Gm Gm GBP Gjebookbou.edu.bd/Books/Text/SSHL/BABSS/bhi_3302/Unit-06.pdf · wmcvnx we‡`ªvn|...

Gm Gm GBP Gj

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G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q t • cvV-1. Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm • cvV-2. jW© Kb©Iqvwjm I wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í • cvV-3. wUcy myjZvb I B½-gnxk~i hy× • cvV-4. jW© I‡q‡jmwj I AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv • cvV-5. jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ t ms¯‹vimg~n • cvV-5. jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ t ms¯‹vimg~n • cvV-6. jW© Wvj‡nŠwm • cvV-7. 1857 mv‡ji wmcvnx we‡`ªvn

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Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ • Iqv‡ib †nw÷s‡mi Af¨šÍixY bxwZ †hgb ivR¯^ I wePvi msµvšÍ ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z

cvi‡eb; • †nw÷s‡mi ciivóª bxwZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; • †nw÷s‡mi kvmbKv‡ji GKwU g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

AvVvi kZ‡Ki mË‡ii `k‡K fvi‡Z weªwUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi Ae¯’v msKUvcbœ n‡q I‡V| we‡kl K‡i Bs‡iR‡ì‡K gvivVv, nvq`ªvev` I gnxk~i GB wZb kw³kvjx kÎyi m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡qwQj| Ab¨w`‡K cwðg †Mvjv‡a© weªwUk miKvi wewfbœ mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡qwQj| †hgb divwm wecø‡evËi mgm¨v, †¯ú‡bi hy× Ges Av‡gwiKvb Dcwb‡ek¸‡jvi mw¤§wjZ we‡`ªvn BZ¨vw`| cyivZb kÎyi wec` †`‡L fvi‡Z divwm kw³ Bs‡iR‡ì AvNvZ Kivi †h cÖ¯ÍzwZ wb‡qwQj, †mUvI `ywðšÍvi KviY n‡q ùvwo‡qwQj| fvi‡Z weªwUk kw³i GB `yw`©‡b eyw×gvb, D‡`¨vMx, AwfÁ Iqv‡ib ‡nw÷sm Mfb©i wn‡m‡e wbhy³ nb Ges Bs‡iR‡ì wejxqgvb kw³ I gh©v`v cybiy×vi K‡ib| wKšÍz Zuvi weiy‡× `ybx©wZ Ges fvi‡Zi AwfRvZe‡M©i Ici wbh©vZb Kivi Awf‡hvM D‡VwQj| GR‡b¨ Zuv‡K weªwUk cvj©v‡g›U B¤úxP (wePvi) K‡i|

1. †nw÷s‡mi Af¨šÍixY bxwZ

†nw÷sm hLb evsjvi Mfb©i n‡jb ZLb Pvwiw`‡K AivRK I wek„´Lj Ae¯’v weivR KiwQj| Zuvi c~e©m~ix K¬vBf-Gi ˆØZ kvm‡bi d‡j †`‡k `ywf©¶ †`Lv †`q Ges ivR‡KvlI k~b¨ n‡q c‡o| †Kv¤úvwbi `ybx©wZevR Kg©Pvix‡ì AZ¨vPv‡i evsjvi RbMY me©kvšÍ n‡q c‡o| GB wec`RbK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wZwb Af¨šÍixY †¶‡Î KwZcq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib hv evsjv Z_v fvi‡Z weªwUk kvmb cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î mnvqK n‡qwQj|

(K) ivR¯^ ms¯‹vi

1772 wLª. †nw÷sm ˆØZ kvmb eë¯’vi Aemvb NwU‡q ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi m¤ú~Y© `vwqZ¡ †Kv¤úvwbi nv‡Z b¨¯Í K‡ib| 1765 wLª. wÌqvbx jv‡fi ci wÌqvbx cwiPvjbvi AvBbMZ AwaKvi wQj †Kv¤úvwbi|

cvV - 1

Gm Gm GBP Gj


wKšÍz evsjvi ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi `vwqZ¡ wQj bv‡qe †Ìqvb gynv¤§` †iRv Lv‡bi Ici Ges wenv‡ii ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi `vwqZ¡ wQj bv‡qe †Ìqvb mxZve iv‡qi Ici| †Kv¤úvwbi WvB‡i±iiv bv‡qe I wÌqvb‡ì mZZvq wek¦vm Ki‡Zb bv Ges Zv‡ì aviYv n‡qwQj †h, Giv ivR¯^ AvZ¥mvr K‡i †d‡j| GR‡b¨ †nw÷sm cÖPwjZ eë¯’vi Aemvb K‡i †iRv Lvb I mxZve ivq‡K c`Py¨Z K‡ib| wZwb `ybx©wZi Awf‡hv‡M Zv‡ì wePv‡ii Av‡qvRb K‡ib| Z‡e Zviv wb‡`©vl cÖgvwYZ nb| wZwb ivR‡Kv‡li Ae¯’v DbœwZi R‡b¨ bev‡ei evrmwiK fvZv 32 j¶ †_‡K A‡a©‡K bvwg‡q 16 j¶ UvKvq w¯’i K‡ib| †nw÷s‡mi D‡Ïk¨ wQj ivR¯^ Avq e„w× Ges eëmv-evwYR¨ we¯Ívi Kiv|

†nw÷sm ivR¯^ Avq e„w×i R‡b¨ GKwU ¶z`ª åvg¨gvb KwgwU MVb K‡ib| GB KwgwUi m`mïv cÖ‡Z¨K †Rjvq Dcw¯’Z n‡q Rwg`vi‡ì mv‡_ mivmwi e‡›`ve¯Í Ki‡Zb| Rwg`vi‡ì mv‡_ cuvP eQ‡ii R‡b¨ e‡›`ve¯Í Kiv nj| †Kv¤úvwbi ivR¯^ Av`vqKvix‡K ejv n‡Zv mycvifvBRvi| †nw÷sm Zv‡ì bvg e`j K‡i Zv‡ì‡K Kv‡j±i bvgKiY K‡ib| ivR¯^ †KvlvMvi‡K gywk©`vev` †_‡K KwjKvZvq ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq| Mfb©i Ges Zvi KvDwÝ‡ji m`m¨ wb‡q ivR¯^ †evW© MVb Kiv nq| wÌqvbx msµvšÍ hveZxq Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ GB †ev‡W©i nv‡Z †`qv nq|

†nw÷s‡mi ivR¯^ welqK bZzb bxwZ ZLbI cix¶v-wbix¶vi ch©v‡q wQj| bZzb bxwZ‡Z mvdj¨ G‡mwQj LyeB Kg| ZvB †`Lv hvq †h, 1773 wLª÷v‡ãi b‡f¤î gv‡m gvÎ GK eQi Av‡M M„nxZ Rwg e‡›`ve‡¯Íi c×wZ wb‡q beMwVZ ivR¯^ †evW© `xN© Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQj| ZLb Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi cÖ¯Íve K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz ¯^í mg‡q ivR¯^ eë¯’vi Avg~j cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e e‡j A¯’vqx eë¯’v M„nxZ nq| GB eë¯’vq evsjv-wenvi-Dwol¨v‡K Qqfv‡M fvM K‡i QqwU cÖv‡`wkK KvDwÝj MVb K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨K KvDwÝ‡ji Kv‡R mvnv‡hï Rb¨ GKRb K‡i †`kxq †Ìqvb wb‡qvM Kiv nq| GB eë¯’v hLb Pvjy nj ZLb cÖwZ †Rjvq Kv‡j±i c` DwV‡q †`qv nq| wKšÍz GB c`‡¶c mgywPZ wQj bv| 1776 wLª. †nw÷sm Avwgwb Kwgkb MVb K‡i ivR¯^ msµvšÍ eû g~jëvb Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib Ges GB Kwgk‡bi mycvwi‡ki ci cÖv‡`wkK KvDwÝj evwZj K‡i cybivq Kv‡j±i‡ì wb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb|

ivR¯^ ms¯‹vi I Rwg`vwi e‡›`ve‡¯Íi †¶‡Î †nw÷sm †h Aw¯’iZvi cwiPq †`b, Zv‡Z Rwg`vwi eë¯’vi eû eQ‡ii wfwË aŸsm n‡q wM‡qwQj| ivR¯^ Av`vq wKQyUv e„w× †c‡qwQj, wKšÍz Rwg`viiv c~‡e© weØvb, agx©q †bZv cÖgyL‡K f‚wg`vb K‡i †h mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK KvR Ki‡Zb, Zv eÜ n‡q hvq| ivR¯^ Av`vqB ZLb GKgvÎ KvR n‡q ùvovq|

(L) wePvi welqK ms¯‹vi

bevex Avg‡j ivR¯^ Av`vq Ges f‚wgi gvwjKvbv msµvšÍ gvgjvi wePvi Ki‡Zb †Ìqvb Ges †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi wePvi Ki‡Zb KvRx| 1765 wLª. wÌqvbx jv‡fi ci †Kv¤úvwb wÌqvbx gvgjvi wePv‡ii welqwU wb‡R‡ì nv‡Z wbj| wKšÍz †dŠR`vwi wePv‡ii `vwqZ¡ wQj bev‡ei wbhy³ KvRxi Ici| Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm 1772 wLª. wePvi wefv‡Mi cÖPwjZ eë¯’vq n¯Í‡¶c K‡i ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib| wZwb cÖ‡Z¨K †Rjvq GKwU K‡i wÌqvbx I †dŠR`vwi Av`vjZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| G¸‡jvi bZzb bvgKiY Kiv nj gd¯^j wÌqvbx I gd¯^j †dŠR`vwi Av`vjZ|

(M) Ab¨vb¨ ms¯‹vi

†nw÷sm †`‡ki wewfbœ †¶‡Î Av‡iv KwZcq ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib| cÖ_gZ, cÖ‡Z¨K Av`vj‡Zi gvgjv msµvšÍ bw_ msi¶Y| wØZxqZ, ev‡iv eQ‡ii g‡a¨ gvgjv bv Ki‡j gvgjv Zvgvw` n‡q hvIqv|



Z…ZxqZ, AZ¨waK cwigvY Rwigvbv wbwl× Kiv Ges my‡ì nvi wbw`©ó K‡i †Ìqv BZ¨vw` ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib| wePvi eë¯’vi †¶‡Î wZwb `y‡Uv HwZnvwmK KvR K‡ib| †hgb wZwb wn›`y cÖRvi KwZcq wePv‡i wn›`y ag©kv¯¿ Ges gymwjg cÖRvi †¶‡Î †KviAv‡bi wewaweavb cÖ‡qv‡Mi bxwZ Abymi‡Yi wb‡`©k †`b| wØZxqZ, wePvi cÖv_x©i KvQ †_‡K KvRx Ges gydwZ wePv‡ii e¨q wn‡m‡e A_© MÖnY Ki‡Zb| †nw÷sm GB eë¯’v cwieZ©b K‡i Zv‡ì R‡b¨ †eZb cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v K‡ib|

2. †nw÷s‡mi ciivóª bxwZ

†nw÷sm Mfb©i wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i †`L‡jb †h, †Kv¤úvwb B‡Zvg‡a¨ evsjvq ewYK msN †_‡K kvmK-ivR‰bwZK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ ivR¨mg~n Ges ivR‰bwZK kw³i cÖwZ mywbw`©ó bxwZ AbymiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †nw÷s‡mi mxgvšÍ bxwZ wQj ev¯Íeagx© Ges G‡¶‡Î wZwb †ek mvdj¨ AR©b K‡ib| wZwb weªwUk mvgªv‡Rï g‡a¨ bZzb †Kvb AÂj AšÍfz©³ K‡ibwb, Z‡e †gvNj mgªv‡Ui kw³ Le© K‡ib Ges gvivVv I gnxk~‡ii mv‡_ kw³ cix¶vq AeZxY© nb| A‡hva¨vi beve‡K AaxbZv cv‡k Ave× K‡i fwel¨Z Bs‡iR mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii c_ Db¥y³ K‡i †`b| Zvi mxgvšÍ ev ciivóª bxwZ‡K wZbfv‡M fvM K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq t (K) gyNj mgªv‡Ui mv‡_ m¤úK©, (L) A‡hva¨v I †ivwnjvL‡Ûi mv‡_ m¤úK©, I (M) cwðg I `w¶Y fvi‡Z h_vµ‡g gvivVv I gnxk~i m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v|

(K) †nw÷sm I gyNj mgªvU kvn Avjg

AvVvi kZ‡Ki mË‡ii `k‡K gvivVviv `ya©l© kw³‡Z cwiYZ n‡q fviZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i| 1771 wLª. Zviv w`wjø `Lj K‡i Ges †mLv‡b kvn Avjg‡K cyb:¯’vcb K‡i| kvn Avjg A‡hva¨vi Kviv Ges Gjvnvev` †Rjv gvivVv‡ì cÖ`vb K‡ib| G Ae¯’vq †nw÷sm †`L‡jb †h, mgªvU gvivVv‡ì nv‡Zi cyZz‡j cwiYZ n‡q‡Qb Ges B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb wÌqvbxi R‡b¨ mgªvU‡K cÖwZ eQi †h 26 j¶ UvKv w`Z, wZwb Zv eÜ K‡i †`b| Z`ycwi †nw÷sm 1773 wLª. evbvi‡mi mwÜ Øviv A‡bKUv Ab¨vqfv‡e A‡hva¨vi beve‡K Kviv Ges Gjvnvev` cÖ`vb K‡ib| wewbg‡q A‡hva¨vi beve Bs‡iR‡ì‡K 50 j¶ UvKv cÖ`vb K‡ib Ges wbR e¨‡q A‡hva¨vq GK`j Bs‡iR ˆmb¨ ivLvi cÖwZkªywZ †`b| wVK nq †h, A‡hva¨vi beve cÖ‡qvR‡b Bs‡iR ˆmb¨‡ì mvnvh¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †nw÷sm †P‡qwQ‡jb †h, A‡hva¨v‡K gvivVv Ges Bs‡iR‡ì gaëZx© ivR¨ (Buffer state) wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kiv Ges GUvB wQj Zvi A‡hva¨v bxwZi g~j j¶¨|

(L) †ivwnjv hy×

†ivwnjvLÛ wQj wngvj‡qi cv`‡`‡k, A‡hva¨vi DËi-cwð‡g Aew¯’Z GK De©i ¶z`ª ivR¨| AvdMvb mi`vi nvwdR ingZ Luv wQ‡jb GB iv‡Rï kvmK| A‡hva¨vi beve myRvD‡ÏŠjvi †jvjyc `„wó‡Z c‡o GB ¶z`ª ivR¨wU| gvivVv AvµgY †_‡K †ivwnjv ivR¨‡K i¶v Kivi bv‡g myRvD‡ÏŠjv hLb ingZ Luvi Kv‡Q Pwjøk j¶ UvKv `vwe K‡ib, ZLb wZwb GB wecyj cwigvY UvKv w`‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib| GgZve¯’vq myRvD‡ÏŠjv Bs‡iR‡ì Kv‡Q ˆmbëvwnbx †cÖi‡Yi Aby‡iva K‡ib Ges Zv‡ì‡K hy‡×i e¨q QvovI AwZwi³ Pwjøk j¶ UvKv cÖ`v‡b m¤§Z n‡jb| †Kv¤úvwbi Avw_©K jv‡fi R‡b¨ †nw÷sm Bs‡iR †mbv †cÖiY K‡ib| d‡j †hŠ_ evwnbxi nv‡Z †ivwnjviv civwRZ nq, hy×‡¶‡Î ingZ Luv wbnZ nb Ges †ivwnjvLÛ A‡hva¨vi AšÍf©z³ nq| GR‡b¨ †nw÷s‡mi Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K, KviY wZwb weªwUk ˆmb¨‡K fvovwUqv wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i gvbweK I ˆbwZK Aciva K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz GB mgv‡jvPbv m¤ú~Y© mwVK bq| †Kv¤úvwbi ìKvi wQj A‡_©i, †nw÷sm GB A_© †c‡qwQ‡jb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


Z`ycwi wZwb Zuvi wgÎ ivR¨ A‡hva¨v‡K kw³kvjx Ki‡Z †KŠkjMZ Kvi‡Y †ivwnjvLÛ Avµg‡Y myRvD‡ÏŠjv‡K mnvqZv K‡ib|

(M) †nw÷s‡mi gvivVv I gnxk~i bxwZ

1779 wLª. `w¶Y fvi‡Zi kw³¸‡jv †hgb nvq`ªvev‡ì wbRvg, gvivVv Ges gnxk~i Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× mvgwiK msN ¯’vcb K‡i| †nw÷s‡mi K‚UbxwZi d‡j Zv †ewkw`b ¯’vqx nqwb| 1782 wLª. cÖ_g B½-gvivVv hy‡×i Aemvb nq mvjevB Pyw³ Øviv| Gi d‡j Bs‡iRiv `ya©l© gvivVv kw³i KvQ †_‡K cÖvq Kzwo eQi †Kvb cÖwZ‡iva ev Avµg‡Yi m¤§yLxb nqwb| †nw÷sm ¸›Uzi cÖ‡`k wbRvg‡K Nyl wn‡m‡e cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K wgÎ wn‡m‡e †c‡q hvb| Ab¨w`‡K wØZxq gnxk~i hy× Bs‡iR‡ì AbyK‚‡j Aemvb nq| †nw÷sm nvq`vi Avjxi AvKw¯§K g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ wUcy myjZv‡bi mv‡_ Pyw³ mv¶i K‡i wgÎZv ¯’vcb K‡ib|

3. †nw÷s‡mi A‰bwZK KvR I B¤úxP‡g›U

†Kv¤úvwbi Avw_©K msKU `~i Ki‡Z †nw÷sm A‰ea A_© MÖnY Ki‡ZI KzÉv‡eva K‡ibwb| †ivwnjv bxwZ‡Z Zv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| GQvovI ivRv ˆPr wms I A‡hva¨vi †eMg‡ì wbh©vZb K‡i A_© msMÖn K‡ib| wZwb weL¨vZ Rwg`vi beKzgvi‡K e¨w³MZ kÎyZvi †Ri a‡i duvwm‡Z Szwj‡qwQ‡jb| Gme AbvPv‡ii R‡b¨ Zv‡K cieZx©Kv‡j B¤úxP Kiv n‡qwQj| Z‡e †nw÷sm fvi‡Z Bs‡iR ivR‡Z¡i wfwË ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi kvmb eë¯’vq k„´Ljv ¯’vcb, ciivóªbxwZi †¶‡Î mvdj¨ AR©b Ges m‡e©vcwi †Kv¤úvwbi A_©vfve `~i K‡i fvi‡Z Bs‡iR ivR‡Z¡i m¤¢vebvi Øvi Db¥y³ K‡i †`b| Ab¨w`‡K fviZxq‡ì ¯^v_©, gh©v`v, b¨vqbxwZ wKsev gvbeZvi w`K †_‡K †`L‡j †nw÷sm A‡bK wb›`bxq KvR K‡i‡Qb|

evsjv Z_v fvi‡Z Zuvi wKQy ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| wZwb fvi‡Z AvaywbK wePvi eë¯’vi †MvovcËb K‡ib| KwjKvZv gv`ªvmv I i‡qj GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU (Royal Asiatic Society) cÖwZôv K‡ib wZwb|

mvims‡¶c

AvVvi kZ‡Ki mË‡ii `k‡K fvi‡Z e„wUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi Ae¯’v msKUvcbœ n‡q I‡V| G mgq evsjvi Mfb©i wbhy³ nb Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm| wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi kvmb eë¯’vq k„´Ljv ¯’vcb K‡ib; ciivóªbxwZi †¶‡Î mvdjÄR©b Gesm‡e©vcwi †Kv¤úvwbi A_©vfve ~i K‡i fvi‡Z Bs‡iR ivR‡Z¡i m¤¢vebvi Øvi Db¥y³ K‡i †`b| wKšÍz fviZxq‡ì ¯^v_©, gh©v`v wKsev b¨vqbxwZ gvbeZvi w`K †_‡K †`L‡j wZwb A‡bK wb›`bxq KvR K‡i‡Qb| ybx©wZ Ges fviZxq AwfRvZ‡ì Ici wbh©vZ‡bi Awf‡hv‡M e„wUk cvj©v‡g›U Zv‡K B¯úxP K‡i|

mnvqK MÖš’cÄx t 1. Ave`yj Kwig, evsjvi BwZnvm (1200-1857 wLª.)| 2. W. gyn¤§` Ave`yi iwng I Ab¨vb¨, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm| 3. Gg.G. iwng, evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì BwZnvm (1757-1947)|



cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b| 1| †nw÷sm ivR¯^ †KvlvMvi‡K gywk©`vev` †_‡K ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ibÑ (K) XvKvq (L) w`wjø‡Z (M) KwjKvZvq (N) ivRkvnx‡Z| 2| 1771 wLª. gvivVviv w`wjø `Lj K‡i †mLv‡b †h gyNj mgªvU‡K ¶gZvq emvq Zuvi bvgÑ (K) wØZxq evnv`yi kvn (L) kvn Avjg (M) wØZxq AvKei (N) kvnRvnvb| 3| †ivwnjvL‡Ûi AwacwZi bvgÑ (K) wejv‡qZ Luv (L) nvwdR ingZ Luv (M) †Lv`v e· (N) nvq`i Avjx| 4| cÖ_g B½-gvivVv hy‡×i Aemvb nq †h mwÜ ØvivÑ (K) mvjevB Pyw³ (L) w`wjø Pyw³ (M) AvjxbM‡i Pyw³ (N) KwjKvZv Pyw³| msw¶ß cÖkœ t 1| †nw÷s‡mi mgq evsjv I wenv‡ii ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi `vwqZ¡ †Kv¤úvwb †Kb wbR nv‡Z Zz‡j †bq? 2| †nw÷s‡mi wePvi msµvšÍ ms¯‹vi Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| 3| †nw÷sm‡K †Kb B¤úxP Kiv nq? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t 1| †nw÷s‡mi Af¨šÍixY bxwZ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiyb| 2| †nw÷s‡mi ciivóª bxwZi GKwU iƒc‡iLv A¼b Kiyb| 3| evsjv Z_v fvi‡Z weªwUk mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvq †nw÷s‡mi Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Kiyb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


jW© Kb©Iqvwjm I wPi ’vqx e‡›`ve —

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ • wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í-c~e© evsjv I fvi‡Zi f‚wg eë¯’v Ges Kb©Iqvwjm KZ…©K wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í

cÖeZ©‡bi cUf‚wg Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • evsjvq f‚wg eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© Kb©Iqvwjm I Rb †kv‡ii weZK© m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi mydj I Kzdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi ÎywU ~i Ki‡Z wewfbœ AvBb cvm n‡qwQj, †m m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

1786 wLª. jW© Kb©Iqvwjm fvi‡Z Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wbhy³ n‡q Av‡mb| Kb©Iqvwjm wQ‡jb GKRb mr, KZ©e¨wbô Ges AZ¨šÍ ¶gZvkvjx Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij| evsjv Z_v fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m wewfbœ iKg ms¯‹vi Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ wZwb GKRb Av‡jvwPZ e¨w³Z¡| f‚wg eë¯’vq wZwb †h hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b K‡ib Zv wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í wn‡m‡e weL¨vZ n‡q Av‡Q|

wPi ’vqx eë ’v cÖeZ©b c~e© f‚wg eë ’v

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wPi ’vqx eë ’vi cUf‚wg

cvV - 2



wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í cÖeZ©‡bi R‡b¨ Kb©Iqvwjm GKv `vqx wQ‡jb bv| 1770 wLª. †_‡K G eë¯’vi c‡¶-wec‡¶ bvbv AwfgZ M‡o I‡V Ges Kb©Iqvwj‡mi mg‡q Zv ev¯Íe iƒc jvf K‡i| 1770 wLª. ¯‹wUk wPšÍvwe` Av‡jKRvÛvi `vI (Alexander Dow) wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| 1772 wLª. B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb wbR nv‡Z evsjvi †Ìqvwb Zz‡j †bq| ZLb †_‡K m‡e©v”P ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi R‡b¨ cuvP eQi †gqv‡` Rwg e‡›`ve¯Í †`qv nq| GB cuvPmbv BRviv`vix eë¯’vi †gqv` †kl nevi Av‡MB Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm cieZx©Kv‡j wK ai‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq ‡m m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv-fvebv K‡ib| wZwb cÖv‡`wkK ivR¯^ KvDwÝj¸‡jv‡K wb‡`©k †`b †h, Zviv †hb GB eë¯’vi mvdj¨-e¨_©Zv hvPvB K‡i cieZx© e‡›`ve¯Í wKiƒc nIqv DwPZ †m wel‡q Zv‡ì gZvgZ †ck K‡ib| †`Lv hvq †h, cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖv‡`wkK KvDwÝj cuvPmbv BRviv`vix eë¯’vi wec‡¶ gZ cÖKvk K‡ib| Zviv cwi¯‹vifv‡e ej‡jb, wbjvg c×wZ‡Z LvRbv Av`v‡q AwbðqZv †_‡K hvq| Zviv Av‡iv e‡jb, Rwg`vi‡ì m‡½ wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Kiv cÖ‡qvRb G Kvi‡Y †h, †Kv¤úvwbi c‡¶ mivmwi ivqZ‡ì KvQ †_‡K ivR¯^ ev LvRbv msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e bq| KviY, G Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ †h †jvKej Ges A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb Zv †Kv¤úvwbi wQj bv| GB Ae¯’vq jÛ‡b †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjKgÛjxiv (Court of Directors) wm×všÍ †bq †h, ÒGgb GKwU ivR¯^ bxwZ cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e, †h bxwZ n‡e wPi¯’vqx weªwUk RvwZ Ges †Kv¤úvwbi ¯^v‡_©i AbyK‚j|Ó A_©vr Zviv evsjv Z_v mgMÖ fvi‡Z kvmK Bs‡iR‡ì ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK wfwË‡K cvKv‡cv³ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb|

G iKg GKwU cUf‚wg‡Z Ges wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í cÖeZ©‡bi wb‡`©k gv_vq wb‡q 1786 wLª÷v‡ãi †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m Kb©Iqvwjm weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK ivRavbx KwjKvZvq G‡m †cŠu‡Qb| wZwb G‡mB Kg©KZ©v‡ì Riywi wb‡`©k †`b †h, Zviv †hb, f‚wg eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ `ªyZ mieivn K‡ib|

Kb©Iqvwjm I Rb †kvi weZK©

evsjvq †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©KZ©v‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cÖwZfvevb Ges AwfÁ wQ‡jb Rb †kvi| wZwb wQ‡jb ivR¯^ we‡klÁ Ges e¨w³MZfv‡e AZ¨šÍ mr| cÖ_g w`‡K wZwb wPi¯’vqx eë¯’vi c‡¶ gZ cÖKvk K‡ib| Zuvi mZZv Ges ivR¯^ wel‡q Mfxi Áv‡bi Kvi‡Y Kb©Iqvwjm Zv‡K ivR¯^ Dc‡`óv wb‡qvM K‡ib Ges ivR¯^ wel‡q Kb©Iqvwjm cy‡ivcywi Rb †kv‡ii Ici wbf©i K‡ib| wKšÍz wKQy mg‡qi g‡a¨ Rb †kvi Zuvi gZ cv‡ë †`b| wZwb 1789 wLª. GK `xN© cÖwZ‡e`‡b wPi¯’vqx eë¯’vi weiy‡× gZ cÖKvk K‡ib| Zvi cÖavb hyw³ wQj †h, GiKg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c`‡¶c †bqvi R‡b¨ †h Z_¨ cÖ‡qvRb Zv †Kv¤úvwbi nv‡Z †bB| GR‡b¨ †`ke¨vcx GKwU Rwic Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

Ab¨w`‡K Kb©Iqvwjm GB eë¯’v cÖeZ©‡b `„pcÖwZÁ wQ‡jb| Rb †kv‡ii we‡ivwaZv AMÖvn¨ K‡i wZwb hyw³ †`Lvb †h, 1765 wLª. †_‡KB f‚wg eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡q‡Q| wek-cuwPk eQ‡i hw` Z_¨ msMÖn †kl bv nq, Z‡e †Kvb w`bB Avi n‡e bv| wØZxqZ, 1770 wLª. †h `ywf©¶ n‡qwQj Zv‡Z evsjvi †jvKmsL¨v n«vmcÖvß nqGesG‡Z K…wl Rwgi GK Z…Zxqvsk R½jvKxY© n‡q c‡o| Kb©Iqvwj‡mi avibv wQj †h, Rwg`viiv hw` wPi¯’vqxfv‡e f‚wgi AwaKvi bv cvb, Z‡e Zviv R½jvKxY© K…wl Rwg Avev` Ki‡eb bv|

wPi ’vqx cÖeZ©b Ges GB eë ’vi mydj I Kzdj

`„p cÖwZÁ Kb©Iqvwjm AwfÁ Rb †kv‡ii gZvgZ D‡c¶v K‡i wPi¯’vqx eë¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib|wZwb GR‡b¨ jÛ‡b †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjKgÛjxi gZvgZ PvB‡jb| Kb©Iqvwj‡mi cÖ¯Íve cwiPvjKgÛjxi mfvq Aby‡gvw`Z nq Ges 1792 wLª÷v‡ãi †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m KwjKvZvq G‡m †cŠuQvq|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


d‡j †`Lv hvq †h, Kb©Iqvwjm 1793 wLª÷v‡ãi gvP© gv‡m wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í cÖeZ©‡bi †NvlYv †`b| G eë¯’vi mydj I Kzdj ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt

mydj

(K) wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j †Kv¤úvwb Zvi evrmwiK ivR¯^ m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ n‡Z †c‡iwQj| d‡j †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©KZ©viv evrmwiK ev‡RU cÖYqb Ki‡Z mg_© nq|

(L) Rwg`viMY hLb †`L‡jv ZvivB Rwgi cÖK…Z gvwjK ZLb Zviv wb‡R‡ì cvkvcvwk f‚wg Ges ivqZ (K…lK) †kªYxi Dbœq‡bi R‡b¨ wewfbœ c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i| †hgb evsjvi wewfbœ MÖv‡g †`Lv hvq †h, ivqZ‡ì DcKv‡ii R‡b¨ cyKzi Lbb, we`¨vjq, wPwKrmvjq BZ¨vw` cÖwZôv Rwg`viivB K‡iwQ‡jb| `ywf©¶ I gnvgvixi mgqI Rwg`viiv Zv‡ì ivqZ‡ì i¶vi †Póv Ki‡Zb|

(M) wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j MÖvgvÂ‡ji ¶z`ª wkí¸‡jvi †¶‡Î Rwg`viiv c„ô‡cvlKZv `vb K‡i| d‡j wKQy †¶‡Î wk‡íiI DbœwZ nq|

(N) wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j †h Rwg`vi †kªYxi D™¢e n‡qwQj, µ‡g GivB Bs‡iR‡ì me‡P‡q wek¦¯Í I AbyMZ †kªYx‡Z cwiYZ n‡qwQj| Bs‡iRiv GB eë¯’v †_‡K Gfv‡e eo ai‡bi myweav †c‡qwQj|

(O) GB eë¯’vi d‡j †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvixiv ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi Sv‡gjv †_‡K gyw³ cvq| d‡j Zviv kvmb KvR cwiPvjbvq wbhy³ nq Ges Zv‡ì `¶Zv e„w× cvq|

Kzdj

evsjv Z_v fvi‡Zi mgv‡R wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi †bwZevPK cÖwZwµqv n‡qwQj| †`Lv hvq †h, kZvãxi ci kZvãx G †`‡ki mgvR I ivRbxwZ‡Z GB eë¯’vi cÖfve i‡q wM‡qwQj| Bs‡iR HwZnvwmK WweøD. WweøD nv›Uvi KwZcq Kzd‡ji K_v wj‡L‡Qb| †hgb t

(K) wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy n‡qwQj f‚wg Rwic bv K‡iB| ivR¯^ wekvi` Rb †kvi GR‡b¨ G eë¯’vi we‡ivwaZv K‡i †hme wec‡ì K_v e‡jwQ‡jb, wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨ ev¯Í‡eI †m¸‡jv cÖwZdwjZ n‡jv| GKRb Rwg`v‡ii Aax‡b wK cwigvY Rwg Pvlvev‡ì †hvM¨ A_ev wb®‹i A_ev †Mv-PviY f‚wg wQj Zv wba©viY bv K‡iB ïaygvÎ wbjv‡gi wfwË‡Z ivR‡¯î cwigvY wba©vwiZ n‡qwQj| d‡j †Kv_vI ivR‡¯î nvi AZ¨waK n‡qwQj, Avi †Kv_vI n‡qwQj A‡bK Kg| GB Ae¯’vq GKRb Rwg`v‡ii Rwg`vixi cÖK…Z mxgv wba©vwiZ bv nIqvq AmsL¨ gvgjv-†gvKÏgv Ges bvbv iKg Aeë¯’vi m„wó n‡qwQj|

(L) GB eë¯’vq ivqZ †kªYx Rwg`v‡ii AZ¨vPv‡ii wkKvi nq| Kb©Iqvwj‡mi aviYv wQj †h, Rwg`viiv †hfv‡e wbw`©ó cwigvY ivR¯^ cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi KvQ †_‡K f‚wgi e‡›`ve¯Í †c‡qwQ‡jb, GKBfv‡e Rwg`viivI ivqZ‡ì Rwgi AwaKvi cÖ`vb Ki‡e| wKšÍz ev¯Í‡e Zuvi aviYv wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ nq| KviY AwZ Zz”Q Kvi‡Y ev webv Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq ivqZ‡ì Rwg †_‡K D‡”Q` Kiv n‡Zv| D”Pnv‡i ivR¯^ wba©vwiZ nIqvq ivqZ‡ì KvQ †_‡K D”Pnv‡i LvRbv Av`vq Kiv n‡Zv| d‡j Zv‡ì Avw_©K `y`©kv e„w× cvq|

(M) Rwgi gvwjKvbv wPi¯’vqx nevi d‡j †h †Kvb Dcv‡q Rwg µq ev AwaKv‡ii cÖkœwU cÖavb n‡q ùvovq| d‡j Rwgi g~jë„w×, Rwg wb‡q gvgjv-†gvKÏgv, gvivgvwi e„w× †c‡Z jvM‡jv|



(N) wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j evsjvi Avw_©K KvVv‡gv `ye©j n‡q co‡jv| Rwg`viiv cwikªg bv K‡i AvivgwcÖq I wejvmx Rxe‡b Af¨¯’ n‡q co‡jv|Zviv MÖvg †Q‡o kn‡i emevm Kiv ïiy Ki‡jb| Zv‡ì AeZ©gv‡b bv‡qe †Mvg¯Íviv m‡e©me©v n‡q I‡V|Ges ivqZ‡ì Ici wewfbœ cÖPv‡ii wbh©vZb I AZ¨vPvi ïiy K‡i|ivqZ †kªYx me AwaKvi nvwi‡q f‚wg`v‡m cwiYZ n‡qwQj|A‡bK Bs‡iR HwZnvwmK cieZx©Kv‡j wj‡L‡Qb †h, wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j †Kv¤úvwb †h ivR‰bwZK myweav †c‡qwQj Zvi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK g~j¨ w`‡Z n‡qwQj A‡bK †ewk| `xN©‡gqv‡` †`Lv †Mj †h, GB eë¯’v GKwU AZ¨vPv‡ii h‡š¿ iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| m‡e©vcwi GB eë¯’vi d‡j MÖvg †_‡K kn‡i m¤ú` ¯’vbvšÍi n‡qwQj|

wPi ’vqx e‡›`ve‡ Íi ÎywU ms‡kva‡b wewfbœ c`‡¶c

wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Bs‡iR‡ì ivR‰bwZK ¯^v_© i¶v K‡iwQj mZ¨, wKšÍz GB eë¯’v Pvjy _vKvi d‡j †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖvYPvÂj¨ wQj bv| kû‡i ciMvQv Rwg`vi †kªYx Ges Zv‡ì G‡R›U bv‡qe †Mvg¯Ív‡ì AZ¨vPv‡ii weiy‡× mgv‡Ri Z…Yg~‡ji AwaKvi nviv gvbyl †¶v‡f dzu‡m D‡VwQj| †Kv¤úvwbi A‡bK `~i`kx© Kg©KZ©v Gme wel‡q m‡PZb wQ‡jb| d‡j †`Lv hvq †h, wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi wewfbœ ÎywU `~i Ki‡Z wewfbœ AvBb cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| †hgb 1859 wLª. jW© K¨vwbs ivR¯^ AvBb (Rent Act) cvm K‡i Ab¨vqfv‡e ivqZ‡ì D‡”Q` Kiv ev AwZwi³ Ges wbqg ewnfz©Z LvRbv Av`vq wbwl× †NvlYv K‡ib| Z‡e f‚wg‡Z ivqZ‡ì AwaKvi cÖwZôvq me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wQ‡jv 1885 wLª÷v‡ãi Bengal Tenancy Act ev evsjv cÖRv¯^Z¡ AvBb| GB AvB‡b ejv n‡jv †h, mywbw`©ó KviY e¨ZxZ †Kvb ivqZ‡K Rwgi AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv hv‡e bv| 1928 wLª. GB AvB‡bi GKwU ms‡kvabx cvm nq Ges G‡Z ivqZ‡ì Rwgi ¯^Z¡ wewµi AwaKvi †`qv nq| Z‡e G‡Z ejv nq †h, GB wewµi mgq cuvP fv‡Mi GK fvM A_© wewbgq g~j¨ (Transfer fees) wn‡m‡e Rwg`vi‡K w`‡Z n‡e| 1938 wLª. GK AvB‡b Rwg wewµi mgq Rwg`vi‡K cÖ‡`q wewbgq g~‡jï welqwU i` Kiv nq|1950 wLª. GK AvB‡b c~e©e‡½ wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í wbwl× K‡i Rwg`vix cÖ_v we‡jvc Kiv nq|

mvims‡¶c 1786 wLª.jW© Kb©Iqvwjm fvi‡Z Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wbhy³ n‡q Av‡mb|f‚wg eë¯’vq wZwb †h hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b Avbqb K‡ib Zv wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| GwU cÖeZ©‡bi Rb¨wZwb GKv `vqx wQ‡jb bv| e¯ÍzZ, 1770 wLª. †_‡K G eë¯’vi c‡¶-wec‡¶ bvbv AwfgZ M‡o I‡V Ges Zuvi mg‡q GwU ev¯Íe iƒc jvf K‡i (1793wLª.)| Gi d‡j †Kv¤úvwb Zvi evrmwiK ivR¯^ m¤ú‡K©wbwðZ nq| wKšÍz Rwg Rwic bv K‡i wbjv‡gi wfwË‡Z ivR‡¯i cwigvY wba©viY Kivq ivR‡¯î nvi †Kv_vI AZ¨waK Avevi †Kv_vI A‡bK Kg n‡qwQj| hvB‡nvK, GB e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j evsjvi Avw_©K KvVv‡gv ye©jn‡q c‡o| GB eë¯’vq m„ó Bs‡iR‡ì AbyMZ, kû‡i ciMvQv Rwg`vi †kªYx I Zv‡ì G‡R›U bv‡qe †Mvg¯Ív‡ì AZ¨vPv‡i AwaKviewÂZ ivqZ †kªYxi †¶v‡f dz‡m I‡V| d‡j wewfbœ AvBb cÖeZ©b K‡i Gi ÎywUmg~n ~i Kivi †Póv Kiv nq| Ae‡k‡l 1950 mv‡jGK AvBb Øviv c~e©e‡½ wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í wbwl× K‡i Rwg`vix cÖ_v we‡jvc Kiv nq|

mnvqK MÖš’cÄx t 1. Ave`yj Kwig, evsjvi BwZnvm (1200-1857wLª.)| 2. W. gyn¤§` Ave`yi iwng I Ab¨vb¨, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b| 1| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í cÖeZ©b K‡ib †K? (K) K¬vBf (L) †nw÷sm (M) Kb©Iqvwjm (N) Rb †kvi| 2| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í cÖewZ©Z nq KZ wLª÷v‡ã? (K) 1757 wLª. (L) 1760 wLª. (M) 1765 wLª. (N) 1793 wLª.| 3| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í cÖeZ©‡bi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib †K? (K) Rb †kvi (L) wicb (M) KvR©b (N) dzjvi| 4| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í e¨e¯’vq me‡P‡q †ewk wbh©vwZZ nq †Kvb †kªYxÑ (K) ivqZ (L) bv‡qe †Mv‡g¯Ív (M) Rwg`vi (N) Bs‡iR| 5| evsjv cÖRv¯^Z¡ AvBb cÖewZ©Z nq KZ wLª÷v‡ã? (K) 1880 wLª. (L) 1885 wLª. (M) 1890 wLª. (N) 1895 wLª.| msw¶ß cÖkœ t 1| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi ÎywU ms‡kva‡b M„nxZ c`‡¶cmg~n eY©bv Kiyb| 2| jW© Kb©Iqvwjm m¤ú‡K© GKwU UxKv wjLyb| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t 1| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í- c~e© f‚wg e¨e¯’v D‡jøLc~e©K GB c×wZ cÖeZ©‡bi cUf‚wg eY©bv Kiyb| 2| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi mydj I Kzdj eY©bv Kiyb|



wUcy myjZvb I B½-gnxk~i hy×

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ • wUcy myjZv‡bi mv‡_ Bs‡iR‡ì msN‡l©i cUf‚wg Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • wUcyi cÖwZ Bs‡iR‡ì g‡bvfve Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • Z…Zxq I PZz_© B½-gnxk~i hy× m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • wUcyi civRq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • wUcyi AvaywbK wPšÍvaviv m¤ú‡K© GKwU g~j¨vqb ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Aóv`k kZvãxi wØZxqv‡a© (gyNj mvgªv‡Rï aŸsmve‡k‡li Ici) fvi‡Z K‡qKwU ¯^vaxb ev Aa©¯^vaxb iv‡Rï D™¢e nq| G¸‡jv wQj evsjv, A‡hva¨v, nvq`ªvev`, gnxk~i I gvivVv ivR¨| Gme ivR¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ_‡g evsjv Bs‡iRiv `Lj K‡i †bq| Zvici weªwUkiv µgk MÖvm K‡i mgMÖ fviZel©| Z‡e GKB mgvšÍiv‡j †h mKj †`kxq bicwZ fvi‡Z Bs‡iR‡ì mve©‡fŠg kw³ we¯Ívi †iv‡ai †Póv Pvwj‡q wQ‡jb, Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ wUcy myjZvb wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg| e¯ÍzZ Bs‡iR‡ì Jcwb‡ewkK mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i me‡P‡q eo cÖwZeÜKZv ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb wUcy| hy‡×i gq`v‡b exi‡Z¡i mv‡_ jovB K‡i knx` n‡q‡Qb wZwb| Gme Kvi‡Y weªwUk we‡ivax cÖwZ‡iva hy‡× wUcy GK wKse`šÍxi bvqK|

wUcy-Bs‡iR msN‡l©i cUf‚wg Ges wUcyi cÖwZ Bs‡iR‡ì g‡bvfve

wUcyi wcZv nvq`vi Avjx 1761 wLª. gnxk~‡ii ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib| wZwb AíKv‡ji g‡a¨B gnxk~i‡K fviZe‡l©i g‡a¨ GKwU kw³kvjx iv‡R¨ cwiYZ K‡ib| 1769 wLª. †_‡K wZwb Bs‡iR‡ì hy‡× civ¯Í K‡i gv`ªvR ch©šÍ nwV‡q †`b| 1782 wLª. wØZxq B½-gnxk~i hy‡×i mgq Zuvi ¯^vfvweK g„Zz¨ n‡j wUcy myjZvb ¶gZvq e‡mb|

AvVvi kZ‡Ki †h †Kvb fviZxq kvmK‡ì †P‡q wUcy h_v_©B Abyaveb K‡iwQ‡jb †h, weªwUk kw³ mgMÖ fvi‡Zi †h‡Kvb kw³i c‡¶ AvZ¼ I wec‡ì KviY| ZvB wZb µgea©gvb weªwUk kw³i weiy‡× AwePj `„pZv I Amg mvnm wb‡q iy‡L ùvwo‡qwQ‡jb|Gi d‡j Bs‡iRiv Zuv‡K g‡b K‡iwQj GK fqvbK kÎy| wcZvi b¨vq wUcyI Bs‡iR we‡ivwaZv Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb| Ab¨w`‡K wc‡Ui fviZ kvmb AvB‡b fvi‡Z weªwUk mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii welqwU wbiyrmvwnZ Kiv n‡qwQj| wKšÍz ev¯Íe Ae¯’v wQj m¤ú~Y© wecixZ| fvi‡Z B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi KZ©viv †`L‡jb †h, `w¶Y fvi‡Z Bs‡iR‡ì wbivcËv, eëmv-evwYR¨ BZ¨vw` ¯^v‡_©i †¶‡Î wUcyi gnxk~i ivR¨ me‡P‡q eo ûgwK¯îƒc| fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZi †¶‡Î wbi‡c¶ _vKvi wb‡`©k wb‡q jW© Kb©Iqvwjm fvi‡Z Av‡mb| wKšÍz wZwb AíKv‡ji g‡a¨B eyS‡Z cvi‡jb †h, fvi‡Z weªwUk cÖfzZ¡ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z n‡j wUcy‡K civwRZ Ki‡ZB n‡e| Z`ycwi †mB mgq `w¶Y fvi‡Z kw³ mvg¨ (Balance of Power) wUcyi c‡¶ wQj| ïay `w¶Y fvi‡ZB bq mgMÖ fvi‡Z wUcyi ivR¨ wQj me©vwaK kw³kvjx, mykvwmZ I mg„×| wUcy `w¶Y fvi‡Z Zuvi cÖwZØ›`¡x nvq`ªvev‡ì wbRvg Ges D`xqgvb kw³ gvivVv‡ì mw¤§wjZ kw³‡K civwRZ K‡i mevB‡K wew¯§Z

cvV - 3

Gm Gm GBP Gj


K‡ib| fvi‡Z Bs‡iR‡ì †NviZi cÖwZØ›`¡x BD‡ivcxq kw³ divwm‡ì mv‡_ wUcy mym¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡ib| wewfbœ m~Î †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, wUcy d«v‡Ýi wecøex `j ÔR¨v‡Kvweb K¬v‡ei' m`m¨ wQ‡jb| Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× Avmbœ hy‡× wZwb divwm‡ì cvkvcvwk Zzi‡¯‹i myjZv‡bi mvnvh¨ Kvgbv K‡ib| fvi‡Zi bZzb Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij Kb©Iqvwjm Gme Kvi‡Y AvZw¼Z n‡q c‡ob Ges fvi‡Z Bs‡iR ¯^v_© wecbœ nevi m¤¢vebv Zvi Kv‡Q ¯úó n‡q aiv †`q|

¯^vaxb‡PZv wUcy ivRavbx kªxi½cË‡g Ô¯^vaxbZv e„¶' bv‡g GKwU Mv‡Qi Pviv †ivcb K‡ib| †m mgq fvi‡Zi wewfbœ AÂ‡ji †mbvevwnbxi g‡a¨ wbqgvbyewZ©Zvi Afve wQj cÖKU| wZwb BD‡ivcxq mvgwiK evwnbxi AbyKi‡Y Ges divwm mgiwe`‡ì ZË¡veav‡b GKwU myk„´Lj I AvaywbK evwnbx MVb K‡ib| Zuvi c`vwZK evwnbx‡K BD‡ivcxq ai‡bi Ôgv‡¯‹U' e›`yK I †eq‡bU Øviv mymw¾Z Kiv nq| Aek¨ Gme A¯¿ gnxk~‡iB wbwg©Z n‡Zv| wZwb GKwU AvaywbK †bŠeni MV‡bi †Póv K‡ib| GR‡b¨ wZwb `y‡Uv RvnvR wbg©vY †K›`ª (Dockyard) cÖwZôv K‡ib| Ges †bŠevwnbxi Rvnv‡Ri `y‡Uv Ôg‡Wj' wUcy wb‡RB cÖ¯ÍzZ K‡ib| A_©vr myMwVZ I mymw¾Z wUcyi evwnbx Bs‡iR‡ì g‡b fxwZi mÂvi K‡i|

µgea©gvb weªwUk mvgªv‡Rï we¯Í„wZi m¤§y‡L wUcy hLb cvnv‡oi g‡Zv AwePj evav n‡q ùvwo‡qwQ‡jb, ZLb Kb©Iqvwjm wUcyi ivR¨ Z_v gvjvev‡ii Ici †jvjyc `„wó wb‡¶c K‡ib| Kb©Iqvwj‡mi Kv‡Q g‡b n‡qwQj †h, gvjvevi AÂ‡ji gmjv I P›`b Kv‡Vi eëmvq Ask †bIqv Ges Bs‡iR‡ì ¯^v‡_© GB eëmv‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jv‡Z Bs‡iR Dcwb‡ek we¯Ív‡ii R‡b¨ KvwjKU I K¨vbb e›ì `Lj Kiv LyeB Riywi wQj| Z`ycwi GB c_ w`‡q weª‡Ub mn BD‡iv‡ci mv‡_ †bŠ‡hvMv‡hvM me‡P‡q mnRZi wQj| Ab¨w`‡K hy‡× civwRZ n‡q Ges Av‡gwiKvq 13wU Dcwb‡ek nvwi‡q Kb©Iqvwjm m`¨ fvi‡Z G‡m‡Qb| d‡j fveg~wZ© cybiy×vi Ges ¶wZc~i‡Yi R‡b¨ Kb©Iqvwjm wUcyi mg„× ivR¨ R‡qi cwiKíbv K‡ib| myZivs †`Lv hvq †h, fvi‡Z Bs‡iR mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii wØZxq ch©v‡q fvi‡Z Bs‡iR kvmb m¤úªmvi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbI wQj|

Z…Zxq B½-gnxk~i hy×

1783 wLª. wUcyi wcZv nvq`vi Avjxi ¯^vfvweK g„Zz¨ nq A_©vr hLb wØZxq B½-gnxk~i hy× (1780Ñ84 wLª.) PjwQj|G mgq Bs‡iRiv nvq`vi Avjx I wUcyi nv‡Z ch©y`¯Í nq| 1784 wLª. wUcy we`byi I g¨v½v‡jvi `Lj K‡ib| Bs‡iRiv ZLb mwÜ Ki‡Z eva¨ Ges ¯^v¶wiZ nq g¨v½v‡jvi Pyw³| G Pyw³ Abyhvqx `y'c‡¶i g‡a¨ êwiZvi AvcvZ Aemvb n‡qwQj mZ¨, wKšÍz B½-gnxk~i we‡ivwaZvi †Kvb ¯’vqx mgvavb nqwb| A_©vr g¨v½v‡jvi Pyw³ wQj bvggvÎ mwÜ|wUcy wKsev Bs‡iR DfqB ey‡SwQ‡jb †h, hy× Aek¨¤¢vex n‡q DV‡e| wUcy myjZvb A_ev Bs‡iR †h‡Kvb GKc¶ `vw¶YvZ¨ †_‡K DrLvZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ Df‡qi g‡a¨ hy× Pj‡eB, GB wb‡iU mZ¨ K_vwU Kv‡iv Awew`Z wQj bv| `ya©l© ¯^vaxb‡PZv exi wUcy `vw¶Yv‡Zï f‚wg †_‡K e„wUk Jcwb‡ewkK mvgªv‡Rï Rvj wQbœ Ki‡Z e×cwiKi wQ‡jb| wZwb GR‡b¨ Bs‡iR‡ì cÖwZØ›`¡x BD‡ivcxq ivóª Ges Gwkqvi wgÎ ivóª¸‡jvi mvnvhÏ Kvgbv K‡iwQ‡jb|

Gw`‡K AvVvi kZ‡Ki Avwki `k‡K `vw¶Yv‡Zï ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ `ªyZ cwiewZ©Z nw”Qj| 1788 wLª. Kb©Iqvwjm `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ wUcyi cÖwZØ›`¡x wbRv‡gi KvQ †_‡K ¸›Uzi bvgK f‚LÛwU Dcnvi wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| wewbg‡q wZwb cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wbRvg‡K mvgwiK mvnv‡hï cÖwZkªywZ †`b| GK eQi ci (1789 wLª.) Kb©Iqvwjm Av‡iK avc AMÖmi n‡q `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ wbRv‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ kw³msN MV‡bi B”Qv cÖKvk K‡ib| wKšÍz wUcy‡K MÖnY Kivi †Kvb Bw½Z Zv‡Z wQj bv| GgbwK wUcy‡K msev` ch©šÍ †`qvi †mŠRb¨ Kb©Iqvwjm †`Lvbwb| Bs‡iR HwZnvwmK m¨vi Rb g¨vjKg I DjK&m Kb©Iqvwj‡mi GB AvPiY‡K wUcyi mv‡_ Pyw³we‡ivax AvPiY Ges wek¦vmNvZKZv e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| GgZve¯’vq



wUcy 1789 wLª. Bs‡iR mg_©K wÎev¼zi ivR¨ AvµgY K‡i 3q B½-gnxk~i hy‡×i (1790-92 wLª.) m~Pbv K‡ib| wÎev¼z‡ii ivRv gv`ªv‡R Bs‡iR miKv‡ii mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv Ki‡j m¤¢eZ f‡q Zviv AMÖmi nqwb| d‡j Kb©Iqvwjm gv`ªvR miKv‡ii Zxeª wb›`v K‡ib Ges `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ wUcyi cÖwZØ›`¡x gvivVv Ges wbRvg-Gi mv‡_ ÔwÎkw³ ˆgÎx' (Triple Alliance) MVb K‡ib| Kb©Iqvwjm wb‡R †mbvcwZ wn‡m‡e hy‡× †hvM †`b| cÖ_‡g fq¼i hy× nj Ges †Kvbc¶B Rqjvf Ki‡Z mg_© nqwb| †kl ch©ššÍwUcy civwRZ n‡q kªxi½cËg (1792 wLª.)-Gi Pyw³ ¯^v¶i K‡ib| G mwÜ‡Z KZK¸‡jv AcgvbRbK kZ© wQj| †hgb- Bs‡iRiv m¤ú`kvjx gvjvevi DcK‚j AwaKvi K‡i †bq| wØZxqZ, wUcyi iv‡Rï AwaKvsk f‚LÛ Bs‡iR, gvivVv I wbRvg `Lj K‡i| Z…ZxqZ, hy‡×i ¶wZc~iY eve` cÖPyi A_© Bs‡iR‡ì cÖ`vb GgbwK wUcy Zuvi `yB cyÎ‡KI Bs‡iR‡ì nv‡Z wRw¤§ wn‡m‡e mgc©Y K‡ib|

PZz_© B½-gnxk~i hy×

wUcy myjZv‡bi b¨vq GKRb ¯^vaxb‡PZv, †`k‡cÖwgK myjZv‡bi c‡¶ kªxi½cZ‡bi AcgvbRbK kZ© †ewkw`b †g‡b Pjv m¤¢e wQj bv| we‡kl K‡i AvVvi kZ‡Ki beŸB-Gi `k‡K divwm mgiwe`‡ì mnvqZv †c‡q wUcy D¾xweZ n‡q I‡Vb| G mgq wZwb d«v‡Ýi wecøex `j R¨v‡Kvweb cvwU©i m`m¨c` MÖnY K‡ib Ges Bs‡iR‡ì Pig kÎy d«v‡Ýi wecøex NUbv cÖevn Zuv‡K cÖejfv‡e DÏxß K‡iwQj| cÖvß Z‡_¨ †`Lv hvq †h, 1799 wLª. wZwb gwikv‡m divwm Mfb©‡ii Kv‡Q `~Z †cÖiY K‡i mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv K‡ib Ges wZwb wKQy ˆmb¨ wUcyi Kv‡Q †cÖiY K‡ib|

Ab¨w`‡K fvi‡Z †cŠu‡QB cieZx© Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †Nvi mvgªvRëv`x I‡q‡jmwj wUcyi iYm¾vi welqwU wbwðZ n‡q gv`ªvR KvDwÝ‡ji we‡ivwaZv m‡Ë¡I wUcy‡K `gb Kivi wm×všÍ †bb| wZwb Kb©Iqvwj‡mi mgq ¯^v¶wiZ ÔwÎkw³ ˆgÎx' Pyw³ cybiy¾xweZ K‡ib| mn‡RB wbRvg‡K Bs‡i‡Ri c‡¶ Avbv nq| wKšÍz gvivVviv mn‡R Bs‡iR c‡¶ ‡hvM w`‡Z Pvqwb| ZLb wUcyi iv‡Rï GKvsk gvivVv‡ì cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkªywZ †`qvq Zviv Bs‡iR c‡¶ †hvM †`q|

iYcÖ¯ÍzwZ mgvß K‡i I‡q‡jmwj wUcy‡K AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv MÖnY Kivi R‡b¨ Avgš¿Y Rvbvb| Z`ycwi wZwb Zuvi divwm ˆgwÎZv m¤úK© ˆKwdqZI Zje K‡ib| wKšÍz ¯^vaxb‡PZv wUcy Gme Avnevb N„Yvf‡i cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡j PZz_© B½-gnxk~i hy‡×i m~Pbv nq| mywPwšÍZ cwiKíbv Abyhvqx Bs‡iRiv DbœZ A¯¿ Ges gvivVv I wbRv‡gi evwnbxi mnvqZvq wUcy‡K wZb w`K †_‡K AvµgY K‡i| d‡j wUcy m`vwki I gj‡fjxi hy‡× civwRZ n‡q ivRavbx kªxi½cË‡g G‡m ˆmb¨ mgv‡ek K‡ib| Bs‡iR evwnbx wUcyi ivRavbx Ae‡iva K‡i| Dfqc‡¶ GKgvm hy× P‡j| wUcy ex‡ii g‡Zv hy× K‡i cÖvYZ¨vM K‡ib| Bs‡iRiv GK cÖej civµvšÍ kÎy‡K civwRZ K‡i ¯^w¯Í‡eva K‡i|

wUcyi cZ‡bi ci †MvUv ivR¨‡K wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| AwaKvsk GjvKv weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ Kiv nq| wbRvg‡KI †`qv nq GK ¶z`ªvsk| gvivVv‡ì‡K c~e©kZ© mn wKQy f‚LÛ †`qvi K_v ej‡j Zviv MÖnY K‡iwb| GB eë‡”Q‡ì ci gnxk~i iv‡Rï Aewkó ¶z`ª AskwU‡Z gnxk~‡ii cÖvPxb GK wn›`y ivRes‡ki DËivwaKvix‡K ¶gZvq emv‡bv nq|

wUcy myjZv‡bi civR‡qi KviY

Gm Gm GBP Gj


Bs‡iR Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb we‡ivax msMÖv‡g wUcy GK Awe¯§iYxq bvg| GKwU cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wZwb exi‡Z¡i mv‡_ hy× K‡i knx` nb| Zuvi cZ‡bi wKQy KviY wQj t

1. A‡bK HwZnvwmK g‡b K‡ib †h, Ak¦v‡ivnx evwnbxi Ae¶q Ges wUcy KZ…©K nvq`vi Avjxi mgi bxwZ eR©b Gi R‡b¨ `vqx| wUcyi Rxeb Av‡j‡Lï iPwqZv HwZnvwmK gwneyj nvmvb Aek¨ G‡K Ab¨Zg KviY wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, cÖavb KviY wn‡m‡e bq| kªxi½cË‡gi mwÜ Abyhvqx wUcy Ak¦v‡ivnx I c`vwZK evwnbxi msL¨v n«vm K‡i †KŠkjMZ fzj K‡i‡Qb| wKšÍz Bs‡iR‡ì mv‡_ m¤úvw`Z Pyw³i gh©v`v wZwb i¶v Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb|

2. Bs‡iR‡ì nv‡Z wUcyi civR‡qi g~j KviY wQj B½-gvivVv-wbRv‡gi wÎkw³ †RvU| Bs‡iRiv PvZz‡h©i mv‡_ `ya©l© gvivVv kw³‡K wUcyi weiy‡× eënvi K‡ib| Z`ycwi mw¤§wjZ evwnbxi ˆmb¨ msL¨v †_‡K wUcyi ˆmb¨msL¨v wQj A‡bK Kg| Ab¨w`‡K wUcy †`kxq ivRv‡ì mnvqZv cvbwb, cÖ‡qvRbxq gyn‚‡Z© ê‡`wkK mnvqZvI cvbwb| wewfbœ †`‡k `~Z †cÖiY K‡i wZwb †Kej †gŠwLK mnvbyf‚wZ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| Aí msL¨K divwm †¯^”Qv‡meK wUcy‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z G‡m Zuvi cÖwZ I‡q‡jmwji m‡›`n, Awek¦vm I we‡Øl e„w× K‡iwQj gvÎ|

wUcy myjZv‡bi K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb

fviZe‡l©i BwZnv‡m we‡`kx AvµgY cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z hviv Avg„Zz¨ hy× K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ wUcy myjZvb Ab¨Zg| wZwb wQ‡jb gnvb †hv×v, †`k‡cÖwgK Ges ¯^vaxb‡PZv| Bs‡iR‡ì mv‡_ AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv ¯^v¶i K‡i wZwb mn‡RB wbR ivR¨ †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| wKšÍz ¯^‡`k‡cÖg I AvZ¥gh©v`v †ev‡ai Kvi‡Y wZwb Zv K‡ibwb| Bs‡iR `vk©wbK wgj wUcy‡K cÖv‡Pï GKRb †kªô ivRv wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| gyi Ges wW‡ivg †jLKiv wUcyi iv‡Rï mg„w× Ges RbM‡Yi myL-kvwšÍi welqwU D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Bs‡iRiv hLb gnxk~i ivR¨ `Lj K‡i ZLb Zviv we¯§‡qi mv‡_ j¶¨ KiwQj †h, weªwUk AwaKvifz³ mvgªv‡Rï K…lK-mgv‡Ri Zzjbvq gnxk~‡ii K…lK-mgvR A‡bK †ewk mg„w×i AwaKvix| weªwUk fvi‡Zi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij m¨vi Rb †kvi wj‡LwQ‡jb, ÒwUcyi ivR¨g‡a¨ cÖRv‡ì ¯^v_© myiw¶Z, KvR Ki‡Z Zviv DrmvwnZ nq| KviY kª‡gi dj Zviv †fvM Ki‡Z cvq|Ó bZzb bZzb welq cÖeZ©‡bi cÖwZ Zuvi †SuvK wQj| Zuvi e¨w³MZ cvVvMv‡i ag©, BwZnvm, iYbxwZ, wPwKrmv I MwY‡Zi MÖš’ wQj| Ab¨w`‡K wZwb wQ‡jb ag© wbi‡c¶ AvaywbK gvbyl| 1791 wLª. gvivVv evwnbx KZ…©K Ôk„‡½wi gV' jywÉZ nIqvi ci wUcy mviv`v‡èxi g~wZ© wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ A_© `vb K‡ib| kªxi½bv_ gw›`‡ii `~iZ¡ wUcyi cÖvmv` †_‡K gvÎ GKkZ MR| wZwb wbR iv‡R¨ AvaywbK A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v Pvjy K‡ib| eëmv-evwY‡R¨ ivR¨wU mg„× n‡q I‡V| myZivs ejv hvq †h, Giƒc cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wUcyi civRq wQj b¶‡Îi cZ‡bi g‡Zv|

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Gm Gm GBP Gj


jW© I‡q‡jmwj I AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ • jW© I‡qjmwj KZ…©K AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ cÖeZ©‡bi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; • AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZi D™¢e, weKvk Ges kZ©mg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; • AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ wKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡qwQj, Kviv GwU MÖnY K‡iwQj Ges Kviv GB

bxwZ cÖwZ‡iva K‡iwQj Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • fvi‡Z weªwUk mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii GKwU msw¶ß wPÎ Luy‡R cv‡eb|

fvi‡Z weªwUk mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvq †h mKj Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q AvµgYvZ¥K wQ‡jb jW© I‡q‡jmwj| wZwb wQ‡jb †Nvi mvgªvRëv`x| weª‡U‡b †evW© Ae K‡Uªv‡ji m`m¨ _vKvKvjxb mg‡q wZwb fviZ m¤úK© aviYv jvf Kivi my‡hvM †c‡qwQ‡jb| 1798 wLª. I‡q‡jmwj hLb fviZe‡l© Av‡mb, ZLb mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii wewfbœ c_ Zvi mvg‡b †Lvjv wQj; wKšÍz wewfbœ mgm¨v †hgb hy‡×i e¨q, divwm‡ì mv‡_ kÎyZv BZ¨vw` A‡bK RwUjZvI wQj| GB mgq c„w_exi bvbv As‡k divwm‡ì mv‡_ giYcY msMÖv‡g weªwUk RvwZ wb‡qvwRZ wQj| I‡q‡jmwj fvi‡Z G‡m Zvi mgm¨v¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk cÖavb cÖwZc¶‡KI wPwýZ K‡ib| Zvi c~e©m~ix m¨vi Rb †kvi wQ‡jb GKRb D`vicš’x kvmK Ges ivR¨ Rq bv K‡i wZwb wbi‡c¶ bxwZ AbymiY K‡ib| I‡q‡jmwj †`L‡jb †h, wUcy myjZvb GB wbi‡c¶Zvi my‡hvM wb‡qB divwm I ZzwK©‡ì mv‡_ wgÎZv cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb Ges divwm mvnv‡hï gva¨‡gB Bs‡iR‡ì Ici P~ovšÍ AvNvZ nvbvi cÖ¯ÍzwZ MÖnY Ki‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K Bs‡iR‡ì wgÎ wbRvg msK‡Ui mgq mnvqZv bv †c‡q divwm‡ì mvnvh¨ wKQyUv MÖnY K‡ib| gvivVviv wmwÜqvi †bZ…‡Z¡ `ya©l© kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nIqvi †Póv Ki‡Qb, hwÌ Zv‡ì AšÍK©jn Ae¨vnZ wQj|

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weªwUk cyuwRcwZ I eëmvqx †kªYxi mg_©b

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AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZi D™¢e I weKvk

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AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZi cÖ‡qvM

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Gm Gm GBP Gj


jvL ˆmb¨ RxweKvPy¨Z n‡q mswkøó ivR¨¸‡jv‡Z `vwi`ª¨, †eKviZ¡ Ges ˆbwZK cZ‡bi KviY n‡q ùvovq| G‡ì A‡b‡KB åvg¨gvb WvKv‡Z cwiYZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K †`kxq ivRviv B‡Zvc~‡e© cÖRv‡ì myL-kvwšÍi welqwU we‡ePbv Ki‡Zb, KviY Zv bv n‡j cÖRv we‡`ªv‡ni fq wQj| wKšÍz Bs‡iR AvwkªZ iv‡Rï ivRv‡ì cÖRv we‡`ªv‡ni fq wQj bv, KviY Zuviv Rvb‡Zb †m‡¶‡Î iv‡R¨ †gvZv‡qb Bs‡iR ˆmbïvB Zuv‡ì i¶v Ki‡e|

Bs‡iRiv GB bxwZ Øviv jvfevb n‡qwQj| KviY fviZxq kvmK‡ì UvKvq Zviv GKwU weivU evwnbx‡K †cvlY Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj| fvi‡Zi wewfbœ AÂ‡ji AvwkªZ iv‡R¨ weªwUk ˆmbëvwnbx _vKvq Bs‡iRiv eû `~ieZx© AÂ‡jI †h‡Kvb gyn‚‡Z© hy× Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cvi‡Zv| Ab¨w`‡K Bs‡iRiv †h †Kvb AvwkªZ iv‡Rï ivRv‡K Abychy³ †NvlYv K‡i Zvwo‡q w`‡Z cvi‡Zv A_ev mivmwi `Lj K‡iI wb‡Zv| Bs‡iR‡ì c‡¶ AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ †h KZ jvfRbK n‡qwQj †mwU eY©bv cÖm‡½ GKRb Bs‡iR HwZnvwmK gšÍe¨ K‡i‡QbÑ ÒLvB‡q `vB‡q GKUv luvo‡K †ek üócyó K‡i †Zvjv nq GB D‡Ï‡k¨ †h, GKw`b cigvb‡›` Zvi gvsm †fvRb Kiv hv‡e| Bs‡iRiv GBfv‡e cÖwZwU AvwkªZ ivR¨‡KI i¶v Ki‡Zv hv‡Z fwel¨‡Z Zv‡K †ek fvjfv‡e MjvaKiY Kiv hvq|Ó

AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ MÖnYKvix fviZxq ivR¨mg~n

me©cÖ_g (1798 wLª.) nvq`ªvev‡ì wbRvg GB bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib| d‡j divwm †mbvbvqK‡ì ZË¡veav‡b wZwb †h ˆmbëvwnbx MVb K‡iwQ‡jb, †m †f‡½ †`b| Pyw³ Abyhvqx Bs‡iRiv Zuvi iv‡R¨ Qq e¨vUvwjqb weªwUk ˆmb¨ †cÖiY K‡i Ges wZwb Bs‡iR‡ì evrmwiK 2,41,710 cvDÛ w`‡Z A½xKvi K‡ib| `yB eQi ci (1800 wLª.) Bs‡iR ˆmb¨msL¨v e„w× Kiv n‡qwQj, wKšÍz GR‡b¨ wbRvg Zvi iv‡R¨ GKvsk Bs‡iR‡ì †Q‡o †`b|

1801 wLª. A‡hva¨vi beve GB Pyw³‡Z Ave× nb| beve Zuvi iv‡Rï †ivwnjvLÛ Ges M½v I hgybvi gaëZx© f‚wg mn cÖvq A‡a©K ivR¨ Bs‡iR‡ì Kv‡Q †Q‡o †`b| Gi wewbg‡q Zuvi iv‡R¨ GKwU weªwUk ˆmbëvwnbx †cÖwiZ nq| iv‡Rï Aewkó As‡k bev‡ei MwZwewaI wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| GKK_vq beve Zvi ¯^vaxbZvB nvwi‡qwQ‡jb|

wUcy myjZv‡bi cÖwZ‡iva

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AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ I gvivVv

AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki †k‡l ¯^vaxbZv wcÖq gvivVv‡ì g‡a¨ AvZ¥Kjn e„w× cvq|GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z I‡q‡jmwj †c‡kvqv I wmwÜqv‡K AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv MÖn‡Yi AvnŸvb Rvbvb| `~i`kx© ivRbxwZK bvbv dobexm GB duv‡` co‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib| wKšÍz 1802 wLª. Bs‡iR‡ì nv‡Z gvivVv evwnbx civwRZ n‡j †c‡kvqv evRxivI GB Pyw³‡Z Ave× nb| 1803 wLª÷v‡ãi w`‡K wmwÜqv I †fuvm‡j Bs‡iR‡ì wbKU civwRZ n‡q AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZvq ¯^v¶i K‡ib| Giv `yRbB Bs‡iR‡ì nv‡Z Zv‡ì iv‡Rï GKvsk Zz‡j w`‡qwQ‡jb| gvivVv‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q Zxeª cÖwZ‡iva M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb †nvjKvi| †kl ch©šÍ 1806 wLª. †Kv¤úvwb I †nvjKv‡ii g‡a¨ GK Pyw³i gva¨‡g msNv‡Zi Aemvb nq|

I‡q‡jmwji AcmviY Ges AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZi Aemvb

B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi Askx`viiv †`L‡jb †h, †Nvi mvgªvRëv`x I‡q‡jmwji mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii R‡b¨ hy‡×i LiP †gUv‡Z †Kv¤úvwb jv‡fi e`‡j ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡q c‡o‡Q| 1797 wLª. GB †jvKmv‡bi gvÎv †hLv‡b wQj 17 wgwjqb cvDÛ, 1806 wLª. Zv †e‡o ùvovq 31 wgwjqb cvD‡Û| †b‡cvwjq‡bi Kvi‡Y BD‡iv‡c weª‡U‡bi Ae¯’v †kvPbxq n‡q D‡VwQj| GB Ae¯’vq fvi‡Z wecyj A_© e¨‡q mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi eÜ Ki‡Z PvB‡jb †Kv¤úvwbi KZ©viv| d‡j B‡Zvg‡a¨ wewRZ ivR¨¸‡jv †fvM Ki‡ZB Zviv mšÍzó wQj| GB wm×v‡šÍi ci I‡q‡jmwj‡K ¯^‡`‡k wdi‡Z nq| Aek¨ GUv mZ¨ †h, Zvi GB bxwZi AvMÖvmx cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡jB Bs‡iRiv fvi‡Zi AwaKvsk AÂj `Lj Ki‡Z m¶g nq|

mvims‡¶c

fvi‡Z e„wUk mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvq †h mKj Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì g‡a¨me‡P‡q AvµgYvZ¥K wQ‡jb jW© I‡q‡jmwj| †Nvi mvgªvRëv`x I‡q‡jmwj fvi‡Z G‡m wewfbœ mgm¨vi cvkvcvwk cÖavb cÖwZc¶‡KI wPwýZ K‡ib| GesmvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ KwZcq bxwZ AbymiY K‡ib| Gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ|

mnvqK MÖš’cÄx t 1. Ave`yj Kwig, evsjvi BwZnvm (1200-1857 wLª.)| 2. W. gyn¤§` Ave`yi iwng I Ab¨vb¨, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b| 1| I‡q‡jmwj fvi‡Z Av‡mbÑ (K) 1780 wLª. (L) 1785 wLª. (M) 1798 wLª. (N) 1800 wLª.| 2| I‡q‡jmwji c~e©eZx© Mfb©‡ii bvg wK? (K) K¬vBf (L) †nw÷sm (M) wUcy (N) Rb †kvi| 3| fvi‡Z me©cÖ_g †K AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ MÖnY K‡ibÑ (K) wbRvg (L) wmwÜqv (M) wUcy (N) evRxivI| msw¶ß cÖkœ t 1| I‡q‡jmwj †Kb †Nvi mvgªvR¨ev`x wQ‡jb? 2| AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ m¤ú‡K© gvivVv‡`i cÖwZwµqv wK wQj? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t 1| I‡q‡jmwj †Kb AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ cÖeZ©b K‡ib? Kviv GB bxwZi †cQ‡b mg_©b

hywM‡qwQ‡jb? 2| AaxbZvg~jK bxwZi D™¢e I weKvk Ges Gi cÖavb cÖavb kZ©mg~‡ni weeiY w`b| 3| AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZi cÖ‡qv‡Mi weeiY w`b| Kviv GwU MÖnY K‡ib Ges Kviv Gi we‡ivwaZv

K‡ib?



jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ t ms¯‹vimg~n

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ • jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U‡¼i ms¯‹v‡ii cUf‚wg Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • †ew›U‡¼i wewfbœ ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • cvðv‡Zï AvaywbK wk¶v cÖeZ©‡b †ew›U‡¼i Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv Z_v fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m GKRb wnZev`x Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wn‡m‡e †ew›U¼ fv¯î n‡q Av‡Qb| Rxe‡bi wewfbœ c‡e© wZwb †h wewPÎ AwfÁZv mÂq K‡iwQ‡jb †mwUB Zuv‡K GKRb `~i`kx© Ges gnr kvm‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| jW© DBwjqvg †K‡fwìk †ew›U¼ †hŠe‡b wQ‡jb wWDK Ae I‡qwjsU‡bi Aax‡b GKRb ˆmwbK| Gici fvi‡Z Av‡mb (1803 wLª.) gv`ªv‡Ri Mfb©i wn‡m‡e Ges ¯^‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib 1807 wLª.| g~jZ 1806 wLª. †f‡jv‡i †h wmcvnx we‡`ªvn †`Lv †`q †mRb¨ †Kv¤úvwb Zuv‡K jÛ‡b wb‡q hvq| †mLv‡b wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi mì `ß‡i L¨vwZgvb cÖMwZkxj `vk©wbK †Rgm& wg‡ji mv‡_ GKwU `vwqZ¡c~Y© c‡` KvR K‡ib| G mgq †ew›U¼ wg‡ji mnPh© I Rxeb‡eva Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡qwQ‡jb| 1829 wLª. †ew›U¼ fvi‡Zi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi mv‡_ A‡bK D`vicš’x Ges cÖMwZkxj ivRKg©PvixI fvi‡Z Av‡mb| GKB mgq jÛ‡b †h ÔûBM' †Mvôx ¶gZv jvf K‡iwQj Zv‡ì bxwZB wQj cÖMwZev` I ms¯‹vi| †ew›U¼ wQ‡jb D`vicš’x, ms¯‹viev`x Ges gy³ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wek¦vmx| wZwb wQ‡jb wf‡±vwiqvb hy‡Mi g~Z© cÖZxK| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, fvi‡Zi RbM‡Yi cÖwZ kvmK Bs‡iR‡ì GK ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q| GB wPšÍv †_‡KB wZwb ms¯‹v‡i eªZx n‡qwQ‡jb| Aek¨ mgv‡jvPK‡ì g‡Z, †ew›U‡¼i Gme Kg©KvÛ wQj wf‡±vwiq hy‡Mi M‡e©v×Z weªwUk g‡bvfv‡ei cÖwZdjb gvÎ|

wZbwU cÖavb †¶‡Î †ew›U‡¼i ms¯‹vi

†ew›U‡¼i kvmbKvj hy×-weMÖn wKsev mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii R‡b¨ weL¨vZ bq| eis kvwšÍ Ges ms¯‹v‡ii R‡b¨ wZwb weL¨vZ n‡q Av‡Qb| wZwb A_©‰bwZK, cÖkvmwbK Ges mvgvwRK †¶‡Î †ek wKQy hyMvšÍKvix ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib| wb‡¤œ Zv ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ

K. A_©‰bwZK ms¯‹vi

†ew›U‡¼i `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi Av‡M †_‡KB †Kv¤úvwbi Avw_©K Ae¯’v msKUvcbœ n‡q I‡V Ges A_©bxwZi KvVv‡gv †f‡½ covi Dcµg nq| GB Ae¯’vq K‡Vvi Avw_©K eë¯’vcbv †hgb e¨q ms‡KvPb, ivR¯^ e„w×, hy× weMÖ‡n A_© e¨q bv K‡i kvwšÍ ¯’vcb BZ¨vw` bvbvgyLx c`‡¶c †bb wZwb| e¨q ms‡KvP‡bi R‡b¨ cÖ_g †h c`‡¶cwU MÖnY K‡ib, Zvi g‡a¨ wQj mvgwiK Lv‡Z e¨q n«vm| wZwb ˆmwbK‡ì

cvV - 5

Gm Gm GBP Gj


ÔA‡a©K fvZv' evwZj K‡ib Ges mvgwiK KZ©v‡ìI †eZb Kwg‡q †`b| GB K‡Vvi c`‡¶‡ci weiy‡× BD‡ivcxq Kg©Pvixiv we‡¶vf cÖ`k©b K‡i| wKšÍz †Kv¤úvwbi bxwZ wba©viKiv †ew›U‡¼i mg_©b Kivq wZwb mn‡RB we‡¶vf `gb K‡ib|

wØZxqZ, wZwb ivR¯^ e„w×i R‡b¨ wKQy ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Avwdg eëmv‡qi Ici Ki avh© K‡ib| evsjvq Amvay Dcv‡q †hme wb®‹i f‚wg †`Lv‡bv n‡qwQj Zv evwZj K‡i ivR¯^ avh© K‡ib| AvMÖv AÂ‡ji f‚wg eë¯’vi cwieZ©b K‡i wZwb bZzb nv‡i ivR¯^ e„w×i †Póv K‡ib| GQvovI wZwb hy× cÖeY GjvKvq †hgb wmÜzi Avgxi‡ì mv‡_ Ges cvÄv‡e ibwRr wms‡ni mv‡_ mwÜ ¯’vcb K‡ib| Gi d‡j Hme AÂ‡j ewYK‡ì eëmv evwY‡Rï c_ Db¥y³ nq| Gjvnvev‡` wZwb GKwU ivR¯^ †evW© (Revenue Board) cÖwZôv K‡ib| A_©vr A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î wZwb `¶ eë¯’vcbvi m~Pbv K‡ib hvi dmj Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨ †Kv¤úvwb †c‡qwQj| cÖvß Z_¨ Abyhvqx, †ew›U‡¼i `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi mgq †Kv¤úvwbi evrmwiK NvUwZi cwigvY wQj `k j¶ UvKv; wKšÍz `y'wZb ermi †`Lv †Mj †h, NvUwZ c~i‡Yi ciI Av‡iv c‡bi j¶ DØ„Ë n‡Zv|

L. cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi

KY©Iqvwjm evsjv Z_v fvi‡Z †h Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb KvVv‡gvi cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb, †ew›U¼ Zv‡Z e¨vcK cwieZ©b K‡ib| Kb©Iqvwjm †hme åvg¨gvb wePvivjq I Avcxj Av`vjZ cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb †ew›U¼ Zv evwZj K‡i †`b| KviY GB eë¯’vq wePvi Kv‡R Ah_v wej¤^ n‡Zv| bZzb eë¯’vq †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi `vwqZ¡ †Rjvi wePviK‡ì nv‡Z cÖ`vb K‡ib Ges Kv‡j±i‡ì g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui ¶gZv cÖ`vb K‡ib| Zuvi mgq cÖ_g K‡qKwU †Rjv wb‡q GKwU wefvM ˆZwi Kiv nq Ges Gi cÖavb wn‡m‡e whwb wbhy³ nb, Zv‡K ejv n‡Zv Kwgkbvi| †Rjv g¨vwR‡÷ªU, RR I cywj‡ki Kv‡Ri ZË¡veav‡bi `vwqZ¡ wQj Zuvi| †ew›U¼ †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx fviZxq‡ì miKvwi Kv‡R wbhy³ Kivi wb‡`©k †`b| †ew›U‡¼i AvM ch©šÍ fviZxq‡ì ga¨ †_‡K †Kvb wePviK †bqv n‡Zv bv| wZwb ïay fviZxq‡ì wePviKB wbhy³ Kivi eë¯’v K‡ib Ggb bq, Zuv‡ì wePvi ¶gZv, c`gh©v`v Ges †eZbI e„w× K‡ib| Av‡M Av`vjZ¸‡jv‡Z dviwm fvlvq wePvi KvR Pj‡Zv| wZwb ¯’vbxq fvlvq wePvi KvR Pvjv‡bvi AbygwZ †`b| Gi d‡j wePvi eë¯’v RvZxq PwiÎ aviY K‡i|

†ew›U‡¼i mgq †_‡K †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvix‡ì `¶Zv e„w×i R‡b¨ D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©vi KvQ †_‡K Ô‡Mvcb wi‡cvU©' (Confidential Report) †cÖi‡Yi weavb Pvjy K‡ib| GB c×wZi gva¨‡gB Kg©KZ©v‡ì c‡`vbœwZ n‡Zv| Av‡Rv miKv‡ii PvKzwi‡Z GB c×wZ AbymiY Kiv n‡”Q|

M. mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi

†ew›U‡¼i ms¯‹v‡ii g‡a¨ mvgvwRK ms¯‹v‡iB my`~i cÖmvix f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| we‡kl K‡i fviZxq mgv‡Ri i‡Ü« i‡Ü« †hme Kzms¯‹vi weivRgvb wQj Zvi A‡bKUvB `~ixf‚Z Kivi hyMvšÍKvix c`‡¶c †bb wZwb| evsjv Z_v fvi‡Z AvaywbK cvðvZ¨ wk¶vi †MvovcËbI K‡ib wZwb|

B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb cÖ_g †_‡KB fvi‡Z agx©q I mvgvwRK †¶‡Î wbi‡c¶ bxwZ AbymiY K‡i| d‡j G‡`kxq RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Kzms¯‹vi Ges AgvbweK cÖ_v cÖPwjZ wQj †m wel‡q fvi‡Zi GB be¨ kvmKiv wbivc` `~i‡Z¡ Ae¯’vb †bq| †m mgq ivRcyZ, RvV cÖf…wZ RvwZi g‡a¨ wkï nZ¨vi g‡Zv AgvbweK cÖ_v cÖPwjZ wQj| fvi‡Zi A‡bK DcRvwZi g‡a¨ Kb¨v mšÍvb f‚wgó n‡j Zv‡K M½v b`x‡Z wb‡¶c Kiv n‡Zv Ges GUv‡K Zviv c~Y¨ KvR wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Zv| Gme wbôzi cÖ_v †`‡L



cÖMwZkxj I D`vicš’x Bs‡iR kvmKMY wePwjZ †eva K‡ib| d‡j †`Lv hvq †h, m¨vi Rb †kv‡ii mgq 1795 wLª. GK AvB‡b wkï nZ¨v `Ûbxq Aciva e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq| wKšÍz fvi‡Zi mgv‡Ri me‡P‡q wbôzi cÖ_v mZx`vn ZLbI Ae¨vnZ wQj| ¯^vgxi g„Zzï ci wn›`y weaevMY‡K ¯^vgxi wPZvq Suvc w`‡Z n‡Zv Ges Gfv‡e Zv‡ì †Rvic~e©K nZ¨v Kiv n‡Zv| Aek¨ A‡b‡KB †¯^”Qvq Suvc w`‡Zv| hv‡nvK G cÖ_v wQj AgvbweK| d‡j †`Lv hvq †h, jW© Kb©Iqvwj‡mi mgq †_‡K mZx`vn cÖ_v wbwl× Kivi †Póv Kiv nq| cieZx©Kv‡j A‡bK Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij G cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb, Z‡e mdj nbwb| wKšÍz `„pcÖwZÁ †ew›U¼ GB cÖ_v wbwl× Ki‡Z mg_© nb| wZwb 1829 wLª÷v‡ã fviZxq wePviKMY, ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq Ges wcÖÝ ØviKvbv_ VvKzi cÖgyL wn›`y D`vicš’x‡ì mn‡hvwMZvq GK AvB‡bi gva¨‡g mZx`vn cÖ_v wbwl× †NvlYv K‡ib| ïay ZvB bq, mZx`v‡n cÖ‡ivPbv Ges mnvqZv Kiv‡KI ¸iyZi kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Acivaiƒ‡c †NvlYv Kiv n‡qwQj|

‡ew›U‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb K…wZZ¡ n‡jv ÔVMx `gb'| GB VMxiv wQj Kvjx I `yM©vi DcvmK| WvKvZ Ges gvbyl LybB wQj Zv‡ì †ckv I †bkv| gyNj hyM †_‡KB Giv mvaviY gvby‡li Ici AZ¨vPvi Pvwj‡q AvmwQj| Giv wbixn cw_K‡ì AbymiY K‡i wbR©b ¯’v‡b k¦vm‡iva K‡i nZ¨v Ges me©¯^ jyU Ki‡Zv| †ew›U¼ VMx `g‡bi Rb¨ GK ¯^Zš¿ cÖkvmwbK wefvM ¯’vcb K‡ib Ges K‡b©j køxg¨v‡bi mnvqZv 1829Ñ35 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨ VMx‡ì m¤ú~Y©fv‡e `gb K‡ib|

cvðvZ¨ wk¶vi cÖeZ©b

AvaywbK wk¶v cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g Bs‡iRiv G‡`‡k GKwU wecøe mvab K‡iwQ‡jb| GB AvaywbK wk¶v we¯Ív‡ii †¶‡Î me‡P‡q †ewk c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡ib jW© †ew›U¼| Aek¨K †ew›U‡¼i Av‡M †_‡KB GKwU cÖwµqv Ae¨vnZ wQj| 1813 wLª÷v‡ãi PvU©vi A¨v‡± me©cÖ_g †Kv¤úvwb evrmwiK GK j¶ UvKv eivÏ K‡i| GB UvKvi †`kxq fvlv †hgb ms¯‹…Z I dviwm fvlvq wk¶v`v‡bi Rb¨ A_© e¨q Kiv nq| 1833 wLª. †ew›U¼ wm×všÍ †bb †h, Bs‡iwR fvlvq wk¶v`v‡bi R‡b¨ GB UvKv e¨q Kiv n‡e| ZrKvjxb weªwUk †m‡µUvix wcÖ‡Ýc (H.T.Princep) Ges HwZnvwmK DBjmb (Wilson) cÖvP¨ fvlvq wk¶vi R‡b¨ miKvwi A_© e¨q Kivi c¶cvwZ wQ‡jb| Ab¨w`‡K Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji AvBb welqK m`m¨ Ges †ew›U‡¼i Nwbô mnPi jW© †gK‡j hyw³ †`Lvb †h, fviZxq fvlv¸‡jvi Ae¯’v GZ nxb †h, Gi gva¨‡g cvðv‡Zï Ávb-weÁvb wk¶v`vb Am¤¢e| ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi †bZ…‡Z¡ †m mg‡qi cÖMwZkxj e¨w³MY †gK‡ji e³e¨‡K mg_©b K‡ib| d‡j †`Lv hvq †h, 1835 Bs‡iwR fvlvq wk¶v`v‡bi hyMvšÍKvix wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| H eQi †ew›U‡¼i cÖ‡Póvq KwjKvZvq GKwU †gwW‡Kj K‡jR Ges †ev¤^vB-G Gjwdb&‡÷vb Bbw÷wUDkb ¯’vcb Kiv nq| miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M †ek wKQy Bs‡iwR ¯‹zj I K‡jR †Lvjv n‡qwQj|

BwZnv‡m †ew›U‡¼i ’vb

D`vicš’x Ges gvbeZvev`x †ew›U¼ ivR¨ we¯Ív‡ii †P‡q mgvR ms¯‹vi Ges cÖRv‡ì Dbœq‡bi R‡b¨ cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb| jW© †gK‡j †ew›U‡¼i cÖksmv K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h, wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb Rbwn‰Zlx kvmK| †gK‡j Av‡iv e‡j‡Qb †h, jW© †ew›U¼ me©cÖ_g cÖvP¨ †`‡ki ˆ¯îvPvix kvmK‡ì e`‡j weªwUk RvwZi ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^v` fviZxq‡ì w`‡qwQ‡jb| GB e³‡e¨ AwZwi³ Av‡eM I D”Q¦vm _vK‡jI welqwU AmZ¨ bq| AvaywbK I gy³gbv gvbyl ˆZwii R‡b¨ cwi‡ek m„wó, cvðvZ¨ Ávb-weÁv‡bi cÖPvi, wbôzi I AgvbweK agx©q cÖ_v K‡Vvifv‡e wbwl× K‡i †ew›U¼ hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b mvab K‡ib| evsjv Z_v fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m †ew›U¼ ZvB Agi n‡q Av‡Qb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


mvims‡¶c

jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ 1829 wLª. fvi‡Zi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi kvmbKv‡j hy×-weMÖn ev mvgªvR¨we¯Ív‡ii cwie‡Z© A_©‰bwZK, cÖkvmwbK I mvgvwRK †¶‡Î †ek wKQy hyMvšÍKvix ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib| mZx`vn cÖ_v wbwl×KiY I cvðvZ¨ wk¶v cÖeZ©b Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| evsjv Z_v fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m wnZev`x GKRb kvmK I ms¯‹vi wn‡m‡e wZwb ZvB Agi n‡qAv‡Qb|

mnvqK MÖš’cÄx t 1. Ave`yj Kwig, evsjvi BwZnvm (1200-1857 wLª.)| 2. W. gyn¤§` Ave`yi iwng I Ab¨vb¨, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b| 1| †ew›U¼ KZ wLª. Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnYK‡ibÑ (K) 1820 (L) 1829 (M) 1838 (N) 1847 wLª.| 2| †ew›U¼ †Kv_vq ivR¯^ †evW© ¯’vcb K‡ibÑ (K) XvKvq (L) KwjKvZvq (M) Gjvnvev‡` (N) PÆMÖv‡g| 3| cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹v‡ii R‡b¨ †ew›U¼ cÖwZôv K‡ibÑ (K) wefvM (L) †Rjv (M) _vbv (N) BDwbqb| msw¶ß cÖkœ t 1| †ew›U¼ ivR¯^ e¨q ms‡KvPb I ivR¯^ e„w×i Rb¨ wK wK c`‡¶c †bb? 2| cvðvZ¨ wk¶v cÖeZ©‡b †ew›U‡¼i f‚wgKv g~j¨vqb Kiyb| 3| ms‡¶‡c †ew›U‡¼i K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb Kiyb| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t 1| †ew›U‡¼i A_©‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| 2| fviZxq mgvR ms¯‹v‡ii †¶‡Î †ew›U‡¼i c`‡¶cmg~n eY©bv Kiyb| G¸‡jv fviZxq mgvR‡K

KZUzKz iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡iwQj|



jW© Wvj‡nŠwm

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ • cÖZ¨¶ hy‡×i Øviv jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb; • Ô¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ' cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g jW© Wvj‡nŠwm wKfv‡e ‡`kxq ivR¨mg~n‡K e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³

K‡iwQ‡jb Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb; • jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi bxwZi cÖwZwµqv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi ms¯‹vi Kvh©vwì weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

AmvaviY D™¢vebx I msMVbx kw³i AwaKvix jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi kvmbKvj fviZe‡l© Bs‡iR kvm‡bi BwZnv‡m GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Q| 1848 †_‡K 1856 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ Zuvi kvmbKvj fvi‡Z e„wUk kvm‡bi me©v‡c¶v ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Aa¨vq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| 1848 wLª÷v‡ã Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij iƒ‡c fvi‡Z Avmvi c~‡e© jW© Wvj‡nŠwm †evW© Ae †Uª‡Wi mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e e„wUk gwš¿mfvi m`m¨ wQ‡jb| wZwb hLb fvi‡Z Av‡mb ZLb Zuvi eqm wQj 36 ermi| wZwb ZrKvjxb mgq ch©šÍ Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij‡ì g‡a¨ eq‡m me©Kwbô wQ‡jb| gvÎ 8 erm‡ii kvm‡b fvi‡Z Bs‡iR kvm‡bi AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZ‡Z wZwb ¯’vqx cÖfve †i‡L ‡M‡Qb|

fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KxwZ© n‡jv fvi‡Z ¶gZvi m¤úªmviY|Zuvi m¤úªmviY bxwZi g~j j¶¨ wQj ivR¨ Rq Ges e„wUk mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi| GB D‡Ïk¨ wmw×i Rb¨ †h Dcvq Aej¤^b Kiv n‡qwQj Zv mr wQj bv|fvi‡Zi Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ Zv g½jKi ev Ag½jKi wKbv †m wel‡q wPšÍv-fvebv Kiv †Nvi mvgªvRëv`x jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi wbKU G‡Kev‡i †MŠY wQj| A_©vr Zuvi mvgªvRëv`x bxwZi GKgvÎ KviY wQj fvi‡Z e„wUk mvgªv‡Rï we¯Ívi mvab Kiv| cÖavbZ GB mvgªvR¨ wjáv‡K Kv‡h© cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ wZwb wZbwU bxwZ AbymiY K‡iwQ‡jbÑ (1) cÖZ¨¶ hy‡×i Øviv ivR¨ we¯Ívi, (2) ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZi Øviv ivR¨ `Lj, (3) Kzkvmb I AivRKZvi Awf‡hv‡M ‡`kxq ivR¨ AwaKvi|

1. cÖZ¨¶ hy‡×i Øviv ivR¨ we Ívi

wØZxq wkL hy× (1848Ñ49 wLª.)

1846 wLª. jW© nvwW©Ä I wkL‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pyw³ (jv‡nvi Pyw³) Abyhvqx AvURb wkL m`©vi wb‡q MwVZ AwffveK mfv cvÄve¯’ e„wUk †iwm‡W‡›Ui wb‡`©k Abyhvqx cvÄv‡ei bvevjK gnvivRv `jxc wms‡ni c‡¶ kvmbfvi cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY Ki‡j gnvivRv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c e„wUk cÖfvevaxb n‡q c‡ob| nvwW©Ä-Gi GB eë¯’vq wkLiv mšÍzó n‡Z cv‡iwb| weªwUk †iwm‡W‡›Ui KZ…©Z¡ Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Amn¨ n‡q I‡V| ZvQvov wkL †bZv‡ì wek¦vmNvZKZvi Rb¨ Zv‡ì civRq eiY (cÖ_g wkL hy×, 1846 wLª.) Ki‡Z n‡jI Zviv wb‡R‡ì m¤ú~Y©fv‡e civf‚Z e‡j †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb| Kv‡RB Zviv bZzb K‡i Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× iy‡L ùvovevi my‡hvM LuyR‡Z _v‡K| e„wUk †iwm‡W‡›Ui weiy‡× loh‡š¿i

cvV - 6

Gm Gm GBP Gj


Awf‡hv‡M †Kv¤úvwb cvÄv‡ei ivYxgvZv wS›`b‡K Pybvi `y‡M© wbe©vwmZ Ki‡j wkL‡ì g‡b Mfxi Am‡šÍvl †`Lv †`q| ivYxgvZv wS›`‡bi cÖwZ †Kv¤úvwbi G AcgvbRbK AvPiY wkL RvwZi AvZ¥gh©v`vq AvNvZ K‡i| Gm‡½ RjÜi †`vqv‡e Pov nv‡i f‚wg ivR¯^ cÖeZ©b Kivq ¯’vbxq wkL m`©viM‡Yi g‡aÏ Am‡šÍvl `vbv †eu‡a I‡V| DcišÍz cvÄv‡e wbhy³ Bs‡iR Kg©Pvix‡ì D×Z AvPiY, wkL cybiy×vi¸‡jvi cÖwZ Am¤§vb cÖ`k©b Ges wkL igbx‡ì wbh©vZb wkL‡ì ag©wek¦vm I AvZ¥vwfgv‡b AvNvZ †`q| Gfv‡e hLb wkL‡ì g‡b Bs‡iR we‡ivax g‡bvfve Zxeª n‡q I‡V wVK †mB mgq gyjZvb I nvRvivi kvmbKZ©vMY Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡i|

†Ìqvb gyjivR wQ‡jb gyjZv‡bi kvmbKZ©v| wZwb AvBbZ cvÄv‡ei gnvivRvi Aaxb n‡jI GK cÖKvi ¯^vaxbfv‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv KiwQ‡jb| weªwUk †iwm‡W›U cÖfvweZ cvÄv‡ei AwffveK mfv gyjivR‡K gyjZv‡bi kvmb msµvšÍ Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve wbKvk `vwLj Ki‡Z wb‡`©k w`‡j wZwb c`Z¨vM Ki‡eb e‡j Rvbvb| d‡j cvÄv‡ei weªwUk †iwm‡W›U GWIqvW© wKDwi Kvnvb wms gvb‡K Zuvnvi ¯’‡j gyjZv‡bi †Ìqvb wbhy³ K‡ib|bewbhy³ †Ìqvb‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Rb¨ f¨vÝ GM&wbD I GÛvimb bv‡g `yRb Bs‡iR Kg©Pvix‡K gyjZv‡b †cÖiY K‡ib| gyjivR D³ `y'Rb Bs‡iR Kg©Pvix‡K nZ¨v K‡i 1848 wLª÷v‡ã cybivq gyjZv‡b wbR cÖfyZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡ib| GB m‡½ mgMÖ gyjZvb Bs‡iR we‡ivax we‡`ªv‡n R¡‡j I‡V| gyjZv‡bi we‡`ªv‡ni m‡½ m‡½ cvÄv‡ei wkL ˆmb¨MYI we‡`ªvnx n‡q I‡V| †ckIqvi cybiy×v‡ii Avkvq AvdMvb RvwZI GB we‡`ªv‡n wkL‡ì c‡¶ †hvM`vb K‡i| GB Ae¯’vq jW© Wvj‡nŠwm wkL‡ì weiy‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡ib| BwZnv‡m GwU wØZxq wkLhy× bv‡g AwfwnZ| Bs‡iR †mbvcwZ jW© wnD Mvd& wek nvRvi ˆmb¨ Ges GKkZ Kvgvbmn cvÄve Awfgy‡L hvÎv K‡ib| Zuv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ †ev‡¤^ †_‡KI GK`j ˆmb¨ Avbv nq| B‡Zvg‡a¨ †mbvcwZ nvievU© GWIqvW©m& gyjZvb AvµgY Ki‡j gyjivR gyjZv‡bi `y‡M© Avkªq †bb| jv‡nvi n‡Z e„wUk †iwm‡W›U m¨vi †nbwi j‡iÝ †ki wms‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡ AviI GK`j ˆmb¨ gyjiv‡Ri weiy‡× cvVvb| wKšÍz †ki wmsn gyjiv‡Ri c‡¶ †hvM`vb K‡i e„wU‡ki weiy‡× hy‡× wjß nb| d‡j †mbvcwZ jW© Mvd& cÖ_‡g †ki wms‡ni weiy‡× hy‡× AeZxY© nb Ges ivgbMi bvgK ¯’v‡b †ki wmsn‡K AvµgY K‡ib| wKšÍz †ki wmsn cvwj‡q †h‡Z m¶g nb| AZci wSjvg b`xi Zx‡i wPjvqvbIqvjvq wkL‡ì m‡½ Zzgyj hy× ïiy nq (1849 wLª.)| hy‡×i cÖ_g w`‡K Bs‡iR evwnbx mvgwqK mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡jI †kl w`‡K wkL evwnbxi n‡¯Í h‡_ó ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq| wKšÍz wkLiv civwRZ Bs‡iR evwnbxi cðvraveb bv K‡i jyUZiv‡R e¨¯Í _vKvi my‡hv‡M Bs‡iR evwnbx cybivq kw³ mÂq K‡i gyjZvb AvµgY K‡i| gyjZv‡bi wkL evwnbx wecyj weµ‡g hy× K‡iI Ae‡k‡l AvZ¥mgc©b K‡i| gyjivR ew›` nb| gyjivR‡K mvgwiK Av`vj‡Zi wePv‡i wbe©vwmZ Kiv nq|

gyjZvb AwaKv‡ii ci Z_vKvi Bs‡iR evwnbx Ges jW© Mvd&-Gi wgwjZ ˆmbëvwnbx wPbve b`xi Zx‡i ¸RivU bvgK GK kn‡ii DcK‡É wkL‡ì m‡½ hy‡× AeZxY© nq (†deªyqvwi, 1849wLª.)| GB hy‡× wkLiv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e civwRZ n‡q AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi w`‡K cvwj‡q hvq| †ki wmsn AvZ¥mgc©b Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| Gfv‡e wØZxq wkL hy‡×i Aemvb N‡U|

AZci jW© Wvj‡nŠwm cvÄve AwaMÖn‡Yi wm×všÍ †bb| e„‡U‡bi cwiPvjK mfvi AbygwZi A‡c¶v bv K‡iB cvÄve AwaMÖn‡Yi †NvlYv cÎ Rvwi K‡ibÑ (1) mgMÖ cvÄve e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ Kiv nq Ges gnvivRv `jxc wmsn‡K c`Py¨Z K‡i Bsj¨v‡Û wbe©vwmZ Kiv nq, (2) `jxc wmsn‡K evrmwiK cÂvk nvRvi cvDÛ e„wË ev †cbkb `v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv nq, (3) Lvjmv evwnbx †f‡½ †`qv nq, (4) cvÄve AwaKv‡ii d‡j weªwUk mvgªv‡Rï mxgv AvdMvb iv‡Rï mxgvšÍ ch©šÍ ewa©Z nq, (5) †nbwi j‡iÝ‡K Pxd Kwgkbvi K‡i cvÄv‡ei kvmbfvi Zuvi n‡¯Í Ac©Y Kiv nq, (6) GB cÖ‡`‡ki cybM©V‡bi KvR ïiy nq Ges bvbvwea mvgvwRK kvmbmsµvšÍ ms¯‹vi cÖewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K, (7) Bs‡iR Kg©Pvix‡ì my`¶



kvmb cwiPvj‡bi d‡j wkLiv wKQyKv‡ji g‡a¨B civR‡qi Møvwb we¯§„Z n‡q Bs‡iR‡ì AbyMZ n‡q c‡o| G AvbyM‡Zï cÖgvY wg‡j wØZxq B½-eªþ hy‡× I wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni mgq|

wØZxq B½-eªþ hy× (1852 wLª.)

cÖ_g B½-eªþ hy‡×i (1826 wLª.) ci Bqv›`veyi mwÜi kZ©vbymv‡i µvD‡dvW eªþ‡`‡k Bs‡iR †iwm‡W›U wbhy³ n‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb egx© miKv‡ii mv‡_ GK Pyw³ m¤úvw`Z K‡i Bs‡iR ewYK‡ì Rb¨ wKQy evwYwR¨K my‡hvM-myweav Av`vq K‡ib| wKšÍz egx© miKvi ¯’vqxfv‡e Bs‡iR †iwm‡W›U ivL‡Z Am¤§wZ Ávcb Ki‡j µvD‡dv‡Wi ci wZb erm‡ii g‡a¨ Avi †Kvb Bs‡iR †iwm‡W›U eªþ‡`‡k wQ‡jb bv|1830 wLª. jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ †gRi †nbwi ev‡b©U‡K eªþ‡`‡k †cÖiY Ki‡j wZwb eªþ miKv‡ii m‡½ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡i wKQy ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡ib| wKšÍz 1837 wLª. eªþ‡`‡ki bZzb ivRv _vivevwW Bqv›`veyi mwÜi kZ© cvjb Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb Ges Bs‡iR‡ì weiy×vPiY kÎyZv ïiy K‡ib| d‡j Bs‡iR †Kv¤úvwb 1840 wLª÷v‡ã †iwm‡WwÝ eÜ K‡i w`‡Z eva¨ nb| 1851 wLª÷v‡ã K‡qKRb Bs‡iR ewYK egx©‡ì nv‡Z jvwÃZ I ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡j †mB msev` jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi wbKU †cuŠQvgvÎ wZwb Zr¶Yvr Gi weiy‡× eë¯’v †bb| wZwb eªþ miKv‡ii wbKU Gi Dchy³ ¶wZc~i‡Yi `vwe Rvwb‡q K‡gv‡Wvi j¨v¤^vU©‡K GKwU iYZixmn eªþ‡`‡k †cÖiY K‡ib| eªþivR hy‡×i c¶cvZx wQ‡jb bv| ZvB wZwb Bs‡iR †Kv¤úvwb‡K mšÍzó Kivi Rb¨ †i½y‡bi Mfb©i‡K eiLv¯Í K‡ib| wKšÍz K‡gv‡Wvi j¨v¤^vU© G‡Z mšÍzó bv n‡q eªþ miKv‡ii GKwU iYZix `Lj K‡i wb‡j B½-eªþ hy‡×i m~ÎcvZ nq|

1852 wLª÷v‡ãi GwcÖj gv‡m †Kv¤úvwbi evwnbx gvZ©vgvb I †ewmb AwaKvi K‡i| †i½y‡bi cÖwm× c¨v‡MvWvi Ici †Mvjvel©Y K‡i aŸsm K‡i †`q| H erm‡ii A‡±vei gv‡m †Rbv‡ij MW&DBb †cÖvg I Acivci K‡qKwU kni AwaKvi K‡i †bb| †Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ eªþivR mwÜ Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡j Wvj‡nŠwm mgMÖ †ç AwaKvi K‡i Zv e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib| Gfv‡e eªþ‡`‡ki DcK‚j AÂj e„wUk mvgªvR¨fy³ n‡q covq PÆMÖvg n‡Z wm½vcyi ch©šÍ mgMÖ DcK‚j AÂj †hgb e„wUk AwaKvify³ n‡jv, †Zgwb mgy`ªc‡_i m‡½ ms‡hvM i¶vi R‡b¨ eªþ‡`k e„wU‡ki Ici wbf©ikxj n‡q coj|

wmwKg iv‡Rï Askwe‡kl AwaKvi

†Kv¤úvwbi mvgªv‡Rï DË‡i wngvj‡qi cv`‡`‡k †bcvj I fzUv‡bi gaëZx© AÂ‡j wQj wmwKg ivR¨| †mLv‡b we‡`kx‡ì cÖ‡ek wbwl× wQj| wKšÍz 1849 wLª÷v‡ã GB wb‡lavÁv Agvb¨ K‡i W±i K¨v¤ú‡ej bv‡g R‰bK Bs‡iR Kg©Pvix Ges W±i ûKvi bv‡g Aci GKRb Bs‡iR Dcw¯’Z n‡j wmwKg iv‡Rï ivRv Zv‡ì ew›` K‡ib| Gi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z jW© Wvj‡nŠwm 1850 wLª÷v‡ã wmwKg AvµgY K‡i GB iv‡Rï GKvsk AwaKvi K‡i †bb|

2. ¯Z¡we‡jvc bxwZi cÖ‡qvM Øviv ivR¨ AwaKvi

e„wUk fvi‡Z mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi Ab¨Zg cÖavb †KŠkj wQj ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ cÖ‡qvM| B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb KZ…©K cÖewZ©Z GB bxwZi cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv Wvj‡nŠwm A‡bK †`kxq ivR¨ AwaKvi K‡i wb‡qwQ‡jb|GB bxwZi g~j e³e¨ n‡jv, e„wU‡ki Aaxb A_ev e„wUk-kw³ KZ…©K m„ó †Kvb †`kxq iv‡Rï ivRvi †Kvb mšÍvb A_©vr †Kvb ¯^vfvweK DËivwaKvix bv _vK‡j †mB ivR¨ mivmwi e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ n‡q co‡e| †Kvb `ËKcyÎ‡K Gme iv‡Rï DËivwaKvi †Ìqv hv‡e bv| e„wUk miKvi

Gm Gm GBP Gj


†_‡K Ôwe‡kl AbygwZ' wb‡q `ËK cyÎ MÖn‡Yi AwaKvi jW© Wvj‡nŠwm A¯^xKvi K‡ib| NUbvP‡µ GB mg‡q GKB m‡½ eû Bs‡iR-AvwkªZ †`kxq iv‡Rï ivRv wbtmšÍvb Ae¯’vq g„ZzëiY Ki‡j Wvj‡nŠwmi c‡¶ ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Ac~e© my‡hvM Av‡m| wZwb GB bxwZi Øviv Gme ivR¨ AwaKvi K‡i †bb| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ Wvj‡nŠwm D™¢veb K‡ibwb| WvB‡i±i mfv 1834 wLª÷v‡ã †Kv¤úvwbi Aaxb¯’ †`kxq iv‡Rï ivRvMY‡K `ËKcyÎ MÖn‡Yi AbygwZ hv‡Z mn‡R †Ìqv bv nq †m wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡iwQj| 1841 wLª. Av‡iv wb‡`©k w`‡qwQj †h, m¤§vbRbK Ges b¨vh¨ cš’vq †Kv¤úvwb †h †Kvb m¤úwË e„wUk AwaKvifz³ Kivi †Póvq †hb †Kvb ÎywU bv K‡i| Kv‡RB KzL¨vZ Ô¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ' jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi bv‡gi m‡½ RwoZ _vK‡jI e¯ÍyZ GB bxwZ wZwb D™¢veb K‡ibwb| c~e©eZx© Mfb©i †Rbv‡ijMY GB bxwZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv mgxPxb g‡b K‡ibwb| wKšÍz jW© Wvj‡nŠwm fviZevmxi wPivPwiZ ixwZbxwZ I b¨vh¨ AwaKvi D‡c¶v K‡i Ô¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZi' e¨vcK cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv GB KzL¨vZ bxwZi m‡½ wb‡Ri bvg RwoZ K‡iwQ‡jb|

jW© Wvj‡nŠwm ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i wbæwjwLZ †`kxq ivR¨ e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡iwQ‡jbt

muvZviv t 1818 wLª÷v‡ã †Kv¤úvwbB mvZviv ivR¨wU m„wó K‡iwQj| H ermi †c‡kvqv c‡ì wejywß NU‡j wkevRxi GK eskai‡K †c‡kvqv iv‡Rï GKvs‡k muvZviv iv‡Rï ivRv wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ Kiv nq| mvuZviv iv‡Rï ivRv AcyÎK Ae¯’vq gviv hvevi c~‡e© e„wU‡ki AbygwZ Qvov GK `ËKcyÎ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| 1848 wLª÷v‡ã ivRvi g„Zz¨ n‡j †Kv¤úvwb `ËKcy‡Îi DËivwaKvi AMÖvn¨ K‡i Ges muvZviv e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ Kiv nq|

bvMcyi I m¤jcyi t 1853 wLª÷v‡ã bvMcy‡ii ivRv AcyÎK `ËKwenxb Ae¯’vq gviv †M‡j jW© Wvj‡nŠwm bvMcyi e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡i †bb| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨, bvMcyi †Kv¤úvwb KZ…©K m„ó wKbv †m e¨vcv‡i m‡›`n _vK‡jI wbQK mvgvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii Kvi‡YI ivR‰bwZK ¸iyZ¡ we‡ePbv K‡i muvZviv iv‡Rï Abyiƒc bxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i bvMcyi e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ Kiv n‡qwQj|

Suvwm, fMr, D`qcyi I K‡iŠwj t 1850 wLª÷v‡ã Suvwmi ivRv AcyÎK Ae¯’vq g„ZzëiY Ki‡j `ËKcy‡Îi `vwe A¯^xKvi K‡i Suvwm e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ Kiv nq| GKB Kvi‡Y jW© Wvj‡nŠwm fMr, D`qcyi, K‡iŠwj cÖf…wZ †`kxq ivR¨¸‡jv‡K e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡i wb‡qwQ‡jb| Aek¨ cieZx© Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij jW© K¨vwbs fMr I D`qcyi ivR¨ `y'wU G‡ì DËivwaKvix‡ì‡K wdwi‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| WvB‡i±i mfv K‡iŠwj iv‡Rï †¶‡Î ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ cÖ‡qvM A‰ea †NvlYv K‡i †mB ivR¨wUI Gi DËivwaKvixi wbKU wdwi‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| K‡iŠwj wQj e„wU‡ki wgÎivR¨|

KY©vUK, Zv‡Ävi AwaKvi I a› yc ’i e„wË evwZj t GKB bxwZ AbymiY K‡i jW© Wvj‡nŠwm 1853 wLª. KY©vU‡Ki bevexi we‡jvc mvab K‡ib Ges 1855 wLª÷v‡ã Zv‡Ävi ivR¨ AwaKvi K‡ib| 1853 wLª. evRxivI-Gi `ËKcyÎ a›`yc¯’ bvbvmv‡n‡ei e„wË eÜ K‡i †`b|

3. Kzkvmb I AivRKZvi Awf‡hv‡M †`kxq ivR¨ AwaKvi

A‡hva¨v t jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi ivR¨ we¯Ív‡ii Z…Zxq bxwZ wQj Kzkvm‡bi Awf‡hv‡M †`kxq ivR¨ MÖvm| GB bxwZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb †NvlYv K‡ib †h, ivRvi ev¯Íe ¶gZvnxb `vwqZ¡ †Kv¤úvwbi Ici gvby‡li wek¦vm‡K bó K‡i †`‡e| GB bxwZi cÖ_g cÖ‡qvM n‡jv A‡hva¨vq| 1856 wLª÷v‡ã jW© Wvj‡nŠwm †Kv¤úvwbi †evW© Ae WvB‡i±‡m©i wb‡`©‡k A‡hva¨v ivR¨ e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib| A‡hva¨vq `ybx©wZ I Kzkvmb eûw`b †_‡K P‡j AvmwQj| wKšÍz Gi Rb¨ mvgwMÖKfv‡e jW© I‡q‡jmwji ÔAaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv' Pyw³ eûjvs‡k `vqx| kvmbeë¯’vq bev‡ei cÖK…Z AwaKvi wQj bv| myZivs Zuvi



`vwqZ¡‡evaI w`b w`b K‡g Avm‡Z _v‡K| Giƒc Ae¯’vq Af¨šÍixY Ae¯’vi AacZb Awbevh© wQj| wKšÍz Gi Rb¨ g~jZ †Kv¤úvwb `vqx n‡jI †Kv¤úvwb ivR¨wU MÖvm K‡i| m¨vi †nbwi j‡iÝ †Kv¤úvwbi GB Kg©KvÛ‡K ÒRvZxq wek¦v‡mi AgvR©bxq jsNbÓ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|

†eivi AwaKvi t AZci Wvj‡nŠwm nvq`ªvev‡ì wbRv‡gi cÖwZ `„wó †`b|jW© I‡q‡jmwji AaxbZvg~jK Pyw³i Øviv wbRvg‡K Zuvi iv‡R¨ wbR LiPvq e„wUk ˆmb¨ ivL‡Z eva¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz wbRvg GB A_© wbqwgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z Amg_© n‡j †eivi ivR¨wU jW© Wvj‡nŠwm e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡i †bb|†eivi †ev¤^vB cÖ‡`‡ki m‡½ mshy³ Kiv nq| d‡j gv`ªv‡Ri m‡½ †ev¤^vB‡qi ¯’jc‡_ †Kv¤úvwbi ivR¨ mshy³ nq|

jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi mvgªvR¨ we Ívi bxwZi cÖwZwµqv

jW© Wvj‡nŠwm e„wUk kvm‡bi myeë¯’vq Pig Av¯’vevb wQ‡jb| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, †`kxq iv‡Rï `ybx©wZ I Kzkvmb `~i K‡i hw` me©Î e„wUk kvmb cÖeZ©b Kiv hvq Zvn‡j Rbmvavi‡Yi myL I DbœwZ weavb m¤¢e n‡e| GB †eva †_‡KB Zuvi mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi bxwZi D™¢e n‡jI Kvh©Z Zuvi bxwZ fviZe‡l© Pig cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡iwQj| 1856 wLª÷v‡ã Wvj‡nŠwm fviZ Z¨vM K‡ib| GKermi c‡iB fvi‡Z GK gnvwe‡`ªvn (1857 wLª.) Avi¤¢ nq| A‡bK mgv‡jvPK Zuvi Abym„Z bxwZ‡KB GB we‡`ªv‡ni KviY e‡j g‡b K‡ib| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zuvi ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ Z_v `ËKcyÎ MÖn‡Y evav`v‡bi bxwZ †`kxq ivRbë‡M©i g‡b e„wUk we‡ivax g‡bvfve m„wó K‡iwQj| Suvwmi ivYx, a›`yc¯’ bvbvmv‡ne cÖgyL 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi we‡`ªv‡n †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| wØZxq B½-eªþ hy‡× I wµwgqvi hy‡× fviZxq ˆmb¨ †cÖiY wn›`y wmcvnx‡ì agx©q ms¯‹v‡i AvNvZ K‡iwQj| A‡hva¨vi beve‡K gmb`Py¨Z Kiv n‡j A‡hva¨vi cÖvq lvU nvRvi ˆmwbK †eKvi n‡q c‡o| ZvQvov bev‡ei gmb`Py¨wZ‡Z ˆmwbK‡ì RvZxq †PZbvI AvnZ n‡qwQj| A‡hva¨vi ˆmb¨MY we‡`ªv‡n ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv MÖnY K‡iwQj| wØZxqZ, wewfbœ ARynv‡Z jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi mvgªvR¨we¯Ívi bxwZ fviZxq ivRbëM©‡K we‡klfv‡e Avkw¼Z K‡i Zz‡jwQj| Zuviv Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb †h, e„wUk kw³i cÖwZ hZ`~i m¤¢e AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b Kiv m‡Ë¡I Zuv‡ì ivR¨¸‡jvi e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ nevi cÖej m¤¢vebv i‡q †M‡Q|Zuviv jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi cÖ‡Z¨KwU ivR‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc‡K m‡›`n Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Z…ZxqZ, Wvj‡nŠwmi mvgªvRëv` bxwZ †`kxq ivRbë‡M©i g‡a¨ `viyb AvZ¼ I m‡›`‡ni m„wó Kivi d‡j Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡b †h weiƒc cÖwZwµqv †`Lv w`‡qwQj Zv m¤ú~Y© bv n‡jI AskZ gnvwe‡`ªv‡ni Rb¨ `vqx|

jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi ms¯‹vimg~n

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kvmb ms¯‹vi

Gm Gm GBP Gj


evsjvi cÖkvmwbK `vwqZ¡ ZLb ch©šÍ Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji AwZwi³ `vwqZ¡ wQj| jW© Wvj‡nŠwm Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij‡K evsjvi kvmb cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ †_‡K gy³ K‡ib| Zuvi mgqKvj †_‡K evsjvi Rb¨ GKRb †jd‡Ubv›U Mfb©i wbhy³ K‡ib| †Kv¤úvwbi D”Pc`¯’ Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ Zuvi mgq †_‡K me©cÖ_g cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cix¶v MÖnY Avi¤¢ nq| Gfv‡e fviZxq wmwfj mvwf©‡mi wfwË ¯’vwcZ nq| Zuvi kvmbKvjxb mg‡q †hme bZzb ivR¨ †Kv¤úvwbi AwaKvifz³ nq †m¸‡jvi Ici †K›`ªxq KZ…©Z¡ ¯’vwcZ nq| GB eë¯’v Ôbb&-†i¸‡jkb' eë¯’v bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB eë¯’vq bZzb AwaK…Z AÂj¸‡jv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Kwgkbvi c` m„wó Kiv nq| KwgkbviMY cÖkvmwbK KvR cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ mivmwi Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji wbKU `vqx _vK‡Zb|

wk¶v ms¯‹vi

fvi‡Z cvðvZ¨ wk¶v we¯Ív‡ii †¶‡Î jW© Wvj‡nŠwm Agi KxwZ©i AwaKvix| 1854 wLª÷v‡ãi RyjvB gv‡m B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi jÛb¯’ †evW© Ae K‡›Uªv‡ji mfvcwZ m¨vi Pvj©m DW Zuvi wk¶v msµvšÍ mycvwik fviZ miKv‡ii wbKU †cÖiY K‡ib| jW© Wvj‡nŠwm m¨vi Pvj©m D‡Wi wk¶v msµvšÍ mycvwik Kvh©Kix Ki‡Z Zrci nb| ZuviB HKvwšÍK †Póvq ¯‹zj, K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZôvi cÖv_wgK KvR ïiy nq| cÖwZwU †cÖwm‡WwÝ‡Z Ges cvÄve I DËi-cwðg cÖ‡`‡ki Rb¨ wk¶v AwaKZ©vi (D.P.I.) c` m„wó Kiv nq| 1857 wLª÷v‡ã KwjKvZv, gv`ªvR I †ev¤^vB‡q Bsj¨v‡Ûi Av`‡k© D”P wk¶vi Rb¨ wZbwU wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vcb Zuvi kvmb Avg‡ji Ab¨Zg KxwZ©| GB wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv AvcvZZ K‡jR I D”P we`¨vjq¸‡jvi cix¶v MÖnY I wWwMÖ cÖ`v‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvq| wek¦we`¨vj‡q AvBb-BwÄwbqvwis wefvM †Lvjv nq| Gm‡½ mvwnZ¨ I weÁvb M‡elYvi eë¯’v Kiv nq| D”P we`¨vj‡q MÖv›Um-Bb-GBW bvgK Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq| we`¨vjqmg~‡n Bs‡iwR, gvZ…fvlv I ms¯‹…Z ev dvwm© GB wÎfvlv wk¶vi eë¯’v Kiv nq|

†ijc_ wbg©vY

Wvj‡nŠwm‡K fviZxq †ijc‡_i RbK ejv n‡q _v‡K| fvi‡Z †ijc_ wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ Ô‡ijc_ ¯§viKwjwc' iPbv K‡ib|GB ¯§viKwjwc‡K fvi‡Zi fwel¨‡Zi Ô‡ijc_ wbg©v‡Yi bxj bKkv' ejv nq| Zuvi kvmbKv‡j †ij eë¯’vi Af‚Zc~e© AMÖMwZ N‡U| 1853 wLª÷v‡ã †ev¤^vB †_‡K _v‡b ch©šÍ me©cÖ_g †ijc_ ¯’vwcZ nq| c‡ii ermi KwjKvZv-ivYxMÄ ‡ijc_ ˆZwi n‡j KwjKvZvi KviLvbv I cvUKj¸‡jv‡Z Kqjv cwien‡bi myweav nq| †ijc_ wbg©v‡Yi `vwqZ¡ jW© Wvj‡nŠwm kvmb KZ…©c‡¶i Ici b¨¯Í bv K‡i †emiKvwi D‡`¨v³v‡ì Ici Ac©Y K‡ib| Gi d‡j fvi‡Z e„wUk g~jab wb‡qv‡Mi c_ Db¥y³ nq| D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K †i‡ji Rb¨ Rwg †Kv¤úvwb webvg~‡j¨ Ac©Y K‡i| †ijc‡_i Øviv fvi‡Zi `~i-`~ivšÍ mshy³ n‡j c‡iv¶fv‡e fviZxq RvZxqZvev‡ì D™¢‡ei c_ cÖk¯Í nq|

mvgwiK ms¯‹vi

Wvj‡nŠwmi kvmbvg‡j fvi‡Z e„wUk mvgªvR¨ c~‡e© evsjv †_‡K cwð‡g cvÄve Ges wmÜz‡`k ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z nq|GB we¯Í„Z mvgªv‡Rï Ici KZ…©Z¡ i¶vi Rb¨ ˆmbëvwnbx‡K bvbv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ¯’v‡b me©`v cÖ¯ÍzZ Ae¯’vq †gvZv‡qb ivLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| GB Kvi‡Y evsjvi †Mvj›`vR evwnbx‡K KwjKvZv †_‡K gxiv‡U ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv nq| wZwb ˆmbëvwnbx‡Z fviZxq ˆmwbK‡ì AvbycvwZK msL¨vMwiôZv n«vm Ki‡Z m‡Pó nb Ges BD‡ivcxq ˆmwbK‡ì msL¨v e„w× Ki‡Z Zrci nb| Wvj‡nŠwm BD‡ivcxq ˆmbëvwnbx‡K e„wUk mvgªv‡Rï g~jwfwË e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib| Wvj‡nŠwm cvÄv‡ei kvmbKZ©vi Aax‡b



GKwU bZzb ˆmb¨`j MVb K‡ib| GB ˆmb¨`‡ji wk¶v, wbqgvbyewZ©Zv Ges †eZ‡bi nvi fviZxq ˆmbëvwnbx †_‡K c„_K ai‡bi Kiv nq| wZwb ¸L©v‡ì wb‡q GKwU ˆmb¨`j MVb K‡ib| Ges GB ˆmb¨`‡ji msL¨v hv‡Z e„w× cvq †mw`‡K mRvM `„wó iv‡Lb| jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi Øviv m„ó cvÄve †iwR‡g›U I ¸L©v †iwR‡g›U 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi gnvwe‡`ªvn `g‡b e„wUk kvmK‡ì A‡kl exi‡Z¡i m‡½ mnvqZv K‡i Ges AvbyM‡Z¨ AwePj _v‡K|

ê y¨wZK †UwjMÖvd eë ’vi cÖeZ©b

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WvK wefv‡Mi ms¯‹vi

AvaywbKKv‡ji WvK wefv‡Mi cÖeZ©b jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi Aci GK KxwZ©| wZwb WvK PjvPj eë¯’v mymsnZ Kievi Rb¨ WvB‡i±i †Rbv‡ij-Gi c` m„wó K‡ib| †`‡ki GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Aci cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ cÎ †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ `y-cqmvi WvK wU‡KU cÖeZ©b K‡ib| WvK eë¯’v mymse× nevi d‡j miKvwi ivR‡¯î cwigvY e„w× cvq|

c~Z© wefv‡Mi DbœwZ mvab

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evwYwR¨K ms¯‹vi

Wvj‡nŠwmi ms¯‹vimg~‡ni g‡a¨ evwYwR¨K ms¯‹vi D‡jøL‡hvM¨|wZwb Aeva evwY‡Rï bxwZ AbymiY K‡i fvi‡Zi e›ì¸‡jv we‡`kx‡ì Rb¨ Db¥y³ K‡i †`b|Gm‡½ KwjKvZv, †ev¤^vB, KivPx cÖf…wZ e›`‡ii DbœwZ mvab K‡ib Ges e›ì¸‡jv‡Z hv‡Z mn‡R mgy`ªMvgx RvnvR Avm‡Z cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ eûmsL¨K evwZNi ev jvBU nvDR wbg©vY K‡ib| fviZ †_‡K Zzjv, cvU, kb, Pv cÖf…wZ cY¨ wecyj cwigv‡Y ißvwbi eë¯’v K‡ib| fviZxq Zzjv, cvU, kb cÖf…wZ m¯Ív KuvPvgvj Bsj¨v‡Ûi j¨v¼kvqvi I

Gm Gm GBP Gj


gvb‡Póv‡ii KviLvbv¸‡jv‡Z eëüZ nq|Gme KviLvbvRvZ Drcbœ `ªe¨ fvi‡Z D”Pg~‡j¨ Aev‡a weµq K‡i Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkícwZiv cÖPyi gybvdv AR©b K‡i|

mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi

jW© Wvj‡nŠwm mvgvwRK †¶‡Î wewea ms¯‹vi K‡ib| ag©všÍwiZ nevi Aciv‡a wn›`y‡ì m¤úwË †_‡K ewÂZ nIqvi eë¯’v wZwb i` K‡ib|we`¨vmvM‡ii cÖ‡Póvq Zuvi kvmbKv‡j wn›`y weaev‡ì cybwe©ev‡ni AvBb cÖewZ©Z nq|



mvims‡¶c

jW© Wvj‡nŠwm wQ‡jb fvi‡Zi Ab¨Zg †kªô Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij| wZwb wQ‡jb †Nvi mvgªvRëv`x| ZvB wZwb †h †Kvb cÖKv‡i mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii bxwZ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb cÖZ¨¶ hy‡×i Øviv cvÄve, †ç mn eªþ‡`‡ki DcK‚j AÂj Ges wmwKg iv‡Rï GKvsk e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib| KzL¨vZ ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g muvZviv, bvMcyi, m¤jcyi, Suvwm, fMr, D`qcyi, K‡iŠwj Ges Kzkvmb I AivRKZvi Awf‡hv‡M A‡hva¨v, AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZvi kZ©vbyhvqx nvq ªvev‡ì wbRvg A_© cÖ`v‡b e¨_© n‡j †eivi e„wUk AwaKvifz³ K‡i †bb|Z‡e wZwb mvgªvRëv`x n‡jI kvmb‡¶‡Î eûwea ms¯‹vi mvab K‡i fviZe‡l© AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb bZzb AwaK…Z AÂj kvm‡bi Rb¨ Kwgkbvi-Gi c` m„wó, wmwfj mvwf©‡mi wfwË ¯’vcb I fvi‡Z cvðvZ¨ wk¶v cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ wewfbœ Kg©m~wP Ges KwjKvZv, †ev¤vB I gv ªv‡R wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vc‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib|GQvov wZwb †ijc_ wbg©vY, ê y¨wZK †UwjMÖvd eë¯’vi cÖeZ©b, WvK wefvM I c~Z© wefv‡Mi DbœwZ mvab, evwYwR¨K, mvgvwRK I mvgwiK ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib| ZvB kvmK I ms¯‹viK wn‡m‡e jW© Wvj‡nŠwm K…wZ‡Z¡i `vwe`vi|

mnvqK MÖš’cÄx t 1. Aa¨vcK nx‡i›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq, fviZe‡l©i BwZnvm (gyNj I weªwUk fviZ), wØZxq LÛ| 2. G.†K.Gg. Ave`yj Avjxg, fvi‡Z gymwjg ivR‡Z¡i BwZnvm| 3. Ave`yj Kwig, evsjvi BwZnvm (1200-1857 wLª.) 4. W. gyn¤§` Ave`yi iwng I Ab¨vb¨, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b| 1| wPjvqvbIqvjvi hy× msNwUZ nqÑ (K) 1819 wLª. (L) 1829 wLª. (M) 1839 wLª. (N) 1849 wLª.| 2| Suvwm ivR¨wU e„wUk mvgªvR¨fz³ Kiv nqÑ (K) 1840 wLª. (L) 1850 wLª. (M) 1852 wLª. (N) 1860 wLª.| 3| D”Pwk¶vi Rb¨Wvj‡nŠwm KqwU wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vcb K‡ibÑ (K) 3wU (L) 5wU (M) 6wU (N) 7wU|



1857 wLª÷v‡ãi wmcvnx we‡ ªvn

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cvi‡eb; • 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi wmcvnx we‡ ªv‡ni ¯îƒc m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; • 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi wmcvnx we‡ ªv‡ni djvdj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

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wmcvnx we‡ ªv‡ni KviY

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mvgvwRK I agx©q KviY

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kvmb msµvšÍ I A_©‰bwZK KviY

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mvgwiK KviY

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Gm Gm GBP Gj


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wmcvnx we‡ ªv‡ni e¨_©Zvi KviY

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wmcvnx we‡ ªv‡ni ¯iƒc

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Gm Gm GBP Gj


Rb j‡iÝ AwfgZ †cvlY K‡ib †h, 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi we‡`ªvn g~jZ mvgwiK we‡`ªvn Ges Pwe©-wgwkªZ KvZz©‡Ri cÖPjb †_‡KB Gi DrcwË| Ugmb I M¨vivU G‡K ivR¨Py¨Z ivRv I Rwg`vi‡ì ivR¨ I m¤úwË cybiy×vi ev gyNj mgªv‡Ui mvgªvR¨ cybiy×vi cÖ‡Póv ev wbQK GKwU mvgwiK we‡`ªvn e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Aciw`‡K fviZxq RvZxqZvev`xMY GB we‡`ªvn‡K fvi‡Zi cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv hy× e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| cÖL¨vZ wecøex bvqK `v‡gvì AvfviKi GB we‡`ªvn‡K fviZxq ¯^vaxbZv hy× e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| m¤úªwZ fviZxq `yB cÖavb HwZnvwmK W. i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi Ges W. my‡i›`ªbv_ †mb GB we‡`ªv‡ni ¯îƒc I cÖK…wZ m¤^‡Ü we¯Í„Z Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|Zuv‡ì g‡Z, mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z Av‡jvo‡bi ga¨ w`‡q GB Afy¨Ìv‡bi m~Pbv nq| Afy¨Ìv‡bi wKQy wKQy †¶‡Î RbZvi mg_©b jvf Ki‡jI GwU‡K RvZxq we‡`ªvn ejv †Kvbµ‡gB m½Z ev BwZnvmwbó bq|

K‡qKwU †¶‡Î wKšÍz cÖvq mKj HwZnvwmK Ges †jLK‡ì g‡a¨ g‰ZK¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| cwðg wenvi †_‡K cvÄve ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z †h f‚L‡Û AwaKvsk we‡`ªvn AbywôZ nq †mLv‡b we‡`ªvn cÖvq me©Î Rbmg_©b jvf K‡iwQj| ¯^qs Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij jW© K¨vwbs miKvwi wee„wZ‡Z D‡jøL K‡ib †h, A‡hva¨vi GB we‡`ªvn cÖK…Zc‡¶ GK RvZxq Afy¨Ìv‡bi AvKvi aviY K‡iwQj| W. my‡i›`ªbv_ †mb D‡jøL K‡ib †h, wn›`y-gymwjg †mŠåvÎ GB Afy¨Ìv‡bi GKwU cÖavb êwkó¨ Ges we‡`ªv‡ni me©¯Í‡i wn›`y Ges gymjgv‡bi AskMÖnY we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQj| W. my‡i›`ªbv_ †mb wewfbœ `„óv‡šÍi mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY K‡ib †h, Rbmvavi‡Yi ¯Íi †_‡KB we‡`ªvnxiv Zv‡ì `j e„w× K‡iwQj| GB e³‡eï mg_©‡b A‡b‡K H mg‡q DËi fvi‡Zi MÖvg †_‡K MÖvgvšÍ‡i ÔPvcvwU' (iywU) Pvjv‡bvi NUbvi K_v D‡jøL K‡i _v‡Kb| Zuviv G‡K gnv we‡`ªv‡ni bxie c~e© cÖ¯ÍzwZ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| we‡`ªv‡ni mgq evsjvq Gi †Kvb cÖfve c‡owb GK_v ejv n‡q _v‡K, wKšÍz †mLv‡bI Am‡šÍv‡li Afve wQj bv Ges weªwUk c‡¶i civR‡qi msev‡` mK‡jB cyjwKZ n‡q DV‡Zv| wkw¶Z RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ weªwUk kvmb m¤ú‡K© †h †¶vf wQj Zv cv`ªx Av‡jKRvÛvi Wvd-Gi iPbv †_‡K Rvbv hvq| wZwb gšÍe¨ K‡ib, ÒA‡b‡K Bs‡iR kvm‡bi AbyK‚‡j _vK‡jI Zviv H kvm‡bi cÖwZ Abyi³ ej‡j fzj aviYvi m„wó n‡e|Ó

W. i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi GB we‡`ªv‡ni ¯îƒc m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, Gi †Kvb GKwU wewkó iƒc wQj bv| GwU wfbœ wfbœ GjvKvq wfbœ wfbœ iƒc aviY K‡iwQj| wZwb GB AwfgZ †`b †h, “The outbreak 1857 was not mutiny growing out of a national revolt or forming part of it, but primarily a mutiny gradually developing into a general revolt in three certain areas.” Zuvi g‡Z 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi we‡`ªvn g~jZ wQj wmcvnx‡ì we‡`ªvn, †Kv_vI wmcvnx‡ì cðv‡Z wQj ¯’vbxq Rwg`vi ev AwfRvZ †kªYxi cÖwZwbwaMY| Avevi †Kv_vI wQj Rbmvavi‡Yi mwµq ev wbw®Œq mnvbyf‚wZ, hwÌ Rbmvavi‡Yi mg_©b †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB Rbwe‡`ªv‡ni iƒc MÖnY K‡iwb| W. gRyg`vi GB K_vB cÖgvY Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb †h, †mB mKj †kªYxB wmcvnx‡ì we‡`ªv‡n †hvM`vb K‡iwQj huv‡ì ¯^v_© weªwUk KZ…©c¶ we‡klfv‡e ¶zbœ K‡iwQj| †hgb we‡`ªv‡ni †bZ…eM© (gyNj mgªvU wØZxq evnv`yi kvn, bvbv mv‡ne, Suvwmi ivYx), A‡hva¨vi Rwg`vi, ZvjyK`vi I cÖRviv| †m Kvi‡Y †`kxq ivRbë‡M©i GK weivU Ask Ges Rbmvavi‡Yi wecyj Ask GB we‡`ªv‡n AskMÖnY K‡iwb| DcišÍz Zviv weªwUk c¶‡K h_vmva¨ mvnvh¨ Ki‡ZI ÎywU K‡iwb|

Aciw`‡K W. my‡i›`ªbv_ †mb gšÍe¨ K‡ib †h, 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi Av‡›`vjb wmcvnx‡ì we‡`ªvniƒ‡cB Avi¤¢ n‡qwQj, wKšÍz me©Î GB we‡`ªvn wmcvnx‡ì g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj bv| A‡hva¨v I kvnvev` wfbœ Ab¨Î we‡`ªvnx‡ì cÖwZ Rbmvavi‡Yi mg_©b Ggb wKQy wQj bv hvi Øviv G‡K RvZxq msMÖv‡gi ch©v‡q DbœxZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvov W. †mb gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb †h, †h mKj AÂ‡j Rbmvavi‡Yi mg_©b wQj †m mKj AÂ‡ji we‡`ªvnx †bZv‡ì j¶¨ wQj cÖwZ wecøe NUv‡bv|



cÖK…Zc‡¶, RvZxq Afy¨Ìvb ej‡Z hv eySvq Zv 1857-58 wLª÷v‡ãi NUbvejxi g‡a¨ cy‡ivcywi †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq bv| †Kbbv Zvi Dc‡hvMx ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ ZLbI m„wó nqwb| cÖK…Z RvZxq Av‡›`vj‡bi Avwef©ve †m hy‡M m¤¢e wQj bv| GB cÖm‡½ 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi 21 †g wn›`y c¨vwUªqU cwÎKvq nwik P›`ª gy‡Lvcva¨vq †j‡Lb, ÒMZ K‡qK mßv‡ni NUbv †_‡K †`Lv wM‡q‡Q †h, fviZxq cÖRv‡ì g‡b Bs‡iR kvm‡bi cÖwZ AvbyK‚j¨ GKvšÍ ¯^cœ| ïay wmcvnx‡ì bq mviv †`‡kB †hb we‡`ªvn NU‡Q| ...wmcvnx‡ì mv¤úªwZK we‡`ªvn¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© ejv hvq, cÖ_g †_‡KB †`‡ki mnvbyf‚wZ Zviv AvKl©Y Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| Ggb GKRbI fviZevmx †bB †h fvi‡Z weªwUk kvm‡bi d‡j †h Am‡šÍvl †`Lv w`‡q‡Q Zvi ¸iyfvi Abyfe Ki‡Q bv| e¯ÍzZ, GB Am‡šÍvl we‡`kx kw³i Aaxb n‡q _vKvi Aek¨¤¢vex cwiYvg|Ó

†Kvb we‡`ªv‡n †ewki fvM RbMY AskMÖnY K‡i bv| msL¨v jNyivB we‡`ªvn ev wecøe ïiy K‡i| wbi¯¿ RbM‡Yi c‡¶ KvZv‡i KvZv‡i we‡`ªv‡n †hvM †`qv m¤¢eci wQj bv| wKšÍz GK_v A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB †h, AwaKvsk fviZevmx g‡b g‡b weªwUk kvm‡bi Aemvb Kvgbv K‡iwQj| we‡`ªvnx wmcvnxiv hw` Avi GKUz mZK© I mshZ n‡Zv Z‡e Zviv A‡bK †ewk Rbmg_©b †c‡Zv| Gw`K w`‡q wePvi Ki‡j 1857-i we‡`ªvn‡K RvZxq we‡`ªvn ejvB m½Z|

Afy¨Ìv‡bi cÖK…wZ I êwkó¨ m¤^‡Ü weZK© _vKv m½Z Ges ¯^vfvweK| wKšÍz fviZe‡l©i Rbgvb‡m GB we‡`ªv‡ni Zvrch© AmvaviY| W. i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`v‡ii g‡Z, cieZx©Kv‡j RvZxq gyw³ Av‡›`vj‡b GB we‡`ªv‡ni ¯§„wZ †h Av‡eM I DÏxcbvi m„wó K‡iwQj Zv webv msk‡q MÖnY Kiv hvq|

wmcvnx we‡ ªv‡ni djvdj

wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni djvdj m¤ú‡K© m¨vi †j‡cb wMÖwdb gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, “The revolt of 1857 swept the Indian sky clear of many clouds.” cÖK…Zc‡¶ GB we‡`ªv‡ni d‡j eû AwbðqZvi Aemvb Ges fvi‡Zi kvmb eë¯’vi weivU cwieZ©b N‡UwQj|

gnvwe‡`ªvn fvi‡Zi ivóª cwiPvjK‡ì kvmbbxwZi †¶Î‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| Bs‡iR kvmKMY G hveZ Abym„Z kvmbbxwZi †gŠwjK e¨_©Zv Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb Ges kvmb eë¯’vi cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡Z GwM‡q Av‡mb| †Kv¤úvwbi eëmvwqK g‡bve„wË fvi‡Zi Rbmvavi‡Yi ¯^v‡_©i cwicš’x we‡ePbv K‡i weª‡U‡bi KZ…©c¶ fvi‡Zi kvmbfvi GKwU evwYwR¨K cÖwZôv‡bi nv‡Z ivL‡Z ¯^xK…Z n‡jb bv| d‡j fvi‡Z B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U| 1858 wLª÷v‡ãi 2 AvM÷ weªwUk cvj©v‡g›U AvBb cvk K‡i fviZ mvgªv‡Rï kvmbfvi Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivYx wf‡±vwiqvi nv‡Z Ac©Y K‡i| d‡j fvi‡Z Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivYx wf‡±vwiqvi cÖZ¨¶ kvmb cÖewZ©Z nq| †evW© Ae K‡›Uªv‡ji cwie‡Z© weªwUk K¨vwe‡bU gš¿x‡ì ga¨ †_‡K GKRb‡K fviZ mwP‡ei c‡` wbhy³ Kiv nq| wZwb 15 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ GKwU KvDwÝ‡ji mvnv‡h¨ fviZ mvgªv‡Rï kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡ebÑ Giƒc wm×všÍ nq| fvi‡Zi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij ÔfvBmiq' ev ivRcÖwZwbwa bv‡g cwiwPZ nb| ÔMfb©i †Rbv‡ij' jW© K¨vwbs cÖ_g ÔfvBmiq' ev ivRcÖwZwbwa c‡` wbhy³ nb| GB ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv‡K Kvwbsnvg Ôev¯Íe cwieZ©b A‡c¶v AvbyôvwbK gvÎ' e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| cÖK…Zc‡¶ 1784 wLª. wc‡Ui fviZ AvBb wjwce× nIqvi mgq †_‡K fviZ m¤úwK©Z mKj ¶gZv †evW© Ae K‡›Uªv‡ji mfvcwZi Ici b¨¯Í Kiv n‡qwQj Ges WvB‡i±i mfvi ¶gZv I `vwqZ¡ eû‡¶‡Î n«vm Kiv n‡qwQj|

†`kxq ivR¨¸‡jvi AvbyMZ¨ jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges G‡K wPi¯’vwqZ¡ cÖ`v‡bi Avkvq jW© Wvj‡nŠwm cÖewZ©Z ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ cwiZ¨³ nq Ges †`‡ki wPivPwiZ ixwZ¸‡jv‡K j•Nb Kiv n‡e bv e‡j D‡jøL Kiv nq| †`kxq ivRv‡ì GB e‡j Avk¦vm †`qv nq †h, weªwUk miKvi Avi ivR¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡eb

Gm Gm GBP Gj


bv| Zv‡ì m‡½ †hme mwÜcÎ ¯^v¶wiZ n‡qwQj †m¸‡jv ejer _vK‡e Ges mKj wel‡q Zv‡ì AwaKvi I gvb gh©v`v i¶v Kiv n‡e| 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi Afy¨Ìvb msNU‡b weªwUk kvmK‡ì cÖewZ©Z K‡qKwU ms¯‹v‡ii `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q g‡b K‡i we‡`ªv‡ni ci †_‡K KZ…©c¶ mgvR ms¯‹vi wel‡q mZK© nq| fvi‡Zi mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ I agx©q e¨vcv‡i miKvi n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡eb bv e‡j Avk¦vm †`qv nq|

gnvivYxi †NvlYvc‡Î AviI D‡jøL Kiv nq †h, GKgvÎ weªwUk bvMwiK I cÖRv‡ì nZ¨vKv‡Ûi m‡½ cÖZ¨¶fv‡e mswkøó e¨w³MY wfbœ Aci mKj‡K kvw¯Í`vb †_‡K wb®‹…wZ †`qv n‡e Ges RvwZag© wbwe©‡k‡l †hvM¨Zvbyhvqx fviZevmx‡K D”P ivRKv‡h© wbhy³ Kiv n‡e| †NvlYvc‡Îi GB Avk¦vm ev¯Í‡e iƒc †`qvi Rb¨ 1861 wLª. fviZxq wmwfj mvwf©m AvBb cvk Kiv nq|

fviZxq mvgwiK wefvM cybM©wVZ Kiv nq| 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi we‡`ªv‡n wmcvnx‡ì f‚wgKv cÖavb wQj we‡ePbv K‡i ÔfvM Ki Ges kvmb Ki' bxwZ (Divide and rule) Aej¤^b K‡i †cÖwm‡WwÝ †mbvevwnbx‡K c„_K K‡i ivLv nq, BD‡ivcxq ˆmb¨msL¨v AvbycvwZK nv‡i e„w× Kiv nq, †Mvj›`vR evwnbx‡Z fviZxq‡ì wb‡qvM wbwl× Kiv nq Ges mxgvšÍ i¶v I Af¨šÍixY kvwšÍ i¶vi `vwqZ¡ BD‡ivcxq mvgwiK Kg©Pvix‡ì Ici Ac©Y Kiv nq| weªwUk miKv‡ii cÖwZ AbyMZ K‡qKwU we‡kl m¤úª`v‡qi ga¨ †_‡K †ewk msL¨vq ˆmb¨ wb‡qvM Kiv ïiy nq|

1833 wLª÷v‡ãi mb` AvB‡b cÖ¯ÍvweZ †K›`ªxqKiY bxwZ 1861 wLª÷v‡ãi KvDwÝj AvBb Øviv cwiZ¨³ nq Ges †ev¤^vB I gv`ªvR KvDwÝj‡K AvBb cÖYq‡bi ¶gZv cÖZ¨wc©Z nq|GB bZzb KvDwÝj AvBb Øviv fvi‡Zi bZzb AvBbmfv MwVZ nq| bZzb AvBb mfvq cvwZqvjvi gnvivRv, †ebvi‡mi ivRv I m¨vi `xbKi ivI‡K †emiKvwi mfïƒ‡c MÖnY Kiv nq|

we‡`ªv‡ni d‡j gyNj mvgªv‡Rï m¤ú~Y© wejywß N‡U| wØZxq evnv`yi kvn‡K †i½y‡b wbe©vmb †`qv nq Ges Zuvi cyÎ I †cŠÎMY‡K wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv nq| Ô1876 wLª. ivRbKxq AwaKvi' AvBb Bsj¨v‡Ûi gnvivYx wf‡±vwiqv‡K ÔfviZ mgªvÁx' AvL¨v †`qv nq| GBfv‡e BwZnvm L¨vZ gyNj es‡ki Aemvb N‡U|

we‡`ªvn `g‡bi ci fvi‡Zi mvgvwRK †¶‡ÎI cwieZ©b Av‡m| wn›`yMY cvðvZ¨ mvwnZ¨ Ges weÁvb me©všÍKi‡Y MÖnY K‡i AvaywbKZvi c‡_ AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K| wKšÍz fviZxq gymjgvbMY Zxeª Bs‡iR we‡ivax g‡bvfve MÖnY K‡i Ges cvðvZ¨ wk¶v I mf¨Zv m‡e©vZfv‡e eR©b K‡i wcwQ‡q co‡Z _v‡K|

1857 wLª÷v‡ãi we‡`ªv‡n †hgb GKwU hy‡Mi cwimgvwß †ZgbB GKwU bZzb hy‡Mi Avwef©v‡ei my‡hvM nq| weªwUk kvmKMY ZLb †_‡K fvi‡Zi Af¨šÍ‡i mvgªv‡Rï AvqZb e„w× Kiv A‡c¶v A_©‰bwZK †kvl‡Yi cÖwZ AwaKZi `„wó w`‡Z _v‡Kb| fvi‡Zi mvgšÍZvwš¿K kw³i wbKU †_‡K †h we‡ivwaZvi Avk¼v GZw`b ch©šÍ wQj Zvi Aemvb nq| ZLb †_‡K weªwUk mvgªvRëv`‡K GK bZzb Av‡›`vj‡bi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi cy‡ivfv‡M wQj Bs‡iwR wk¶vq wkw¶Z fviZxq ga¨weË mgvR| be D™¢~Z ga¨weË †kªYx cÖ_g ch©v‡q e„wUk miKv‡ii PwiÎ cwieZ©b K‡i Zv‡K fvi‡Zi ¯^v‡_©i Dc‡hvMx K‡i Zzj‡Z m‡Pó nq|



mvims‡¶c

1857 wLª÷v‡ãi wmcvnx we‡ ªvn weMZ GKkZ erm‡i Jcwb‡ewkK Bs‡iR miKvi KZ…©K M„nxZ eë¯’v I Abym„Z bxwZi cÖwZ fviZxq RbM‡Yi Pig Am‡šÍv‡li dj| ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I agx©q kvmb msµvšÍ Ges A_©‰bwZK, mvgwiK Kvi‡Y GB we‡ ªvn msNwUZ n‡qwQj| Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb Z_v †kvlY, eÂbv †_‡K gyw³ cvevi Avkvq wmcvnxiv we‡ ªvn †NvlYv K‡i B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi wfZ‡K K‡Vvifv‡e bvov w`‡qwQj| e„wUk‡ì K‚U‡KŠkj, wmcvnx‡ì myôz mvgwiK msMVb, cwiKíbvnxb we‡ ªvn I A¯¿-k‡¯¿i Afve Ges Bs‡iR‡ì mvgwiK msMV‡bi `¶Zv, m‡e©vcwi RbM‡Yi ¯^Z:ù~Z© mg_©‡bi Afv‡e GB wecøe e¨_© nq| wecø‡ei dj¯îƒc fvi‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U| fvi‡Zi kvmbfvi mivmwi e„‡U‡bi ivYxi AwaKv‡i P‡j hvq| cvj©v‡g‡›U wm×všÍ †bqv nq 15 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ KvDwÝj fvi‡Zi kvmbfvi cwiPvjbv Ki‡e| Gm‡½ ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZi wejywß †NvlYv, BD‡ivcxq ˆmb¨ msL¨v e„w×, fviZxq‡ì D”P ivRc‡` wb‡qvM `vb cÖf…wZ wm×všÍI M„nxZ nq| fvi‡Z gyNj mvgªv‡Rï m¤ú~Y© wejywß N‡U|

mnvqK MÖš’cÄx t 1| iZb jvj PµeZx©, wmcvnx hy× I evsjv‡`k, XvKv| 2| G.†K.Gg. Ave`yj Avjxg, fvi‡Z gymwjg ivR‡Z¡i BwZnvm, XvKv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b| 1| fvi‡Z wmcvnx we‡`ªvn msNwUZ n‡qwQj KZ wLª÷v‡ã? (K) 1757 wLª. (L) 1857 wLª. (M) 1764 wLª. (N) 1827 wLª.| 2| wK Kvi‡Y jW© Wvj‡nŠwm A‡hva¨v ivR¨ wQwb‡q wb‡qwQ‡jb? (K) Kzkvm‡bi Awf‡hvM G‡b (L) myôz kvmb cwiPvjbvi AwfcÖv‡q (M) mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ (N) ivR Kg©Pvix‡ì Awf‡hv‡Mi Kvi‡Y| 3| ‘General Services Enlistment Act’ †K cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb? (L) jW© Wvj‡nŠwm (L) jW© K¨vwbs (M) jW© I‡qjmwj (N) jW© Kb©Iqvwjm| 4| me©cÖ_g Kvi †bZ…‡Z¡ wmcvnxiv we‡`ªvn (1857 wLª.) †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb? (K) g½j cv‡Û (L) Amxg cv‡Û (`) mymj cv‡Û (N) Agj cv‡Û| 5| KZRb m`m¨ wb‡q fviZ kvm‡bi Rb¨ KvDwÝj MwVZ nq? (K) 20 (L) 10 (M) 15 (N) 25| msw¶ß cÖkœ t 1| wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Yi Ici GKwU UxKv wjLyb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


2| wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni A_©‰bwZK KviY wPwýZ Kiyb| 3| wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni mvgwiK KviYmg~n D‡jøL Kiyb| 4| cwiKíbvnxb we‡`ªvn wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni e¨_©Zvi Ab¨Zg KviYÑ ¯^c‡¶ hyw³ w`b| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t 1| 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni KviY I djvdj eY©bv Kiyb| 2| 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni ¯^iƒc D‡jøLc~e©K Gi e¨_©Zvi KviY eY©bv Kiyb| 3| 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni we¯Ívi I `g‡bi we‡kl D‡jøLc~e©K Gi djvdj eY©bv Kiyb|

ˆbe©¨w³ cÖ‡kœi DËi:

cvV-1 t 1| (M); 2| (L); 3| (L); 4| (K)|

cvV-2 t 1| (M); 2| (N); 3| (K); 4| (K); 5| (L)|

cvV-3 t 1| (L); 2| (K); 3| (M); 4| (N); 5| (M)|

cvV-4 t 1| (M); 2| (N); 3| (K)|

cvV-5 t 1| (L); 2| (M); 3| (K)|

cvV-6 t 1| (N); 2| (L); 3| (K)|

cvV-7 t 1| (L); 2| (K); 3| (L); 4| (K); 5| (M)|

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