par. : cinquièmement, les données scientifiques… Revue dans DERZKO, C. « Hormone therapy in early menopause : Deconstructing the studies », Patient Care, 26 septembre 2008, p. 19-31.

P. 205 tabl.: Saviez-vous que...

Revue dans WREN, B. G. « Do female sex hormones initiate breast cancer? A review of the evidence », Climacteric, vol. 7, 2004, p. 120-128.

P. 206 par.: Une analyse des résultats...

Revue dans Geriatrics & Aging, vol. 9 (supplément), 2006, p. 23-28. P. 207 par. : Des biopsies de la...

MARKS, L. S., MAZER, N. A., MOSTAGHEL, E. et al. « Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on prostate tissue in men with late-onset hypogonadism », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 296, 2006, p. 2351-2361.

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par. : Le Dr Abraham Morgentaler... MORGENTALER, A. « Expert downplays concerns over testosterone-prostate cancer link », Rapporté dans The Medical Post, 6 mars 2007, p. 21.

P. 208 par.: En effet, une lecture...

Revue dans SCHILDKRAUT, J. M., CALINGAERT, B., MARCHBANKS, P. A. et al. « Impact of progestin and estrogen potency in oral contraceptives on ovarian cancer risk », Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 94, 2002, p. 32-38. par.: Les contraceptifs oraux entraîneraient... Revue dans SCHILDKRAUT, J. M., CALINGAERT, B., MARCHBANKS, P. A. et al. « Impact of progestin and estrogen potency in oral contraceptives on ovarian cancer risk », Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 94, 2002, p. 32-38. par.: Les chercheurs ont remarqué... SCHILDKRAUT, J. M., CALINGAERT, B., MARCHBANKS, P. A. et al. « Impact of progestin and estrogen potency in oral contraceptives on ovarian cancer risk », Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 94, 2002, p. 32-38. par.: Récemment, une étude d’... RODRIGUEZ, G. C., WALMER, D. K., CLINE, M. et al. « Effect of progestin on the ovarian epithelium of macaques: Cancer prevention through apoptosis? », Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, vol. 5, 1998, p. 271-276.

P. 209 tabl.: Le cancer des ovaires...

Million women study collaborators. « Ovarian cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study », Lancet, vol. 369, 2007, p. 1703-1710. par.: Des chercheurs ont évalué... COOPER, D. R. et BUTTERFIELD, J. « Pregnancy subsequent to mastectomy for cancer of the breast », Annals of Surgery, vol. 171, 1970, p. 429-433. RIBEIRO, G., JONES, D. A. et JONES, M. « Carcinoma of the breast associated with pregnancy », British Journal of Surgery, vol. 73, 1986, p. 607-609. KROMAN, N., JENSEN, M.-B., MELBYE, M. et al. « Should women be advised against pregnancy after breast-cancer treatment? », Lancet, vol. 350, 1997, p. 319-322.

P. 210 par.: Une étude, récemment publiée,...

IVES, A., SAUNDERS, C., BULSARA, M. et al. « Pregnancy after breast cancer: Population based study », British Medical Journal, vol. 334, 2007, p. 194-198. par.: Dans une recherche non... KREIGER, N., SLOAN, M., COTTERCHIO, M. et al. « The risk of breast cancer following reproductive surgery », European Journal of Cancer, vol. 35, 1999, p. 97-101.

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par.: D’ailleurs, une étude...

RAVDIN, R. G., LEWISON, E. F., SLACK, N. H. et al. « Results of a clinical trial concerning the worth of prophylactic oophorectomy for breast carcinoma », Surgery, Gynecology And Obstetrics, vol. 131, 1970, p. 1055-1064.

P. 211 tabl.: Le cancer du sein héréditaire

MOTE, P. A., LEARY, J. A., AVERY, K. A. et al. « Germ-line mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 in the normal breast are associated with altered expression of estrogen-responsive proteins and the predominance of progesterone receptor A », Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer, vol. 39, 2004, p. 236-248.

par.: Les résultats d’une... ROCCA, W. A., GROSSARDT, B. R., DE ANDRADE, M. et al. « Survival patterns after oophorectomy in premenopausal women : A population-based cohort study », Lancet Oncology, vol. 7, 2006, p. 821-828. par.: Le taux de survie... Revue dans KODAMA, M., KODAMA, T., MIURA, S. et al. « Nature of ovarian-adrenal dysfunction in breast cancer patients », Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 63, 1979, p. 599-608.

P. 212 par. : De plus, le nombre...

Revue dans KODAMA, M., KODAMA, T., MIURA, S. et al. « Nature of ovarian-adrenal dysfunction in breast cancer patients », Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 63, 1979, p. 599-608.

P. 214 par.: Certains d’entre vous...

MAILLOUX, P. et BEAULIEU, J. Pour la castration volontaire des pédophiles, Québec, VLB éditeur, 2001, 91 p.

P. 215 par. : La raison la plus… Rapporté dans The Medical Post, 4 septembre 2007

ROCCA, W. A., GROSSARDT, B. R., DE ANDRADE, M. et al. « Survival patterns after oophorectomy in premenopausal women : A population-based cohort study », Lancet Oncology, vol. 7, 2006, p. 821-828. par. : Des chercheurs ont estimé... Rapporté dans The Medical Post, 4 septembre 2007 PARKER et al. Rapporté dans The Medical Post, 14 juin 2005. ROCCA, W. A., GROSSARDT, B. R., DE ANDRADE, M. et al. « Survival patterns after oophorectomy in premenopausal women : A population-based cohort study », Lancet Oncology, vol. 7, 2006, p. 821-828.

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P. 221 par. : Par exemple, l’AMP...

BAMBERGER, C. M., ELSE, T., BAMBERGER, A. M. et al. « Dissociative glucocorticoid activity of medroxyprogesterone acetate in normal human lymphocytes », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 84, 1999, p. 4055-4061. par.: Des expériences ont aussi... HORWITZ, K. B., MOCKUS, M. B., PIKE, A. W. et al. « Progesterone receptor replenishment in T47D human breast cancer cells. Roles of protein synthesis and hormone metabolism », Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 258, 1983, p. 7603-7610. MOCKUS, M. B. et HORWITZ, K. B. « Progesterone receptors in human breast cancer. Stoichiometric translocation and nuclear receptor processing », Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 258, 1983, p. 4778-4783. MINSHALL, R. D., STANCZYK, F. Z., MIYAGAWA, K. et al. « Ovarian steroid protection against coronary artery hyperreactivity in rhesus monkeys », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 83, 1998, p. 649-659.

P. 222 tabl.: Saviez-vous que... MINSHALL, R. D., STANCZYK, F. Z., MIYAGAWA, K. et al. « Ovarian steroid protection against coronary artery hyperreactivity in rhesus monkeys », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 83, 1998, p. 649-659.

par.: Contrairement aux progestines, la...

FENNESSEY, P. V., PIKE, A. W., GONZALEZ-ALLER, C. et al. « Progesterone metabolism in T47D[co] human breast cancer cells-I. 5 -Pregnan-3 , 6 -diol-20-one is the secreted product », Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, vol. 25, 1986, p. 641-648. par.: Par exemple, l’AMP... The Writing Group for the PEPI trial. « Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) trial », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 273, 1995, p. 199-208. WILLIAMS, J. K., HONORÉ, E. K., WASHBURN, S. A. et al. « Effects of hormone replacement therapy on reactivity of atherosclerotic coronary arteries in cynomolgus monkeys », Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 24, 1994, p. 1757-1761. MIYAGAWA, K., RÖSCH, J., STANCZYK, F. et al. « Medroxyprogesterone interferes with ovarian steroid protection against coronary vasospasm », Nature Medicine, vol. 3, 1997, p. 324-327. SARREL, P. M. « The differential effects of oestrogens and progestins on vascular tone », Human Reproduction Update, vol. 5, 1999, p. 205-209. ROSANO, G. M. C., WEBB, C. M., CHIERCHIA, S. et al. « Natural progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone acetate, enhances the beneficial effect of estrogen on exercise-

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induced myocardial ischemia in postmenopausal women », Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 36, 2000, p. 2154-2159. par.: Curieusement, les propriétés de... BURRIS, T. P. et KRISHNAN, V. « Estrogen: A mitochrondrial energizer that keeps on going », Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 68, 2005, p. 956-958.

P. 225 tabl.: Selon moi...

YEN, S. S. C., MARTIN, P. L., BURNIER, A. M. et al. « Circulating estradiol, estrone and gonadotropin levels following the administration of orally active 17 -estradiol in postmenopausal women », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 40, 1975, p. 518-521. POWERS, M. S., SCHENKEL, L., DARLEY, P. E. et al. « Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermal dosage forms of 17 -estradiol: Comparison with conventional oral estrogens used for hormone replacement », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 152, 1985, p. 1099-1106. SCOTT, R. T. Jr., ROSS, B., ANDERSON, C. et al. « Pharmacokinetics of percutaneous estradiol: A crossover study using a gel and a transdermal system in comparison with oral micronized estradiol », Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 77, 1991, p. 758-764.

P. 227 par.: Par exemple, certains chercheurs...

ADAMS, M. R., KAPLAN, J. R., MANUCK, S. B. et al. « Inhibition of coronary artery atherosclerosis by 17-beta estradiol in ovariectomized monkeys. Lack of an effect of added progesterone », Arteriosclerosis, vol. 10, 1990, p. 1051-1057. GIBBS, R. B. et GABOR, R. « Estrogen and cognition: Applying preclinical findings to clinical perspectives », Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol. 74, 2003, p. 637-643. par.: Cependant, la dose de... HANKE, H., HANKE, S., BRUCK, B. et al. « Inhibition of the protective effect of estrogen by progesterone in experimental atherosclerosis », Atherosclerosis, vol. 121, 1996, p. 129-138.

P. 229 par.: Des études indiquent plutôt...

O’LEARY, P., FEDDEMA, P., CHAN, K. et al. « Salivary, but not serum or urinary levels of progesterone are elevated after topical application of progesterone cream to pre- and postmenopausal women », Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 53, 2000, p. 615-620. par.: Des chercheurs ont observé... CAREY, B. J., CAREY, A. H., PATEL, S. et al. « A study to evaluate serum and urinary hormone levels following short and long term administration of two regimens of progesterone cream in postmenopausal women », British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 107, 2000, p. 722-726.

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COOPER, A., SPENCER, C., WHITEHEAD, M. I. et al. « Systemic absorption of progesterone from Progest cream in postmenopausal women », Lancet, vol. 351, 1998, p. 1255-1256.

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Revue dans NACHTIGALL, L. E., RAJU, U., BANERJEE, S. et al. « Serum estradiol-binding profiles in postmenopausal women undergoing three common estrogen replacement therapies: Associations with sex hormone-binding globulin, estradiol, and estrone levels », Menopause, vol. 7, 2000, p. 243-250. Revue dans GRUBER, C. J., TSCHUGGUEL, W., SCHNEEBERGER, C. et al. « Production and actions of estrogens », The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 346, 2002, p. 340-352. Revue dans NISKER, J. A., HAMMOND, G. L., DAVIDSON, B. J. et al. « Serum sex hormone – binding globulin capacity and the percentage of free estradiol in postmenopausal women with and without endometrial carcinoma », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 138, 1980, p. 637-642.

P. 231 par.: Il faut aussi savoir...

STREL’CHYONOK, O. A., AVVAKUMOV, G. V. et SURVILO, L. I. « A recognition system for sex-hormone-binding protein-estradiol complex in human decidual endometrium plasma membranes », Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 802, 1984, p. 459-466. ROSNER, W., HRYB, D. J., KHAN, M. S. et al. « Sex hormone-binding globulin. Binding to cell membranes and generation of a second messenger », Journal of Andrology, vol. 13, 1992, p. 101-106. Revue dans WHITE, R. E., DARKOW, D. J. et FALVO LANG, J. L. « Estrogen relaxes coronary arteries by opening BKCa channels through a cGMP-dependent mechanism », Circulation Research, vol. 77, 1995, p. 936-942. Revue dans NACHTIGALL, L. E., RAJU, U., BANERJEE, S. et al. « Serum estradiol-binding profiles in postmenopausal women undergoing three common estrogen replacement therapies: Associations with sex hormone-binding globulin, estradiol, and estrone levels », Menopause, vol. 7, 2000, p. 243-250. par.: De plus, le faible... Revue dans O’LEARY, P., FEDDEMA, P., CHAN, K. et al. « Salivary, but not serum or urinary levels of progesterone are elevated after topical application of progesterone cream to pre- and postmenopausal women », Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 53, 2000, p. 615-620.

par.: Seriez-vous surpris si... CHOUDHRY, N. K., STELFOX, H. T. et DETSKY, A. S. « Relationships between authors of clinical practice guidelines and the pharmaceutical industry », The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 287, 2002, p. 612-617.

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P. 238 par.: Une expérience faite chez... LYDON, J. P. Projet de recherche: « The role of calcitonin, a progesterone-responsive gene, and the calcitonin receptor in mammary gland development and tumorigenesis », Baylor College of Medecine, United States, 2000. ISMAIL, P. M., DeMAYO, F. J., AMATO, P. et al. « Progesterone induction of calcitonin in the murine mammary gland », Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 180, 2004, p. 287-295.

P. 239 tabl.: Estrogènes et vitamine D

SORENSEN, O. H., LUND, B., LUND, B. et al. « Effects of 1, alpha vitamin D on bone and muscle in senile osteoponia », dans McINTYRE, I. et SCELKE, J. (dir.). Molecular endocrinology, Amsterdam, Elsevier/North Holland, 1979, p. 309-318. STOCK, J. L., CODERRE, J. A. et MALLETTE, L. E. « Effects of a short course of estrogen on mineral metabolism in postmenopausal women », Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 61, 1985, p. 595-600.